日本人類学会進化人類学分科会

ニュースレター2017/７

目次

次回案内
第 39 回シンポジウム「ヒトにとってオトナになるとはどういうことか？」平成 27 年度

2

開催シンポジウム

第 38 回シンポジウム“Biology and Evolution of Speech”

3

Takeshi Nishimura, Kyoto University, Japan
Voice physiology and its flexibility in macaques

4

Hiroki Koda, Kyoto University, Japan
Is volitional control of macaque vocalizations really homologous with those of human speech?
6
Hironori Takemoto, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
Preliminary acoustic analysis of the external nose

7

Christian T. Herbst, University of Vienna, Austria
Electroglottographic investigation of primate vocalization

8

Maxime García, Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, France
Novel insight into the comparative study of primate vocal production through excised larynx
experiments

10

Jacob C. Dunn, University of Cambridge/Anglia Ruskin University, UK
Opening the black box: Comparative studies of vocal production mechanisms in primates

11

Shigeru Hirano, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
Role of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidant on voice

12

Yoichiro Sugiyama, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
Brainstem neuronal mechanisms for the periaqueductal gray-induced vocalization in guinea pigs
13
Isao Tokuda, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Nonlinear dynamics of animal vocalization14

Ken-ichi Sakakibara, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan
Visualization and characterization of vocal fold dynamics

15

1

次回シンポジウム案内
第39回シンポジウム「ヒトにとってオトナになるとはどういうことか？」日時：

2017年 6月17日（土）13:00〜17:45

場所：

キャンパスプラザ京都 6 階・第 8 講義室

オーガナイザー：鈴木 滋（龍谷大学）
近年の日本では少子高齢化がすすみ、成人年齢の引き下げが話題になっている。そこにはさまざ
まな社会的な思惑があるが、ヒトのオトナとはどういうことかについての人類学的知見は、あまり議論の対象とはされていない。霊長類一般に、ワカモノ期は性成熟からフルアダルトまでの発達段階のひとつとして認められ、進化人類学では青年期が長いことはヒトに固有の進化的特徴とされることもある。そこで、今回のシンポでは、形態・生態・生理・発達・認知などの人類学にかかわる諸分野から話題を提供していただき、ヒトの成長、発達、成熟、青年期などについて、サルとヒトとの共通点や、進化傾向などを、多面的に検討したい。
13:00

趣旨説明

鈴木滋（龍谷大学）

13:10

濱田穣（京都大学）「オトナになること：身体成長・発達・成熟から」14:00

今村薫（名古屋学院大学）「サンの子ども期の行動と、成人儀礼」

14:50

休憩

15:00

山内太郎（北海道大学）「ヒトの成長：ライフヒストリーの進化と成長パターンの変化（仮

題）」
15:50

明和政子（京都大学）「思春期に特徴的なヒトの脳発達と社会的認知」

16:30

休憩

16:40

コメント１：國松豊（龍谷大学）

16:55

コメント２：田島知之（京都大学）

17:15

総合討論

17:45

終了

2

第 38 回シンポジウム（SPIRITS Program Workshop との共催）“Biology and Evolution of Speech”

2017 年 2 月 23 日

京都大学・理学セミナーハウス

Science Seminar House, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 23 February, 2017
趣旨
ヒトの話しことばは、異なる音を、一息の中で、すばやく連続的に変化させながら発する点で、他の哺乳類に類を見ない。その進化プロセスを知るためには、進化の隣人であるサル類の音声の仕組みを明らかにし、何がヒトと同じで、何が異なるのかを知る必要があります。2015 年度に、京都大学 SPIRITS プログラムより支援を受けて、京都大学(代表者:西村剛)とオーストリア・ウィーン大学(代表者: Tecumseh W. Fitch)との国際共同研究がスタートしました。国内外の最先端の技術を有するメンバーが、それぞれの特長を融合させて、これまでの技術的限界を克服し、新たなアプローチで、音声生成のステップごとに、ヒトでの観測分析と比肩できる高度なデータを生み出す試みです。この 2 年間で、日本とオーストリアの研究者の相互交流と共同研究を実施し、サル類の音声生理の理解を深め、ヒトとの共通点と相違点をいくつも明らかにすることができました。2016 年には、隔年で開催されている言語進化に関する国際会議(EVOLANG2016、米・ニューオリンズ)で The Evolution of Speech というワークショプを開催し、このプロジェクトの中間成果の取りまとめと今後の展望を議論しました。今回のワークショップは、このプロジェクトの最終報告と今後の新たな共同研究の開拓を目的としています。サル類の音声生理とその制御機構に関する成果を取りまとめるとともに、ヒトを対象とした先端的な音声生理学研究を推進している研究者を招待し、今後の”生物音声生理学”(Biological Voice Physiology) の新たな展開を探ります。
PROGRAM
10:10-10:40 Voice physiology and its flexibility in macaques
Takeshi Nishimura (Kyoto University, Japan)
10:40-11:10 Is volitional control of macaque vocalizations really homologous with those of humanspeech?
Hiroki Koda (Kyoto University, Japan)
11:10-11:40 Preliminary acoustic analysis of the external nose
Hironori Takemoto (Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan)
13:00-13:30 Electroglottographic investigation of primate vocalization
Christian T. Herbst (University of Vienna, Austria)
13:30-14:00 Novel insight into the comparative study of primate vocal production through excised
larynx experiments
Maxime García (Univ. Lyon /Saint-Etienne, France)
14:00-14:30 Opening the black box: Comparative studies of vocal production mechanisms in primates
Jacob C. Dunn (University of Cambridge/Anglia Ruskin University, UK)
15:00-15:30 Role of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidant on voice
Shigeru Hirano (Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan)
15:30-16:00 Brainstem neuronal mechanisms for the periaqueductal gray-induced vocalization in guinea
pigs
Yoichiro Sugiyama (Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan)
16:00-16:30 Nonlinear dynamics of animal vocalization
Isao Tokuda (Ritsumeikan University, Japan)
16:30-17:00 Visualization and characterization of vocal fold dynamics
Ken-ichi Sakakibara (Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan)

3

Voice physiology and its flexibility in macaques
Takeshi Nishimura
Kyoto University, JapanThe evolutionary process of the speech has been

against the hyoid for producing coo calls. Suchchallenged by little knowledge of voice anatomy

an “active” laryngeal descending potentially

and

The

enables monkeys to produce varied call repertoirecomparative approaches of the supralaryngeal

and underlies their acoustic flexibility. Such an

vocal tact (SVT) provide evidence of the primate

active descending is, however, contrast to theorigins of two-tube configuration of human SVT.

case in human speech where the hyoid and larynx

The developmental descent of the larynx is also

move in range restricted. The acoustic flexi-

found in chimpanzees and in part in macaquesbility rather depends on active laryngeal de-[1,2,3].

Varied call repertoire of non-humanscending in non-human primates, whereas it can be

primates has been described based on acoustic

brought by dynamic modifications of the tongue

evidence. The physiological mechanisms of animal

topology independently to the laryngeal position.

vocalization are often examined by the acoustics

This distinction depends in part on a “static”

of ‘helium voices’. Our analyses of helium

descended larynx in humans.

physiology

innon-human

primates.

voices in gibbons, macaques, and marmosets
provide empirical evidence supporting for theview that voices in non-human primates areusually produced by source–filter independence
that vibration of the vocal fold is modified
independently from the resonance of the supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT) as seen in humanspeech [4,5]. In these experiments of a gibbon andmarmosets, the subjects have few experience of
training including vocal operant conditioning,
and they arbitrarily vocalized in the heliox
atmosphere. The animals keep the fundamental
frequency (f0) close to the first formant (F1) of
the SVT, to amplify f0, for producing their calls
examined. f0 does not shift but it is significantly suppressed and 2f0 is emphasized [4,5].
Here, we use well trained macaques to examine
their vocal physiology using X-ray movies. The
subjects were trained to produce a coo call by

Figure 1: Lowering of the larynx for vocalization

presenting the visual stimulus, and they re-in Japanese macaques.

peatedly produce a call with similar acoustics.
X-ray movies show that the hyoid actively descends and the laryngeal cartilage also descends

4References

Implications for the evolution of the descent of
the larynx. Am J Phys Anthropol 135: 182-94.

[1] Nishimura T, Mikami A, Suzuki J, Matsuzawa T.

[4] Koda H, Nishimura T, Tokuda IT, Oyakawa C,(2003) Descent of the larynx in chimpanzee

Nihonmatsu T and Masataka N. (2012) Soprano

infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 6930-6933.

singing in gibbons. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:

[2] Nishimura T, Mikami A, Suzuki, J, Matsuzawa

347-355.

T. (2006) Descent of the hyoid in chimpanzees:[5] Koda H, Tokuda IT, Wakita M, Ito T and

Evolution of face flattening and speech. J Hum

Nishimura T. (2015) The source-filter theory of

Evol 51: 244-54.

whistle-like[3] Nishimura T, Oishi T, Suzuki J, Matsuda K,

analysis and simulation of helium-modulated

Takahashi T. (2008) Development of the su-

voices. J Acoust Soc Am 137: 3068-3076.

calls

in

marmosets:

Acousticpralaryngeal vocal tract in Japanese macaques:5Is volitional control of macaque vocalizations really homologous with those of human speech?
Hiroki Koda
Kyoto University, Japan
Traditional views for origins of human speech hadfrom poor vocal controller, monkeys, to fineemphasized the great differences of vocal anatomy

vocal controller, humans.

and physiology between humans and nonhumanprimates, but the recent evidences have begun toreveal the anatomical foundations are
pre-acquired in a common ancestor of monkeys andhumans, far before emergence of speech. Consequently, physiological modifications requiredfor vocal voluntary control is an essential
component for speech emergence, ultimately
distinguishing us from other primates. Here weshowed Japanese monkeys can learn to vocalize
voluntary in response to visual cue, however

Figure 2: Schematic representations of proce-

vocal action was learned by the different ways ofdures using differential reinforcement of low

manual action. Based on our evidences of vocal

rate (DRL).

conditioning, we will discuss the possible
causation underlying these evolutionary shifts6Preliminary acoustic analysis of the external nose
Hironori Takemoto
Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan
Humans have a prominent external nose, but its

radiate from the nostrils.

functions are still unclear.

nose provides a path difference.

To examine theThus, the external
Although theacoustic function, the present study was carried

path difference between the inferior and middle

out.

First, the surface of the airway from themeatuses was very small, the difference between

glottis to the nostrils, the external nose, andthe inferior and superior meatuses was ap-

its surrounding facial area was extracted for one

proximately 7 cm for both subjects.

male and one female subject from image dataaround 2-4 and 7-8 kHz, which correspond re-obtained by a cone-beam X-ray CT.

Then, thespectively to a half and three-halves of a 7 cm

surface was extruded externally by 3 mm towavelength, the sound waves passing through theconstruct a 3D model of the upper respiratory

inferior and superior meatuses could cancel eachtract with face.

other.

Consequently, the internal

Thus, atOn the other hand, at around 4-6 kHz whichspace of the 3D model precisely represented thecorresponds to one whole wave length, the soundnasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, andwaves could enhance each other.

larynx.

Using the model, the acoustic transfer

indicate that although the external nose could

function was calculated by the finite-difference

not have any affirmative acoustic function suchtime-domain method when a source point was placed

as generating prominent spectral peaks and dips,

just above the glottis and an observation point

it causes a path difference between the nasal

was placed in front, 1 m away from the nasal apex.

meatuses to provide an increase and decrease

Also, after manually removing the external nose

pattern to the transfer function. [This researchfrom the model, the transfer function was

was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant number

calculated with the same simulation settings.

15K00263, 25280066, and 25240026.]

These results

As a result, for both subjects, the transfer
function without the external nose was remarkably
higher in spectral level around 2-4 and 7-8 kHz,and lower around 4-6 kHz, compared with that
including the external nose.

In other words, theexternal nose depressed the transfer function
around 2-4 and 7-8 kHz, while it enhanced thetransfer function around 4-6 kHz.

One possible

reason is acoustic interference. Without theexternal nose, acoustic radiation occurs from theend of the inferior, middle, and superior me-

Figure 3: Upper panel, transfer functions of

atuses, respectively, while with the external

original data (blue) and data without the ex-

nose, the sound waves through the different

ternal nose (red) for the female subject. Lower

meatuses join together in the external nose andpanel, spectral difference.

7

Electroglottographic investigation of primate vocalization
Christian T. Herbst
University of Vienna, Austria
In analogy to humans, primate sound production can,In this progress report the potential of EGG for

as a first approximation, be explained by the

primate voice production analysis is examined insource filter theory [1]. While the filter function

closer detail. Part one critically reviews fun-of the vocal tract can be approximated by acoustic

damental frequency (f0) extraction the EGG signal

analysis [2], assessment of the sound source would

when applying different computational algorithms.

require invasive investigative techniques like

For this purpose, the signal quality of database oflaryngeal endoscopy, which are quite challenging in

EGG recordings from six different new world monkey

vivo. A low-cost non-invasive alternative is

species was analyzed, and a total of 15625 synthetic

electroglottography (EGG). A low intensity,

EGG signal were generated while varying six pa-

high-frequency current is passed between two

rameters that control EGG signal quality: random f0

electrodes placed on each side of the larynx. The

variation, subharmonics, amplitude drift, mains

admittance variations resulting from vocal foldhum, baseline drift, and noise components. Pre-(de)contacting during laryngeal sound production

liminary data analysis suggests a strong dependency

are largely proportional to the time-varyingof f0 results on the chosen algorithm.

relative vocal fold contact area [3]. Whereas EGG

In the second part of this presentation the findings

is relatively widely used in human voice research,of a pilot study pilot study performed with a female

it has only been sparsely applied in primate in vivo

Japanese Macaque who was trained to vocalize upon

investigations [4].

a visual stimulus are summarized. A total of 369

Figure 4: Abrupt transition from “coo” to “growl” phonation in Japanese Macaque phonation. (A)narrow-band spectrogram of electroglottographic (EGG) signal; (B) acoustic signal; (C) EGG signal;(D) portion of the EGG signal, extracted at t = 240 ms to 320 ms.

8“coo”calls, 17 “grunts”, and 5 “chirps” were

C. Kemp, T. R. Sawallis, Y. Becker, A. Rey, and J.

documented with SPL-calibrated microphone signals

Fagot, “Evidence of a Vocalic Proto-System in theand simultaneous EGG recordings, generating theBaboon (Papio papio) Suggests Pre- Hominin Speech

first phonetogram [5] for a non-human species. 26

Precursors,” PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 1, p. e0169321,

recorded calls contained transitions between coosJan. 2017.

and grunts, and the EGG evidence suggests that the[3] V. Hampala, M. Garcia, J. G. Svec, R. C. Scherer,

coos and the grunts constitute distinct laryngeal

and C. T. Herbst, “Relationship between themechanisms (comparable to “registers” in humanElectroglottographic Signal and Vocal Fold Contact

singing), potentially generated by the same vi-

Area,” J. Voice, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 161–171, 2016.

brating structures.

[4] C. H. Brown and M. P. Cannito, “Modes of vocal
variation in Syke’s monkey (Cercopithecus al-

Referencesbogularis) squeals,” J. Comp. Psychol., vol. 109,

[1] T. Chiba and M. Kajiyama, The Vowel: Its Nature

no. 4, pp. 398–415, 1995.

and Structure. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo-Kaiseikan, 1941. [5] P. H. Damste, “The phonetogram,” Pr. Oto[2] L.-J. Boë, F. Berthommier, T. Legou, G. Captier,rhinolaryngol, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 185–187, 1970.

9Novel insight into the comparative study of primate vocal production through excised larynx
experiments
Maxime García
Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, France
A fundamental issue in the evolution of com-

lenged by recent studies showing f0 to be a poor

munication is the degree to which signals convey

predictor of body size within a given species,

accurate (“honest”) information about the sig-

possibly because larynx size can vary inde-

naler.

pendently of body size. Our excised experiments

Better understanding of signal pro-duction mechanisms can be an important source ofallowedinsight to this problem. For vertebrate acoustic

rigorously. We investigated correlations between

communication, this requires understanding of

the minimum f0 produced by the sound source, bodythe acoustics and physiology of the larynx andsize and vocal fold length, finding that body size

vocal tract. In the present comparative study, we

predicted minimum f0 less strongly than vocal

conducted excised larynx experiments to explore

fold length, clearly demonstrating the potential

thefrequency,

for decoupling of larynx size and body size inexamining specimens from eleven primate species

primates. These findings shed new light on thefor which the length of the laryngeal vocal folds

diversity found in primate vocalizations andand size of the entire body was known. The

vocal morphology, and support the relevance ofassumption

vocal physiology to understanding the evolution

determinants

that

of

fundamental

fundamental

frequency(f0)

should correlate with the body size of the callerus

toinvestigate

thishypothesisof vocal communication

is widespread, but this belief has been chal-

Figure 5: Excised larynx experiment in Japanese macaques.

10Opening the black box: Comparative studies of vocal production mechanisms in primates
Jacob C. Dunn
University of Cambridge/Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom
Research in vocal communication has offeredductionacrossspecies

providesabroader

profound insights into primate cognition andcomparative framework for understanding the

behaviour. However, for the majority of species,

evolution of vocal communication systems, andvocal production remains a black box, withmore meaningful comparisons with human speech. In

measurable acoustic outputs, but little un-this talk I will present data from three com-derstanding of sound production mechanisms. Forparative studies of vocal production mechanisms

researchers interested in primate vocal com-in primates. I will begin by briefly highlighting

munication (and, by extension, the evolution ofrecent work on the extraordinary sound production

speech), an understanding of vocal production ismechanisms of a genus of particularly vocal

important for a number of reasons. Firstly, theprimates – the howler monkeys. I will then present

neural control, functional anatomy and physi-some preliminary results from a recent and highly

ology of sound producing organs determine thenovel field study of vocal production using

sounds that are physically producible by a given

electroglottography on several different species

species, thus providing constraints and op-of semi free-ranging New World primates. Finally,

portunities for the evolution of vocal commu-

I will discuss a recent study of the coevolution

nication. Secondly, commonly used methods inof vocal repertoire and brain architecture acrossacoustic analysis and playback studies (e.g.,

30 primate species, arguing that vocal complexity

linear predictive coding) depend on our knowledge

coevolves with increases in higher cognitiveof vocal production for proper implementation.

processing capacities.

Thirdly, a better understanding of vocal pro-

Figure 6: Howler monkeys in Bolivia. © Jacob C. Dunn

11

Role of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidant on voice
Shigeru Hirano
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, JapanThe vocal fold is a vibratory mucosa which

vocal folds as compared to non-treated rats.

produces voice sound by high frequent vibration.

These data suggest that AST can protect or

The vibratory property is never seen in any othermaintain the vocal fold against injury or aging

mucosa and thus is specific for the vocal fold.

effects.

It can be deteriorated by aging or wound, and once

Subsequent human trials examined the effects ofthe vocal fold is irreversibly damaged, re-

AST on protection of the vocal fold during vocal

tractable or permanent dysphonia occurs, which

loading. Healthy adult volunteers were in-can be seen in cases of vocal fold scar and atrophy.

structed to perform vocal load task with or

The maintenance or protection of the vocal foldwithout intake of AST before the task. Without AST

is excessively important.

application, they showed worsened voice justReactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the mostafter the task, and recovered from dysphonia 30

important factors that damage tissues, and causes

minutes after the load. With AST application, theseveral morbidities, aging, and death. We havedysphonia after the vocal load was not observed

examined the production of ROS in injured vocal

in the same subjects.

folds using vocal fold injury model of rat. ROS

In conclusion, it is suggested that ROS has a

was significantly increased at day 1 through day

significant role on vocal fold damage, and3, and excessive ROS during this period led toprevention of ROS is an effective way to protect

severe scar formation of the vocal fold finally.

and maintain the vocal fold.

We have also confirmed that ROS increases in theaged vocal fold mucosa as compared to young vocal
folds of rats.
Antioxidant

neutralizes

ROS,

and

protects

tissues and organs. It is expected that anti-oxidant protects the vocal fold by reducing
ROS in case of injury or aging. Astaxanthin (AST)
is a carotenoid which has strong antioxidant
effects. In our injured vocal fold model of rats,
when AST was applied to the rats, production of
ROS during injury was significantly reduced, andfinal scar formation of the vocal fold was avoided
to considerable degree. In aged vocal fold model

Figure 7: Reactive oxygen species and an-of rats, AST was applied to rats for 10 months

ti-oxidant.

until the rats became senile. The rats fed with
AST showed significantly lower level of ROS in the12Brainstem neuronal mechanisms for the periaqueductal gray-induced vocalization in guinea
pigs
Yoichiro Sugiyama & Shigeru Hirano
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, JapanThe midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays anestablished the fictive vocalization model using

important role in producing phonation. The

the paralyzed artificial ventilated guinea pigs

repetitive patterned movements of lung inha-

instead of cats. Although this neuronal pathway

lation followed by the vocal fold adduction andevoking vocalization has a large contribution oftension with abdominal constriction can beproducing

inducedchemicalpattern generators can possibly participate instimulation of the PAG. Previous studies havethe regulation of vocalization. Breathing isrevealed the role of the neuronal networks thatmainly controlled by the specific neuronal

control vocalization. In these studies, thenetworks in the medulla and pons. These res-bigger experimental animals such as monkeys andpiratory neuronal networks are flexible networks,

cats have been used. However, nowadays, theseso that the breathing patterns can be easily

animals have not been used in acute experiments.

altered in response to environmental changes. We

We, therefore, have examined the neural pathway

have also studied the role of the respiratoryof the PAG-induced vocalization in guinea pigs.

pattern generator located in the medulla in the

The call areas in which electrical stimulation ofregulation of the PAG-induced vocalization. The

the PAG could evoke vocalization were identified

activity of the neurons in the ventral res-continuously from the PAG to the lower brainstem.

piratory group was altered in synchrony with

In addition, in order to record the neuronal

vocal-related

activity during vocalization stably, we havespecific manner.

byeitherelectricalor

vocalization,

respiratory

the

other

movements

central

in

the

13

Nonlinear dynamics of animal vocalization
Isao Tokuda
Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Animal vocalizations are inherently nonlinear.

series analysis, 2) mathematical modeling, 3)

Comprehensive study on a diversity of nonlinear

physical modeling of the vocal tract and vocal

phenomena such as limit cycles, subharmonics,

folds.

biphonation, chaos, and bifurcations provides amathematical modeling of soprano singing in

key to understand animal communications. In thisgibbons and physical modeling of source-filter

talk, we introduce the concept of nonlinear

interaction, it is suggested that combined use of

dynamics and its methodology applicable todifferent approaches is of significant im-

bioacoustics. As the basic methodology, threeportance for extracting key features of nonlinear

approaches are presented to investigate non-dynamics in animal vocalizations.

Throughseveralexamplesincludinglinear features of animal vocalizations: 1) time

Figure 8: Variety of nonlinear dynamics generated from a vocal fold model. Time series and its power
spectra are drawn for aphonia (stable equilibrium), normal voice (limit cycle), suhbarmonics,
biphonation, and chaos.

14

Visualization and characterization of vocal fold dynamics
Ken-ichi Sakakibara
Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
The characterization of the vocal fold dynamics

the vibration of the vocal fold, and variousby analyzing the visual information of the vocal

methods of analysis have been proposed. In thisfold vibration has been used to understand thepresentation, we review known high-speed digital

physical properties, the physiological function

imaging techniques and important characteristics,of the vocal folds and the larynx. In particular,

and discuss the future direction and current

high-speed imaging is one of the most powerfulproject on this topic.

tools for analyzing rich spatial information of

Figure 9: Laryngotopographic analysis for a modal voice of a human.

15

Figure 10: Laryngotopographic analysis for a falsetto voice of a human.

16

「京都大学 融合チーム研究プログラム

SPIRITS」との共催のご提案をいただき、特別に開催いたしました。

平成 27 年度採択プロジェクト（国際型）西村 剛：話しことばの進化プロセスの解明に向けた国際共同研究

17

分科会事務局
京都大学大学院理学研究科 自然人類学研究室内〒606-8502 京都市左京区北白川追分町
電話:075-753-4083
ファックス:075-753-4083
e-mail: jim AT anthro.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp
http://anthro.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp/evo_anth/evo_anth.html

18