The Cretaceous System in the Makarov Area, Southern Sakhalin, Russian Far East, edited by Y. Shigeta and H. Maeda,
National Science Museum Monographs, 31: 1–24, 2005

Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review
Yasunari Shigeta1 and Haruyoshi Maeda2
1

Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Science Museum,
3–23–1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku,
Tokyo 169–0073, Japan
E-mail: shigeta@kahaku.go.jp
2
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University,
Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
E-mail: maeda@kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Abstract Historically, research on the Cretaceous Yezo Group of Sakhalin may be divided into four
major stages, each partly dependent upon the international political situation at the time, as well as“state of the art” practices of the day in paleontology and stratigraphy. The first stage, from 1860 to1905, is characterized by early geological expeditions and subsequent fossil descriptions by pioneer
workers in paleontology. Throughout the second stage, from 1905 to 1945, research in northern
Sakhalin was conducted mainly by workers from the U.S.S.R., while Japanese workers limited mostof their research activities to southern Sakhalin. During the third stage, from 1945 to 1989, many
workers from the U.S.S.R. were active, but they confined their research to a comprehensive study of
the Cretaceous in the Naiba area. The fourth stage, beginning in 1990 and continuing to the present,consists of Japanese–Russian Joint Research groups primarily studying various modern day disciplines such as paleobiology, taphonomy, magnetostratigraphy, and isotope stratigraphy.
Key words:

Cretaceous, historical review, Sakhalin, Yezo Group

Introduction
Outcrops of the Cretaceous Yezo Group arewidely distributed in a 350 km long band running in a north-south direction in the central
portion of Hokkaido. These sediments arethought to have been deposited in the ancient
Yezo forarc basin along the eastern marginof the paleo-Asian continent (Okada, 1979,
1983). Numerous well-preserved ammonoids
and inoceramids occur at various horizons,and these fossils have been the subject of themany geological and paleontological studies
conducted during the last century (see Hayami& Yoshida, 1991; Hirano et al., 2001; Ando,
2003; Takashima et al., 2004).
Yezo Group deposits cross under the La Per-

ouse Strait (Soya Strait) from northern
Hokkaido and extend over a distance of 750 km
northward from the Kril’on Peninsula to the
Khoe Cape in the western Sakhalin region(Vershchagin, 1970, 1977; Fig. 1). Sakhalin
has long been recognized as one of the important reference areas for the marine Cretaceousin the North Pacific realm, and consequently,
these deposits and their respective faunas havebeen the focus of numerous research projects
beginning as long ago as 1860.
In this paper we mainly review past researchon the Cretaceous Yezo Group in the western
Sakhalin region and discuss future research
projects.

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Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

History of research
Historically, research on the Yezo Group of
Sakhalin may be divided into four major
stages. Each stage is partly dependent upon
the international political situation at the time,
as well as “state of the art” practices of the dayin paleontology and stratigraphy.
The first stage (1860 to 1905)
During this period the numerous expeditions by pioneer workers in geoloy resulted indiscovery of many fossils. In 1860 F. B.
Schmidt and P. V. Glen, who were members of
the Russian Geological Society expedition to
Siberia, made the first discovery of Cretaceous
deposits on Zhonkier Cape in northern
Sakhalin (Fig. 2; Glen, 1868; Schmidt, 1868a,b). F. B. Schmidt (1873), who described thefirst molluscan fossils from Sakhalin, described an interesting inoceramid species thatis characterized by a peculiar divergent ribbing, and assigned it to Inoceramus digitalis
Sowerby. It was later redescribed by Michael(1899) who named it Inoceramus schmidti inhonor of F. B. Schmidt (Fig. 3). It is now regarded as an important zonal index fossil forthe middle part of the Campanian of the North
Pacific realm. Plant fossils collected from theZhonkier Cape by F. B. Schmidt, from the
Mgachi area by P. V. Glen, and from the northwestern coastal area of southern Sakhalin by
A. F. Andrea were sent to Dr. Heer in Stockholm who described them as a Miocene age
flora (Heer, 1871, 1878a, b).
In 1867–1868 J. Ropatin discovered Cretaceous deposits along the eastern coast ofsouthern Sakhalin (Lopatin, 1870; Schmidt,1970), and D. L. Ivanov discovered Upper
Cretaceous deposits on the Kril’on Peninsulain 1890 (see Vereshchagin, 1977).
The second stage (1905–1945)
During this period workers from the
U.S.S.R. confined their research activities
mainly to the Cretaceous deposits of northern

Sakhalin, whereas Japanese workers limited
their research primarily to southern Sakhalin.
By 1910 numerous Upper Cretaceous outcrop localities were known in many areasof southern Sakhalin (Jimbo, 1906, 1907;
Kawasaki, 1907; Kawasaki & Shimotomai,
1908; Hirano & Tsurumaru, 1908; Inoue &Otsuki, 1909), and it had became obvious thatthese outcrops were widely distributed in anorth-south direction in the west Sakhalin region (Jimbo, 1908; Yabe, 1909).
During the same period several Russian geologists investigated Cretaceous deposits innorthern Sakhalin (Tikhonovitch & Polevoy,
1910, 1915; Polevoy, 1914; Tikhonovitch,1914). In 1914 Sokolov published a monographon inoceramids in which he concluded that theCretaceous System in northern Sakhalin is ofCampanian and Maastrichtian age.
In 1917 A. N. Krishtofovitch began studying the plant fossils of northern Sakhalin, andover the next 20 year period, he publishedmany papers in which he described an extensive flora of Cretaceous age (Krishtofovitch,
1918a, b, 1920, 1927a–c, 1932, 1935, 1937). In
addition, he studied the Cretaceous System inmany other areas of the far eastern region of
Russia, including Primorye and Kamchatka(Krishtofovitch, 1932, 1935). H. Yabe and S.
Shimizu also explored the Cretaceous System
in northern Sakhalin and attempted to correlate it with the deposits in southern Sakhalin(Yabe & Shimizu, 1924a, b; Shimizu, 1925;
Yabe, 1926, 1927). Hayasaka (1921), and Yabe
and Nagao (1925) described several Cretaceous mollusks from northern Sakhalin, while
Yabe and Shimizu (1925) described a Cretaceous heteromorphic ammonite from southern
Sakhalin.
Typical outcrops of Cretaceous sediments insouthern Sakhalin are found along the Naiba
River (Figs. 4, 5). In 1926 M. Kawada carefully surveyed the Naiba area deposits and developed a biostratigraphic scheme based on theabundant molluscan fossils that occur in manyhorizons (Kawada, 1929a). S. Shimizu also in-Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

Fig. 1. Index map showing distribution of Cretaceous Yezo Group exposures (black areas) in Sakhalin, Russia,
and Hokkaido, Japan.

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Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

Krasnoyarka
Formation
ZhonkierF.

Fig. 2. Outcrop of the Cretaceous Yezo Group at Zhonkier Cape in northern Sakhalin, site of the first discovery
of Cretaceous deposits in Sakhalin. Upper: View of the port of Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky from Zhonkier
Cape. Lower: Large outcrop of the Cretaceous Yezo Group at Zhonkier Cape. The beds strike N10–20°E, anddip 70° westward. The uppermost Zhonkier Formation is comprised mainly of fine-grained, bedded sandstone,
mudstone and coal, while the Krasnoyarka Formation, which is about 120 m thick, consists primarily of sandstone and sandy mudstone, rich in adesitic volcanic rock fragments. It conformably overlies the Zhonkier Formation, and is unconformably overlain by Paleogene conglomerate. The Krasnoyarka Formation is fossilifereous—Sphenoceramus orientalis (Sokolov) and “Gigantocaplus” transformis (Dundo) are found in the basalpart, and Gigantocaplus giganteus (Schmidt) is abundant in lower to middle part, while Sphenoceramus
schmidti (Michael) is abundant throughout the formation.

Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

Fig. 3. Sphenoceramus schmidti (Michael). NSM
PM17303 from the Krasnoyarka Formation at
Zhonkier Cape, northern Sakhalin, 0.6. This
species is one of the first molluscan fossils described by Schmidt (1873) from the Yezo
Group, and is now regarded as an importantzonal index fossil for the middle Campanian of
the North Pacific realm.

vestigated the Cretaceous System in the Naiba
area and proposed a provisional scheme forthe stratigraphic correlation of the deposits innorthern and southern Sakhalin (Shimizu,
1929a–d).
In 1926 Shimizu reported the occurrence ofthe peculiar heteromorph genus Nipponites
from the Naiba area. It is interesting to notethat even after the original description of the
Hokkaido specimen by Yabe (1904), many paleontologists still considered this strange ammonoid to be a pathologic individual of another heteromorph, since it was the only specimen known at the time. Thus, the taxonomic
authenticity of Nipponites was confirmed by5

the discovery of the specimen from Sakhalin.
Kawada (1929b) later described this specimen
as a new variety of Nipponites mirabilis Yabe,
N. mirabilis var. sachalinensis.
Shimizu (1929e) published an innovative
paper in which he not only discussed the evolution and function of the siphuncle, but also
described the early internal shell features ofUpper Cretaceous ammonites from southern
Sakhalin and Hokkaido. Later Shimizu (1933)
described a new ammonite from southern
Sakhalin and developed a biostratigraphic
scheme for the correlation of Upper Cretaceous deposits in Sakhalin and Japan(Shimizu, 1935). In 1934 a dinosaur skeleton
was discovered in Upper Cretaceous sedimentsin the Sinegorsk area of southern Sakhalin.
Eventually, Nagao (1936, 1938a) describedand named the reptile Nipponosaurus sachalinensis.
During this same period coal beds of Tertiary age in southern Sakhalin were thoroughly
explored for potential industrial use, and theirstratigraphic relationship to the underlying
Cretaceous deposits was discussed by manygeologists (Tokuda, 1924, 1929; Imai, 1929a,b; Kawasaki, 1929, 1934, 1935; Saito, 1931;
Kurosawa, 1932; Morita, 1933). For several
years prior to 1937 many Japanese workers
studied the geology of various areas in southern Sakhalin and reported on the regional Cretaceous stratigraphy and fossils (Murayama,
1933; Inai, 1935; Uwatoko, 1937, 1938, 1939;
Sasa & Nishida, 1935, 1937; Oishi & Matsumoto, 1937, 1938; Ishizaki, 1935, 1937;
Inai & Seki, 1937, 1938; Ishizaki & Sakakura,
1937, 1938; Sakakura, 1937; Sasa, 1938;
Uwatoko & Takeda, 1938).
In 1937 T. Matsumoto meticulously examined the Cretaceous deposits along the
Naiba and Ai Rivers (Matsumoto, 1938a, b,
1940, 1942c, d, 1943) and at the same time,systematically collected an enormous amountof ammonites and inoceramids, which arepresently stored in the University Museum at
the University of Tokyo (Fig. 6). During

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Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

the1930’s to early 1940’s various taxa of Cretaceous age was described in publications bydifferent specialists as follows: ammonoids(Matsumoto, 1938c, 1942a, b); inoceramids(Nagao & Matsumoto, 1939, 1940); other bivalves, gastropods and scaphopods (Nagao,
1932, 1938b, 1939; Nagao & Huzioka, 1941);
shark tooth (Yabe and Obata, 1930). Subsequently, Matsumoto developed a comprehensive biostratigraphic scheme based on ammonoids and inoceramids for the Cretaceous
System of southern Sakhalin.
The third stage (1945–1989)
Following World War II the Cretaceous deposits in Sakhalin were studied only by workers from the U.S.S.R. After the research workof E. M. Smekov and A. A. Kapitsa in the
1950’s (see Vereshchagin, 1970, 1977), V. N.
Vereshchagin and his co-workers examinedvarious Cretaceous sections in Sakhalin during
the period from1957 to 1960. When a stratigraphic meeting was held at Okha in northern
Sakhalin in 1959, V. N. Vereshchagin proposed that the Naiba section be recognized

as one of the reference sections for the
Cretaceous in Sakhalin (Vassoyevich 1961;
Vereshchagin, 1961, 1963). Following thismeeting a national research program was organized. Then, after an agreement was reachedon proposals by Vereshchagin and Salnikov(1968) to standardize the procedures utilized
to describe the sediments, as well as the fossils
contained therein, Russian workers carried out
many systematic studies in the Cretaceous deposits of the Naiba area. These results were
published in 1987 (Poyarkova, 1987a). In thelate 1970’s Y. D. Zakharov and his co-workers
also worked in the Naiba area and discussed
the Cretaceous ammonoid succession (Zakharov et al., 1978, 1981, 1984).
In the late 1950’s T. G. Kalishevitch and V.
Y. Posylny conducted a comprehensive investigation of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
in southern Sakhalin and suggested that theunit previously thought to be uppermost Cretaceous in age may, in fact, be of Danian age.
Furthermore, they concluded that the Paleogene conformably overlies the Cretaceous(Kalishevitch & Posylny, 1958; Kalishevitch,→
Fig. 4. Photographs of representative lithofacies of the Yezo Group in the Naiba area, site of one of the reference
sections for the Cretaceous in Sakhalin. Successive exposures of the Yezo Group occur along the Naiba Riverand its tributaries (Krasnoyarka and Seim Rivers). The beds, which generally strike N–S and dip westward, exceed 5,000 m in thickness. They are in fault contact with Neogene deposits in the eastern part of the area, andunconformably underlie the Paleogene coal measures in the west. In the Naiba area, the Yezo Group is subdivided lithologically into the Ai, Naiba, Bykov, and Krasnoyarka formations, in ascending order. The Ai Formation (Albian) exceeds 610 m in thickness and consists mainly of dark grey, well-laminated mudstone withbeds of turbiditic sandstone, while the 1,180 m thick Naiba Formation (upper Albian to Cenomanian) is comprised of alternating beds of sandstone and mudstone, turbiditic sandstone, and dark grey, well-laminatedmudstone. Its contact with the Ai Formation is conformable. The Bykov Formation (upper Cenomanian tolower Campanian) is 2,300 m thick and consists of a dark grey, intensely bioturbated, massive or mottled mudstone intercalated with thin turbiditic sandstone and acidic tuff layers. Well-preserved ammonoids and inoceramids occur throughout the formation except for its lower part. The 800 m thick Krasnoyarka Formation(middle Campanian to Maastrichtian, Danian?) conformably overlies the Bykov Formation and is composed
primarily of dark, greenish grey, poorly-sorted, bedded sandstone and mottled sandy mudstone. Fossiliferous
calcareous concretions are abundant throughout the formation except for its uppermost part.
Upper left: Dark, greenish grey, bedded sandstone of the lower part (middle Campanian) of the Krasnoyarka Formation at Loc. NB3030 along the Krasnoyarka River. Upper right: Dark, greenish grey, poorly-sorted, bedded sandstone and mottled sandy mudstone of the upper part (upper Maastrichtian or Danian?) of the
Krasnoyarka Formation at Loc. NB3044 along the Krasnoyarka River. Kalishevich et al. (1981) and a few
other Russian geologists assumed that the K/T boundary occurs in this outcrop. Lower: Dark grey, intensely
bioturbated, massive mudstone with thin turbiditic sandstone and acidic tuff layers of the upper part (lower
Campanian) of the Bykov Formation at Loc. NB3022 along the Krasnoyarka River. For locality details, see
Kodama et al. (2002).

Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

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Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

Fig. 5. Canadoceras kossmati Matsumoto. NSM PM8263 from the lower part (middle Campanian) of the Krasnoyarka Formation at Loc. NB3029 along the Krasnoyarka River in the Naiba area, southern Sakhalin, 0.19.

1961, 1969). Kalishevitch described the fauna
and micro-flora found in the Danian deposits
and applied the term “Sinegorsk” horizon tothese beds (Kalishevitch, 1973; Kalishevitch etal., 1981). Vereshchagin and his co-workers
investigated various areas in western Sakhalin
and arrived at the same conclusion regarding
the placement of the boundary (Vereshchagin
et al. 1978).
During the period between 1960 and 1987
several specialists published numerous papers
containing not only discussions of biostratigraphy and paleogeography, but also descriptions of the following various fossil taxa: inoceramids (Glazonov, 1965, 1967; Zonova,
1965, 1970, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1987a, b;
Pergament, 1966, 1971, 1973, 1974); other bivalves (Salnikova, 1980, 1987a, b); gastropods(Poyarkova, 1984, 1987b, c; Poyarkova &Dzhalilov, 1985); ammonoids (Glazunova,
1960; Zhuravlev, 1969a, b; Grabovskaya,

1981, 1984; Zonova et al., 1986; Mirolyubov,
1987a, b); various micro fossils (Vasilenko,
1965; Budin & Gromova, 1973; Zonova &Turenko, 1986; Turenko, 1987a, b; Kazintsova,
1987; Budrin & Komarova, 1987); flora (Krishtofovitvh & Bajkovskaya 1960; Krassilov,
1979) (Fig. 7). During the same period
Fursenko (1974) discussed the evolutionary
patterns of the Cretaceous fauna as well as the
paleoenvironment of Sakhalin, while Liverovskaya (1960), Vereshchagin et al. (1965),
and Vershchagin (1970, 1977) reviewed the island’s Upper Cretaceous fauna.
Throughout the late 1970’s to early 1980’s
several workers conducted paleobiologicalstudies of ammonoids and other invertebrate
fossils collected from Sakhalin. Drushchitz etal. (1978), Drushchitz and Doguzhaeva(1981), and Zakharov and Grabovskaya (1984)
studied shell microstructures and early internal
shell features of Upper Cretaceous ammonoids

Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

9Fig. 6. Numerous specimens of Cretaceous megafossils from Sakhalin collected by M. Kawada and T. Matsumoto are kept in the University Museum at the University of Tokyo, Japan. Left: Storeroom of the specimens.
Right: Type specimen room.

from southern Sakhalin in an effort to further
understand their biology and evolution. In addition, Zakharov et al. (1984) examined thestable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in theshells of the Cretaceous invertebrate fossils
from Sakhalin.
Japanese workers also continued their research during the third stage by studying theammonoids and other invertebrate fossil specimens collected from southern Sakhalin prior
to 1945 (Matsumoto, 1954a–c, 1955a, b, 1957,
1970, 1988; Matsumoto & Obata, 1955, 1966;
Obata, 1959, 1960; Hirano, 1975, 1978;
Kanie, 1975; Tanabe, 1975, 1977; Matsumoto
et al., 1978; Kanie et al., 1978; Noda, 1988).
In addition, Matsumoto (1954d, 1959a, b) further improved the understanding of the Cretaceous lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy ofJapan and Sakhalin during this period. Sasa
and Koiwa (1960a–j) compiled the geologicalmap of Sakhalin with a scale of 1 to 250,000.
The fourth stage (1990–)
In the early 1990’s Japanese and Russian
workers organized a joint working group forthe express purpose of conducting research on
the Cretaceous deposits of Sakhalin (Fig. 8).
Throughout the 1990’s various members of
this group carried out several scientific expeditions to Sakhalin where they studied modern
day earth science disciplines including magnetostratigraphy, isotope stratigraphy, paleobiology, and taphonomy. Subsequently, Shigeta(1993) and Kase et al. (1994) published papers
in which they discussed ammonoid paleoecology, while Maeda and Seilacher (1996) discussed ammonoid taphonomy. Kodama et al.
(2000, 2002) and Kodama (2003) recognized
13 magnetozones in the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Naiba area and correlated them

10

Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

Fig. 7. The Central Museum of Geological Research and Exploration (CNIGR Museum), founded in 1882 in St.
Petersburg, Russia and named for Academician F.N. Chernyshev, is one of the largest natural history museumsin the world, and possesses a large collection of fossils. Numerous specimens of Cretaceous megafossils from
Sakhalin described by Russian workers are kept in this museum. Left: Type specimen room. Right: Woodenchest containing described specimens.

with polarity chrons from C34n through C30n.
Hasegawa et al. (2003) demonstrated thattime-stratigraphic patterns of stable carbon
isotope ratios from Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
sequences in the Naiba area, could be correlated with those from well-studied successions inother parts of the world. Zakharov et al. (1999,
2001a, b) discussed paleotemperature curves
for Late Cretaceous deposits of Sakhalin basedon oxygen isotope analysis.
In addition to the contemporary research described above, conventional studies have also
continued. E. A. Yazykova and T. D. Zonova
studied ammonoid and inoceramid biostratigraphy, as well as bioevents in Sakhalin (Zonova, 1990, 1992; Yazykova, 1991, 1992, 1996,
2002; Yazikova (Yazykova), 1994; Zonova etal., 1993; Zonova & Yazykova, 1994, 1998;

Yazykova et al., 2002, 2004). Although Zakharov et al. (1996) and Alabushev and Wiedmann (1997) proposed a zonal scheme basedon the Cretaceous ammonoids of Sakhalin,
Yazykova (2004) later conducted a comprehensive review of Cretaceous stratigraphy andammonoid faunas of Sakhalin and proposed azonal scheme consisting of 24 ammonoid
zones.
In 1995 Alabushev published a paper inwhich he discussed the sedimentary formations of the Cretaceous Sakhalin Basin. At
about the same time, Markevitch (1995) summarized the palinoflora of the Russian Far
East, and later she and Bugdayeva (1997) examined the flora of the dinosaur bearing bedsin the Russian Far East. In 2003, Wilmsen andYazykova published a paper in which they de-Yezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

scribed Campanian nautiloids. In addition,
Japanese paleontologists published several papers in which they described the following
Cretaceous taxa: ammonoids (Shigeta, 1992;
Matsumoto, 1995); gastropods (Kase & Shigeta, 1996); sopres and pollen (Takahashi, 1997).
Suzuki et al. (2004) redescribed the only
known specimen of the dinosaur Nipponosaurus sachalinensis Nagao, 1936 and determined its ontogenetic stage and diagnostic
characters, as well as its systematic position.
In 1993 and 1994 Maeda et al. (2005) and
Maeda and Shigeta (2005) studied the Cretaceous System in the Makarov and Pugachevo
areas of southern Sakhalin and noted the sequential occurrence of several fossil assemblages of Campanian and Maastrichtian age.
Subsequently, in 1996 Shigeta et al. (1999) investigated the Cretaceous System in the
Kril’on Peninsula area of southern Sakhalin
and found megafossil assemblages that are
identical to those in the Middle and Upper
Campanian in other areas of Sakhlain, as wellas in Hokkaido.
Future research
When considering future investigations,members of the Joint Research Program of the
Yezo Group should remember the following
three major tasks.
1) Exploitation of various modern correlation methods
2) Maintain a broader perspective whenviewing the distribution of the group as awhole3) Qualitative improvement of basic observations
Concerning the first point, radioisotope
analysis, for instance, has been utilized only
sparingly. This becomes painfully obvious
when one considers its potential to facilitate
correlation of the Yezo Goup both in Japanand Russia. Although traceable tuff beds areabundant, precisely dated marker-tuffs are few(Shibata & Miyata, 1978; Shibata et al.,111997). In contrast, the Upper Cretaceous System in the Western Interior of North America,
which is widely known for its excellent marine
biostratigraphy and paleontology, has been extensively dated by K-Ar and/or other radioisotope methods (Obradovich & Cobban, 1975).
Even bentonite tuffs, which are never ideal
materials for radioisotope analysis, are utilized.
Various other modern methods ideally suited for correlation of geological events on aninternational scale, such as magnetostratigraphy and stable-isotope stratigraphy, have recently been proposed by Kodama et al., (2000,
2002) and Hasegawa et al., (2003). Furthermore, calcareous-nannoplankton biostratigraphy is also expected to play a key role in the
cross-checking of biostratigraphic schemes in
the Far East Realm.
In regard to the second point, the most significant stratigraphic feature of the Yezo
Group is the uniformity of its lithology andfauna. In spite of a wide geographic distribution, extending for 1,200 km or more, its
lithology and faunal content are remarkably
monotonous. Its sedimentary features and biofacies show minimal lateral change, particularly in a north-south direction.
Previous stratigraphic studies have attachedgreat importance to the coarse grained deposits which are occasionally interspersed in
the monotonous mudstones of the Yezo Group(Matsumoto, 1942d, 1954d; Poyarkova, 1987a;
Takashima et al., 2004). However, these sandstone and conglomerate beds are generally interpreted as regional deposits originating fromthe development of local fan-deltas, channels
and/or levees with dimensions on the order of
5–20 km. Alternatively, the importance of thesedimentary and ichnological features of themonotonous mudstones has been stressed inonly a few pioneer works (Shigeta et al., 1999;
Kodama et al., 2002; Maeda et al., 2005 etc.).
Unlike the local sandstone beds, the AlbianCenomanian laminated mudstone and theLower Turonian Planolites mudstone extend

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Yasunari Shigeta and Haruyoshi Maeda

Fig. 8. Sampling for paleomagnetic analysis by the Japanese-Russian Joint Research group in the Naiba area,
southern Sakhalin. Samples were collected utilizing a portable, gas-powered coring machine and then oriented
in the field. A total of 1,062 samples were collected from Cretaceous outcrops in the Naiba area (Kodama etal., 2000).

for about 900 km (Maeda, 1987; Maeda et al.,
1987; Kodama et al., 2002). It is entirely possible that the lithostratigraphic schemes may
be revised as a result of viewing the distribution of the group as a whole from a wider perspective, both in Hokkaido and Sakhalin.
Rather than debating local differences within
the Yezo Group, emphasis should be directed
towards recognition of the uniqueness of thegroup’s uniformity, as well as attempting toreach agreement on the reasons for its uniformity. A series of recent OAE studies is apositive sign of this trend (Hirano, 1995;
Hasegawa, 1995, 1997 etc.)
As to the third point, basic observations
should play an important role inYezo Group
research, even in the 21st century. As illustrated by the debate between Yazykova and Zonova (2004) and Hasegawa et al. (2004), Russianand Japanese workers cannot agree on biostratigraphic ammonoid schemes, even in thesame Yezo Group. This misinterpretation ispartly attributable to the misidentification of
taxa by Russian paleontologists, who havenever personally examined the type specimens(Hasegawa et al., 2004, p. 181). To avoid such
confusion, the level of infrastructure must be
enhanced by joining in open, forthright taxonomic and stratigraphic discussions in an effort to resolve such differences of opinion.
The international joint-research program on
the Yezo Group is an excellent solution to thisproblem because it provides a good opportunity to examine the other party’s data and correct
misunderstandings at an early stage. Precise
field observations seem out of date but they
are indispensable. These detailed observations
still give rise to new research trends, even inthis day and age, e.g., stratigraphy and sedimentology (Hayakawa, 1990; Ando, 1990,
2003; Takashima & Nishi, 1999; Takashima etal., 2001; Iba et al., 2005), taxonomy by population concepts (Shigeta, 1989, 1992; Maeda,
1993; Matsuda & Ubukata, 1999; Tsujino etYezo Group Research in Sakhalin—A Historical Review

al., 2003; Harada & Tanabe, 2005), paleoecology (Kase et al., 1994; Hikida et al., 2003;
Moriya et al., 2003), taphonomy (Maeda,
1987, 1991; Maeda & Seilacher, 1996) andtheoretical morphology (Okamoto, 1989;
Okamoto & Shibata, 1997; Ubukata & Nakagawa, 2003).
Our goal should not be to look for easy applications for popular concepts, but rather toconcentrate on the original ideas advanced byourselves as members of the Yezo Group.
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Drs. Y. D. Zakharov
and A. M. Popov (Far Eastern Geological Institute, Vladivostok) and E. A. Yazykova (University of Silesia) for helpful suggestions. This
study was financially supported by the Japanese Government’s Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports (Project Nos.
2041062, 5041068, 8041113 and 9041114),
and by the Fujiwara Natural History Foundation’s support of Y. S. (Project No. 7-21).
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サハリンにおける蝦夷層群研究史：サハリンの白亜系蝦夷層群の研究は，古生物学や層序学の発達と国際的な政治情勢により，4 段階に区分される．第 1 期 (1860–1905) には，開拓者により地質調査と化石の記載が行われた．第 2 期 (1905–1945) には，サハリン北部は主にソビエト連邦の研究者により，サハリン南部は日本の研究者により調査された．第 3 期 (1945–1989) の間，サハリンの白亜系は多くのソビエト連邦の研究者により調査され，特にナイバ地域において包括的な研究がなされた．第 4 期（1990 以降）には，日本とロシアの共同研究グループが組織され，生物学的古生物学，タフォノミー，古地磁気層序学，同位体層序学など様々な観点からの研究が進められている．
重田康成・前田晴良