Global Hydrogen
Review 2023:
Assumptions Annex

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participates in thework of the IEAGlobal Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Global Hydrogen Review 2023:
Assumptions annex

PAGE | 3I EA. CC BY 4.0.

This annex collects the various assumptions that underpin the analyses
throughout the Global Hydrogen Review 2023. For technologies, global averages
are presented. However, several analyses in the report present regional
examples, for which costs will vary with material and labour inputs and differ fromthe global average. These input parameters reflect choices made by the IEA on
the basis of different sources of information consulted.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Renewable electricity cost and full load hours
Solar PVLCOE (USD/MWh)Region2022

NZE 2030

Australia
Chile
China
European Union
India
Japan
Middle East
North Africa
United States

4132
2336
21119
35424127211524
1380
2226
27

Full load hours (h)

2 330
3 060
2 550
2 170
2 550
1 330
2 890
2 680
2 490

Offshore wind
LCOE (USD/MWh)Region2022

NZE 2030

Australia
Chile
China
European Union
India
JapanMiddle East
North Africa
United States60907251
71
127
114
108
89386045304476726853

Full load hours (h)

4 990
5 890
4 120
4 980
4 100
4 530
4 050
4 160
4 940

Onshore wind
LCOE (USD/MWh)Region2022

NZE 2030

Australia
Chile
China
European Union
India
Japan
Middle East
North Africa
United States

37414038
351026359
3434383736309457
5431

Full load hours (h)

3 660
4 220
3 130
3 690
3 090
3 290
3 280
3 240
4 420

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Notes: LCOE = levelised cost of electricity; NZE = Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. Renewable electricity generation
costs and full load hours for good resource conditions in a region or country.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

CO2 prices and costs
CO2 prices
CO2 price (USD/tCO2)
Region2022

NZE 2030

Advanced economies

4-50

130-140

Selected emerging market and developing economies*

0-10

90

015-25

Other emerging market and developing economies* Includes Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa.

CO2 transport and storage cost for CCUS(USD/tCO2)
Region2022

NZE 2030

United States1412Middle East

1412Europe5133China

1512Rest of the world

2420

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Notes: CCUS = carbon capture, utilisation and storage; NZE = Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Production pathways
HydrogenTechnology

Parameter

Water electrolysis

CAPEX*(global average)
CAPEX*(China)Natural gas
reforming

Natural gas
reforming w/CCUS

Coal gasification

Coal gasification
w/CCUS

Units

2022

NZE 2030

USD/kWe

1 640

610

USD/kWe

1 070

420

Efficiency (LHV)

%

65%

69%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

3%

3%

Stack lifetime (operatinghours)**hours

50 00050 000CAPEX

USD/kWH2730

720

Efficiency (LHV)

%

76%

76%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

5%5%

CAPEX

USD/kWH2

1 440

1 420

Efficiency (LHV)

%

69%

69%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

4%

4%

CO2 capture rate

%

95%

95%

CAPEX ***

USD/kWh2

2 680

2 640

Efficiency (LHV)

%

60%

60%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

5%5%CAPEX ***

USD/kWH2

2 790

2 750

Efficiency (LHV)

%58%

58%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

5%5%

CO2 capture rate

%95%

95%

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*CAPEX includes the electrolyser system, electric equipment, gas treatment, plant balancing, and engineering, procurement
and construction (EPC).
**Stack lifetime can reach up to 95 000 h. The selected value (50 000 h) comes from the IEA’s analysis of the optimum
economic lifetime, considering degradation issues.
***For China, CAPEX is assumed to be 50% of the world average for coal gasification and 52% for coal gasification with
CCUS.
Notes: LHV = Lower heating value; NZE = Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. All CAPEX refers to the installed cost ofthe technology. 25-year lifetime and a 95% availability factor assumed for hydrogen production from natural gas, 25-year
lifetime and 90% availability factor are assumed for the production of hydrogen from coal. Availability factors for electrolysis
are based on the full load hours of electricity shown in the previous section. For water electrolysis, water costs and possible
revenues from oxygen sales have not been considered in the cost analysis.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Hydrogen-based fuels
Haber – Bosch (Ammonia)
ParameterUnits

2022

NZE 2030

CAPEX (including air separationunit)

USD/(tNH3/y)

770

770

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

3%3%

Electricity consumption

GJ/tNH344

Fischer-Tropsch (synthetic liquid fuels)
Parameter

Units

2022

NZE 2030

CAPEX

USD/kWliquid

2 220

1 770

Efficiency (LHV)

%

57%

57%

Annual OPEX

% of CAPEX

5%

5%

Variable O&M

USD/MWhprod

5.6

4.7

Lifetimeyears

30

30Electricity consumption

GJ/GJproduct

0.018

0.018

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Notes: The efficiency refers to the final transport fuels, from the energy content of hydrogen used in the FT synthesis.
Assumed cost of feedstock: biogenic CO2 USD 30/tCO2, DAC CO2 USD 600-1 000/tCO2 (today), USD 200-700/tCO2 (2030).

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Hydrogen transport
Hydrogen onshore pipelines
Parameter

Units

SmallMedium

Large

Lifetime - pipelines

years

4242

42

Lifetime - compressor

years

2424

24

Operation conditions% of design capacity

75%

75%75%

Diameterinch

203648Design Capacity

GW H2, LHV

0.9

3.6

12.7

Inlet pressure

bar303040

Outlet pressure

bar505080Utilisation%57%

57%

57%

Compression power

MWe/1 000 km

640183

CAPEX - new pipeline

MUSD/km

1.8

2.6

3.2

CAPEX - repurposed pipeline

MUSD/km

0.3

0.5

0.6

CAPEX - compressor

MUSD/MWe

4.0

4.0

4.0

Note: MUSD = million USD.

Seaborne transport
Tankers
Parameter

Units

Liquefied hydrogen

LOHC

Ammonia

Capacity

tcarrier/tanker

10 20034 70051 800CAPEX

MUSD/tanker

410

4570

Speed

km/h

30

2832

Boil-off rate1%/day

0.60%

0.00%

0.02%

Flash rate2%

1.00%

0.00%

0.02%

Fuel consumption3

MJ/km/tanker-1 770

2 650

The boil-off gas is the gas that spontaneously evaporates from liquefied gas due to the extremely low temperatures.
The flash rate is the rate of loss that occurs upon each loading/unloading of liquefied gas.
3Ship carrying liquefied hydrogen uses carrier gas for propulsion, so the fuel for the ship would not incur an additional energy
consumption.
Note: MUSD = million USD.
1

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2

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Import and export terminals: storage tanks
Terminal

Parameter

UnitsLOHCAmmonia

ImportLiquefiedhydrogen

Capacity

tcarrier/tank

12 8003 300

36 700CAPEX

MUSD/tank
USD/year as a% of CAPEX

1 270

85

1153%3%3%

kWh/kgH2

0.190

0.013

0.003

Boil-off rate

%/day

0.07%

0.01%

0.01%

Capacity

tcarrier/tank

12 3003 300

36 700CAPEX

MUSD/tank
USD/year as a% of CAPEX

1 160

85

1153%

3%

3%

Electricity
consumption

kWh/kgH2

0.200

0.013

0.001

Boil-off rate

%/day

0.07%

0.01%

0.01%

OPEX
Electricity
consumption
ExportOPEX

Note: MUSD = million USD.

Liquefied hydrogen
TechnologyParameterUnitsValue

Liquefaction

CAPEX

USD/t H2/day

NAOPEX

USD/t H2/day

NAElectricity consumption

kWh/kg H26CAPEX

USD/t H2/day

20

OPEX

USD/t H2/day

1Electricity consumption

kWh/kg H20.06

Regasification

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Note: NA = not available due to confidentiality.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC)
Technology

Parameter

Units

Value

Conversion1 to LOHCCAPEX

USD/t H2/year

790

OPEX

USD/year as a % of CAPEX

3%Electricityconsumption

kWh/kg H20.004CAPEX

USD/t H2/year

3 000

OPEX

USD/year as a % of CAPEX

3%Electricity
consumption

kWh/kg H2

Fuel consumption

kWh/kg H2Reconversion2 to H2

Dehydrogenationrate
PSA hydrogenrecovery rate

13.698%%99%%%/cycle

LOHC loss

1.50

0.80%

Conversion: LOHC = Toluene +H2 → Methylcyclohexane (MCH).
Reconversion: LOHC = MCH → Toluene + H2.
Notes: PSA = Pressure swing adsorption. System lifetime assumed to be 30 years, unless stated otherwise.

12Ammonia cracking
TechnologyAmmonia cracking

Parameter

Units

Value

CAPEX

USD/t H2/year

3 050

OPEX

USD/year as a % of CAPEX

3%Electricity consumption

kWh/kg H2

1.50

Fuel consumption

kWh/kg H2

9.7

Dehydrogenation rate%99%

PSA hydrogen recoveryrate%99%

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Notes: PSA = Pressure swing adsorption. Data for ammonia conversion are included in the table on ammonia production
above.

Global Hydrogen Review 2023: Assumptions Annex

References
Consultation with McKinsey & Company and the Hydrogen Council.
Energistyrelsen (Danish Energy Agency) (2021), Technology Data for Renewable Fuels,
2021, https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technologydata/technology-data-renewable-fuels.
E4Tech (2015), Scenarios for deployment of hydrogen in contributing to meeting carbon
budgets and the 2050 target, https://www.theccc.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/E4tech-for-CCC-Scenarios-for-deployment-of-hydrogen-incontributing-to-meeting-carbon-budgets.pdf.
Guidehouse (2021), European hydrogen backbone: analysing future demand, supply, andtransport of hydrogen, https://ehb.eu/files/downloads/EHB-Analysing-the-futuredemand-supply-and-transport-of-hydrogen-June-2021-v3.pdf.
IAE (2016), Institute of Applied Energy (Japan) data based on “Economical Evaluation andCharacteristic Analyses for Energy Carrier Systems (FY 2014–FY 2015) Final Report”.
IEA (2023), Energy Technology Perspectives 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/energytechnology-perspectives-2023.
IEAGHG (IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme) (2017), Techno-economic evaluation of
SMR based standalone (merchant) hydrogen plant with CCS,
https://ieaghg.org/exco_docs/2017-02.pdf.
IEAGHG (2014), CO2 capture at coal based power and hydrogen plants,
https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2014-03.pdf.

PAGE | 11

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National Energy Technology Laboratory (2022), Comparison of commercial, state-of-the-art,fossil-based hydrogen production technologies,
https://netl.doe.gov/projects/files/ComparisonofCommercialStateofArtFossilBasedHydro
genProductionTechnologies_041222.pdf.

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