Title: Soccer culture of Japan and Australia
Topic: Consider soccer intellectually

Introduction
Each country has its own soccer culture. First, I need to give some descriptions
about soccer cultures. It has a great connection between its county’s nationalism, culture,
history and many other factors. For instance, the Spanish have little interest in theirnational soccer team. This is because, historically, their racial consciousness is muchstronger than national consciousness. As you can see from this, each country has its own
special soccer culture which is constructed by historical matters.
As I had been to Germany to see FIFA World Cup 2006 matches, I had a chance
to realize the “soccer culture” of various countries very keenly. I realized the difference
between them. I also recognized the nationalism and cultures appearing vividly fromthem. As I watched the game between Japan and Australia at the stadium which
Australia won 3-1, I came to understand how amateurish Japanese supporters were.
They could not sing loudly and continuously. They were so week and helpless that itwas no doubt of early defeat of team Japan. The supporters reprimanded their players
when their players missed. I even thought that they were searching something to claim
on, instead of cheering their players. On the other hand, Australian supporters, like othercountries in Europe, big men sang their supporters’ songs loudly and strongly like

rumbling sound. They never used abusive language to their players. Instead of that, they
aimed their attack at the judges which referee had made. They trusted their players andcheered the players until the last moment of the game.
From this actual experience, I would like to analyze the soccer cultures of Japanand Australia by using the data which I had researched on questionnaire and also, widen
the view to the sports culture.

Background of soccer of both countries
First, it is necessary to understand the backgrounds of soccer of each country,
Japan and Australia. The common point is that they’re both island countries. Although,the ways of import of soccer are quite different. Soccer was brought into Australia byimmigrants from England, Croatia, Italy, Greece, and etc. Although, soccer is not a
popular sports among the Australian because they prefer Football(Rugby) to AssociationFootball(Soccer). National Soccer League(=NSL) had begun in 1977 and it changed its
name to Hyundai A-league in 2005 as changing its form, amateur league to professional
league. The national Australia team had been failing to pass the FIFA World Cup
qualifying ever since they had had taken part in the FIFA World Cup 1974 in West
Germany, but this year, they had achieved to participate in the FIFA World Cup 2006 inGermany. The interests to soccer from the Australian are getting higher and higher.
“After the World War, Japan, actually, was occupied under the US Army, andthe interests of the Japanese were headed only to politic, culture, and sports of America.
But, when (everyone thought that) Japan reached America economically, after 80’s, theirinterests began to head toward Asia and Europe.” “in early 90’s, Italian professionalsoccer league was in the limelight” “Supported by that the Japanese professionalsoccer league was to launched out .“(Goto Takeo, 2002,p.331,p.332) The Japanese
professional soccer league, J-League, opened in 1993 leaded by present J-League
Chairman, Kawabuchi Saburou. He was the instigator of the J-League, who declared“promotion of soccer as sports culture” as the main point. Until then, industrial-league
soccer was the center of the Japanese soccer. In the first place, international studentsbrought soccer into Japan. Soccer was spread to university students and then to theindustry sports. As you can predict, industry has great connection between Japanesesoccer. Without its support, it was impossible to launch out J-League. This year, is 13thyear of J-League. From the history, it seems that Japan soccer is much more developed
than it of Australia. But we must say that both countries are still undeveloped comparedto Europe.

Sports culture of both countries
Next, based on the background, I would like to compare differences among each
sports culture. Australia is known as great sports country. A lot of impressive players
have born there and play active parts in the world sport such us track and field,swimming, tennis, and of course, football. “Australia is like a county of footballmuseum.”(Goto Takeo, 2002,p.436) There are many kinds of football in Australia. For
example, League Rugby and Union Rugby. Each football has its original rules as aresult of the pursuit of individual of each state and country. As you cansee ,Australia’s sports culture is highly developed. “Almost 13 million Australians aged 15
years and over participate in some form of physical activity for recreation or sport.
Close to 11 million Australians exercise at least once per week and about 4.2 million
exercise at least five times per week” “ Australians also enjoy watching sporting
events—sport is the most commonly watched genre of television programming after
news and current affairs. Going to sports events is also a popular pastime, with about 48
per cent of Australians aged 15 years and over attending at least one sports event during
2002.”(A passion for sport-Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.(May2005)Retrieved September 27, 2006, fromhttp://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/sport.html) Thisshows how strongly Australians are interested in sports. Behind this, there are strongconnection between the government, industry, and private. The environment whichmakes people enjoy sports is well-regulated.
On the other hand, we cannot say that there is well-proportioned environment forplaying sports in Japan. It is rather terrible, I must say. Public institutions for playing
sports are limited. “Since the school club activity shoulders the main role of sports inJapan, and since Japanese hard-work society forces over-time work ordinary, there
would be no time and space to enjoy sports freely”(Shikama Makoto(2006,May 21)Arethere any sports rights in Japan? JANJAN-culture. Retrieved November 7,2006, fromhttp://www.janjan.jp/culture/0605/0605204678/1.php) This means that the government,industry, and private is not balanced. The lack of local interchange is also a problem. In
addition, Kawauchi Saburou J-League Chairman mentioned about the two badnationalism of the Japanese, negative criticism and equalitarianism. He says that thistwo nationalism are preventing the Japanese from enjoying playing sports. He meantthat the Japanese would not try to expand the talent but correct the bad part.

Analysis of data
Now I would like to show the data which I had researched on questionnaire atGermany and consider soccer cultures from them. First, comparison between Japan andAustralia proportion of male and female.
Japan

Australia

3peple11%8people38%
malemalefemale

female13people62%

n=2825people
89%

Japan’s 38% are male and 62% are female. Australia’s 89% are male and only
11% are female.

It is surprise to know that more Japanese women came to the stadium

than the Japanese men. Comparing to that, you will recognize that most of theAustralian who came to the stadium were men. In many countries in Europe, we could
see the same phenomenon as the date of Australia. Women are often not fund of goingto the stadium because long time ago, it was a place where big men gather around ,drinking and singing, awared to be dangerous. This habit is still remaining and asAustralia is an immigrant country, it is no doubt that the Australian have the same DNA.
On the other hand, from the data of the Japanese, we can infer that it is difficult
for male worker to come to Germany as Japan is a hard-work society. Also, in myopinion, the Japanese are likely to get into groups. This habit often causes booms which
are used to make money as a business. In this case, we can predict that some of thefemale spectators were just riding on the wave of the World Cup boom.

an age groupn(JAP)= 23n(AUS)=2816

number of people

141210JapanAustralia

8642020erdun

2１30〜

40〜
31

５０〜
１４age〜
５１６０avebo60

Next, comparison between the age group.
It is clear that the age group of Japan is higher than it of Australia. We can inferthat soccer is popular among the young age group in Australia. This means that soccer isgetting popular in Australia But it also means that soccer was not popular for a longtime in Australia
On the other hand, we can infer that financial and time spare were needed for theJapanese to travel. Also, we can think that popularity of soccer is wide among all theage group. We can say this is the result of spread of the J-League.

Conclusion
Finally, we can now definite part of the soccer culture of both countries.

Unfortunately, I can’t tell you the whole definition because a soccer culture is formed by
too many factors such as nationalism, culture, and history.
The similarity among both countries’ soccer cultures are that both of them areundeveloped. But the great difference between them is the development of the sportsculture. At the present time, Japan leads Australia in way of managing a professionalsoccer league. But I am sure that in the near future, Australia will be leading Japan andcatching up Europe countries. I am convinced with this because Australia is a country
with perfect environment for people to enjoy playing sports. Also, the increase of
popularity of soccer is the important factor. I think Japan is along the way ofdevelopment, too. But much more slower than Australia. The reason is simple. Japan do
not have the right environment for playing sports. Japan will face many twists and turns
unless changing the hard- work society and the environment.List of Referance
Goto,T. (2002).世界サッカー紀行２００２〔World soccer travel 2002〕

Shikama,M.(2006,May 21)日本にスポーツ権はあるのか？[Are there any sports
rightsinJapan?]JANJAN-culture.

RetrievedNovember

7,2006,from

http://www.janjan.jp/culture/0605/0605204678/1.php

A passion for sport-Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.(May2005)Retrieved September 27, 2006, fromhttp://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/sport.html

Talk about Japanese sports sensation

Kawabuchi Saburo advocates the sports culture[日本人のスポーツ感覚に渇を入れる川淵三郎氏の提唱するスポーツ文化とは]
RetrieveSeptember 27, 2006, from http://11.plala.or.jp/souxouquit/doc/Kawabuchi.htm