National Institute for Environmental Studies

Water & Waste Engineering
Guidance
Drinking water quality risk management
Water & Waste Engineering 01
2024/4/19

Keywords: water system, waste treatment system, water supply
engineering, wastewater engineering, waste management engineering
Outline: We will give lectures on the water and wastewater system, waste
management system, the management system and cutting-edge
technologies for water, waste, and human health and the environment. In
addition, we consider the water and waste system from the viewpoint of
natural disaster, climate change, and depopulation society. And, we will
discuss the emergency environmental management.
Objectives:• To management system and technology for water and waste
management system• To discuss and explain on water, wastewater and waste management.

名古屋大学減災連携研究センター

Disaster Mitigation Research Center, NAGOYA UNIVERSITY• To discuss the future water and waste system with the influence onnatural disaster, climate change, and depopulation society.
• To understand emergency environmental management.

122024 Water & Waste Engineering
Contents

Water & Waste Engineering

4/19 Introduction & Drinking water quality risk management
4/26 Water supply system in Japan

Credits: 2
Grading criteria:

5/10 Water safety plan
5/17 Water quality risk management in emergency

Participation 45%

5/31 Recovery of clean water

Presentation 25%

6/05 Wastewater treatment system in Japan

Report 30%

6/14 Watershed water quality management
6/21 Waste management system in Japan

Contact information:

6/28 Solid waste management technology

Assoc. Prof. Nagahisa HIRAYAMA

7/05 Disaster debris management system

T. 052-747-6824

7/06 Disaster resilience and water system (Online)
7/12 Student Presentation 1

E. hirayama.nagahisa@nagoya-u.jp
U. https://hirayamalab.com/lecture/

7/19 Student Presentation 2

Disaster Mitigation Research Building, Rm306

7/26 Report (No class)3

4

Self Introduction
1min per person

What is ‘RISK’?

5

6

risk

risk management

a situation involving exposure to danger:
the possibility that something unpleasant or unwelcome
will happen:a person or thing regarded as likely to turn out well orbadly, as specified, in a particular context or respect:a person or thing regarded as a threat or likely source of
danger:a possibility of harm or damage against which something isinsured.
the possibility of financial loss:
7©New Oxford American Dictionary, 2013

Risk management — Vocabulary, ISO Guide 73:2009
coordinated activities to direct and control anorganization with regard to risk
Risk management framework
set of components that provide the foundations andorganizational arrangements for designing,
implementing, monitoring, reviewing and continually
improving risk management throughout theorganization©ISO/Guide 73:2009 Risk management — Vocabulary8risk management

risk management: method

Method consist of the following elements, performed, moreor less, in the following order.

Risk = Impact × Probability

1. identify, characterize threats
2. assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats

prioritization process

Impactbalancing resources

3. determine the risk
4. identify ways to reduce those risks

Probability

5. prioritize risk reduction measures based on a strategy©ISO/Guide 73:2009 Risk management — Vocabulary

910

risk management strategy

risk management strategy

Make a plan
a list of individual risks
a rating of each risk based on likelihood and impact
an assessment of current controls
a plan of action
Consider the effectiveness of those actions
very inadequate, or non-existent, inadequate,
satisfactory, strong, very strong
Decide how to handle each risk
avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
11

A risk management strategy provides a structured andcoherent approach to identifying, assessing and managing
risk.
Risk management framework
set of components that provide the foundations andorganizational arrangements for designing,
implementing, monitoring, reviewing and continually
improving risk management throughout theorganization.
©ISO/Guide 73:2009 Risk management — Vocabulary
12

Environmental Management System
ISO14000;a family of standards related to environmental
management that exists to help organizations
minimize how these operations negatively affect theenvironment
comply with applicable laws, regulations, and otherenvironmentally oriented requirements
continually improve
The current version of ISO14000 is ISO 14001:2015 which
was published in Sept. 2015.

ISO 14001; Basic principles and methodology
the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle.
Do-CAPPlan:
establish objectives and processes requiredDo:
implement the processes
Check:
measure and monitor the processes and report results
Act:take action to improve performance of EMS based on
results

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Environmental risk

a case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonic
To identify environmental risks and implement the
management system, environmental risks are identified foreach Company and for each region in the world each year.

Environmental risk = Toxicity ×
Exposure
Risk = Impact × Probability

From these risks, environmental risks on a group-wide levelare selected.
The risks that show a high level of frequency or seriously
impact business management are designated as major risks
and prioritized in planning and executing risk-reducing
measures.
These measures are implemented for each major risk, andprogress is monitored and followed up on a quarterly basis
in the PDCA cycle.
©Panasonic Corporation, 201615

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a case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonica case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonic

Environmental Compliance Management at Factories
Panasonic manages its environmental systems in fullcompliance with laws and regulations. We regularly
measure emissions of gas, wastewater, noise, odor, etc.,
and introduce preventative measures for cases that may
lead to serious violations.
Environmental pollution; air, water quality, noise, odor,
waste©Panasonic Corporation, 2016

©Panasonic Corporation, 20161718

a case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonica case study; Environmental Risk
Management in PanasonicMeasures Against Soil and Groundwater Contamination

Measures Against Soil and Groundwater Contamination

In the latter half of the 1980s, soil and groundwatercontamination due to chlorinated organic solvents was
detected at some Panasonic sites.

In fiscal 2003 we began enhancing our surveys andmeasures to comply with relevant laws and regulations,
including the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act,
which was enforced in Japan in 2003, and in fiscal 2004
started implementing measures to place all our bases
across the globe under management supervision withregard to soil and groundwater.

Specifically in 1991 we created the Manual for Preventing
Contamination of Soil and Groundwater and began
conducting necessary surveys and measures.
In 1995, we discontinued the use of chlorinated organic
solvents, and in 1999 created Guidelines on the Preventionof Environmental Pollution to ensure there would be norecurrence of similar problems at our sites.

Specifically, we conduct onsite inspections and interviewsat the bases, in addition to surveying their use of VOCs andheavy metals.

©Panasonic Corporation, 201619

©Panasonic Corporation, 201620

a case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonica case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonic

Soil and Groundwater Risk Management Policy; Pollution
dispersion prevention beyond Panasonic premises

Soil and Groundwater Risk Management Policy; Thoroughpollution source elimination

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Conduct historical surveys
Determine and install monitoring wells at the premises' borders
Analyze groundwater at the borders
Check possibility of pollution from external sources
Report to management department
Determine the external pollution dispersion prevention methods
Install the external pollution dispersion prevention methods
Install assessment wells
Begin assessments (monitoring)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Conduct brief status check
Horizontal direction detailed analysis
Vertical direction detailed analysis
Determine the magnitude of pollution
Discuss the areas and methods of purification
Conduct purification and install pollution dispersion prevention
measures7. Monitor pollution source (groundwater) after purification
8. Report purification completion to management department©Panasonic Corporation, 2016

©Panasonic Corporation, 20162122

a case study; Environmental Risk
Management in Panasonica case study; Environmental Risk
Management in PanasonicInitiatives for PCB Pollution in 2016

Initiatives for PCB Pollution
Panasonic discontinued the production of equipment containing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Japan in 1972 and has since
been strictly managing its PCB waste.
With the enforcement of the Law concerning Special Measures for
Promotion of Proper Treatment of PCB Waste in July 2001,
optimized storage, decontamination, and notifications are being
practiced in compliance with the law.

©Panasonic Corporation, 201623

124 of 2,281 units, including transformers and capacitors using PCBs
submitted under the early registration scheme were treated, byJapan Environmental Storage & Safety Corporation (JESCO) as our
subcontracted PCB waste disposal operator.
Approx. 38 tons of stabilizers and other waste with a high PCB
concentration were consigned for treatment to JESCO, and approx.
126 tons of low-concentration PCB waste was contracted to a
private incineration facilities certified by the Japanese Ministry of
the Environment.
We will continue to treat PCB waste towards March 31, 2027, whichis the legally designated deadline by which decontamination is tobe completed.

©Panasonic Corporation, 2016

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Risk analysis

Dealing with risk
Risk analysis is;

A preliminary example
A player in a casino with an initial capital of V0
After the game the capital is V1
We denote the profit by a random variable X = V1 - V0X={

0.6 with probability p,-0.4 with probability 1 - p.

the systematic study of uncertainties and risks weencounter in business, engineering, public policy, andmany other areas.
to identify the risks faced by an institution or business unit,
understand how and when they arise, and estimate theimpact (financial or otherwise) of adverse outcomes.
Quantitative Risk Analysis
Models and Simulation
Monte Carlo Simulation

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Risk assessment

Risk evaluation

Risk assessment has three parts…
Risk identify
Risk analysis

Probability
the evaluated likelihood of a particular outcome actually
happening (including a consideration of the frequency
with which the outcome may arise).

ImpactRisk evaluation
Risk evaluation is;concerned with assessing probability and impact ofindividual risks, taking into account any interdependencies
or other factors outside the immediate scope underinvestigation27

the evaluated effect or result of a particular outcome
actually happening.
time
qualitybenefitpeople/resource
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Global Burden of Disease

Concept of risk management

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) analysis provides
comprehensive and comparable assessment of mortality
and loss of health due to diseases, injuries and risk factors
for all regions of the world.

Risk = Impact × Probability
prioritization process

The assessment of GBD started from 1990 and the latest
open to the public is 2004 by WHO.

Impactbalancing resources

Probability

Global health risks, 2009, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/
global_burden_disease/en/

2930

Incidence number in 2004

Environmental burden of disease globally

1000
100

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Fire Injuries

Malignant neoplasms

Violence Injuaries

Pertusis

Trafic Injuries

Measles

Fall Injuries

Complications of Pregnancy

Malaria1

Low Respriometory Infections

10

Diarrhoeal disease

Incidence number

10000

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More damage in developing countries

GBD — selected water-related diseases
Diarrhoea:

The health impacts of environmental risks are heaviest
among poor and vulnerable populations in developing
countries.

1.8 million people, mostly children, die of diarrhoea every
year.

Malaria:

The poor in developing countries generally have the leastaccess to clean water sources, and those same
populations also may be the most directly exposed toenvironmental risks.

1 million people, mostly children, die of malaria every year.

Schistosomiasis:
200 million are infected, 20 million suffer severe
consequences.

At the same time, poor people also may be the mostdependent on natural resources as sources of livelihoods
and well-being, and thus be most impacted byunsustainable exploitation or depletion of those resources.

Trachoma:
6 million visually impaired, 146 million threatened byblindness.
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What can be done ?

Diarrhoeal disease reduction from drinking
water and sanitation improvements

Diarrhoea:
drinking water and sanitation improvements

Malaria:
Better management of water resources reduces Malariatransmission.

Schistosomiasis:
Basic sanitation reduces the Schistosomiasis by up to77%.

Reduction (%)

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50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

43
33
22

22
17

Trachoma:
Improved sanitary conditions and hygiene practices
prevents trachoma.
35

Intervention©Fewtrell L et. al.,Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less36 meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2005
developed countries: a systematic review andProportion of the population using improved
drinking water sources in 2010

©WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme(JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation)
37

Water and sanitation

Proportion of the population using improved
sanitation in 2010

©WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme(JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation)
38

History of Water Supply in Japan

2.1 billion people CANNOT access clean and safe drinking
water, 63% of which are in Asia-Pacific Region (UNICEF/
WHO).
7.9 % of water supply systems in Asian cities retain
appropriate residual chlorine over 0.1 mg/L, 21. 5%
CANNOT comply with national standards (UNEP).
2.4 billion people CANNOT use appropriate sanitation
systems, 3/4 of which are in Asia-Pacific Region (UNICEF/
WHO)
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©Japan Water Works Association, 2016

Water facts

Safe drinking water

663 million people are still without access to clean drinking
water, despite the Millennium Development Goal target forclean water being met in 2010.
In SDGs, GOAL 6 Clean Water and Sanitation
8 out of 10 people without access to clean water live inrural areas.

Diseases related to contamination of drinking-water
constitute a major burden on human health.

159 million people use untreated water from lakes andrivers, the most unsafe water source there is.

Interventions to improve the quality of drinking waterprovide significant benefit to health.

Since 1990, 2.6 billion people have gained access toimproved drinking water and today, 91% of the world’s
population drink clean water.
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Population with access todrinking water in the world

Framework for safe drinking water
1. INTRODUCTION

A conceptual framework for
implementing the Guidelines(Chapter 2)

Introduction(Chapter 1)

FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING-WATER
Health-based targets(Chapter 3)

Public health context
and health outcome

Water safety plans(Chapter 4)
Systemassessment

Monitoring

Management andcommunication

Surveillance(Chapter 5)

SUPPORTING
INFORMATION
Microbial aspects(Chapters 7 and 11)
Chemical aspects(Chapters 8 and 12)
Radiologicalaspects(Chapter 9)
Acceptability
aspects(Chapter 10)

Application of the Guidelines
in specific circumstances(Chapter 6)
Climate change, Emergencies,
Rainwater harvesting, Desalination
systems, Travellers, Planes andships, etc.

©WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme(JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation)
43

Figure 1.1

Interrelationships
among the individual
chapters of the Guidelines
for drinking©Guidelines
for
Drinking-water
Quality- 4th ed., WHO, 201144
water quality in ensuring drinking-water safety

In addition to faecally borne pathogens, other microbial hazards, such as guinea
worm (Dracunculus medinensis), toxic cyanobacteria and Legionella, may be of public