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Invasive Alien Species in Japan: The Status Quo and the New
Regulation for Prevention of their Adverse Effects
Toshikazu MITO* and Tetsuro UESUGITaskforce for countermeasures against invasive alien species
Japanese Ministry of the Environment;e-mail: TOSHIKAZU_MITO@env.go.jp
1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8975, Japan*corresponding author

Abstract
A huge amount of alien species have been introduced into Japan and some have become ‘invasive,’
having adverse effects on ecosystems, human safety, or agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Consideringthat the Japanese regulatory system has not dealt with the issue comprehensively, taking into accountvarious suggestions from many entities concerned, and aiming to materialize the provisions of Article 8(h) stipulated by the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Japanese Cabinet finalized a draft of theInvasive Alien Species Act and submitted it to the Japanese Diet (= Parliament) on March 10, 2004.
The framework consists of the following three main points: (1) Invasive Alien Species (IAS) shallbe designated in the Cabinet Ordinance of the Act as having adverse effects on ecosystems, humansafety, or agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Various actions dealing with IAS such as raising, planting,storing, carrying, and importing shall be prohibited in Japan with the exception of specified cases suchas by obtaining permission from the competent ministers. (2) National/local governments, Non-Profit
Organizations, and other entities concerned shall take appropriate measures to mitigate the impact of
IAS that already exist in Japan. (3) Uncategorized Alien Species (UAS), which may possibly be categorized as IAS through detailed investigation, shall need detailed investigation by the Japanese government in order to be allowed to be imported into Japan. The period for determining categorization shallbe within six months from requests by importers or exporters of UAS into Japan.
The Diet passed the draft and the new Invasive Alien Species Act was promulgated as of June 2,
2004. Following the establishment, the Japanese Cabined made a basic policy on October 15, 2004, foreffective implementation of the Act. The Act shall be enforced within one year from its promulgation
and IAS and UAS shall be designated before the enforcement based on suggestions by academic experts.
Tens of IAS and thousands of UAS are expected to be designated in the first step.
All related information is available in English at the following website:
http://www.env.go.jp/en/topic/as.html
Key words: alien species, biodiversity, IAS, importation, invasive alien species, mitigation, regulation,
UAS, uncategorized alien species

1. Introduction
1.1 Invasive Alien Species in Japan: the status quo
1.1.1 Introduction of alien species and their pathways
Japan is importing an enormous number of livingorganisms. For example, about 620 million live animals were brought into Japan in 2003 alone (Japanese
Customs, 2003). Although more than 90% of these areclassified as worms for fishing bait, a variety of species ranging from vertebrates to insects are brought inevery year. Also, as the Japanese economy is strongly
Global Environmental Research8(2)/2004: 171-191
printed in Japansustained by international trade, it is thought thatmany alien species are unintentionally introduced into
Japan via seaports and airports along with imported
goods and containers, and by staff members.
Due to this mass introduction, some of the alien
species have established habitations in Japan. So far,according to preliminary statistics the Japanese Ministry of the Environment gathered and announced on
October 27, 2004, 111 species of vertebrates (17 mammals, 38 birds, three amphibians, 11 reptiles, and 42fish), 584 species of invertebrates (including 433 insects), and 1,556 species of plants (including 1,552©2004 AIRIES172

T. MITO and T. UESUGI

vascular plants) have been recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild
(Japanese Ministry of the Environment, 2004a. See
Table 1 for the translation).
1.1.2 Adverse effects by invasive alien species
Among alien species introduced into Japan, someare invasive. The invasive alien species (IAS) are
causing three main types of damage. One is destruction of ecosystems. A typical example is the Javamongoose (Herpestes javanicus). It was intentionallyintroduced to southern islands in Japan in order toeradicate yellow-spotted lance-head snakes (Trimeresurus flavoviridis), but the effort resulted in decreased
habitats for endangered native animals such as
Okinawa rails (Rallus okinawae). The second category
is threat to human safety. Snapping turtles (Chelydra
serpentina) were originally introduced as pets fromthe American continent but some were and still are
discarded into the wild due to difficulty of keeping.
The turtles are posing risks of biting and injuring
humans. The third category of damage is to agriculture, forestry and fisheries. For instance, the raccoon(Procyon lotor) was intentionally introduced as a pet,but, like the snapping turtle, some were discarded into
the wild due to their fierce temperament. Some agricultural products have been decimated by the raccoonsin the wild.
1.2 Current measures against IAS
1.2.1 Legal framework
Unfortunately, the existing legal framework was
rather fragmentary regarding the issue of IAS andinsufficient for dealing comprehensively with thedamages. For example, the Phytosanitary Act only
prevents damage to agricultural plants and the Infectious Diseases Prevention Act only prevents damage
to human health caused by infectious diseases. Similarly, the Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) Act
controls importation of all living modified organisms,
but the act only targets damage to ecosystems and it
does not restrict living ‘unmodified’ organisms at all.
1.2.2 Importation control
Importation control is conducted mainly by customs officers, phytosanitary officers, and quarantine
officers. For instance, in fiscal year (FY) 2004, 8,427
customs officers were working at the headquarters andthe branch offices. Plant protection stations consist of
five main offices with more than 50 branch offices.
Quarantine stations for human health have ten main
offices and ten branch offices. Additionally, there were
312 animal quarantine officers in FY 2004 working at
one headquarters and six branch offices.
It should be pointed out, however, that none of theabove importation control officers have comprehensive authority and assignment to prevent introductionof IAS. This is the reason a new regulation to control
all aspects of damage by IAS has been proposed recently.

1.2.3 Mitigation
Although there is no national strategy yet, there already exist some mitigation efforts to prevent various
damage from IAS in Japan. The typical case is a project attempting to mitigate problems from Java mongooses established on Amami Island.
Yamada (2002) explains that 30 individuals of theJava mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) were originallyreleased on Amami Island, Japan, in 1979 in order tocontrol the venomous lance-head snake (Trimeresurusflavoviridis) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). Rather
than controlling the snakes, however, the mongoose
has had a major negative impact on agriculture and thenative animals in mountainous areas.
According to Ishii (2003), the mitigation project
conducted by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment started with a survey of the distribution of theJava mongoose. The survey was implemented fromFY 1996 to FY 1999 and the result led to estimation ofaround 5,000 to 10,000 mongooses inhabiting, with anannual growth rate of about 40% in 1999 before enforcement of actual mitigation. 9,469 mongooses were
eradicated in total by a trapping campaign with abounty for three years from FY 2000, and a subsequent monitoring survey indicated that the population
size and density had decreased to less than half thepeak seen in 1999. Nevertheless, we face a most difficult situation for success in the project as a decrease intrapping efficiency has led to a decline in trapping,while the range of the mongoose has continued
spreading.

2. Toward Prevention of Damage from IAS
2.1 Invasive Alien Species Act (1): background information
2.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The significance of IAS issues was evoked by theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Article 8(h) of the convention encourages each contracting
party to prevent the introduction of alien species, andto control or eradicate those alien species which
threaten ecosystems, habitats or species as far as
possible and as appropriate.
Additionally, Decision VI/23 adopted by the Sixth
Meeting of the Conference of Parties under the CBDcreated detailed guiding principles for the implementation of Article 8 (h) (CBD, 2002). The primary principle is stated as follows in the annex:
Guiding principle 2: Three-stage hierarchical approach
2. Priority should be given to preventing the introduction of invasive alien species, between and withinStates. If an invasive alien species has been introduced,
early detection and rapid action are crucial to prevent its
establishment. The preferred response if often to eradicate the organisms as soon as possible… In the eventthat eradication is not feasible or resources are notavailable for its eradication, containment…and longterm control measures…should be implemented. Any

Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects
examination of benefits and costs (environmental,
economic and social) should be done on a long-termbasis.
2.1.2 Policymaking in the Japanese Government
Based on Article 8 (h) of the CBD, the Japanese
Government set up ‘the National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity.’
The latest strategy was drafted in 2002 and clarified
that IAS are one of the most serious problems facing
biodiversity in Japan.
In December 2003, the Central Environment Council, an official advisory group to the Japanese Government, reported that a new framework would be necessary to tackle issues regarding alien species efficiently.
The report also presented key elements which the new
system needed to consider such as regulating importation and possession of IAS. Under the leadership of
the Japanese Ministry of the Environment and the173

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ofJapan, the Japanese Cabinet finalized a draft of the
new Invasive Alien Species Act on March 9, 2004,
and submitted it to the Japanese Diet.
2.2 Invasive Alien Species Act (2): framework
2.2.1 Ban on various actions regarding IAS
The Invasive Alien Species Act was approved by
the Japanese Diet at the end of May 2004 and promulgated on June 2 of the same year (Law No. 78). The
purposes of this act are to control IAS properly and toprevent the damage to ecosystems, human safety, andagriculture, forestry and fisheries. The framework
consists of three main points: 1) Ban on various actions with regard to IAS, 2) Mitigation of IAS in
Japan, and 3) Judgment of Uncategorized Alien Species before their importation (see Fig. 1 for the outline).

Fig. 1 Outline of the Invasive Alien Species Act.

174

T. MITO and T. UESUGIThe first point is to ban various actions regarding
IAS. Raising, planting, storing, or carrying IAS will
be prohibited unless competent ministers (i.e., theMinister of the Environment, but for matters related tothe prevention of adverse effects on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries shall be added) give permission forthese actions. Permission will be issued only when theapplicants can prevent invasion of the IAS into ecosystems of Japan. Permission is also prerequisite forimporting or transferring IAS. Discarding IAS into thewild in Japan will not be allowed at any time. Additionally, microchips will be required to be implanted
in some IAS for identification.
Imposing severe penalties is another characteristicof the first main point. Offenders face imprisonment
for up to three years or fines of up to three million yen(equivalent to USD 28,000). Corporations that violate
the Act will be charged up to 100 million yen (equivalent to USD 940,000). These penalties are much more
stringent than existing regulations for protecting
biodiversity. It seems that the importance of protecting
ecosystems is gradually becoming better recognized inJapan.
2.2.2 Mitigation of IAS existing in JapanThe second point is to mitigate IAS that alreadyexist in Japanese ecosystems. The competent ministers
will announce official national mitigation strategies
for respective IAS to conduct efficient mitigation.
Various mitigation measures such as capturing, collecting, or killing IAS will be taken based on thosestrategies. The mitigation will be performed by thecompetent ministers with other active organizations
such as other national government agencies, local
governments and private organizations. When setting
up the mitigation strategies, priority-setting is recognized as crucial to effective enforcement of the mitigation due to limited funds and staff members necessary
for the implementation.
2.2.3 Judgment of Uncategorized Alien Species before their importation
The third point is to judge Uncategorized Alien
Species (UAS) before their importation. UAS are
alien species which may be categorized as IAS after
detailed investigation. In short, UAS are suspected ofbeing IAS. They are expected to be designated ingroups of species because names of some UAS areunknown. According to this Act, importers and exporters of UAS into Japan must request a detailed investigation of UAS from the competent ministers. Then,for up to six months, importation of the UAS will be
restricted while they complete the investigation. Afterthe investigation, UAS posing risks of damage will be
designated as IAS immediately, while UAS posing norisks will not be regulated by this Act as long as no
new evidence shows up that indicates the alien species
pose risks of damage.
2.2.4 Additional features
In addition to the three main points mentioned

above, the new act has two features. One is establishment of basic policy. The Japanese Cabinet will determine this policy for efficient implementation of thisact. The contents include the basic framework of theregulation, principles concerning the selection of IAS,
principles concerning the handling of IAS, principles
concerning the mitigation of IAS, and so on.
The second feature is attachment of a certificate
for import. IAS, UAS and similar alien species will be
required to have a certificate attached verifying theirtypes as part of importation procedures. It is hoped
this certificate will become a powerful tool for customs officers in preventing illegal importation of IAS
and UAS.
2.3 Preventative measures against invasive speciesof domestic origin
Experts including the Central Environment Council point out that some species introduced to a different place from their original habitats located in Japan
can also be invasive and cause damage to the ecosystem. As IAS are defined as species from abroad, the
new Invasive Alien Species Act cannot deal with invasive species of domestic origin. Generally speaking,protecting local ecosystems from introduction of invasive species of domestic origin is extremely difficult
as we cannot assume that the introductions occur atlimited points such as seaports and airports. The Japanese Government, however, will revise existing regulations such as the Natural Parks Law to prevent adverse effects as much as possible and at least preserve
valuable ecosystems.

3. Conclusion
3.1 Schedule for law enforcement and establishment of basic policy
As previously mentioned, the IAS Act was promulgated on June 2, 2004, and the Cabinet Decision on
the basic policy was made recently (October 15, 2004).
After designating IAS and UAS, the Japanese government will enforce the Act within one year from thepromulgation (see Fig. 2).
When the public consultation procedure on the firstdraft of the basic policy was conducted between July 8
and August 7, we received around 10,000 comments
agreeing or disagreeing with the draft. Public awareness on this issue is very strong as typically only a few
June 2004

Promulgation of the IAS Act

October 2004

Cabinet decision on Basic Policy

Fall/Winter 2004
-Winter 2005

Within one year fromthe promulgation

Designation of IAS and UAS

Enforcement of the IAS Act=> Various regulations + Mitigation

Fig. 2 Prospected schedule for enforcement of the Act.

Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

comments are made during public consultation procedures in general. The following are key elements fromthe finalized basic policy (Japanese Ministry of theEnvironment, 2004b):
Section 1: The basic framework for the prevention ofadverse effects on ecosystems, etc., caused by Invasive
Alien Species
3. Basic measures toward damage prevention…for Alien Species that have not been designated as
IAS, efforts shall be made to understand the situation
surrounding said species. If it is confirmed that a species
has (or may have) adverse effects, appropriate study
toward its selection as an IAS shall be made based on
measures taken under the existing system.
For IAS that have been abandoned or have escapedto the outdoors, early mitigation efforts taken prior todiffusion are highly effective in preventing adverse effects.
Monitoring and other efforts shall thus be made to discover IAS at an early stage and to take early measures.
For IAS that are already established and causing adverse effects, complete eradication from the environment,
isolation, or other measures of mitigation shall be implemented systematically and flexibly in accordance withscale of adverse effects and necessity…
…Various persons are involved in adverse effects
caused by IAS, from the species’ introduction into Japanto the occurrence of adverse effects. Thus, in order toeffectively implement countermeasures, it is important togain the wide-ranging understanding and cooperation of
citizens in Japan…
Section 2: Principles concerning the selection of IAS
1. Preconditions for selection
a. Given the fact that biosystematics, which is the basis for identifying species, has been developed in Japanand that material flow between Japan and other countries has been increasing since the Meiji Period (1868 to1912), it is thought that, in principle, species that arecommonly considered to have been introduced into
Japan in 1868 or later will be targeted, in principle, forselection as IAS.
2. Approach to determining adverse effects on Ecosystems(1) Determining adverse effects on Ecosystems
Alien Species that apply to any of the following shallbe selected as IAS.
a. Alien Species that cause (or may cause) significant
damage to the continuance of Indigenous Species or ecosystems in Japan by 1) preying upon Indigenous Species,2) driving out Indigenous Species through competition
with Indigenous Species for habitats or food plants/animals, etc., 3) damaging the bases of ecosystems bydestroying or altering vegetation, etc., or 4) disrupting
the genetics of native species through crossbreeding, etc.,
shall be selected as Alien Species that have (or mayhave) adverse effects on ecosystems.
b. Alien Species that are poisonous and cause serious
harm to human beings or may cause serious injury andthat are considered to be extremely dangerous due tolack of experience in danger avoidance or treatment
methods shall be selected as Alien Species that are rec-175

ognized or feared to have adverse effects on humansafety.
However, based on other legal measures, adverse effects on human safety shall not include damage related
to infectious diseases.
c. Alien Species that cause (or may cause) serious
damage to agriculture, forestry, or fisheries throughfeeding, etc., on agricultural, forestry, or fisheries products (but not simply through their habitually feeding on
Japan’s agricultural, forestry, or fisheries products) shallbe selected as Alien Species that are recognized or feared
to have adverse effects on agriculture, forestry, or fisheries.
However, based on other legal measures, adverse effects on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries shall not include matters such as infectious diseases of livestock.
(2) Approach to knowledge used in determining adverse
effects
Determining adverse effects shall progress using thefollowing:a. Use of scientific knowledge in Japan related to adverse effects (or possibility of adverse effects) to Ecosystems.
Possibility of adverse effects shall be analyzed byusing existing knowledge that indicates high possibilities
of adverse effects even when actual adverse effects are
not recognized.
b. In the event that no adverse effects (or possibilityof adverse effects) on Ecosystems have been identified inJapan, scientific knowledge on confirmed actual adverse
effects on overseas Ecosystems or on the possibility ofadverse effects on overseas Ecosystems shall be used.
Said knowledge shall be used if it is confirmed that there
is a possibility of adverse effects occurring in Japan,
taking natural environmental conditions in Japan (climate, topography, etc.) or its social circumstances into
account.
3. Items to consider when making selections
When selecting IAS, as a rule, the prevention of adverse effects on Ecosystems shall be the first priority.
Selections shall be then made as needed after considering ecological characteristics of Alien Species, current
conditions surrounding scientific knowledge related tothe adverse effects, maintenance of an appropriate
administrative framework, and social and economic
impacts that arise from designation as IAS (possibilities
for obtaining substitutes for Alien Species that play anactive social role, etc.).
Reasons for the selection shall be clarified and announced to the degree possible.
4. Obtaining opinions on selection of IAS(1) Obtaining opinions from academic experts on properties of living organisms
a. Opinions shall be heard from academic experts
specializing in properties of living organisms (ecology,
agriculture, forestry, fisheries, etc.).
Section 3: Principles concerning the handling of IAS(2) Purpose of Raising
Permission for Raising shall be granted only for academic research, display and education, and businessactivities, etc., where sufficient deterrent effects can be

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T. MITO and T. UESUGI

expected to control abandonment, escape, etc., of IAS
through enforcement of approved regulations.
Purposes such as Raising as pets, which have led toabandonment or escape of Alien Species in the past due
to careless Raising and that have led to Alien Species
becoming established in the wild and thereby having
adverse effects on Ecosystems, shall not be permitted.
Section 4: Principles concerning the mitigation of IAS by
the national government and other entities
2. Items concerning implementation of mitigation
When mitigating IAS, it is important to adopt themost appropriate method that matches the conditions ofadverse effects. In cases where IAS that have adverse
effects on human safety are discovered outdoors, cases
where IAS that have aggressive feeding or breeding habits are found in regions where many rare forms of wildlife are thriving, etc., it is important to implement emergency mitigation. On the other hand, in cases where IAS
are already having (or may be having) widespread adverse effects on Ecosystems, it is important to move forward with systematic mitigation that is based on consideration of regions and methods that should take priority.
Section 5: Other important matters concerning prevention of adverse effects on Ecosystems caused by IAS
1. Uncategorized Alien Species(2) Alien Species that are eligible for selection
With regard to an Alien Species that, despite not having been cited as having (or having the possibility tohave) adverse effects in the same way as IAS, nonetheless has ecological characteristics that are similar to aparticular IAS and for which there is concern that said
Alien Species may have adverse effects that are similar to
those caused by the IAS, in principle, said Alien Species
shall be selected as a UAS within the genus to which theparticular IAS belongs, with species being used as thestandard unit for selection (specified taxonomic classifications [genus, family, etc.] shall be used when necessary).
2. Organisms that need not be accompanied by a certificate bearing the type name(1) Approach to selection
Organisms that can be easily distinguished by external appearance as not being eligible for selection as IAS
or UAS need not be accompanied by a certificate bearing
the type name. Regardless of their status as alien or indigenous, in principle, organisms that are not in a genus
to which an IAS belongs shall be selected, and organismsthat are in a genus to which an IAS belongs shall be selected as necessary…
(2) Issuance of certificates
Efforts shall be made to obtain the cooperation of
government agencies in other countries in the issuanceof certificates bearing type names of targeted organisms.
At the same time, existing certificates issued based onother laws and conventions and certificates of organizations that have the same knowledge and impartiality of
government agencies shall be used as certificates recognized by this law. Consideration shall be given to ensurethat the burden on importers does not increase excessively.

3. Amplification of scientific knowledge
In accurately and effectively promoting countermeasures against Alien Species, it is most important to enhance scientific knowledge of the characteristics of thespecies and the ecosystems that are affected by the
species’ introduction. Thus, efforts must be made to collaborate with pertinent ministries and agencies, academic experts, non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
etc., to study the existence, living and growth conditions,and ecological characteristics of Alien Species, and topromote survey research in each field needed to support
countermeasures (development of technology for evaluating adverse effects of Alien Species, technology related
to mitigation methods, etc.). It is also important to promote the accumulation of knowledge and study researchin each region by local public entities, NGOs, etc., andthe national government must work to support these approaches.
5. Other matters(2) Approach to handling of animals
When importing, Raising or otherwise handling or
mitigating animals designated as IAS, care shall be taken
to handle individual animals in an appropriate mannerthat is in line with the philosophy of the Law Concerning
the Protection and Management of Animals (Law No.
105 (1973)) and based on consideration of the fact thatthe animal is a living being.

Based on the above basic policy, the first generalexpert meeting to discuss what should be designatedas IAS and UAS was held on October 27, 2004. The
meeting decided to establish six small working groups
to deal with each group of alien species (i.e. mammals
and birds, herptiles, fishes, insects, invertebrates, andplants). Each working group is expected to have a few
meetings during November and December of 2004
and make recommendations on designations to thegeneral expert meeting. Following the final report of
the general expert meeting, the Japanese Cabinet will
set up a Cabinet ordinance to designate IAS (at thesame time, the competent ministers will designate
UAS by ministerial ordinance). Also, public consultation procedures and World Trade Organization Treaty
notification procedures are necessary for a few months
before the ordinances can be established. Thus, theordinances will be promulgated in the spring of 2005
at the earliest.
3.2 Challenges
In order to realize efficient implementation of thisnew act, some challenges must be overcome. For instance, we need to widen the act’s target range as
much as possible. More specifically, tens of IAS andthousands of UAS are expected to be designated in thefirst step. In the same way, there are several challenges such as arranging enough staff members for
enforcement of this Act, preparing effective countermeasures against unintentional introduction of IAS
and UAS, setting permission criteria that secure IAS
out of ecosystems, and establishment of efficient mitigation techniques.

Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

To solve the above issues, thorough research, database creation, consensus building, fund raising, education, international cooperation, etc., will be essential.
Specifically, when considering the fact that all alien
species come from abroad, international cooperationfor exchanging related knowledge, data, techniques,
and so forth, are inevitable. The Japanese government
hopes to propagate this new regulation both nationallyand internationally, and to obtain international understanding and cooperation.
# All the related information is available in English at
the following website:
http://www.env.go.jp/en/topic/as.html
References(some documents are only available in Japanese)
Convention on Biological Diversity (1993) The Convention on
Biological Diversity
http://www.biodiv.org/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-01-en.pdf(Accessed November 1, 2004).
Convention on Biological Diversity (2002) Decisions adopted

177by the sixth meeting of the Conference Parties (The Hague,
7-19 April 2002)
http://www.biodiv.org/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-10-06-en.pdf(Accessed November 1, 2004).
Ishii, N. (2003) Controlling Mongooses Introduced to
Amami-Oshima Island: A Population Estimate and Program
Evaluation. Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology, Vol.
8, pp. 73-82. (in Japanese)
Japanese Customs (2003) Statistics on foreign trade
http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/topmenu_j.htm(Accessed November 1, 2004). (in Japanese)
Japanese Ministry of the Environment (2004a) First expert
meeting on selecting IAS, etc.
http://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/sentei/01/index.html(Accessed November 1, 2004). (in Japanese)
Japanese Ministry of the Environment (2004b) Basic Policy for
Preventing Adverse Effects on Ecosystems caused by Invasive Alien Species.
http://www.env.go.jp/en/topic/as/041108.pdf(Accessed November 8, 2004).
Yamada, F. (2002) Impacts and control of introduced small
Indian mongoose on Amami Island, Japan. In: C. R. Veitchand M. N. Clout, eds., Turning the Tide: The Eradication ofInvasive Species (Proceedings of the International Conference on Eradication of Island Invasives) (Occasional Paperof the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 27), Gland,
Switzerland: IUCN.
(Received 8 November 2004, Accepted 9 December 2004)

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Table 1 Alien species recognized to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004)
Insects(a)Autographa gamma
Chlumetia brevisigna
Helicoverpa armigera
Pericyma cruegeri
Hyphantria cunea
Daphnis nerii
Artona martini
Athyma perius
Phalanta phalantha
Cupha erymanthis
Pachiopta aristolochiae
Sericinus montela
Troides aeacus kaguya
Appias lyncida formosana
Leptosia nina niobe
Pieris brassicae
Erionota torus
Hasora badra badra
Suastus gremius
Thymelicus lineola
Darna pallivitta
Parasa lepida
Aglossa dimidiata
Corcyra cephalonica
Crocidolomia binotalis
Doloessa viridis
Ephestia elutella
Ephestia kuehniella
Ephestia cautella
Leucimodes orbonalis
Omphisa anastomosalis
Paralipsa gularis
Parallelia palumba
Parapediasia teterrella
Plodia interpunctella
Pyralis farinalis
Scripophaga incertulas
Anatrachyntis rileyi
Phthorimaea operculella
Sitotroga cerealellaAnchonoma xaraula
Conopomorpha litchiella
42 spp. Conopomorpha sinensis
Grapholita molesta
Grapholita dimorpha
Statherotis discana
Cydia pomonella
Nemapogon granellus
Opogona sacchariTinea translucens

Insects(b)Tineola bisselliella
Trichophaga tapetzella
Yponomeuta malinellus
Hypoderma bovis
Hypoderma lineatus
Phormia regina
Photophormia terraenovae
Musca crassirostris
Fannia canicularis
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila simulans
Leptocera fuscipennis
Milichiella lacteipennis
Liriomyza dianthicola
Liriomyza sativae
Liriomyza trifolii
Piophila casei
Bactrocera cucurbitae
Bactrocera dorsalis
Ceratitis capitata
Bactrocera tryoni
Eumerus tuberculatus
Merodon equestris
Diploneura cornuta
Hermetia illucens
Nealsomyia rufella
Allocontarinia sorghicola
Contarina maculipennis
Mycophila speyeri
Procontarinia sp.
Mayetiola destructor
Scatpse fuscipes
Scatpse notata
Clogmia albipunctatus
Tinearia alternata
Aedes aegypti
Culex pipiens molestus
Chironomus tainanus
Echidnophaga gallinacea
Pulex irritans
Xenopsylla cheopis
Apis mellifera sspp.
Apis dorsata
Bombus terrestris
Xylocopa sonorina
Ampulex amoena
Prionyx viduatus
Sceliphron deforne nipponicum
Sceliphron madraspatanum kohli
Sceliphron caementarium

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T. MITO and T. UESUGIMammals
Birds
Fishes1 Erinaceus europaeus
Cygnus olor
Acheliognathus macropterus
2 Macaca cyclopis
Bambusicola thoracica thoracica
Aristichthys nobilis
3 Macaca fascicularis
Phasianus colchicus karpowi
Ctenopharhyngodon idellus
4 Macaca mulatta
Colinus virginianus
Danio albolineatus
5 Saimiri sciureus
Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox
Danio rerio
6 Sciurus vulgaris
Melopsittacus undulatus
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
7 Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis
Myiopsitta monachus
Mylopharyngodon piceus
8 Tamias sibiricus barberi
Psittacula eupatria
Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus
9 Ondatra zibethicus
Psittacula krameri manillensis
Tinca tinca
10 Rattus exulans
Psittacula alexandri fasciata
Paramisgurnus dabryanus
11 Myocastor coypus
Pycnonotus jocosus
Clarias fuscus
12 Procyon lotor
Pycnonotus sinensis
Clarias batrachus
13 Mustela furo
Garrulax perspicillatus
Ictalurus punctatus
14 Mustela sibirica
Garrulax sannio
Liposarcus disjunctivus
15 Mustela vison
Garrulax canorus
Oncorhynchus kisutch
16 Herpestes javanicus
Leiothrix lutea
Oncorhynchus mykiss
17 Muntiacus reevesi
Paroaria coronata
Salmo trutta
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17 spp. Estrilda melpoda
Salvelinus fontinalis
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Estrilda troglodytes
Salvelinus namaycush
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Amphibians
Lonchura punctulata
Coregonus lavaretus maraena
21 Bufo marinus
Lonchura malacca
Odontesthes bonariensis
22 Rana catesbeiana
Lonchura atricapilla
Gambusia affinis
23 Polypedates leucomystax
Lonchura striata
Poecilia reticulata
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3 spp. Lonchura maja
Poecilia sphenops
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Amandava amandava
Xiphophorus helleri
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Vidua paradisaea
Xiphophorus maculatus
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Vidua macroura
Pseudambassis ranga
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Ploceus manyar
Lateolabrax sp.
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Ploceus intermedius
Lepomis macrochirus
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ReptilesEuplectes afer
Micropterus dolomieui
31 Chelydra serpentina
Euplectes orix
Micropterus salmoides
32 Macroclemys temmincki
Sturnus contra
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum
33 Trachemys scripta elegans
Acridotheres tristis
Oreochromis mossambicus
34 Hemidactylus frenatus
Acridotheres ginginianus
Oreochromis niloticus
35 Hemiphyllodactylus typus typus
Acridotheres fuscus javanicus
Otopharynx lithobates
36 Anolis carolinensis
Acridotheres cristatellus cristatellus
Tilapia buttikoferi
37 Anolis sagrei
Pica pica
Tilapia zillii
38 Iguana iguana
Urocissa caerulea
Macropodus chinensis
39 Elaphe taeniura friesi
38 spp. Macropodus opercularis
40 Boiga irregularis
Channa argus
41 Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus
Channa asiatica
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Channa maculata
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Insects(d)Araecerus fasciculatus
Acanthoscelides obtectus
Acanthoscelides pallidipennis
Bruchus pisorum
Bruchus rufimanus
Bruchus loti
Callosobruchus maculatus
Zabrotes subfasciatus
Oides bowringii
Brontispa longissima
Cassida obtusato
Diaachus auratus
Ophraella communa
Batocera rubus
Callipogon relictus
Ceresium sinicum
Cephalallus unicolor
Mesosa perplexa
Moechotypa diphysis
Paraglenea fortunei
Ropica dorsalis
Triachys orientalis
Alphitobius diaperinus
Alphitobius laevigatus
Alphitophagus bifasciatus
Coelopalorus foveicollis
Gnathocerus cornutus
Latheticus oryzae
Palorus ratzeburgi
Palorus subdepressus
Tenebrio obscurus
Tenebrio molitor
Tribolium confusum
Tribolium destructor
Tribolium madens
Tribolium freemani
Anthicus floralis
Necerdes melanula
Typhaea stercorea
Adalia bipunctata
Brumoides ohotai
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Epilachna varivestis
Epilachna pusillanima
Hyperaspis leechi
Jauravia limbata
Olla v-nigrum
Psyllobora vigintimaculata
Rodolia cardinalis
Rhyzobius forestieri

Insects(e)Rhysobius lophanthae
Holoparamecus depressus
Holoparamecus regusae
Euxestus parki
Murmidius ovalis
Cyptophagus acutangulus
Cyptophagus cellaris
Cartodere nodifer
Cartodere elongata
Cartodere constricta
Dienerella filum
Dienerella argus
Dienerella costulata
Ahasverus advena
Cryptamorpha desjardinsi
Monanus cocinnulus
Oryzaephilus mercator
Silvans bidentatus
Silvans lewisi
Cryptolestes ferrugineus
Cryptolestes pusilloides
Cryptolestes pusillus
Cryptolestes turcicus
Monotoma longicollis
Monotoma picipes
Monotoma quodrifoveolata
Monotoma spinicollis
Carpophilus dimidiatus
Carpophilus marginellus
Carpophilus hemipterus
Carpophilus pilosellus
Carpophilus freemani
Necrobia rufipes
Necrobia ruficolis
Necrobia vilacea
Korynetes caeruleus
Tarsostenus unvittatus
Thaneroclerus buqueti
Lophocateres pusillus
Tenebrioides mauritanicus
Heterobostrychus hamatipennis
Rhizopertha dominica
Dinoderus minutus
Lyctus africanus
Lyctoxylon dentatum
Minthea rugicollis
Lyctus sinensis
Lyctus llinearis
Lyctus brunneus
Anthrenus nipponensis

Insects(f)Attagenus japonicus
Attagenus fasciatus
Attagenus pellio
Dermestes ater
Dermestes frischi
Dermestes haemorrhoidalis
Dermestes maculatus
Dermestes vorax
Dermestes lardarius
Trogoderma inclusum
Trogoderama granarium
Trogoderama varium
Gibbium psylloides
Ptinus fur
Ptinus japonicus
Ptinus clavipes
Pseudeurostus hilleri
Lasioderma serricorne
Nicobium hirtum
Oligomerus ptilinoides
Stegobium paniceum
Pyropyga sp.
Buprestis aurulenta
Cyclommatus metallifer
Dorcus alcides
Dorcus antaeus
Dorcus bucephalus
Dorcus grandis
Dorcus hopei
Dorcus taurus gypaetus
Dorcus titanus palawanicus
Dorcus titanus titanus
Dorcus vertinus
Lamprima adolphinae
Odontolabis siva
Phalacrognagthus muelleri
Alissonotum pauper
Chalcosoma atlas
Chalcosoma caucasus
Dicronorhina derbyana
Dynastes hercules
Oryctes rhinoceros
Protaetia fusca
Xylotrupes gideon
Lebia viridis
Micromalthus debilis
Carcinops pumilio
Caverelius saccharivorus
Erythesina fullo
Notobius meleagris

Insects(g)Agriosphodrus dohrni
Amphibolus venator
Pergrinator biannulipes
Cimex letularius
Corytucha ciliata
Corytucha marmorata
Dulinius conchatus
Fulvius anthocoroides
Cryptotympana atrata
Perkinsiella saccharicida
Acythosiphon argus
Acythosiphon chelidonii
Aphis fabae fabae
Aphis fabae solanella
Aphis hederae
Aphis nerii
Aphis oenotherae
Aphis taraxacicola
Dysaphis tulipae
Eriosoma lanigerum
Hysteroneura setariae
Illinoia lambersi
Illinoia liliodendri
Longistigma liquidambarus
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Metopolophium dirhodum
Myzus ornatus
Therioaphis trifolii
Uroleucon nigtotuberculatum
Uroleucon erigeronensis
Uroleucon taraxaci
Microceropsylla nigra
Heteropsylla incisa(cubana)Ceroplastes rubens
Ceroplastes floridensis
Coccus longulus
Coccus viridis
Eucalymnatus tessellatus
Milviscutulus mangiferae
Parasaissetia nigra
Pulvinaria psidii
Saissetia oleae
Saissetia coffeae
Antonina graminis
Dysmicoccus brevipes
Hypogeococcus spinosus
Planococcus citri
Phenacocus madeirensis
Rhizoecus cacticans
Aleurocanthus spiniferus

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Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Insects(c)1 Delta pyriforme
2 Tachypompilus analis
3 Linepithema humile
4 Monomorium pharaonis
5 Salenopsis geminata
6 Solenopsis invicta
7 Wasmannia auropunctata
8 Cephalonomia gallicola
9 Chrysis shanghaiensis
10 Dryocosmus kuriphilus
11 Aneristus ceroplastae
12 Aphytis yanonensis
13 Aphelinus mali
14 Coccobius fulvus
15 Encarsia formosa
16 Encarsia smithi
17 Anicetus beneficus
18 Eupelmus sp.
19 Tamarixia radiata
20 Torymus sinensis
21 Bruchophagus gibbus
22 Phyttalia fletcheri
23 Eumicrosoma blissae
24 Blastophaga sp.
25 Diapus aculeatus
26 Cosmopolites sordidus
27 Diocalandra frumenti
28 Myocalandra exarata
29 Odoiporus longicollis
30 Polytus mellerborgi
31 Rhynchophourus ferrugineus
32 Rhabdoscelus lineatocollis
33 Rhabdoscelus obscurus
34 Sitophilus oryzae
35 Sphenophrus venatus
36 Aclees hirayamai
37 Amorphoidea lata
38 Euscepes postfasciatus
39 Hypera punctatus
40 Hypera postica
41 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
42 Listroderes costirostris
43 Otiorhynchus sulcatus
44 Phantomorus cervinus
45 Rhinoncus albicinctus
46 Sitona hispidulus
47 Sitona flavescens
48 Sitona cylindricollis
49 Stenopelmus rufinasus
50 Cylas formicarius

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9 Viteus vitifolii
10 Eriococcus coccineus
11 Abgrallapis cyanophylli
12 Abgrallaspis palmae
13 Aulacaspis tubercularis
14 Andaspis hawaiiensis
15 Aonidiella aurantii
16 Aonidiella citrina
17 Aonidiella orientalis
18 Aspidiotus excisus
19 Chrysomphalus dictiospermi
20 Chrysomphalus aonidum
21 Diaspis boisduvalii
22 Diaspis bromeliae
23 Diaspis echinocacti
24 Ｆiorinia fioriniae
25 Gymnaspis aechmeae
26 Ischnaspis longirostris27 Kuwanaspis howardi
28 Lepidosaphes beckii
29 Lepidosaphes cupressi
30 Lepidosaphes ulmi
31 Melanaspis bromiliae
32 Melanaspis obscura
33 Morganella longispina
34 Parlatoria proteus
35 Parlatoria ziziphi
36 Pinnaspis hibisci
37 Pseudoparlatoria parlatoriodes
38 Thysanofiorinia nephelii
39 Unaspis yanonensis
40 Icerya purchasi
41 Icerya seychellarum
42 Dorcadothrips xanthius
43 Echinothrips americanus
44 Frankliniella occidentalis
45 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
46 Hercinothrips femoralis
47 Selenothrips rubrocinctus
48 Taeniothrips inoconsequens
49 Thrips hawaiiensis
50 Thrips palmi

Liposcelis crrodens
Liposcelis entomophilus
Liposcelis simulans
Liposcelis kidderi
Lepinotus reticulatus
Trogium pulsatorium
Tapinella africana
Gryllodes sigillatus
Acheta domestica
Calyptotrypus hibinonis
Phyllium sp.
Cryptotermes brevis
Incisitermes minor
Reticulitermes kanmonensis
Coptotermes formosanus
Neostylopyga rhombifolia
Periplaneta americana
Periplaneta australasiae
Periplaneta brunnea
Imblattella orchidae
Supella longipalpa
Nauphoeta cinerea
Blaberus discoidalis
Lepisma saccharina
Thermobia domestica

Arthropods other than insects
Aponychus firmianae
Panonychus osmanthi
Eotetranychus lewisi
Eutetranychus orientalis
Oligonychus orthius
Oligonychus coffeae
Tetranychus neocaledonicus
Brevipalpus californicus

Mollusks(a)Pomacea canaliculata
Stenothyra sp.
Potamopyrgus jenkinsi
Semisulcospira sp.
Thiara scabra
Melanoides tuberculata
Crepidula onyx
Paludinellassiminea?
taiwanensis
Euspira fortunei
Nassarius sinarus
Urosalpinx cinerea
Umbonium thomasi
Cuthona perca
Aglaja sp.？
Physa acuta
Physa fontinalis
Physa heterostrophaPhysa sp.
Aplexa hypnorum
Galba truncatula
Pseudosuccinea columella
Pseudisidora sp.
Austropeplea sp.
Lymmanea sp.
Indoplanrobis exustus
Helisoma trivolvis
Biomphalaria? sp.
Pettancylus pettardi
Amerianna carinata
Succineidae gen. et sp.
Pupisoma orcula
Pupoides albilabris
Gastrocopta procera“Punctum” sp.
Vertigo sp.
Vallonia pulchella
Achatina fulica
Gunella bicolor
Subulina octona
Paropeas achatinaceum
Lamellaxis gracilis
Rumina decorata
Zonitoides arboreus
Hawaiia minuscula
Oxychilus cellaria
Helicodiscus inermis
Helicodiscus sp.
Helicodiscus sp.
Meghimatium bilineatum
Limax flavus

Brevipalpus russulus
Dolichotetranychus floridanus
Tenuipalpus pacificus
Trisetacus thujivagrans
Cisaberoptus kenyae
Aceria ficus
Aceria litchii
Aceria tulipae
Aceria paradianthi
Aculus fockeui
Aculus schlechtendali
Aculops lycopersici
Spinacus pagonis
Phytonemus pallidus
Crossopriza lyoni
Badumna insignis
Latrodectus geometricus
Latrodectus hasseltii
Uncinocythere occidentalis
Triops longicaudatus
Triops granarius
Triops cancriformis
Balanus glandula
Balanus improvisus
Balanus venustus
433 spp. Balanus variegatus cirratus
Megabalanus tintinnabulum
Megabalanus zebra
Balanus eburneus
Procambarus clarkii
Pacifastacus l. trowbridgii
Pacifastacus l. leniusculus
Pyromaia tuberculata
Carcinus aestuarii
Callinectes sapidus
Penaeus orientalis
Homarus americanus
Homarus gammarus
Chamberlinius hualienensis
Trigoniulus lumbricinus
Artemia franciscana
Artemia parthenogenetica
50 spp.

Mollusks(b)Deroceras laeve
Lehmannia valentiana
Milax gagates
Limax maximus
Arion ater
Lehmannia nyctelia
Helix aspersa
Eleutherocaulis alte
Euglandina rosea
Parmarion martensi
Bradybaena similaris
Acusta mighelsiana
Mytilus galloprovincialis
Perna viridis
Xenostrobus securis
Limnoperna fortunei
Pinctada fucata
Hyriopsis cumingii
Mytilopsis sallei
Corbicula fluminea form insularis
Corbicula fluminea
Corbicula spp.
Mercenaria mercenaria
Meretrix petechialis
Ptericola sp. cf. lithophaga
Potamocorbula laevis
Potamocorbula sp.
Scpharca broughtonii
Anadara sp.
Ostrea edulis
Ostrea lurida
Crassostrea angulata
Crassostrea virginca
Mystilopsis leucophaeta
Ruditapes philippinarum

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T. MITO and T. UESUGIInsects(i)Thrips simplex
Thrips tabaci
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Ponticulothrips diospyrosi
Merothrips laevis
Merothrips floridensis
Franklinothrips vespiformis
Liposcelis bostrychophilus

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Insects(h)1 Aleurothrixus floccosus
2 Bemisia argentifolii
3 Bemisia tabaci
4 Trialeurodes packardi
5 Trialeurodes vaporariorum
6 Kermes galliformis
7 Aphanostigma iaksuiense
8 Moritziella castaneivora

Vascular plants(b)Rumex maritimus L.
Rumex obtusifolius L. var. agrestis (Fries) Celak
Rumex pratensis Mert. et Koch
Rumex pulcher L.
Rumex sanguineus L.
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Boerhavia erecta L.
Mirabilis jalapa L. var. dichlamydomorpha Makino
Mirabilis jalapa L. var. jalapa
Phytolacca americana L.
Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte
Rivina humilis L.
Mollugo verticillata L.
Sesubium portulacastrum L.
Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Montia perfoliata Howell
Portulaca grandiflora Hook.
Portulaca pilosa L.
Talinum crassifolium Willd.
Basella alba L.
Basella rubra L.
Boussingaultia cordifolia Ten.
Agrostemma githago L.
Cerastium arvense L.
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.
Cerastium grandiflirum Waldst et Kit.
Cerastium tomentosum L.
Dianthus armeria L.
Dianthus barbatus L.
Dianthus chinensis L.
Dianthus deltoides L.
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. var. pacifica M. Mizush
Drymaria diandra Blume
Grysophila muralis L.
Gypsophila elegans M. B
Herniaria glabra L.
Lepyrodicris holosteoides Fenzl
Lychnis chalcedonica L.
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.
Petrorhagia nanteuilii (Burnat) P. W. Ball et Heywood
Petrorhagia prolifera Ball et Heyw.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.
Sagina apetala Ard.
Sagina procumbens L.
Saponaria officinalis L.
Scleranthus annuus L.
Silene antirrhina L.
Silene armeria L.
Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Gordon
Silene conica L.

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Vascular plants(a)Azolla caroliniana Willd.
Salvinia molesta Mitch.
Selaginella biformis A. Br. ex Kuhn
Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron
Selaginella uncinata Spring
Adiantum capillus-venesis L.
Pityrogramma calomelanos Link
Casuarina equisetifolia L.
Pterocarya stenoptera DC.
Populus × canadensis
Populus ×euroamericana Rehder
Populus alba L.
Populus angulata Aiton
Salix matsudana Koidz. var. tortuosa Vilm.
Ulmus pumila L.
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. var. tenacissima (Gaud.) Miq.
16 spp. Parietaria diffusa Mert. et Koch
Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl.
Pilea microphylla Liebm.
Pilea serpyllifolia Wedd.
Urtica dioica L.
Urtica urens L.
Coccoloba uvifera L.
Emex spinosa Campd.
Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn.
Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love
Fallopia dentato-alatum Fr. Schm.
Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub
Persicaria bungeana Nakai
Persicaria capitata (Buch..-Ham. ex D.Don) H. Gross
Persicaria lapathifolia S. F. Gray subsp. lanigera (Danser) Sugimoto
Persicaria orientalis (L.) Assenov
Persicaria pennsylvanica Small var. pennsylvanica
Persicaria thunbergii H. Gross var. stellatomentosa Sm. et Ram.
Persicaria viscosa (Hamilt.) H. Gross
Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Turcz.
Polygonum arenastrum Boreau
Polygonum aviculare L. var. condensatum Beck.
Polygonum aviculare L. var. monospeliense Thiband.
Polygonum plebeium R. Br.
Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.
Polygonum sp.
Rumex acetosella L.
Rumex aquaticus L.
Rumex brownii Campd.
Rumex conglomeratus Murr.
Rumex crispus L.
Rumex hastatulus Muhl
Rumex hydrolapathum Huds.

Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Other invertebrates
1 Craspedacusta sowerbyi
2 Platydemus manokwari
3 Bipalium nobile
4 Bipalium kewense
5 Pectinatella magnifica
6 Globodera rostchiensis
7 Globodera tabacum
8 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
9 Ficopomatus enigmaticus
10 Hydroides elegans
11 Perinereis aibuhitensis
12 Molgula manhattensis
13 Polyandrocarpa zorritensis
14 Aiptasia cf. insignis
15 Aiptasiomorpha minuta
16 Anthopleura kurogane
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182

Vascular plants(d)Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br.
Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb.
Alternanthera repens O. Kuntze
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Amaranthus albus L.
Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht.
Amaranthus cruentus L.
Amaranthus deflexus L.
Amaranthus galii Sennen et Gonzalo ex Priszter
Amaranthus gracilis Desf.
Amaranthus graecizanus L.
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Amaranthus mangostanus L.
Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.
Amaranthus powellii S. Wats.
Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranthus sp.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
Celosia argentea L. var. argentea
Celosia argentea L. var. childsii Hort.
Froelichia gracilis Moq.
Gomphrena celosioides Mart.
Asimina triloba (L.) Dun.
Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.
Lindera strychnifolia F. Vill.
Anemone hupehensis Lemoine var. japonica Bowles et Stearn
Aquilegia flavellata Sieb. et Zucc. var. flavellata
Aquilegia vulgaris L.
Clematis florida Thunb.
Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance
Nigella damascena L.
Ranunculus acris L.
Ranunculus arvensis L.
Ranunculus bulbosus L.
Ranunculus ficaria L.
Ranunculus muricatus L.
Ranunculus repens L.
Ranunculus sardous Crantz
Mahonia fortunei Fedde
Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray
Nymphaea hybrida Hort.
Piper retrofractum Vahl.
Chloranthus spicatus Makino
Actinidia chinensis Planch.
Hypericum chinense L. var. salicifolium Y. Kimura
Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton

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T. MITO and T. UESUGI

Vascular plants(c)1 Silene conoidea L.
2 Silene deiica (L.) Clairv.
3 Silene dichotoma Ehrh.
4 Silene dioica (L.) Clairv.
5 Silene gallica L. var. gallica
6 Silene gallica L. var. quinquevulnera (L.) W. D. J. Koch
7 Silene giraldii Guss.
8 Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter et Burdet
9 Silene noctiflora L.
10 Silene pendula L.
11 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
12 Spergula arvensis L. var. arvensis
13 Spergula arvensis L. var. maxima (While) Mert. et W. D. J. Koch
14 Spergula arvensis L. var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. et W. D. J. Koch
15 Spergularia bocconii Grisebach
16 Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl et C. Presl
17 Stellaria alsine Grimm var. alsine
18 Stellaria graminea L.
19 Stellaria holostea L.
20 Stellaria media (L.) Villars
21 Stellaria pallida (Dumort) Pire
22 Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert
23 Atriplex nitens Schkuhr.
24 Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC.
25 Atriplex suberecta I. Verd.
26 Axyris amaranthoides L.
27 Chenopodium × preissmanii J. Murray
28 Chenopodium × zahnii J. Murray
29 Chenopodium album L. var. centrorubrum Makino
30 Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
31 Chenopodium anthelminticum L.
32 Chenopodium aristatum L.
33 Chenopodium ficifolium Sm.
34 Chenopodium glaucum L.
35 Chenopodium hybridum L.
36 Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt.
37 Chenopodium murale L.
38 Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex Koch et Ziz.
39 Chenopodium pratericola Rydb
40 Chenopodium pumilio R. Br.
41 Corispermum hyssopifolium L.
42 Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. var. sieversiana (Pall.) Ulbr. ex Asch et Graebn
43 Kochia trichophylla Baylley
44 Monolepis nuttalliana Greene
45 Salicornia virginica L.
46 Salsola kali L. var. kali
47 Salsola kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch
48 Salsola ruthenica Ilijin
49 Acnida altissima Ridd. et Schult. var. bettzickiana Backer
50 Alternanthera ficoidea R. Br. ex Roem.

Vascular plants(f)Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.
Draba nemorosa L. var. hebecarpa Ledeb. form. leiocarpa Kitag.
Erophila verna (L.) Chevall.
Eruca sativa Mill.
Erucastrum gallicum O. E. Schulz
Erucastrum sp.
Erysimum repandum L.
Hesperis matronalis L.
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss.
Iberis sempervirens L.
Iberis umbellata L.
Lepidium bonariense L.
Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.
Lepidium latifolium L.
Lepidium africanum (Burm. f.) DC.
Lepidium perfoliatum L.
Lepidium ruderale L.
Lepidium sativum L.
Lepidium virginicum L.
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.
Lunaria annua L.
Moricandia arvensis DC.
Myagrum perfoliatum L.
Nasturtium microphyllum Reichb.
Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Neslia paniculata Desv.
Orychophragmus violaceus O. E. Schulz var. lasiocarpus Migo
Orychophragmus violaceus O. E. Schulz var. violaceus
Raphanus raphanistrum L.
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All.
Rhynchosinapis erucastrum Dandy.
Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser
Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser
Rorippa curvisiliqua Bessey ex Britt.
Rorippa islandica Borbas var. hispida Butl et Abbe
Rorippa obtusa Britt.
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser
Sinapis alba L.
Sinapis arvensis L. var. arvensis
Sinapis arvensis L. var. orientalis Koch et Ziz.
Sinapis arvensis L. var. svhkuhiana L. C. Wheela
Sisymbrium altissimum L.
Sisymbrium irio L.
Sisymbrium loeselii Jusl.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC.
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. officinale
Sisymbrium orientale L.
Thlaspi arvense L.

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Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Vascular plants(e)1 Hypericum mutilum L.
2 Hypericum perforatum L. var. angustifolium DC.
3 Hypericum perforatum L. var. perforatum
4 Norysca patula (Thunb.) Voigt
5 Drosera intermedia Hayne
6 Argemone mexicana L.
7 Eomecon chionantha Hance
8 Eschscholzia californica Cham.
9 Fumaria capreolata L.
10 Fumaria muralis Sonder
11 Fumaria officinalis L.
12 Glaucium flavum Crantz.
13 Papaver commutatum Fisch. et Mey
14 Papaver dubium L.
15 Papaver hybridum L.
16 Papaver orientale L.
17 Papaver rhoeas L.
18 Papaver somniferum (DC.) Corb. subsp. setigerum (DC.) Corb.
19 Papaver somniferum (DC.) Corb. subsp. somniferum
20 Cleome hassleriana L.
21 Cleome rutidosperma
22 Cleome viscosa L.
23 Alyssum alyssoides L.
24 Alyssum saxatile L.
25 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
26 Armoracia rusticana Gaert., Mey. et Scherb.
27 Barbarea verna Aschers.
28 Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.
29 Berteroa incana (L.) DC.
30 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
31 Brassica napus L.
32 Brassica nigra W. D. J. Koch
33 Cakile edentula Hook.
34 Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.
35 Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.
36 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz
37 Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. var. bursa-pastoris
38 Capsella grandiflora (Fauch et Chaub) Boiss
39 Capsella rubella Reuter
40 Capsella sp.
41 Cardamine cheiri L.
42 Cardamine hirsuta L.
43 Cardamine parviflora L.
44 Cardamine pratensis L.
45 Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.
46 Carrichtera annua Asch.
47 Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC.
48 Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort.
49 Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith
50 Descurainia pinnata Britt.

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T. MITO and T. UESUGI

Vascular plants(h)Cassia occidentalis L.
Cassia sophera L.
Cassia tora L.
Cassia torosa Cav.
Coronilla scorpioides W. D. J. Koch
Coronilla varia L.
Crotalaria anagyroides H. B. K.
Crotalaria assamica Benth.
Crotalaria bialata Schrank.
Crotalaria incana L.
Crotalaria juncea L.
Crotalaria pallida Ait.
Crotalaria quinquefolia L.
Crotalaria uncinella Lam.
Crotalaria zangibarica Benth.
Cytisus leucanthus Wald. et Kit.
Cytisus scoparius Link
Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B. L. Rob. et Fernald
Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.
Desmodium canum Schinz et Thell.
Desmodium illinoense A. Gray
Desmodium intortum Urb.
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.
Desmodium purpureum Fawc. et. Rendle
Desmodium rigidum DC.
Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey.
Desmodium scorpiurus Desv.
Dolichos lablab L.
Erythrina variegata L.
Indigofera kirilowii Maxim.
Indigofera spicata Forsk.
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Lathyrus aphaca L.
Lathyrus clymenum L.
Lathyrus inconspicuus L.
Lathyrus latifolius L.
Lathyrus ochrus DC.
Lathyrus pratensis L.
Lespedeza juncea Pers.
Lespedeza liukiuensis Hatus.
Lespedeza stuevei Nutt.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Lotus corniculatus L. var. corniculatus
Lotus subbiflorus Lag
Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit.
Lotus uliginosus Schk.
Lupinus luteus L.
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.
Macroptilium atropurpureum L.

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Vascular plants(g)1 Reseda odorata L.
2 Reseda alba L.
3 Reseda lutea L.
4 Reseda luteola L.
5 Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz.
6 Kalanchoe tubiflora Hamet
7 Kalanchoe verticillata Elliot
8 Sedum dasyphyllum L.
9 Sedum hispanicum L.
10 Sedum mexicanum Britt.
11 Sedum oryzifolium Makino var. pumilum H. Ohba
12 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge
13 Sedum sp.
14 Ribes rubrum L.
15 Ribes uva-crispa L.
16 Aphanes arvensis L.
17 Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne
18 Fragaria vesca L.
19 Potentilla amurensis Maxim.
20 Potentilla anglica Laicharding
21 Potentilla etomentosa Rydb.
22 Potentilla norvegica L. var. labradorica (Lehm.) Fernald
23 Potentilla norvegica L. var. norvegica
24 Potentilla recta L.
25 Potentilla supina L.
26 Potentilla verna L. subsp. vularis
27 Prunus campanulata Maxim.
28 Pyracantha angustifolia Schneid.
29 Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.
30 Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem.
31 Rosa grauca Pour.
32 Rubus allegheniensis Portf.
33 Rubus argutus Link.
34 Rubus armeniacus Focke
35 Rubus exsul Focke
36 Rubus flagellaris Willd.
37 Sanguisorba minor Scop.
38 Abrus precatorius L.
39 Acacia confusa Merr.
40 Acacia dealbata Link
41 Acacia sinuata Merr.
42 Aeschynomene americana L.
43 Amorpha fruticosa L.
44 Anthyllis vulneraria L.
45 Apios americana Medik.
46 Azukia radiata Ohwi
47 Caragana chamlagu Lam.
48 Cassia floribunda Cav.
49 Cassia mimosoides L. subsp. leschenaultiana Ohashi
50 Cassia obtusifolia L.

Vascular plants(j)Trifolium pratense L.
Trifolium repens L. var. nigricans G. Don
Trifolium repens L. var. repens
Trifolium resupinatum L. var. majus Boiss.
Trifolium resupinatum L. var. resupinatum
Trifolium resupinatum L. var. suaveolens (Willd.) Dinsm.
Trifolium striatum L.
Trifolium subterraneum L.
Trifolium tomentosum L.
Trifolium tridentatum Lindl.
Trifolium vesiculosum Savi
Ulex europaeus L.
Vicia angustifolia L. var. minor Ohwi
Vicia dasycarpa Ten.
Vicia grandiflora Scop.
Vicia lathryoides L.
Vicia lutea L.
Vicia monantha Retz.
Vicia sativa L.
Vicia sepium L.
Vicia villosa RothVigna hosei Backer
Vigna mungo Hepper
Astragalus sinicus L.
Oxalis articulata Savigny
Oxalis bowieana Lodd.
Oxalis brasiliensis Lodd.
Oxalis corymbosa DC.
Oxalis dillenii Jacq.
Oxalis pes-caprae L.
Oxalis tetraphylla Cav.
Oxalis variabilis Jacq.
Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol.
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. var. cicutarium
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hr. var. pimpinellifolium Smith
Erodium crinitum Carol.
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hr.
Geranium carolinianum L.
Geranium dissectum L.
Geranium molle L.
Geranium pusillum L.
Geranium pyrenacium Burm form. medium
Geranium sibiricum L.
Tribulus cistoides L.
Linum flavum L.
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton
Linum perenne L.
Linum striatum Walt.
Linum usitatissimum L.
Reinwardtia trigyna Dum.

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Vascular plants(i)1 Macroptilium lathyroides Urban
2 Medicago arabica Huds.
3 Medicago carstiensis Wulfen
4 Medicago ciliaris (L.) All.
5 Medicago hispida Gaertn.
6 Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill.
7 Medicago lupulina L.
8 Medicago minima (L.) L.
9 Medicago murex var. aculeata Urban subvar. sphaerica Urban
10 Medicago orbicularis Bartal.
11 Medicago polymorpha L. var. confinis (W. D. J. Koch)
12 Medicago polymorpha L. var. lapponica Burnet
13 Medicago polymorpha L. var. microdon (Ehr.)
14 Medicago polymorpha L. var. polymorpha
15 Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata L.
16 Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa
17 Medicago scutellata Miller
18 Melilotus albus Medik.
19 Melilotus altissima Thuill.
20 Melilotus indicus (L.) All.
21 Melilotus officinalis Lam. var. micranthus O. E. Schulz.
22 Melilotus officinalis Lam. var. officinalis
23 Melilotus suaveolens Pallas.
24 Mimosa pudica L.
25 Neptunia triquetra Benth.
26 Omithopus sativus Brot.
27 Ornithopus compressus L.
28 Ornithopus perpusillus L.
29 Psoralea corylifolia L.
30 Pueraria thomsonii Benth.
31 Robinia pseudoacacia L.
32 Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) E. F. Wight
33 Sesbania cannabina Pers.
34 Sesbania exaltata Cory
35 Smithia sensitiva W. Ait.
36 Sophora japonica L.
37 Trifolium angulatum Waldst. et Kit.
38 Trifolium angustifolium L.
39 Trifolium arvense L.
40 Trifolium aureum Pollich
41 Trifolium campestre Schreb.
42 Trifolium carolinianum Michx.
43 Trifolium dubium Sibth.
44 Trifolium fragiferum L.
45 Trifolium fucatum Lindl.
46 Trifolium glomeratum L.
47 Trifolium hirtum All.
48 Trifolium hybridum L.
49 Trifolium incarnatum L.
50 Trifolium medium L.

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Vascular plants(m)Ammannia baccifera L.
Ammannia coccinea Rottb.
Cuphea carthagenensis Macbr.
Lythrum hyssopifolia L.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. var. bispinosa
Psidium guajava L.
Psidium littorale Raddi
Syzygium jambos Alston
Clidemia hirta Don.
Quisqualis indica L.
Gaura biennis L.
Gaura lindheimeri Englem. et. Gray
Gaura parviflora Dougl.
Jussiaea pepiloides (Kunth) Raven
Ludwigia decurrens Walter
Ludwigia linearis Walt.
Ludwigia micrantha Hara
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq) P. H. Raven subsp. octovalvis
Ludwigia repens J. R. Forst
Oenothera acaulis Cav.
Oenothera biennis L.
Oenothera erythrosepala Borbs
Oenothera fallax Renner
Oenothera fruticosa L.
Oenothera glauca Michx.
Oenothera grandiflora L'Hr. ex Ait.
Oenothera grandis (Britton) Smyth, Trans.
Oenothera humifusa Nutt.
Oenothera laciniata Hill var. grandiflora (S. Waston) B. L. Rob.
Oenothera laciniata Hill var. laciniata
Oenothera missouriensis Sims
Oenothera parviflora L.
Oenothera perennis L. var. perennis
Oenothera perennis L. var. rectipillis S. F. Blake
Oenothera rosea L`Hr.
Oenothera speciosa Nutt. var. childsii Munz
Oenothera speciosa Nutt. var. speciosa
Oenothera stricta Ledeb. ex Link
Oenothera strigosa Mkze et Bush
Oenothera tetraptera Cav.
Myriophyllum brasilense Cambess.
Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch
Aegopodium podagraria L.
Aethusa cynapium L.
Ammi majus L.
Anthriscus caucalis Bieb.
Apium graveolens L.
Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth.
Bifora testiculata (L.) Spreng. ex Roem et Schult.

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T. MITO and T. UESUGI

Vascular plants(l)Abutilon striatum Dickson
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
Alcea rosea Cav.
Althaca armeniaca Ten.
Anoda cristata (L.) D. F. K. Schltdl.
Anoda hastata Cav.
Hibiscus cannabinus L.
Hibiscus coccineus (Medik.) Waly.
Hibiscus mutabilis L.
Hibiscus syriacus L.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Horsfordia newberryi A. Gray
Malva involucrata Torr. et A. Gray.
Malva moschata L.
Malva neglecta Wallr.
Malva parviflora L.
Malva pusilla Sm.
Malva rotundifolia L.
Malva sylvestris L. var. mauritiana Mill.
Malva sylvestris L. var. sylvestris
Malva verticillata L. var. crispa Mak.
Malva verticillata L. var. verticillata
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garke
Modiola caroliniana (L.) Garcke
Pavonia hastata Cav.
Sida acuta Burm. fil.
Sida cordifolia L.
Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. retusa Borss.
Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. rhombifolia
Sida spinosa L.
Sida subspicata F. v. M.
Urena lobata L.
Begonia evansiana Andreus
Viola diffusa Gingins var. glabella H. Boiss.
Viola odorata L.
Viola palmata L.
Viola palmata Schwein.
Viola sororia Willd.
Viola tricolor L.
Viola variegata Fisch.
Passiflora foetida L.
Passiflora minima L.
Passiflora suberosa L.
Carica papaya L.
Melothria mucronata Cogn.
Melothria pendula L.
Sechium edule Sw.
Sicyos angulatus L.
Thladiantha dubia Bunge
Ammannia auriculata Willd.

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Vascular plants(k)1 Acalypha gracilens A. Gray
2 Acalypha indica L.
3 Aleurites cordata R. Br.
4 Aleurites fordii Hemsl
5 Euphorbia cyathophora Murray
6 Euphorbia cyparissias L.
7 Euphorbia heterophylla L.
8 Euphorbia hirta L.
9 Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.
10 Euphorbia lathyris L.
11 Euphorbia maculata L.
12 Euphorbia makinoi Hayata
13 Euphorbia natans Lag.
14 Euphorbia neriifolia L.
15 Euphorbia peplus L.
16 Euphorbia prostrata Aiton
17 Euphorbia sp.
18 Euphorbia thymifolia L.
19 Euphorbia vachelli Hook. et Arn.
20 Phyllanthus debilis Klein
21 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.
22 Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.
23 Ricinus communis L.
24 Sapium sebiferum Roxb.
25 Citrus iriomotensis T. Tanaka
26 Citrus rokugatsu Hort. ex Y. Tanaka
27 Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.
28 Fortunella crassifolia Swingle
29 Ruta graveolens L.
30 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
31 Cedrela sinensis Juss.
32 Polygala ambigua Nutt.
33 Polygala paniculata L.
34 Polygala sanguinea L.
35 Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torrey et A. Gray
36 Polygala verticillata L.
37 Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
38 Acer buergerianum Miq.
39 Acer negundo L.
40 Impatiens balfourii Hook. form.
41 Impatiens biflora Walt.
42 Impatiens glandulifera Royle
43 Zizyphus jujuba Mill.
44 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. var. halicacabum
45 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. var. microcarpum Bl.
46 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Pl.
47 Corchorus aestuans L.
48 Corchorus olitorius L.
49 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
50 Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik.

Vascular plants(o)Richardia scabra L.
Rubia tinctorum L.
Sherardia arvensis L.
Spermacoce articularis (L. f.) F. N. Will.
Spermacoce asuuregens Ruiz et Pav.
Spermacoce glabra Michx.
Spermacoce latifolia (Aubl.) K. Schum.
Spermacoce prostrata Aubl.
Collomia linearis Nutt.
Phlox paniculata L.
Phlox subulata L.
Argyreia nervosa Bojer
Calonyction aculeatum House
Calystegia fraterniflora Burmon
Convolvulus althaeoides L.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus cantabricus L.
Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr.
Cuscuta epilinum Weihe
Cuscuta epithymum Murr. subsp. trifolli Hegi
Cuscuta pentagona Engelm.
Dichondra carolinensis Michx.
Ipomoea × multifida (Raf.) Shinn.
Ipomoea alba L.
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet
Ipomoea coccinea L.
Ipomoea digitata L.
Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br.
Ipomoea hardwikii Benth.
Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. hederacea
Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray
Ipomoea hederifolia L.
Ipomoea horstolliae Hook.
Ipomoea lacunosa L.
Ipomoea muricata Jacq.
Ipomoea nil RothIpomoea obscura Ker. Gawl.
Ipomoea pandulata G. F. W. Meyer
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.
Ipomoea pileata Roxb.
Ipomoea pulchella Roxb.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) RothIpomoea quamoclit L.
Ipomoea quinata R. Br.
Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell.
Ipomoea triloba L.
Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.
Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. subsp. hastata (Desr). Ooststr.

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Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Vascular plants(n)1 Bunium bulbocastanum L.
2 Bupleurum fontanesii Guss. ex Caruel3 Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem
4 Bupleurum rotundifolium L.
5 Caucalis daucoides L.
6 Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl.
7 Conium maculatum L.
8 Coriandrum sativum L.
9 Daucus carota L.
10 Daucus glochidiatus (Lindl.) Fisch., C. A. Mey. et Av-Lall.
11 Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn.
12 Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta Masam.
13 Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. var. triradiata (A. Rich.) Fernald
14 Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
15 Pastinaca sativa L.
16 Petroselinum crispum Nym. ex A. W. Hill
17 Scandix pecten-veneris L.
18 Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichenb. f.
19 Torilis nodosa Gaertn.
20 Anagallis arvensis L. form. arvensis
21 Androsace filiformis
22 Lysimachia ciliata L.
23 Lysimachia nummularia L.
24 Lysimachia vulgaris L.
25 Primula farinosa L.
26 Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
27 Ligustrum lucidum Ait.
28 Ligustrum vulgare L.
29 Centaurium erythraea Raf.
30 Centaurium floribundum Robins.
31 Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. et Link) Fritsch
32 Nymphoides aquatica Ktze.
33 Catharanthus roseus G. Don
34 Nerium oleander L. var. indicum (Mill.) O. Deg. et Greenwell
35 Vinca major L.
36 Vinca minor L.
37 Asclepias curassavica L.
38 Asclepias fruticosus (L.) R. Br. ex W. Tait.
39 Diodia teres Walt.
40 Diodia virginiana L.
41 Galium bifolium Wats.
42 Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam.
43 Galium mollugo L.
44 Galium spurium L.
45 Galium tricornutum Dandy
46 Galium verum L.
47 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.
48 Houstonia caerulea L.
49 Ixora chinensis Jacq.
50 Richardia brasiliensis Gomez

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Vascular plants(r)Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal
Petunia hybrida Vilm.
Petunia parviflora Juss.
Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw.
Physalis angulata L. var. angulata
Physalis angulata L. var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterf.
Physalis angulata L. var. pendula (Rydb.) Waterf.
Physalis greenei Vasey et Rose.
Physalis heterophylla Nees
Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mack. et Bush) Cronquist
Physalis peruviana L.
Physalis phyladelphica Lam.
Physalis pruinosa L. J. Bailey
Physalis pubescens L. var. pubescens
Salpishroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill.
Solanum × stoloniferum Tawada
Solanum americanum Mill.
Solanum carolinens L.
Solanum cilliatum Lam.
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.
Solanum glaucophyllum Desf
Solanum integrifolium Poir.
Solanum lasiostylum Tawada
Solanum linnaeanum Hepper et P. M. Jaeger
Solanum macaonense Dunal
Solanum memphiticum Mart.
Solanum nigrescens Mart. et Gal.
Solanum physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds
Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Solanum ptycanthum Dunal ex DC.
Solanum rostratum Dunal
Solanum sarrachoides Sendt.
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.
Solanum sp.
Solanum sp.
Solanum spirale Roxb.
Solanum suffruticosum Schrousboe ex Willd.
Solanum torvum Swartz
Solanum triflorum Nutt.
Solanum villosum L.
Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. miniatum (Bernh. ex Willd.) Edmonds
Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. villosum
Buddleja curviflora Hook. et Arn.
Buddleja davidii Franch.
Antirrhinum majus L.
Antirrhinum odoratum
Antirrhinum orontium L.
Bacopa monnieri Pennell
Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.
Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.

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Vascular plants(q)Galeopsis tetrahit L.
Glechoma hederacea L.
Lagopsis supina (Stephan ex Willd.) Ikonn.-Gal. ex Knorring
Lamium hybridum Vill.
Lamium purpureum L. var. incisum Peterm.
Lamium purpureum L. var. purpureum
Leonotis cardiaca L.
Leonotis nepetifolia R. Br.
Marrubium vulgare L.
Melissa officinalis L.
Mentha × cardiaca Bak.
Mentha × piperita L.
Mentha aquatica L.
Mentha arvensis L. var. arvensis
Mentha arvensis L. var. canadensis Briquet
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Mentha pulegium L.
Mentha spicata L. var. crispa Benth.
Mentha spicata L. var. spicata
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.
Monarda fistulosa L.
Monarda punctata L. var. occidentalis Palmer ex Steyerm
Monarda punctata L. var. punctata
Nepeta cataria L.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.
Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
Pycnanthemum flexuosum Britt., Sterns et Pogg.
Salvia coccinea L.
Salvia napifolia Jacq.
Salvia officinalis L.
Salvia reflexa Hornem.
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl.
Salvia verbenaca L.
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi
Stachys annua L.
Stachys arvensis L.
Stachys palustris L.
Stachys sieboldii Miq.
Thymus serphyllum L.
Browallia viscida H. B. K.
Capsicum frutescens L.
Datura ferox L.
Datura metel L.
Datura stramonium L. var. inermis (Juss. ex Jacq.) Schinz et Thell
Datura stramonium L. var. stramonium
Datura stramonium L.
Datura suaveolens Humb. et Bonpl.
Datura wrightii Regel
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Bailey
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.

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Vascular plants(p)1 Operculina turpethum S. Manzo
2 Amsinckia barbata Greene
3 Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm.
4 Amsinckia tessellata A. Gray
5 Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb.
6 Asperugo procumbens L.
7 Borago officinalis L.
8 Echium plantagineum L.
9 Echium vulgare L.
10 Heliotropium curassavicum L.
11 Heliotropium indicum L.
12 Lappula echinata Gilib.
13 Lithospermum arvense L.
14 Lithospermum officinale L.
15 Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill.
16 Myosotis baltica Sam.
17 Myosotis discolor Pers.
18 Myosotis scorpioides L.
19 Nonnea lutea Reichb.
20 Plagiobotheus scouleri Johnst.
21 Plagiobothrys stipitatus (Greene) I. M. Johnst.
22 Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman
23 Symphytum asperum Lepech.
24 Symphytum officinale L.
25 Bouchea agristis Schauer et Mart.
26 Clerodendron bungei Steud.
27 Clerodendron lindleyi Decne.
28 Clerodendrum japonicum Sweet
29 Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke
30 Lantana camera L. var. camara
31 Phyla incisa Small
32 Stachytarpheta dichotoma Vahl
33 Stachytarpheta indica Vahl
34 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl
35 Stachytarpheta urticaefolia Sims
36 Verbena bonariensis L.
37 Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. et Rodr.
38 Verbena brasiliensis Vell.
39 Verbena incompta Michael
40 Verbena litoralis Hunb., Bonpl. et Kunth
41 Verbena rigida Spreng.
42 Verbena stricta Vent.
43 Verbena tenera Spreng.
44 Verbena tenuisecta Briq.
45 Vitex cannabifolia Sieb. et Zucc.
46 Callitriche stagnalis Scop.
47 Callitriche terrestris Raf.
48 Ajuga reptans L.
49 Amethystea caerulea L.
50 Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Vascular plants(t)Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.
Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell.
Orobanche minor Sm.
Utricularia gibba Le Conte subsp. gibba
Utricularia inflata Walt.
Plantago amplexicaulis Cav.
Plantago arenaria Waldst. et Kit.
Plantago aristata Michx.
Plantago coronopus L.

Vascular plants(u)Arctotis acaulis L.
Artemisia absinthium L.
Artemisia annua L.
Artemisia selengensis Turcz. ex Besser
Artemisia sieversiana Willd.
Aster koraiensis (Nakai) Kitam.
Aster novae-angliae L.
Aster novi-belgii L.
Aster pilosus Willd.

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Plantago depressa Willd.
Plantago heterophylla Nutt.
Plantago indica L.
Plantago lanceolata L. var. lanceolata
Plantago lanceolata L. var. mediterranea Pilger
Plantago major L. var. major
Plantago spinulosa Dcne.
Plantago squarrosa Murray
Plantago virginica L.
Valerianella coronata DC.
Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr.
Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr.
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
Scabiosa columbaria L.
Adenophora stricta Miq.
Campanula allariaefolia Willd.
Campanula glomerata L.
Campanula rapunculoides L.
Lobelia erinus
Lobelia inflata L.
Triodanis biflora (Ruiz et Pav.) Greene
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.
Achillea filipendulina Lam.
Achillea millefolium L.
Achillea ptarmica L.
Achillea stricta (W. D. J. Koch) Schleicher ex Gremli
Acmella ciliata (Humb., Bonpl et Kunth) CassAcmella oppositifolia (Lam.) R. K. Jansen
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.
Ambrosia elatior L.
Ambrosia psilostachya DC.
Ambrosia trifida L.
Antennaria rosea Greene
Anthemis arvensis L.
Anthemis cotula L.
Anthemis nobilis L.
Anthemis tinctoria L.
Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns
Arctotheca prostrata (Salisb.) Britten

Aster sp.
Aster subulatus Michx. var. ligilatus Shinner
Aster subulatus Michx. var. sadwiceuss A. G. Jones
Bellis perennis L.
Bidens aristosa Britt.
Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff
Bidens bipinnata L.
Bidens frondosa L.
Bidens laevis (L.) Britton, Sterns et Poggenb.
Bidens parviflora Willd.
Bidens pilosa L. var. bisetosa Ohtani et Shig. Suzuki
Bidens pilosa L. var. intermedia Ohtani et Shig. Suzuki
Bidens pilosa L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff
Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa
Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sherff
Bidens polylepis Blake
Boltonia asteroides L'Hr.
Breea arvense (L.) Less.
Calendula arvensis L.
Calendula officinalis L.
Calotis cuneifolia R. Br.
Carduus pycnocephalus L.
Carduus tenuiflorus Curt.
Carthamus lanatus L.
Carthamus sp.
Carthamus tinctorius L. var. spinosus Kitamura
Centaurea calcitrapa L.
Centaurea cyanus L.
Centaurea jacea L.
Centaurea melitensis L.
Centaurea nigra Willd.
Centaurea salmantiaca L.
Centaurea solstitialis L.
Centaurea sp.
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Visiani
Chrysanthemum coeeineum Willd.
Chrysanthemum frutescens L.
Cichorium intybus L.
Cirsium hupehense Pamp.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Cnicus benedictus L.

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Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Vascular plants(s)1 Bellardia trixago All.
2 Chaenorrhinum minus Lange
3 Cymbararia muralis Gaertn., Mey. et Schreb.
4 Digitalis purpurea L.
5 Kichxia elatine Dumortier
6 Legazpia polygonoides Yamazaki
7 Linaria bipartita (Vent.) Willd.
8 Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours. var. canadensis
9 Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours. var. texana(Scheele) Pennell
10 Linaria dalmatica Mill.
11 Linaria maroccana Hook. fil.
12 Linaria vulgaris L.
13 Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell
14 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia
15 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. major Pennell
16 Mimulus guttatus DC.
17 Mimulus luteus L.
18 Mimulus moniliformis Greene
19 Nemecia strumosa Benth.
20 Parentucellia viscosa Caruel
21 Pedicularis spicata Pallas
22 Penstemon cobaea Nutt.
23 Scoparia dulcis L.
24 Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.
25 Verbascum blattaria L.
26 Verbascum phoeniceum L.
27 Verbascum thapsus L.
28 Verbascum virgatum Stokes
29 Veronica × myriantha Tos. Tanaka
30 Veronica anagalloides Guss.
31 Veronica angallis-aquatica L.
32 Veronica aquatica Bernh.
33 Veronica arvensis L.
34 Veronica beccabunga L.
35 Veronica chamaedrys L.
36 Veronica cymbalaria Bodard
37 Veronica hederaefolia L.
38 Veronica opaca Fries
39 Veronica persica Poir.
40 Veronica serpyllifolia L. subsp. serpyllifolia
41 Veronica triphyllos L.
42 Campis radicans Seem.
43 Catalpa bignonioides Walter
44 Catalpa ovata G. Don
45 Ruellia squarrosa (Fenzl) Cufod.
46 Ruelllia brittoniana Leonard
47 Strobilanthes cusia O. Kuntze
48 Strobilanthes japonica Miq.
49 Thunbergia alata Bojer
50 Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.

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190

Vascular plants(w)Helianthus × multiflorus L.
Helianthus annuus L.
Helianthus argophyllus Torr. et A. Gray
Helianthus cucumerifolius Torr. et A. Gray
Helianthus laevigatus Torr. et A. Gray
Helianthus tuberosus L.
Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet
Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt.
Heterotheca subaxillaris Britt. et Rusby
Hieracium aurantiacum L.
Hieracium maculatum Sm.
Hieracium pratense Tausch.
Hypochoeris glabra L.
Hypochoeris radicata L.
Iva xanthifolia Nutt.
Lactuca formosana Maxim.
Lactuca pulchella DC.
Lactuca sativa L.
Lactuca scariola L.
Lactuca virosa L.

Vascular plants(x)Senecio viscosus L.
Senecio vulgaris L.
Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino var. leucoclada Nakai
Silphium perfoliatum L.
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.
Solidago altissima L.
Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis
Solidago canadensis L. var. gilbocanescens Rydb.
Solidago gigantea Aiton var. leiophylla Fernald
Solidago graminifolia Sal.
Solidago juncea Aiton
Solidago luteus (Evetett) Green
Solidago sempervirens L. var. mexicana Fernald
Solidago sempervirens L. var. sempervirens
Soliva anthemifolia R. Br.
Soliva sessilis Ruiz. et Pav.
Sonchus arvensis L.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
Spilanthes iabadicensis A. H. Moore
Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC.

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Lapsana communis L.
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mrat
Leucanthemum paludosum (Poir.) Bonnet et Barratte
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Matricaria chamomilla L.
Matricaria inodora L.
Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter
Mikania cordata B. L. Robinson
Onopordum acanthium L.
Onopordum illyricum L.
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Picris echinoides L.
Pluchea indica Less.
Pluchea odorata Less.
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait.
Rudbeckia hirta L. var. sericea (T. V. Moore) Fernald
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis Bailey
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata
Rudbeckia triloba L.
Sanvitalia procumbens Lam
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze
Scolymus hispanicus L.
Scorzonera hispanica L.
Senecio blochmaniae E. L. Green
Senecio inaequidens DC. var. "daikoku"
Senecio inaequidens DC. var. inaequidens
Senecio jacobaea L.
Senecio madagascariensis Poir.
Senecio sylvaticus L.
Senecio vernalis Waldst. et Kit.

Stenactis annuus (L.) Cass.
Stenactis pseudo-annuus (Makino) Ohba, comb. nov.
Stenactis strigosus (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni
Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn.
Tagetes minuta L.
Tanacetum bipinnatum (L.) Sch.Bip.
Tanacetum parthenium C. H. Schultz
Tanacetum vulgare L.
Taraxacum formosanum Kitam.
Taraxacum officinale agg.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Tithonia diversifolia (Hensl.) A. Gray
Tithonia rotundifolia S. F. Blake
Tragopogon porrifolius L.
Tragopogon pratensis L.
Tridax procumbens L.
Tussilago farfara L.
Verbesina alternifolia Britt.
Verbesina occidentalis Walt.
Vernonia patula Merr.
Vittadinia triloba DC.
Wedelia lundii DC.
Wedelia trilobata Hitchc.
Xanthium canadense L.
Xanthium italicum Moretti
Xanthium spinosum L.
Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Sagittaria graminea Michx.
Egeria densa Planch.

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Vascular plants(v)
1 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist
2 Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Walker
3 Coreopsis basalis (A. Doetr.) S. F. Blake
4 Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg.
5 Coreopsis lanceolata L.
6 Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.
7 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
8 Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
9 Cotula anthemoides L.
10 Cotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. f.
11 Cotula coronopifolia L.
12 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore
13 Crepis capillaris Wallr.
14 Crepis setosa Hall. f.
15 Crepis tectorum L.
16 Cynara scolymus L.
17 Dendranthena boreale (Makino) Kitam.
18 Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.
19 Emilia sagittata DC.
20 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. cacalioides
Griseb.
21 Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. hieracifolia
22 Erechtites valerianaefolia DC.
23 Erigeron canadensis L. var. canadensis
24 Erigeron canadensis L. var. glabratus Gray
25 Erigeron karvinskianus DC.
26 Erigeron mucronatus DC.
27 Erigeron philadephicus L. var. glaber Henry
28 Erigeron philadephicus L. var. philadephicus
29 Erigeron pusillus Nutt.
30 Eupatorium odoratum L.
31 Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.
32 Eupatorium sp.
33 Facelis retusa Schult-Bip.
34 Flaveria bidentis Kuntze
35 Flaveria campestris J. R. Johnson
36 Flaveria ramosissima F. W. Klatt.
37 Gaillardia pulchella Foug.
38 Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
39 Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pav.
40 Gnaphalium calviceps Fernald
41 Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.
42 Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd.
43 Gnaphalium purpureum L.
44 Gnaphalium spicatum Lam.
45 Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.
46 Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.
47 Gynura bicolor DC.
48 Gynura japonica Juel
49 Helenium autumnale L.
50 Helenium tenuifolium Nutt.

Vascular plants(z)Sisyrinchium exile Bickn.
Sisyrinchium rosulatum E. P. Bicknell
Sisyrinchium sp.
Sisyrinchium sp.
Sisyrinchium sp.
Tritonia × crocosmaeflora Lemoine
Juncus articulatus L.
Juncus dudleyi Wiegand
Juncus sp.
Juncus sp.
Juncus tenuis Willd. var. anthelatus Wiegand
Juncus tenuis Willd. var. nakaii Satake
Gibasis geniculata Rohw.
Rhoeo spathacea Stearn
Tradescantia flumiensis Vell.
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf.
Tradescantia virginiana L.
Zebrina pendula Schnizl.
Musa basjoo Sieb.
Musa liukiuensis (Matsumura) Makino
Musa uranoscopos Loureiro
Canna coccinea Mill.
Canna generalis Bailey
Canna indica L. var. flava Roxb.
Canna indica L. var. rubura Aiton
Thalia dealbata Traser
Aegilops cylindrica Host
Aegilops triuncialis L.
Agrostis alba L.
Agrostis avenacea Gmel.
Agrostis canina L.
Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns et Poggenb.
Agrostis nigra With.
Agrostis stolonifera L.
Agrostis tenuis Sibth.
Agrostis verticiffata Vile
Aira caryophyllea L. subsp. multiculmis (Dumort.) Bonnier et Layens
Aira elegans Willd. ex Gaudin subsp. amabiqua (Arcang.) HolubAira elegans Willd. ex Kunth subsp. elegans
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. var. aequalis
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.
Alopecurus pratensis L.
Amnophila breviligulata Fern.
Andropogon virginicus L.
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. alpinum (A. et D. Love) Hult.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. glabrescens Celakovsky
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. odoratum
Apera interrupta Beauv.
Apera spica-venti Beauv.

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Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Vascular plants(y)1 Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John
2 Lymmobium stoloniferum Griseb.
3 Vallisneria gigantea Graebn.
4 Vallisneria spiralis L.
5 Allium chinense G. Don
6 Allium moly L.
7 Allium tuberosum Rottler var. latifolium Kitam.
8 Asparagus officinalis L.
9 Brodiaea californica Lindl.
10 Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss.
11 Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb. ex Murray) Jacq.
12 Convallaria majalis L.
13 Fritillaria verticillata Willd. var. thunbergii (Miq.) Baker
14 Ipheion uniflorum (Lindl.) Raf.
15 Lilium × formolongo hort
16 Lilium formosanum Wall.
17 Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker
18 Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill.
19 Muscari neglectum Guss. et Ten.
20 Nothoscordum bivalve Brit.
21 Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn
22 Ornithogalum tenuifolium Ten.
23 Ornithogalum umbellatum L.
24 Ruscus aculeatus L.
25 Scilla bifolia L.
26 Tricyrtis formosana Baker
27 Agave americana L.
28 Sansevieria zeylanica Willd.
29 Galanthus nivalis L.
30 Leucojum vernum L.
31 Lycoris squamigera Maxim.
32 Narcissus poeticus L.
33 Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
34 Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis M. Roem.
35 Narcissus tazetta L. var. plenus Nakai
36 Zephyranthes candida Herb.
37 Zephyranthes grandiflora Lindl.
38 Dioscorea bulbifera L. form. domestica Makino et Nemoto
39 Eichhornia azurea Kunth
40 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub.
41 Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd.
42 Heteranthera peduncularis Benth.
43 Pontederia cordata L.
44 Alophia amoena (Griseb.) O. Kuntze
45 Crocus neapolitanus
46 Freesia hybrida Hort.
47 Gladiolus hybridus Hort.
48 Iris germanica L.
49 Iris pseudoacorus L.
50 Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.

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Paspalum distichum L. var. distichum
Paspalum distichum L. var. indutum Shinners
Paspalum fimbriatum H. B. K.

Festuca arundinacea Sch.
Festuca gigantea Vill.
Festuca heterophylla Lam.

Vascular plants(cc)Festuca ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) Koch
Festuca pratensis Huds.
Festuca rubra L. form. vivipara S. Kawano

Vascular plants(dd)Paspalum longifolium Roxb.
Paspalum minus Fourn.
Paspalum notatum Flugge

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2
3

Festuca rubra L. var.

Paspalum paniculatum L.

4

Festuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaudin

Paspalum urvillei Steud.

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Festuca rubra L. var. musashiensis Ohwi
Glyceria occidentalis (Piper) J. C. Nelson

Pennisetum glaucum R. Br.
Pennisetum latifolium Spreng.

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7

Heteropogon triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf
Hierochloe odorata Beauv.
Holcus lanatus L.
Holcus mollis L.
Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski
Hordeum distichon L.
Hordeum hystrix RothHordeum jubatum L.
Hordeum leporinum Link
Hordeum marinum Huds.
Hordeum murinum L.
Hordeum pusillum Nutt.
Lagurus ovatus L.
Leptochloa fascicularis Beauv.
Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth

Pennisetum orientale Rich. var. triflorum Stapf
Pennisetum purpureum Schum.
Pennisetum setosum L. C. Rich.
Phalaris aquatica L.
Phalaris arundinacea L. var. picta L.
Phalaris canariensis L.
Phalaris minor Retz.
Phalaris paradoxa L. var. paradoxa
Phalaris paradoxa L. var. praemorsa Coss. et Dur.
Phleum pratense L.
Poa annua L. var. reptans Hausskn.
Poa bulbosa L. var. bulbosa
Poa bulbosa L. var. vivipara Koel.
Poa compressa L.
Poa humilis Ehrh. ex. Hoffm.

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Leptochloa uninervia (C. Presl) Hitchc. et Chase
Leptochlora filiformis (Lam.) P. Beauv.
Lolium × hybridum Haussknecht
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Lolium perenne L.
Lolium remotum Schrank
Lolium rigidum Gaud.
Lolium subulatum Vis.
Lolium temulentum L. var. leptochaeton A. Br.
Lolium temulentum L. var. temulentum
Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.
Molinia caerulea Moench
Monerma cylindrica Coss. et Dur.
Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel.
Orthoraphium coreanum Ohwi
Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Benth. et Hook.
Panicum capillare L.
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.
Panicum gaminatum Forsk
Panicum lanuginosum Ell.
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Panicum scoparium Lam.
Panicum tenue Muhl.
Parapholis incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb.
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.

Poa nemoralis L.
Poa palustris L.
Poa pratensis L. var. angustifolia Smith
Poa pratensis L. var. hirsuta Asch. et Graebn.
Poa pratensis L. var. pratensis
Poa trivialis L.
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.
Rhynchelytrum repens C. E. Hubb.
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev
Rottboellia exaltata L. var. appendiculata Hack.
Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.
Scleropoa rigida Griseb.
Secale cereale L.
Setaria barbata Kunth
Setaria gracilis Kunth
Setaria nigriostris Durand et Schinz
Setaria rariflora Hikan
Setaria sphacelata Stapf et Hubb. ex Moss
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. var. ambigua Parl.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. var. verticillata
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray
Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) A. W.
Wood.
Stenotaphrum secundatum Kuntze
Stipa spartea Trin.
Tragus berteronianus Schult.

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50

T. MITO and T. UESUGI48 Bromus sterilis L.
49 Bromus tectorum L. var. glabratus Spenner
50 Bromus tectorum L. var. tectorum

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Vascular plants(aa)Vascular plants(bb)1 Aristida adscensionis L.
Capillipedium parviflorum Stapf var. spicigera
2 Aristida longispica Poir.
Cenchrus brownii Roem. et Schult.
3 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C. Presl var. biaristatum Cenchrus echinatus L.
Peterm
4 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C. Presl var. bulbosum
Cenchrus longispinus
Spenner
5 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C. Presl var.
Cenchrus tribloides L.
elatiusglabrescens Celakovsky
6 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C. Presl var. nodosum
Chloris barbata Sw.
7 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C. Presl var. subhirsutum Chloris divaricata R. Br.
Ascherson
8 Arthraxon lanceolatus Hochst.
Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca
9 Arundo donax L. var. versicolor Stokes
Chloris gayana Kunth
10 Avena barbata Pott ex Link
Chloris pectinata Benth.
11 Avena fatua L. var. glabrata Peterm.
Chloris radiata Sw.
12 Avena fatua L.
Chloris truncata R. Br.
13 Avena ludviciana Durieu
Chloris virgata Sw.
14 Avena nuda L.
Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. maxima Makino
15 Avena sativa L.
Cortaderia selloana Asch. et Graebn.
16 Avena schelliana Durieu
Crypsis aculeata Ait.
17 Avena strigosa Schreb.
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.
18 Axonopus affinis Chase
Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger
19 Axonopus compressus Beauv.
Cynosurus cristatus L.
20 Bothriochloa intermedia A. Camus var. punstata Keng
Cynosurus echinatus L.
21 Bothriochloa ischaemum Keng
Dactylis glomerata L.
22 Bouteloua curtipendula Torr.
Deschampsia danthonioides (Trin.) Munro ex
Benth.
23 Brachiaria eruciformis Griseb.
Dichanthium annulatum Stapf
24 Brachiaria extensa Chase
Dichanthium sericeum A. Camus
25 Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf
Digitaria setigera Roem.
26 Brachiaria platyphylla Nash
Dinebra arabica Jacq.
27 Brachiaria reptans Gardn. et Hubb.
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
28 Brachypodium distachyon P. Beauv.
Elymus caninus (L.) L.
29 Briza maxima L.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould var. aristatum Baumg.
30 Briza media L.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould var. repens
31 Briza minor L.
Eragrostis chariis Hitchc.
32 Bromus arvensis L.
Eragrostis ciliaris R. Br.
33 Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. et Mey.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
34 Bromus carinatus Hook. et Arn.
Eragrostis glomerata L. H. Dewey
35 Bromus catharticus Vahl.
Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc.
36 Bromus commutatus Schrad.
Eragrostis pilosa Beauv.
37 Bromus danthoniae Trin.
Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv.
38 Bromus inermis Leyss.
Eragrostis silveana Swallen.
39 Bromus macrostachys Desf.
Eragrostis superba Peyr.
40 Bromus madritensis L.
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter
41 Bromus molliformis Lloyd.
Eragrostis tenella Beauv. ex Roem et Schult.
42 Bromus mollis L.
Eragrostis virescens J. Presl
43 Bromus pacificus Shear
Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.
44 Bromus ramosus L.
Erianthus formosanus Stapf var. pollinioides Ohwi
45 Bromus rigidus RothEriochloa contracta Hitchc.
46 Bromus rubens L.
Eriochloa gracilis (E. Fourn.) Hitchc
47 Bromus secalinus L.
Eulalia leschenaulitiana (Decne.) Ohwi

111 Vertebrates

584 Invertebrates
1,556 Plants

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50

Status Quo and New Regulation for Prevention of Adverse Effects

Vascular plants(ee)Vascular plants(ff)Plants other than vascular plants
Lunularia cruciata （L.）
1 Vetiveria zizanioides Nash
Scirpus geogrgianus R. M. Harper
2 Vulpia bromoides S. F. Gray
Scirpus microcarpus Presl
Caulerpa taxifolia
3 Vulpia myuros C. C. Gmel. var. megalura Rydb.
1552 spp. Ulva fasciata Delile
4 Vulpia myuros C. C. Gmel. var. myuros
Cutleria multifida （Smith） Greville
5 Vulpia octoflora Rhdb.
4 spp.
6 Bambusa multiplex Raeusch.
7 Rhapis humilis Bl.
8 Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.
9 Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) K. Schum.
TAXA
The Number of Species
10 Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
Mammals17
11 Hedychium coronarium Koenig
Birds
38
12 Kaempferia atrovirens N. E. Br.
Amphibians
3
13 Pistia stratiotes L. var. cuneata Engler
Reptiles11
14 Scindapsus aureus Engler
Fishes42
15 Lemna gibba L.
Insects
433
16 Lemna minima Phil.
Arthropods other than insects
50
17 Lemna valdiviana Phil.
Mollusks
85
18 Spirodella oligorhiza Hegelm.
Other invertebrates
16
19 Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimmer
20 Typha laxmanni Lepechin
Vascular plants
1,552
21 Carex brachyglossa Mack.
Plnats other than vascular plants
4
22 Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell
23 Carex leavenworthii Deway
TOTAL
2,251
24 Carex nebraskensis Dewey
25 Carex ovalis Good.
26 Carex pansa Bailey
27 Carex unilateralis Mackenzie
28 Carex vulpinoidea Michx.
29 Cyperus aggregatus (Wild.) Endl.
30 Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.
31 Cyperus alternifolius L.
32 Cyperus articulatus L.
33 Cyperus congestus Vahl
34 Cyperus engekmannii Steud.
35 Cyperus eragrostis Lam.
36 Cyperus esculentus L.
37 Cyperus ferruginescens Boecklr.
38 Cyperus longus L.
39 Cyperus malaccensis Lamk. var. brevifolius Boeckl.
40 Cyperus ovularis Torr.
41 Cyperus oxylepis Steudel
42 Cyperus prolifer Lamark
43 Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb.
44 Cyperus strigosus L.
45 Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeck.
46 Eleocharis engelmanni Steud. var. detonsa A. Gray
47 Eleocharis engelmanni Steud. var. engelmanni
48 Eleocharis erythropoda Steud.
49 Eleocharis macrostachya Btitt
50 Leipironia articulata Domin.

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