Big Data

Limitedprovisiondata～ Protecting Big Data through Contracts～
１. Introduction
In recent years, the amount of data obtained through various products / services has exploded
as the number of situations in which IT is used has grown. The large amount of data collected (bigdata) is effectively used for marketing and other purposes, and especially under the policy of creating
what users want from the viewpoint of design management and lean startup, the value andapplicability of data can be extremely high.
In addition, some data can add value when combined with other data, and the need to
exchange data with different companies, including those in other industries, is increasing. Therefore,
not only how to utilize data, but also how to protect the data collected by the company and how to
consider the rights related to the data are extremely important aspects of using data to grow business.
Furthermore, in the AI field, having access to a large amount of high-quality data is crucial tothe accuracy of the AI engines.

２. Need for contractual protection
Under the current laws, although protection as “limited provision data” (Article 2, Paragraph 7of the Unfair Competition Prevention Act) was added by an amendment to the Unfair Competition
Prevention Act, big data is not subject to rights such as ownership rights under the Civil Code(Because it is an intangible object. See Article 206 of the Civil Code and Article 85 of the sameCode.) protection as various intellectual property rights and protection as trade secrets under theUnfair Competition Prevention Act are limited as protection for big data.

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Specifically, as shown in the figure below, the data itself can be protected by copyright, patent,
or trade secret under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act, and limited provision data, each of which
has its drawbacks.
Data protection, along with these intellectual property rights, is increasingly being sought
through contracts between interested parties.
【 Intellectual Property Rights on Data 】

Type of rights Point at issue
Copyright
Although there is a possibility of protection under Copyright Act for databases,
there are not necessarily many cases where big data is effectively protected
as a database in the process of collection and processing.
In addition, much of the data itself, such as mere statistical figures, are notconsidered to be creative under the Copyright Act.
PatentMethods of processing and analyzing data can be the subject of rights, but
the cases in which the data itself is recognized as the highly advanced
creation of technical ideas utilizing the laws of nature are considered limited.

Trade secret

It may not be easy to satisfy the confidentiality requirement, which is one of
the requirements for trade secrets. It may also be difficult to satisfy therequirement of non-public knowledge, depending on the nature and handlingof the information.

If (1) electromagnetic control, (2) limited external provision, and (3)usefulness are recognized with respect to the subject data, injunctive
relief etc. can be sought against the unauthorized acquisition, use,provision, or use for other than the intended purpose of such data.
However, the revised act does not cover the transfer etc. of deliverables
resulting from the unauthorized use of limited provision data.

３. Points to keep in mind when entering into an agreement
regarding data
（１） Type of Data
Data are diverse in content and must be considered according to their content. There canbe many different ways to classify data, for example, structured or unstructured data. Anotherclassification is personal data (including personal information)/non-personal data in terms ofwhether or not special care is required in the acquisition and handling of information. Although
not all personal data is subject to the regulations of the Personal Data Protection Act or GDPR
(General Data Protection Regulation/EU General Data Protection Regulation), it is a usefulclassification in the sense that it provides an antenna to consider whether it is necessary to takemeasures in light of the regulations.
（２） Merits and limitations of protection by contract
Even if the data is not protected as a trade secret under the Unfair Competition
Prevention Act, if a confidentiality obligation is imposed on the subject data in the contract, abreach of the confidentiality obligation can be brought against the other party to the contract if
the other party violates the confidentiality obligation and discloses the data to a third party.
However, in principle, the contract is only effective between the contracting parties. If athird party who is not in a contractual relationship with the contracting party discloses the data,
the third party cannot be held liable for such disclosure, in principle, unless it satisfies therequirements of a trade secret under the Unfair Competition Prevention Law.
Therefore, when protection is to be provided by contract, it is necessary, of course, toensure that the content of the contract provides adequate protection, but it is also necessary tocarefully consider whether the parties to be bound by the contract are excessive or deficient.
Our firm also handles work related to the protection of big data as described above, andwe are happy to provide support from a legal perspective, so please feel free to contact us inthis regard.
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WriterKei IIDA
Attorney at Law[k_iida☆nakapat.gr.jp]

Naoki OKUMURA
Attorney at Law[n_okumura☆nakapat.gr.jp]

Kunimitsu Komatsu
Patent Attorney[Pat☆nakapat.gr.jp]

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