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319201_2000_1 | SEC | Public Domain | ITEM 1. BUSINESS
THE COMPANY
KLA-Tencor Corporation ("KLA-Tencor") is the world's leading supplier of process control and yield management solutions for the semiconductor and related microelectronics industries. Our comprehensive portfolio of products, software, analysis, services and expertise is designed to help integrated circuit manufacturers manage yield throughout the entire wafer fabrication process - from research and development to final mass production yield analysis.
We offer a broad spectrum of products and services that are used by every major semiconductor manufacturer in the world. These customers turn to us for in-line wafer defect
monitoring; reticle and photomask defect inspection; CD SEM metrology; wafer overlay; film and surface measurement; and overall yield and fab-wide data analysis. These advanced products, coupled with our unique yield management consulting practice, allow us to deliver the complete yield management solutions customers need to accelerate their yield learning rates, reduce their yield excursion risks and adopt industry-leading yield management practices.
KLA-Tencor Corporation was formed in April 1997 through the merger of KLA Instruments Corporation and Tencor Instruments, two long-time leaders in the semiconductor equipment industry, each with over 20 years of experience. KLA Instruments Corporation was incorporated in Delaware in July 1975 and Tencor Instruments in California in 1976. Effective April 30, 1997, Tencor Instruments merged into a wholly owned subsidiary of KLA Instruments Corporation. Immediately following this merger, KLA Instruments Corporation changed its name to KLA-Tencor Corporation.
During fiscal 2000, we acquired ACME Systems, Inc., FINLE Technologies, Inc. and Fab Solutions, a division of Object Space, Inc. For further details, see the section below entitled "Acquisitions."
INDUSTRY
General Background
The semiconductor fabrication process begins with a bare silicon wafer - - a round disk, six, eight or twelve inches in diameter, about as thick as a credit card and gray in color. The process of manufacturing wafers is in itself a high technology activity, involving the creation of large ingots of silicon by pulling them out of a vat of molten silicon. The ingots are then sliced into wafers and polished to a mirror finish on one surface, upon which the circuits are made.
The fabrication of an integrated circuit ("IC" or "chip") is accomplished by depositing a series of film layers upon a silicon wafer that act as conductors, semiconductors or insulators. The deposition of these film layers is interspersed with numerous other process steps that create circuit patterns, remove portions of the film layers, and perform other functions such as heat treatment, measurement and inspection. Most advanced chip designs require well over 300 individual steps, many of which are performed multiple times. Most chips consist of two main structures: the lower structure, typically consisting of transistors or capacitors, which performs the "smart" functions of the chip, and the upper structure, typically consisting of "interconnect" circuitry, which connects the components in the lower structure.
Current Trends
Several factors inherent in the semiconductor industry drive the critical need for comprehensive process control and yield management solutions. Among the most significant of these factors are: increasing device complexity, shrinking geometries, reduced product life cycles for the IC's being manufactured, and increased competition. Our key activities during fiscal year
involved development of process control and yield management equipment for smaller feature sizes, 300mm wafers and copper-based devices.
Today, manufacturers of advanced integrated circuits require systems capable of measurements smaller than 0.25 micron (approximately 1/300 the thickness of a human hair). At the same time, advanced manufacturing facilities are producing integrated circuits on silicon wafers measuring 300 millimeter in diameter. The complexity of the sub-micron semiconductor manufacturing process combined with the recent transition from aluminum to copper as the primary interconnect material in integrated circuits has caused dramatic growth in the demand for increasingly precise manufacturing process monitors. As a result, total yield management solutions play a more significant role in the semiconductor manufacturing process than in the past. With our portfolio of applications-focused technologies and our dedicated yield consulting expertise, we are in a unique position to be the single source for comprehensive yield management solutions.
The continuing evolution of semiconductor devices to smaller line width geometries and more complex multi-level circuitry has significantly increased the cost and the performance requirements of the capital equipment used to manufacture these devices. Construction of an advanced wafer fabrication facility can cost over $1 billion, a substantial increase over the cost of prior-generation facilities. As a result, there is a demand for increased productivity and higher returns from manufacturing equipment. Because our process monitoring and yield management equipment typically represent only a small percentage of the total investment required to build a fabrication facility, our customers are able to better leverage these increasingly expensive facilities and significantly improve their returns on investment.
Our Process Control and Yield Management Solutions
Accelerating the yield ramp and maximizing the production yields of high-performance devices are key goals of modern semiconductor manufacturing. Achieving higher yields faster and with higher performance characteristics increases the revenue a manufacturer can obtain from each semiconductor wafer. KLA-Tencor systems are used to analyze product and process quality all at critical points in the IC manufacturing process and provide feedback to our customers so that fabrication problems can be identified, addressed and eliminated. This ability to locate the source of defects and other process issues, as well as contain them, enables semiconductor manufacturers to increase yields and device value, thus maximizing return on investment and lowering manufacturing costs.
As design rules decrease, yields become more sensitive to the size and density of defects, while device performance characteristics become more sensitive to such parameters as linewidth, film thickness variation, and other factors. Semiconductor manufacturers use process monitoring and yield management systems to improve yields and device performance by identifying defects and other anomalies and analyzing them to determine process problems. After corrective action has been taken, subsequent results can be monitored to ensure that the problem has been contained. This monitoring and analysis takes place at various points in the fabrication process as wafers move through a production cycle.
The following are some of the methods used to accelerate yields and optimize device performance, all of which require the capture and analysis of data gathered through many measurements:
Engineering analysis: This method of analysis is performed off-line from the manufacturing process to identify, analyze and locate the source of defects or other manufacturing process issues. Engineering analysis equipment operates with very high sensitivity to enable comprehensive analysis of wafers. Because this method operates off of the manufacturing line, high operational speeds are not required.
In-line monitoring: This method of analysis is used to review the status of integrated circuits during production. Information generated is used to determine whether the fabrication process steps are within required tolerances. It is also used to make any necessary real-time process adjustments before wafer lots move to subsequent process stations. Because information related to defects is needed quickly, in-line monitoring requires both high throughput and high sensitivity.
Pass/fail tests: This method of analysis may be used at several different points in the manufacturing process to evaluate whether products meet performance specifications.
The most significant opportunities for yield and device performance improvement generally occur when production is started at new factories and when chips or wafers are first built. Equipment that helps a manufacturer quickly increase new product yields and optimize device performance enables the manufacturer to offer these new products in high volumes early in the product life cycle - the time when they are likely to generate the greatest profits.
KLA-Tencor is the leader in the design, manufacture, marketing and service of process monitoring and yield management systems for the semiconductor industry. Our technical expertise and understanding of customer needs enable us to provide unique yield management solutions and one of the broadest lines of process monitoring and yield management function systems available in the semiconductor industry. Our systems are used to analyze product and process quality at critical points in the IC manufacturing process and to provide feedback to our customers that can be used to identify, address, contain and eliminate fabrication problems. As a result, our customers may increase yields and device value, and may maximize their return on investment and lower their manufacturing costs.
PRODUCTS
We market and sell products to all major semiconductor IC manufacturers and semiconductor wafer manufacturers worldwide. We combine our hardware - consisting of patterned and unpatterned wafer inspection, optical overlay and e-beam metrology, reticle inspection, film measurement and surface metrology tools - with analysis and classification software, into process module control ("PMC") solutions. We offer a PMC solution optimized for each of the
manufacturing process cells - lithography, etch, deposition and chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) - used in IC production.
Our registered trademarks are: "KLA", "Tencor", "Surfscan," "KLA-Tencor," "Klarity" and "Quantox". "SEMSpec", "SP1", "CRS", "PMC-Net", "IMPACT", "SmartGallery", "pQC", "STARlight" and "iSupport" are among the other trademarks we maintain.
Wafer Inspection
Our inspection tools are used to detect, count, classify and characterize particles and pattern defects on wafers in off-line engineering applications and in-line at various stages during the semiconductor and wafer manufacturing processes. Wafer defect detection systems inspect wafers as they move between processing steps and detect defects and contaminants on both bare silicon and patterned silicon. We pioneered the market for automated defect inspection of semiconductor wafers over a decade ago. The KLA-Tencor solution includes all the tools necessary for our customers to detect, correlate and analyze defects and to determine and correct the cause of defects.
In 1992, we introduced the 21xx inspection system series, which provided the sensitivity required for the logic and repeating array portions of memory devices, as well as for microprocessors and other logic devices. Each new model of the 21xx series has provided greater sensitivity and throughput than its predecessor. In 1997, we introduced the model 2138, a new patterned wafer inspection system combining an ultra-broadband illumination source and significantly improved brightfield optics. In 1999, we introduced the model 2139, which extended the capability of the 21xx product line to 0.18-micron processes and incorporated additional sensitivity and ease-of-use enhancements. In July of 2000, we introduced the 2350, the first ultraviolet ("UV") inspection system to feature ultra-broadband brightfield illumination--enabling the resolution of circuit patterns and defects for 0.13-micron and smaller design rules. The 2350 delivers a two-fold increase in throughput over the previous generation 21xx platform.
In 1995, we introduced the AIT inspection system, a platform designed with high throughput and low cost of ownership ("CoO") for fast and accurate feedback on process tool performance as well as advanced line monitoring for films, chemical mechanical planarization ("CMP"), and non-critical etch and photo modules. The AIT uses darkfield technology, which is a low-angle illumination technique particularly effective for detecting defects on planar surfaces such as post-CMP wafers. In 1998, we introduced the AIT II, which expanded on the capability of the AIT through increased sensitivity and throughput. In July of 2000, we introduced the AIT III, providing high-throughput inspection with the increased sensitivity needed for 0.13-micron and smaller design rules.
In 1991, we introduced the SEMSpec(TM) system series, which provide a fully automatic e-beam defect inspection system. Scanning Electron Microscopes ("SEM") use an electron beam to image and measure surface features on a semiconductor wafer at a much higher resolution than images captured by optical microscopes. As the industry moves deeper into the sub-0.18-micron realm, SEM-based inspection becomes mandatory for accelerating yield ramps. In 1999, we developed the eS20, which has performance enhancements compared to the previous generation of e-
beam defect inspection systems. In July of 2000, we introduced the eS20XP, which delivers further improvements in sensitivity while increasing throughput.
In 1997, we introduced the Surfscan SP1(TM), which is used for bare wafer qualification, process monitoring and equipment monitoring. It provides the high sensitivity, fast throughput and low CoO required in a production environment, and is used in virtually all semiconductor manufacturing processes. The SP1 TBI ("Triple Beam Illumination") was introduced in 1998 and was designed with additional optical configurations needed to detect sub-micron defects on metal films and rough surfaces while still providing sensitivity below 0.1 micron on polished silicon. It is also used for detecting defects on non-uniform films, a critical requirement for CMP applications. In November of 1999, we introduced a Surface Nanotopography Measurement capability for the SP1, enhancing lithography and CMP process monitoring for 0.13-micron process development.
In 1999, we became the first to automate after-develop inspection ("ADI") for macro defects with the introduction of the 2401 macro defect inspection system. Designed to replace inefficient manual macro ADI, the 2401 is the industry's first fully automated inspection system able to detect and classify front-end macro lithographic defects, which are 50 microns and larger in size. Current manual ADI methods may capture only 20 percent of photo-related defects as a result of wafer complexity, background patterning noise and human boredom and fatigue. In contrast, the 2401 captures more than 90 percent of all critical macro ADI defects, while providing comprehensive defect classification and yield information to dramatically reduce scrap and enable continuous process improvements.
Our defect review capability includes optical confocal technology as well as e-beam for higher sensitivity. In 1995, we introduced the CRS(TM) optical review system, which offers high throughput and low CoO. In 2000, we introduced the eV300 defect review system, an advanced, automated SEM designed to gather defect excursion information, analyze and report the results with the improved sensitivity required at smaller design rules. The eV300 supplements optical review by providing topographical information, enabling more accurate defect classification than can be achieved by optical review systems alone.
We offer analysis systems comprised of hardware and software to translate raw inspection data into patterns that reveal process problems. Our software productivity and analysis systems capture, store and analyze data collected by inspection, measurement and test equipment to show defect trends and help semiconductor manufacturers develop long-term yield improvement strategies. In November of 1999, we introduced our PMC-Net(TM) software, the industry's first software solution to connect all yield, process and test-floor related data into a single, automated, customizable and easy-to-use data collection, analysis and reporting system. PMC-Net fully automates the yield management and process control functions throughout the fab, enabling semiconductor manufacturers to speed time to market and time to profit. The PMC-Net product line was enhanced in fiscal 2000 with a series of strategic acquisitions, including Taiwan-based ACME Systems, Inc., the world's leading supplier of yield correlation software; FINLE Technologies, the industry leader in simulation software to reduce lithography development time and cost; and Fab Solutions, a leading provider of advanced process control ("APC") software solutions for semiconductor manufacturing.
In 1997, we introduced IMPACT(TM) automated defect classification ("ADC"), enabling semiconductor manufacturers to utilize software systems both within and between fabrication facilities to accelerate the ramp to higher process yields. With IMPACT ADC, semiconductor manufacturers can develop a defect classification recipe on one system and then export it to any other system or fabrication facility running identical processes. In November of 1999, we introduced IMPACT XP, incorporating improved optics support and a new SmartGallery(TM) setup tool, which reduces the setup time associated with ADC implementation in fabs by as much as 70 percent. This is a critical requirement, particularly for foundries and application specific integrated circuit ("ASIC") manufacturers, who specialize in short runs of multiple products. In July of 2000, we introduced IMPACT SEM XP, bringing to our eV300 SEM review tool the same production-proven ADC capabilities already implemented on our high-resolution optical wafer inspection platforms. With these new capabilities, customers can optimize the eV300 for use in classifying and reviewing the extremely small defects associated with advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes, including 0.13-micron and smaller design rules, thus dramatically reducing the CoO of SEM review.
"Run-time classification" ("RTC") capability, first introduced on both the AIT II and 2139 products, continues to be a critical feature on all of our next-generation optical inspection tools, including the AIT III and 2350. RTC provides classification and binning of defect types in real time during inspection, thus providing better organized information in less time and at a lower cost.
All of these tools and software--together with our yield management expertise--comprise our integrated Defect Reduction and Control Solution. This integrated yield management approach provides semiconductor device manufacturers with a comprehensive tool set providing accelerated attainment of yield goals.
Optical Overlay and E-Beam Metrology
The critical dimension ("CD") of a semiconductor device refers to a circuit line, element, or feature that must be manufactured to tight specifications. Semiconductor circuits can be very sensitive to the widths of their features. Even small variations can affect the speed of the circuit, or whether the circuit works at all. Control of linewidth errors is critical to the manufacturing process. Our CD SEM metrology systems measure selected linewidth features on a chip, thus enabling control of the manufacturing process. Decreasing linewidths, larger die sizes and additional layers also affect the tolerances for layer-to-layer matching ("Overlay"). Overlay mis-registration errors are a crucial cause of yield loss. Our metrology systems measure the alignment between different layers of the semiconductor device.
In 1999, we introduced the 8100XP CD SEM, designed to address the new metrology challenges associated with manufacturing ICs with 0.18-micron and smaller design rules. Providing maximum flexibility for both photomask manufacturers and advanced lithography development fabs, the 8100XP is the only CD SEM that can measure both reticles and wafers without requiring any hardware or software changeover. In November of 1999, we enhanced our 8100 CD SEM family with our new Pattern Quality Confirmation ("pQC"(TM)) software. With pQC, the 8100 CD SEM family combines in-line, real-time metrology with process inspection, enabling the detection of systematic lithography and etch related problems that can go undetected by traditional CD SEM
measurements. In June of 2000, we introduced our latest generation CD SEMs, the 8200 series (for 200 mm wafers) and the 8300 series (for 300 mm wafers). These tools combine high throughput, advanced imaging, superior measurement precision and enhanced productivity capabilities in a new Windows NT-based platform.
To address the challenges presented by overlay mis-registration, we offer the 5000 series metrology systems for overlay measurement. The measurement algorithms for the 5000 series are more tolerant of process and substrate reflectivity variations than other optical systems. Based on these measurements, users can fine-tune the stepper program to compensate for these errors and improve process yield. In 1999, we introduced the 5300 overlay system, which has performance enhancements compared to the previous generation of tools and is designed to handle both 200 mm and 300 mm wafers.
Reticle Inspection
Our reticle inspection systems look for possible defects that could be transmitted to the design pattern on the wafer. Reticles are high precision quartz plates that contain microscopic images of electronic circuits. These reticles are used to transfer circuit patterns onto wafers to fabricate ICs. Error-free reticles are the first step in ensuring high yields in the manufacturing process because defects in reticles can be replicated on wafers. We pioneered the market for automated inspection of reticles and photomasks for the semiconductor manufacturing industry over two decades ago and continue to be a market leader.
Our 3XX product family incorporates both a reference database generator and a data preparation system, which give full die-to-database functionality to the inspection. This permits inspection against the ideal reticle pattern as specified by the user's CAD program. We have continued to develop enhancements to the 3XX to improve performance, serviceability and reliability. In 1997, we introduced two new reticle and photomask inspection enhancements, the Advanced Performance Algorithm and the STARlight(TM) high resolution option. These enhancements enable highly accurate and reliable inspection of next-generation sub-0.25-micron reticles, including reticles with complex optical proximity correction geometries. In July of 1999, we introduced the 365UV-HR, a new high numerical aperture ("NA") reticle pattern inspection tool for deep ultraviolet ("DUV"), sub-wavelength lithography. The industry's most sensitive UV reticle inspection tool available today, the 365UV-HR provides the advanced reticle inspection capabilities necessary for both high-volume manufacturing of 0.18-micron devices and early development of 0.13-micron processes. We are currently in a joint-development program with SEMATECH to develop the family of next-generation reticle inspection products designed for the needs of 0.13-micron production and 0.10-micron development. We expect these products to be introduced in the fall of 2000.
Film Measurement
Our film measurement products measure a variety of optical and electrical properties of thin films. These products are used to control a wide range of wafer fabrication steps, where within-wafer and wafer-to-wafer uniformity of the process is of paramount importance to semiconductor
manufacturers - enabling them to achieve high device performance characteristics at the lowest possible cost.
In 1995, we introduced the UV-1250SE, which brought a powerful new technology to production, called spectroscopic ellipsometry. Next came the ASET-F5, our third generation spectroscopic ellipsometry tool, which addresses the difficult film measurement needs that come from the continuing evolution of film development driven by shorter linewidths. In 1999, we introduced an enhanced version of our award-winning ASET-F5 thin film measurement system, known as the ASET-F5x. It incorporates a single wavelength ellipsometry ("SWE") option to complement the industry-leading spectroscopic ellipsometry ("SE") and dual-beam spectrophotometry ("DBS") technologies incorporated in the ASET-F5. These combined capabilities provide the accuracy, repeatability and system-to-system matching required for the production of advanced ICs with geometries as small as 0.1 micron. In addition, the ASET-F5x is a bridge tool capable of handling either 200 mm or 300 mm wafers.
Our Quantox(R) product is a non-contact, electrical performance metrology system for gate dielectric films. Gate dielectric quality is critical to the speed and reliability of an IC. Quantox(R) measures key parameters such as contamination and oxide thickness used for gate dielectric process control to help maximize device yield.
Surface Metrology
Our Stylus profilers measure the surface topography of films and etched surfaces and are used in basic research and development as well as semiconductor production and quality control. We recently introduced the next generation of the award-winning HRP(R) high resolution profiler. This system combines the dishing and erosion measurement capabilities of our long-scan profilers with high aspect ratio etched feature measurement capability historically limited to atomic force microscopes. This allows customers to monitor their critical etch processes such as shallow trench isolation and dual-damascene via/trench. In addition, we produce stress measurement systems, which detect reliability-related problems such as film cracking, voiding and lifting.
CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SUPPORT
We enhance the value of our products through our Customer Service and Support services, which provide comprehensive worldwide service and support across all KLA-Tencor product lines. We also offer a yield management consulting service to improve our customers' return on investment.
Our customer support organization is responsible for much of the support of our customers following the shipment of the equipment and software, including on-site repair, telephone support, system installation, relocation services, and selected post-sales applications. We also offer iSupport(TM), a fast, comprehensive and secure on-line customer support offering that enables KLA-Tencor's technical support and applications engineers to remotely access data from KLA-Tencor tools and operate them in real time to diagnose and rapidly resolve problems when they occur - all via a secure on-line connection controller by the customer at all times. Our Worldwide Support
Operations Educational Services offers a comprehensive selection of technical courses from maintenance and service training to basic and advanced applications and operation. We offer standard and customized courses for individuals and groups both at the user's location and in one of our three training facilities. We also offer self-paced learning packages, including video, computer-based training and study plans.
In addition, we provide yield management consulting practice, which provides the systems, software and yield management expertise to speed the implementation of customers' yield improvement programs. This practice provides a broad range of services and support, including new fab yield management solution planning, factory and field customer applications training, dedicated ramp management support, integrated yield management consulting/applications support for effective solution implementation, and regional customer response centers with remote-access diagnostics. Use of our consulting practice provides accelerated yield learning rates and improved device performance for maximum return on investment.
CUSTOMERS
To support our growing, global customer base, we maintain a significant presence throughout the United States, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Japan, staffed with local sales and applications engineers, customer and field service engineers and yield management consultants. We count among our largest customers leading semiconductor manufacturers from each of these regions. In fiscal 2000, 1999 and 1998, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenues.
Our business depends upon the capital expenditures of semiconductor manufacturers, which in turn depend on the current and anticipated market demand for integrated circuits and products utilizing integrated circuits. We do not consider our business to be seasonal in nature, but it is cyclical with respect to the capital equipment procurement practices of semiconductor manufacturers and is impacted by the investment patterns of such manufacturers in different global markets. Downturns in the semiconductor industry or slowdowns in the worldwide economy could have a material adverse effect on our future business and financial results.
SALES, SERVICE AND MARKETING
Our sales, service and marketing efforts are focused on building long-term relationships with our customers. We focus on providing a single and comprehensive resource for the full breadth of process control and yield management products and services. Customers benefit from the simplified planning and coordination, as well as the increased equipment compatibility found when dealing with a single supplier. Our revenues are derived primarily from product sales, principally through our direct sales force and - to a lesser extent - through distributors.
We believe that the size and location of our field sales, service and applications engineering, and marketing organizations represent a competitive advantage in our served markets. We have direct sales forces in the U.S., Europe, Asia-Pacific and Japan. We maintain an export compliance program that is designed to fully meet the requirements of the U.S. Departments of Commerce and State.
Our facilities throughout the world employ over 2,200 sales personnel, service engineers and applications engineers. We maintain sales and service offices throughout the U.S. In addition, we have wholly-owned subsidiaries or branches of U.S. subsidiaries in Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, China, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Israel for marketing, sales and service of our products. International sales accounted for approximately 70%, 60%, and 56% of our revenues in fiscal 2000, 1999, and 1998 respectively. Additional information regarding our revenues from foreign operations for our last three fiscal years is incorporated by reference from Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements found under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We believe that sales outside the U.S. will continue to be a significant percentage of our revenues. Our future performance will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to compete successfully in Asia, one of the largest markets for the sale of yield management services in process monitoring equipment. Our ability to compete in this area is dependent upon the continuation of favorable trading relationships between countries in the region (especially Japan, Taiwan and Korea) and the United States, and our continuing ability to maintain satisfactory relationships with leading semiconductor companies in the region.
International sales and operations may be adversely affected by imposition of governmental controls, restrictions on export technology, political instability, trade restrictions, changes in tariffs and the difficulties associated with staffing and managing international operations. In addition, international sales may be adversely affected by the economic conditions in each country. The revenues from our international business may also be affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Although we attempt to manage near term currency risks through "hedging," there can be no assurance that such efforts will be adequate. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our future business and financial results.
BACKLOG
Our backlog for systems totaled $982 million at June 30, 2000, compared to $449 million at June 30, 1999. We expect to fill the present backlog of orders during fiscal 2001; however, all orders are subject to cancellation or delay by the customer with limited or no penalty. Due to possible customer changes in delivery schedules and to cancellation of orders, our backlog at any particular date is not necessarily indicative of actual sales for any succeeding period.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The market for yield management and process monitoring systems is characterized by rapid technological development and product innovation. These technical innovations are inherently complex and require long development cycles and appropriate professional staffing. We believe continued and timely development of new products and enhancements to existing products are necessary to maintain our competitive position. Accordingly, we devote a significant portion of our human and financial resources to research and development programs and seek to maintain close relationships with customers to remain responsive to their needs. As part of our customer
relationships, we may enter into certain strategic development and engineering programs whereby our customers offset certain of our research and development costs.
Key activities during fiscal year 2000 involved development of process control and yield management equipment for smaller feature sizes, copper-based devices and 300mm wafers. For information regarding our research and development expenses during the last three fiscal years, including costs offset by our strategic development and engineering programs, see Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In order to meet continuing developments in the semiconductor industry, we are committed to significant engineering efforts toward both product improvement and new product development. New product introductions may contribute to fluctuations in operating results, since customers may defer ordering existing products. If new products have reliability or quality problems, those problems may result in reduced orders, higher manufacturing costs, delays in acceptance of and payment for new products and additional service and warranty expenses. On occasion, we have experienced reliability and quality problems in connection with certain product introductions, resulting in some of these consequences. There can be no assurance that we will successfully develop and manufacture new hardware and software products, or that new hardware and software products introduced by us will be accepted in the marketplace. If we do not successfully introduce new products, our results of operations will be affected adversely.
MANUFACTURING, RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
We perform system design, assembly and testing in-house and utilize an outsourcing strategy for the manufacture of components and major subassemblies. Our in-house manufacturing activities consist primarily of assembling and testing components and subassemblies that are acquired through third-party vendors and integrating those subassemblies into our finished products. Our principal manufacturing activities take place in San Jose and Milpitas, California, with additional operations in Bedford, Massachusetts and Migdal Ha'Emek, Israel. We employ approximately 1,350 manufacturing and 1,350 engineering personnel.
Many of the parts, components and subassemblies (collectively "parts") are standard commercial products, although certain items are made to KLA-Tencor specifications. We use numerous vendors to supply parts for the manufacture and support of our products. Although we make reasonable efforts to ensure that these parts are available from multiple suppliers, this is not always possible; and certain parts included in our systems may be obtained only from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers. We endeavor to minimize the risk of production interruption by selecting and qualifying alternative suppliers for key parts, by monitoring the financial condition of key suppliers and by ensuring adequate inventories of key parts are available to maintain manufacturing schedules.
Although we seek to reduce our dependence on sole and limited source suppliers, in some cases the partial or complete loss of certain of these sources could disrupt scheduled deliveries to
customers and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and damage customer relationships.
COMPETITION
The worldwide market for process control and yield management systems is highly competitive. In each of our product markets, we face competition from established and potential competitors, some of which may have greater financial, research, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources than us, such as Applied Materials, Inc. and Hitachi Electronics Engineering Co., Ltd. We may also face future competition from new market entrants from other overseas and domestic sources. We expect our competitors to continue to improve the design and performance of their current products and processes and to introduce new products and processes with improved price and performance characteristics. We believe that to remain competitive, we will require significant financial resources to offer a broad range of products, to maintain customer service and support centers worldwide and to invest in product and process research and development.
Significant competitive factors in the market for process control and yield management systems include system performance, ease of use, reliability, installed base and technical service and support. We believe that, while price and delivery are important competitive factors, the customers' overriding requirement is for systems which easily and effectively incorporate automated and highly accurate inspection and metrology capabilities into their existing manufacturing processes, thereby enhancing productivity.
Our process control and yield management systems for the semiconductor industry are intended to compete based upon performance and technical capabilities. These systems may compete with less expensive and more labor-intensive manual inspection devices.
Management believes that KLA-Tencor is a strong competitor with respect to both its products and services. However, any loss of competitive position could negatively impact our prices, customer orders, revenues, gross margins, and market share, any of which would negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.
ACQUISITIONS
We continue to pursue a course of strategic acquisitions and alliances to expand our technologies, product offerings and distribution capabilities. In fiscal 2000, we acquired two companies and a division of a third company to further our position in key markets and technologies:
We acquired ACME Systems, Inc., a leading supplier of yield engineering analysis software used to correlate electrical test and wafer sort yield data with in-line Work In Process and Metrology Data.
We acquired FINLE Technologies, Inc., which supplies lithography modeling and data analysis software which enables semiconductor manufacturers to speed development of advanced lithography processes required to develop and produce integrated circuits with 0.13 micron and smaller geometrics.
We acquired Fab Solutions, a division of ObjectSpace, Inc., which provides advanced process control software solutions for semiconductor manufacturing, enabling yield and process engineers to respond to the major yield-impacting parametric data in a fab in near-real time.
The financial position and results of operations of all three acquisitions were immaterial in relation to those of KLA-Tencor and each transaction was accounted for as a purchase. Further details of these acquisitions are incorporated by reference from Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements found under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including management issues and costs in connection with integration of the operations, technologies, and products of the acquired companies, possible write-downs of impaired assets, and the potential loss of key employees of the acquired companies. The inability to manage these risks effectively could negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.
PATENTS AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
We protect our proprietary technology through reliance on a variety of intellectual property laws, including patent, copyright and trade secrets. We have filed and obtained a number of patents in the United States and abroad and intend to continue to pursue the legal protection of our technology through intellectual property laws. In addition, from time to time we acquire license rights under U.S. and foreign patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.
Due to the rapid pace of innovation within the process control and yield management systems industry, management believes that our protection of patent and other intellectual property rights is less important than factors such as our technological expertise, continuing development of new systems, market penetration, installed base and the ability to provide comprehensive support and service to customers.
No assurance can be given that patents will be issued on any of our applications, that license assignments will be made as anticipated or that our patents, licenses or other proprietary rights will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. No assurance can be given that any patents issued to or licensed by us will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented or that the rights granted thereunder will provide us with a competitive advantage. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect our technology or that competitors will not be able to independently develop similar or functionally competitive technology.
EMPLOYEES
As of June 30, 2000, we employed a total of approximately 5,800 persons. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have experienced no work stoppages and believe that our employee relations are good.
Competition is intense in the recruiting of personnel in the semiconductor and semiconductor equipment industry. We believe that our future success will depend in part on our continued ability to hire and retain qualified management, marketing and technical employees.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
KLA-Tencor operates in a number of locations worldwide. In fiscal 2000, we had one significant real estate transaction:
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2000, we announced an agreement to purchase up to 43 acres of land in Livermore, California, to build a new campus. The campus will initially include two new 120,000-square-foot buildings dedicated to manufacturing and customer service with a plan to build four additional buildings on the campus over the next five years. Construction on the new campus is scheduled to begin during the first quarter of fiscal 2001. Further details of this new campus are incorporated by reference from Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements found under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Information regarding our principal properties at June 30, 2000 is set forth below:
We also lease office space for other, smaller sales and service offices in several locations throughout the world. Our operating leases expire at various times through June 30, 2012 with renewal options at the fair market value for additional periods up to five years. Detail of these leases is incorporated by reference from Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements found under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are named from time to time as a party to lawsuits in the normal course of our business. Litigation, in general, and intellectual property and securities litigation in particular, can be expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. We believe that we have defenses in each of the cases set forth below and are vigorously contesting each of these matters.
Therma-Wave, Inc.
Therma-Wave I: On September 3, 1998, we initiated a patent infringement suit against Therma-Wave, Inc. alleging that certain products manufactured by Therma-Wave infringe a patent relating to film thickness measuring technology. On January 14, 1999, Therma-Wave filed a counterclaim against KLA-Tencor for patent infringement with respect to one of its thin film technology patents. We believe that the allegations contained in the counterclaim are unfounded and intend to vigorously defend our position, and we have meritorious defenses to those counterclaims. We believe that even if the outcome of the litigation is adverse to us it will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Therma-Wave II: On July 22, 1999, we filed a second action against Therma-Wave in which we alleged that Therma-Wave infringes another patent relating to thin film thickness measuring technology. We are seeking damages and an injunction to stop the sale of the equipment that employs the infringing technology. On October 25, 1999, Therma-Wave filed a counterclaim against KLA-Tencor for patent infringement with respect to two patents relating to optical measurement systems. The counterclaim also includes allegations that KLA-Tencor engaged in a pattern of conduct designed to disparage and improperly damage Therma-Wave. We believe that the allegations contained in the counterclaim are unfounded, we intend to vigorously defend our position, and we have meritorious defenses to those counterclaims. We believe that the outcome
from such litigation, even if adverse to us, would not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Schlumberger, Inc. and Rigg Systems
On August 30,1999, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit in which Schlumberger, Inc. alleges trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition and trade slander. On July 21, 2000, the court granted our motion for summary judgment dismissing the case. Schlumberger, Inc. subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration of that dismissal and we are awaiting a ruling on that motion. Although the outcome of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that this legal matter will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition even if plaintiff prevails. On January 26, 2000, we filed a complaint against Philip Rigg, RIGG Systems and Schlumberger, Inc. for misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, interference with contract, and unfair competition. The defendants filed cross-complaints on June 5, 2000 asserting various statutory and common law theories. Although the outcome of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that this legal matter will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations even if the plaintiff prevails.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
None.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
KLA-Tencor's common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market and is quoted on the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol KLAC. The price per share reflected in the following table represents the range of high and low closing prices for our common stock on the NASDAQ National Market for the periods indicated.
The stock prices shown above have been restated to reflect KLA-Tencor's two-for-one stock dividend, effective January 18, 2000.
As of September 1, 2000, there were 1,434 shareholders of record of the Company's common stock. The closing price for the Company's common stock as reported by the NASDAQ National Market as of the close of business on September 1, 2000 was $66 13/16 per share.
The Company has never paid cash dividends to its stockholders and does not presently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following tables reflect selected consolidated summary financial data for each of the last five fiscal years. This data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and with Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(1) Excludes non-recurring acquisition, merger and restructuring charges/(credits) of $61 million, $22 million, $43 million and $(5) million in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively.
The per share data shown above have been restated to reflect KLA-Tencor's two-for-one stock dividend, effective January 18, 2000.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL CONDITION
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements which involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual
results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward looking statements as a result of certain factors, including but not limited to those discussed in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We enjoyed a strong fiscal 2000, with record bookings and revenues in both the third and fourth quarters of the year. The upturn in the semiconductor industry, which began in the latter half of fiscal 1999, continued throughout fiscal 2000. With the increasing affordability of personal computers and the growing demand to get online, computer hardware manufacturers, including personal computers and servers, continued their growth in both shipments and revenues. In addition, the telecommunications industry saw an increase in demand for its products, including software-enhanced wireless communications and internet-access products. This increased demand was further enhanced by a strong economic recovery in the Asia-Pacific region. This overall increase in demand caused price increases in the semiconductor industry and resulted in semiconductor manufacturers increasing capital spending not only to expand capacity in foundries to meet the increased demand for computer products, but also to implement processes that incorporate the latest in technological advances, including the adoption of deep sub-quarter micron technologies (0.13), the transition to copper dual damascene structures (copper technology) and the transition to 300mm wafers.
We experienced increased order levels across almost all products as a result of the increased capital spending by major semiconductor manufacturers, with our wafer inspection area benefiting the most. Geographically, all regions saw increases in bookings during the year, with the most pronounced improvements in the United States, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
Our financial position has remained strong throughout fiscal 2000 and we continue to have no long-term debt. We have continued our new product development by investment in leading edge technologies and by strategic acquisitions. These investments should position our extensive product line to address the critical initiatives that are key to our customers.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20067 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Contact Form\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2016-04-13 15:17+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2016-04-13 15:17+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: plugin@bestwebsoft.com <plugin@bestwebsoft.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Feliks <feliks@veebimeister.com>\n"
"Language: ca_ES\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"X-Poedit-KeywordsList: __;_e\n"
"X-Poedit-Basepath: ..\n"
"X-Poedit-SourceCharset: UTF-8\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
"X-Poedit-SearchPath-0: .\n"
#: contact_form.php:37 contact_form.php:1019
msgid "Contact Form Settings"
msgstr "Contact Form seaded"
#: contact_form.php:37
msgid "Contact Form"
msgstr "Contact Form"
#: contact_form.php:165 contact_form.php:1553 contact_form.php:1587
msgid "Name:"
msgstr "Nimi:"
#: contact_form.php:166 contact_form.php:1554 contact_form.php:1588
msgid "Address:"
msgstr "Aadress:"
#: contact_form.php:167 contact_form.php:1555 contact_form.php:1589
msgid "Email Address:"
msgstr "E-maili aadress:"
#: contact_form.php:168 contact_form.php:1556 contact_form.php:1590
msgid "Phone number:"
msgstr "Telefoni number:"
#: contact_form.php:169 contact_form.php:1557 contact_form.php:1591
msgid "Subject:"
msgstr "Pealkiri:"
#: contact_form.php:170 contact_form.php:1558 contact_form.php:1592
msgid "Message:"
msgstr "Sõnum:"
#: contact_form.php:171 contact_form.php:1559 contact_form.php:1593
msgid "Attachment:"
msgstr "Manus:"
#: contact_form.php:172
msgid ""
"Supported file types: HTML, TXT, CSS, GIF, PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, BMP, AI, "
"EPS, PS, CSV, RTF, PDF, DOC, DOCX, XLS, XLSX, ZIP, RAR, WAV, MP3, PPT."
msgstr ""
"Toetatud failitüübid: HTML, TXT, CSS, GIF, PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, BMP, AI, "
"EPS, PS, CSV, RTF, PDF, DOC, DOCX, XLS, XLSX, ZIP, RAR, WAV, MP3, PPT."
#: contact_form.php:173 contact_form.php:1561 contact_form.php:1595
msgid "Send me a copy"
msgstr "Saada mulle koopia"
#: contact_form.php:174 contact_form.php:1562 contact_form.php:1596
msgid "Submit"
msgstr "Saada"
#: contact_form.php:175
msgid "Your name is required."
msgstr "Sinu nimi on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:176
msgid "Address is required."
msgstr "Aadress on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:177
msgid "A valid email address is required."
msgstr "Korrektne e-mail on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:178
msgid "Phone number is required."
msgstr "Telefoni number on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:179
msgid "Subject is required."
msgstr "Pealkiri on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:180
msgid "Message text is required."
msgstr "Sõnumi tekst on kohustuslik."
#: contact_form.php:181
msgid "File format is not valid."
msgstr "Failiformaat pole toetatud."
#: contact_form.php:182
msgid "File upload error."
msgstr "Error faili üles laadimisel."
#: contact_form.php:183
msgid "The file could not be uploaded."
msgstr "Faili ei saanud üles laadida."
#: contact_form.php:184
msgid "This file is too large."
msgstr "See fail on liiga suur."
#: contact_form.php:185
msgid "Please fill out the CAPTCHA."
msgstr "Palun täida CAPTCHA."
#: contact_form.php:186
msgid "Please make corrections below and try again."
msgstr "Palun tee allolevad parandused ja proovi uuesti."
#: contact_form.php:188
msgid "Thank you for contacting us."
msgstr "Tänan meiega kontakteerumast."
#: contact_form.php:682 contact_form.php:995
msgid "Settings saved."
msgstr "Seaded salvestatud."
#: contact_form.php:935
msgid ""
"Email 'FROM' field option was changed, which may cause email messages being "
"moved to the spam folder or email delivery failures."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:945
msgid ""
"If the 'Redirect to page' option is selected then the URL field should be in "
"the following format"
msgstr ""
"Kui 'Suuna lehele' valik on aktiveeritud, siis URL-i väli peab olema "
"järgnevas formaadis"
#: contact_form.php:954
msgid "Such user does not exist."
msgstr "Sellist kasutajat ei eksisteeri. "
#: contact_form.php:964
msgid ""
"Please enter a valid email address in the 'Use this email address' field."
msgstr "Palun sisesta 'Kellelt' väljale korrektne e-maili aadress. "
#: contact_form.php:972
msgid "Please enter a valid email address in the 'FROM' field."
msgstr "Palun sisesta 'Kellelt' väljale korrektne e-maili aadress. "
#: contact_form.php:997
msgid "Settings are not saved."
msgstr "Seaded pole salvestatud."
#: contact_form.php:1016
msgid "All plugin settings were restored."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1021
msgid "How to Use Step-by-step Instruction"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1024 contact_form.php:3022 contact_form.php:3036
msgid "Settings"
msgstr "Seaded"
#: contact_form.php:1025
#, fuzzy
msgid "Additional settings"
msgstr "Opcions addicionals"
#: contact_form.php:1026
msgid "Appearance"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1027
msgid "Go PRO"
msgstr "Telli PRO"
#: contact_form.php:1033
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Please enable JavaScript to add language in the contact form, change the "
"names of the contact form fields and error messages."
msgstr "Muuda kontakti vormi väljade ja error-sõnumite nimesid"
#: contact_form.php:1033 contact_form.php:1719 contact_form.php:1728
msgid "Form layout"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1033 contact_form.php:1719 contact_form.php:1740
#, fuzzy
msgid "Submit position"
msgstr "'Saada' nupp"
#: contact_form.php:1045
msgid "Notice:"
msgstr "Märkus:"
#: contact_form.php:1049
msgid "NEW_FORM"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1050
msgid ""
"If you want to create multiple contact forms, please install the Contact "
"Form Multi plugin."
msgstr ""
"Kui soovid sisestada mitut kontaktivormi, siis installi Contact Form Multi "
"plugin."
#: contact_form.php:1059
#, fuzzy, php-format
msgid ""
"If you would like to add a Contact Form to your page or post, please use %s "
"button"
msgstr ""
"Kui soovid lisada kontakti vormi oma kodulehele, siis lihtsalt kopeeri see "
"lühikood oma postitusele või lehele või moodulile:"
#: contact_form.php:1065
#, php-format
msgid ""
"You can add the Contact Form to your page or post by clicking on %s button "
"in the content edit block using the Visual mode. If the button isn't "
"displayed, please use the shortcode %s or %s where * stands for Contact Form "
"language."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1074
msgid ""
"If you leave the fields empty, the messages will be sent to the email "
"address specified during registration."
msgstr ""
"Kui sa jätad selle välja tühjaks, siis sõnumid saadetakse registreerumisel "
"antud e-maili aadressile."
#: contact_form.php:1077
msgid "The user's email address:"
msgstr "Kasutaja e-maili aadress:"
#: contact_form.php:1081
#, fuzzy
msgid "Select a username"
msgstr "Loo kasutajanimi"
#: contact_form.php:1094
msgid ""
"Enter a username of the person who should get the messages from the contact "
"form."
msgstr ""
"Sisesta selle isiku kasutajanimi, kes peaks saama sõnumid kontaktivormilt."
#: contact_form.php:1098
msgid "Use this email address:"
msgstr "Kasuta seda e-maili aadressi:"
#: contact_form.php:1102
msgid "Enter the email address you want the messages forwarded to."
msgstr ""
"Introdueixi una adreça de correu electrònic on vulgui re-enviar el missatge"
#: contact_form.php:1109 contact_form.php:1475 contact_form.php:1667
#: contact_form.php:1755 contact_form.php:3116
msgid "Close"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1113
msgid "Add department selectbox to the contact form:"
msgstr "Lisa valikukast kontakti vormile:"
#: contact_form.php:1121 contact_form.php:1484 contact_form.php:1686
#: contact_form.php:1961
msgid "If you upgrade to Pro version all your settings will be saved."
msgstr "Kui sa lähed üle Pro versioonile, siis kõik seaded salvestatakse."
#: contact_form.php:1128 contact_form.php:1395 contact_form.php:1489
#: contact_form.php:1693 contact_form.php:1968
#, fuzzy
msgid "Unlock premium options by upgrading to Pro version"
msgstr "Telli PRO versioon ja ava premium valikud."
#: contact_form.php:1131 contact_form.php:1398 contact_form.php:1492
#: contact_form.php:1696 contact_form.php:1971 contact_form.php:3327
msgid "Learn More"
msgstr "Uuri lähemalt"
#: contact_form.php:1139
msgid "Save emails to the database"
msgstr "Salvesta e-mailid andmebaasi"
#: contact_form.php:1144
msgid "Using"
msgstr "Kasutan"
#: contact_form.php:1147 contact_form.php:1151
#, fuzzy
msgid "Using Contact Form to DB by BestWebSoft"
msgstr "Kontakti vorm andmebaasi on loonud"
#: contact_form.php:1147
msgid "Activate"
msgstr "Aktiveeri"
#: contact_form.php:1151
msgid "Download"
msgstr "Descarregar"
#: contact_form.php:1161
msgid "What to use?"
msgstr "Mida kasutada?"
#: contact_form.php:1166
msgid "Wp-mail"
msgstr "Wp-mail"
#: contact_form.php:1168
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can use the Wordpress wp_mail function for mailing"
msgstr "Võid kasutada wp_mail funktsiooni e-mailide saatmiseks"
#: contact_form.php:1171
msgid "Mail"
msgstr "E-mail"
#: contact_form.php:1173
#, fuzzy
msgid "You can use the PHP mail function for mailing"
msgstr "Võid kasutada wp_mail funktsiooni e-mailide saatmiseks"
#: contact_form.php:1178
msgid "'FROM' field"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1180 contact_form.php:1239 contact_form.php:1827
#: contact_form.php:2808 contact_form.php:2844
msgid "Name"
msgstr "Nimi"
#: contact_form.php:1183
msgid "User name"
msgstr "Kasutaja nimi"
#: contact_form.php:1185
msgid ""
"The name of the user who fills the form will be used in the field 'From'."
msgstr "Kasutaja nime (kes täidab vormi) kasutatakse 'Kellelt' väljal."
#: contact_form.php:1190 contact_form.php:2819 contact_form.php:2851
msgid "Email"
msgstr "E-mail"
#: contact_form.php:1193
msgid "User email"
msgstr "Kasutaja e-mail"
#: contact_form.php:1195
msgid ""
"The email address of the user who fills the form will be used in the field "
"'From'."
msgstr ""
"Selle kasutaja, kes täidab vormi, e-maili aadressi kasutatakse 'Kellelt' "
"väljal."
#: contact_form.php:1198
msgid ""
"If this option is changed, email messages may be moved to the spam folder or "
"email delivery failures may occur."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1204
msgid "Required symbol"
msgstr "Nõutud sümbol"
#: contact_form.php:1214
msgid "Fields"
msgstr "Väljad"
#: contact_form.php:1215 contact_form.php:1242 contact_form.php:1269
#: contact_form.php:1289 contact_form.php:1328 contact_form.php:1413
msgid "Used"
msgstr "Kasutatud"
#: contact_form.php:1216 contact_form.php:1231 contact_form.php:1246
#: contact_form.php:1273 contact_form.php:1293 contact_form.php:1306
#: contact_form.php:1332 contact_form.php:1345 contact_form.php:1369
msgid "Required"
msgstr "Nõutud"
#: contact_form.php:1218 contact_form.php:1251 contact_form.php:1311
#: contact_form.php:1350 contact_form.php:1374
msgid "Visible"
msgstr "Nähtav"
#: contact_form.php:1219 contact_form.php:1255 contact_form.php:1315
#: contact_form.php:1354 contact_form.php:1378
msgid "Disabled for editing"
msgstr "Toimetamiseks välja lülitatud"
#: contact_form.php:1220 contact_form.php:1279 contact_form.php:1358
#: contact_form.php:1382
msgid "Field's default value"
msgstr "Välja vaikeseades väärtus"
#: contact_form.php:1227
#, fuzzy
msgid "Department selectbox"
msgstr "Asukoha valik"
#: contact_form.php:1259
msgid "Use User's name as a default value if the user is logged in."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1260 contact_form.php:1320
msgid ""
"'Visible' and 'Disabled for editing' options will be applied only to logged-"
"in users."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1266
msgid "Location selectbox"
msgstr "Asukoha valik"
#: contact_form.php:1286 contact_form.php:1832 contact_form.php:2814
#: contact_form.php:2848
msgid "Address"
msgstr "Aadress"
#: contact_form.php:1302
msgid "Email Address"
msgstr "E-maili aadress"
#: contact_form.php:1319
msgid "Use User's email as a default value if the user is logged in."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1325
msgid "Phone number"
msgstr "Telefoni number"
#: contact_form.php:1341 contact_form.php:1847 contact_form.php:2829
#: contact_form.php:2857
msgid "Subject"
msgstr "Pealkiri"
#: contact_form.php:1365 contact_form.php:1851 contact_form.php:2832
#: contact_form.php:2859
msgid "Message"
msgstr "Sõnum"
#: contact_form.php:1406
msgid "Attachment block"
msgstr "Manuste blokk"
#: contact_form.php:1408
msgid "Users can attach the following file formats"
msgstr "Kasutajad saavad lisada manuseid järgnevates formaatides"
#: contact_form.php:1426
msgid "Add to the form"
msgstr "Lisa vormile"
#: contact_form.php:1431
msgid "Tips below the Attachment"
msgstr "Vihjed manuse alla"
#: contact_form.php:1440
msgid "'Send me a copy' block"
msgstr "'Saada mulle koopia' blokk"
#: contact_form.php:1452
#, fuzzy
msgid "Activate Subscriber"
msgstr "Plugin activat"
#: contact_form.php:1456
msgid "Download Subscriber"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1465
#, fuzzy
msgid "Activate Captcha"
msgstr "Captcha activat"
#: contact_form.php:1469
#, fuzzy
msgid "Download Captcha"
msgstr "Lae captcha alla"
#: contact_form.php:1479
msgid "Agreement checkbox"
msgstr "Nõustumise kastike"
#: contact_form.php:1479
msgid "Required checkbox for submitting the form"
msgstr "Nõutud kastike vormi saatmiseks"
#: contact_form.php:1480
msgid "Optional checkbox"
msgstr "Valikuline kastike"
#: contact_form.php:1480
msgid "Optional checkbox, the results of which will be displayed in email"
msgstr "Valikuline kastike, mille tulemusi näidatakse e-mailis"
#: contact_form.php:1501
msgid "Delete an attachment file from the server after the email is sent"
msgstr "Kustuta manuse fail serverist peale e-maili saatmist"
#: contact_form.php:1507
msgid "Email in HTML format sending"
msgstr "E-maili saatmine HTML formaadis"
#: contact_form.php:1511
msgid "Display additional info in the email"
msgstr "Näita e-mailis lisainfot"
#: contact_form.php:1517
#, fuzzy
msgid "Sent from (IP address)"
msgstr "Saadetud (IP aadress)"
#: contact_form.php:1517
msgid "Example: Sent from (IP address):\t127.0.0.1"
msgstr "Näide: Saadetud (IP address):\t127.0.0.1"
#: contact_form.php:1518 contact_form.php:2781 contact_form.php:2783
msgid "Date/Time"
msgstr "Kuupäev/Aeg"
#: contact_form.php:1518
msgid "Example: Date/Time:\tAugust 19, 2013 8:50 pm"
msgstr "Näide: Kuupäev/Aeg:\tAugust 19, 2013 8:50 pm"
#: contact_form.php:1519 contact_form.php:2787 contact_form.php:2789
msgid "Sent from (referer)"
msgstr "Saadetud (referer)"
#: contact_form.php:1519
msgid ""
"Example: Sent from (referer):\thttp://bestwebsoft.com/contacts/contact-us/"
msgstr "Näide: Saatnud (referer):\thttp://veebimeister.com/"
#: contact_form.php:1520 contact_form.php:2793 contact_form.php:2795
msgid "Using (user agent)"
msgstr "Kasutab (user agent)"
#: contact_form.php:1520
msgid ""
"Example: Using (user agent):\tMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) "
"AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
msgstr ""
"Näide: Kasutab (user agent):\tMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) "
"AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
#: contact_form.php:1525
msgid "Language settings for the field names in the form"
msgstr "Vormi keeleseaded nimeväljadele"
#: contact_form.php:1534
msgid "Add a language"
msgstr "Lisa keel"
#: contact_form.php:1538
msgid "Change the names of the contact form fields and error messages"
msgstr "Muuda kontakti vormi väljade ja error-sõnumite nimesid"
#: contact_form.php:1543 contact_form.php:1630 contact_form.php:1875
#: contact_form.php:1880 contact_form.php:1890 contact_form.php:1895
#: contact_form.php:1900 contact_form.php:1905 contact_form.php:1915
#: contact_form.php:1920 contact_form.php:1929 contact_form.php:1943
#: contact_form.php:1948 contact_form.php:1953
msgid "Default"
msgstr "Vaikimisi valik"
#: contact_form.php:1551 contact_form.php:1585
msgid "click to expand/hide the list"
msgstr "avamiseks/sulgemiseks klikka"
#: contact_form.php:1560 contact_form.php:1594
msgid "Tips below the Attachment block"
msgstr "Vihje manuse bloki all"
#: contact_form.php:1563 contact_form.php:1597
msgid "Error message for the Name field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Nimi'"
#: contact_form.php:1564 contact_form.php:1598
msgid "Error message for the Address field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Aadress'"
#: contact_form.php:1565 contact_form.php:1599
msgid "Error message for the Email field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'E-mail'"
#: contact_form.php:1566 contact_form.php:1600
msgid "Error message for the Phone field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Telefon'"
#: contact_form.php:1567 contact_form.php:1601
msgid "Error message for the Subject field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Pealkiri'"
#: contact_form.php:1568 contact_form.php:1602
msgid "Error message for the Message field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Sõnum'"
#: contact_form.php:1569 contact_form.php:1603
msgid "Error message about the file type for the Attachment field"
msgstr "Error faili tüübi kohta manuse väljal"
#: contact_form.php:1570 contact_form.php:1604
msgid ""
"Error message while uploading a file for the Attachment field to the server"
msgstr "Error faili üles laadimisel serverisse manuse välja jaoks"
#: contact_form.php:1571 contact_form.php:1605
msgid "Error message while moving the file for the Attachment field"
msgstr "Error faili liigutamisel manuse väljale"
#: contact_form.php:1572 contact_form.php:1606
msgid "Error message when file size limit for the Attachment field is exceeded"
msgstr "Error ületades faili suuruse limiiti manuse väljal"
#: contact_form.php:1573 contact_form.php:1607
msgid "Error message for the Captcha field"
msgstr "Error väljal 'Captcha'"
#: contact_form.php:1574 contact_form.php:1608
msgid "Error message for the whole form"
msgstr "Error kogu vormi kohta"
#: contact_form.php:1577 contact_form.php:1579 contact_form.php:1611
#: contact_form.php:1613 contact_form.php:1640 contact_form.php:1642
#: contact_form.php:1650 contact_form.php:1652 contact_form.php:3175
#: contact_form.php:3177
msgid "Use shortcode"
msgstr "Kasuta lühikoodi"
#: contact_form.php:1577 contact_form.php:1579 contact_form.php:1611
#: contact_form.php:1613 contact_form.php:1640 contact_form.php:1642
#: contact_form.php:1650 contact_form.php:1652 contact_form.php:3175
#: contact_form.php:3177
msgid "for this language"
msgstr "selle keele jaoks"
#: contact_form.php:1621
msgid "Use the changed names of the contact form fields in the email"
msgstr "Kasuta kontaktivormi väljade muudetud nimesid emailis"
#: contact_form.php:1627
msgid "Action after email is sent"
msgstr "Tegevus peale e-maili saatmist"
#: contact_form.php:1629
msgid "Display text"
msgstr "Näita teksti"
#: contact_form.php:1638 contact_form.php:1648
msgid "Text"
msgstr "Tekst"
#: contact_form.php:1659
msgid "Redirect to the page"
msgstr "Suuna lehele"
#: contact_form.php:1660
msgid "Url"
msgstr "Url"
#: contact_form.php:1671
msgid "Add field 'Reply-To' to the email header"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1673
msgid "Field 'Reply-To' will be initialized by user email"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1677
msgid "Auto Response"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1681
#, php-format
msgid ""
"You can use %%NAME%% to display data from the email field and %%MESSAGE%% to "
"display data from the Message field, as well as %%SITENAME%% to display blog "
"name."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1706 contact_form.php:2201
msgid "Save Changes"
msgstr "Salvesta muudatused"
#: contact_form.php:1719
#, php-format
msgid ""
"Please enable JavaScript to change '%s', '%s' options and for fields sorting."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1732
msgid "One column"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1735
msgid "Two columns"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1744 contact_form.php:1763 contact_form.php:1781
#: contact_form.php:1796
msgid "Left"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1747 contact_form.php:1769 contact_form.php:1784
#: contact_form.php:1802
msgid "Right"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1759
msgid "Form align"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1766 contact_form.php:1799
msgid "Center"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1774
#, fuzzy
msgid "Labels position"
msgstr "'Saada' nupp"
#: contact_form.php:1778
msgid "Top"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1787
msgid "Bottom"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1792
msgid "Labels align"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:1807
msgid "Errors output"
msgstr "Errorite väljund"
#: contact_form.php:1810
msgid "Display error messages"
msgstr "Näita error-sõnumeid"
#: contact_form.php:1811
msgid "Color of the input field errors."
msgstr "Sisestusväljade errorite värv"
#: contact_form.php:1812
msgid "Display error messages & color of the input field errors"
msgstr "Näita error-sõnumeid ja sisestusväljade errorite värvi"
#: contact_form.php:1817
msgid "Add placeholder to the input blocks"
msgstr "Lisa kohahoidja sisestusblokkidele"
#: contact_form.php:1823
msgid "Add tooltips"
msgstr "Lisa vihjed"
#: contact_form.php:1837
msgid "Email address"
msgstr "E-maili aadress"
#: contact_form.php:1842
msgid "Phone Number"
msgstr "Telefoni number"
#: contact_form.php:1856
msgid "Attachment"
msgstr "Manus"
#: contact_form.php:1868
msgid "Style options"
msgstr "Stiili valikud"
#: contact_form.php:1872
msgid "Text color"
msgstr "Teksti värv"
#: contact_form.php:1877
msgid "Label text color"
msgstr "Sildi teksti värv"
#: contact_form.php:1882
msgid "Placeholder color"
msgstr "Kohahoidja värv"
#: contact_form.php:1887
msgid "Errors color"
msgstr "Errorite värv"
#: contact_form.php:1892
msgid "Error text color"
msgstr "Error-teksti värv"
#: contact_form.php:1897
msgid "Background color of the input field errors"
msgstr "Sisestusväljade errorite taustavärv"
#: contact_form.php:1902
msgid "Border color of the input field errors"
msgstr "Sisestusväljade errorite piirjoonte värv"
#: contact_form.php:1907
msgid "Placeholder color of the input field errors"
msgstr "Sisestusväljade errorite kohahoidja värv"
#: contact_form.php:1912
msgid "Input fields"
msgstr "Sisestusväljad"
#: contact_form.php:1917
msgid "Input fields background color"
msgstr "Sisestusväljade taustavärv"
#: contact_form.php:1922
msgid "Text fields color"
msgstr "Tekstiväljade värv"
#: contact_form.php:1926
msgid "Border width in px, numbers only"
msgstr "Piirjoone paksus pikslites. Ainult number"
#: contact_form.php:1931 contact_form.php:1955
msgid "Border color"
msgstr "Piirjoone värv"
#: contact_form.php:1936
msgid "Submit button"
msgstr "'Saada' nupp"
#: contact_form.php:1940
msgid "Width in px, numbers only"
msgstr "Laius pikslites, ainult numbrid"
#: contact_form.php:1945
msgid "Button color"
msgstr "Nupu värv"
#: contact_form.php:1950
msgid "Button text color"
msgstr "Nupu teksti värv"
#: contact_form.php:1982
#, fuzzy
msgid "Contact Form | Preview"
msgstr "Contact Form Pro | Eelvaade"
#: contact_form.php:1983
msgid "Drag the necessary field to sort fields."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:2188
msgid ""
"If you would like to add the Contact Form to your website, just copy and "
"paste this shortcode to your post or page or widget:"
msgstr ""
"Kui soovid lisada kontakti vormi oma kodulehele, siis lihtsalt kopeeri see "
"lühikood oma postitusele või lehele või moodulile:"
#: contact_form.php:2288
msgid "Sorry, email message could not be delivered."
msgstr "Vabandust, see kiri jäi saatmata."
#: contact_form.php:2775 contact_form.php:2777
msgid "Sent from (ip address)"
msgstr "Saadetud (IP aadress)"
#: contact_form.php:2802
msgid "Contact from"
msgstr "Kontakti vorm"
#: contact_form.php:2824 contact_form.php:2854
msgid "Phone"
msgstr "Telefon"
#: contact_form.php:2835 contact_form.php:2861
msgid "Site"
msgstr "Leht"
#: contact_form.php:2954
msgid ""
"If you can see this MIME, it means that the MIME type is not supported by "
"your email client!"
msgstr ""
"Kui sa näed seda MIME-t, siis MIME tüüp pole sinu e-maili kliendi poolt "
"toetatud!"
#: contact_form.php:3037
msgid "FAQ"
msgstr "KKK"
#: contact_form.php:3038
msgid "Support"
msgstr "Klienditugi"
#: contact_form.php:3087
msgid "Are you sure that you want to delete this language data?"
msgstr "Oled sa kindel, et soovid kustutada selle keele andmeid?"
#: contact_form.php:3107
#, fuzzy
msgid "Add multiple forms"
msgstr "Lisa vormile"
#: contact_form.php:3107
msgid ""
"Install Contact Form Multi plugin to create unlimited number of contact "
"forms."
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:3112
#, fuzzy
msgid "Learn more"
msgstr "Uuri lähemalt"
#: contact_form.php:3318
msgid "Close notice"
msgstr ""
#: contact_form.php:3323
#, fuzzy
msgid "allows to store your messages to the database."
msgstr ""
"<strong>Contact Form to DB</strong> laseb sul salvestada sõnumeid andmebaasi."
#: contact_form.php:3324
msgid "Manage messages that have been sent from your website."
msgstr "Toimeta sõnumeid, mis on sulle saadetud sinu veebilehelt."
#: contact_form.php:3382
#, fuzzy
msgid "Contact form"
msgstr "Kontakti vorm"
#: contact_form.php:3395 contact_form.php:3405
#, fuzzy
msgid "Language"
msgstr "Lisa keel"
#~ msgid "To send mail you can use the php mail function"
#~ msgstr "E-mailide saatmiseks saad kasutada php mail funktsiooni"
#~ msgid "English"
#~ msgstr "Inglise"
#~ msgid "or"
#~ msgstr "või"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
#~ "If you have any problems with the standard shortcode [contact_form], you "
#~ "should use the shortcode"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Kui sul on probleeme standard lühikoodiga [contact_form], siis peaksid "
#~ "kasutama lühikoodi"
#~ msgid "They work the same way."
#~ msgstr "Need töötavad täpselt samamoodi."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "If have any problems with the standard shortcode [contact_form], you "
#~ "should use the shortcode"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Kui sul on probleeme standard lühikoodiga [contact_form], siis peaksid "
#~ "kasutama lühikoodi"
#~ msgid "The $_SERVER variable that is used to build a URL of the form"
#~ msgstr "$_SERVER muutuja mida kasutatakse vormi URL-i loomiseks"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "If you are not sure whether to change this setting or not, please do not "
#~ "do that."
#~ msgstr "Kui sa pole kindel, mida sa teed, siis ära tee seda."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The plugin's settings have been changed. In order to save them please "
#~ "don't forget to click the 'Save Changes' button."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Plugina seaded on muudetud. Nende salvestamiseks ära unusta klikkimast "
#~ "'Salvesta muutused' nupul."
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Unlock premium options by upgrading to PRO version."
#~ msgstr "Telli PRO versioon ja ava premium valikud."
#~ msgid "Go"
#~ msgstr "Mine"
#~ msgid "Show with errors"
#~ msgstr "Näita koos erroritega"
#~ msgid "Please enter your full name..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma täisnimi..."
#~ msgid "Please enter your address..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma aadress..."
#~ msgid "Please enter your email address..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma e-maili aadress..."
#~ msgid "Please enter your phone number..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma telefoni number..."
#~ msgid "Please enter subject..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta pealkiri..."
#~ msgid "Please enter your message..."
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma sõnum..."
#~ msgid "powered by"
#~ msgstr "loonud"
#~ msgid "Activate Contact Form to DB"
#~ msgstr "Aktiveeri Contact Form"
#~ msgid "Download Contact Form to DB"
#~ msgstr "Lae Contact Form alla"
#~ msgid "Captcha"
#~ msgstr "Captcha"
#~ msgid "(powered by bestwebsoft.com)"
#~ msgstr "(Loonud bestwebsoft.com)"
#~ msgid "requires"
#~ msgstr "nõuab"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "or higher, that is why it has been deactivated! Please upgrade WordPress "
#~ "and try again."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "või uuem, seetõttu on ka see deaktiveeritud! Palun uuenda WordPressi ja "
#~ "proovi uuesti."
#~ msgid "Back to the WordPress"
#~ msgstr "Tagasi WordPressi"
#~ msgid "Plugins page"
#~ msgstr "Pluginate leht"
#~ msgid "Wrong license key"
#~ msgstr "Vale litsentsinumber"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Something went wrong. Try again later. If the error will appear again, "
#~ "please, contact us <a href=http://support.bestwebsoft.com>BestWebSoft</"
#~ "a>. We are sorry for inconvenience."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Midagi läks valesti. Palun proovi hiljem uuesti. Kui see error ilmub "
#~ "uuesti, siis võta meiega ühendust <a href=http://support.bestwebsoft."
#~ "com>BestWebSoft</a>. Vabandame."
#~ msgid "This license key is bind to another site"
#~ msgstr "See litsents on seotud teise lehega"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Unfortunately, you have exceeded the number of available tries per day. "
#~ "Please, upload the plugin manually."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Kahjuks ületasid sa päevase limiidi. Palun lae plugin üles manuaalselt."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Failed to download the zip archive. Please, upload the plugin manually"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Ei suutnud alla laadida zip arhiivi. Palun lae plugin üles manuaalselt"
#~ msgid "Failed to open the zip archive. Please, upload the plugin manually"
#~ msgstr "Ei suutnud avada zip arhiivi. Palun lae plugin üles manuaalselt"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Your server does not support either ZipArchive or Phar. Please, upload "
#~ "the plugin manually"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Sinu server ei toeta kas ZipArchive-i või Phr-i. Palun lae plugin üles "
#~ "manuaalselt"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "UploadDir is not writable. Please, upload the plugin manually"
#~ msgstr "Ei suutnud avada zip arhiivi. Palun lae plugin üles manuaalselt"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Something went wrong. Try again later or upload the plugin manually. We "
#~ "are sorry for inconvienience."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "MIdagi läks valesti. Proovi hiljem uuesti, või lae plugin üles "
#~ "manuaalselt. Vabandame."
#~ msgid "Please, enter Your license key"
#~ msgstr "Palun sisesta oma litsentsinumber..."
#~ msgid "If you enjoy our plugin, please give it 5 stars on WordPress"
#~ msgstr "Kui sulle see plugin meeldib, siis anna sellele 5 tärni WordPressis"
#~ msgid "Rate the plugin"
#~ msgstr "Hinda pluginat"
#~ msgid "If there is something wrong about it, please contact us"
#~ msgstr "Palun kontakteeru kohe meiega, kui sellega on midagi viga"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Congratulations! The PRO version of the plugin is successfully download "
#~ "and activated."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Palju õnne! Plugina PRO versioon on edukalt alla laetud ja aktiveeritud."
#~ msgid "Please, go to"
#~ msgstr "Palun mine"
#~ msgid "the setting page"
#~ msgstr "seadete leht"
#~ msgid "You will be redirected automatically in 5 seconds."
#~ msgstr "Sind suunatakse automaatselt edasi 5 sekundi jooksul."
#~ msgid "You can download and activate"
#~ msgstr "Saad alla laadida ja aktiveerida"
#~ msgid "version of this plugin by entering Your license key."
#~ msgstr "versiooni sellest pluginast sisestades oma litsentsinumbri."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "You can find your license key on your personal page Client area, by "
#~ "clicking on the link"
#~ msgstr "Litsentsinumbri leiad oma isiklikult kliendialalt, klikates lingil"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "(your username is the email you specify when purchasing the product)."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "(sinu kasutajanimi on emaili aadress mida sa kasutasid toote ostmisel)."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "It’s time to upgrade your <strong>Contact Form plugin</strong> to "
#~ "<strong>PRO</strong> version"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "On aeg sinu <strong>Contact Form plugin</strong> uuendada <strong>PRO</"
#~ "strong> versioonile"
#~ msgid "Extend standard plugin functionality with new great options."
#~ msgstr "Avarda tavalisi plugina funktsioone uute valikutega."
#~ msgid "Extra settings"
#~ msgstr "Ekstra seaded"
#~ msgid "Show"
#~ msgstr "Näita"
#~ msgid "Hide"
#~ msgstr "Peida"
#~ msgid "The text in the 'From' field"
#~ msgstr "Tekst 'Kellelt' väljal"
#~ msgid "This text will be used in the 'FROM' field"
#~ msgstr "Seda teksti kasutatakse 'Kellelt' väljal"
#~ msgid "The email address in the 'From' field"
#~ msgstr "E-maili aadress 'Kellelt' väljal"
#~ msgid "This email address will be used in the 'From' field."
#~ msgstr "Seda e-maili aadressi kasutatakse 'Kellelt' väljal."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "This functionality is available in the Pro version of the plugin. For "
#~ "more details, please follow the link"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Aquesta funcionalitat està disponible en la versió Pro del connector. Per "
#~ "a més detalls, si us plau seguiu l'enllaç"
#~ msgid "Contact Form Pro"
#~ msgstr "Contact Form Pro"
#~ msgid "Contact Form Pro Extra Settings"
#~ msgstr "Contact Form Pro ekstra seaded"
#~ msgid "Contact Form Pro | Extra Settings"
#~ msgstr "Contact Form Pro | Ekstra seaded"
#~ msgid "Display fields"
#~ msgstr "Mostra els camps"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Display tips below the Attachment block"
#~ msgstr "Consells del blocatge de l'adjunt"
#~ msgid "Required fields"
#~ msgstr "Camps requerits"
#~ msgid "You can attach the following file formats"
#~ msgstr "Pot adjuntar els següents formats d'arxiu"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Memory usage"
#~ msgstr "MIssatge"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Site URL"
#~ msgstr "Lloc"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Please enter a valid email address."
#~ msgstr "Si us plau introdueixi el seu e-mail"
#~ msgid "Read more"
#~ msgstr "Llegir més"
#~ msgid "Installed plugins"
#~ msgstr "Plugins instal·lats"
#~ msgid "Recommended plugins"
#~ msgstr "Plugins recomanants"
#~ msgid "Purchase"
#~ msgstr "Comprar"
#~ msgid "Install %s"
#~ msgstr "Instal·la %s"
#~ msgid "Install now from wordpress.org"
#~ msgstr "Instal·la ara des de wordpress.org"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Active Plugins"
#~ msgstr "Plugin activat"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Inactive Plugins"
#~ msgstr "Plugin activat"
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "Send to support"
#~ msgstr "Suport"
#~ msgid "Contact Form Options"
#~ msgstr "Opciones Contact Form"
#~ msgid "Please enter a valid email address. Settings are not saved."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Por favor introduzca un e-mail correcto. Los cambios no se han guardado."
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid "E-Mail Address"
#~ msgstr "Dirección e-mail:"
#~ msgid "E-Mail Addresse:"
#~ msgstr "Indirizzo e-mail:"
#~ msgid "Install Now"
#~ msgstr "Installa Ora"
|
CMD042001.txt_1 | European Open Data | Various open data | Council of Europe
Conseil de l'Europe
*
*
*
* * *
*
*
*
CMD042001
* * *
CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES
MESURES DE C O N F I A N C E
Strasbourg, December 1994
CBM (94) 3
s \ m e s c o n f \ c b m 9 4 \ c b m 9 4 3a
PILOT PROJECT
TIMI§OARA INTERCULTURAL INSTITUTE
presented by Directorate of Education, Culture and Sport,
Council of Europe
1.
Title:
Timi§oara Intercultural
2.
Starting date:
9/12/1992
3.
Geographical coverage:
Romania,
with
member
countries
the
Institute
involvement
4.
Project site:
Timi§oara
5.
Project languages:
English, French and
Romanian
6.
Executing agency:
Name:
Address:
Timi§oara Intercultural
4, Bd V. Parian
1900 TIMIDOARA
19 40 56190 009
19 40 56116 722
Mr TOLCEA
Institute
Phone:
Fax:
Contact person:
of all
CDCC
7.
Other organisations:
Bucharest Institute of Educational
Timiçoara University
Timis Education Authority
8.
Sciences
Financing:
Romanian authorities
SOROS Foundation
Council of Europe
1.
Background and justification:
The idea was to set up an intercultural institute responsible for co-ordinating
and initiating practical international projects against the background of the
reconstruction of Romanian civil society in accordance
with the Council of
Europe's principles.
2.
Objectives:
Developing interculturally oriented education in human rights and
citizenship in the education and cultural fields.
3.
List of main outputs:
Securing an autonomous
similar institutions.
4.
democratic
institute which will later join a European network of
List of main activities:
Seminars for discussions and sharing of experience;
Training courses;
Dissemination symposium;
Networking of persons and institutions;
Research activities in the minorities field.
5.
List of major inputs:
The experience and expertise of the Council of Europe and the main
NGOs involved in this field;
The experience of the Bucharest Institute of Educational
Sciences,
particularly in the context of its reform of the Romanian
education
system.
6.
Budget estimate:
7.
Monitoring:
The Council of Europe;
The Netherlands Helsinki Committee;
The Bucharest Institute of Educational
NGOs involved in specific activities.
8.
(see
For 1995: 470 000 FF
Appendix).
Sciences;
Evaluation:
Reports by the governing Bodies,which include representatives
Council of Europe and the NGOs involved;
Specific evaluations for individual activities conducted
networked projects, reports, etc).
1.
of the
(follow-up to the
What is the project expected to accomplish ?
A programme
of interculturally oriented education in human rights
democratic citizenship in the various socio-occupational
categories.
2.
and
How is the project be implemented and by whom ?
By an administrative team (for whom training courses will be run by the Council
of Europe) in conjunction with the Council of Europe.
3.
Who are the target groups (intended beneficiaries) ?
Teacher trainers;
Teachers;
Community workers;
Various socio-occupational
categories
working with minorities, etc).
4.
(police, administrative
officers
Within what period of time is the project supposed to be carried out ?
Initially, the co-operation Project was to span a five-years period (ending in
1997), with the Institute gradually becoming
autonomous.
5.
What resources are necessary ?
Co-ordination with the Council of Europe;
Experts;
Documentation
centre;
Technical facilities for the Institute.
6.
What are the external factors necessary for the success of the project ?
Recognition and support from the Romanian authorities;
Recognition and support from the Council of Europe and the NGOs
involved in this field;
Integration into an international network of institutions of this type;
Financial support for technical equipment and administrative
and
technical staff training.
Strasbourg, 2 September 1994
Re:
Presentation of the new outlook for the Timi§oara Intercultural Instltute
The Institute was initially fostered by the local authorities (Timi§oara primary and
secondary schools, university a n d municipal council) a n d centred on a d hoc activities
c o n d u c t e d by the Council of Europe. The Institute was recognised as a legal entity
under a decision which the Timi§oara court handed d o w n on 9 December 1992 after
receiving the go-ahead from the Romanian Ministries of Education a n d Foreign Affairs.
The Institute set out to promote the intercultural dimension in the fields of
education a n d culture, as part of an ongoing dialogue between European countries
concerned to promote a democratic ideal respecting human rights.
In order to overcome the multifarious obstacles inherent in the societies which
are grappling with the transition from a totalitarian system to a liberal democracy, the
Timi§oara Institute has had to modify its structures and set itself up as an independent
unit of the Bucharest Institute of Educational Sciences. This will enable it to further its
aims through a specific and continuous programme, while still benefiting from the
experience a n d expertise of the Bucharest Institute of Educational Sciences and the
international NGOs co-operating with the latter (including the Netherlands Helsinki
Committee a n d the Romanian Human Rights League). These bodies will also ensure
that the work c o n d u c t e d is of high quality a n d property m a n a g e d , is disseminated
within a n d outside Romania and complies with the fundamental principles of the
Council of Europe.
The Timi§oara Institute's programme of activities is based on four major themes
(though other lines of inquiry have not been ruled out):
1.
Interculturallv oriented education in democratic citizenship and human rights
For example, as part of this programme a n d the CDCC's project on
"Democracy, Human Rights, Minorities: Educational a n d Cultural Aspects", a pilot
project is currently being developed on the theme of "Strategies for Interculturally
Oriented Civics Teaching at Primary and Secondary Level". This activity includes a
training seminar which was attended by some sixty participants from all the CDCC
members countries in Timi§oara in December 1994. These participants are members
of an international network within which they are currently conducting, in their
respective socio-occupational sectors, 22 research projects on the theme of
democratic citizenship. This work will be presented and discussed at the final
symposium to be held In Timiçoara in December 1994.
Moreover, a programme of education in human rights a n d democratic
citizenship is to be Introduced, involving a series of different socio-occupational
categories.
2.
Initial a n d further teacher training
This programme item provides for a wide variety of courses, seminars and
colloquies for training teachers from all levels of the education system in the main
themes dealt with by the Institute and enabling them to discuss them.
In this connection, a seminar for the teachers who participated in the project
"Strategies for Interculturally Oriented Civics Teaching at Primary a n d Secondary Level"
(see 1. above) will b e organised in conjunction with the Council of Europe during the
first three months of 1995. The aims of the seminar will be to reinforce the existing
network, to disseminate the work carried out in order to extend the network to
different practitioners, a n d to alert the institutions responsible for education systems to
an a p p r o a c h to civics teaching based on respect for the identities of all a n d the
universal values promoted by the Council of Europe.
3.
Enhancing a n d protecting the cultural heritage, including the heritage of
minority cultures
A training section for restorers of the Romanian cultural heritage was recently
o p e n e d in Timi§oara with the co-operation of the CDCC Cultural Heritage Committee
a n d the Timis Education Authority. Training courses will be run on the various
interculturally oriented approaches to teaching young people to understand the
meaning a n d importance of protecting this cultural heritage (history teaching based
on this a p p r o a c h secures respect not only for the heritage of one's own community
but also for that of the other social groups with which w e co-exist; this mutual respect
for the cultural heritage is a means of safeguarding the cultural rights of all peoples
a n d therefore guaranting democracy and peace).
4.
The cultural identity issue in the Europe of the Regions
Reseorch will be c o n d u c t e d into this theme in order to analyze the problems
of transition in the new post-communist societies. One of the research projects will
concern the cultural heritage of Banat, a heritage shared by Romanians, Hungarians,
Serbs, Bulgarians, Germans, a n d many other nationalities besides.
The stress in all these activities will b e on:
the pragmatic aspect, with "field workers" being brought together with theorists,
particularly when international networks of practitioners, classes and
educational a n d cultural institutions are set up;
inclusion in the conceptual framework defined through the Council of Europe's
work on intercultural matters and the management of diversity;
co-operation with international experts and NGOs involved in the fields in
question.
In order to function properly, the Timi§oara Institute will have to provide for the
following budget items:
(A)
Building:
- the Timis Education Authority has provided the Institute with a building with an
area of approx. 100 m2 comprising 3 offices, 1 conference room and a room
to a c c o m m o d a t e a documentation centre (annual rental; furnishing,
operational and maintenance costs for the' building, including heating,
electricity a n d telephone charges: 30 000 FF),
(this budget
(B)
item is covered by the Romanian
authorities)
Technical facilities:
- computer, 15 540 FF
- laser printer, 15 817 FF
- fax, 11 100 FF
- photocopier, 11 933 FF
(this budget
(C)
item is funded from a donation by the SOROS Foundation)
Documentation centre:
- d o c u m e n t display shelves, fitting out of "reading area", purchase of books,
subscriptions to periodicals, bibliographies, comparative studies, computer
m a n a g e m e n t programme, etc.
(funding yet to be secured, estimated at 222 000 FF).
(D)
Permanent staff:
- 1 administrative officer, 5 400 000 lei/year, ie 17 820 FF
This person should be invited to take a training course in international
programme management in Strasbourg, under the supervision of the Council
of Europe a n d more particularly the DECS School a n d Out-of-School Education
Section, as part of the programmes on "Democracy, Human Rights, Minorities:
the Educational and Cultural Aspects".
(funding yet to be secured)
- 1 full-time secretary, 1 800 000 lei/year, ie 5 940 FF
- 4 part-time scientific advisers, 7 200 000 lei/year, ie 23 760 FF
(these four staff members will c o m e under the direct authority of the Bucharest
Institute of Educational Sciences);
(financed by the Romanian authorities)
- 1 programme adviser stationed in Strasbourg, co-ordinating co-operation with
the Council of Europe (particularly with the CDCC's project on "Democracy,
Human Rights, Minorities: the Educational and Cultural Aspects") and initially
helping start up the programme and train local staff responsible for it.
Allowances: 420 000 FF
Official journey expenses (4 official journeys to Romania): 60 000 FF
(financing yet to be secured)
(E)
Ordinary operations budget:
- expenses for secretariat, travel and organising the governing bodies,
50 000 FF
(30 000 FF provided
covered)
(F)
(G)
by the Romanian authorities;
the balance
yet to be
(30 000 FF provided by the Romanian authorities; the balance
covered, with the co-operation of the Council of Europe)
yet to be
Development of research programme: 300 000 FF
Development of training programme:
4 five-day international training courses, each attended by around fifty trainees
(including organisation, experts' expenses and fees, participants' travel a n d
a c c o m m o d a t i o n expenses and organisation of preparatory meeting),
800 000 FF.
(financing
yet to be secured, with the co-operation
of the Council of Europe)
Jacques CHEVALIER
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github_open_source_100_8_20068 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | module.exports = {
"extends": "google",
"env": {
"browser": true,
"node": true
},
"rules": {
"max-len": "off",
"no-inline-comments": "off",
"no-var": "off",
"comma-dangle": "off",
"prefer-rest-params": "off"
}
};
|
43637438_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Ebenezer Russell (December 26, 1747 – December 5, 1836) was an American politician from New York.
Early life
He was born on December 26, 1747, in Branford, New Haven County, Connecticut. He was the son of Mary (née Barker) Russell (b. 1710) and John Russell (1710–1751).
Career
He fought as a private in the American Revolutionary War. He was County Treasurer, first of Charlotte County, then of Washington County, for about forty years.
Russell was a member of the New York State Assembly (Charlotte Co.) in 1777–78; and a member of the New York State Senate (Eastern D.) from 1778 to 1782, sitting in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th New York State Legislatures. He was a member of the Council of Appointment in 1778–79 and 1780–81.
He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1784. During this term, the Legislature changed the name of Charlotte County to Washington County. He was again a member of the State Senate from 1784 to 1788, sitting in the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th New York State Legislatures. He was again a member of the Council of Appointment in 1784–85 and 1787. On November 12, 1784, he was appointed, and on April 13, 1787, re-appointed as a Regent of the University of the State of New York.
He was First Judge of the Washington County Court from 1788 to 1800. In December 1794, he ran on the Federalist ticket for Congress in the Saratoga–Washington district, but was defeated by Democratic-Republican John Williams.
When the first political parties were formed, Russell joined the Federalist Party. He was again a member of the State Senate from 1796 to 1803, sitting in the 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th and 26th New York State Legislatures; and was again a member of the Council of Appointment in 1796.
He was again a member of the State Assembly in 1812–13. In 1813, he resigned from the Board of Regents of USNY.
Personal life
On September 13, 1769, he married Elizabeth Stork (1747–1832), the daughter of Capt. Moses Stork. Together, they had several children, including:
William Russell (1771–1853), who married Submit Foskitt Willson (1767–1849).
John Russell (1772–1842), who studied medicine before becoming a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was married to Elizabeth Williams (1769–1838), daughter of Rensselaer Williams.
He died on December 5, 1836, in Salem, New York; and was buried at the Revolutionary Cemetery there.
Descendants
Through his son John, he was the grandfather of Catharine Ann Russell (1805–1875) who married Samuel Nelson (1792–1873), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. They were the parents of four children, including Judge Rensselaer Russell Nelson (1826–1904).
Sources
External links
1747 births
1836 deaths
People from Branford, Connecticut
People from Washington County, New York
New York (state) state senators
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Federalists
New York (state) state court judges
People from Salem, New York.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20069 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php namespace App\Http\Controllers\Api;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redis;
use Response;
use App\Models as Models;
use DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Session;
class NewsController extends Controller {
/**
* Hiển thị danh sách tin tức
* @author thinhit http://github.con/thinhit
* @return Response <json>
*/
public $id = "";
public $name = "";
public $category = "";
public $content = "";
public $description = "";
public $slug = "";
public $image = "";
public $status = "";
public $user_id = "";
public function __construct(Request $request)
{
$this->id = $request->input('id');
$this->name = $request->input('name');
$this->category = $request->input('group_news_id');
$this->content = $request->input('content');
$this->description = $request->input('description');
$this->keywords = $request->input('keywords');
$this->images = $request->input('images');
$this->slug = $request->input('slug');
$this->status = $request->input('status');
$this->user_id = $this->getUser($request)->id;
}
/*Hiển thị danh sách tin tức */
public function getIndex(Request $request)
{
$stt = $request->input('stt');
$Model = new Models\News();
$Total = $Model->get()->count();
$Model = $Model->getAll();
if(!empty($stt)) {
$Model = $Model->where('status','=',$stt);
}
$Model = $Model->orderBy('id','DESC');
$datas = $this->paging($Model, $request);
return $this->ResponseData($datas, ['total'=> $Total]);
}
public function getShow(Request $request, $id){
$Model = Models\News::find($id);
return $this->ResponseData($Model, []);
}
/*Thêm mới tin tức */
public function postSave(Request $request){
if(!empty($this->name) && !empty($this->category) && !empty($this->content) && !empty($this->user_id) ) {
$table = new Models\News;
$table->name = $this->name;
$table->create_time = date("Y-m-d H:i:s");
$table->group_news_id = $this->category;
$table->images = $this->images;
$table->slug = $this->slug;
$table->description = $this->description;
$table->content = $this->content;
$table->user_id = $this->user_id;
$table->keywords = $this->keywords;
$table->status = 1;// 2 : không chọn , 1 là được chọn
$rs = $table->save();
$LastInsertId = $table->id;
$data = [
'id' => $LastInsertId,
'name' => $this->name,
'create_time' => date("Y-m-d H:i:s"),
'group_news_id' => $this->category,
'images' => $this->image,
'description' => $this->description,
'content' => $this->content,
'status' => 1// 2 : không chọn , 1 là được chọn
];
if($rs) {
return $this->ResponseData($data);
}
$this->error = true;
$this->error_message = "Lỗi truy vấn, vui lòng thử lại sau";
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
$this->error = true;
$this->error_message = "Dữ liệu gửi lên không đúng, vui lòng thử lại";
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
/*chỉnh sửa tin tức*/
public function postEdit(Request $request) {
$table = Models\News::find($this->id);
if(empty($table)){
$this->error = true;
$this->error_message = "Không tìm thấy bản tin";
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
$table->name = $this->name ? $this->name : $table->name;
$table->group_news_id = $this->category ? $this->category : $table->group_news_id;
$table->images = $this->images ? $this->images : $table->images;
$table->description = $this->description ? $this->description : $table->description;
$table->content = $this->content ? $this->content : $table->content;
$table->status = $this->status ? $this->status : $table->status;
$table->keywords = $this->keywords ? $this->keywords : $table->keywords;
$table->update_time = date("Y-m-d H:i:s");
$rs = $table->save();
if($rs) {
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
$this->error = true;
$this->error_message = "Lỗi truy vấn, vui lòng thử lại sau";
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
/*xóa tin tức */
public function postDelete(Request $request) {
$id = $request->input('id');
if(!isset($id) && empty($id)) {
return false;
}
$image = DB::table('news')->where('id','=',$id)->pluck('images');
$rs = DB::table('news')->where('id', '=',$id)->delete();
$path = "uploads/".$image;
if($rs == true) {
if($image !=""){
unlink($path);
} else {
// code
}
} else {
$this->error = true;
$this->error_message = "Lỗi truy vấn, vui lòng thử lại";
}
return $this->ResponseData([]);
}
}
|
anindextolegalp00chipgoog_16 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | The liability of a landlord for accidents due to non-repair. 43 Sol. J. 293 [1899]. Liability of a landlord for injuries to a tenant caused by defects in the leased premises. [M. C. Preeks] 62 Cent. L. J. 43 [1906]. Liability of a landlord for injury through non-repair. 50 Sol. J. 572 [1906]. The liability of a landlord to repair premises let out in flats. 49 Sol. J. 443 (1905). Liability of landlords for dangerous condition of leased premises. [Henry M . Dowliiig] 56 Cent. L. J. 226 [19031. The liability of landlords to strangers for injuries arising from want of repair. 119 L. T. 308 [1905J. Liability of lessees. 105 L. T. 544, 572 [1898]. The liability of lessees for sanitary works. 67 J. P. 590 [1903], Liability of rent collectors. 64 J. P. 770 [1900]. Liability of surety for payment of rent. 25 L. Notes [Gib.] 339; 26 do. 150 [1906-7]. Liability of tenants for life in respect of repairs on leasehold property. 104 L. T. 450, 475 [1898]. Licensed premises and compensation. 120 L. T. 307 [1906]. The limited liability of landlords. [Walter R. Warren] 25 Law Mag. and Rev. 459 . [1900]. Loan houses to friends, and other funny tenancies. 18 L. Notes [Gib.] 244 [1899]. Lodger's latchkeys and the law. 25 L. Notes [Gib.] 308 [1906]. Low-priced tenancy and sale agreements. 108 L. T. 4 [1899]. Market gardens. 62 J. P. 209 [1898]. Mill holdings under the Land code. 37 Ir. L. T. 297 [1903]. A momentous point under the land code. 35 Ir. L. T. 129 [1901]. Money payments to landlords for consent to alienation. 123 L. T. 223 [1907]. A new point under the Land code. 36 Ir. L. T. 83 [1902]. Obligation of tenants with respect to the repair of the premises demised to them. [C. B. Labatt] 37 Can. L. J. 521 [1901]. Once a tenant always a tenant. 4 Bom. L. R. 271 [1902]. The operation of invalid notices to quit as surrenders. 108 L. T. 458, 510 [1900]. "Outgoings." 121 L. T. 193 [1906]. Prescriptive claims by tenents under a com- mon landk>rd. 38 Ir. L. T. 229 [1904]. Quit rent or yearly tenancy. 118 L. T. 497 [1905]. Rates, hire-purchase agreements, and bills of sale. 62 J. P. 833 [1898]. Reconstruction of drains by tenants. 120 L. T. 54 [1905]. Reduction of licenses and compensation. [Wm. Lawaon] 3 N. Ir. Jur. 157 [1903]. Remission of rent when premises destroyed by fire. 23 S. A. L. J. 255 [1906]. The removal of dry rot. 121 L. T. 192 [1906]. Renewal of settled leaseholds. [W. Stra- chan] 15 Law Q. Rev. 378 [1899]. Rents: the covenant to keep in repair. [S. S. P. Patteson] 7 Va. L. Reg. 159 [1901]. The repair of tenements and offices. 118 L. T. 308 [1905]. Resumption sections of the Oudh rent act. [Aradh Behari Lai] 3 Alia. L. J. 285 [1903]. Right of tenant of an "existing tenancy'* to deduct half poor rate on tenant's build- ings. 34 Ir. L. T. 59 [1900]. The right to restrain a bankrupt tenant. 112 L. T. 107 [1902]. The right to distrain trade tools. 107 L. T. 499 [1899]. Rights of way as between termors. 4 N. Ir. Jur. 93 [1904]. Sea-weed as an element in fixing a fair rent. 38 Ir. L. T. 75 [1904]. Servant and tenant. 106 L. T. 452 [1899]. The Statute of Limitations as between land- lord and tenant. 35 Ir. L. T. 197 [1901]. Sub-division and sub-letting under the Land acts. 33 Ir. L. T. 305 [1899]. A surety's liability for rent on bankruptcy. [Edgar Foa] 110 L. T. 441 [1901]. The system of Mezzadria. 14 Green Bag, 522 [1902]. Tenancies at will and the Statute of Limita- tions. 43 Sol. J. 584; 33 Ir. L. T. 531 [1899]. LANDLORD AND TENANT 218 LAW Tenancies subject to a condition against raising the rent. 48 Sol. J. 257 [1904]. Tenants' implied covenants. 121 L. T. 106 (1906]. A tenant's implied duty of maintenance. 119 L. T. 356 [1906). Tenant's liability for improvement charges. 23 L. Notes [Gib.) 79 [1904]. Tenant's notice of intention to sell induced by misrepresentation of law cancelled — position of judicial tenant under the Ulster custom. 35 Ir. L. T. 265 [1901]. Tenants of flats and their taxes. [W. P. M. Black] 14 Scot. L. Rev. 293 [1898]. Town Tenants act. I. Introductory. 41 Ir. L. T. 24. II. Compensation for improvements. 41 do. 37, 43, 55. III. Compensation for dbturbance. 41 do. 61. IV. Miscellaneous matters. 41 do. 73. V. Limited owners, mesne landlords and trustees. 41 do. 79. VI. Procedure. 41 do. 85, 90 [1907]. Town tenants and the payment of rates. 1 N. Ir. Jur. 362 [1901]. The Ulster custom. 32 Ir. L. T. 309, 319 [1898]. Ultra vires corporation leases. [Edward Avery Harriman] 14 Harv. L. Rev.- 332 [1901]. Warranty as to drainage upon the letting of a house. 45 Sol. J. 392 [1901]. What is the "true value" of a holding? 34 Ir. L. T. 99 [1900]. Landis, Keneshaw M., Judge. [1866-19—.] Sketch, with portrait. 37 Chic. L^. N. 257 [1905]. Landowners and the ground game act. 64 J. P. 97 [19*]. Langdale, Lord, Henry Bickersteth. [1783- 185 1 .] Golden mace or pestle and mortar. 110 L. T. 219 [1901]. — 4 Uw Notes [N. Y.] 209 [1901]. LangdeU, Christopher Columbus, [1827- 1906] — a view of his career. [Eugene Wambaugh] 20 Harv. L. Rev. 1 [1906]. — his student life. [Austen G. Fox] 20 Harv. L. Rev. 7 [1906]. — his later teaching days. [Joseph H. Beale, Jr.] 20 Harv. L. Rev. 9 [1906]. ^- his services to legal education. [James Barr Ames] 20 Harv. L. Rev. 12 [1906]. Langdell, Christopher Columbus. Bio- graphical sketch, with portrait. [Samuel F. Batchelder] 18 Green Bag, 437 [1906]. — [Ralph Wardlaw Gloag] 68 Alb. L. J. 231 [1906]. — [William Schofleld] 55 Am. L. Reg. 273 [1907]. Lansdowne, Percy S. [1870-.] Bio- graphical sketch, with portrait. 59 Alb. L. J. 91 [1899]. LARCENY. The constitutionality of larceny from the person of an unknown person. [Joseph M. Sullivan] 69 Alb. L. J. 332 [1907]. Following misappropriated property into its product. [James Barr Ames] 19 Harv. L. Rev. 511 [1906]. Larceny and the Perkins case. (Francis M. Burdick] 7 Colum. L. Rev. 387 [1907]. Larceny by trick. 63 J. P. 17 [1899]. Larceny of a man's own goods. 51 Sol. J. 407 [1907]. Praedial larceny in , Jamaica. [S. Leslie Thornton] 4 J. Comp. Leg. 135 [1902], Why Europeans regard English speaking people dishonest. [James Edgar Brown] 33 Nat. Corp. Rep. 500 [1906]. Lary, Herman S. [1852-.] Biographical sketch, with portrait. 59 Alb. L. J. 91 [1899]. Latent equities. [Geo. A. Lee] 68 Alb. L. J. 290 [1906]; 64 Cent. L. J. 363 [1907]. Lateral support under the Waterworks Clauses act. [Charles Tennyson] 23 Uw Q. Rev. 282 [1907]. Laughlin, Frank C. [1859-.] Biographical sketch, with portrait. 59 Alb. L. J. 92 [1899]. Laughlin, John. [1856-.] Biograpliical sketch, with portrait. 59 Alb. L. J. 93 [1899]. Laurence, Mr. Justice P. M. [1854-19—.] Sketch, with portrait. 18 S. A. L. J. 119 [1901[. Law, Thomas Graves. [1836-1904.] Obit- uary. [W. B. Blaikie] 11 Scot. L. T. 185 [1904]. Law an expansive science. [John C. Mahon] 41 Am. L. Rev. 673 [1907]. — and fact. [Jal>ez Fox] 12 Harv. L. Rev. 545 [1899]. LAW 219 LAW REFORM Law and government. [W. Harriaon Moore] 3 Com. L. Rev. 205; 4 do. 49 [1906]. — and human progress. [Walter Clark] 37 Am. L. Rev. 612 [1903]. — and industrial inequality. [George W. Alger] 7 Brief, 1; 09 Alb. L. J. 121 [1907]. — and its limitations. [G. Hay« Jr.] 12 Harv. L. Rev. 645 [1899|. — and lawyers. [J. W. Clark] 7 Am. Law. 9 [1899]. — [John P. PhiUps] 17 Green Bag, 433 [1906]. — [BenJ. P. Hegler] 3 Okla. L. J. 207 [1906]; 7 Brief 88 [1907]. — in modem fiction. [Otto ErickAon] 61 Alb. L. J. 387 [1900]. — and Uberty. (Alfred Steckler] 4 Brief, 269 [1903]. — and justice. [C. A. Kent] 1 Mich. L. Rev. 343 [1903]. — and lawyers. [J. C. C. Black] 1 So. L. Rev. 167 [1901]. — and literature. [A. E. Wilkinson] 39 Am. L. Rev. 204 [1906]. — and logic. [Jabez Pox] 14 Harv. L. Rev. 39 [1900]; [James Bradley Thayer] 14 Harv. L. Rev. 139 [1900]. — and medicine from a legal standpoint. [Abram H. DaUey] 19 Med. Leg. J. 226 [1901]. — and reasonableness. [Le Baron B. Colt] 66 Alb. L. J. 273; 37 Am. L. Rev. 657^ 7 Uw Notes [N. Y.] 148 [1903]. — and the lady — some who practice the profession and their success. 60 Alb. L. J. 91 [1899]. — and the mob spirit. [John Woodward] 66 Alb. L. J. 314 [1903]. — as a culture study. [Edson R. Sunder- land] 4 Mich. L. Rev. 179; 5 Can. L. Rev. 109 [1906]. — as a profession for women. [G. Plos. Greig] 6 Com. L. Rev. 146 [1909]. — as treated in fiction. [Allan R. Campbell) 14 &reen Bag, 364 [1902]. — in precept and practice. 69 Alb. L. J. 243 [1899]. — in science and science in law. [Oliver WendeU Homes] 12 Harv. L. Rev. 443 [1899]; 2 Brief, 46, 106 [1899-1900]. — in the emblem writers. [James Williams] 27 Law Mag. and Rev. 267; 36 Am. L. Rev. 700 [1902]. LAW BOOKS. Are law books dry reading? 8 Law Notes [N. Y.] 428 [1906]. The authority of text-books. 108 L. T. 97 [1899]. Concerning indexes to law books. 61 Sol. J. 791 [1907]. Durable books. 116 L. T. 443 [1908]. How should our law books be written. [Al- bert S. BoUes] 16 Yale L. J. 221 [1906]. How some law text-books are written. 6 Uw Notes [N. Y.] 96 [1902]. In what should law books be bound? 34 Chic. Leg. N. 68 [1901]. The influence of law books. 122 L. T. 199 [1906]; 27 Can. L. T. 88 [1907]. Leather for bookbinding. 118 L. T. 166 [1904]. Text-book and text-writers. 6 Law Notes [N. Y.] 167 [1902]. The use of law books. [John A. Mallory] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 113 [1903]. Law booksellers. The old home of the. 107 L. T. 387 [1899]. Law firm, A noted (Vanderpool, Green &. Cuming). [A. Oakey Hall] 11 Green Bag, 460 [1899]. Law French and French Law. [D. R. K^ys] 2 Can. L. Rev. 641, 690 [1903]. Law Merchant, What is the? [Francis M. Burdick] 2 Colum. L. Rev. 470 [1902]; 2 Can. L. Rev. 213 [1903]; — [John S. Ewart] 3 Colum. L. Rev. 136; 2 Can. L. Rev. 396 [1903]. — and transferable debentures. [F. A. Bosanquet] 16 Law Q. Rev. 130 [1899]. Law of the public callings as a solution of the trust problem. [Bruce Wsrman] 17 Harv. L. Rev. 166, 217 [1904]. Law office, A great. [Law department of the City of New York.) [Arthur C. Butts] 14 Am. Uw. 247 [1906]. Law professor. The vocation of a. [James Barr Ames] 48 Am. L. Reg. 129 [1900]. LAW REFORM. An admirable reform in the criminal law. 41 Ir. L. T. 246 [1907]. The applicability of English methods to conditions in the United States. 17 Green Bag, 276 [1906]. Assize reforms. [H. L. Riley] 116 L. T. 648 [1903]. LAW REFORM 220 LAW REFORM Bankruptcy reform. 23 Scot. L. Rev. 213 11907]. Beccaria and law reform. [U. M. Rose] 34 Am. L. Rev. 524 [1900]. The Beck conunission and criminal law reform. 118 L. T. 182, 207, 316, 346 [1904-^]. The bitter cry for law reform. [J. S. Rubin- stein] 34 L. J. 559 [1899]; 111 L. T. 526 [1901]. Change and amendment. [George H. Yeaman] 2 Brief, 226 [1900]. Changes in law and procedure. 37 L. J. 289 [1902]. Chancellors of the nineteenth century con- sidered as law reformers. [E. K. Bljrth] 5 Can. L. Rev. 96, 160 [1906]; 119 L. T. 506 [1905]. Company law reform. [A. D. Tjrssen] 24 Law Mag. and Rev. 271 [1899]. Criminal law reform. [F. Beecher] 69 Alb. L. J. 26 [1907]. The cry for judicial reform. [W. P. Pullagar] 117 L. T. 546 [1904]. Election reforms: the trend toward de- mocracy. [J. C. Rupenthal] 14 Am. Uw. 72, 108 [1906]. The Faculty committee and Court of Session reform. 18 Scot. L. Rev. 1 [1902]. Federal law reform. 60 Alb. L. J. 333 [1899]. The future of civil service reform. [Edward Cary] 9 Yale L. J. 246 [1900]. Irish legislative reforms in the Victorian era. 1 N. Ir. Jur. 93 [1901]. Is the cry for judicial reform in any and what respects pressing and substantial? [W. P. FuUagar] 39 L. J. 543 [1904]. Is there a kindred relation in all methods of reform and do present systems of reform require remolding? [Alexander Hirsch- berg] 58 Alb. L. J. 170 [1898]. Judicial reform in Egypt. [Sir Jolin Scott] 1 J. Comp. Leg. 240 [1899]. Legal reform in Egypt. [R. Fletcher Wilme] 23 Law Mag. and Rev. 224 [1898]. The law of ancient lights and its reform. [J. Andrew Strahan] 30 Law Mag. and Rev. 181 [1905]. Law reform — county and division courts. 6Can. L Rev. 97 [1906]. Law reform in England. [Sir Henry Fowler] 36 Am L. Rev. 168 [1902]. Law reform in Siam. 59 Alb. L. J. 389 [1899]. Lord Chancellors as law reformers. [E. K. Blytli] 40 L. J. 772 [1905]. Near future of law reform. [Thomas Snow] 16 Law Q. Rev. 129, 229 [1900]. The new Law Commission. 13 Scot. L. Rev. 247 [1897]. Peddling actions. 22 Scot. L. Rev. 337 [1906]. Points in company law reform. [Ernest E. Williams] 121 L. T. 357 [1906]. Primary reform. How to ''break and bounce bosses*' and select leaders. [William Henry Knox] 68 Alb. L. J. 324 [1906]. Private bill procedure reform. [A. W. Samuels] 1 N. Ir. Jur. 12 [1900]. Public reform and municipal government. [Duane Mowry] 14 Green Bag, 209 [1902]. Reform in criminal procedure. [Everett P. Wheeler] 4 Colum. L. Rev. 356 [1904]. The progress of law reforms. [Willis B. Dowd] 66 Alb. L. J. 254 [1904]. Proposed reforms in marriage and divorce laws. [Amasa M. Eaton] 4 Colum. L. Rev. 243 [1904]. Recent legal reform. [Lord Watson] 13 Jurid. Rev. 1 [1901]. A recent reform in French l^al procedure. 104 L. T. 217 [1898]. Reform in criminal law in Germany. [Ernest Bruncken] 68 Alb. L. J. Ill [1906]. Reform in criminal procedure. 8 Law Notes [N. Y.] 344 [1904]. Reform in legal procedure. [Andrew J. Hirschl] 40 Chic. Leg. N. 153 [1907]. A reform in maritime law. [James Gus- tavus Whitely] 37 Am. L. Rev. 863 [1903]. The reform in the licensing laws. [H. J. Randall, Jr.] 27 Law Mag. and Rev. 326 [1902]. Reform in the practice and administration of the law. [J. D. Shewalter] 6 Am. Law. 172 [1898]. Reform of German law. 122 L. T. 125 [1906]. Reform of our land laws. [Eugene C. Massie] 39 Am. L. Rev. 871]; 11 Va. L. Reg. 359 [1905]. Reform of the patent law. [J. W. Gordon] 31 Law Mag. and Rev. 31 [1905]. Reforms in legal procedure. [Frank H. Mackintosh] 64 Alb. L. J. 3 [1902]. LAW REFORM 221 LAW SCHOOLS Reforms in the law of future interests needed in Illinois. [Albert Martin Kales] 1 111. L. Rev. 311. 374 [1906). The Register House reforms. [John Ers- kine] 14 Scot. L. Rev. 33 [1898]. Sheriff Court reform. 19 Scot. L. Rev. 167, 185 [1903]. Sheriff Court reform. [John Erskine] 19 Scot. L. Rev. 281 [1903]. Solicitors and reform. [A. H. Hastie] 25 Law Mag. and Rev. 385 [1900]. Some suggestions for improvement in law. [Franklin A. Becher] 59 Alb. L. J. 5 [1899]. Suggested reforms in trial procedure. [David Leventritt] 2 Brief, 330; 8 Am. Law. 349 [1900]. Suggestions for some unheroic assize reforms. [H. L. RUey] 38 L. J. 510 [1903]. Swedish law reform. [Sesntnour D. Thomp- son] 38 Am. L. Rev. 388 [1904]. Uniformity or diversity. [Geo. B. Rose] 8 Am. Uw. 463 [1900J; 61 Alb. L. J. 276 [1900]; 23 N. J. L. J. 330 [1900]. War on French legal jargon. [Ernest R. Holmes] 13 Green Bag, 376 [1901]. What reforms in the nature of expert testi- mony are advisable? 58 Alb. L. J. 251 [1898]. Law reporting — a reporter's view. [Frank Evans] 3 Can. L. Rev. 255 [1904]. Law reports as memorials of history and biography. [Thomas Dent] 39 Am. L. Rev. 675 [1905]. LAW SCHOOLS. See also Legal Education. The advertisement of the famous Litchfield Law School. 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 19 [1902]. Ancient and mediaeval law schools. [William Wirt Howe] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 72 [1903]. Association of American Law Schools, Address of the President. [Henry Wade Rogers] 16 Yale L. J. 545 [1907]. Buffalo Law School and the bar of Erie County. 59 Alb. L. J. 25 [1899]. The evening law school. [Edward T. Lee] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 290 [1905]. A general school of law. [Montague Crack- anthorpe] 28 Law Mag. and Rev. 385; [W. Trower] 115 L. T. 538 [1903]. The Imperial School of Law. 47 Sol. J. 634, 668 [1903]. Imperial university of law. 65 Alb. L. J. 157 [1903]. Imperial University of Tokio. The Law School. 117 L. T. 525 [1904]. Law school and intercollegiate athletics. [Andrew A. Bruce] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 37 [1903]. Law school fraternities. [Nathan Ablx>tt] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 33 [1903]. Law school — its methods and functions. [George E. Gardner] 6 Am. Law. 93 [1898]. Law schools and the legal profession. [W. Jethro Brown] 6 Can. L. Rev. 3 [1908]. Legal bibliography of the alumni of the Yale Uw School. 1 1 Yale L. J. 9 [1901]. Litchfield Uw School. 4 Uw Notes [N. Y.J 207 [1901]. Methods followed in Germany by the historical school of law. [Rudolf Leon- hart] 7 Colum. L. Rev. 573 [1907]. Mexican National Uw School. [Lucius 0. C. Lamar] 64 Alb. L. J. 72 [1902]. Origin and development of the Bengal school of Hindu law. [Sarada Charan Mitra] 21 Uw Q. Rev. 380; 22 do. 50 [1905-6]. — [S. S. Setlur] 23 Uw Q. Rev. 202; 9 Bom. L. Rep. 121 [1907]. President's address, Association of American Uw Schools, 1905. [Natlian Abbott] 1 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 323 [1905]. President's address, Association of American Uw Schools, 1907. [William P. Rogers] 2 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 105 [1907]. President's address before the Association of American Uw Schools. [Emilln Mc- Clain] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 1 [1902]. The proposed school of law. 47 Sol. J. 826 [1903]. A school of law. [Walter Trower] 38 L. J 508 [1903]. Should the "honor system" be adopted in American Uw Schools? 1 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 369 [1906]. The third annual meeting of the association of American Uw Schools. 1 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 119 [1903]. LAW SCHOOLS 222 LEASES What does the increase in law school students mean? [Bernard C. Steiner] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 82 [1903]. Yale in its relation to law. [Thomas Thacherl 11 Yale L. J. 36 [1901). Law Society and its work. 17 L. Notes [Gib.l 240 [18081. — The constitution of the. [G. H. Radford] 42 L. J. 646 [1907]. — on officialism. [Howard W. Elphln- stone] 22 Law Q. Rev. 27 [1906]. Law student* The eighteenth century. 108 L. T. 183 [1899]. Law's delay. [John Freeman Baker] 65 Alb. L. J. 372 [1903]. — [E. Howard McCaleb] 7 Law, Notes [N. Y.] 69 [1903]. — [Le Roy Parker] 66 Alb. L. J. 11 [1903]. — [WUlls B. Dowd] 7 Am. Uw. 467 [1899]. — and their only remedy. [WUliam Henry Knox] 66 Alb.' L. J. 73 [1904]. — Can they be obviated? A summary of conditions in the United States. [WU- liam Lambert Barnard] 17 Green Bag, 261 [1905]. — in England. 69 Alb. L. J. 207 [1907]. LAWS OF NATURE. History of law of nature. [Frederick PoUock] 1 Colum. L. Rev. 11 [1901]. National law versus statutory law. [Gino C. Speranza] 59 Alb. L. J. 400 [1899]. The study of natural law. [John J. Sulli- van] 48 Am. L. Reg. 522 [1900]. Lawless, James J. [1868-.] Biographical sketch, with portrait. 59 Alb. L. J. 95 [1899]. Lawless Court of Essex. [Courtney Kenny] 5 Colum. L. Rev. 529 [1905]. Lawlessness. [Moorfleld Storey] 13 Am. Uw. 290 [1905]. Lawrence, Charles B., Judge. [1820-1883.] Biographical sketch. 37 Chic. L^. N. 359, 371 [1905]. Lawrence, Nathaniel Tertius. Obituary. 42 Sol. J. 465 [1898]. Lawsuits against animals. 14 Green Bag, 471 [1902]. Lawyer, The. [N. M. Edwards] 39 Am. L. Rev. 410 [1905]. — 4 Okla. L. J. 368 [1906]. Lawyer-geneologist, The. [Harry Shel- mire Hopper] 15 Green Bag, 484 [1903]. Lawyer Marks in Chicago. 7 Bar, 220 [1900]. Lawyers and the public. [Maurice W. Richmond] 18 Law Q. Rev. 400 [1902]; 2 Can. L. Rev. 161, 224 [1902-3]. — and the trusts. [Walter S. Logan] 9 Uw Notes [N. Y.] 90 [1905]. Lawyerless court, A. [Walter G. Charl- ton] 1 So. L. Rev. 605 [1902]. Learned, William Law. Biographical sketch. 66 Alb. L. J. 344 [1904]. LEASES. Assignments of leases. 44 Sol. J. 480 [1900]. Brewers* leases — the covenant to tie. 105 L. T. 51 [1898]. Building leases with reservation of minerals. 109 L. T. 290 [1900]. Charges for works executed by local authori- ties. 47 Sol. J. 415 [1908]. Constructive trusts and the renewal of leases. 47 Sol. J. 650 [1903]. Contracts collateral to leases. Ill L. T. 267 [1901]. The covenant to repair. [Edgar Foa] 122 L. T. 516 [1907]. Covenants in public house leases for the protection of licenses. 48 Sol. J. 520 [1904]. Covenants in parol leases. 108 L. T. 238 [1900]. The disirability of increased powers of relief against forfeiture of leases. [H. W. Saw] 34 L. J. 588; 107 L. T. 531 [1899]. Disclosure of onerous covenants on dealings with leases. 47 Sol. J. 813 [1903]. The effect of the decision in In re Harkness and AUsopp's Contract on the assignment of leaseholds by a married woman trustee. 19 L. Notes [Gib.] 49 [1900]. Executors liability on leases. 49 Sol. J. 836 [1905]. Forfeiture of leases of mortgaged property. 119 L. T. 373 [1905]. "In the same state as when taken." 122 L. T. 335 [1907]. The interpretation clause in agreements for leases. 104 L. T. 337 [1898]. The law relating to tied houses. 50 Sol. J. 152 [1906]. Leasehold renewal or sinking fund policies. 47 Sol. J. 248 [1903]. Leases and the prescription act. 23 L. Notes [Gib.] 140 [1904]. Lease by the donee of a power of leasing to a trustee for himself. 47 Sol. J. 723 [1903]. LEASES 223 LECKY Leases — covenants of perpetua] renewal. [I. Homer Sweetser] 13 Harv. L. Rev. 472 [1000]. Lessee's liability for acts of sub-lessee. 39 Ir. L. T. 66 11905]. The liability of a lessee for the costs of the lease. 48 Sol. J. 44 [1908]. The liability of a lessee under a covenant to pay "outgoings.*' 43 Sol. J. 4 [1898]. The liability of a lessor on his covenants after assignment of the reversion. 48 Sol. J. 308 [1904]. The liability of a mortgagee of leasehold. 43 Sol. J. 72 [1898]. Liability of tenants for life in respect of re- pairs on leasehold property. 104 L. T. 450, 475 [1898]. The liability of the tenant for life of leasehold property. 42 Sol. J. 360 [1898]. Licences to alter leaseholds. 114 L. T. 232 [1903]. Limitation to the rule in Tulk v. Moxhay (1848. 2 Ph. 774). 22 L. Notes [Gib.] 243 [1903]. Mining leases. 106 L. T. 238 [1899]. On title to leases granted under the Settled Undacts. 46 Sol. J. 524 [1902]. Option to purchase in leases and the rule against perpetuities. 42 Sol. J. 628, 650 [1898]. "Outgoings" in short leases. 120 L. T. 331 [1906]. The position of an underlessee of part of the property in a head-lease. 52 Sol. J. 73 [1907]. Powers to determine leases. 105 L. T. 27 [1898]. Public-house leases and the Licensing act, 1902. 47 Sol. J. 200, 219 [1903]. Purchase of land under lease. 18 Can. L. T. 1 [1898]. Registration of notice of a lease of land registered under the Land Transfer acts, 1875 and 1897. 51 Sol. J. 602 [1907]. The repairs of bequeathed leaseholds. 118 L. T. 239 [1905]. Renewal of settled leaseholds. [W. Stra- chan] 15 Law Q. Rev. 378 [1899]. Reversionary leases. [Charles Sweet] 50 Sol. J. 760 [1906]. The right to exact a fine for license to assign. 51 Sol. J. 755 [1907]. Sales of leaseholds by personal represent- atives. 38 Ir. L. T. 135 [1904]. Settled leaseholds. 114 L. T. 209 [1903]. Sub-division and sub-letting under the Land acts. 33 Ir. L. T. 305 [1899]. Tied houses. 42 Sol. J. 486 [1898]. "Usual and proper*' covenants in building leases. 32 Ir. L. T. 519 [1898]. Water rates and lessor's covenants. 123 L. T. 103 [1907]. Leaves from a lawyer's note book. [Charles W. TUlett] 1 N. C. L. J. 27, 120, 179 [1900]. Leaves from an English solicitor*s note book. [Baxter Barret.] I. The story of a claim to a peerage. 11 Green Bag, 449 [1899]. II. A story of professional n^ligence. 11 Green Bag, 496 [1899]. III. What's in a name? A story of mis- taken identity. -11 Green Bag, 581 [1899]. IV. "Latet angius in herba.'* A story of innocent participation in crime. 12 Green Bag, 86 [1900]. V. The self-willed lady client. 12 Green Bag, 193 [1900]. VI. A Sunday afternoon nap and its con- sequences. 12 Green Bag, 245 [1900]. VII. Blue wins the day. A story of aa old-time election in England. 12 Green Bag, 307 [1900]. VIII. Saved by a pancake or old Harbot- tie's will. 12 Green Bag, 364 [1900]. IX. The lady of the manor. 12 Green Bag, 420 [1900]. X. Nemesis of a practical joke. 12 Green Bag, 512 [1900]. XI. Perjury: is it excusable under any circumstances? 13 Green Bag, 141 [1901]. XII. The wrong Mrs. Simpson: a comedy of professional errors. 13 Green Bag, 539 [1901]. Leaves from the note book of an advocate. 106 L. T. 390, 437, 460, 481, 507, 529, 550, 577, 606; 107 do. 10. 39 [1899]. Lechford, Thomas. Boston's first lawyer. [Ethelbert Stewart] 11 Am. Law. 68 [1903]. Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. [1838- 1903.] Obituary. 27 Nat. Corp. Rep. 279 [1903]. LEEWARD ISLANDS 224 LEGAL EDUCATION LEEWARD ISLANDS. Modes of legislation in the British colonies: Leeward Islands. [W. H. Stoker] 2 J. Comp. Leg. 110 [1900). Review of legislation, 1806. [H. L. Ormsby] 2 J. Comp. Leg. o. s. 245 11897]. — 1898. 1 J. Comp. Leg. 676 [1899]. — 1900. 3 J. Comp. Leg. 426 [1901]. — 1902. [Aleiander Manson] 5 J. Comp. Leg. 452 [1904]. — 1903. 6 J. Comp. Leg. 469 [1905]. — 1904. 7 J. Comp. Leg. 232 [1906]. — 1905. 7 J. Comp. Leg. 542 [1906]. — 1906. 8 J. Comp. Leg. 424 [1907]. Legacies for such purposes as trustees select. 105 L. T. 52 [1898]. — Sale by trustees for payment of. 106 L. T. 475 [1899]. — to servants. [C. B. Labatt] 41 Can. L. J. 425 [1905]. See also Wills. LEGACY TAX. See Inheritance Tax. LEGAL AID. The "poor man's lawyer." 116 L. T. 424 [1904]. Legal aid society of New York City. [Fritz ▼. Briesen] 2 Brief, 207 [1900]. Poor prisoners' defense. 1 16 L. T. 241 [1904]. The rise and purposes of the legal aid society. [RosaUe Loew] 54 Cent. L. J. 126 [1902]. State legal aid for the poor. [John P. Coldstream] 121 L. T. 603 [1906]. The work of the New York Legal Aid Society. [Waddill Catchings] 15 Green Bag, 313 [1903]. Legal antiquities. [Wyatt Paine.] I. Deodands. 114 L. T. 84 [1902]. II. Outlawry. 114 L. T. 104 [1902]. in. Appeal of murder. 114 L. T. 152 [1902]. IV. Trial by ordeal. 114 L. T. 174 [1902]. V. Wager of battle. 114 L. T. 215 [1903]. VI. Jocular and infamous punishments. 114 L. T. 479 [1903]. VII. Circuits. 114 L. T. 594 [1903]. VIII. Heresy and witchcraft. 115 L. T. 35 [1903]. IX. The Old Bailey in the seventeenth century. 115 L. T. 85 [1903]. X. Obsolete capital punishments. 115 L. T. 127 [1903]. XI. An obsolete source of revenue — the Jews. 115 L. X. 180 [1903]. XIL The Court of Star Chamber. 115 L. T. 349 [1903]. XIII. Slavery. 115 L. T. 490 [1903]. XIV. Justices of the Peace in the olden time. 117 L.T. 201 [1904]. XV. Trial by jury. 117 L. T. 435 [1904]. XVI. Sumptuary laws. 117 L. T. 511 [1904]. XVII. Torture. 118 L. T. 294 [1905]. XVIIL Queen-gold. 119 L. T. 37 [1905]. XIX. The Holy Vehme. 120 L. T. 474 [1906]. LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. Su Bibliography. Legal do^. 20 L. Notes [Gib.] 46 [1901]. Legal conceptions from a practical point of view. [James Edward Hogg] 22 Law Q. Rev. 172; 5 Can. L. Rev. 286, 306 [1906]. LEGAL EDUCATION. Acquisition of legal knowledge. 1 Okla. L. Jnl. 18 [1902]. The American law school. [W. Jethro Brown] 21 Law Q. Rev. 69 [1905]. American law schools and the teaching of law. [George L. Reinhard] 16 Green Bag, 165 [1904]. Brief-making in law schools. [Alfred P. Mason] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 294 [1905]. The Cape University law examinations and cramming. [George T. Morice] 23 S. A. L. J. 153 [1906]. Case method. [Paul Rowland] 4 West. Res. L. J. 29 [1898]. Civil law in law schools. [P. B. Williams] 5 West. Res. L. J. 150 [1899]. A decade of progress in legal education. [E. W. Hu£Fcutt] 10 Am. Uw. 404 [1902]. The defects in the case system of teaching law. [Darius H. Pingrey] 11 Am. Law. 343 [1903]. £>o we understand and rightly use the ''case system"? [I. W. Poltz] 39 Chic. L^. N. 7 [1906]. Dwight method of legal instruction. [George Chase] 15 Am. Uw. 419 [1907]. Education for the English bar in the inns of court. [John Philip HiU] 15 Green Bag. 114 [1903]. Education in the art of practicing law. [Henry C. White] 4 West. Res. L. J. 195 [1999]. LEGAL EDUCATION 225 LEGAL EDUCATION The education of law apprentices. [Henry H. Brown] 13 Scot. L. Rev. 235 [1897]. The education of lawyers. [Gilbert H. Stewart] 44 Ohio L. B. 59 [1900]. The education of the American lawyer. [George W. Kirchwey] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 269 [1905]. The eighteenth century law student. 108 L. T. 183 [1899]. Elective system in law schools. [Ernest W. Huffcutt] 67 Alb. L. J. 292; 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 248 [1905]. The evening law school. [Edward T. Lee] 37 Chic. Leg. N. 331 [1905]. The faculty of law in a teaching university. [Montague Crackanthorpe] 23 Law Mag. and Rev. 67 [1898]. Function of the State University law school. [Andrew Alexander Bruce] 5 Mich. L. Rev. 1 [1906]. Graduating examination in the law school. [Raleigh C. Minor] 7 Va. L. Reg. 468 [1901]. Has the study of law a place in a liberal education? [William Draper Lewis] 48 Am. L. Reg. 321 [1900]. Higher legal education. [Frederick S. Spiegel] 49 Ohio L. B. 332 [1904]. How should evidence be taught? [Charles F. Chamberlayne] 18 Green Bag, 677 [1906]. Humanistic and particularly classical studies, as a preparation for the law. [H. B. Hutchins] 5 Mich. L. Rev. 545; 40 Chic. Leg. N. 13 [1907]. Inquiry in the present stateof legal education. 39 Am. L. Rev. 581 [1905]. International law in legal education. [James B. Scott] 4 Colum. L. Rev. 409 [1904]. Instruction in finding cases. [Edward Q. Keasbey] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 69 [1903]. Instruction in law. [C. H. Harriman] 63 Alb. L. J. 98 [1901]. Is apprenticeship in a law office desirable while pursuing a course of study in a law school? 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 83 [1903]. Is the B. A. degree essential for professional study? [Arthur D. Hadley] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 379 [1906]. Jurisprudence: its place in the new cur- nculum. [William Galbraith Miller] 6 Scot. L. T. 115. 128 [1899]. Law as an academic study. 7 Law Notes [N. Y.] 203 [1904]. Law of insurance in the law school. [John A. Finch] 6 Am. Uw. 177 [1898]. Law school — its methods and functions. [George E. Gardner] 6 Am. Law. 93 [1898]. Law school instruction in how to find the law. [Charles C. Moore] 7 Law Notes [N. Y.] 64 [1903]. The law school of Paris. 107 L. T. 458 [1899]. Law schools and the legal profession. [W. Jethro Brown] 6 Can. L. Rev. 3 [1908]. Law schools and the profession. [V. O. Johnson] 5 West. Res. L. J. 61 [1899]. Law study and its methods. [W. B. Mor- com] 2 Nat. L. Q. 4 [1903]. Legal education. [F. M. Finch] 1 Colum. L. Rev. 94; 35 Am. L. Rev. 481; 111 L. T. 463 [1901]. — [William P. Rogers] 48 Ohio L. B. 603 [1903]. — [Augustine Burrell] 34 L. J. 88; 3 L. Notes [N. Y.] 10 [1899]. — [Alfred Hopkinson] 24 Law Mag. and Rev. 129 [1899]. — [J. W. Budd] 38 L. J. 507; 115 L. T. 537 [1903]. — [N. J. D. Kennedy] 17 Jurid. Rev. 240 [1905]. See 22 L. Notes [Gib.] 43 [1903]. Legal education and law practice. [Albert Swindlehurst] 34 Am. Rev. 214 [1900]. Legal education and proportion therefor. [Clarence D. Ashley] 8 Kan. Law. 3 [Nov. 1901]. L^al education and the failure of the bar to perform its public duties. [William Draper Lewis] 54 Am. L. Reg. 629 ]1906]; 52 Ohio L. B. 409 [1907]. Legal education considered in connection with the proposed teaching University of London. [Lord Russell] 23 Law Mag. and Rev. 163 [1898]. Legal education from a ''coach's" point of view. [Walter G. Hart] 23 Law Mag. and Rev. 373 [1898]. Legal education in Canada. [N. W. Hoyles] 19 Can. L. T. 261 [1899]; 1 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 6 [1902]. Legal education in England. [T. Raleigh] 10 Jurid. Rev. 1 [1898]. Legal education in Germany. [Edward V. Raynolds] 12 Yale L. J. 31 [1902]. LEGAL EDUCATION 226 LEGAL EDUCATION Legal education in Germany. [GustaT Schimneister] 29 Law Mag. and Rev. 129 [1904]. Legal education in Italy. [H. St. John- Mfld- may] 29 Law Mag. and Rev. 285 f 1904]. L^al education in Liverpool. 106 L. T. 273 [1899]. Legal education in London. [Sir Thomas Ranleigh] 23 Law Q. Rev. 258 [1907]. L^^al education in Madras. 11 Mad. L. J. 175 [1901]. L^al education in Ontario. [Edward Gillis] 4 Can. L. Rev. ibl, 192 [1905]. Legal education at the National Capitol. [Charles Francis Canisi] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 75 [1903]. Legal education in the Province of Quebec. [W. S. Jolinson] 4 Can. L. Rev. 451, 491 [1905]. L^al education in the provinces. [F. J. Munby] 107 L. T. 527 [1899]; 34 L. J. 561 [1899]. Legal education in the United States. [Henry Wade Rogers] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 13 [1902]. Legal knowledge. 4 Okla. L. Jnl. 336 [1906] Methods of legal education in the State of New York. [Clarence D. Ashley] 7 Am. Uw. 186 [1899]. Next step in the evolution of the case-book. [AII>ert Martin Rales] 21 Harv. L. Rev. 92 [1907]. Legal education and preparation therefor. [Clarence D. Ashley] 63 Alb. L. J. 392 [1901]. Legal education of women. [Isabella Mary Pettus] 61 Alb. L. J. 325 [1900]. Legal training. [A. H. C. HamUton] 3 Alia. L. J. 163 [1906]. Methods followed in Germany by the histori- cal school of law. [Rudolf Leonhard] 7 Colum. L. Rev. 559 [1907]. Methods for review and quiz in ''case system*' law schools. [Owen J. Roberts] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 222 [1904]. The neglect of legal education. 109 L. T. 167 [1900]. Next step in the evolution of the case-book. [Albert Martin Kales] 21 Harv. L. Rev. 92 [1907]. Notes on the early history of legal studies in England. [Joseph Walton] 25 Law Mag. and Rev. 51, 153, 389 [1899-1900]. I On the study of comparative jurisprudence. [Edward Jenks] 2 J. Comp. Leg. 446 [1900]. The opportunities and responsibilities of American law schools. [Floyd R. R. Mechem] 5 Mich. L. Rev. 344; 39 Chic. Leg. N. 354 [1907]. Origin and devdopment of the Bengal school of Hindu law. [Sarada Charan Mitra] 21 Law Q. Rev. 380; 22 do. 50 [1905-6]. — [S. S. Setlur] 23 Uw Q. Rev. 202 [1907]. Overproduction of law. [Alfred C. Coxe] 6 Colum. L. Rev. 102 [1906]. The place of law in the studies of a university. [Simeon E. Baldwin] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 101 [1903]. A plea for a better system of l^^al education in the provinces. [G.. Glover Alex- ander] 30 Law Mag. and Rev. 1 [1904]. A plea for a general school of law. [Herbert Bentwich] 36 L. J. 516; 111 L. T. 536 [1901]. A plea for higher standards in legal education. [W. P. Rogers] 52 Ohio L. B. 514 [1907]. Possibilities in legal education. [Edward Jenks] 23 Law Q. Rev. 266 ]1907]. Practice work in law schools. [James Parker Hall] 17 Green Bag, 528 [1905]. Practice work and elective studies in law schools. • [James Parker Hall] 1 Am. Uw Sch. Rev. 328 [1905]. Practice work in the law colleges. [Philip T. Van ZUe] 2 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 71 [1907]. The preliminary education of the law student. [Eugene A. Gilmore] 15 Am. Law. 428 [1907]. Preparation for the bar. [Lawrence Maz- weU, Jr.] 29 N. J. L. J. 106 [1906]. The proper preparation for the study of law. [William Draper Lewis] 48 Am. L. Reg. 633 [1900]. The purpose and method of a law school. [W. Jethro Brown] 18 Law Q. Rev. 78, 192 [1902]; 6 Uw Notes [N. Y.J 181 [1903]. The re-adjustment of the collegiate to the professional course. [Simeon E. Bald- whi] 8 Yale L. J. 1 [1898]. The reform of legal education. [Thomas Baty] 28 Law Mag. and Rev. 151 [1903]. Roman law: its study in England. [T. W. Marshall] 26 Law Mag. and Rev. 288 [1901]. LEGAL EDUCATION 227 LEGAL ETHICS Scholarship the handmaiden of the law. [Peter J. Hamiltoa] 15 Green Bag, 159; 2 Can. L. Rev. 556; 115 L. T. 36 [19031. A scientific school of legal thought. [Melyille M. Bigelow] 17 Green Bag, 1 [1905]. Scientific study of the Mohammadan law. [W. H. Rattigan] 17 Law Q. Rev. 402 [19011. Seminary methods of legal instruction at the University of Berlin. [Ernest G. Lorenzenl 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 388 [19061. Society and legal education. [J. Wreford Budd] 109 L. T. 561 [1900]. The state of legal education in the world. [Charles Noble Gregory] 34 Am. L. Rev. 841 [19001; HO L. T. 291, 316 [1901]. Some merits in the case system of teaching law. [E. D. Perry] 12 Am. Law. Ill [1904]. Some phases of legal education at home and abroad. [William L. Burdick] 1 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 175 [1904]. The student menaced. [I. W. Foltz] 40 Chic. Leg. N. 30, 34 [1907]. The study of elementary law, the proper beginning of a legal education. [Simeon E. Baldwin] 13 Yale L. J. 1 [1903]. The study of international law in law schools. [Cliarles Noble Gregory] 2 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 41 [1907]. Study of the law. 3 Okla. L. Jnl. 1, 35. 67, 95, 133 [1904]. The study of the law. [James Brown Scott] 2 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 1 [1906]. The study of the law in South Africa. [Man- fred Nathan] 20 S. A. L. J. 270 [1903]. Systems in legal education. [John Wurtz] 17 Yale L. J. 86 [1907]. Teaching conrnierdal law. [William C. Sprague] 17 Am. Leg. N. 197 [1906]. Teaching law by cases. [Simeon E. Bald- win] 14 Harv. L. Rev. 258 [1900]. Teaching of English law at Harvard. [A. V. Dicey] 13 Harv. L. Rev. 422 [1900]. The teaching of Indian law in London. 108 L. T. 167 [1899]. The teaching of law. [Darius H. Pingrey] 35 Chic. Leg. N. 397 [1903]. The teaching of law in France. [Thomas Barclay] 2 J. Comp. Leg. 131 [1900]. The teaching of Sir Henry Maine. [Paul Vinogradoffl 20 Uw Q. Rev. 119 [1904]. The University of the Cape of Good Hope and its examinations in law. 22 S. A. L. J. 9 [1905]. Universities and legal education. [F. J. Munby] 109 L. T. 562 [1900]. Value of legal knowledge in banking. [C. T. Granger] 20 Bank L. J. 370 [1903]. Wage of law teachers. [Charles Noble Gregory] 14 Law Q. Rev. 34 [1898]. Why law schools are crowded. [Isaac Franklin RusseU] 60 Alb. L. J. 167 [1899]. The work of a school of law. [W. Blake Odgers] 19 Law Q. Rev. 55; 12 Yale L. J. 130 [1903]. LEGAL ETHICS. Advertising vs. waiting. 35 Chic. Leg. N. 203 [1903]. Ambulance chasing. [E. G. Mansfield] 67 Alb. L. J. 195 [1905]. A case of professional ethics. [Jesse S. Reeves] 16 Green Bag, 458 [1904]. Code of ethics. [T. P. Jacobs] 9 Bar, 35 [1902]; 10 Am. Uw. 538 [1902]. A code of legal ethics. Adopted by the Colorado Bar Assn. 6 Brief, 212 [1906]. Commercialism in the practice of the law. [Duane Mowry] 64 Alb. L. J. 359 [1902]. Conformity of legal decisions to ethical standard of right. [Alva Grover Tlb- betts] 40 Am. L. Rev. 391; 6 Can. L. Rev. 141. 168; 121 L. T. 440 [1906]. Defending a guilty client. [Louis Sond- heim] 7 Bar, 223 [1900]. A defense of the criminal bar. [The cele- brated case of the Booms. 5 L. Rep. 193, 1843.] 29 Nat. Corp. Rep. 633. 672, 706 [1904r-5]. The ethical obligations of the lawyer as a lawmaker. [David J. Brewer] 12 Am. Uw. 299 [1904]. The ethics of advocacy. [Warwick Fielding Chipman] 6 Can. L. Rev. 230 [1906]; 69 Alb. L. J. 233 [1907]; [Charles E. Wolverton] 8 Am. Law. 62 [1900]; [Showell Rogers] 15 Law Q. Rev. 259 [1899]. Ethics of bench and bar. [T. F. Jones] 1 So. L. Rev. 763 [1902], LEGAL ETHICS 228 LEGAL PROFESSION Etbicf of the law of negligence. (John Woodward] 63 Alb. L. J. 220 [1901]. Ethics of the practice. [W. R. Blddle] 14 Am, Uw. 1»7; 29 N. J. L. J. 200 [1906]. Fidelity to the court and client in criminal cafes. [JaoMS T. Mitchdl] 62 Alb. L. J. 18 (1900). General duties of the lawyer to his client — a lesson in legal ethics. [Louis J. RoMnbcfig] 63 Alb. L. J. 356 [1901]. The lawyer's methods of advertising. [Mlt- chcU D. FoUanslMel 10 Am. Uw. 486 [1902]; 35 Chic. Leg. N. 176 [1903]; 6 Brief, 276 [1906]. Legal duties and rights. [Henry T. Terry] 12 Yale L. J. 185 [1903]. Legal ethics. [John Edward Roae] 20 Can. L. T. 59 [19001. — [Sir John A. Boyd] 4 Can. L. Rev. 85 [1905]. — [Frank P. Prichard] 54 Am. L. Reg. 1 10 L. Notes [N. Y.] 51 [1906]. — [John Charles Harris] 69 Alb. L. J. 300 52 Ohio L. B. 542 [1907]. — [John C. Mahon] 15 Am. Law. 326 [1907] 14 Bar. 37 [Oct. 1907). — [Henry Wade Rogers] 16 Yale L. J. 225 [1907]. I^egitimacy of business methods in the law. [Raymond D. Thurber] 5 Bench and Bar, N. Y.. 51 [1906]. Professional ethics. [William Wirt Howe] 5 Va. L. Reg. 506 [1899]. Professional ethics. 122 L. T. 199 [1906]. Professional misconduct. 50 Sol. J. 122 [1905]. Some actual problems of professional ethics. [Everett V. Abbot] 15 Harv. L. Rev. 714 [1902]. Some questions of legal ethics suggested by the life and career of Lord Chancellor Bacon. [Ricliard L. Ashurst] 18 Green Bag. 503 [1906]. The soul of the profession. [Charles F. Chamberlayne] 18 Green Bag. 396 [1906]. The standard of admission and legal ethics. [Charles F. Warren] 1 N. C. L. J. 205 [1900]. Legal etymology. [James Williams] 28 Law Mag. and Rev. 257 [1903]. Legal fiction with tu wings clipped. (Simeon E. Baldwin] 41 Am. L. Rev. 38 [1907]. Legal life in the American far-west — a Belgian view of western justice. (A. NMndL] 14 Yale L. J. 380 [1905]. Legal mind. The. [A. E. Wilkinson] 12 Am. Law. 441 [1904]. Legal moraUty. 20 S. A. L. J. 255 [1903]. Legal museum. 3 Bom. L. R. 245 [1901]. Legal nomendature. 117 L. T. 270 [1904]. LEGAL PROFESSION. See also Admission to the Bar; Attorney and Client; Legal Education; L^;al Ethics. Absent-mindedness on the bench and at the bar in Ireland. 12 Green Bag. 69 [1900]. The advocate: or the art of presenting cases to the court or jury. [N. H. Loonds] 5 Brief. 19 [1904]. After the credit man, the lawyer. (Jesse HiAden] 6 Am. Law. 336 [1898]. The agency of the bar and the bench in mak- ing and developing the written and the unwritten law. [F. J. Didunan] 40 Ohio L. B. 105 [1898]. The American lawyer. [Alfred Hemenway] 13 Am. Law. 531; 17 Green Bag, 514; 39 Am. L. Rev. 641; 9 Law Notes [N. Y.l 127 [1905]. The American lawyer of today. [Richard Olney] 12 Am. Law. 285 [1904]. The American lawyers and their making. [Charles Noble Gregory] 39 Chic. L^. N. 30; 14 Am. Uw. 147 [1906]. Ancient lawyers. [Eugene F. Ware] 19 Green Bag, 478 [1907]. Anecdotes of the Irish bar. [T. P. Stuart] 7 Law Notes [N. Y.] 11 [1903]. Arguments of counsel. [Morton John Stevenson] 63 Cent. L. J. 398 [1906]. The attorney in the poets. [E. B. V. Chris- tian] 23 Law Mag. and Rev. 173, 350; 24 do. 96 [1898]. Attorneys and councellors. [Henry H. IngersoU] 16 Yale L. J. 577 [1907]. The bar. and its modern development. [Nor- man W. Hoyles] 3 Can. L. Rev. 361 [1904]. The bar in France. [Edward S. Cox-Sinclalr] 31 Law Mag. and Rev. 171; 32 do. 406 [1906-7]. Bar of early Maryland. [Elihu S. Riley] 12 Green Bag. 577 [1900]. LEGAL PROFESSION 229 LEGAL PROFESSION The bar of England. [Lindaay RuMell] 11 Am. Uw. 481 [1903]. The bar of England. 105 L. T. 521 [1808}. The bars of United States and England. [Edward S. Cox-Sindair] 19 Green Bag, 702 [1907]. Barrister's roll. [W. C. BoUand] 23 Law Q. Rev. 438 [1907]. The beginning of a lawyer. [F. S. Tatham] 1 Nat. L. Q. 280 [1902]. The bench and bar in France. [Erasmus Darwin Parker] 24 Law Mag. and Rev. 431 [1899]. The bench and bar in the middle ages. 106 L. T. 368 [1899]. The business lawyer of today. [James B. DiU] 65 Alb. L. J. Ill [1903]. Can lawyers be honest? [Joseph M. Sulli- van] 65 Alb. L. J. 334 [1903]; 3 Can. L. Rev. 179 [1904]. Changed conditions in the practice of law. [Edward P. Wldte] 12 Am. Law. 52; 66 Alb. L. J. 37 [1904]. Changes in the law and in the position and requirements of the legal profession during the last sixty years. [Lord Low] 14 Scot. L. Rev. 1 [1898]. Changing conditions in the legal profession. [E. W. Cans] 14 Am. Leg. N. 75 [1903]. A chat about barristers. 12 Green Bag, 628 [1900]. Choice of a profession — the law. [Stewart L. Woodford] 60 Alb. L. J. 27 [1899]. Colonial bar and the American revolution. [William F. Gurley] 6 Brief. 289 [1906]. Comedy of professional errors: the wrong Mrs. Sampson. [Baxter Barret] 13 Green Bag, 539 [1901]. The commercial lawyer. [Geo. H. Carr] , 36 Chic. Leg. N. 22 [1903]. Compensation of attorneys. 3 Okla. L. J. 348 [1905]. Conflicts between bench and bar. 33 Jr. L. T. 417 [1899]. Corporation lawyers. [W. W. Howe] 6 Can. L. Rev. 419 [1906]. Constitution of the Council of the Law Society. 26 L. Notes [Gib.] 175, 21 [1907]. Corporation lawyers. [William Wirt Howe] 16 Yale L. J. 497 [1907]. Corporation problem and the lawyer's part in its solution. [Peter S. Grosscup] 39 Am. L. Rev. 835 [1905]. Coundl elections. [W. P. W. Phillmore] 111 L. T. 535 [1901]. County lawyers. [Smith D. Fry] 58 Alb. L. J. 44; 6 Am. Law. 138 [1898]. Court and bar of colonial Virginia. [Bushrod C. Washington] 12 Green Bag, 470 [1900]. Customs of the lawyers in regard to the open- * ing of term. 123 L. T. 507 [1907]. Decadence of law as a profession and its growth as a business. [Robert Treat Piatt] 12 Yale L. J. 441 [1903]. Decentralization of the bar. 114 L. T. 470 [1903]. The decline of the practicing lawyer. 25 Nat. Corp. Rep. 69 [1902]. Defended the wrong client. 61 Alb. L. J. 107 [1900]. Does the city or small town offer the best inducements to the young lawyer start- ing in the practice of law? 2 Am. Law Sch. Rev. 102 [1907]. Duties and responsibilities of the American lawyer in the twentieth century. [Hilary A. Herbert] 1 So. L. Rev. 717 [1902]. Duties, obligations, and liabilities of attor- neys. [C. H. Van Zyl] 15 Cape L. J. 77, 157 [1898]. Duties of bench and bar. [William A. Mor- gan] 33 Chic. Leg. N. 433; 5 Law Notes [N. Y.] 29 [1901]. Early Iowa lawyers and judges. [Jolui F. Dillon] 68 Alb. L. J. 268; 40 Am. L. Rev. 377; 14 Am. Law. 250 [1906]. The educational status of the legal profession. [Edwin G. Dexter] 15 Green Bag, 217 [1903]. Eliminating the lawyer. 52 Sol. J. 56 [1907]. Eloquence at the bar. 104 L. T. 358 [1898]. The end of lawyers. [James Hamilton Lewis] 37 Chic. Leg. N. 411 [1905]. English, French, and Belgian bars. [Mal- colm Mcllwraith] 14 Law Q. Rev. 169; 105 L. T. 314 [1898]. English lawyer of to-day. [Mitchell D. Follansbee] 1 Can. L. Rev. 307; 10 Am. Uw. 10 [1902]. The essentials of a lawyer. [Frank J. Loesch] 30 N. J. L. J. 140 [1907]. The ethical obligations of the lawyer as a lawmaker. [David J. Brewer] 12 Am. Uw. 299 [1904]. LEGAL PROFESSION 230 LEGAL PROFESSION Ethics of bench and bar. (T. F. Jones] 1 So. L. Rev. 763 [1902]. Etiquette of the English bar. 104 L. T. 546 [1898]; 12 Green Bag, 95 [1900]. The French bar. [Paul Fuller] 16 Yale L. J. 457 [1907]. From lawyer to literature. [George H* Weetley] 12 Green Bag, 446 11900]. Getting into the legal profession in Germany. [William C. Dreher] 33 Am. L. Rev. 284 [1899]. Glances at our colonial bar. 11 Green Bag, 220, 262 [1899]. Great lawyers, and how they won. [WilUam G. Peckham] 14 Green Bag, 173 [1902]; 1 N. C. Jnl. of Uw, 441 [1904]. Heredity and lawyers. 107 L. T. 165 [1899]. His first client. [David H. Talmadge] 12 Green Bag, 450 [1900]. Thehonouroftheprofession. 112L.T.34[1901]. How to get law practice. [Lewis E. Stanton] 16 Yale L. J. 405 [1907]. Ideals of the American advocate — a sym- posium. [Simeon E. Baldwin, Henry Wade Rogers, U. M. Rose, John F. Philips, T. A. Sherwood, J. W. Dono- van, William T. Lord] 58 Cent. L. J. 423 [1904]. Imaginary decadence of the modem bar. 9 Law Notes [N. Y.] 211 [1906]. In Marshall's day and ours. [Alfred C. Coxe] 3 Colum. L. Rev. 88 [1903]. The Indian bar as a profession. 109 L. T. 420 [1900]. Is law for the people or for the bwyers? [Alfred Emden] 1 Can. L. Rev. 14 [1901]. Judge and lawyer. [T. C. Glannlnl] 24 Law Mag. and Rev. 81 [1898]. Law and lawyers in quotations. [Theodore D. Gottlieb] 28 N. J. L. J. 38 [1905]. Law and lawyers of Charles Dickens. [John MarshaU Gest] 53 Am. L. Reg. 401 [1905]. Law and lawyers of Dickens. [Victor H. Wallace] 2 Law Notes [N. Y.] 226 [1899]. The law and lawyers of Thackeray. 106 L. T. 59 [1898]. The law and the lawyer [Chicago Examiner], 30 Nat. Corp. Rep. 565 [1905]. Lai^as a business. [George F. Shelton] 10 Yale L. J. 275 [1901]. The law as an intellectual forcing house [Spectator], 36 Chic. Leg. N. 228 [1904]. The law as a profession for women. [G. Floe. Grelg] 6 Com. L. Rev. 145 [1909]. Law schools .and the legal profession. [W. Jethro Brown] 6 Com. L. Rev. 3 [1908]. The lawyer. [C. M. Stedman] 2 N. C. L. J. 99 [1901]. — [W. R. Curran] 35 Chic. Leg. N. 286 [1903]. — [W. T. Spear] 48 Ohio L. B. 944 [1903]. — [William R. RIddeU] 27 Can. L. T. 785 [1907]. The lawyer — a pest or a panacea? [Francis M. Burdick] 16 Green Bag, 226; 12 Am. Law. 165 [1904]. |
2382240_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Sang juara bertahan Novak Djokovic, kalah di babak semifinal oleh Rafael Nadal.
Nadal memenangkan gelar Madrid Open kelimanya, setelah berhasil mengalahkan Dominic Thiem di pertandingan final dengan skor 7–6(10–8), 6–4.
Unggulan
Pemain delapan besar unggulan menerima bye ke babak kedua.
Pertandingan
Finals
Bagian atas
Sektor 1
Sektor 2
Bagian bawah
Sektor 3
Sektor 4
Referensi
Mutua Madrid Open 2017 – Main Draw Singles
Mutua Madrid Open 2017 – Qualifying Draw
Putra1
Madrid1.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20070 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
# Default config
# Sets the target folders and the final framework product.
FMK_NAME=HockeySDK
FMK_RESOURCE_BUNDLE=HockeySDKResources
FMK_iOS8_NAME="HockeySDK Framework"
# Documentation
HOCKEYSDK_DOCSET_VERSION_NAME="de.bitstadium.${HOCKEYSDK_DOCSET_NAME}-${VERSION_STRING}"
# Install dir will be the final output to the framework.
# The following line creates it in the root folder of the current project.
PRODUCTS_DIR=${SRCROOT}/../Products
ZIP_FOLDER=HockeySDK-iOS
TEMP_DIR=${PRODUCTS_DIR}/${ZIP_FOLDER}
INSTALL_DIR=${TEMP_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}.framework
ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR=${TEMP_DIR}/HockeySDKAllFeatures/${FMK_NAME}.framework
FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR=${TEMP_DIR}/HockeySDKFeedbackOnly/${FMK_NAME}.framework
# Working dir will be deleted after the framework creation.
WRK_DIR=build
DEVICE_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseDefault-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseDefault-iphonesimulator
DEVICE_DIR_ALL_FEATURES=${WRK_DIR}/Release-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_DIR_ALL_FEATURES=${WRK_DIR}/Release-iphonesimulator
DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnly-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnly-iphonesimulator
DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnlyExtensions-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnlyExtensions-iphonesimulator
DEVICE_WATCH_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnlyWatchOS-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_WATCH_CRASH_ONLY_DIR=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseCrashOnlyWatchOS-iphonesimulator
DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseFeedbackOnly-iphoneos
SIMULATOR_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK=${WRK_DIR}/ReleaseFeedbackOnly-iphonesimulator
# //////////////////////////////
# Building the SDK with all features except the Feedback Feature
# //////////////////////////////
# Building both architectures.
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseDefault" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphoneos
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseDefault" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphonesimulator
# Cleaning the oldest.
if [ -d "${TEMP_DIR}" ]
then
rm -rf "${TEMP_DIR}"
fi
# Creates and renews the final product folder.
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules"
# Copy the swift import file
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/module_default.modulemap" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules/module.modulemap"
# Copies the headers and resources files to the final product folder.
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITAuthenticator.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITCrashAttachment.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITCrashDetails.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITCrashManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITCrashManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITCrashMetaData.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyAttachment.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseViewController.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyLogger.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITMetricsManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITStoreUpdateManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITStoreUpdateManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITUpdateManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITUpdateManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITUpdateViewController.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDK.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKEnums.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKNullability.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
# Copy the patched feature header
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/HockeySDKFeatureConfigDefault.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h"
# Uses the Lipo Tool to merge both binary files (i386 + armv6/armv7) into one Universal final product.
lipo -create "${DEVICE_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" "${SIMULATOR_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" -output "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}"
# Combine the CrashReporter static library into a new Hockey static library file if they are not already present and copy the public headers too
if [ -z $(otool -L "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" | grep 'libCrashReporter') ]
then
libtool -static -o "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${SRCROOT}/../Vendor/CrashReporter.framework/Versions/A/CrashReporter"
fi
# build embeddedframework folder and move framework into it
mkdir "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework"
mv "${INSTALL_DIR}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/${FMK_NAME}.framework"
mv "${DEVICE_DIR}/${FMK_RESOURCE_BUNDLE}.bundle" "${TEMP_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/"
rm -r "${WRK_DIR}"
# //////////////////////////////
# Building the full featured SDK
# //////////////////////////////
# Building both architectures.
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "Release" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphoneos
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "Release" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphonesimulator
# Creates and renews the final product folder.
mkdir -p "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}"
mkdir -p "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers"
mkdir -p "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/Modules"
# Copy the swift import file
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/module_allfeatures.modulemap" "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/Modules/module.modulemap"
# Copies the headers and resources files to the final product folder.
cp -R "${DEVICE_DIR_ALL_FEATURES}/include/HockeySDK/" "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
# Use the Lipo Tool to merge both binary files (i386/x86_64 + armv7/armv7s/arm64) into one Universal final product.
lipo -create "${DEVICE_DIR_ALL_FEATURES}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" "${SIMULATOR_DIR_ALL_FEATURES}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" -output "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}"
# Combine the CrashReporter static library into a new Hockey static library file if they are not already present and copy the public headers too
if [ -z $(otool -L "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" | grep 'libCrashReporter') ]
then
libtool -static -o "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${SRCROOT}/../Vendor/CrashReporter.framework/Versions/A/CrashReporter"
fi
# build embeddedframework folder and move framework into it
mkdir "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework"
mv "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/" "${ALL_FEATURES_INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/${FMK_NAME}.framework"
mv "${DEVICE_DIR_ALL_FEATURES}/${FMK_RESOURCE_BUNDLE}.bundle" "${TEMP_DIR}/HockeySDKAllFeatures/${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/"
# do some cleanup
rm -r "${WRK_DIR}"
# /////////////////////////////////////////////
# Building the crash only SDK without resources
# /////////////////////////////////////////////
# Building both architectures.
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseCrashOnly" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphoneos
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseCrashOnly" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphonesimulator
# Creates and renews the final product folder.
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules"
# Copy the swift import file
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/module_crashonly.modulemap" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules/module.modulemap"
# Copies the headers without the resources files to the final product folder.
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}"/include/HockeySDK/BITCrash*.h "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyAttachment.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyLogger.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDK.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKNullability.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKEnums.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
# Copy the patched feature header
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/HockeySDKCrashOnlyConfig.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h"
# Uses the Lipo Tool to merge both binary files (i386/x86_64 + armv7/armv7s/arm64) into one Universal final product.
lipo -create "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" "${SRCROOT}/${SIMULATOR_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" -output "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}"
# Combine the CrashReporter static library into a new Hockey static library file if they are not already present and copy the public headers too
if [ -z $(otool -L "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" | grep 'libCrashReporter') ]
then
libtool -static -o "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${SRCROOT}/../Vendor/CrashReporter.framework/Versions/A/CrashReporter"
fi
# Move the crash reporting only framework into a new folder
mkdir "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}CrashOnly"
mv "${INSTALL_DIR}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}CrashOnly/${FMK_NAME}.framework"
rm -r "${WRK_DIR}"
# ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# Building the extensions crash only SDK without resources
# ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# Building both architectures.
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseCrashOnlyExtensions" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphoneos
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseCrashOnlyExtensions" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphonesimulator
# Creates and renews the final product folder.
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers"
mkdir -p "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules"
# Copy the swift import file
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/module_crashonly.modulemap" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Modules/module.modulemap"
# Copies the headers without the resources files to the final product folder.
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}"/include/HockeySDK/BITCrash*.h "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyAttachment.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyLogger.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManager.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManagerDelegate.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDK.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKNullability.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKEnums.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
# Copy the patched feature header
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/HockeySDKCrashOnlyExtensionConfig.h" "${INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h"
# Uses the Lipo Tool to merge both binary files (i386/x86_64 + armv7/armv7s/arm64) into one Universal final product.
lipo -create "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" "${SRCROOT}/${SIMULATOR_EXTENSIONS_CRASH_ONLY_DIR}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" -output "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}"
# Combine the CrashReporter static library into a new Hockey static library file if they are not already present and copy the public headers too
if [ -z $(otool -L "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" | grep 'libCrashReporter') ]
then
libtool -static -o "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}" "${SRCROOT}/../Vendor/CrashReporter.framework/Versions/A/CrashReporter"
fi
# Move the crash reporting only framework into a new folder
mkdir "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}CrashOnlyExtension"
mv "${INSTALL_DIR}" "${INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}CrashOnlyExtension/${FMK_NAME}.framework"
rm -r "${WRK_DIR}"
# //////////////////////////////
# Building the Feedback-Only SDK
# //////////////////////////////
# Building both architectures.
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseFeedbackOnly" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphoneos
xcodebuild -project "HockeySDK.xcodeproj" -configuration "ReleaseFeedbackOnly" -target "${FMK_NAME}" -sdk iphonesimulator
# Creates and renews the final product folder.
mkdir -p "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}"
mkdir -p "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers"
mkdir -p "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Modules"
# Copy the swift import file
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/module_feedbackonly.modulemap" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Modules/module.modulemap"
# Copies the headers and resources files to the final product folder.
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}"/include/HockeySDK/BITFeedback*.h "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyAttachment.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseManager.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyBaseViewController.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyLogger.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManager.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/BITHockeyManagerDelegate.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDK.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKEnums.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/include/HockeySDK/HockeySDKNullability.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/"
# Copy the patched feature header
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/HockeySDKFeedbackOnlyConfig.h" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/Headers/HockeySDKFeatureConfig.h"
# Use the Lipo Tool to merge both binary files (i386/x86_64 + armv7/armv7s/arm64) into one Universal final product.
lipo -create "${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" "${SIMULATOR_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/lib${FMK_NAME}.a" -output "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/${FMK_NAME}"
# build embeddedframework folder and move framework into it
mkdir "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework"
mv "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/" "${FEEDBACK_ONLY_INSTALL_DIR}/../${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/${FMK_NAME}.framework"
mv "${DEVICE_DIR_ONLY_FEEDBACK}/${FMK_RESOURCE_BUNDLE}.bundle" "${TEMP_DIR}/HockeySDKFeedbackOnly/${FMK_NAME}.embeddedframework/"
# do some cleanup
rm -r "${WRK_DIR}"
# //////////////////////////////
# Final steps: move documentation and create zip-file
# //////////////////////////////
# copy license, changelog, documentation, integration json
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/../Documentation/Guides/Changelog.md" "${TEMP_DIR}/CHANGELOG"
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/../Documentation/Guides/Installation & Setup.md" "${TEMP_DIR}/README.md"
cp -f "${SRCROOT}/../LICENSE" "${TEMP_DIR}"
cp -R "${SRCROOT}/../Documentation/HockeySDK/Generated/docsets/HockeySDK.docset" "${TEMP_DIR}"
mv "${TEMP_DIR}/HockeySDK.docset" "${TEMP_DIR}/${HOCKEYSDK_DOCSET_VERSION_NAME}.docset"
# build zip
cd "${PRODUCTS_DIR}"
rm -f "${FMK_NAME}-iOS-${VERSION_STRING}.zip"
zip -yr "${FMK_NAME}-iOS-${VERSION_STRING}.zip" "${ZIP_FOLDER}" -x \*/.*
cd "${ZIP_FOLDER}"
rm -f "${FMK_NAME}-iOS-documentation-${VERSION_STRING}.zip"
zip -yr "${FMK_NAME}-iOS-documentation-${VERSION_STRING}.zip" "${HOCKEYSDK_DOCSET_VERSION_NAME}.docset" -x \*/.*
mv "${FMK_NAME}-iOS-documentation-${VERSION_STRING}.zip" "../"
|
github_open_source_100_8_20071 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// Copyright (C) 2018 Kubos Corporation
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// Contributed by: William Greer (wgreer184@gmail.com) and Sam Justice (sam.justice1@gmail.com)
//
use comms_service::{CommsConfig, CommsResult};
use std::net::UdpSocket;
use std::sync::Arc;
// Function to allow reading from a UDP socket.
pub fn read(socket: &Arc<UdpSocket>) -> CommsResult<Vec<u8>> {
let mut buf = [0; 4096];
let (size, _) = socket.recv_from(&mut buf)?;
Ok(buf[0..size].to_vec())
}
// Function to allow writing over a UDP socket.
pub fn write(socket: &Arc<UdpSocket>, data: &[u8]) -> CommsResult<()> {
let service_config = kubos_system::Config::new("ethernet-service");
let config = CommsConfig::new(service_config)?;
socket.send_to(
data,
(&*config.ground_ip, config.ground_port.unwrap_or_default()),
)?;
Ok(())
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20072 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace EmptyBox.IO.Network
{
public static class ConnectionExtensions
{
public delegate bool ComputationalPredicate<TIn, TOut>(TIn @in, out TOut @out);
public static async Task<byte[]?> WaitAnswer(this ICommunicationElement com, Func<byte[], bool> check, TimeSpan? span)
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
byte[]? result = null;
IConnection? connection = com as IConnection;
void Handler(ICommunicationElement connection, byte[] message)
{
if (check(message))
{
result = message;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
void Interrupted(IConnection connection)
{
resetEvent.Set();
}
com.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (connection != null)
{
connection.ConnectionInterrupted += Interrupted;
}
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
com.MessageReceived -= Handler;
if (connection != null)
{
connection.ConnectionInterrupted -= Interrupted;
}
return result;
}
public static async Task<(T Value, bool Success)> WaitAnswer<T>(this ICommunicationElement com, ComputationalPredicate<byte[], T> check, TimeSpan? span)
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
T result = default;
bool success = false;
IConnection? connection = com as IConnection;
void Handler(ICommunicationElement connection, byte[] message)
{
if (check(message, out result))
{
success = true;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
void Interrupted(IConnection connection)
{
resetEvent.Set();
}
com.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (connection != null)
{
connection.ConnectionInterrupted += Interrupted;
}
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
com.MessageReceived -= Handler;
if (connection != null)
{
connection.ConnectionInterrupted -= Interrupted;
}
return (result, success);
}
public static async Task<byte[]?> WaitAnswer<TPort>(this ISocket<TPort> socket, Func<TPort, bool> checkSender, Func<byte[], bool> checkMessage, TimeSpan? span)
where TPort : IPort
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
byte[]? result = null;
void Handler(ISocket<TPort> connection, TPort sender, byte[] message)
{
if (checkSender(sender) && checkMessage(message))
{
result = message;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
socket.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
socket.MessageReceived -= Handler;
return result;
}
public static async Task<byte[]?> WaitAnswer<TAddress>(this IPointedSocket<TAddress> socket, Func<TAddress, bool> checkSender, Func<byte[], bool> checkMessage, TimeSpan? span)
where TAddress : IAddress
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
byte[]? result = null;
void Handler(IPointedSocket<TAddress> connection, TAddress sender, byte[] message)
{
if (checkSender(sender) && checkMessage(message))
{
result = message;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
socket.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
socket.MessageReceived -= Handler;
return result;
}
public static async Task<byte[]?> WaitAnswer<TAddress, TPort>(this IPointedSocket<TAddress, TPort> socket, Func<IAccessPoint<TAddress, TPort>, bool> checkSender, Func<byte[], bool> checkMessage, TimeSpan? span)
where TAddress : IAddress
where TPort : IPort
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
byte[]? result = null;
void Handler(IPointedSocket<TAddress, TPort> connection, IAccessPoint<TAddress, TPort> sender, byte[] message)
{
if (checkSender(sender) && checkMessage(message))
{
result = message;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
socket.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
socket.MessageReceived -= Handler;
return result;
}
public static async Task<(T Value, bool Success)> WaitAnswer<T, TAddress, TPort>(this IPointedSocket<TAddress, TPort> socket, Func<IAccessPoint<TAddress, TPort>, bool> checkSender, ComputationalPredicate<byte[], T> checkMessage, TimeSpan? span)
where TAddress : IAddress
where TPort : IPort
{
await Task.Yield();
ManualResetEventSlim resetEvent = new ManualResetEventSlim(false);
T result = default;
bool success = false;
void Handler(IPointedSocket<TAddress, TPort> socket, IAccessPoint<TAddress, TPort> sender, byte[] message)
{
if (checkSender(sender) && checkMessage(message, out result))
{
success = true;
resetEvent.Set();
}
}
socket.MessageReceived += Handler;
if (span == null)
{
resetEvent.Wait();
}
else
{
resetEvent.Wait(span.Value);
}
socket.MessageReceived -= Handler;
return (result, success);
}
}
}
|
2020/32020B1077/32020B1077_EN.txt_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | L_2020254EN.01000101.xml
4.8.2020
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 254/1
DEFINITIVE ADOPTION (EU, Euratom) 2020/1077
of amending budget No 3 of the European Union for the financial year 2020
THE PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 314(4)(a) and (9) thereof,
having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Article 106a thereof,
having regard to Council Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom of 26 May 2014 on the system of own resources of the European Union (1),
having regard to Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU, and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (2),
having regard to Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1311/2013 of 2 December 2013 laying down the multiannual financial framework for the years 2014-2020 (3),
having regard to the Interinstitutional Agreement of 2 December 2013 between the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on budgetary discipline, on cooperation in budgetary matters and on sound financial management (4),
having regard to the general budget of the European Union for the financial year 2020, as definitively adopted on 27 November 2019 (5),
having regard to Draft amending budget No 3 of the European Union for the financial year 2020, which the Commission adopted on 15 April 2020,
having regard to the position on Draft amending budget No 3/2020, which the Council adopted on 6 May 2020 and forwarded to Parliament on the following day,
having regard to Parliament's approval of 18 June 2020 of the Council position,
having regard to Rules 94 and 96 of Parliament’s Rules of Procedure,
DECLARES:
Sole Article
The procedure under Article 314 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union is complete and Amending budget No 3 of the European Union for the financial year 2020 has been definitively adopted.
Done at Brussels, 18 June 2020.
The President
D. M. SASSOLI
(1)
OJ L 168, 7.6.2014, p. 105.
(2)
OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1.
(3)
OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 884.
(4)
OJ C 373, 20.12.2013, p. 1.
(5)
OJ L 57, 27.2.2020.
FINANCING OF THE GENERAL BUDGET
Appropriations to be covered during the financial year 2020 pursuant to Article 1 of Council Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom of 26 May 2014 on the system of own resources of the European Union
EXPENDITURE
Description
Budget 2020 (1)
Budget 2019 (2)
Change (%)
1.
Smart and inclusive growth
72 353 828 442
67 556 947 173
+ 7,10
2.
Sustainable growth: natural resources
57 904 492 439
57 399 857 331
+ 0,88
3.
Security and citizenship
5 278 527 141
3 527 434 894
+ 49,64
4.
Global Europe
8 944 061 191
9 358 295 603
– 4,43
5.
Administration
10 274 196 704
9 944 904 743
+ 3,31
6.
Compensation
p.m.
p.m.
—
Special instruments
418 500 000
705 051 794
– 40,64
Total expenditure (3)
155 173 605 917
148 492 491 538
+ 4,50
(1)
(2)
(3)
REVENUE
Description
Budget 2020 (4)
Budget 2019 (5)
Change (%)
Miscellaneous revenue (Titles 4 to 9)
1 928 450 061
1 894 392 136
+ 1,80
Surplus available from the preceding financial year (Chapter 3 0, Article 3 0 0)
3 218 373 955
1 802 988 329
+78,50
Repayment of the surplus of the Guarantee Fund for external actions (Chapter 3 0, Article 3 0 2)
p.m.
p.m.
—
Net balance of own resources accruing from VAT and GNI-based own resources for earlier years (Chapters 3 1, 3 2 and 3 3)
p.m.
p.m.
— Total revenue for Titles 3 to 9 5 146 824 016 3 697 380 465 +39,20 Net amount of customs duties and sugar levies (Chapters 1 1 and 1 2) 22 156 900 000 21 471 164 786 + 3,19 VAT-based own resource at the uniform rate (Tables 1 and 2, Chapter 1 3) 18 945 245 250 17 738 667 150 + 6,80 Remainder to be financed by the additional resource (GNI-based own resource, Table 3, Chapter 1 4) 108 924 636 651 105 585 279 137 + 3,16 Appropriations to be covered by the own resources referred to in Article 2 of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom (6) 150 026 781 901 144 795 111 073 + 3,61 Total revenue (7) 155 173 605 917 148 492 491 538 + 4,50 (4) (5) (6) (7) TABLE 1 Calculation of capping of harmonised value added tax (VAT) bases to point (b) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom Member State 1 % of non-capped VAT base 1 % of gross national income Capping rate (in %) 1 % of gross national income multiplied by capping rate 1 % of capped VAT base (8) Member States whose VAT base is capped (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Belgium 2 064 785 000 4 828 731 000 50 2 414 365 500 2 064 785 000 Bulgaria 294 223 000 619 079 000 50 309 539 500 294 223 000 Czechia 954 547 000 2 157 592 000 50 1 078 796 000 954 547 000 Denmark 1 236 816 000 3 248 081 000 50 1 624 040 500 1 236 816 000 Germany 15 101 735 000 36 775 058 000 50 18 387 529 000 15 101 735 000 Estonia 137 193 000 280 639 000 50 140 319 500 137 193 000 Ireland 960 910 000 2 784 713 000 50 1 392 356 500 960 910 000 Greece 766 480 000 1 973 712 000 50 986 856 000 766 480 000 Spain 5 902 319 000 12 978 152 000 50 6 489 076 000 5 902 319 000 France 11 424 424 000 25 387 121 000 50 12 693 560 500 11 424 424 000 Croatia 353 644 000 551 259 000 50 275 629 500 275 629 500 Croatia Italy 7 379 229 000 18 340 730 000 50 9 170 365 000 7 379 229 000 Cyprus 147 038 000 219 566 000 50 109 783 000 109 783 000 Cyprus Latvia 127 770 000 328 766 000 50 164 383 000 127 770 000 Lithuania 201 136 000 483 628 000 50 241 814 000 201 136 000 Luxembourg 322 993 000 442 746 000 50 221 373 000 221 373 000 Luxembourg Hungary 612 612 000 1 437 840 000 50 718 920 000 612 612 000 Malta 94 154 000 132 750 000 50 66 375 000 66 375 000 Malta Netherlands 3 436 775 000 8 302 270 000 50 4 151 135 000 3 436 775 000 Austria 1 867 511 000 4 131 641 000 50 2 065 820 500 1 867 511 000 Poland 2 664 822 000 5 358 014 000 50 2 679 007 000 2 664 822 000 Portugal 1 102 521 000 2 105 933 000 50 1 052 966 500 1 052 966 500 Portugal Romania 804 913 000 2 266 156 000 50 1 133 078 000 804 913 000 Slovenia 236 104 000 507 667 000 50 253 833 500 236 104 000 Slovakia 363 409 000 999 569 000 50 499 784 500 363 409 000 Finland 1 051 297 000 2 487 111 000 50 1 243 555 500 1 051 297 000 Sweden 2 102 533 000 4 888 140 000 50 2 444 070 000 2 102 533 000 United Kingdom 12 053 669 000 25 863 586 000 50 12 931 793 000 12 053 669 000 Total 73 765 562 000 169 880 250 000 84 940 125 000 73 471 339 000 (8) TABLE 2 Breakdown of own resources accruing from VAT pursuant to point (b) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom (Chapter 1 3) Member State 1 % of capped VAT base Uniform rate of VAT own resource (in %) VAT-based own resource at uniform rate (1) (2) (3) = (1) × (2) Belgium 2 064 785 000 0,30 619 435 500 Bulgaria 294 223 000 0,30 88 266 900 Czechia 954 547 000 0,30 286 364 100 Denmark 1 236 816 000 0,30 371 044 800 Germany 15 101 735 000 0,15 2 265 260 250 Estonia 137 193 000 0,30 41 157 900 Ireland 960 910 000 0,30 288 273 000 Greece 766 480 000 0,30 229 944 000 Spain 5 902 319 000 0,30 1 770 695 700 France 11 424 424 000 0,30 3 427 327 200 Croatia 275 629 500 0,30 82 688 850 Italy 7 379 229 000 0,30 2 213 768 700 Cyprus 109 783 000 0,30 32 934 900 Latvia 127 770 000 0,30 38 331 000 Lithuania 201 136 000 0,30 60 340 800 Luxembourg 221 373 000 0,30 66 411 900 Hungary 612 612 000 0,30 183 783 600 Malta 66 375 000 0,30 19 912 500 Netherlands 3 436 775 000 0,15 515 516 250 Austria 1 867 511 000 0,30 560 253 300 Poland 2 664 822 000 0,30 799 446 600 Portugal 1 052 966 500 0,30 315 889 950 Romania 804 913 000 0,30 241 473 900 Slovenia 236 104 000 0,30 70 831 200 Slovakia 363 409 000 0,30 109 022 700 Finland 1 051 297 000 0,30 315 389 100 Sweden 2 102 533 000 0,15 315 379 950 United Kingdom 12 053 669 000 0,30 3 616 100 700 Total 73 471 339 000 18 945 245 250 TABLE 3 Determination of uniform rate and breakdown of resources based on gross national income pursuant to point (c) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom (Chapter 1 4) Member State 1 % of gross national income Uniform rate of ‘additional base’‚ own resource ‘Additional base’ own resource at uniform rate (1) (2) (3) = (1) × (2) Belgium 4 828 731 000 3 096 108 992 Bulgaria 619 079 000 396 944 054 Czechia 2 157 592 000 1 383 415 227 Denmark 3 248 081 000 2 082 620 215 Germany 36 775 058 000 23 579 608 759 Estonia 280 639 000 179 941 465 Ireland 2 784 713 000 1 785 515 689 Greece 1 973 712 000 1 265 514 163 Spain 12 978 152 000 8 321 393 988 France 25 387 121 000 16 277 836 479 Croatia 551 259 000 353 458 900 Italy 18 340 730 000 11 759 797 570 Cyprus 219 566 000 140 782 385 Latvia 328 766 000 0,6411848 (9) 210 799 767 Lithuania 483 628 000 310 094 930 Luxembourg 442 746 000 283 882 012 Hungary 1 437 840 000 921 921 174 Malta 132 750 000 85 117 284 Netherlands 8 302 270 000 5 323 289 453 Austria 4 131 641 000 2 649 145 470 Poland 5 358 014 000 3 435 477 215 Portugal 2 105 933 000 1 350 292 261 Romania 2 266 156 000 1 453 024 815 Slovenia 507 667 000 325 508 371 Slovakia 999 569 000 640 908 464 Finland 2 487 111 000 1 594 697 806 Sweden 4 888 140 000 3 134 201 141 United Kingdom 25 863 586 000 16 583 338 602 Total 169 880 250 000 108 924 636 651 (9) TABLE 4 Calculation of the gross reduction in GNI contribution for Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden and its financing, pursuant to Article 2(5) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom (Chapter 1 6) Member State Gross reduction Percentage share of GNI base GNI key applied to the gross reduction Financing of the reduction (1) (2) (3) (4) = (1) + (3) Belgium 2,84 32 315 590 32 315 590 Bulgaria 0,36 4 143 098 4 143 098 Czechia 1,27 14 439 375 14 439 375 Denmark - 146 333 564 1,91 21 737 317 - 124 596 247 Germany 21,65 246 111 806 246 111 806 Estonia 0,17 1 878 136 1 878 136 Ireland 1,64 18 636 293 18 636 293 Greece 1,16 13 208 785 13 208 785 Spain 7,64 86 854 423 86 854 423 France 14,94 169 899 670 169 899 670 Croatia 0,32 3 689 222 3 689 222 Italy 10,80 122 742 708 122 742 708 Cyprus 0,13 1 469 414 1 469 414 Latvia 0,19 2 200 219 2 200 219 Lithuania 0,28 3 236 611 3 236 611 Luxembourg 0,26 2 963 014 2 963 014 Hungary 0,85 9 622 538 9 622 538 Malta 0,08 888 410 888 410 Netherlands - 782 321 749 4,89 55 561 753 - 726 759 996 Austria 2,43 27 650 415 27 650 415 Poland 3,15 35 857 741 35 857 741 Portugal 1,24 14 093 655 14 093 655 Romania 1,33 15 165 924 15 165 924 Slovenia 0,30 3 397 489 3 397 489 Slovakia 0,59 6 689 472 6 689 472 Finland 1,46 16 644 634 16 644 634 Sweden - 208 243 919 2,88 32 713 177 - 175 530 742 United Kingdom 15,22 173 088 343 173 088 343 Total -1 136 899 232 100,00 1 136 899 232 0 EU GDP price deflator, in EUR (spring 2019 economic forecast) : (a) 2011 EU-27 = 100,0000 / (b) 2013 EU-27 = 102,9958 (c) 2013 EU-28 = 102,9874 / (d) 2020 EU-28 = 112,5551 Lump sum for Netherlands: in 2020 prices: 695 000 000 EUR × [ (b/a) × (d/c) ] = 782 321 749 EUR Lump sum for Sweden: in 2020 prices: 185 000 000 EUR × [ (b/a) × (d/c) ] = 208 243 919 EUR Lump sum for Denmark: in 2020 prices: 130 000 000 EUR × [ (b/a) × (d/c) ] = 146 333 564 EUR TABLE 5 Correction of budgetary imbalances for the United Kingdom for the year 2019 pursuant to Article 4 of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom (Chapter 1 5) Description Coefficient (10) (%) Amount 1. United Kingdom’s share (in %) of notional uncapped VAT base
16,3037
2. United Kingdom’s share (in %) of enlargement-adjusted total allocated expenditure
7,3015
3. (1) – (2)
9,0022
4. Total allocated expenditure
130 008 765 143
5. Enlargement related expenditure (11)
30 694 725 929
6. Enlargement-adjusted total allocated expenditure = (4) – (5)
99 314 039 214
7. United Kingdom’s correction original amount = (3) × (6) × 0,66
5 900 699 546
8. United Kingdom’s advantage (12)
690 825 371
9. Core United Kingdom’s correction = (7) – (8)
5 209 874 175
10. Windfall gains deriving from traditional own resources (13)
-44 494 806
11. TABLE 7
Summary of financing (14) of the general budget by type of own resource and by Member State
Member State
Traditional own resources (TOR)
VAT and GNI-based own resources, including adjustments
Total own resources (15)
Net sugar sector levies (80 %)
Net customs duties (80 %)
Total net traditional own resources (80 %)
Collection costs (20 % of gross TOR) (p.m.)
VAT-based own resource
GNI-based own resource
Reduction in favour of: Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden
United Kingdom correction
Total ‘national contributions’
Share in total ‘national contributions’ (%)
(1)
(2)
(3) = (1) + (2)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) = (5) + (6) + (7) + (8)
(10)
(11) = (3) + (9)
Belgium
p.m.
2 264 600 000
2 264 600 000
566 150 000
619 435 500
3 096 108 992
32 315 590
255 665 342
4 003 525 424
3.13
6 268 125 424
Bulgaria
p.m.
113 700 000
113 700 000
28 425 000
88 266 900
396 944 054
4 143 098
32 778 186
522 132 238
0.41
635 832 238
Czechia
p.m.
316 800 000
316 800 000
79 200 000
286 364 100
1 383 415 227
14 439 375
114 237 363
1 798 456 065
1.41
2 115 256 065
Denmark
p.m.
372 700 000
372 700 000
93 175 000
371 044 800
2 082 620 215
- 124 596 247
171 975 150
2 501 043 918
1.96
2 873 743 918
Germany
p.m.
4 257 000 000
4 257 000 000
1 064 250 000
2 265 260 250
23 579 608 759
246 111 806
335 429 452
26 426 410 267
20.67
30 683 410 267
Estonia
p.m.
36 900 000
36 900 000
9 225 000
41 157 900
179 941 465
1 878 136
14 858 907
237 836 408
0.19
274 736 408
Ireland
p.m.
333 400 000
333 400 000
83 350 000
288 273 000
1 785 515 689
18 636 293
147 441 346
2 239 866 328
1.75
2 573 266 328
Greece
p.m.
193 100 000
193 100 000
48 275 000
229 944 000
1 265 514 163
13 208 785
104 501 525
1 613 168 473
1.26
1 806 268 473
Spain
p.m.
1 660 500 000
1 660 500 000
415 125 000
1 770 695 700
8 321 393 988
86 854 423
687 150 240
10 866 094 351
8.50
12 526 594 351
France
p.m.
1 823 600 000
1 823 600 000
455 900 000
3 427 327 200
16 277 836 479
169 899 670
1 344 164 122
21 219 227 471
16.59
23 042 827 471
Croatia
p.m.
41 300 000
41 300 000
10 325 000
82 688 850
353 458 900
3 689 222
29 187 341
469 024 313
0.37
510 324 313
Italy
p.m.
1 998 200 000
1 998 200 000
499 550 000
2 213 768 700
11 759 797 570
122 742 708
971 081 015
15 067 389 993
11.78
17 065 589 993
Cyprus
p.m.
27 100 000
27 100 000
6 775 000
32 934 900
140 782 385
1 469 414
11 625 294
186 811 993
0.15
213 911 993
Latvia
p.m.
47 000 000
47 000 000
11 750 000
38 331 000
210 799 767
2 200 219
17 407 073
268 738 059
0.21
315 738 059
Lithuania
p.m.
108 500 000
108 500 000
27 125 000
60 340 800
310 094 930
3 236 611
25 606 504
399 278 845
0.31
507 778 845
Luxembourg
p.m.
16 800 000
16 800 000
4 200 000
66 411 900
283 882 012
2 963 014
23 441 937
376 698 863
0.29
393 498 863
Hungary
p.m.
223 900 000
223 900 000
55 975 000
183 783 600
921 921 174
9 622 538
76 128 874
1 191 456 186
0.93
1 415 356 186
Malta
p.m.
14 700 000
14 700 000
3 675 000
19 912 500
85 117 284
888 410
7 028 674
112 946 868
0.09
127 646 868
Netherlands
p.m.
2 758 500 000
2 758 500 000
689 625 000
515 516 250
5 323 289 453
- 726 759 996
75 725 942
5 187 771 649
4.06
7 946 271 649
Austria
p.m.
222 900 000
222 900 000
55 725 000
560 253 300
2 649 145 470
27 650 415
37 685 164
3 274 734 349
2.56
3 497 634 349
Poland
p.m.
844 800 000
844 800 000
211 200 000
799 446 600
3 435 477 215
35 857 741
283 689 127
4 554 470 683
3.56
5 399 270 683
Portugal
p.m.
199 900 000
199 900 000
49 975 000
315 889 950
1 350 292 261
14 093 655
111 502 190
1 791 778 056
1.40
1 991 678 056
Romania
p.m.
206 000 000
206 000 000
51 500 000
241 473 900
1 453 024 815
15 165 924
119 985 468
1 829 650 107
1.43
2 035 650 107
Slovenia
p.m.
90 700 000
90 700 000
22 675 000
70 831 200
325 508 371
3 397 489
26 879 289
426 616 349
0.33
517 316 349
Slovakia
p.m.
107 700 000
107 700 000
26 925 000
109 022 700
640 908 464
6 689 472
52 923 874
809 544 510
0.63
917 244 510
Finland
p.m.
163 500 000
163 500 000
40 875 000
315 389 100
1 594 697 806
16 644 634
131 684 305
2 058 415 845
1.61
2 221 915 845
Sweden
p.m.
538 600 000
538 600 000
134 650 000
315 379 950
3 134 201 141
- 175 530 742
44 585 277
3 318 635 626
2.60
3 857 235 626
United Kingdom
p.m.
3 174 500 000
3 174 500 000
793 625 000
3 616 100 700
16 583 338 602
173 088 343
-5 254 368 981
15 118 158 664
11.82
18 292 658 664
Total
p.m.
22 156 900 000
22 156 900 000
5 539 225 000
18 945 245 250
108 924 636 651
0
0
127 869 881 901
100,00
150 026 781 901
(14)
(15)
(1) The figures in this column correspond to those in the 2020 budget (OJ L 57, 27.2.2020, p. 1) plus amending budget No 1 to 3/2020.
(2) The figures in this column correspond to those in the 2019 budget (OJ L 67, 7.3.2019, p. 1) plus amending budgets No 1 to 3/2019.
(3) The third subparagraph of Article 310(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union reads: ‘The revenue and expenditure shown in the budget shall be in balance’.
(4) The figures in this column correspond to those in the 2020 budget (OJ L 57, 27.2.2020, p. 1) plus amending budget No 1 to 3/2020.
(5) The figures in this column correspond to those in the 2019 budget (OJ L 67, 7.3.2019, p. 1) plus amending budgets No 1 to 3/2019.
(6) The own resources for the 2020 budget are determined on the basis of the budget forecasts adopted at the 175th meeting of the Advisory Committee on Own Resources on 24 May 2019.
(7) The third subparagraph of Article 310(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union reads: ‘The revenue and expenditure shown in the budget shall be in balance’.
(8) The base to be used does not exceed 50 % of GNI.
(9) Calculation of rate: (108 924 636 651) / (169 880 250 000) = 0, 641184814897553.
(10) Rounded percentages.
(11) The amount of enlargement-related expenditure corresponds to total allocated expenditure in 13 Member States (that have acceded to the Union after 30 April 2004), except for agricultural direct payments and market-related expenditure as well as that part of rural development expenditure originating from the EAGGF, Guarantee Section.
(12) The ‘UK advantage’ corresponds to the effects arising for the United Kingdom from the changeover to capped VAT and the introduction of the GNP/GNI-based own resource.
(13) These windfall gains correspond to the net gains of the United Kingdom resulting from the increase — from 10 to 20 % as of 1 January 2014 — in the percentage of traditional own resources retained by Member States to cover the collection costs of traditional own resources (TOR).
(14) p.m. (own resources + other revenue = total revenue = total expenditure); (150 026 781 901 + 5 146 824 016 = 155 173 605 917 = 155 173 605 917).
(15) Total own resources as percentage of GNI: (150 026 781 901) / (16 988 025 000 000) = 0,88 %; own resources ceiling as percentage of GNI: 1,20 %.
B. GENERAL STATEMENT OF REVENUE BY BUDGET HEADING
Title
Heading
Budget 2020
Amending budget No 3/2020
New amount
1
OWN RESOURCES
153 245 155 856
–3 218 373 955
150 026 781 901
3
SURPLUSES, BALANCES AND ADJUSTMENTS
p.m.
3 218 373 955
3 218 373 955
4
REVENUE ACCRUING FROM PERSONS WORKING WITH THE INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER UNION BODIES
1 651 322 700
1 651 322 700
5
REVENUE ACCRUING FROM THE ADMINISTRATIVE OPERATION OF THE INSTITUTIONS
15 050 000
15 050 000
6
CONTRIBUTIONS AND REFUNDS IN CONNECTION WITH UNION AGREEMENTS AND PROGRAMMES
130 000 000
130 000 000
7
DEFAULT INTEREST AND FINES
115 000 000
115 000 000
8
BORROWING AND LENDING OPERATIONS
2 076 361
2 076 361
9
MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE
15 001 000
15 001 000
GRAND TOTAL
155 173 605 917
0
155 173 605 917
TITLE 1
OWN RESOURCES
Article
Item
Heading
Budget 2020
Amending budget No 3/2020
New amount
CHAPTER 1 1
1 1 0
Production levies related to the marketing year 2005/2006 and previous years
p.m.
p.m.
1 1 1
Sugar storage levies
p.m.
p.m.
1 1 3
Charges levied on non-exported C sugar, C isoglucose and C inulin syrup production, and on substituted C sugar and C isoglucose
p.m.
p.m.
1 1 7
Production charge
p.m.
p.m.
1 1 8
One-off amounts on additional sugar quotas and supplementary isoglucose quotas
p.m.
p.m.
1 1 9
Surplus amount
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 1 1 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 1 2
1 2 0
Customs duties and other duties referred to in point (a) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
22 156 900 000
22 156 900 000
CHAPTER 1 2 — TOTAL
22 156 900 000
22 156 900 000
CHAPTER 1 3
1 3 0
Own resources accruing from value added tax pursuant to point (b) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
18 945 245 250
18 945 245 250
CHAPTER 1 3 — TOTAL
18 945 245 250
18 945 245 250
CHAPTER 1 4
1 4 0
Own resources based on gross national income pursuant to point (c) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
112 143 010 606
–3 218 373 955
108 924 636 651
CHAPTER 1 4 — TOTAL
112 143 010 606
–3 218 373 955
108 924 636 651
CHAPTER 1 5
1 5 0
Correction of budgetary imbalances granted to the United Kingdom in accordance with Articles 4 and 5 of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
0
0
CHAPTER 1 5 — TOTAL
0
0
CHAPTER 1 6
1 6 0
Gross reduction in the annual GNI-based contribution granted to certain Member States pursuant to Article 2(5) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
0
0
CHAPTER 1 6 — TOTAL
0
0
Title 1 — Total
153 245 155 856
–3 218 373 955
150 026 781 901
CHAPTER 1 1 —
LEVIES AND OTHER DUTIES PROVIDED FOR UNDER THE COMMON ORGANISATION OF THE MARKETS IN SUGAR (POINT (A) OF ARTICLE 2(1) OF DECISION 2014/335/EU, EURATOM)
CHAPTER 1 2 —
CUSTOMS DUTIES AND OTHER DUTIES REFERRED TO IN POINT (A) OF ARTICLE 2(1) OF DECISION 2014/335/EU, EURATOM
CHAPTER 1 3 —
OWN RESOURCES ACCRUING FROM VALUE ADDED TAX PURSUANT TO POINT (B) OF ARTICLE 2(1) OF DECISION 2014/335/EU, EURATOM
CHAPTER 1 4 —
OWN RESOURCES BASED ON GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PURSUANT TO POINT (C) OF ARTICLE 2(1) OF DECISION 2014/335/EU, EURATOM
CHAPTER 1 5 —
CORRECTION OF BUDGETARY IMBALANCES
CHAPTER 1 6 —
GROSS REDUCTION IN THE ANNUAL GNI-BASED CONTRIBUTION GRANTED TO CERTAIN MEMBER STATES
CHAPTER 1 4 — OWN RESOURCES BASED ON GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PURSUANT TO POINT (C) OF ARTICLE 2(1) OF DECISION 2014/335/EU, EURATOM
1 4 0Own resources based on gross national income pursuant to point (c) of Article 2(1) of Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom
Budget 2020
Amending budget No 3/2020
New amount
112 143 010 606
–3 218 373 955
108 924 636 651
Remarks
The GNI-based resource is an ‘additional’ resource, providing the revenue required to cover expenditure in excess of the amount yielded by traditional own resources, VAT-based payments and other revenue in any particular year. The GNI call rate is determined by the additional revenue needed to finance the budgeted expenditure not covered by the other resources (VAT-based payments, traditional own resources and other revenue). Thus a call rate is applied to the GNI of each of the Member States.
The rate to be applied to the Member States’ gross national income for financial 2020 year is 0,6412 %.
Legal basis
Council Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom of 26 May 2014 on the system of own resources of the European Union (OJ L 168, 7.6.2014, p. 105), and in particular point (c) of Article 2(1) thereof.
Member State
Budget 2020
Amending budget No. 3/2020
New amount
Belgium
3 187 589 091
-91 480 099
3 096 108 992
Bulgaria
408 672 479
-11 728 425
396 944 054
Czechia
1 424 290 714
-40 875 487
1 383 415 227
Denmark
2 144 154 968
-61 534 753
2 082 620 215
Germany
24 276 310 633
- 696 701 874
23 579 608 759
Estonia
185 258 159
-5 316 694
179 941 465
Ireland
1 838 271 956
-52 756 267
1 785 515 689
Greece
1 302 906 051
-37 391 888
1 265 514 163
Spain
8 567 264 514
- 245 870 526
8 321 393 988
France
16 758 794 383
- 480 957 904
16 277 836 479
Croatia
363 902 478
-10 443 578
353 458 900
Italy
12 107 261 903
- 347 464 333
11 759 797 570
Cyprus
144 942 053
-4 159 668
140 782 385
Latvia
217 028 224
-6 228 457
210 799 767
Lithuania
319 257 241
-9 162 311
310 094 930
Luxembourg
292 269 816
-8 387 804
283 882 012
Hungary
949 160 991
-27 239 817
921 921 174
Malta
87 632 227
-2 514 943
85 117 284
Netherlands
5 480 575 598
- 157 286 145
5 323 289 453
Austria
2 727 419 229
-78 273 759
2 649 145 470
Poland
3 536 984 557
- 101 507 342
3 435 477 215
Portugal
1 390 189 070
-39 896 809
1 350 292 261
Romania
1 495 957 042
-42 932 227
1 453 024 815
Slovenia
335 126 101
-9 617 730
325 508 371
Slovakia
659 845 256
-18 936 792
640 908 464
Finland
1 641 816 016
-47 118 210
1 594 697 806
Sweden
3 226 806 741
-92 605 600
3 134 201 141
United Kingdom
17 073 323 115
- 489 984 513
16 583 338 602
Article 1 4 0 — Total
112 143 010 606
-3 218 373 955
108 924 636 651
TITLE 3
SURPLUSES, BALANCES AND ADJUSTMENTS
Article
Item
Heading
Budget 2020
Amending budget No 3/2020
New amount
CHAPTER 3 0
3 0 0
Surplus available from the preceding financial year
p.m.
3 218 373 955
3 218 373 955
3 0 2
Repayment to the budget of the surplus from the Guarantee Fund for external actions
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 0 — TOTAL
p.m.
3 218 373 955
3 218 373 955
CHAPTER 3 1
3 1 0
Application for 1995 and subsequent financial years of Article 10b of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014
3 1 0 3
Application for 1995 and subsequent years of Article 10b of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014
p.m.
p.m.
Article 3 1 0 — Total
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 1 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 2
3 2 0
Application for 1995 and subsequent financial years of Article 10b of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014
3 2 0 3
Application for 1995 and subsequent financial years of Article 10b of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014
p.m.
p.m.
Article 3 2 0 — Total
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 2 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 3
3 3 0
Netting of adjustments to the VAT and GNI-based own resources for previous financial years
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 3 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 4
3 4 0
Adjustment for the impact of the non-participation of certain Member States in certain policies in the area of freedom, security and justice
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 4 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 5
3 5 0
Result of the definitive calculation of the financing of the correction of budgetary imbalances for the United Kingdom
3 5 0 4
Result of the definitive calculation of the financing of the correction of budgetary imbalances for the United Kingdom
p.m.
p.m.
Article 3 5 0 — Total
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 5 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 6
3 6 0
Result of intermediate updates of the calculation of the financing of the correction of budgetary imbalances for the United Kingdom
3 6 0 4
Result of intermediate updates of the calculation of the financing of the correction of budgetary imbalances for the United Kingdom
p.m.
p.m.
Article 3 6 0 — Total
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 6 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 7
3 7 0
Adjustment relating to the implementation of own resources decisions
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 7 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 8
3 8 0
Adjustment relating to the implementation of the contingency framework
p.m.
p.m.
CHAPTER 3 8 — TOTAL
p.m.
p.m.
Title 3 — Total
p.m.
3 218 373 955
3 218 373 955
CHAPTER 3 0 —
SURPLUS AVAILABLE FROM THE PRECEDING FINANCIAL YEAR
CHAPTER 3 1 —
BALANCES AND ADJUSTMENT OF BALANCES BASED ON VAT FOR THE PREVIOUS FINANCIAL YEARS AS A RESULT OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 10B OF REGULATION (EU, EURATOM) NO 609/2014
CHAPTER 3 2 —
BALANCES AND ADJUSTMENTS OF BALANCES BASED ON GROSS NATIONAL INCOME/PRODUCT FOR THE PREVIOUS FINANCIAL YEARS AS A RESULT OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 10B OF REGULATION (EU, EURATOM) NO 609/2014
CHAPTER 3 3 —
NETTING OF ADJUSTMENTS TO THE VAT AND GNI-BASED OWN RESOURCES FOR PREVIOUS FINANCIAL YEARS
CHAPTER 3 4 —
ADJUSTMENT RELATING TO THE NON-PARTICIPATION OF CERTAIN MEMBER STATES IN CERTAIN POLICIES IN THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE
CHAPTER 3 5 —
RESULT OF THE DEFINITIVE CALCULATION OF THE FINANCING OF THE CORRECTION OF BUDGETARY IMBALANCES FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM
CHAPTER 3 6 —
RESULT OF INTERMEDIATE UPDATES OF THE CALCULATION OF THE FINANCING OF THE CORRECTION OF BUDGETARY IMBALANCES FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM
CHAPTER 3 7 —
ADJUSTMENT RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OWN RESOURCES DECISIONS
CHAPTER 3 8 —
ADJUSTMENT RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER 3 0 — SURPLUS AVAILABLE FROM THE PRECEDING FINANCIAL YEAR
3 0 0Surplus available from the preceding financial year
Budget 2020
Amending budget No 3/2020
New amount
p.m.
3 218 373 955
3 218 373 955
Remarks
In accordance with Article 18 of the Financial Regulation, the balance from each financial year, whether surplus or deficit, is entered as revenue or expenditure in the budget of the subsequent financial year.
The relevant estimates of such revenue or expenditure are entered in the budget during the budgetary procedure and, where appropriate, in a letter of amendment submitted pursuant to Article 39 of the Financial Regulation. They are drawn up in accordance with the principles set out in Article 1(1) of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 608/2014.
After the closure of the accounts for each financial year, any discrepancy in relation to the estimates is entered in the budget for the following financial year through an amending budget that must be presented by the Commission within 15 days following the submission of the provisional accounts.
A deficit is entered in Article 27 02 01 of the statement of expenditure in Section III ‘Commission’.
Legal basis
Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 608/2014 of 26 May 2014 laying down implementing measures for the system of own resources of the European Union (OJ L 168, 7.6.2014, p. 29).
Council Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 609/2014 of 26 May 2014 on the methods and procedure for making available the traditional, VAT and GNI-based own resources and on the measures to meet cash requirements (OJ L 168, 7.6.2014, p. 39).
Council Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom of 26 May 2014 on the system of own resources of the European Union (OJ L 168, 7.6.2014, p. 105), and in particular Article 7 thereof.
Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1) and in particular Article 18 thereof.
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US-202117374639-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | FIG. 11 illustrates a method for transmitting FIC-based signalingaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The above-mentionedFIC-based signaling may be delivered as shown in the figure. TheFIC-based signaling may be referred to as service acquisitioninformation or service acquisition signaling. As shown in the figure,the physical layer signaling may include a field for service acquisitioninformation. The field for the service acquisition information mayinform the receiver of whether the service acquisition information (FIC)is parsed. The receiver may parse the service acquisition informationand check whether the data of the service signaling is changed throughthe service_data_version information. When the service signaling data ischanged, the broadcast signal receiver may check the data pipeidentifier of the physical layer that carries signaling includingdetailed information on the transport session, using the LSID_DP field.The broadcast receiver may verify the details of the transport sessionby parsing the DP indicated by the corresponding DP identifier. That is,the signaling method of the next generation broadcast system includes aprocedure of signaling whether the physical layer signaling parses theservice acquisition information, and the service acquisition informationsignals the location of the detailed information about the transportsession to check the detailed information about the transport session.Here, the detailed information about the transport session may includean MPD transport table, an application signaling table, a transportsession descriptor (LSID), and/or a component mapping table (CMT).
FIG. 12 shows signaling data transmitted by a next generation broadcastsystem according to an embodiment of the present invention for rapidbroadcast service scan of a receiver. FIC information (serviceacquisition information) to support rapid broadcast service scan andservice/component acquisition may include information about anapplication layer transport session carrying service and component data.As shown in the figure, the FIC information may be expressed in binaryformat, but may be represented in other formats such as XML according toan embodiment. The FIC information may include the fields as shown inthe figure. Description of fields which have been explained is omitted.The contents described with reference to FIG. 9 or FIG. 10 can beapplied to the present description within a compatible range. Theservice_signaling_flag field may indicate whether the transport sessiontransmits service signaling. If the value of the service_signaling_flagvalue is 1, it may indicate that there is a DP including servicesignaling. The signaling_data_version field may indicate a change in theassociated service signaling data. Each time the service signaling datachanges, the field may be incremented by 1. The receiver may use thesignaling_data_version field to detect changes in the signalingassociated with the service. The signaling_DP field may indicate thedata pipe identifier of the physical layer carrying the servicesignaling. The Transport session descriptors field may containdescriptors at the transport session level. Each descriptor isextensible, and each descriptor may include a num_descriptors field.Each descriptor may include as many descriptor loops as the valueindicated by the num_descriptors field. The Transport sessiondescriptors field may contain descriptors at the transport sessionlevel. The service descriptors field may include service leveldescriptors. The Partition descriptors field may include a partitionlevel descriptor, and one partition may indicate a part of a broadcaststream used by one broadcaster or the like. The FIC session descriptorsfield may contain FIC level descriptors. According to an embodiment,each of the fields included in the FIC described above may be includedin a table other than the FIC and transmitted together with a broadcastsignal.
FIG. 13 illustrates a method for transmitting FIC-based signalingaccording to another embodiment of the present invention. Theabove-mentioned FTC-based signaling may be delivered as shown in thefigure. The FIC-based signaling may be referred to as serviceacquisition information or service acquisition signaling. As shown inthe figure, the physical layer signaling may include a field for serviceacquisition information. The field for the service acquisitioninformation may inform the receiver of whether the service acquisitioninformation (FIC) is parsed. The receiver parses the service acquisitioninformation and may check whether the data of the service signaling ischanged through the service_data_version information. When the servicesignaling data is changed, the broadcast signal receiver may acquire theLSID or LSID Table including detailed information on the transportsession using the LSID_DP field through the DP identified from theLSID_DP field. In addition, the receiver may recognize change of thesignaling data using information such as service_signaling_flag,signaling_data_version, signaling_DP, etc., and acquire the signalingdata through the DP identified from the signaling_DP.
That is, the signaling method of the next generation broadcast systemincludes a procedure of signaling whether the physical layer signalingparses the service acquisition information, and the service acquisitioninformation signals the location of the detailed information about thetransport session to check the detailed information about the transportsession. Here, the detailed information about the transport session mayinclude an MPD transport table, an application signaling table, atransport session descriptor (LSID), and/or a component mapping table(CMT), and each detail of the transmission session may be delivered bydifferent examples.
FIG. 14 shows a description of a transmission session instance of a nextgeneration broadcast system according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. When the application layer transmission method is Real-TimeObject Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (ROUTE), a ROUTE sessionmay include one or more Layered Coding Transport (LCT) sessions. Thedetails of one or more transport sessions may be signaled through atransport session instance description. The transport session instancedescriptor may be referred to as LCT Session Instance Description (LSID)if it is ROUTE. In particular, the transport session instancedescription may define what is delivered by each LCT transport sessionconstituting the ROUTE session. Each transport session may be uniquelyidentified by the Transport Session Identifier (TSI). The transportsession identifier may be included in the LCT header. The transportsession instance description may describe all transport sessions thatare transmitted through the session. For example, the LSID may describea mode LCT session carried by a ROUTE session. The transport sessioninstance description may be delivered through the same ROUTE session asthe transport sessions, or may be delivered through different ROUTEsessions or unicast.
When delivered in the same ROUTE session, the transport session instancedescription may be transmitted in the transport session with a specifiedtransport session identifier (TSI) 0. Other objects referenced in thetransport session instance description may also be delivered with TSI=0,but may have a TOI value different from the transport session instancedescription. Alternatively, it may be delivered in a separate sessionwith TSI≠0. The transport session instance description may be updatedusing at least one of the version number, validity information, andexpiration information. The transport session instance description maybe represented in a bitstream or the like in addition to the illustratedformat.
The transport session instance description may include a versionattribute, a validFrom attribute, an expiration attribute, and mayinclude TSI attributes and SourceFlow and RepairFlow information foreach transport session. The version attribute may indicate the versioninformation about the corresponding transport session instancedescription, and the version information may be incremented each timethe content is updated. The transfer session instance description withthe highest version number may indicate the most recent valid version.The validFrom attribute may indicate when the transfer session instancedescription begins to be valid. The validFrom attribute may not beincluded in the transport session instance description according to anembodiment. This indicates that the transport session instancedescription is valid immediately upon receiving the description. Theexpiration attribute may indicate when the transfer session instancedescription expires. The expiration attribute may not be included in thetransport session instance description according to the embodiment. Thisindicates that the transport session instance description iscontinuously valid. If a transport session instance description with anexpiration attribute is received, expiration may conform to theexpiration attribute. The TSI attribute may indicate a transport sessionidentifier, and the SourceFlow element provides information about thesource flow to be transmitted to the TSI, the details of which will bedescribed below. The RepairFlow element may provide information aboutthe repair flow sent to the corresponding TSI.
FIG. 15 shows a SourceFlow element of a next generation broadcast systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The source flowelement may include an EFDT element, an idRef attribute, a realtimeattribute, a minBufferSize attribute, an Application Identifier element,and a PayloadFormat element. The EFDT element may include detailedinformation of the file delivery data. An EFDT may indicate an extendedFile Delivery Table (FDT) instance, described in more detail below. TheidRef attribute may indicate the identifier of the EFDT and may berepresented as a URI by the corresponding transport session. Therealtime attribute may indicate that the corresponding LCT packetsinclude an extension header. The extension header may include atimestamp indicating the presentation time of the delivery object. TheminBufferSize attribute may define the maximum amount of data needed tobe stored in the receiver. The Application Identifier element mayprovide additional information that may be mapped to an applicationcarried by that transport session. For example, the Representation ID ofthe DASH content or the Adaptation Set parameter of the DASHrepresentation for selecting a transport session for rendering may beprovided as additional information. The PayloadFormat element may definethe payload format of a ROUTE packet carrying an object of the sourceflow. The PayloadFormat element may include a codePoint attribute, adeliveryObjectFormat attribute, a fragmentation attribute, a deliveryOrder attribute, a sourceFecPayloadID attribute, and/or a FECParameterselement. The codePoint attribute may define the structure of the packetwith the code point value used in the payload. This may indicate thevalue of the CP field in the LCT header. The deliveryObjectFormatattribute may indicate the payload format of the delivery object. Thefragmentation attribute may define fragmentation rules when an object tobe transmitted is divided into one or more transport packets. ThedeliveryOrder attribute may indicate the order of transmission of thecontent of each transport packet carrying one transport object. ThesourceFecPayloadID attribute may define the format of the source FECpayload identifier. The FECParameters element may define FEC parameters.This may include FEC encoding id and instance id.
FIG. 16 shows an EFDT of a next generation broadcast system according toan embodiment of the present invention. The EFDT may include detailedinformation of the file delivery data. The EFDT may include an idRefattribute, a version attribute, a maxExpiresDelta attribute, amaxTransportSize attribute, and a FileTemplate element. The idRefattribute may indicate the identifier of the EFDT. The version attributemay indicate the version of the EFDT instance descriptor. This attributemay be incremented by 1 when EFDT is updated. It may indicate that theEFDT having the highest version number among the received EFDT's is thecurrently valid version. The maxExpiresDelta attribute may indicate themaximum expiry time of the object after the first packet associated withthe object is sent. The maxTransportSize attribute may indicate themaximum transmission size of the object described by the EFDT. For theFileTemplate element, the file URL or file template of the body part maybe specified.
The transport session instance descriptor (LSID) element may betransmitted by the Transport Session Instance Descriptor Table (LSIDTable) at the bottom of the figure. The LSID table may be transmitted bythe above-described signaling message, which may be divided into asignaling message header and a signaling message data part. Thesignaling message data part may include a transport session instancedescriptor (LSID) or a part thereof. The signaling message data mayinclude a Transport Session Instance Descriptor (LSID) Table and mayinclude the following fields. The Signaling_id field may indicateidentifier information indicating that the signaling table includes atransport session instance descriptor (LSID). The protocol_version fieldmay indicate a protocol version of the signaling, such as a signalingsyntax that includes a transport session instance descriptor (LSID). TheSignaling_version field may indicate a change in signaling data,including a transport session instance descriptor (LSID). In addition,the transport session instance descriptor table may further include thecontent of the LSID element described above.
FIG. 17 shows a method for transmitting an ISDT used by a nextgeneration broadcast system according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The next generation broadcast system may transmit signalinginformation for the initialization segment of the DASH Representationassociated with the component in the broadcast service by transmittingthe Initialization Segment Delivery Table (ISDT). A signaling messagefor the initialization segment of a DASH Representation associated witha component in a broadcast service may include a header and data. Thesignaling message header may conform to the above-described format, andthe signaling message data may include initialization segment deliveryinformation or a part thereof. The initialization segment deliveryinformation may include the following information. The Signaling_idinformation may identify the initialization segment or a signalingmessage including path information. The protocol_version information mayindicate the protocol version of the initialization segment deliverytable, such as the syntax of the corresponding signaling message. TheSequence_number information may indicate the identifier for an instanceof the initialization segment delivery table. The Signaling_versioninformation mads indicate a change in the signaling data of theinitialization segment delivery table. The Service_id information mayidentify the service associated with the component. The Mpd_idinformation may indicate an associated DASH MPD identifier associatedwith the component. The period_id information may indicate an associatedDASH Period identifier associated with the component. Therepresentation_id information may indicate a DASH representationidentifier associated with the component. Theinitialization_segment_version information may be version informationindicating a change of the corresponding MPD or the like. TheDelivery_mode information may indicate information about whether theinitialization segment is included or is transmitted through anotherroute. Initialization_segment_data( ) information may contain theinitialization segment data itself. The initialization segment pathinformation may include information on a path for acquiring aninitialization segment, such as a URL for an initialization segment.Through the ISDT, the receiver may receive information about theInitialization segment of the DASH Representation associated with thecomponent.
FIG. 18 shows a delivery structure of a signaling message of a nextgeneration broadcast system according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The above signaling data may be communicated as shown in thefigure if it is sent based on an application layer transport, forexample, ROUTE. That is, a part signaling may be transmitted through afast information channel in order to support rapid service scan. And apart of the signaling may be transmitted over a specific transportsession and may also be delivered mixed with the component data.
The signaling information for supporting the rapid service scan andacquisition may be received on a channel separate from the transportsession. Here, the separate channel may mean a separate data pipe (DP).Further, detailed information about the service may be received througha separately designated transport session. The transport session mayhave a value of TSI=0. The information delivered through the transportsession designated herein may include an MPD delivery table, anapplication signaling table, a transport session instance descriptiontable, and/or a component mapping table. In addition, a part ofsignaling information may be delivered in the transport session alongwith the component data. For example, an initialization segment deliverytable may be delivered with the component data.
The lower part of the figure shows an embodiment of acquiring abroadcast service in a next generation broadcast network. The receivermay tune the broadcast and acquire and parse information for rapidservice scanning and acquisition when the service is selected. Thelocation of the service layer signaling or transport session instancedescription (e.g., LSID) is then determined from the information forrapid service scan and acquisition to acquire and parse the description.In addition, the receiver may identify the transport session includingthe signaling, from which it may acquire and parse the signaling table,and determine a desired component. Through this process, the desiredcomponent may be presented. That is, the broadcast service may beprovided to the user by acquiring information about the transportsession from the information for rapid service scan and acquisition,checking the position of the desired component from the informationabout the transport session, and reproducing the component.
FIG. 19 illustrates signaling data transmitted for rapidly scanning abroadcast service of a receiver of a next-generation broadcast systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention FTC information(service acquisition information) for supporting rapid broadcast servicescan and service/component acquisition may include information on anapplication layer transport session for transferrin service andcomponent data. As illustrated m the drawing, the FIC information may berepresented in a binary format but, in some embodiments, may berepresented in a different format such as XML. The FTC information maxinclude the fields as shown in the figure. Description of fields whichhave been explained is omitted. The contents described with reference toFIG. 9 , FIG. 10 or FIG. 12 can be applied to the present descriptionwithin a compatible range. An LSID_tsi field may indicate an identifierof a transfer session for transmitting a transfer session instancedescription as signaling including detailed information on a transfersession. Here, the session instance description may be LSID in the caseof an LCT transfer session. Service signaling associated with acorresponding service may be transmitted through a transfer session fortransmitting transfer session instance description. Aservice_signaling_flag field may indicate whether the transfer sessiontransmits service signaling. When a value of the service_signaling_flagis 1, this may indicate that a DP including service signaling ispresent. A signaling_data_version field may indicate change in theassociated service signaling data. Whenever service signaling data ischanged, a corresponding field may be incremented 1. The receiver maydetect change in signaling associated with a corresponding service usingthe signaling_data_version field. A signaling_DP field may indicate anidentifier of a data pipe of a physical layer for transmitting servicesignaling. A signaling_tsi field may indicate an identifier of atransfer session for transmitting service signaling. A Transport sessiondescriptors field may indicate a transfer session level of descriptors.Each descriptor is capable of being extended and may include anum_descriptors field. Each descriptor may include descriptor loops, thenumber of which corresponds to the number indicated by thenum_descriptors field. A transport session descriptors field may includea transfer session level of descriptors. A service descriptors field mayinclude a service level of descriptors. A partition descriptors fieldmay include a partition level of descriptor and one partition mayindicate a portion of a broadcast stream used by one broadcaster or thelike. An FTC session descriptors field may include an FTC level ofdescriptors. In some embodiments, each field included in theaforementioned FTC may be included in another table other than the FICand transmitted along with a broadcast signal.
FIG. 20 illustrates signaling data transmitted for rapidly scanning abroadcast service of a receiver of a next-generation broadcast systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. FIC information(service acquisition information) for supporting rapid broadcast servicescan and service/component acquisition may include information on anapplication layer transport session for transferring service andcomponent data. As illustrated in the drawing, the FIC information maybe represented in a binary format but, in some embodiments, may berepresented in a different format such as XML. The FIC information mayinclude the fields as shown in the figure. Description of fields whichhave been explained is omitted. The contents described with reference toFIG. 9 , FIG. 10 , FIG. 12 or FIG. 19 can be applied to the presentdescription within a compatible range. A num_services field may indicatethe number of at, least one component belonging to a correspondingpartition. Each service may include a plurality of signaling tables. Forexample, each service may include DASH MPH including information oncomponents and segments thereof, CMT including an identifier ofcomponents included in a broadband stream and other broadcast streams,AST as an application signaling table, and a URL signaling table (UST)including at least one URL among MPD, CMT, and AST. These signalingtables may be included in a signaling channel of a correspondingservice. A service_id field may indicate an identifier of a service. Aservice_data_version field ma indicate change in service loop data inFIC. A service_data_version field may be incremented by 1 wheneverincluded service data is changed. For example, whenever FIC, MPD, CMT,AST, or UST is changed, the field may be incremented by 1. The receivermay detect change in data of a service loop of FIC or change insignaling associated with a corresponding service using theservice_data_version field. A component_signaling_flag field mayindicate whether the transfer session transmits service signaling. Whena value of the component_signaling_flag is 1, this may indicate that thefield includes service signaling (e.g., DASH media presentationdescription (MPD) CMT) of data transmitted through a correspondingtransfer session. Here, the CMT may be a component mapping table and mayinclude an identifier of components transmitted through a broadband andalso include information on a component included in a broadcast stream.Each service may include a service signaling channel and the servicesignaling channel ma include MPH, CMT, AST, and/or UST. A servicesignaling channel may be one signaling channel of a plurality of ROUTEsessions for a service and whether the service signaling channel ispresent may be indicated through a component signaling flag. A ROUTE session descriptors field may include a transfer session levelof descriptors. Each descriptor is capable of being extended and mayinclude a num_descriptors field. Each descriptor may include descriptorloops, the number of which corresponds to the number indicated by thenum_descriptors field. A transport session descriptors field may includea transfer session level of descriptors. A service descriptor, field mayinclude a service level of descriptors. A partition descriptors fieldmay include a partition level of a descriptor and one partition maindicate a portion of a broadcast stream used by one broadcaster or thelike. An FIC descriptors field may include an FIC level of descriptors.
In some embodiments, each field included in the aforementioned FTC maybe included in another table other than FIC and transmitted along with abroadcast signal.
FIG. 21 illustrates a component mapping table description according toan embodiment of the present invention. The component mapping tabledescription may signal information on a transmission path of a componentincluded in a broadcast service in a next-generation broadcast system.This may be represented in XML format, binary bitstream, or the like.The component mapping table description ma include the followingelements and attributes. A service_id attribute may indicate anidentifier of a service associated with a component. A BroadcastComp mayindicate one or more components transmitted through the same broadcaststream. The BroadcastComp may include at least one of mpdID, perID,reptnID, baseURL, and/or datapipeID. The mpdID attribute may indicate aDASH MPD identifier associated with BroadcastComp. The perID attributemay indicate an associated period identifier in a corresponding MPD. ThereptnID attribute may indicate an identifier of a DASH Representationassociated with a corresponding component. The baseURL attribute mayindicate Base URL of Segments constituting a DASH Representationassociated with a corresponding component. The datapipeID attribute mayindicate an identifier of a data pipe for transmitting correspondingcomponent data in a broadcast stream.
The BBComp may indicate one or more components transmitted through isbroadband network. The BBComp may include at least of mpdID, perID,reptnID, and/or baseURL. The mpdID attribute may indicate an identifierof DASH MPD associated with the BBComp. The perID attribute may indicatean associated period identifier in a corresponding MPD. The reptnIDattribute may indicate an identifier of a DASH Representation associatedwith a corresponding component. The baseURL attribute may indicate Baseof segments constituting a DASH Representation associated with acorresponding component.
The ForeignComp may indicate one or more components transmitted throughanother broadcast stream. The ForeignComp may include at least one ofmpdID, perID, reptnID, baseURL, transportStreamID, sourceIPAddr,destIPAddr, destUDPPort, and/or datapipeID. The mpdID attribute mayindicate an identifier of DASH MPD associated with the ForeignComp. TheperID attribute may indicate an associated period identifier in acorresponding MPD. The reptnID attribute may indicate an identifier of aDASH Representation associated with a corresponding component. ThebaseURL attribute may indicate a Base URL of segments constituting aDASH Representation associated with a corresponding component. ThetransportStreamID attribute may indicate an identifier of a broadcaststream including corresponding component data. The sourceIPAddrattribute may indicate a source IP address of an IP datagram includingcorresponding component data. The destIPAddr attribute may indicate adestination IP address of an IP datagram including correspondingcomponent data. The destUDPPort attribute may indicate a destination UDPport number of an IP datagram including corresponding component data.The datapipeID attribute may indicate an identifier of a data pipe fortransmitting corresponding component data in a corresponding broadcaststream. The aforementioned sourceIPAddrattribute, destIPAddr attribute,destUDPPort attribute, and datapipeID attribute may be optionalattributes and may be selectively included in CMT in some embodiments.The above Component Mapping Description may be encapsulated andtransmitted in one XML file or the above proposed signaling messageformat. As illustrated in the lower part, the signaling message headermay follow the aforementioned form and include component mappingdescription or a part thereof in a service message part. The CMT maydefine components associated with each service and a location or a pathfor receiving information related to corresponding components may besignaled to the receiver through the above information.
FIG. 22 illustrates component mapping, table description according to anembodiment of the present invention. The component mapping tabledescription may signal information on a transmission path of a componentincluded in a broadcast service in a next-generation broadcast system.This may be represented as a bitstream such as an XML or binary form.The component mapping table description may include the followingelement and attribute. A service_id attribute may indicate an identifierof a service associated with a component. A BroadcastComp may indicateone or more components transmitted through the same broadcast stream.The BroadcastComp may include at least one of mpdID, perID, reptnID,baseURL, tsi, and/or datapipeID. The mpdID attribute may indicate anidentifier of DASH MPD associated with BroadcastComp. The perIDattribute may indicate an associated period identifier in acorresponding MPD. The reptnID attribute may indicate an identifier of aDASH Representation associated with a corresponding component. ThebaseURL attribute may indicate a Base URL of segments included in a DASHRepresentation associated with a corresponding component. A tsiattribute may indicate an identifier of a transfer session fortransmitting corresponding component data a broadcast stream. AdatapipeID attribute may indicate an identifier of a data pipe fortransmitting corresponding component data in a broadcast stream.
The BBComp may indicate one or more components transmitted through abroadband network. The BBComp may include at least one of mpdID, perID,reptnID, and/or base URL. The mpdID attribute may indicate an identifierof DASH MPD associated with the BBComp. The perID attribute may indicatean associated period identifier in a corresponding MPD. The reptnIDattribute may indicate an identifier of a DASH Representation associatedwith a corresponding component. The baseURL attribute may indicate aBase URL of segments included in a DASH Representation associated with acorresponding component.
ForeignComp may indicate one or more components transmitted throughdifferent broadcast streams. The ForeignComp may indicate may include atleast one of mpdID, perID, reptnID, baseURL, transportStreamID,sourceIPAddr, destIPAddr, destUDPPort, tsi, and/or datapipeID. The mpdIDattribute may indicate an identifier of DASH MPD associated with theForeignComp. The perID attribute may indicate an associated periodidentifier in a corresponding MPD. The reptnID attribute may indicate anidentifier of a DASH Representation associated with a correspondingcomponent. The baseURL attribute may indicate a Base URL of segmentsincluded in a DASH Representation associated with a correspondingcomponent. The transportStreamID attribute may indicate an identifier ofa broadcast stream including corresponding component data. ThesourceIPAddr attribute may indicate a source IP address of an IPdatagram including corresponding component data. The destIPAddrattribute may indicate a destination IP address of an IP datagramincluding corresponding component data. The destUDPPort attribute mayindicate may indicate a destination UDP port number of an IP datagramincluding corresponding component data. The tsi attribute may indicatean identifier of a transfer session for transmitting correspondingcomponent data in a broadcast stream. The datapipeID attribute mayindicate an identifier of a data pipe for transmitting correspondingcomponent data in a corresponding broadcast stream. The aforementionedsourceIPAddrattribute, destIPAddr attribute, destUDPPort attribute, anddatapipeID attribute ma be optional attributes and may be selectivelyincluded in CMT in some embodiments. The above Component MappingDescription may be may be encapsulated and transmitted in one XML fileor the above proposed signaling message format. As illustrated in thelower part, the signaling message header may follow the aforementionedform and include component mapping description or a part thereof in aservice message part. The CMT may define components associated with eachservice and a location or a path for receiving information related tocorresponding components may be signaled to the receiver through theabove information.
FIGS. 23 and 24 illustrate component mapping table description accordingto an embodiment of the present invention. The component mapping tabledescription may signal information on a transmission path of a componentincluded in a broadcast service in a next-generation broadcast system.This may be represented in XML format, binary bitstream, or the like.The component mapping table may include a deli et parameter element anda payload format element which are transmitted along with a DASH relatedidentifier.
The component mapping table description may include the followingelement and attribute. A service_id attribute may indicate an identifierof a service associated u component. A component element may indicate acomponent in a corresponding broadcast service. The component elementmay include at least one of an mpdID attribute, a perID attribute, areptnID attribute, a baseURL attribute, a DeliveryParameter element,and/or a PayloadFormat element. The mpdID attribute may indicate anidentifier of DASH MPD associated with a component. The perID attributeindicate an associated period identifier in a corresponding MPD. ThereptnID attribute may indicate an identifier of a DASH Representationassociated with corresponding component. The baseURL attribute mayindicate a Base URL of segments included in a DASH Representationassociated with the corresponding component.
The DeliveryParameter element may include detailed information on a pathand the like for transmitting a corresponding component. TheDeliveryParameter element may include at least one of transportStreamID,sourceIPAddr, destIPAddr, destUDPPort, tsi, datapipeID, and/or URL. ThetransportStreamID attribute may indicate an identifier of a broadcaststream including corresponding component data. The sourceIPAddrattribute may indicate a source IP address of an IP datagram includingcorresponding component data. The destIPAddr attribute may indicate adestination IP data of an IP datagram including corresponding componentdata. The destUDPPort attribute may indicate a destination UDP portnumber of an IP datagram including corresponding component data. The tsiattribute may indicate an identifier of a transfer session fortransmitting corresponding component data in a corresponding broadcaststream. The datapipeID attribute may indicate an identifier of aphysical layer data pipe for transmitting corresponding component datain a corresponding broadcast stream. The URL attribute may indicate URLinformation for acquiring corresponding component data through theInternet and so on. The aforementioned sourceIPAddrattribute, destIPAddrattribute, destUDPPort attribute, datapipeID attribute, and/or URLattribute may be optional attributes and may be selectively included inthe DeliveryParameter element in some embodiments.
The PayloadFormat element may include detailed information on a payloadform of a packet for transmitting corresponding component data. ThePayloadFormat element may include a codePoint attribute, adeliveryObjectFormat attribute, a fragmentation attribute, a deliveryOrder attribute, a sourceFecPayloadID attribute, and/or FECParameterselement. The codePoint attribute witty define a codepoint used in acorresponding payload. This may indicate a value of a CP field of an LCTheader. This may be an index of a set of values of a subsequentdeliveryObjectFormat attribute, a fragmentation attribute, adeliveryOrder attribute, and a sourceFecPayloadID attribute. ThedeliveryObjectFormat attribute may indicate a payload format of acorresponding delivery object. The fragmentation attribute may define atype of fragmentation. The deliveryOrder attribute may indicate adelivery order of an object. The sourceFecPayloadID attribute may definethe format of an identifier of a source FEC payload. The FECParameterselement may define FEC parameters. This may include FEC encoding id,instance id, and so on.
FIG. 25 illustrates a component mapping table description according toan embodiment of the present invention. The component mapping tabledescription may signal information on a transmission path of a componentincluded in a broadcast service in a next-generation broadcast system.This may be represented as a bitstream such as an XML or binary form.The component mapping table description ma include a service_idattribute, an mpd_id attribute, a per_id attribute, a BroadcastCompelement, a BBComp element, and a ForeignComp element. The componentmapping table description may include the following element andattribute. The service_id attribute ma indicate an identifier of aservice associated with a component. CMT description may include thempdID attribute and the perID attribute at the same level as theservice_id attribute. That is, the CMT description may describe mpdIDattribute and perID attribute that are commonly applied to theBroadcastComp element, the BBComp element, and the ForeignComp elementat the same level as the service_id attribute without redundantlydescribing these. The mpdID attribute may indicate art identifier ofDASH MPD associated with a corresponding service. The perID attributemay indicate an associated period identifier in a corresponding MPD.
The BroadcastComp may indicate one or more components transmittedthrough the same broadcast stream. The BroadcastComp may include atleast one of reptnID, base URL, tsi, and/or datapipeID. The reptnIDattribute may indicate an identifier of a DASH Representation associatedwith a corresponding component. The baseURL attribute may indicate aBase URL of segments included in a DASH Representation associated with acorresponding component. The tsi attribute may indicate an identifier ofa transfer session for transmitting corresponding component data in abroadcast stream. The datapipeID attribute may indicate an identifier ofa data pipe for transmitting corresponding component data in a broadcaststream.
The BBComp element may indicate one or more components transmittedthrough a broadband network. The BBComp may include at least one ofreptnID and/or baseURL. The reptnID attribute may indicate an identifierof a DASH Representation associated with a corresponding component. ThebaseURL attribute may indicate a Base URL of components included in aDASH Representation associated with a corresponding component.
The ForeignComp may indicate one or more components transmitted throughdifferent broadcast streams. The ForeignComp may include at least one ofreptnID, baseURL, transportStreamID, sourceIPAddr, destIPAddr,destUDPPort, tsi, and/or datapipeID. The reptnID attribute may indicatean identifier of a DASH Representation associated with a correspondingcomponent. The baseURL attribute may indicate a Base URL of segmentsincluded in a DASH Representation associated with a correspondingcomponent. The transportStreamID attribute may indicate an identifier ofa broadcast stream including corresponding component data. ThesourceIPAddr attribute may indicate a source IP address of an IPdatagram including corresponding component data. The destIPAddrattribute may indicate a destination IP address of an IP datagramincluding corresponding component data. The destUDPPort attribute mayindicate a destination UDP port number of an IP datagram includingcorresponding component data. The tsi attribute may indicate anidentifier of a transfer session for transmitting correspondingcomponent data in a corresponding broadcast stream. The datapipeIDattribute may indicate an identifier of a data pipe for transmittingcorresponding component data in a corresponding broadcast stream. Theaforementioned sourceIPAddrattribute, destIPAddr attribute, destUDPPortattribute, tsi attribute, and datapipeID attribute may be optionalattributes and may be selectively included in CMT in some embodiments.The above Component Mapping Description may be may be encapsulated andtransmitted in one XML file or the above proposed signaling messageformat. The CMT may define components associated with each service and alocation or a path for receiving information related to correspondingcomponents may be signaled to the receiver through the aboveinformation.
FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating common attributes and elements of MPDaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. A next-generationbroadcast system may provide a DASH-based hybrid broadcast service. Thenext-generation broadcast system may indicate that segments associatedwith representation and so on in DASH MPD are transmitted throughdifferent distribution paths. The common attributes and elements of theMPD may be commonly presented in adaptation sets, representations, andsub-representation elements and, as illustrated in the drawings, mayinclude location information on an associated representation. Thenext-generation broadcast system may allow a DASH client to know alocation of an associated representation or segment using locationinformation on the associated representation included in the commonattributes and elements of the MPD. The common attributes and elementsof the MPD may include the following attributes and elements. The@profiles attribute may indicate a profile of associated representationas a profile attribute. The @width attribute may indicate a video mediatype of a horizontal visual presentation size for display. The @heightattribute ma indicate a video media type of a vertical visualpresentation size for display. The @sar attribute may indicate a videomedia component type of sample aspect ratio. The @frameRate attributemay indicate an output frame rate of a representation. The@audioSamplingRate attribute may indicate an audio media component typeof sampling rate. The @mimeType attribute may indicate a MIME type ofconcatenation of an initialization segment. The @segmentProfilesattribute may indicate profiles of segments required to process acorresponding representation. The @codecs attribute may indicate codecused in a corresponding representation. The @maximumSAPPeriod attributemay indicate a maximum stream access point (SAP) of an included mediastream. The @startWithSAP attribute max indicate the number of mediasegments started along with SAP. The @maxPlayoutRate attribute mayindicate a maximum play out rate. The @codingDependency attribute mayindicate whether there is at least one access unit dependent upon one ormore other access units for decoding. The @ScanType attribute mayindicate a scan type of video media component type of source material.The FramePacking element may indicate a video media component type offrame-packing information. The AudioChannelConfiguration element mayindicate an audio media component type of audio channel setting. TheContentProtection element may indicate information on a contentprotection scheme used in an associated representation. TheEssentialProperty element may indicate information on an element that isnecessarily considered in processing. The SupplementalProperty elementmay include additional information used to optimize processing. TheInbandEventStream element max indicate whether an inband event stream ispresent in an associated representation. The Location element mayinclude location information for acquisition of an associatedrepresentation. According to another embodiment of the present invention, anext-generation broadcast system may allocate information on atransmission path such as associated representation and so on to an@servicelocation attribute of a Base URL element in DASH MPD. Thenext-generation broadcast stem may allow a DASH client to knowinformation on a transmission path segments associated with acorresponding representation using the @servicelocation attribute.
FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a transfer session instancedescription according to an embodiment of the present invention. When anapplication layer transmission method is real-time object delivery overunidirectional transport (hereinafter, ROUTE), a ROUTE session mayinclude one or more layered coding transport (LCT) sessions. Detailedinformation on one or more transfer sessions may be signaled through thetransfer session instance description. The transfer session instancedescriptor may be referred to as LCT Session Instance Description (LSID)in the case of ROUTE. In particular, the transfer session instancedescription may define what is transmitted by each LCT transfer sessionincluded in the ROUTE session. Each transfer session May be uniquelyidentified by a transfer session identifier (TSI). The transfer sessionidentifier may be included an LCT header. The transfer session instancedescription may describe all transfer sessions transmitted through acorresponding session. For example, the LSID may describe a mode LCTsession transmitted through the ROUTE session. The transfer sessioninstance description may be transmitted through the same ROUTE sessionas the transfer sessions or through different ROUTE sessions or beunicast.
When transmitted through the same ROUTE session, the transfer sessioninstance description may be transmitted through a transfer session witha predetermined transfer session identifier (TSI) of 0. Another objectreferred to by the transfer session instance description may also betransmitted with TSI=0 but may have a different TOI value from thetransfer session instance description. Alternatively, another object maybe transmitted through a divided transfer session with TSI≠0. Thetransfer session instance description may be updated using at least oneof a version number, validity information, and expiration information.The transfer session instance description may be represented in abitstream other than the illustrated form.
The transfer session instance description may include a versionattribute, a validFrom attribute, and an expiration attribute andinclude a TSI attribute, SourceFlow element, RepairFlow element, andTransportSessionProperty element with respect to each transfer session.The version attribute may indicate version information on thecorresponding transfer session instance description and versioninformation may be increased whenever content thereof is updated. Thismay indicate that the transfer session instance description with thehighest version number is the most recent version. The validFromattribute may indicate a time point when a corresponding transfersession instance description is valid. In some embodiments, thevalidFrom attribute may not be included in the transfer session instancedescription and, at this case, the validFrom attribute may indicate thata corresponding transfer session instance description is valid uponbeing immediately received. The expiration attribute may indicate a timepoint when a corresponding transfer session instance descriptionexpires. In some embodiments, the expiration attribute may not beincluded in the transfer session instance description and, in this case,the expiration attribute may indicate that the corresponding transfersession instance description is continuously valid. Upon receiving atransfer session instance description with an expiration attribute, acorresponding expiration attribute ma be followed. The TSI attribute mayindicate a transfer session identifier, the SourceFlow element mayprovide information on source now transmitted to a corresponding TSI,and detailed description thereof will be given below. The RepairFlowelement may provide information on a repair flow transmitted to acorresponding TSI. The TransportSessionProperty element may includeadditional attribute information on a corresponding transfer session.The transfer session instance description may include additionalattribute information on a transfer session in theTransportSessionProperty element and, for example, the additionalinformation may include service signaling information on a transfersession.
FIG. 28 illustrates SourceFlow element of another next-generationbroadcast system according to an embodiment of the present invention.The SourceFlow element may include an EFDT element, an idRef attribute,a realtime attribute, a minBufferSize attribute, an Application anidentifier element, a PayloadFormat element, and/or a SourceFlowPropertyelement. The EFDT element may include detailed information on filedelivery data. The EFDT may indicate an extended File Delivery Table(FDT) instance and a detailed description thereof will be describedbelow. The idRef attribute may indicate an identifier of the EFDT andmay be represented according to a URI by a corresponding transfersession. The realtime attribute may indicate that corresponding LCTpackets include an extension header. The extension header may include atime tamp indicating a presentation time of a delivery object. TheminBufferSize attribute may define a maximum amount of data required tostore the data in a receiver. The Application Identifier element provideadditional information to be mapped to an application delivered by acorresponding transfer session. For example, an Adaptation Set parameterof a DASH representation or Representation ID of DASH content forselecting a transfer session for rendering, may be provided asadditional information. The PayloadFormat element may define a payloadformat of a ROUTE packet for delivery of an object of source flow. ThePayloadFormat element may include a codePoint attribute, adeliveryObjectFormat attribute, a fragmentation attribute, a deliveryOrder attribute, a sourceFecPayloadID attribute, and/or a FECParameterselement. The codePoint attribute may define a code point used in acorresponding payload. This may indicate a value of a CP field of an LCTheader. The deliveryObjectFormat attribute may indicate a payload formatof a corresponding delivery object. The fragmentation attribute maydefine the type of fragmentation. The deliveryOrder attribute mayindicate a delivery order of an object. The sourceFecPayloadID attributemay define a format of an identifier of a source FEC payload. TheFECParameters element may define FEC parameters. This may include EECencoding id, instance id, and so on. The SourceFlowProperty element mayprovide attribute information on corresponding source flow. For example,the attribute information may include location information on broadcastfor delivery of corresponding, source flow data. Here, the locationinformation on the broadcast may include information on a data pipe or aphysical layer pipe (PLP) in a broadcast stream. In addition, whensource flow data is transmitted through another broadcast stream, thesource flow data may include information on a broadcast streamidentifier, and a data pipe or a physical layer pipe (PLP) in acorresponding stream.
FIG. 29 illustrates signaling data transmitted to rapidly scan abroadcast service by a receiver in a next-generation broadcast systemaccording to another embodiment of the present invention. Theillustrated service acquisition information may further add informationon link layer signaling of the aforementioned service acquisitioninformation. The information on the link layer signaling may includeflag information indicating whether link layer signaling is present,version information on link layer signaling data, and information on aPLP or a data pipe for transmitting link layer signaling. FICinformation (service acquisition information) for supporting rapidbroadcast service scan and service/component acquisition may includeinformation on an application layer transport session for transmittingservice and component data. As illustrated in the drawing, systemacquisition information may be represented in a binary format or, insome embodiments, represented in another format such as XML.
The system acquisition information may include the field as shown in thefigure. Description of fields which have been explained is omitted. Thecontents described with reference to FIG. 9 , FIG. 10 , FIG. 12 , FIG.19 or FIG. 20 can be applied to the present description within acompatible range. A link_layer_signaling_flag may indicate whetherservice acquisition information transmits link layer (or low layer)signaling. A link_layer_signaling_data_version may indicate change inassociated link layer (or low layer) signaling data. The correspondingfield may be incremented by 1 whenever link layer signaling data ischanged. The receiver may detect change in link layer (or low layer)signaling using the field. A link_layer_signaling_DP may indicate anidentifier of a data pipe of a physical layer for transmitting linklayer (or low layer) signaling used in an L2 layer. A Transport sessiondescriptors field may include transfer session level of descriptors.Each descriptor is capable of being extended and each descriptor mayinclude a num_descriptors field. Each descriptor may include adescriptor loop, the number of which corresponds to a value indicated bythe num_descriptors field. The Transport session descriptors field mayinclude transfer session level of descriptors. The service descriptorsfield may include service level of descriptors. A Partition descriptorsfield may include a partition level of descriptor and one partition mayindicate a portion of a broadcast stream used by one broadcaster. An FICsession descriptors field may include FIC level of descriptors. In someembodiments, each field included in the aforementioned FIC may beincluded in another table other than FIC and may be transmitted alongwith a broadcast signal.
FIG. 30 illustrates signaling data transmitted for rapid scan of abroadcast service of a receiver by a next-generation broadcast systemaccording to another embodiment of the present invention. FICinformation (service acquisition information) for supporting rapidbroadcast service scan and service/component acquisition may includeinformation on an application layer transport session for transmittingservice and component data. In addition, the service acquisitioninformation may further include information on link layer signaling. Asillustrated in the drawing, the service acquisition information may berepresented in a binary format but, in some embodiments, may berepresented in a different format such as XML.
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github_open_source_100_8_20073 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import * as React from 'react';
import { getPlayerName } from '../utils';
import classnames from 'classnames';
import { PlayerId } from 'manille/lib/types';
export interface PlayerNameProps {
className?: string;
names: string[];
botPlayerId: PlayerId;
currentPlayerId: PlayerId;
playerId: PlayerId;
}
const PlayerName: React.FC<PlayerNameProps> = (props) => {
const { names, className, botPlayerId, currentPlayerId, playerId } = props;
const name = getPlayerName(names, playerId, botPlayerId);
const classes = classnames({ 'demo-current-player': playerId === currentPlayerId });
return <h3 className={classes}>{name}</h3>;
};
export { PlayerName };
|
github_open_source_100_8_20074 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* This file is part of libbluray
* Copyright (C) 2010 VideoLAN
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
* version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
* License along with this library. If not, see
* <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
package org.videolan.bdjo;
public class AppProfile {
public AppProfile(short profile, byte major, byte minor, byte micro) {
this.profile = profile;
this.major = major;
this.minor = minor;
this.micro = micro;
}
public short getProfile() {
return profile;
}
public byte getMajor() {
return major;
}
public byte getMinor() {
return minor;
}
public byte getMicro() {
return micro;
}
public String toString() {
return "AppProfile [major=" + major + ", micro=" + micro + ", minor="
+ minor + ", profile=" + profile + "]";
}
private final short profile;
private final byte major;
private final byte minor;
private final byte micro;
}
|
10305370_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | JENKINS, J.
Appellant was engaged a. the business of receiving and caring for baggage for passengers who were intending to take passage on trains, or, as is commonly known, "checking baggage." Its place of business was in the Katy depot at Waco. Eor such service, it charged 10 cents for each package "checked." On January 3, 1919, appellee E. W. Vinson, the father of appellee Miss Eleanor Vinson, presented Miss Vinson's valise to appellant, at its place of business, and received therefor a "check," bearing a certain numer. This check was handed to Miss Vinson by her father. Miss Vinson was a student at the state university, and was on her way to Austin. The valise contained her clothing of the value of at least $200. Upon delivery of the check, E. W. Vinson paid 10 cents to appellant's agent. On the face of the check was printed the following:
"The Union News Stand, Waco, Texas. To claim packages present this coupon; charges 10 cents each 24 hours or fraction thereof. No. 7-10-83."
Shortly before the arrival of the train, Miss Vinson tendered this check to appellant's agent, and demanded her valise. The agent tendered her an old valise, which was not hers. It was opened in her presence, and was found to contain some old soldier's clothes. She declined to receive this valise. Her own valise has never been returned to her, nor has she or her father been paid for same.
The case was tried before the court, and judgment was rendered for appellees for $200.
Opinion.
On the back of the check referred to in our findings of fact, there was printed, in small type, the following:
"Duplicate Coupon Agreement. The person accepting this ticket hereby agrees, in consideration of the low rate at which it is issued, that no claim in excess of ($50.00) fifty dollars shall be made against the Union News Company, or its lessor, for loss or injury to the package, valise, or other article, which may have been deposited with it, and for which this ticket has been issued."
The only issue presented on this appeal is as to whether the judgment in favor of appellees should have been for $50 only.
The appellant was a bailee for hire, performing a quasi public service. It was its duty to safely keep packages intrusted to it, and to return the same to the holder of its check, upon presentation of same. It was responsible for ordinary care to prevent loss of same.
The printing on the back of the check was not seen by either of the appellees until it was presented to appellant's agent, and the return of the valise was demanded. Under these circumstances, it did not become a part of the contract. In the instant case, Miss Vinson's valise was evidently delivered to the wrong person. If not, it was willfully converted by appellant. In either event, appellant became responsible for the value of the valise and its contents. 3 R. C. L. pp. 82, 93, 104, and 154.
There is no merit in the contention that the smallness of the amount paid by appellees raised a presumption that the limitation of the amount for which appellant became liable was reasonable, and that the assent, of appellees thereto should be presumed. When parties, competent to contract, agree upon the price to be paid to a bailee for his services, the amount thereof is immaterial. 3 R. C. L. 95. There is nothing, however, to suggest that the compensation was not ample for the services to be rendered.
Finding no error of record, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
<Sx=jPor other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER, in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20075 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace fb_model\fb_model\Base;
use \Exception;
use \PDO;
use Propel\Runtime\Propel;
use Propel\Runtime\ActiveQuery\Criteria;
use Propel\Runtime\ActiveQuery\ModelCriteria;
use Propel\Runtime\ActiveQuery\ModelJoin;
use Propel\Runtime\Collection\ObjectCollection;
use Propel\Runtime\Connection\ConnectionInterface;
use Propel\Runtime\Exception\PropelException;
use fb_model\fb_model\Contactlog as ChildContactlog;
use fb_model\fb_model\ContactlogQuery as ChildContactlogQuery;
use fb_model\fb_model\Map\ContactlogTableMap;
/**
* Base class that represents a query for the 'fb_contactlog' table.
*
*
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderById($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the id column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByPersoonId($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the persoon_id column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByTekst($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the tekst column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByDatumGemaakt($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the gemaakt_datum column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByGemaaktDoor($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the gemaakt_door column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByDatumGewijzigd($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the gewijzigd_datum column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery orderByGewijzigdDoor($order = Criteria::ASC) Order by the gewijzigd_door column
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupById() Group by the id column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByPersoonId() Group by the persoon_id column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByTekst() Group by the tekst column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByDatumGemaakt() Group by the gemaakt_datum column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByGemaaktDoor() Group by the gemaakt_door column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByDatumGewijzigd() Group by the gewijzigd_datum column
* @method ChildContactlogQuery groupByGewijzigdDoor() Group by the gewijzigd_door column
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery leftJoin($relation) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query
* @method ChildContactlogQuery rightJoin($relation) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query
* @method ChildContactlogQuery innerJoin($relation) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery leftJoinWith($relation) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause and with to the query
* @method ChildContactlogQuery rightJoinWith($relation) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause and with to the query
* @method ChildContactlogQuery innerJoinWith($relation) Adds a INNER JOIN clause and with to the query
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery leftJoinPersoon($relationAlias = null) Adds a LEFT JOIN clause to the query using the Persoon relation
* @method ChildContactlogQuery rightJoinPersoon($relationAlias = null) Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause to the query using the Persoon relation
* @method ChildContactlogQuery innerJoinPersoon($relationAlias = null) Adds a INNER JOIN clause to the query using the Persoon relation
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery joinWithPersoon($joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN) Adds a join clause and with to the query using the Persoon relation
*
* @method ChildContactlogQuery leftJoinWithPersoon() Adds a LEFT JOIN clause and with to the query using the Persoon relation
* @method ChildContactlogQuery rightJoinWithPersoon() Adds a RIGHT JOIN clause and with to the query using the Persoon relation
* @method ChildContactlogQuery innerJoinWithPersoon() Adds a INNER JOIN clause and with to the query using the Persoon relation
*
* @method \fb_model\fb_model\PersoonQuery endUse() Finalizes a secondary criteria and merges it with its primary Criteria
*
* @method ChildContactlog findOne(ConnectionInterface $con = null) Return the first ChildContactlog matching the query
* @method ChildContactlog findOneOrCreate(ConnectionInterface $con = null) Return the first ChildContactlog matching the query, or a new ChildContactlog object populated from the query conditions when no match is found
*
* @method ChildContactlog findOneById(int $id) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the id column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByPersoonId(int $persoon_id) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the persoon_id column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByTekst(string $tekst) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the tekst column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByDatumGemaakt(string $gemaakt_datum) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gemaakt_datum column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByGemaaktDoor(string $gemaakt_door) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gemaakt_door column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByDatumGewijzigd(string $gewijzigd_datum) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gewijzigd_datum column
* @method ChildContactlog findOneByGewijzigdDoor(string $gewijzigd_door) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gewijzigd_door column *
* @method ChildContactlog requirePk($key, ConnectionInterface $con = null) Return the ChildContactlog by primary key and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOne(ConnectionInterface $con = null) Return the first ChildContactlog matching the query and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
*
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneById(int $id) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the id column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByPersoonId(int $persoon_id) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the persoon_id column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByTekst(string $tekst) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the tekst column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByDatumGemaakt(string $gemaakt_datum) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gemaakt_datum column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByGemaaktDoor(string $gemaakt_door) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gemaakt_door column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByDatumGewijzigd(string $gewijzigd_datum) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gewijzigd_datum column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
* @method ChildContactlog requireOneByGewijzigdDoor(string $gewijzigd_door) Return the first ChildContactlog filtered by the gewijzigd_door column and throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\EntityNotFoundException when not found
*
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection find(ConnectionInterface $con = null) Return ChildContactlog objects based on current ModelCriteria
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findById(int $id) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the id column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByPersoonId(int $persoon_id) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the persoon_id column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByTekst(string $tekst) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the tekst column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByDatumGemaakt(string $gemaakt_datum) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the gemaakt_datum column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByGemaaktDoor(string $gemaakt_door) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the gemaakt_door column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByDatumGewijzigd(string $gewijzigd_datum) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the gewijzigd_datum column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|ObjectCollection findByGewijzigdDoor(string $gewijzigd_door) Return ChildContactlog objects filtered by the gewijzigd_door column
* @method ChildContactlog[]|\Propel\Runtime\Util\PropelModelPager paginate($page = 1, $maxPerPage = 10, ConnectionInterface $con = null) Issue a SELECT query based on the current ModelCriteria and uses a page and a maximum number of results per page to compute an offset and a limit
*
*/
abstract class ContactlogQuery extends ModelCriteria
{
protected $entityNotFoundExceptionClass = '\\Propel\\Runtime\\Exception\\EntityNotFoundException';
/**
* Initializes internal state of \fb_model\fb_model\Base\ContactlogQuery object.
*
* @param string $dbName The database name
* @param string $modelName The phpName of a model, e.g. 'Book'
* @param string $modelAlias The alias for the model in this query, e.g. 'b'
*/
public function __construct($dbName = 'default', $modelName = '\\fb_model\\fb_model\\Contactlog', $modelAlias = null)
{
parent::__construct($dbName, $modelName, $modelAlias);
}
/**
* Returns a new ChildContactlogQuery object.
*
* @param string $modelAlias The alias of a model in the query
* @param Criteria $criteria Optional Criteria to build the query from
*
* @return ChildContactlogQuery
*/
public static function create($modelAlias = null, Criteria $criteria = null)
{
if ($criteria instanceof ChildContactlogQuery) {
return $criteria;
}
$query = new ChildContactlogQuery();
if (null !== $modelAlias) {
$query->setModelAlias($modelAlias);
}
if ($criteria instanceof Criteria) {
$query->mergeWith($criteria);
}
return $query;
}
/**
* Find object by primary key.
* Propel uses the instance pool to skip the database if the object exists.
* Go fast if the query is untouched.
*
* <code>
* $obj = $c->findPk(12, $con);
* </code>
*
* @param mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
* @param ConnectionInterface $con an optional connection object
*
* @return ChildContactlog|array|mixed the result, formatted by the current formatter
*/
public function findPk($key, ConnectionInterface $con = null)
{
if ($key === null) {
return null;
}
if ($con === null) {
$con = Propel::getServiceContainer()->getReadConnection(ContactlogTableMap::DATABASE_NAME);
}
$this->basePreSelect($con);
if (
$this->formatter || $this->modelAlias || $this->with || $this->select
|| $this->selectColumns || $this->asColumns || $this->selectModifiers
|| $this->map || $this->having || $this->joins
) {
return $this->findPkComplex($key, $con);
}
if ((null !== ($obj = ContactlogTableMap::getInstanceFromPool(null === $key || is_scalar($key) || is_callable([$key, '__toString']) ? (string) $key : $key)))) {
// the object is already in the instance pool
return $obj;
}
return $this->findPkSimple($key, $con);
}
/**
* Find object by primary key using raw SQL to go fast.
* Bypass doSelect() and the object formatter by using generated code.
*
* @param mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
* @param ConnectionInterface $con A connection object
*
* @throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\PropelException
*
* @return ChildContactlog A model object, or null if the key is not found
*/
protected function findPkSimple($key, ConnectionInterface $con)
{
$sql = 'SELECT id, persoon_id, tekst, gemaakt_datum, gemaakt_door, gewijzigd_datum, gewijzigd_door FROM fb_contactlog WHERE id = :p0';
try {
$stmt = $con->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bindValue(':p0', $key, PDO::PARAM_INT);
$stmt->execute();
} catch (Exception $e) {
Propel::log($e->getMessage(), Propel::LOG_ERR);
throw new PropelException(sprintf('Unable to execute SELECT statement [%s]', $sql), 0, $e);
}
$obj = null;
if ($row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_NUM)) {
/** @var ChildContactlog $obj */
$obj = new ChildContactlog();
$obj->hydrate($row);
ContactlogTableMap::addInstanceToPool($obj, null === $key || is_scalar($key) || is_callable([$key, '__toString']) ? (string) $key : $key);
}
$stmt->closeCursor();
return $obj;
}
/**
* Find object by primary key.
*
* @param mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
* @param ConnectionInterface $con A connection object
*
* @return ChildContactlog|array|mixed the result, formatted by the current formatter
*/
protected function findPkComplex($key, ConnectionInterface $con)
{
// As the query uses a PK condition, no limit(1) is necessary.
$criteria = $this->isKeepQuery() ? clone $this : $this;
$dataFetcher = $criteria
->filterByPrimaryKey($key)
->doSelect($con);
return $criteria->getFormatter()->init($criteria)->formatOne($dataFetcher);
}
/**
* Find objects by primary key
* <code>
* $objs = $c->findPks(array(12, 56, 832), $con);
* </code>
* @param array $keys Primary keys to use for the query
* @param ConnectionInterface $con an optional connection object
*
* @return ObjectCollection|array|mixed the list of results, formatted by the current formatter
*/
public function findPks($keys, ConnectionInterface $con = null)
{
if (null === $con) {
$con = Propel::getServiceContainer()->getReadConnection($this->getDbName());
}
$this->basePreSelect($con);
$criteria = $this->isKeepQuery() ? clone $this : $this;
$dataFetcher = $criteria
->filterByPrimaryKeys($keys)
->doSelect($con);
return $criteria->getFormatter()->init($criteria)->format($dataFetcher);
}
/**
* Filter the query by primary key
*
* @param mixed $key Primary key to use for the query
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByPrimaryKey($key)
{
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $key, Criteria::EQUAL);
}
/**
* Filter the query by a list of primary keys
*
* @param array $keys The list of primary key to use for the query
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByPrimaryKeys($keys)
{
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $keys, Criteria::IN);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the id column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterById(1234); // WHERE id = 1234
* $query->filterById(array(12, 34)); // WHERE id IN (12, 34)
* $query->filterById(array('min' => 12)); // WHERE id > 12
* </code>
*
* @param mixed $id The value to use as filter.
* Use scalar values for equality.
* Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
* Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterById($id = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (is_array($id)) {
$useMinMax = false;
if (isset($id['min'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $id['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if (isset($id['max'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $id['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if ($useMinMax) {
return $this;
}
if (null === $comparison) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $id, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the persoon_id column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByPersoonId(1234); // WHERE persoon_id = 1234
* $query->filterByPersoonId(array(12, 34)); // WHERE persoon_id IN (12, 34)
* $query->filterByPersoonId(array('min' => 12)); // WHERE persoon_id > 12
* </code>
*
* @see filterByPersoon()
*
* @param mixed $persoonId The value to use as filter.
* Use scalar values for equality.
* Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
* Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByPersoonId($persoonId = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (is_array($persoonId)) {
$useMinMax = false;
if (isset($persoonId['min'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_PERSOON_ID, $persoonId['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if (isset($persoonId['max'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_PERSOON_ID, $persoonId['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if ($useMinMax) {
return $this;
}
if (null === $comparison) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_PERSOON_ID, $persoonId, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the tekst column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByTekst('fooValue'); // WHERE tekst = 'fooValue'
* $query->filterByTekst('%fooValue%', Criteria::LIKE); // WHERE tekst LIKE '%fooValue%'
* </code>
*
* @param string $tekst The value to use as filter.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByTekst($tekst = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (null === $comparison) {
if (is_array($tekst)) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_TEKST, $tekst, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the gemaakt_datum column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByDatumGemaakt('2011-03-14'); // WHERE gemaakt_datum = '2011-03-14'
* $query->filterByDatumGemaakt('now'); // WHERE gemaakt_datum = '2011-03-14'
* $query->filterByDatumGemaakt(array('max' => 'yesterday')); // WHERE gemaakt_datum > '2011-03-13'
* </code>
*
* @param mixed $datumGemaakt The value to use as filter.
* Values can be integers (unix timestamps), DateTime objects, or strings.
* Empty strings are treated as NULL.
* Use scalar values for equality.
* Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
* Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByDatumGemaakt($datumGemaakt = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (is_array($datumGemaakt)) {
$useMinMax = false;
if (isset($datumGemaakt['min'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM, $datumGemaakt['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if (isset($datumGemaakt['max'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM, $datumGemaakt['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if ($useMinMax) {
return $this;
}
if (null === $comparison) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM, $datumGemaakt, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the gemaakt_door column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByGemaaktDoor('fooValue'); // WHERE gemaakt_door = 'fooValue'
* $query->filterByGemaaktDoor('%fooValue%', Criteria::LIKE); // WHERE gemaakt_door LIKE '%fooValue%'
* </code>
*
* @param string $gemaaktDoor The value to use as filter.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByGemaaktDoor($gemaaktDoor = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (null === $comparison) {
if (is_array($gemaaktDoor)) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DOOR, $gemaaktDoor, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the gewijzigd_datum column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByDatumGewijzigd('2011-03-14'); // WHERE gewijzigd_datum = '2011-03-14'
* $query->filterByDatumGewijzigd('now'); // WHERE gewijzigd_datum = '2011-03-14'
* $query->filterByDatumGewijzigd(array('max' => 'yesterday')); // WHERE gewijzigd_datum > '2011-03-13'
* </code>
*
* @param mixed $datumGewijzigd The value to use as filter.
* Values can be integers (unix timestamps), DateTime objects, or strings.
* Empty strings are treated as NULL.
* Use scalar values for equality.
* Use array values for in_array() equivalent.
* Use associative array('min' => $minValue, 'max' => $maxValue) for intervals.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByDatumGewijzigd($datumGewijzigd = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (is_array($datumGewijzigd)) {
$useMinMax = false;
if (isset($datumGewijzigd['min'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM, $datumGewijzigd['min'], Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if (isset($datumGewijzigd['max'])) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM, $datumGewijzigd['max'], Criteria::LESS_EQUAL);
$useMinMax = true;
}
if ($useMinMax) {
return $this;
}
if (null === $comparison) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM, $datumGewijzigd, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query on the gewijzigd_door column
*
* Example usage:
* <code>
* $query->filterByGewijzigdDoor('fooValue'); // WHERE gewijzigd_door = 'fooValue'
* $query->filterByGewijzigdDoor('%fooValue%', Criteria::LIKE); // WHERE gewijzigd_door LIKE '%fooValue%'
* </code>
*
* @param string $gewijzigdDoor The value to use as filter.
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByGewijzigdDoor($gewijzigdDoor = null, $comparison = null)
{
if (null === $comparison) {
if (is_array($gewijzigdDoor)) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
}
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DOOR, $gewijzigdDoor, $comparison);
}
/**
* Filter the query by a related \fb_model\fb_model\Persoon object
*
* @param \fb_model\fb_model\Persoon|ObjectCollection $persoon The related object(s) to use as filter
* @param string $comparison Operator to use for the column comparison, defaults to Criteria::EQUAL
*
* @throws \Propel\Runtime\Exception\PropelException
*
* @return ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function filterByPersoon($persoon, $comparison = null)
{
if ($persoon instanceof \fb_model\fb_model\Persoon) {
return $this
->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_PERSOON_ID, $persoon->getId(), $comparison);
} elseif ($persoon instanceof ObjectCollection) {
if (null === $comparison) {
$comparison = Criteria::IN;
}
return $this
->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_PERSOON_ID, $persoon->toKeyValue('PrimaryKey', 'Id'), $comparison);
} else {
throw new PropelException('filterByPersoon() only accepts arguments of type \fb_model\fb_model\Persoon or Collection');
}
}
/**
* Adds a JOIN clause to the query using the Persoon relation
*
* @param string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation
* @param string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function joinPersoon($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
{
$tableMap = $this->getTableMap();
$relationMap = $tableMap->getRelation('Persoon');
// create a ModelJoin object for this join
$join = new ModelJoin();
$join->setJoinType($joinType);
$join->setRelationMap($relationMap, $this->useAliasInSQL ? $this->getModelAlias() : null, $relationAlias);
if ($previousJoin = $this->getPreviousJoin()) {
$join->setPreviousJoin($previousJoin);
}
// add the ModelJoin to the current object
if ($relationAlias) {
$this->addAlias($relationAlias, $relationMap->getRightTable()->getName());
$this->addJoinObject($join, $relationAlias);
} else {
$this->addJoinObject($join, 'Persoon');
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Use the Persoon relation Persoon object
*
* @see useQuery()
*
* @param string $relationAlias optional alias for the relation,
* to be used as main alias in the secondary query
* @param string $joinType Accepted values are null, 'left join', 'right join', 'inner join'
*
* @return \fb_model\fb_model\PersoonQuery A secondary query class using the current class as primary query
*/
public function usePersoonQuery($relationAlias = null, $joinType = Criteria::INNER_JOIN)
{
return $this
->joinPersoon($relationAlias, $joinType)
->useQuery($relationAlias ? $relationAlias : 'Persoon', '\fb_model\fb_model\PersoonQuery');
}
/**
* Exclude object from result
*
* @param ChildContactlog $contactlog Object to remove from the list of results
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function prune($contactlog = null)
{
if ($contactlog) {
$this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_ID, $contactlog->getId(), Criteria::NOT_EQUAL);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Deletes all rows from the fb_contactlog table.
*
* @param ConnectionInterface $con the connection to use
* @return int The number of affected rows (if supported by underlying database driver).
*/
public function doDeleteAll(ConnectionInterface $con = null)
{
if (null === $con) {
$con = Propel::getServiceContainer()->getWriteConnection(ContactlogTableMap::DATABASE_NAME);
}
// use transaction because $criteria could contain info
// for more than one table or we could emulating ON DELETE CASCADE, etc.
return $con->transaction(function () use ($con) {
$affectedRows = 0; // initialize var to track total num of affected rows
$affectedRows += parent::doDeleteAll($con);
// Because this db requires some delete cascade/set null emulation, we have to
// clear the cached instance *after* the emulation has happened (since
// instances get re-added by the select statement contained therein).
ContactlogTableMap::clearInstancePool();
ContactlogTableMap::clearRelatedInstancePool();
return $affectedRows;
});
}
/**
* Performs a DELETE on the database based on the current ModelCriteria
*
* @param ConnectionInterface $con the connection to use
* @return int The number of affected rows (if supported by underlying database driver). This includes CASCADE-related rows
* if supported by native driver or if emulated using Propel.
* @throws PropelException Any exceptions caught during processing will be
* rethrown wrapped into a PropelException.
*/
public function delete(ConnectionInterface $con = null)
{
if (null === $con) {
$con = Propel::getServiceContainer()->getWriteConnection(ContactlogTableMap::DATABASE_NAME);
}
$criteria = $this;
// Set the correct dbName
$criteria->setDbName(ContactlogTableMap::DATABASE_NAME);
// use transaction because $criteria could contain info
// for more than one table or we could emulating ON DELETE CASCADE, etc.
return $con->transaction(function () use ($con, $criteria) {
$affectedRows = 0; // initialize var to track total num of affected rows
ContactlogTableMap::removeInstanceFromPool($criteria);
$affectedRows += ModelCriteria::delete($con);
ContactlogTableMap::clearRelatedInstancePool();
return $affectedRows;
});
}
// timestampable behavior
/**
* Filter by the latest updated
*
* @param int $nbDays Maximum age of the latest update in days
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function recentlyUpdated($nbDays = 7)
{
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM, time() - $nbDays * 24 * 60 * 60, Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
}
/**
* Order by update date desc
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function lastUpdatedFirst()
{
return $this->addDescendingOrderByColumn(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM);
}
/**
* Order by update date asc
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function firstUpdatedFirst()
{
return $this->addAscendingOrderByColumn(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEWIJZIGD_DATUM);
}
/**
* Order by create date desc
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function lastCreatedFirst()
{
return $this->addDescendingOrderByColumn(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM);
}
/**
* Filter by the latest created
*
* @param int $nbDays Maximum age of in days
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function recentlyCreated($nbDays = 7)
{
return $this->addUsingAlias(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM, time() - $nbDays * 24 * 60 * 60, Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL);
}
/**
* Order by create date asc
*
* @return $this|ChildContactlogQuery The current query, for fluid interface
*/
public function firstCreatedFirst()
{
return $this->addAscendingOrderByColumn(ContactlogTableMap::COL_GEMAAKT_DATUM);
}
} // ContactlogQuery
|
sn97065762_1886-10-09_1_7_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Prairie Farmer: Without manure, no good ground, with no poor ground. Indiana Farmer: Improve upon your former methods, but don't throw aside the certain; don't get the special care and rush into something you know very little about. Steds kept too long lose a portion of their vitality. Melons, however, when grown from fresh seed are said to run to vine, while old seed gives more productive plants. Christian Union: Chestnut culture in this country is an industry which is still in its infancy, and the profits and possibilities of which are not yet fully realized; but the subject is one worthy of careful investigation by practical men. New York World: Vegetable matter in the soil is absolutely essential to the growth of the higher order of vegetation. Where this is wanting, commercial manures may be added in any quantity with no appreciable results in benefiting crops. But supply the needed organic matter and the growth and luxuriance of the crops will surprise you. The object of fertilization is to insure an abundance of elements going to form vegetation. Farm, Field and Workman: Whatever farming may have been in the past, the time has come when the highest intelligence is demanded as necessary qualification on the part of the agriculturist. That is to say, pace must be kept with the spirit of the times that has developed fully as much in agricultural machinery as in other departments of industry. New and improved seeds and plants must also be looked after, else the farmer will be Left in the lurch. Western Rural: A bobbins vail is deemed necessary in the apiary. It is well to have several. That visitors may always be provided for and feel safe. During a good yield of honey, one may work among the bees day after day without getting stung, but if by accident a frame be dropped or something occurs by which a few bees are mashed, instantly they are up in arms and ready for the fray. At times like this, it is very convenient to have a vail to pull down over one's face. At a recent meeting of an agricultural society in England, the subject of diseases of animals was discussed, and a remedy suggested for worms in the lungs of sheep. The treatment, briefly, was to shut the animals affected in a close room and require them to inhale the fumes of sulphur. Calves subject to this same disease are to be treated in the same way. The presence of worms in the lungs may be known by the animals having a constant troublesome cough. But do not carry the fumigation to strangulation. The best and cheapest devices for ploughing to prevent barking to ill orchards is a short while before the traces on the hook, which so often causes the traces to have to be removed over the clods. Thus, when the whole is rubbed against a tree, the latter is protected from the leather. There was Once a patent on this device, but it has long since expired. Most cellars in early winter will be decidedly benefited by thorough ventilation. The air is usually too warm at this season, and ventilating on cold days to lower the temperature will not only remove the foul air, but will also to some extent prevent the decay of vegetables which cause it. With a thermometer in the cellar, it is easy to decide when the air approaches a freezing point, and after this, the ventilation may be restricted to warm days in winter when no danger of frost need be apprehended. J. H. Hale, of Connecticut, has used currants for several years for the small fruit plantations. For phosphoric acid, he used finely ground bone; also nitrate of potash and nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, and dried blood. Nothing has paid so well on that land as nitrate of soda; it will show in twenty-four hours after being applied to grass or plants, but care must be taken not to use more than a hundred pounds at a time to the acre of nursery plants. Applied just before rain, and three or four times during the season, Mr. Hale says the growth is wonderful. National Stockman and Farmer: If reports are to be believed, much of the western range is likely to go into next winter in very poor condition to support grazing cattle. There are districts thus bare of sustenance every winter, but the area in the next cold season threatens to be unusually large. The range is reported brown and bare in many places, and the most favorable fall season could hardly put it in good condition. This state of things is not by any means universal, although it is unfortunately of very wide extent. Under these circumstances, a severe winter would probably be a disastrous one among the cattle herds. Farmers’ Budget: A new theory in regard to cyclones has been advanced which, if true, presents a remedy for these storms. The theory is that the cyclone is caused by ascending currents of heated air and that if the country be covered with trees to modify the heat of the surface of the earth and make ascending currents of moist instead of hot air, the cyclone will be shorn of its power. There is one merit about the remedy proposed. If it does not prevent the cyclone, it will cover the country with much needed trees. THE FARM. FACTS OF FARMING. Chicago Herald: The country with much needed trees. It is true, however, that in the great wooded countries, whether in hot or cold climates, the cyclone is unknown, while over the great plains, whether north or south, the cyclone sweeps continually. Farmer's Budget: Prof. Law, of Cornell University, New York, in order to see the effect of stagnant water in the milk and the animal, caused some cows to drink from a pool of dead water. After a few days, the milk of the cows contained the same animal that were found in the water, and the cows were feverish, showing that the water had collected the blood. The milk, it drank, would produce the same effect on the human organism that the water did on the cow, and in sufficient quantity would induce dangerous fevers. The cow is not a tiller through which all kinds of food and drink can be poured and come out clean and pure. Any foul food or drink given it will surely tell in the milk product. SKIN TUB. MAIN FLOOR. The time is at hand when the larger part of the machinery can be put away for the winter. Put it where it will not be rained upon. Keep it from rusting. Live the woodwork a coat of paint, and by all means in your power, save it, and so riches will be given to you. The poorest economy on a farm is to save the money that ought to go to do this. A thousand feet of lumber and a few pounds of nails properly used now will save many a dollar and many wasted hours next season. A few years since, when the patrons of husbandry were striving to buy all machinery direct from tin manufacturers, a committee from a county lodge waited on a prominent manufacturer and asked him what he would do for them. He answered that he could not sell them machinery, but would do better. He would give them some advice, that if followed, would be of more benefit than buying machinery at cost. This advice was that they take care of what they had by housing it all the season, and sharp questioning brought out the fact that very few of them had storage sheds. He was right, and the advice is as good now as when given. Farmers' Budget. If owners and drivers of horses were all posted on the subject of foods, says the National Live Stock Journal, and how they should be fed, horses and other working stock would fare better than they do. It is not generally known, though constantly presented through agricultural papers during the last few years, that carbonaceous foods furnish only heat and motion, while the nitrogenous foods furnish muscle and power. It is not generally known what carbonaceous and nitrogenous foods are, and many do not know even the definition of the terms, or of others that are used as synonyms. But if these facts were known, common sense would teach owners of horse-fat going and hard work require frequent feeding of concentrated food not so concentrated as to pack in the stomach, but with just enough coarse material to keep the food loose, so that the gastric juice may penetrate and dissolve it. Corn is a concentrated food, but it is not of the right kind: it is too carbonaceous, furnishing heat and motion, but a small amount of muscle material and force. Hay and grass are too bulky, and the horse cannot eat enough to get sufficient nourishment when hard-worked or driven. Oats come the nearest to the filling of all requisites of a complete food; yet, if they are enriched, the addition of a little pea meal would be an improvement in cases where extra exertion is demanded. But it should be borne in mind that the more violent the exertion, the sooner the food is used up and the system exhausted; and as the horse has a very small stomach in proportion to his body, it will be seen that it must need frequent tilling when the horse does extra duty; indeed, it needs tilling more than it generally is tilled under ordinary circumstances. The writer has often heard it asserted that it does no good to feed a horse extra when it has done extra work. As well say the owner does not require extra food when exhausted from hard work. Surely a man taking physical exercise needs more food than one taking none. The same is true of the horse. How to WASH AND SAIL BITTERS. From a lecture delivered by Col. F. D. Curtis. Formerly the butter was gathered into a solid mass in the churn, and then taken out and worked and washed until the buttermilk was supposed to be all out. In some cases, however, there was no washing, and even now butter is made for immediate consumption by retaining enough buttermilk in it to give it a new butter milk flavor. But the latter and better practice is to stop the churn when the butter is in small granules of the size of mustard seed or wheat kernels. Cold water is added to reduce the temperature to 65 or 60 degrees. A little salt is thrown into the churn, and the buttermilk, after a little agitation, is drawn off. Then cold water is added, the churn slightly agitated, and the water drawn off. Many now wash the butter in the same way with brine. Salt coagulates the albumen. This coagulatum is soluble in water. Therefore, when the brine is drawn off, water is again used to wash the butter. The coagulatum is dissolved and carried off by the water. This kind of washing should be repeated until the water runs clear. Some have argued against washing, on the score that it takes out the sugar; and some even go as far as to put sugar into their butter with the salt. This is a great mistake. It is desirable to get all the sugar out, and to keep it out, as it soon decomposes if left in, and throws the butter off flavor. With butter in the regular form, salving and working are easily done. Let the water thoroughly drain off, keeping the temperature of the butter down to a degree below, then sprinkle on the salt and carefully stir it. In small batches it may be done by agitating the churn. If the batch is large, it may be taken out and placed on a butter-table. Then the salt can be sprinkled on and carefully stirred in with a common hay rake. If the salt is right, it will soon dissolve. It is then as evenly salted as it is possible to get it. No working is required, the mass may be carefully pressed together in a solid form, or it may be put directly into the tub and pressed together there, as it is packed, but none but the purest salt should be used. It should be fine and even grained, but not dust, nor have salt dust mixed with it. It should readily and rapidly dissolve, and being even grained, it would all be dissolved at the same time, and secure an even salting of the batch. All coarse, hard-grained, uneven-grained and slow dissolving salt should be avoided. Common barrel salt is abominable. No intelligent dairyman will take the risk of using it. All the cheap salts are unreliable. New York Life insurance Company--History in a Nutshell. Twenty-one years of badness Our hundred and forty-four million dollars received in premiums. Thirty-six and one-half million dollars received in interests, rents, etc. Nearly thirty-four million dollars paid in death claims. Over forty-five million dollars paid in dividends and for policies surrendered. Over ten million dollars paid in endowments and annuities. The New York's Life's non-forfeiture five-year dividend policy provides for: First, a surrender value in paid-up insurance at any time after three years. Second, a surrender value in cash at the end of any five-year period after issue. Third, an accumulated dividend in cash, paid-up insurance, or annuity, at the end of each five-year period. Fourth, freedom of action with respect to occupation, residence, and travel. Fifth, a guaranteed dividend in case of death. New York Life's non-forfeiting limited tonic policy. A policy combining the non-forfeiture features, originated by the New York Life in 1910, with the privileges and profits of its popular “Tontine Investment Policy.” The popularity attained by this company's non-forfeiture policy, and the gratifying results, as well as popularity, of its tontine investment policies, have led the New York Life to combine the essential features of both in its non-forfeiture limited-tonic policy. This policy is now confidently offered by the old (organized stockholders, large stocks over $7,000,000, surplus over $1,000,000, and purely mutual life companies. One of the safest, as regards the character of privileges and benefits; One of the most desirable, as regards the character of the company's earnings and the safety of its members. Men of character and energy wanted as agents. Most liberal arrangements will be made. GILBERT A. SM Sioux City, Iowa. Office: Sioux National Bank building. Kindness. The world is full of kindness that never was spoken, and that was not much later than no kindness at all. The fuel in the stove makes the room warm, but there are great piles of fallen trees on the rocks and on tops of hills, where nobody can get them; these do not make anybody warm. You might freeze to death for want of fuel in a plain sight of these fallen trees if you had no means of getting the wood home and making a fire of it. Just so in a family: love is what makes the parents and children, the brothers and sisters, happy. But if they take care never to say a word about it: if they keep it a profound, as if it were a crime, they will not be much happier than if there was not any love among them. The house will seem cold even in summer, and if you will live there you will envy the dog when anybody calls him “poor fellow.” The Soul of Wit. Detroit Free Press: A striking expression—“Hit ’em again.” The bounds of reason jumping at conclusions. Epitaph for a tailor—“After life's terrible fever he sleeps well.” A shampoo making light of something when you don’t mean it. A swell dinner dried apples. In favor of free coinage—The counterfeiter. Question of the chiropodist—“Do you acknowledge the corn?” A vice that few pursue—Advice. Large revolvers—The earth and moon. Beef on the range—Hotel steak, cooking. A designing man—The architect. A glowing account of a burning bill. Marginal notes, music on the beach, But a swell— Ignore the dude. Beaver dams—Swearing at a man For sitting on your best hat. THE LUCKY MAN. The Holder of Ticket No. 81,375. Anniston, (Ala.) Watchman, July 22: Since it was announced that one fifth of the ticket No. 5, Miss won the capital prize in the last drawing of the Louisiana State Lottery was held in our city, except that the lucky man is the young bookkeeper in the wholesale grocery house of Comer Trapp, and yesterday he was met with hundreds of congratulations. “When I saw that I was the possessor of the right number, my joy knew no bounds. Last once determined to go to New Orleans myself, and get the money. This I did, I presented my ticket to the Lottery company, received a check on the New Orleans National bank and secured my money and returned home, via Montgomery. The money, $15,000, is now on deposit in the bank of Comer & Co. I am still with the house of Comer & Trapp, and have not yet decided as to my course in the future.” Mr. Jones is an excellent young man, a first-class business fellow and has numerous friends who are gratified at his good fortune. —Stephen Morse, of East Woodstock, Conn., drinks his cider out of a three hundred year-old jin; that came over in the Mayflower. Have you tried Beggs’ Blood Purifier? Kanopolis. People will go out and when they do, we most cheerfully advise them to visit Kanopolis, Kansas. We have been shown several letters from parties who have been there. which the writers express astonishment at the number. Fine and quality of the buildings for a town so vibrant. We know the members of the Kanopolis Land Company personally, and can assure our readers that they are in earnest in their endeavors to build up a large city in central Kansas. In order to do so, they are rendering aid to manufacturers and will do anything reasonable and proper to induce them to locate at Kansas City. Large wholesale and manufacturing cities seem to spring up about every two hundred miles in this country, and the originators of Kanopolis seem to have thought of this when selecting the site for Kanopolis, and have hit upon a place a little over two hundred miles from Kansas City. The site for the proposed city being on one of the leading railroads of the country, near a river affording a wide water for steam and sanitary purposes for a large city, in the center of a state that has excelled all others in rapid growth, we see no reason why Kanopolis should not become a great manufacturing and distributing center. In fact, there is every reason why Kanopolis should become a grand city and excel in size and importance such cities as Rochester, N.Y., Columbus or Toledo, Ohio, Indianapolis, Ind., Peoria, Ill., Nashville, Tenn., Atlanta, Ga., and other like cities. Were we going to locate in the west, we would prefer to take chances with Kanopolis and its future than in the past, we know of, because the conditions are favorable for Rivalling, and we know the men at the head of it personally, have we are confident that a town which is being pushed like Kanopolis, will become of more than local importance, therefore we say: by all means, don't fail to go to Kanopolis when you go west to locate in business or invest in real estate, or even on a pleasure trip. Visit Kanopolis and see the fastest towns grow in the west. Home Companion. Have One Room a Poem. Chicago Tribune: Let us take the airiest, choicest and sunniest room in the house for our living room—the workshop where brain and body are built up and rewarded; and there let us have a hay window, no matter how plain in structure, through which the good twin angels sunlight and pure air—can freely cuter. This window shall be the poem of the house. It shall give freedom and scope to sunsets, the tender green and changing tints of spring the glow of summer, the pomp of autumn, the white of winter, storm and sunshine, glimmer and gloom all these we can enjoy as we sit in our sheltered room, as the changing years roll on. —Johnny, what is the difference between sense and sensation, papa?" "When I come down-stairs, Johnny, to whip you, you usually bolt out of the door. That is sense. When I grab you and apply the whip, that is sensation." Catarrh, Catarrhal Deafness and Hay Fever. Sufferers are not generally aware that the diseases are contagious, or that they are due to the presence of living parasites in the lining membrane of the nose and eyes, thus causing the inflammation. Microscope research has proved this to be a fact, and the result is that a simple remedy has been formulated whereby catarrh, catarrh, deafness, and hay fever are cured in from one to three simple applications at home. A pamphlet explaining this new treatment is sent free on receipt of stamp by A. M. A: Son, UOU King Street, West, Toronto, Canada. —The wheat crop of Kansas is the largest in the world, 50,000,000 bushels. It is estimated that the prime crop in Santa Clara county, California, this season is worth $100,000. Allen's "Iron Tonic Bitters" will supply the needs of iron in the blood better than any other known remedy. As the iron in these bitters is in perfect state to be taken up and assimilated by the system. In experimenting, manufacturers are imitating them. All genuine bear the signature of J. P. Allen, St. Paul, Minn. Discoveries of large deposits of plumbago or black lead are reported in the Verdugo hills, Nevada. Sure Cure for Rheumatism. Cure guaranteed in all cases. Use Perry Davis Vegetable Pain Killer according to directions, and it will cure many cases out of every hundred. Try it, it surely will not hurt you. The Massachusetts branch of the Travelers' Protective association has twelve thousand members. "It's and Sarsaparilla." If you are so unfortunate as to injure yourself in this way, we can suggest a remedy that will soon relieve you of all pain and quickly heal the wound; It costs but twenty-five cents and is sold by all druggists. Ask for Perry Davis' Pain-Killer. An unusually large quantity of fish has been caught in the waters off Moncrief. ghan, Me., this season. Buckingham’s Dye for the Whiskers produces, in one application, a permanent color. We have used Ayer’s Ague Cure, and have found it invaluable in malarial troubles. —One dealer at Winchester, Ky., handled 2,200,000 pounds of tobacco since before the war. If afflicted with Sore Fives, use Dr. Isaac Thompson's Liver Water. Druggists sell it; 25c. The yield of rice in Louisiana is said to be considerably below the average season. Lyon's Patent Leather Stiffener is the only invention that makes old boots straight as new. Eighty thousand acres of railway lands in Barnes county have not paid survey fees. Relief is immediate and a cure sure, Piso's remedy for catarrh. $1.50 cents. The Fargo schools were obliged to close one day recently on account of the cold. Bo in earnest to dumb animals. Life all open sores and cuts with Stewart's Healing Lotion, $1.50 and $2.50 a box. Home Treatment. Any readers of this paper suffering from Organs, Weakness, Nervous or Chronic Ailments, can find relief from Dr. Williams' Wisconsin Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which is free of charge. A free sample of Dr. Williams' Pink Pills, including the latest in treating conditions, can be found at Dr. Williams' Wisconsin Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. BR OWNS IRON BITTERS WILL CURE HEADACHE INDIGESTION BILIOUSNESS DYSPEPSIA NERVOUS PROSTRATION MALARIA CHILLS and FEVERS TIRED FEELING GENERAL DEBILITY PAIN in the BACK & SIDES IMPURE BLOOD CONSTIPATION FLAMING IN IRRITATIONS RHEUMATISM NEURALGIA KIDNEY AND LIVER TROUBLES 108 SALVAGE BY ALL DRUGGISTS 1 hr (P-nuinc has Trade Mark and crossed Red Lines on wrapper. TAKE NO OTHER. NO LADY • w mmmuwug ■ < oJ»ll»Ll'.\10N. 1M» bn ul S luerieuu Ltllon i ' t«»i if»tine lltr t«n»plfl» |]scnfrsl'fi ..... U» Ml* U-rp-k.-- 'I ■ It m*>. extent cone* a * \'l ).*, n|SH i-> Jl 11” til** **V Ill' ll »* of A A 1 J lii# Vi iJ.,.■ tew* |.n.HIP. m 11 make J, W r Y ,i*-_js; iin- .kin beautifully aoft. . rvl LV.» C;rl V MU. ll Hll.l wi» • It I* - ■*’ 0/ P ,y. r>> up dm r powder that r ‘/X’ ’ - " {Ajf 1 v. i ) illl p tb** p .re* of tlie ■A' /•,, -r a,.' - “ rain, and *'> r.» doin^i i cim .* i Hr* .'..f tlu-lkln, Tf ND/.i J kU f, n . i‘irnpi«‘*, etc . but '/ la * perfect I oh rllquld; i .MfcM L ‘ I. r amat.io dlacovrry that ijrsd/v r'rfT cn.i-.rr til i hrck to slow jc J with ticnilti mid r.\al tin* Uifk ’ lib in wlilu-m **. It i* . /.u*.y k tin t.<*. in vit confer*. 1 V# • 't,7» «' c ur*-# oily pklt I i pier Jkf 5 I •«- Mr*. HPdeln-#, f act' .l" riih* Iti.uK lirtd-, Suti ioH7rY]4!f"T>ir ~ . i uri: » lu.ppt-d lUnd#»iiid ■ ryinb’ ia,.- n 11*. ICC Jtc-t. .1. rA u ''.II ire.> h- nor#-*, oil* plumb, nd tune- of the -kl't front f to* In.! r'.-u* eftt*. t* of t«.wd«-r* and c n*ln- ti, ninp *edlinent, while It t.e. u HU,-a ibe skin. pl\ t. It ti nt lon thy. natural nnd v tit ht ti Hppcnnt' < c wliPli It '* Impossible to uhtalu by any either iih-hd > It *» *. ceded hy counolare r l .lto* art to hi* ih ' ht**i and ales- biautlDer tbe aoi id ever prodm-. i. For * de by Druppht# ami Fancy c.br<.<|« I)eah*t*. W. M. SCO i T A CO. Philadelphia. Pa. TIIK i SIOUX NATIONAL BANK. SIOI’X *.I I V, IOWA. Depository ol Hie ( nited *. CABH f’AI'ITAL, - $ 600 000 0b SUKi’LCd Ft ND, - 86 000 00 Ukimsitv - - &00 (X>o 00 Loans, - - l,OCU ( OOo.OO Wm. L. Joy, Prew't. Gko L. Jot, Vho Tres'l A. N OiUUKTFON. Crirthler, Newspaper for Sale. imyll l pr and nldcat <• tu n*h' .I ..ft!« «• in X. itliern Milim*on. Coiinix pent paper. I'roprletnr e . led t-. ellh t* and cannot plv» at 11 ml..n tu i apn iciiron »i>r aelUnp. A splcu d: i h.iruain. A 'drc * I he *'bm\ f its i’l-iiiting Co. Sioux City, 10. A?>BTi:DHfM E *OPiUW i imi. **o Vuzlr « M EtK a *** ' ~,V<l m H«.rm Treatment Vii 2 i N- » I ‘.-ft 'Ot tf .-I 1111*1 No I‘ A \ H*ked Rlh' 1 ' nut l l veil nr*'till'd, 'i'etiii* I w \* T* U llonmne Keineil) < «»., I.nl'os elte, Ind. *c |t» IT* JET Twnntv val-jnble Keupi-H, * l’e ’. ~ !V* *“* of Ooodr worth SIX DOLLAitS .-.*.«< * CirculurH that v/.U auntly put you out. i ■ I to fortune went, for •'> 2c e f ‘«nii-t. to iudp v v pOHtawc*. H. C. KOWKLL&CO Hull; U. Vt D'<vrNPORT BUSINESS COLLEGE ri \;. mik < A t \l.« u t T ■ tH.VCA.V A lIAWKH. Iltt s eupoi'l, loss is. k ! imhl per ;;-KTK?r/rvirS t' tU. ill s* kvwi IHt.y, 1 '.l Di'iirhom Fi., t 'h. o. *«, \OLNTH WiiM’Kl) in *- eri eoun'V la I'cvn to rt “Navin'a Kzplanatory stock Doctor. ’ Live men can loak*- ni.»i**'' . udre-b A. S. LANK, biiite Apeut. Saenumioaii. lowa. itnijr STUDY. vecureftThi*tne>-sKdueatlonlty nUmC mail f '.in Buy AVI' Cou.iok. buffalo, N t PENSIONS ZLrIEN a * UOL L. Ui No it AM. Ally, W unlilui.t<»n. 1» < The GROWING TOWN of Kanopolis! The Future City of Kansas. Only three months old, but growing very rapidly, and now contains ninny fine re-si* donees and business houses. Kanopolis is situated on t lie K. I\ l ilvU'Vm of the Union Pacific Hallrond, 2H miles front Kansas city, in t he center of K) Is worth county, the central county of Kansas, in the center of the grandest wheat, corn, trass, grain, fruit, vegetable and cattle country in the world. Kanopolis is no fancy scheme on paper, with lots at $5 each, but a genuine town or wood, brick, stone and mortar, with the air of business and the life and vua of a growing, prosperous city. 1 number of stores are established, a grain elevator is in operation, a steam printing establishment is now running, a large, three-story brick hotel is being built, a woolen mill will soon be in operation, a carriage and spring wagon factory is being erected, a soap factory is under way, a drug store is in operation, excellent brick are being manufactured, and several hundred thousand sold as soon as ready, and negotiations are pending for a large lumber mill, a stove foundry, a pottery, a broom factory, and many other industries which it is expected will soon locate here. The Town Site is the finest in the entire West, the drainage is perfect, the purest water can be had in great abundance, the air is bracing, the climate is delightful and there is everything to induce health and make life enjoyable. Several Railroads are building towards Kanopolis, and two, the “Santa Fe” and the “Missouri Pacific” have arrived within twelve miles of Kanopolis in the past few days, so that it is almost certain that Kanopolis is destined to be a great railroad, commercial and manufacturing center. Business Locations Few, If any, places present the advantages that Kanopolis does for those desiring to engage in all kinds of mercantile pursuits. Merchants now here are doing a thriving business. More stores of all kinds are needed, and can do well, as factories are starting and the town is growing very rapidly. Capitalists should come to Kanopolis, and invest in town lots or erect buildings for rent. Dwelling and business houses are paying 20 to 85 percent clear on the investments and town lots are already changing hands at an advance of 50 to 150 percent over their cost. 60 and 60 days ago. Kanopolis is bound to grow rapidly, because it is backed by a wealthy corporation that has taken hold of the town to make a city of it; hence, lands and lots are donated for churches, schools and colleges, and very liberal and substantial aid in various ways is given to all kinds of mills, shops and factories. PUBLIC SALE OF LOTS IN 1887 Don’t wait for the public sale, but come now and make your own selection of lots at private sale, while you can get the choicest and those that will advance in price at the lowest. Thousands have made fortunes on real estate in Kansas. One of the surest, safest and best investments that can be made is town lots in Kanopolis. For Town Plat of Kanopolis, map of Kansas, and fuller particulars, address KANOPOLIS LAND COMPANY, KANOPOLIS, KANSAS. WHEAT, CORN AND OATS SHIP YOUR WOODWARD & COMPANY, OFFICE TO ANY BANK OR WHOLESALE OR RETAIL. Write to us for MARKET REPORTS, FREIGHT RATES, Etc. Nashville, Missouri. When you go West don't fail to visit the E. O. X. Co. at 42 CORN EXCHANGE, MINNEAPOLIS. All is the first waterproof coat. Don't w!\«te vonr money on a yum or rut her coat. The FTPIT BRAND BLICKF.F ia ah*olutely !'•*(»-*• and M.*d rßonr, nnd will keep you drv ui the h*rde*t ru.ya Aak for the "KISH lIHASD” nucahKand tak**nootb«*r. If your *tor< k»* p**r d™ no". *c*id tor *l*»*crii'tiv** ■ ital"i.'i*-I*> A .' ~1 1 • V* f ■' 1: 2 > Si'uni.'ii-* M H«• *?.,»> V..-- DROPSY! Til RATED FItEE! Dr. H. H. Croen a*. Sons K|ivi>lull>li lor Thlrirr# Vruri I'aw- treated l>rnp'.T nud It* complication* with th* n.'.t «' laltrtrl uu'ci'y u e vtvetuli e remedlea, na *•»' ' h im e a Kciiiore all ayuiptoui# of dropay la i-itrl t I*. l«* n( v day>. • uri- | an* in* pronounced bopeleaa bj the boat ol l h *!*-ian*. ■ r.- n the tlr-t di-a the evmptoma rapidly dleefT' I- * *ml .1* t«!i day a ut Jeaat iwwtliirde of all *jrtap> l*.in> are remove I. Uum- miv n.v hnmlnif without knowing anythin* ** it it Hem* iiilxt tt <]<>♦*', not <**i>t yoii anythini; to ir.l/.. th*> mi' It* *f our tiratriK-nt for yuirarlf, in ten days the lift!* ».lty of br* athinur t* relieved the t*• «• i* urnler. th*' urin n-y ortr in* m »*le lo heir tu I duty, ►!* < o restored, the aw.diiiur .ill or n. .*y r i", «ti*'-t i ength tn< r* »• d and appetite msda "1. 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US-201715480557-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Systems and methods for supplying power to removable storage compartments
ABSTRACT
Provided are systems and methods for supplying electric power to removable storage compartments. The system includes an alignment body and a removable storage compartment. The alignment body is configured to align the storage compartment at a certain position, and includes a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground, and a second conductive strip having positive voltage. The storage compartment includes at least a first and a second contact means. The first contact means is configured to be in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means is configured to be in contact with the second conductive strip.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for supplying power to removable storage compartments, and more specifically to systems and methods for supplying power or for supplying power and enabling data transmission to removable storage compartments in medical appliances.
BACKGROUND
Some systems, e.g., medical systems, may include several independent devices that together form an entire system. Many devices, specifically medical devices, require electrical power in order to operate. Therefore, some medical systems require the presence of wires and a power supply in close proximity to the location of the medical system. Supplying power to devices via wires, specifically to medical devices, is very limiting. This is due to the fact that medical devices are typically required to be moved from one location to another, e.g., when moved from one patient to another, whereby some locations may not be equipped with power supply, or it may be time consuming to connect the devices' wires to a power supply when a clinician needs to operate such devices without any interruption.
Nowadays, some devices are operated by batteries, or rechargeable batteries, but such devices require continuous monitoring of the status of the batteries in order to ensure the devices are ready for operation at all times.
SUMMARY
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a system for supplying electric power to a removable storage compartment that is configured to store electrical devices therein, and thus to supply power to the stored devices. The system may include an alignment body configured to align a storage compartment at a certain position, a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground, a second conductive strip having positive voltage, and at least a first and a second contact means, whereby the first contact means may be configured to be in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means may be configured to be in contact with the second conductive strip. In some embodiments, the first and second conductive strips may be positioned along the alignment body, and the at least first and second contact means may be positioned along the storage compartment.
In some embodiments, the alignment body may comprise a proximal end that is located in close proximity to a user handling the storage compartment and the alignment body, and a distal end that is located farther away from the user.
According to some embodiments, the first and second contact means may be pogo pins.
In some embodiments, the first and second conductive strips may be connected to a PCB. In some embodiments, the PCB may be a flexible PCB.
According to some embodiments, the storage compartment may be a drawer. In some embodiments, the storage compartment may be part of a medical appliance. The medical appliance may be an interactive first aid kit.
In some embodiments, the storage compartment may be configured to supply power to at least one electrical device that is stored within the storage compartment.
According to some embodiments, the storage compartment may comprise power holes configured to provide power to the at least one electrical device, when the device is connected to the power holes via wires. In some embodiments, the storage compartment may comprise at least one USB connector configured to power a USB cable, whereby the USB cable is connected on one end to the at least one USB connector, and on the opposite end to the at least one electrical device.
In some embodiments, the system may further comprise data lines positioned along the alignment body. The data lines may be configured to enable data transmission from the storage compartment to an external device and from an external device to the storage compartment.
In some embodiments, the first conductive strip may be longer than the second conductive strip. In some embodiments, the first conductive strip may be located closer to the proximal end of the alignment body than the location of the second conductive strip.
In some embodiments, the first contact means may be configured to contact the first conductive strip before the second contact means contacts the second conductive strip.
According to another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method for supplying electric power to a removable storage compartment, such to supply power to electrical devices stored within the storage compartment. The method may include: providing a storage compartment comprising at least a first and second contact means, providing at least two alignment bodies, wherein one of the at least two alignment bodies comprising a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground, and a second conductive strip having positive voltage, inserting the storage compartment between the at least two alignment bodies such that the first contact means is in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means is in contact with the second conductive strip, and supplying power to the storage compartment.
In some embodiments, the first contact means may be configured to contact the first conductive strip before the second contact means contacts the second conductive strip.
In some embodiments, the method may comprise pushing and pulling the storage compartment back and forth between the at least two alignment bodies.
According to some embodiments, the method may further comprise supplying power to at least one electrical device stored within the storage compartment. In some embodiments, supplying power to the at least one electrical device may be performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to power holes comprised within the storage compartment. In other embodiments, supplying power to the at least one electrical device may be performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to a USB connector comprised within the storage compartment.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise enabling data transmission from the storage compartment to an external device, and from an external device to the storage compartment, via data lines positioned on one of the at least two alignment bodies.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Some non-limiting exemplary embodiments or features of the disclosed subject matter are illustrated in the following drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a respective view of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a side view of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a top-side view of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 4A-4B are schematic illustrations of a back-side view and a side view, respectively, of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment prior to insertion of the storage compartment in between the alignment bodies, according to some embodiments of the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.
Identical or duplicate or equivalent or similar structures, elements, or parts that appear in one or more drawings are generally labeled with the same reference numeral, optionally with an additional letter or letters to distinguish between similar entities or variants of entities, and may not be repeatedly labeled and/or described. References to previously presented elements are implied without necessarily further citing the drawing or description in which they appear.
Dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are chosen for convenience or clarity of presentation and are not necessarily shown to scale or true perspective. For convenience or clarity, some elements or structures are not shown or shown only partially and/or with different perspective or from different point of views.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Some embodiments of the present invention provide systems for supplying power to removable storage compartments, e.g., drawers, which may be part of electrical appliances, e.g., electrical medial appliances. As mentioned above, some known systems that require power for their operation, may be powered either via wires or via batteries. However, as mentioned above, such systems are very limited with respect to their operation, as well as with respect to their mobility. Systems that are powered via wires are limited with respect to operation, since their operation is restricted by the need to connect the system to a power source via wires. This also affects mobility of such systems, since mobility is limited to locations where a power source suitable for supplying power via wires, e.g., an electrical outlet or wall socket, is available. Systems that include batteries, whether rechargeable or non-rechargeable, are also limited in the sense that the status of batteries should be constantly monitored in order to ensure the systems are supplied with enough power for proper operation.
The system provided according to some embodiments of the present invention, enables supplying power to devices stored within removable storage compartments by supplying power to the removable storage compartments, e.g., removable drawers. Such removable drawers may be part of a system, e.g., an interactive first aid kit system that is configured to store various medical devices, which operation depends on electrical power. For example, a first aid kit system may include a thermometer, a pulse oximeter, a blood pressure measuring device, a stethoscope, an otoscope, etc. These devices may require power in order to properly operate. Thus, connecting these and similar or other devices to a drawer that receives power supply, and thus provides continuous power to these devices, when the drawer is closed or even when the drawer is partially open, ensures such devices are constantly powered and ready for operation at any location.
Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic illustration of a respective view of a system for supplying power to a removable drawer, according to some embodiments of the present invention. System 100 may comprise an alignment body 101 that is configured to align the position and location of a storage compartment (110, FIG. 2) at a certain position, such that power is properly supplied to the storage compartment. Typically, two alignment bodies 101 may be located on the opposing sides of a storage compartment, such to support the opposing sides of a storage compartment that is inserted between the two alignment bodies 101 (see FIG. 3). In some embodiments, each of the two alignment bodies 101 may be divided into two parts, one supporting the top end and one supporting the bottom end of the two opposing sides of a storage compartment that is inserted between the two alignment bodies 101 (described in detail with respect to alignment bodies 101 a and 101 b, FIG. 3).
In some embodiments, the storage compartment may be a removable drawer.
In some embodiments, alignment body 101 may have attached a printed circuit board (PCB) 102, which may be a flexible PCB or a rigid PCB. In some embodiments, PCB 102 may have attached conductive strips 103. Conductive strips 103 may comprise at least two conductive strips 103 a and 103 b, whereby first conductive strip 103 a may be configured to be attached to ground (GND), while second conductive strip 103 b may provide positive voltage, for example, +5V. However, in other embodiments, any other amount of voltage may be carried by second conductive strip 103 b.
According to some embodiments, PCB 102 may have attached thereon more than two conductive strips (e.g., strips 103 a and 103 b). In such embodiments, PCB 102 may have attached additional conductive strips (not shown) configured to enable data transmission. For example, one conductive strip may be +D, and another conductive strip may be −D. Data transmission may be important when data from the devices carried by the storage compartment is to be sent to an external device, e.g., a computerized device, or when data is to be received by the devices stored within the storage compartment from an external device. For example, if the storage compartment contains medical devices, e.g., an oximeter, and a thermometer, the last few measurements acquired by the oximeter and the thermometer should typically be transmitted to a physician's external device, e.g., a laptop, in order to enable the physician to monitor status of the patient for which such measurements were acquired. In other embodiments, the physician may wish to send a command to operate the oximeter and thermometer in order to obtain measurements of a patient. For example, post-surgical operation, a patient's vital signs should be monitored in order to determine whether the patient's recovery is as expected. In such case, the physician may use his remote device, e.g., laptop, to send a command to a medical device contained within the storage compartment, e.g., an oximeter and thermometer. These devices may then execute some kind of alert (e.g., the devices may make an alert sound), such that a healthcare provider that is in close proximity to the storage compartment, may notice the alert and operate the devices to acquire the requested measurements from the patient. That is, communication and data transmission may be enabled in a bi-directional manner, via data lines that may be positioned on PCB 102, and thus on alignment body 101.
In other embodiments, other types and/or numbers of conductive strips may be implemented as part of system 100.
In order to provide power supply to a storage compartment (e.g., storage compartment 110, FIG. 2), contact is required between the conductive strips, e.g., conductive strips 103 a and 103 b, and the storage compartment. Thus, the storage compartment may comprise contact means 104 that may be configured to be in contact with the conductive strips. In some embodiments, a first contact means 104 a may be configured to contact first conductive strip 103 a, and second contact means 104 b may be configured to contact second conductive means 103 b. If a larger number of conductive strips is attached onto PCB 102, then a corresponding number of contact means 104 may be used.
In some embodiments, contact means 104 may be pogo pins, though any other type of contact means may be used.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the alignment body(ies) 101 may dictate the distance between the conductive strips 103 and the contact means 104, such to enable proper contact between contact means 104 and conductive strips 103.
In some embodiments, contact means 104 may be connected to a PCB 105. In some embodiments, the contact means 104, e.g., pogo pins may be soldered into PCB 105.
In some embodiments, in order to provide power to devices contained within the storage compartment, the storage compartment may comprise connectors 107, e.g., USB type connectors. Connectors 107 may be configured to accept corresponding plugs, which may be attached to various devices contained within the storage compartment. For example, USB connectors 107 may be configured to accept USB plugs that are connected to electrical devices, such to provide electrical power to these devices via USB connectors 107. That is, a USB plug may connect between an electrical device and USB connector 107.
In some embodiments, connectors 107 may be connected to a PCB 106. In some embodiments, connectors 107 may be soldered in PCB 106.
According to some embodiments, the distance between PCB 105 and conductive strips 103 may be predetermined and may be dictated by the operation-compression of contact means 104, e.g., of pogo pins 104 a and 104 b. That is, pogo pins 104 require a specific compression applied onto them in order to properly operate, for example, the distance between PCB 105 and conductive strips 103 may be between 4.25 mm-4.45 mm, in order to apply suitable pressure onto pogo pins 104 enabling the pogo pins 104 to provide the required electrical connection between PCB 105 and conductive strips 103.
In some embodiments, the location of PCB 106 may be dictated by the internal arrangement of electrical devices that are to be contained by the storage compartment. For example, USB connector 107 needs to be aligned with respect to the internal space of the storage compartment.
According to some embodiments, since a PCB is required to contact an external power supply in order to provide power to the storage compartment, while the PCB is further required to transfer power to electrical devices contained within the storage compartment, and since there are different constraints with respect to the distance between the PCB and the external and the internal connections, system 100 may comprises two PCBs. PCB 105 is to be in contact with conductive strips 103, which are located externally to the storage compartment, while PCB 106 is to be in contact with electrical devices contained within the storage compartment, which are located internally to the storage compartment.
According to some embodiments, between PCB 105 and PCB 106 there may be distance means 108 configured to control the distance between PCB 105 and PCB 106, as well as being made of a conductive material, such to properly provide power to connectors 107 via contact means 104, which are in contact with conductive strips 103. In some embodiments, distance means 108 may be pins of a certain length, which may be located between PCB 105 and PCB 106. In some embodiments, distance means 108 may be flexible pins such to enable adjustment of the distance between PCB 105 and PCB 106, while in other embodiments distance means 108 may be rigid pins of a predetermined length dictated by the constraints discussed hereinabove in detail. In other embodiments, distance means 108 may be a cable(s) connecting between PCB 105 and PCB 106.
According to some embodiments, the storage compartment may be power supplied when inserted all the way through the two alignment bodies 101, which support the storage compartment on both of its sides, and also when the storage compartment is only partially inserted between the two alignment bodies 101. For example, if the removable storage compartment is a removable drawer, power may be supplied to the drawer when the drawer is fully inserted between and along the two alignment bodies 101, e.g., when the drawer is closed. In addition, power may be supplied to the removable drawer even when it is partially open, since the conductive strips 103 pass along substantially the entire length of the of alignment bodies 101 (e.g., along the longitudinal axis of alignment bodies 101). Thus, contact between contact means 104 and conductive strips may be enabled along substantially the entire length of conductive strips 103.
According to other embodiments, conductive strips or conductive tracks may be positioned on the storage compartment, e.g., storage compartment 110 (FIG. 2), while contact means, e.g., conductive pins or pogo pins, may be positioned on the alignment bodies 101. That is, as long as either of the components that are to be in contact with one another (e.g., a storage compartment and an alignment body) has either conductive strips/tracks or contact means (e.g., pogo pins) thereon, electric contact is enabled and thus power may be supplied via the alignment bodies to the storage compartment.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic illustration of a side view of a system 100 for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 illustrates storage compartment 110 as it is fully inserted along alignment bodies 101, towards the distal end of alignment body 101 (which is the end farther away from a user using system 100). Alignment bodies 101 may be located on both sides of storage compartment 110. In some embodiments, alignment bodies 101 may also be located beneath storage compartment 110, such to provide support below storage compartment 110 in addition to providing support on the typically opposing sides of storage compartment 110.
As described with respect to FIG. 1, system 100 may comprise PCB 102 that has attached conductive strips 103 (not shown). Contact means 104 may be in contact with PCB 102 via the conductive strips. Connectors 107, which may be USB type connectors, may be connected, e.g., soldered in PCB 106, while contact means 104 may be connected, e.g., soldered in PCB 105. In between PCB 105 and PCB 106 there may be distance means 108 that are configured to control the exact distance between these PCBs.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a schematic illustration of a top-side view of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention. According to some embodiments, storage compartment 110 may be comprise a front side 111, a left and right sides 112, and a back side 113. Back side 113 of storage compartment 110 may be typically inserted all the way through alignment bodies 101, towards the distal end of each of alignment bodies 101, such that front side 111 is the side visible to a user using storage compartment 110. Left and right sides 112 of storage compartment 110 may be supported by alignment bodies 101 that may be located adjacent to those exact sides. Alignment bodies 101 may comprise or be divided to a bottom end 101 a and a top end 101 b, such to better align the position of storage compartment 110 between two typically opposing alignment bodies 101.
According to some embodiments, connectors 107 may be located on either of the sides 112 of storage compartment 110, such to be able to contact with conductive strips 103 (FIG. 1) via contact means 104 (FIG. 1). The conductive strips 103 may be located on any one of the alignment bodies 101 that corresponds (and is adjacent to) to the side of storage compartment 110, at which connectors 107 are located. That is, if connectors 107 are located on the left side of storage compartment 110, the conductive strips may be located on the alignment body 101 that is located at the left of system 100. If connectors 107 are located on the right side of storage compartment 110, the conductive strips may be located on the alignment body 101 that is located at the right of system 100. Similarly, the location of the conductive strips may dictate the corresponding location of connecters 107.
In some embodiments, storage compartment 110 may comprise alignment indents 114, which may be configured to accept suitable clips and/or dividers in order to arrange the space within storage compartment 110 for optimal storage. Dividers and/or clips may be inserted into alignment indents 114 such to optimally divide the space in storage compartment 110 for disposal of the various devices that are to be stored and contained within storage compartment 110.
In other embodiments, indents 114 may be ‘power holes’ configured to provide electrical power to devices contained within storage compartment 110. That is, electrical devices stored within storage compartment 110 may comprise connectors of any kind, which may be inserted into power holes 114 in order to receive electrical power from storage compartment 110 via power holes 114. Power holes 114 may be in electrical connection with either PCB 105 or PCB 106, such to receive electrical power from either two PCBs. That is, wires may be connected on one end to power holes 114 and on the other end to an electrical device stored with storage compartment 101.
According to some embodiments, some of indents 114 may be alignment indents that may provide the ability to align the position of devices within storage compartment 110, whereas some of indents 114 may be power holes that may provide power to the devices contained within storage compartment 110.
In some embodiments, storage compartment 110 may supply power to devices stored within via connectors 107, via power holes 114, or using both power connection means.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 4A-4B, which are schematic illustrations of a back-side view and a side view, respectively, of a system for supplying power to a removable storage compartment prior to insertion of the storage compartment in between the alignment bodies, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
According to some embodiments, alignment body 101 may comprise a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end is the end of alignment body 101 that is located in close proximity and adjacent a user handling alignment body 101 and storage compartment 110, while the distal end is the end of alignment body 101 that is located farther away from the user.
As illustrated in FIG. 4A, back side 113 of storage compartment 110 is shown to be placed or slid into alignment body 101. The direction of movement of storage compartment 110 along alignment body 101 is illustrated by arrow 120. Arrow 120 illustrates a back-and-forth direction of movement, which corresponds to a closed-open state of the storage compartment 110. Storage compartment 110 may be pushed all the way through alignment bodies 101 towards the distal end of alignment body 101, until storage compartment 110 reaches its closed state. Additionally, storage compartment 110 may be pulled outside of alignment bodies 101, towards the proximal end of alignment body 101, until storage compartment 110 reaches its open state. All intermediate locations of storage compartment 110 with respect to alignment bodies 101 are intermediate states of storage compartment 110 between its open state and its closed state.
As illustrated in FIG. 4B, when storage compartment 110 moves in the backwards direction illustrated by arrow 120, that is, when storage compartment 110 moves adjacent to alignment body 101 and along the longitudinal axis of alignment body 101 towards the distal end of alignment body 101, contact means 104 may contact conductive strips 103. For example, once storage compartment 110 is slid along the longitudinal axis of alignment body 101 towards its distal end, contact means 104 a may contact conductive strip 103 a, and contact means 104 b may contact conductive strip 103 b.
In some embodiments, conductive strip 103 a may be longer than conductive strip 103 b, and may begin at a location that is closer to the proximal end of alignment body 101 compared to the location where conductive strip 103 b begins. This is in order to ensure that contact means 104 a first contacts ground, and only then would contact means 104 b contact the conductive strip that possess positive voltage, thus avoiding the possibility of electrocution of a user handling the storage compartment 110.
According to some embodiments, the location and/or position of the conductive strips (or tracks) and of the contact means on either of the storage compartment or alignment bodies may be at any corresponding location along the storage compartment and the alignment bodies. For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, the location of the conductive strips on the alignment bodies is adjacent to the sides of the storage compartment 110, and thus the contact means 104 are located on the sides of storage compartment 110. However, in other embodiments, the contact means may be located at the bottom of the storage compartment, while the conductive strips may be located at the bottom end of the alignment bodies. In yet other embodiments, the conductive strips may be located at the bottom of the storage compartment, while the contact means may be located at the bottom end of the alignment bodies. Thus, when the storage compartment is inserted in between two alignment bodies that comprise a mutual bottom alignment body, the conductive strips on the storage compartment come in contact with the contact means that are located on the bottom alignment body, since the bottom side of the storage compartment becomes adjacent to the bottom alignment body when inserted through the two sided alignment bodies. Electric contact may then take place between the storage compartment's conductive strips or tracks and the alignment body's contact means such to supply power to the storage compartment via the alignment body, which may be supplied with power via an external power source.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a flow chart illustrating a method for supplying power to a removable storage compartment, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Method 500 may comprise providing a storage compartment comprising at least a first and second contact means, as disclosed in box 510. Method 500 may further comprise providing a t least one alignment body comprising a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground, and a second conductive strip having positive voltage, as disclosed in box 520. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise inserting the storage compartment between two alignment bodies such that the first contact means is in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means is in contact with the second conductive strip, as disclosed in box 530. In some embodiments, at least one of the two alignment bodies comprises the first and second conductive strips. According to some embodiments, as a result of the first contact means being in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means being in contact with the second conductive strip, the method comprises supplying power to the storage compartment, as disclosed in box 540.
According to some embodiments, the first contact means is configured to contact the first conductive strip before the second contact means contacts the second conductive strip.
According to some embodiments, a method for supplying power to removable storage compartment, e.g., method 500 may further comprise pushing and pulling the storage compartment back and forth between the at least two alignment bodies, e.g., between the distal and proximal ends of the two alignment bodies.
In some embodiments, the method may further comprise supplying power to at least one electrical device stored within the storage compartment. The electrical devices stored within the storage compartment may be medical type devices, e.g., oximeter, thermometer, otoscope, stethoscope, etc.
In some embodiments, supplying power to the at least one electrical device is performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to power holes comprised within the storage compartment. In some embodiments, supplying power to the at least one electrical device is performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to a USB connector comprised within the storage compartment. In other embodiments, supplying power to the at least one electrical device is performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to power holes, and by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to a USB connector.
In some embodiments, method 500 may further comprise enabling data transmission from the storage compartment to an external device, and from an external device to the storage compartment, via data lines positioned on one of the at least two alignment bodies. Data transmission may comprise sending acquired measurements from the electrical devices stored in the storage compartment to an external device, e.g., a physician's computerized device, or sending commands from an external device to the electrical devices stored in the storage compartment.
In the context of some embodiments of the present disclosure, by way of example and without limiting, terms such as ‘operating’ or ‘executing’ imply also capabilities, such as ‘operable’ or ‘executable’, respectively.
Conjugated terms such as, by way of example, ‘a thing property’ implies a property of the thing, unless otherwise clearly evident from the context thereof.
In case electrical or electronic equipment is disclosed it is assumed that an so appropriate power supply is used for the operation thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprising”, “including” and/or “having” and other conjugations of these terms, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
The terminology used herein should not be understood as limiting, unless otherwise specified, and is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosed subject matter. While certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents are not precluded.
The invention claimed is:
1. A system for supplying electric power to a storage compartment, said system comprising: an alignment body configured to align a storage compartment at a certain position, said alignment body comprising a proximal end and a distal end; a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground; a second conductive strip having positive voltage; at least a first and second contact means, wherein the first contact means is configured to be in contact with the first conductive strip, and wherein the second contact means is configured to be in contact with the second conductive strip; and wherein said first and second conductive strips are positioned along said alignment body, wherein said at least first and second contact means are pogo pins positioned along the storage compartment, and wherein the storage compartment is part of a medical appliance.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second conductive strips are connected to a PCB.
3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the PCB is a flexible PCB.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the storage compartment is a drawer.
5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the medical appliance is an interactive first aid kit.
6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the storage compartment is configured to supply power to at least one electrical device that is stored within the storage compartment.
7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the storage compartment comprises power holes configured to provide power to the at least one electrical device, when the device is connected to the power holes via wires.
8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the storage compartment comprises at least one USB connector configured to power a USB cable, wherein said USB cable is connected on one end to the at least one USB connector, and on the opposite end to said at least one electrical device.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system further comprises data lines positioned along the alignment body, said data lines configured to enable data transmission from the storage compartment to an external device and from an external device to the storage compartment.
10. The system according to claim 1, wherein the first conductive strip is longer than the second conductive strip and further wherein the first conductive strip is located closer to the proximal end of the alignment body than the location of the second conductive strip.
11. The system according to claim 1, wherein the first contact means is configured to contact the first conductive strip before the second contact means contacts the second conductive strip.
12. A method for supplying electric power to a storage compartment, said method comprising: providing a storage compartment comprising at least a first and second contact means, said at least first and second contact means are pogo pins positioned along the storage compartment; providing at least two alignment bodies, wherein one of the at least two alignment bodies comprising a first conductive strip configured to be connected to ground, and a second conductive strip having positive voltage; inserting the storage compartment between the at least two alignment bodies such that the first contact means is in contact with the first conductive strip, and the second contact means is in contact with the second conductive strip; and supplying power to the storage compartment, wherein the first contact means is configured to contact the first conductive strip before the second contact means contacts the second conductive strip.
13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising pushing and pulling the storage compartment back and forth between the at least two alignment bodies.
14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising supplying power to at least one electrical device stored within the storage compartment.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein supplying power to the at least one electrical device is performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to power holes comprised within the storage compartment.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein supplying power to the at least one electrical device is performed by connecting the at least one electrical device via wires to a USB connector comprised within the storage compartment.
17. The method according to claim 12, further comprising enabling data transmission from the storage compartment to an external device, and from an external device to the storage compartment, via data lines positioned on one of the at least two alignment bodies..
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5949823_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Yesawich Jr., J.
Appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court (Plumadore, J.), entered January 11, 1991 in Franklin County, which dismissed petitioner’s application, in a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78, to, inter alia, review a determination of respondents denying his request to withdraw his resignation from his former position with the Department of Transportation.
On Thursday, May 17, 1990, the day after petitioner, a probationary employee in the position of laborer with respondent Department of Transportation, orally informed a supervisor that he was resigning, petitioner was informed by respon*1084dent Gerald Spoor, the Department’s chief supervisor for the area, that his resignation was improper and that written resignation was required. By Friday morning, within 24 hours after signing a resignation letter brought to him at his home by a Department employee, petitioner allegedly telephoned Spoor’s office to withdraw his resignation. Spoor being unavailable, petitioner told Spoor’s assistant to withdraw his resignation and was informed that he would have to speak with Spoor the following Monday to discuss the matter. When petitioner called Spoor on Monday, Spoor advised that his resignation had been sent to the Department’s regional office the previous Friday and could no longer be revoked.
When petitioner’s subsequent two written requests for reinstatement were denied, he commenced this CPLR article 78 proceeding seeking, inter alia, an annulment of respondents’ determination disallowing withdrawal of his resignation, a declaration that the Department reinstate him to his former position, and payment of lost income and benefits. Supreme Court dismissed the petition, reasoning that inasmuch as petitioner was a probationary employee, he could be terminated for any reason so long as he was not terminated in bad faith (see, Matter of Johnson v Katz, 68 NY2d 649, 650) and hence there was no abuse of discretion in denying his request to revoke his resignation. Petitioner appeals.
At issue is not whether respondents’ decision to terminate petitioner was proper, indeed no such determination was ever made (see, 4 NYCRR 4.5 [b] [5] [iii]; cf., Matter of Giannandrea v Meehan, 117 AD2d 806, lv denied 68 NY2d 612), but whether respondents’ refusal to allow petitioner to withdraw his resignation was an abuse of discretion. Because this is the only determination made by respondents, it is the only one which may be reviewed (see, Matter of Scherbyn v Wayne-Finger Lakes Bd. of Coop. Educ. Servs., 77 NY2d 753, 758). The fact that the evidence respecting petitioner’s work record may be, as Supreme Court found, sufficient to justify petitioner’s termination is of no moment at this juncture, for that is a matter that goes to the validity of petitioner’s termination, not to the propriety of the denial of his request to rescind his resignation.
Concerning the latter issue, the pertinent civil service regulations provide that, "[a] resignation may not be withdrawn * * * after it is delivered to the appointing authority, without the consent of the appointing authority” (4 NYCRR 5.3 [c]). And, although a resignation must be written (4 NYCRR 5.3 [a]), there is no such requirement for revocation of the resig*1085nation. As it is well settled that "[t]he failure of the Legislature to include a matter within a particular statute is an indication that its exclusion was intended” (Pajak v Pajak, 56 NY2d 394, 397; accord, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 74), it follows that prior to the delivery of petitioner’s written resignation to "the appointing authority” such resignation could be withdrawn orally by petitioner without the appointing authority’s consent (see, Haine v Googe, 248 F Supp 349, 351-352). However, whether Spoor’s assistant who received and processed the resignation on the Friday morning in question qualifies as "the appointing authority”, and whether the resignation was delivered to "the appointing authority”, whomever that should prove to be, prior to petitioner’s attempt to orally withdraw it, are material issues of fact which must first be resolved before it can be determined whether the appointing authority’s consent was required and, if so, whether its denial was an abuse of discretion (see, CPLR 7804 [h]).
Petitioner’s claim that respondents are estopped from rejecting his revocation as untimely or improper by virtue of Spoor’s assistant telling him to call back on Monday to speak with Spoor regarding such revocation is unavailing; although respondents note in their brief that equitable estoppel principles can be invoked against the State in these circumstances (see, Hueber Hares Glavin v State of New York, 75 AD2d 464, 468), it is inappropriate to do so given that petitioner has not shown that the assistant’s actions involved the knowledge and intention necessary to establish waiver or equitable estoppel (see, supra; Airco Alloys Div. v Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 76 AD2d 68, 81-82).
Weiss, P. J., Mahoney and Harvey, JJ., concur.
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80197_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Kalarayerkuthi ie n luech te l'India tl stat federel Bengal dl Vest.Kalarayerkuthi ie tl Cooch Behar II community development block dl raion Cooch Behar Sadar. Tl 2011 ovel na populazion de.
Storia
Geografia
Referënzes
Bengal dl Vest
Luech te l'India.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20076 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// main.swift
// AudioKit
//
// Created by Aurelius Prochazka on 2/20/15.
// Copyright (c) 2015 Aurelius Prochazka. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
let testDuration: NSTimeInterval = 10.0
class Instrument1 : AKInstrument {
override init() {
super.init()
let oscillator = AKOscillator()
setAudioOutput(oscillator)
}
}
class Instrument2 : AKInstrument {
override init() {
super.init()
let oscillator = AKOscillator()
let declick = AKDeclick(input: oscillator)
setAudioOutput(declick)
}
}
AKOrchestra.testForDuration(testDuration)
let instrument1 = Instrument1()
let instrument2 = Instrument2()
AKOrchestra.addInstrument(instrument1)
AKOrchestra.addInstrument(instrument2)
let note = AKNote()
note.duration.floatValue = 0.4
NSLog("Play 10 notes first without declicking")
let phrase1 = AKPhrase()
for index in 1...10 {
let time = 0.5 * Float(index)
phrase1.addNote(note, atTime: time)
}
instrument1.playPhrase(phrase1)
NSLog("And then 10 notes with declicking")
let phrase2 = AKPhrase()
for index in 11...20 {
let time = 0.5 * Float(index)
phrase2.addNote(note, atTime: time)
}
instrument2.playPhrase(phrase2)
NSThread.sleepForTimeInterval(NSTimeInterval(testDuration))
|
github_open_source_100_8_20077 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef SETTINGS_H
#define SETTINGS_H
#include "app_defs.h"
#include "led/palettes.h"
u8 palette_selected, vel_sensitive, top_lights_config, performance_xy_enabled, aftertouch_enabled, direct_enabled, idle_enabled, led_brightness;
#endif |
journaldelinstru09quebuoft_17 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | Proposé par M. Boudrias, secondé par M. Paradis : Que M. le bibliothécaire soit autorisé à acheter une demi-douzaine d'exemplaires de l'excellent "Traité de Pédagogie" de M. l'abbé Langevin. Adopté. M. Archambault, secondé par M. Cassegrain, fit motion et il fut résolu : Que des remercîments soient offerts aux propriétaires de la Minerve et de l'Ordre pour avoir publié gratis les annonces de l'association. Les comptes de M. le trésorier furent aussi reçus et approuvés. De plus, sur rapport du conseil d'administration, les résolutions suivantes furent adoptées à l'unanimité : 1° Qu'un comité soit nommé pour proposer, corriger et couvrir des thèses auxquelles tous les instituteurs membres de cette association sont appelés à concourir. 2° Que ce comité soit composé de M. le Principal de l'école normale Jacques-Cartier comme président, avec pouvoir de s'adjoint un de ses professeurs ; d'un inspecteur d'écoles et d'un instituteur de l'association. Ces deux derniers seront élus chaque année, aux élections générales du mois de mai, au scrutin secret. 3° Qu'il n'y aura qu'un seul concours par an. 4° Que les Thèses seront proposées et publiées chaque année, à la conférence de mai, et devront être remises à M. le Principal de l'école normale Jacques-Cartier à la conférence du mois de janvier suivant le plus tard. 5° Que chaque Thèse devra être transmise sous un nom anonyme, accompagnée d'une lettre cachetée dans laquelle sera le nom véritable de l'auteur, et sur l'enveloppe de laquelle sera le nom anonyme. Cette lettre ne sera ouverte qu'à la conférence du mois de mai, et seulement dans le cas où la Thèse sera couverte. 6° Que le comité décernera un prix à l'auteur de la Thèse couronnée, et s'il arrive que deux Thèses soient égales en mérite, le prix alors sera partagé. 7° Que toute Thèse couronnée sera conservée dans les archives de l'association. MM. l'inspecteur d'écoles Valade et U. E. Archambault furent élus membres du susdit comité. MM. H. Pesant, P. P. Anger, H. Martineau, J. B. Delâge, A. Gervais et C. Brault furent priés de préparer chacun une lecture pour la prochaine conférence du mois d'août. Les deux sujets suivants seront discutés : "Est-il nécessaire de faire apprendre aux enfants les définitions des règles de l'arithmétique, ou bien doit-on se contenter d'en donner seulement l'explication," et "laquelle des deux grammaires est-elle préférable, ou celle de Poitevin, ou celle de Chapsal ?" Enfin, sur motion de M. Boudrias, secondé par M. Gauvreau, la séance fut ajournée jusqu'au dernier vendredi d'août prochain, à 9 heures A. M. J. O. Cassegrain, Secrétaire. 84 JOURNAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE. Conférence annuelle de l'Association des Instituteurs Protestants du Bas-Canada. Cette conférence a eu lieu à Sherbrooke le 1er et le 2 de ce mois. Dans l'absence du Rév. Dr. Nicholson, principal de l'Université de Lennoxville, et président de l'Association, le Dr. Dawson, principal de l'Université McGill et vice-président, fut appelé au fauteuil. L'honorable Surintendant de l'Education, l'hon. M. Sanborn, M. Dunkin, M. P.P., et M. Robertson, maire de Sherbrooke, assistèrent aux deux séances. Celles du premier jour furent occupées en grande partie par la discussion de la constitution de l'association, et l'examen d'un rapport soumis par le bureau de direction. L'après-midi une lecture très intéressante de M. Hicks, professeur à l'Ecole Normale McGill, sur le matériel et le mobilier des écoles fut suivie d'une discussion générale sur cet important sujet. M. Hicks se prononça fortement en faveur de l'établissement d'un musée d'éducation, et d'un dépôt de livres, cartes, etc. semblables à ceux qui ont été établis dans le Haut-Canada. À la séance du soir à laquelle assistaient un grand nombre d'amis de l'éducation, des discours furent prononcés par le président, par le Surintendant de l'Education, par M. Dunkin et par M. Sanborn. Ce dernier, entre autres observations très judicieuses, fit cette remarque : "Nous n'avons point, dans le Bas-Canada, peut-être le système d'instruction que nous préférerions, d'après nos vues; mais nous en avons un, duquel nous pouvons tirer et nous avons déjà, de fait, tiré un excellent parti. Si les choses ne sont point ce que nous désirerions c'est que nous avons à agir de concert avec d'autres dont les vues diffèrent essentiellement des nôtres. Il faut bien se pénétrer de l'idée que dans un pays constitutionnel on ne doit point vouloir imposer aux autres ce qui ne leur convient point et que ce n'est que par un système de concessions réciproques que l'on peut parvenir à de bons résultats. Il ne faut point sous prétexte de libéralisme devenir intolérant ni agir comme cet homme qui se plaignait de l'absence complète de liberté dans son pays. Quoi, lui dit-on, ne pouvez-vous point faire tout ce que vous voulez? — C'est vrai, dit-il, mais je ne peux point contraindre les autres à faire comme je veux ! La séance du lendemain fut présidée par M. l'inspecteur Hubbard. Il y fut fait par M. le professeur Dudwell de Lennoxville une excellente lecture sur la mission de l'instituteur et une autre sur divers points de pédagogie par Mme Hammond, institutrice à Richmond. Le Surintendant de l'Education avant de prendre congé des instituteurs leur adressa de nouveau la parole. Dans l'après-midi, M. le Principal Graham fit une lecture sur diverses questions d'éducation et d'enseignement; et le tout se termina par les élections pour l'année courante. M. le Principal Dawson fut élu président, M. le Professeur Robins de l'École Normale McGill, secrétaire, et M. McGregor, trésorier. Association des Instituteurs du District de Bedford. Cette association a tenu une conférence le 18 mai à Knowlton. On y a offert des prix pour un concours d'écriture ouvert à tous les élèves du district, aussi pour le tracé d'une carte du district; les concurrents pour ce dernier prix ne devront pas être âgés de plus de seize ans. Les cartes devront être transmises au Dr. Parmelee, inspecteur du district à Waterloo, le ou avant le 15 mai 1866. Elles devront être accompagnées d'un certificat signé par l'instituteur constatant qu'elles ont été tracées par l'élève sans aucun aide de sa part. Les prix du concours de calligraphie pour l’année furent décernés. Ils consistaient en un certain nombre de livres utiles et instructifs. Les concurrents étaient divisés en quatre classes et très-nombreux dans chacune d’elles. La classe A comprenait les filles de douze à seize ans. Le premier prix dans cette classe a été donné à Mlle Collins de l’école dissidente No. 8 de Granby, le second à Mlle Surhait de l’arrondissement No. 9 de Bolton. Il y avait 53 concurrents et 7 mentions honorables. Dans la classe B comprenant les garçons de 12 à 16 ans, le premier prix a été obtenu par M. Robert Hackwell de Boscobel, le second par M. Francis H. Perkins de Mansonville. Il y avait 28 candidats et 4 mentions honorables. Dans la classe C comprenant les filles au-dessous de 12 ans, le premier prix a été donné à Mlle Judith Darling de Mansonville, le second à Mlles Mary Perkins de Mansonville et Sarah Davis de l’arrondissement No. 12 de Bolton. Il y avait 40 candidats et 7 mentions honorables. Dans la classe D, celle des garçons au-dessous de 12 ans, le premier prix a été donné à M. Charles Jackson de l’arrondissement No. 9 de Brome, le second à M. Frederick Robinson de Waterloo et M. Ephrem Baron de l’école dissidente No. 1 de Bolton a obtenu une mention honorable. Il y avait 14 candidats. Revue Bibliographique. L'Éducation Chrétienne dans le, Paris, 1860. — par le même auteur. Parle R. P. Hubert, Conversations, par le De la Politesse et du Bon Ton, ou l'Art mondain, par la Comtesse D… Du Bon Langage et des Locutions — L'art de la Conversation, deuxième édition. Paris, 1860. Observations suivantes sont notées à notre état de société ; aussi, faudrait-il ne point avoir mauvaise opinion de ceux et de celles qui ne se trouvent exactement à ce que prescrit notre auteur. Une société mixte ont profondément modifié nos mœurs et il faut avouer que ce n'est point du tout à notre avantage, et que plus on se rapprochera des usages de la bonne société française, plus on y gagnera sous tous les rapports. Le chapitre dont nous faisons un court extrait est intitulé, À la promenade : Si vous voyez venir à vous un vieillard ou une personne à qui vous croyez devoir de la considération, rangez-vous immédiatement pour lui céder le haut du pavé, c'est-à-dire le côté des maisons. Un homme bien élevé a toujours cette politesse pour une femme quel que soit son rang et son âge. Si par hasard la rue ou la promenade est encombrée, gardez-vous de montrer une précipitation inconvenante, ne coudoyez personne, mais ralentissez le pas et laissez-vous en quelque sorte porter par le flot des promeneurs. Il vaudrait mieux, toutefois, si vous en aviez le temps, vous retirer de la foule et la laisser écouler avant de continuer votre chemin. "Quand les rues sont libres, il est de toute politesse de ne froisser, de ne heurter personne en passant à côté ; si des gens âgés, ou dont le rang inspire le respect, se croissent avec vous, et qu'il n'y ait pas suffisamment de place pour passer de front, rangez-vous le long du mur pour les laisser passer. S'il pleut, prenez garde d'accrocher les parapluies, en ayant soin d'élever ou de baisser le vôtre, en raison inverse du mouvement que feront les autres. Il faut, dit un sage conseiller, laisser à quelques étourdis de mauvais ton le plaisir inconvenant de rire au nez des personnes qui leur sont entièrement inconnues, ou de faire sur leur compte, de manière à être entendues, des observations indiscrètes. Nous ne saurions trop dire combien de jeunes personnes — ou de jeunes femmes — s'exposeraient à être mal jugées si, en passant près d'un homme, elles se tournaient l'une vers l'autre avec un air mystérieux, laissant à supposer qu'elles se communiquent, relativement à lui, des réflexions soit en bonne, soit en mauvaise part. Un autre écueil à éviter consiste à élever la voix, à en changer l'inflexion, en un mot, à prendre un air prétentieux en approchant d'un groupe ou en voyant quelqu'un s'approcher. — J'ai dit écueil, parce que ce défaut, commun à la majorité des femmes, est presque naturel en nous; c'est une sorte de coquetterie naturelle, qu'on peut remarquer dans une petite fille, bien avant qu'elle ait l'âge de rendre compte des motifs de vanité qui la font agir. L'éducation doit corriger ce défaut, je dirais, pour ainsi dire, plus encore, en ajoutant : Ce ridicule." "Un homme bien élevé salue une femme parce que c'est une femme, ne l'eût-il jamais vu précédemment, s'il la rencontre dans une situation, dans un endroit où il est inévitable qu'il la voie, et où s'établit entre eux la plus passagère, la plus fugitive, la plus imperceptible relation, telle que la rencontre dans un chemin étroit à la campagne, surtout si le chemin est assez étroit pour qu'il faille le parcourir; si elle passe devant lui s'il est obligé de passer devant elle dans un escalier, par la même raison et aussi parce que c'est une apparition de relation que d'entrer dans la même maison ou d'en sortir, et qu'un homme bien élevé ne laisse échapper ni une occasion ni un prétexte d'être poli avec une femme. Vous accueillerez, ma chère enfant, cette politesse avec un air de réserve, mais sans sauvagerie affectée, et vous y répondrez par une inclination polie. Vous ne témoignerez surtout aucun sentiment d'étonnement ou de contrariété, car il n'y a jamais de raison pour qu'une femme se montre surprise de la politesse d'un homme qui la salue respectueusement. C'est un hommage rendu, en sa personne, à la dignité de la femme. — Mais vous ne saluerez pas la première, à moi moins que la personne que vous rencontrez ne soit un vieillard, un parent, un ami intime ou très jeune homme, le fils d'une amie ou d'une parente, dont votre devoir est d'encourager la timidité. Si l'on vous aborde, vous engagerez, en premier lieu, votre interlocuteur à se couvrir, ce qu'il ne fera qu'après quelques instants, et si le soleil ou le froid sont trop incommodants. N'entamez pas" De longues conversations, et, par votre réserve, laissez comprendre que le lieu pourrait être mieux choisi pour un entretien. Si vous vous promenez avec des vieillards ou des femmes, prenez des égards, vous réglerez votre pas sur le leur et l'adresse l'initiative sur la route à suivre et l'opportunité qui puisse être à cet égard votre désir personnel, de voir ni ennui, ni contrainte. Avec des égaux, vous donnerez votre avis, mais avec mesure et sans avoir l'air d'y tenir ; pour peu qu'il n'ait pas l'assentiment général, vous l'abandonnerez sans laisser paraître que vous le regrettez. On ne doit pas devancer les personnes que l'on accompagne, ni demeurer en arrière, surtout si l'on avait dû accepter le bras d'un étranger. Dans ce dernier cas, comme il ne serait pas convenable d'avoir l'air de s'isoler, on doit toujours se tenir à portée du regard et de la voix. C'est en général, quand une femme tient à sa réputation, doit montrer de la prudence. Bien entendu que vous ne devez, sous aucun prétexte, entrer tête à tête, en voiture, avec un homme étranger. Ce qui suit est de mise toujours et partout, et nous croyons même que plus d'un de nos boutiquiers afficherait volontiers, près de son comptoir, les avis de Mme la Comtesse Drohojowska, et qu'ils seraient en général trop heureux de voir leurs élégantes visiteuses en faire leur profit. Ce chapitre a pour titre, Chez les marchands. "Saluez" en entrant et expliquez de suite ce que vous désirez. Songez que pour l'homme qui travaille, le temps vaut de l'or et que lui, pour l'expliquer inutilement, c'est commettre de tous les vols le plus impardonnable. Soyez polie avec les personnes et ne faites pas étaler cent circonstances pour choisir une misère; à la perte de temps vous ajouteriez une fatigue inutile; ne faites déplier que dans la qualité et le prix où vous voulez vraiment acheter, et faites-vous un point de délicatesse de ne pas céder, même malgré les instances qui pourraient vous induire, à une vaine curiosité. N'approchez jamais trop près d'un étalage de bijoux et autres objets de valeur; tournez; mais si, laissant à votre disposition plus de temps, un commis s'éloigne un instant, cessez aussitôt de les tourner, et, reculant de quelques pas, attendez son retour pour reprendre votre examen. Tout cela est du bon ton ; mieux encore, c'est de la discrétion. Dans les maisons où vous n'êtes pas bien connue ou pourtant vous supposer des intentions mauvaises ; il y a tant d'adroits qui se servent du prétexte de regarder de très-près pour escamoter quelque objet précieux, qu'il faut éviter leurs allures. Si l'objet que vous avez choisi et payé est trop volumineux pour que vous l'emportiez vous-même, — je dis trop volumineux, parce que je n'approuve pas qu'une femme qui ne se croit pas trop grande dame pour aller à midi et seule faire des emplettes, trouve malséant de se charger elle-même d'un tout petit paquet et déranger ainsi un marchand sans nécessité. Adressez-vous et ne vous montrez pas trop exigeante pour qu'on vous l'apportera. Rien n'entre dans l'esprit plus que la nécessité de marchander, où se trouve-t-on, maintenant, grâce à Dieu, maintenant il faut vendre et on achète à prix fixe, ce qui rendraitamusquillées les usuelles, malgré l'importance de l'objet. Il est indispensable à toute entente, dites-moi, que le prix n'ait pas été discuté, on serait parfois volé de moitié. "Marchandez donc, si vous avez la bonne habitude d'accompagner votre cuisinière au marché; marchandez, mais du moins faites-le avec mesure. Ne dites pas au marchand: "Vous êtes un escroc brutalement, je veux moitié de prix de ce qu'il vous donne, employez une tournure polie en déclarant, par exemple, qu'à telle soit la valeur de l'objet en question, mais qu'alors vous vous en passerez, attendu que vous ne voulez pas dépasser tel chiffre; et sans avoir l'air d'hésiter, faites mine de vous éloigner. Si le marchand peut vous faire un rabais, il ne vous laissera pas partir. S'il ne le fait pas, c'est, croyez-le, que cela lui est tout à fait impossible; mais alors même, il le regrettera et se montrera poli avec vous. L'objet ne vous convient pas, ne le prenez pas, mais sans le dedans, il incite le marchand et souvent vous seriez injuste, car il sait que les femmes qui se croient très connaisseuses. N'intervenez jamais dans les marchés des autres, ni en faveur du marchand dont vous auriez l'air d'être le père, ni en faveur du chaland dont les intérêts ne vous regardent pas. N'entrez pas en conversation avec vos marchands. Soyez polie, mais laconique; la familiarité ne vaut jamais rien, surtout avec des gens dont l'éducation peut laisser à désirer." Si vous avez des observations à faire à un marchand sur la qualité d'une précédente fourniture, attendez pour les faire que personne ne puisse vous entendre. Outre que vous ménageriez ainsi sa susceptibilité, vous sauvegarderiez ses intérêts, qui pourraient souffrir d'un reproche mal compris par un tiers, et vous le rendriez plus disposé à reconnaître la justice de votre réclamation et à y faire droit. Ne soyez ni tracassière, ni exigeante; sachez vous contenter de ce qu'il y a, et ne demandez rien qui puisse porter le moindre préjudice aux intérêts du marchand. Ne reclamez que ce qui est juste, ce que vous êtes en droit d'exiger et rien de plus. Nous avons parlé déjà des visites; mais c'était surtout en ce qui concernait la manière de les recevoir, nous allons maintenant, toujours d'après le guide excellent que nous avons choisi, dire quelques mots des visites à faire ou à rendre; tout en signalant en passant un anglicisme qui, comme bien d'autres, est en grande vogue dans notre monde élégant. Nous ferons donc observer à nos jeunes lecteurs que les visités ne paient point... excepté celles des médecins. Il y a trois sortes de visites: celle de bienséance, ou, si l'on veut, à l'étiquette; les visites d'amitié et celle de charité. Les visites de bienséance doivent se faire l'après-midi, dans la tolérance convenable et avec une mise aussi recherchée qu'on se le permettre d'après sa fortune et son rang. Il serait inconvenant qu'une personne distinguée chez qui vous vous êtes présentée, vous rencontre dans la rue mieux parée que vous ne l'étiez pour lui faire visite. En France, pour les visites de condoléance, on se met quelquefois en deuil sans être parent, et sans pour cela prendre le deuil. Un tel usage n'existe point ici; mais vous devez cependant, comme le dit l'auteur, faire ces visites avec le costume le plus sérieux, le plus sombre possible, afin que votre mise ne fasse point un contraste trop douloureux avec la tristesse à laquelle vous allez vous associer. Les visites de cérémonie se comptent et se rendent à des distances déterminées. Les visites de bienséance sont de rigueur après une invitation à un dîner ou à une soirée, qu'on l'ait ou non acceptée; avant une invitation, une soirée, si l'on ne connaît peu les maîtres de la maison et qu'on ne soit jamais allé chez eux. Si l'on ne trouve pas la personne que l'on va visiter, on laisse une carte dont on a soin de plier un des coins, afin d'indiquer qu'on s'est présenté soi-même. Dans les grandes villes et dans certains cas, comme après une invitation à une soirée, après la réception d'une lettre de faire part, à l'occasion même du nouvel an, on est dispensé d'une visite; l'envoi d'une carte sous enveloppe suffit. Dans ce cas, on doit mettre autant de cartes qu'il y a de membres dans la famille, sauf, bien entendu, les enfants qui ne comptent pas. On ne demande des nouvelles de leur santé qu'à ses amis, à ses égards. On se borne à présenter l'hommage de son respect à ses supérieurs. — Comment allez-vous ? est une locution vicieuse, et ne s'emploie plus. On dit simplement : Comment vous portez-vous ? On répond à cette formule par un remerciement; de plus, on retourne d'ordinaire la question. "Les visités s'empressent d'offrir des sièges ; c'est surtout le devoir des enfants de la maison. On doit se hâter de leur en éviter la peine en les prenant soi-même ; mais en sortant, il est de très-mauvais ton de prendre le même soin en les remettant en place. On sort, les laissant au lieu où l'on était assis. Les places près de la cheminée sont, en hiver, les plus honorablement, et c'est justement pour cela, mon enfant, que vous aurez bien soin de ne pas les choisir ; mais si l'on insiste pour que vous chantez, il ne serait ni poli ni convenable de vous faire longtemps prier. Le bon ton, en visites, comme à table, comme partout, consiste surtout à obéir simplement, sans affectation d'humilité, au désir d'une maîtresse de maison, désir qui, dès qu'il est exprimé, doit être un ordre pour vous. Faire des façons, ce serait lui dire indirectement que vous connaissez mieux qu'elle ce que les convenances ordonnent ou défendent. Ainsi, de même qu'on ne se presse pas aux portes pour passer tous à la fois, de même on ne se dispute pas à qui ne passerait pas. On cède le pas à la dignité, à l'âge et au sexe ; avec ses égaux, on cherche à demeurer en arrière ; mais s'ils font le même mouvement et que l'on se trouve le plus près de la porte, on s'exécute promptement et de bonne grâce à subir ce petit honneur." "Dans les visites de cérémonie, une femme ne quitte ni ses gants, ni son chapeau, ni son châle. Un homme ne dépose jamais son chapeau. Si une femme entre, tout le monde se lève ; si c'est un homme, les hommes seuls se lèvent avec la maîtresse de la maison, qui reçoit les premiers saluts de l'étranger. Les autres dames se soulèvent à mi-soulevement à mesure qu'il les salue. En se retirant, on salue en partie et le reste de la société collectivement." La continuation. "Nous certifions avoir entendu la phrase suivante : "J'ai été, l'autre année, payer visite à Madame *, et elle a mis beaucoup de temps à faire son apparence." JOURNAL DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE. Statistique des Publications et des Réimpressions les plus intéressantes. Paris, avril 1865. Faillon : Histoire de la Colonie Française au Canada ; tome 1er, Ville de Montréal, Bibliothèque Paroissiale ; 551 p. in-4. Imprimerie Poupart-Darlry, rue du Bac. Prix, 10 fr. broché. Le premier volume de cet ouvrage, depuis si longtemps attendu, vient enfin de paraître. Il est orné d'un très-beau portrait de Jacques-Cartier, et est imprimé avec une perfection qui fait le plus grand honneur à ses éditeurs. Il contient une préface, une introduction, les trois premiers livres (de 1534 à 1645), et des notes qui ont surtout rapport aux nombreuses controverses soulevées par la publication des Voyages de Jacques Cartier fait par M. Faribault, à Québec, en 1843, sous les auspices de la Société Littéraire et Historique. Au sujet de l'endroit où Jacques-Cartier hiverna, M. Faillon partage l'opinion de MM. Faribault, Berthelot et Garneau, dont les savantes recherches sur ce point très-curieux de notre histoire sont connues de nos lecteurs. Un autre point non moins curieux, c'est de savoir à quelle nation appartenaient les sauvages trouvés par Jacques-Cartier dans les royaumes de Stadaconé et d'Hochelaga. M. Faillon a donné beaucoup d'attention à cette question, et il s'exprime dans le même sens que notre correspondant Kondiaronk, dont la lettre, publiée dans notre livraison de décembre dernier, a été reproduite par le New-York Historical Magazine. Aux raisons tirées du vocabulaire de Cartier, l'auteur de l'Histoire de la Colonie française en ajoute d'autres qui réfutent péremptoirement l'opinion émise par le Principal Dawson ; il concilie parfaitement, dans une savante analyse, les traditions iroquoises avec celles des Algonquins, et explique les textes de tous les anciens écrivains de manière à établir que les habitants d'Hochelaga et de Stadaconé étaient iroquois ou hurons, mais, comme l'a dit notre correspondant, sans probablement hurons. L'ouvrage « complet » aura, nous assure-t-on, cinq volumes, et conduira l'histoire du Canada jusqu'à la conquête seulement. Ce sera un véritable monument élevé à la gloire de la France et du Canada, et à celle de la vénérable compagnie à laquelle Montréal doit tant de bienfaits. Pauthier : Le livre de Marco Polo, publié pour la première fois d'après trois manuscrits inédits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, avec notes, variantes et commentaires, par M. F. Pauthier ; in-8. Didot. Della Rocca : Correspondance inédite de la Duchesse de Bourgogne et de la Reine d'Espagne, petites-filles de Louis XIV, publiée par Mme la Comtesse de la Rocca; in-18, xlviii-266 p. Lévy ; 3 fr. Perreyve : La Pologne, par M. l'abbé Henri Perreyve ; in-18, xix-307 p. Douville ; 3 fr. Tocqueville : Œuvres complètes d'Alexis de Tocqueville, tome 8. Mélanges, notes, voyages, pensées, fragments inédits : in-8. 496 p. Lévy ; 6 fr. Ce volume contient des notes sur le court séjour que fit M. de Tocqueville au Canada avec M. de Beaumont. L'Union de Paris en reproduit une conversation pleine d'intérêt entre le célèbre écrivain et feu l'Hon. John Neilson, dans laquelle la condition sociale et politique du Canada, et les mœurs et le caractère des Canadiens, à cette époque, sont admirablement résumés. Il n'y a guère plus de trente ans de cela, et l'on se prend à songer combien les choses ont changé depuis ! Vallet de Villers : Histoire de Charles V, Roi de France, et de son époque ; tome 3, in-8, xvi-516 p. Renouard. Fétjhello de Conti : Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette et Mme Elizabeth; lettres et documents inédits; tome 5, in-8, 549 p., portraits et fac-similés. Plou. D'Argenson : Journal et Mémoires du Marquis d'Argenson, publiés d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Louvre, par M. E. Ratel; tome VII, in-8, 498 p. Renouard; 9 fr. Grégoire : Flore de la Chaîne Jurassique; 1ère partie, in-8, 351 p. Savy; 5 fr. L'Économiste Français : Cette publication continue à s'occuper du Canada. Ses dernières livraisons ont donné plusieurs articles de M. Rameau, et celle du 20 mai contient une correspondance canadienne. Le prix d'abonnement à l'Économiste est de 25 fr. On peut s'abonner chez M. Gravel, à Montréal; et chez M. T. E. Roy, à Québec. Avignon, avril 1865. Reboul : Dernières poésies, par Jean Reboul précédées d'une notice biographique, par l'abbé de Cabrières; in-8, 301 p. Séguin aîné, 3 fr. 50. Smith : A Smaller History of Rome from the Establishment of the Empire, by W. Smith, in-8, 476, by Eugène Lawrence, A. M.; 3 fr. 50. Cet ouvrage, destiné aux écoles, est illustré de gravures sur bois et nous paraît rédigé avec soin. New-York, mai 1865. Québec, juin 1865. Le Foyer Canadien : Les livraisons de cette publication de mai à novembre viennent de paraître sous un même couvert. Elles contiennent le récit des missions de Mgr. Plessis dans le district de Gaspé et dans les provinces du golfe, en 1811 et 1812. À part l'intérêt historique qui s'attache à ce journal inédit, tous les Canadiens aimeront à connaître et à étudier le style du pieux évêque, qui fut non seulement une des grandes figures de notre histoire mais, de plus, un de nos meilleurs écrivains. Montréal, mars, avril et mai 1865. La Revue Canadienne : Les livraisons des trois derniers mois contiennent la fin du travail de M. Royal, sur la confédération projetée des provinces Britanniques, de charmantes poésies, par MM. Senecal et Blain, les évènements du mois, toujours si spirituellement écrit par M. Bourassa, une chronique artistique du même auteur que nous avons reproduite en partie, un travail remarquable de M. de Bellefeuille sur la question mexicaine, une étude biographique sur Mgr. Wiseman, par M. Ouellette, plusieurs articles biographiques, par MM. de Bellefeuille, Nantel, Tessier et Royal, et une critique plus que sévère de l'ouvrage de M. Casgrain sur la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation, par M. Hector Fabre, sous cette rubrique menante : "Les Ecrivains Canadiens." Taylor : Portraits of British Americans, by W. Notman with biographical sketches, edited by Fennings Taylor : 1ère livraison, 49 p. in-8o. Lovell. Les portraits contenus dans cette première livraison sont ceux de S. E. Lord Monk, SS. l’Évêque anglican de Montréal ; l'hon. J. A. MacDonald, l'hon. S. L. Tilly, qui était premier ministre du Nouveau-Brunswick lors de la conférence de Québec, et Sir L. H. LaFontaine. Les photographies sont excellentes, l'impression et le papier sont ce que M. Lovell a encore donné de mieux, et nous devons dire que le mérite littéraire de l'œuvre est au niveau de l'exécution matérielle. M. Taylor s'acquitte de sa tâche avec beaucoup de talent et une grande élégance de style. Nous trouvons dans la biographie de Lord Monck, de singuliers rapprochements historiques. Le 10 février, il est dit, est une date mémorable dans l'histoire de l'Angleterre, et particulièrement dans celle de cette colonie ; car le 10 février 1763, la France céda le Canada à l'Angleterre, le 10 février 1838, l'acte impérial qui suspendait la constitution du Bas-Canada fut sanctionné, et le 10 février 1841, la proclamation qui réunissait les deux provinces fut signée. Le 10 février 1840, avait eu lieu le mariage de Sa Majesté avec le Prince Albert, et c'était plutôt, ajoute M. Taylor, pour placer l'union des provinces sous les auspices de l'heureuse union qu'elle avait elle-même contractée que pour rappeler des victoires ou des malheurs dans la colonie, que Sa Majesté avait choisi cette date. Mais par une autre coïncidence, l'union contractée par Sa Majesté elle-même a été rompue par la mort prématurée de son illustre époux au moment même où l'on allait discuter un projet de confédération qui mettra fin aussi à l'union des provinces. M. Taylor fait aussi remarquer que le sort de tous les gouverneurs qui ont été nommés depuis l'abrogation de l'ancienne constitution du Bas-Canada, jette comme un sombre voile sur cette partie de notre histoire. Et d'abord, Lord Durham, qui avait conseillé l'union dans le défaut d'une confédération de toutes les provinces, est mort dans toute la vigueur de l'âge, cinq jours après la sanction de l'acte impérial qui réalisait une partie de son projet. Lord Sydenham, qui avait accompli lui-même ce projet et ouvert en personne la première session du parlement uni à Kingston, mourut le soir même de la prorogation, et son dernier acte fut de déléguer à un autre le pouvoir de le remplacer dans cette circonstance. À peine venait-il d'être fait baron, et décoré de l'ordre du Bain. Comme il ne laissait point d'enfants, il fut le premier et le dernier Lord de ce nom. Lord Cathcart était un homme robuste, et il n'est point surprenant qu'il ait suivi de près son prédécesseur. Lord Elgin était jeune, plein de force, de vigueur et de talent, et il a trouvé dans les montagnes de l'Inde peu d'années après son départ du Canada une mort prématurée. Enfin, Sir Edmund Head, notre dernier gouverneur depuis 1856, soit encore vivant; et encore a-t-il eu la douleur mortelle, dans les eaux du St. Maurice, le seul hic de toute probabilité va s'éteindre avec lui. La biographie de Sir Louis LaFontaine n'est, comme les autres, qu'une rapide esquisse, et se termine par quelques phrases empreintes d'une solennelle élégie. mélancolie au sujet de la naissance des deux fils du regretté Juge en Chef, qui n'a connu que l'un d'entre eux et pendant peu de temps encore. Au moment où cette biographie était publiée, le second de ces enfants, mort à l'âge de un an et vingt jours, était (suivant l'expression de la Bible) réuni à son pire. Nous n'avons pas besoin d'insister sur la leçon de philosophie religieuse qui ressort de tous ces faits. Pelile Revue Mensuelle. La "capture" de Jefferson Davis, que nous avons eu juste le temps d'enregistrer dans notre dernière chronique, a causé en Europe une sensation presque égale à celle de la mort de Lincoln. On est unanime ou il peu près, dans la presse anglaise comme dans la presse française, pour blâmer la proclamation du président Johnson qui stigmatisait Davis et les réfugiés du Canada comme les complices de Booth et les instigateurs de son crime, et on exprime le double espoir que la noble lutte des Confédérés n'aura point été souillée par la participation de ses chefs à cet acte détestable, et que d'un autre côté les États-Unis ne gâteront point leur triomphe par une exécution qu'ils seraient les premiers à flétrir si elle avait lieu en Italie ou en Pologne. À ce propos, on rappelle qu'à part tout ce que de semblables actes ont toujours d'impolitique et d'inhumain, lors même qu'ils ne sont pas injustes, l'organisation politique des États-Unis laisse à peine le droit de parler de trahison ; car un pacte fédéral doit pouvoir, comme tout autre pacte, se rompre dans des circonstances diverses. On dit aussi qu'il serait pour le moins étrange de voir Jefferson Davis subir le sort qui eût été probablement celui de Washington sans les secours de la France. On cite les vers de je ne sais plus quel poète anglais qui dit avec beaucoup d'esprit que la trahison n'a jamais été heureuse, par la raison toute simple que du moment qu'elle réussit, elle s'appelle d'un tout autre nom. Et cependant, à cette époque on ne savait point que Davis avait été mis aux fers, et que Lee, avec qui l'on a traité, est aussi arrêté et devra subir un procès d'État. La commission militaire qui juge les complices de Booth est sur le point de terminer ses travaux. Le procès a été conduit avec une mise en scène tout à fait digne d'époques plus anciennes, mais que nous n'oserions plus applicer aux barbares, puisqu'elles revivent dans la grande république. Les témoignages, le texte de l'accusation, Nord, est vrai, portent aux réfugiés en Canada ont été un theme de discussion. Le Dr. Black a cherché à importer la fièvre jaune dans l'affaire déjà si embrouillée. Le plus sinistre témoignage d'un nommé Conover, qui aurait militaire qu'il s'était fait connaître en Canada sous le nom de Wallace, et qui a disparu depuis aux États-Unis, tandis que Wallace ici nie sous serment tout le témoignage de Conover et jure qu'il n'est point allé à Washington. Maintenant, il y a ici un dilemme sans issue. Si Conover n'est pas Wallace, il est un parjure : s'il est Wallace, il se parejure aujourd'hui. Dans les deux cas, sa crédibilité se réduit à néant; et le fait est, peut-être, un des plus curieux qui se soient produits dans les annales des causes célèbres jusqu'à ce jour. La reddition successive de tous les corps d'armée confédérés, à l'exception de quelques uns de ceux du Texas, la proclamation d'amnistie du nouveau président Johnson, les enrôlements pour le Mexique que l'administration paraît bien décidée maintenant à décourager de toutes ses forces, sont les principaux faits qui se sont produits chez nos voisins depuis notre dernière chronique. En Europe, la France et l'Angleterre ont naturellement éprouvé quelque anximité, l'une à propos du Lexique, l'autre à l'égard du Canada ; mais ces appréhensions paraissent s'être calmées assez promptement. Il est certain que le nouveau Président a poussé avec une certaine vigueur les demandes d'indemnité qui avaient été adressées à l'Angleterre par son prédécesseur. Les ministres, interpellés, se sont contentés de répondre que l'Angleterre, après avoir fait tout ce qui dépendait d'elle pour empêcher l'armement des corsaires chez elle, ne pouvait se considérer responsable de ce que des vaisseaux construits dans ses chantiers auraient été, à son insu, convertis en corsaires. On ne sait jusqu'à quel point le cabinet américain insistera; mais il est bien des gens qui pensent que M. Johnson n'agit ainsi que pour donner satisfaction à l'amour-propre national, qu'il a lui-même surexcité, et qu'en fin de compte, il ne sera point plus désireux que M. Lincoln de courir l'aventure d'une guerre avec une ou deux des puissances européennes. Les journaux les plus importants des États-Unis se prononcent fortement dans ce sens, et, d'un autre côté, la modération de l'opinion publique en Angleterre ne laisse aucun doute. On a appris avec une satisfaction universelle que Lord John Russell, considérant la guerre comme terminée, avait retiré aux vaisseaux confédérés les droits de belligérants qu'il leur avait accordés. Les élections qui vont avoir lieu prochainement seront du plus haut intérêt pour le Canada, car elles décideront probablement du plus ou du moins d'aide que la colonie devra recevoir de la Grande-Bretagne pour sa défense. Les ministres canadiens, après avoir eu de nombreuses entrevues avec les chefs du cabinet, sont à la veille de revenir, et, en toute probabilité, ont dû s'embarquer. L'événement le plus important qui se soit produit en Europe est la rupture qui a éclaté entre l'Empereur et son cousin le prince Napoléon. Il est assez remarquable qu'après un rapprochement dont l'ambitieux cousin avait eu jusqu'ici tous les profits, cet éclat se soit fait dans une circonstance qui semblait, au contraire, devoir unir plus fortement que jamais les divers membres de la famille impériale. On a élevé à Ajaccio un monument à la famille Bonaparte. Napoléon Ier est représenté à cheval, et ses quatre frères sont debout, aux quatre angles du piédestal ; tous ont le costume antique. L'inauguration de ce monument s'est faite avec la plus grande solennité, et le prince Napoléon a représenté l'Empereur et prononcé un discours de circonstance. Or ce discours n'était autre chose qu'un manifeste démocratique, censurant la politique impériale, surtout au sujet de l'Italie et du Mexique. L'Empereur a adressé à son cousin la lettre suivante, qui, sous la modération du langage, contenait une réprimande si énergique que le prince s'est vu obligé de résigner les charges de confiance qu'il tenait de l'Empereur : "Je ne puis m'empêcher de vous témoigner la pénible impression que m'a causée la lecture de votre discours à Ajaccio. En vous laissant, pendant mon absence, auprès de l'Impératrice et de mon fils comme vice-président du conseil privé, j'ai voulu vous donner une preuve d'amitié et de confiance, espérant que votre présence, votre conduite et vos discours témoigneraient de l'union existant dans notre famille. Le programme politique que vous placez sous l'égide de l'Empereur ne peut être utile qu'aux ennemis de mon gouvernement, en donnant lieu à des appréciations que je ne saurais admettre. Vous exprimez des sentiments de haine et de rancœur qui ne sont plus de notre époque. "Pour savoir appliquer aux temps actuels les idées de l'Empereur, il faut avoir passé par de rudes épreuves et les responsabilités du pouvoir. D'ailleurs, pouvons-nous vraiment, pygmées que nous sommes, apprécier à sa juste valeur la grande figure historique de Napoléon? Comme devant une statue colossale, nous sommes impuissants à en saisir l'ensemble d'un seul coup. Nous ne voyons jamais que le côté qui frappe nos regards. Mais ce qui est clair aux yeux de tout le monde, c'est que, pour prévenir l'anarchie, cette redoutable ennemie de la vraie liberté, l'Empereur avait à établir, dans sa famille d'abord, dans le gouvernement ensuite, cette discipline sévère qui n'admet qu'une volonté, qu'une action. Je ne saurais désormais m'écarter de la même règle de conduite. Le voyage de l'Empereur en Algérie a été une succession d'ovations ; mais en même temps, d'après tout ce que l'on peut voir, c'est une excursion pratique et administrative, qui laissera des traces profondes dans les destinées de cette importante possession. Dans sa proclamation aux Arabes, Louis Napoléon a quelque peu suivi les errements du premier Bonaparte en leur citant les maximes fatalistes du Coran, pour apaiser leur ressentiment et les résigner à vivre sous le drapeau de la France. Mais il est bien permis de croire que ceux que le fanatisme tient encore disposés à la révolte, goûteront peu l'interprétation de leurs livres saints faite par le chef des infidèles, et préféreront les discours des marabouts, qui trouveront facilement dans le Coran de quoi les exciter à la révolte et au massacre des chrétiens. La colonisation sérieuse, l'Évangile prêché, feront plus pour la pacification de l'Algérie que toutes les proclamations du monde. Un épisode très singulier du voyage de l'Empereur a montré que, même aujourd'hui, il vaut encore mieux se faire craindre des Arabes que de chercher à leur plaire. Il parait que, parcourant le territoire de certaines tribus avec une escorte trop peu nombreuse, il fut entouré d'un grand nombre de cavaliers parfaitement armés, qui lui demandèrent avec instances la mise en liberté des prisonniers faits il y a quelque temps dans leur voisinage. L'Empereur crut de bonne politique de leur accorder de bonne grâce leur demande, mais parut, avec raison, mécontent contre les officiers qui l'avaient laissé s'engager si imprudemment en pays ennemi. Le prochain retour de l'Empereur verra probablement le commencement de nouvelles négociations entre les grandes puissances, et même pendant son absence, l'Angleterre et la France ont su se mettre d'accord sur un point important, celui de la conduite à tenir envers les corsaires des ci-devant Etats confédérés. Un incident tout à fait caractéristique vient de donner au deux nations l'occasion de témoigner de leurs bons sentiments réciproques. La grande course du Derby, en Angleterre, a été gagnée par un cheval français, Gladiator, appartenant au comte de Laguiole. Cette circonstance, que les Anglais d'il y a vingt-cinq ans auraient presque considérée comme une calamité nationale, a été, de la part de presque tous les journaux, le sujet de félicitations, et de remarques dictées par un goût exquis ; c'était là, il est vrai, une singulière revanche de Waterloo, à quelques jours seulement du cinquantième anniversaire de cette mémorable journée. Il s'est dit, des deux côtés de la Manche, une foule de choses spirituelles et charmantes, qui ne seront senties que de ceux qui comprennent toute l'importance que l'on attache au Derby, non seulement en Angleterre, mais dans tout le sport européen. |
github_open_source_100_8_20078 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from 'react';
import {Card, Input} from 'antd';
import QRCode from 'qrcode.react';
import copy from 'copy-to-clipboard';
import intl from 'react-intl-universal';
import Notification from 'Loopr/Notification'
import {getEstimatedAllocatedAllowance, getFrozenLrcFee} from 'Loopring/relay/utils'
import {toBig,toNumber} from "Loopring/common/formatter";
const Search = Input.Search;
export default class Receive extends React.Component {
state = {
symbol: null,
amount: 0
};
componentDidMount() {
const {modal} = this.props;
const {symbol} = modal;
if (symbol) {
const _this = this;
const owner = window.WALLET.getAddress();
// getEstimatedAllocatedAllowance(owner, symbol.toUpperCase()).then(res => {
// if (!res.error) {
// const orderAmount = res.result;
// if (symbol.toUpperCase() === "LRC") {
// getFrozenLrcFee(owner).then(response => {
// let amount;
// if (!response.error) {
// const lrcFee = response.result;
// amount = toBig(orderAmount).plus(toBig(lrcFee));
// } else {
// amount = toBig(orderAmount);
// }
// _this.setState({symbol, amount});
// })
// } else {
// const amount = toBig(orderAmount);
// _this.setState({symbol, amount});
// }
// }
//});
}
}
getNeeded = () => {
const {symbol,amount} = this.state;
if(symbol){
const {assets} = this.props;
const balance = assets ? assets.getTokenBySymbol(symbol).balance : 0;
const token = window.CONFIG.getTokenBySymbol(symbol);
return toNumber(toBig(amount).minus(toBig(balance)).div('1e' + token.digits).toFixed(token.precision))
}
return 0;
};
render() {
const address = window.WALLET.getAddress();
const {symbol,amount} = this.state;
const copyToClipboard = (value) => {
copy(value) ? Notification.open({
message: intl.get('navbar.subs.copy_success'),
type: 'success', size: 'small'
}) : Notification.open({message: intl.get('navbar.subs.copy_failed'), type: "error", size: 'small'})
};
return (
<Card title={intl.get('token.ethereum_address')}>
<div className='text-center'>
<div className='pt30 pb30 pr20 pl20'>
<QRCode value={address} size={240}/>
{symbol && amount > 0 && this.getNeeded() > 0 && <div className='fs3 color-black-1 mt10'>
{intl.get('token.recommended_value')} {this.getNeeded()} {symbol.toUpperCase()}
</div>}
</div>
<Search enterButton={intl.get('token.copy')} value={address} disabled onSearch={copyToClipboard}/>
</div>
</Card>
);
}
}
|
10112882_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Kaspar Glarner (geboren in Zürich) ist ein Schweizer Bühnen- und Kostümbildner.
Leben und Werk
Kaspar Glarner wurde in Zürich geboren. Sein Grossvater und Musiklehrer war Musikdirektor Alfred Glarner, Gründer der Zürcher Sängerknaben und Singmädchen. Kaspar Glarner studierte in Paris. Es arbeitete nach seinem Diplom dort zunächst als freier Maler, Grafiker und Innenarchitekt, bis er von Rolf Glittenberg als Bühnenbildassistent an das Thalia Theater Hamburg verpflichtet wurde. Danach assistierte er Erich Wonder bei mehreren internationalen Opernproduktionen. Erste eigene Arbeiten mit den Regisseuren Markus Imhoof und Hansgünther Heyme folgten.
Die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Regisseur Uwe Eric Laufenberg führte Kaspar Glarner europaweit an renommierte Opernhäuser, ans Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in Brüssel, ans Grand Théâtre de Genève (für Tosca), nach Oldenburg (Peter Grimes), Marseille (Lucrezia Borgia), nach Frankfurt, Hamburg und Freiburg (Fidelio). Im Schauspiel kooperierten Laufenberg und Glarner am Berliner Maxim-Gorki-Theater und am Münchner Residenztheater. Während Laufenbergs Intendanz am Hans Otto Theater Potsdam von 2004 bis 2009 entwarf der Künstler dort die Bühnenbilder für Die Hermannsschlacht, Die Dreigroschenoper und Ein Sommernachtstraum sowie für zwei Uraufführungen: Katte von Thorsten Becker und Julia Timoschenko von Adriana Altaras und Maxim Kurotschkin.
In der Folge wurden die Oper Frankfurt und der Regisseur Keith Warner die wichtigen Achsen seiner Arbeit. Warner und Glarner gestalteten in Frankfurt gemeinsam vier Produktionen: Death in Venice, Lear, Volo di notte/Il prigioniero und Falstaff. Glarner begleitete Warner als Kostümbildner auch an die Hamburgische Staatsoper, ans Theater an der Wien, die Opéra du Rhin in Strasbourg und Mulhouse, die Königliche Oper in Kopenhagen und an das Royal Opera House Covent Garden in London. In Frankfurt setzte der Bühnen- und Kostümbildner seine Arbeit mit einer Reihe weiterer Regisseure fort – mit Udo Samel (für Schuberts Liederzyklen Die schöne Müllerin, Winterreise und Schwanengesang), mit Christoph Quest (Die Weiße Rose), Walter Sutcliffe (Owen Wingrave und Die Gespenstersonate) und mit Vincent Boussard (Bühnenbilder zu Adriana Lecouvreur und Glucks Ezio).
Glarner arbeitete andernorts auch mit Dale Duesing (Hänsel und Gretel in Bern), mit Christine Mielitz (in Dortmund und im Theater an der Wien) und weiterhin mit Walter Sutcliffe (Albert Herring in Linz, Werther in Magdeburg, Luisa Miller und La traviata in Braunschweig). In den 2010er Jahren übernahm er zunehmend Aufgaben in Frankreich – in Bordeaux, Toulon, Toulouse, Lyon, Avignon, Strasbourg und Mulhouse. 2014 gestaltete er – gemeinsam mit Marco Brehme – für das Münchner Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz das Bühnenbild zum Tanzstück Schlagobers von Richard Strauss. Die Aufführung fand, wegen der Renovierung des Staatstheaters, im Cuvilliés-Theater statt. 2017 entwarf er das Bühnenbild für die Uraufführung der Oper Der Mieter von Arnulf Herrmann, dirigiert von Kazushi Ōno, inszeniert von Johannes Erath, mit dem Glarner zuvor bereits in Bern, Köln, Graz und Oslo zusammen gearbeitet hatte.
Schauspiel (Auswahl) 2002: Elementarteilchen von Michel Houellebecq – Residenztheater, München, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2003: Das Maß der Dinge von Neil LaBute – Maxim Gorki Theater, Berlin, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2004: Platonov von Anton Tschechow – Maxim Gorki Theater, Berlin, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2006: Julia Timoschenko von Adriana Altaras und Maxim Kurotschkin – Uraufführung, Hans Otto Theater Potsdam, Regie: Adriana Altaras 2006: Katte von Thorsten Becker – Uraufführung, Hans Otto Theater Potsdam, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2007: Kasimir und Karoline von Ödön von Horváth – Theater Augsburg, Regie: Adriana Altaras Oper (Auswahl) 2003: Peter Grimes von Benjamin Britten – Staatstheater Oldenburg, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2003: Roméo et Juliette von Charles Gounod – Oper Frankfurt, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Kostüme) 2004: Der lächerliche Prinz Jodelet von Reinhard Keiser – Hamburgische Staatsoper, Regie: Uwe Eric Laufenberg (Bühnenbild) 2007: Die Frau ohne Schatten von Richard Strauss – Hamburgische Staatsoper, Regie: Keith Warner (Bühnenbild) 2008: Les contes d’Hoffmann von Jacques Offenbach – Stadttheater Bern, Regie: Johannes Erath (Bühnenbild) 2008: Katja Kabanowa von Leoš Janáček – Theater an der Wien, Regie: Keith Warner (Ausstattung) 2009: Der junge Lord von Hans-Werner Henze – Theater Dortmund, Regie: Christine Mielitz (Bühnenbild) 2010: Il trittico von Giacomo Puccini – Theater Dortmund, Regie: Christine Mielitz (Ausstattung) 2014: Simone Boccanegra von Giuseppe Verdi – Opéra du Rhin, Strasbourg, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2011: Aida von Giuseppe Verdi – Oper Köln, Regie: Johannes Erath (Bühnenbild) 2011: Gogol von Lera Auerbach – Theater an der Wien, Regie: Christine Mielitz (Kostüme) 2013: Die Teufel von Loudun von Krzysztof Penderecki – Königliche Oper Kopenhagen, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2013: La traviata von Giuseppe Verdi – Staatstheater Braunschweig, Regie: Walter Sutcliffe (Bühnenbild) 2013: Lohengrin von Richard Wagner – Oper Graz, Regie: Johannes Erath (Bühnenbild, auch an der Den Norske Opera, Oslo) 2014: Tannhäuser von Richard Wagner – Opéra du Rhin, Strasbourg, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2014: Die Gespenstersonate von Aribert Reimann – Oper Frankfurt, Regie: Walter Sutcliffe (Ausstattung) 2014: Falstaff von Giuseppe Verdi – Oper Frankfurt, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2014: Anna Bolena von Gaetano Donizetti – Opéra national de Bordeaux, Regie: Marie-Louise Bischofberger (Kostüme, auch in Toulon, Mailand, Avignon) 2014: The Turn of the Screw von Benjamin Britten – Théâtre du Capitole, Toulouse, Regie: Walter Sutcliffe (Ausstattung) 2016: Elektra von Richard Strauss – Národní divadlo, Prag, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2016: Die Dreigroschenoper von Bertolt Brecht und Kurt Weill – Theater an der Wien, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2017: Tiefland von Eugen d’Albert – Théâtre du Capitole, Toulouse, Regie: Walter Sutcliffe (Ausstattung) 2017: Otello von Giuseppe Verdi – Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostüme) 2017: Der Mieter von Arnulf Herrmann – Uraufführung, Oper Frankfurt, Regie: Johannes Erath (Bühnenbild) 2018: Le pavillon d’or von Toshirō Mayuzumi – Opéra National du Rhin, Strasbourg und Mulhouse, Regie: Amon Miyamoto (Kostüme) 2021: Das Rheingold von Richard Wagner - Tiroler Festspiele Erl, Regie: Brigitte Fassbaender (Bühnenbild und Kostüme) 2022: Die Walküre von Richard Wagner - Tiroler Festspiele Erl, Regie: Brigitte Fassbaender (Bühnenbild und Kostüme) 2022: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg von Richard Wagner – Oper Frankfurt, Regie: Johannes Erath (Bühnenbild) 2022: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg von Richard Wagner – Wiener Staatsoper, Regie: Keith Warner (Kostümbild) Film 2020: Who the f... |
bpt6k56236608_7 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | par un contrat en quatre, et il aimait toujours grandement mieux voir les talons que le nez de ses voisins; mais économie n'est pas une viceuse, et personne n'avait rien à dire à Pierre Vuidelaine, puisqu'il ne courait aucun mauvais bruit sur son compte. Autrefois, dans les temps, avant les malheurs de Francelin, celui-ci et Pierre étaient voisins et bons voisins, sans grande amitié, pour sûr, mais cela tenait à la différence des caractères, l'un, Francelin, étant charitable, droit, esclave de sa parole, facile dans ses marchés; l'autre égoïste, rusé et adroit. Le dernier avait monté, l'autre avait descendu; mais, tout considéré, on ne voyait là rien, bien au contraire, qui pût empêcher le mariage de nos deux amoureux. On avait beaucoup causé de cette affaire et à plus, d'une lieue à la ronde. Quelques-uns avaient insinué que la tête du père Francelin commençait à déménager vers l'autre monde, mais on n'avait pas tardé à abandonner cette explication. Le bonhomme, maintenant âgé de plus de soixante-dix ans, avait encore le corps aussi droit, le regard aussi sévère, l'esprit aussi clair qu'au temps où on le regardait comme le coq du village. Il était toujours de bon conseil; jamais il ne se trompait aux signes du temps, et personne, pas même le vétérinaire, ne s'entendait comme lui à soigner les bestiaux, à saigner les chevaux et à tondre les moulins. Non, il n'était pas fou, et M. le curé le savait bien. Il était depuis quarante ans le quêteur pour les trépassés, le porte-étendard de saint Gendulphe, second patron de l'église, et il quêtait chaque dimanche à la grande messe avec une voix aussi ferme, il portait, durant les longues processions des Rogations, le portrait du saint chevalier d'une main aussi solide que quarante années en cela. Il y avait donc un mystère entré lui et Pierre Vuidelaine; quel était-il? Nul ne le pouvait soupçonner. Mais pour sûr le père Martecheu, qui gagnait à grand peine quelques sous à raccommoder des paniers, était inexcusable de faire tant le fier vis-à-vis d'un homme qui avait de bons biens au soleil. Aussi, quoi qu'il en pût être de ses raisons d'agir, était-il absolument blâmé dans les frontières des Champs-Gréslins. On reconnaissait d'ailleurs, non sans aigreur, que cela lui était fort indifférent et ne l'avait jamais empêché de porter superbement seul bonnet de coton bleu à raies blanches. Quand il me vit entrer dans la cabane, un sourire fugitif dérida la figure maigre et austère. Il était assis devant la fenêtre, les pieds appuyés contre une malle contenant des baguettes de toutes sortes de bois flexible. Il se leva et se tint debout, son bonnet à la main. Cette preuve de respect qu'il me donnait toujours m'étonnait et me louait ; le père Francelin était en effet un homme très fier, qui ne se levait que devant trois personnes : le curé, mon père et moi. Cette respectueuse bienveillance qu'il me montrait n'avait, du reste, rien de servile. Moi, j'avais pour lui un respect inexplicable et profond ; il me semblait que je tenais à être estimé de lui plus que tout autre individu en ce monde. Devant lui, je m'abandonnais moins à mes manies inventives ; je le laissais complètement maître de ses histoires, qui roulaient presque toujours sur les aventures de la Révolution et m'intéressaient infiniment, car il n'épargnait ni détails, ni maximes, ni couleurs vives. —Bonjour, père Francelin, dis-je en entrant, vous ne vous attendiez pas à me voir, n'est-ce pas ? C'est l'odeur de la soupe qui m'a attiré. — Vous êtes toujours bien, arrivé, notre monsieur Flore, donne-moi un verre à pied, M. Louis est tout essoufflé d'avoir monté la sente ; mais comme on dit : Quand on arrive au bout, le chemin n'est rien du tout. — Merci, bonne Flore, Tu ne m'as pas donné, comme la dernière fois, l'escabeau à deux pieds qui m'a fait si joliment trébucher. Bon, notre monsieur, dit le vieillard, vous saurez un jour qu'il ne faut jamais se fier aux filles; les meilleures ont encore la tête un tantinet à l'envers. Feu M. de Rieulx, qui était notre curé du temps que j'étais jeune, un homme sage et grand clerc, mais ayant d'usage d'avoir le mot pour rire, aimait à dire aux jeunes filles : « Défiez-vous de l'escabeau à deux pieds » (il enlevait les genoux des jeunes gens), et aux jeunes gens : « Il y a cinq cordes qui ne valent pas mieux l'une que l'autre; les quatre premières sont les cordes du violon, et la cinquième c'est celle avec laquelle on est pendu. » Il voulait signifier, nous disait son clerc, Védasse Saussreau, qui était plus malin que les clercs de ce temps-ci, malgré leur grande orthographe, que Gens qui vont cent fois à la danse Vont une fois à la potence. — Je retiendrai cela, père Francelin; mais vous ne m'avez pas dit si vous voulez me donner à dîner. — Oui, da. La soupe ne sera pas grasse, mais feu Védasse disait que : Tant de lieues de chemin Font un boisseau d'un petit peu. — Et puis, père Francelin, c'est jeudi mon jour de naissance, et je veux venir manger une poule ici. — C'est encore faisable, mon cher petit monsieur; aussi bien la jeune poule n'est pas bonne pondeuse; elle On appelle clercs, dans le Boulonnais, les instituteurs communaux. ne le sera jamais, et mieux vaut la tuer mercredi que la nourrir pour peu de chose, — Bon, fis-je en riant et en battant des mains, je savais bien que je vous y prendrais, et j'avais voulu gager avec le meunier blanc que, quoique vous n'ayez que trois poules, vous m'en donneriez une volontiers. — Assuré, tredame, et le coq par-dessus le marché, c'est le cas de le dire. — Mais ce n'est pas cela : mon père va m'envoyer des provisions, et je me suis promis de venir ici... — Mais ça n'est pas bien faisable. — Si, je le veux !. — Dès l'instant que vous dites je veux, dit le vieillard gravement, Francelin Martecheu n'a rien à se plaindre. Là-dessus, nous nous attablâmes devant la soupe fumante. Le bonhomme porta la main gauche à son bonnet, tandis que de la droite il faisait le signe de la croix, et nous commençâmes bravement à lutter contre un potage de résistance. Après le dîner, Flore s'en alla au bourg voisin porter quelques mannes ; le vieillard vint s'asseoir devant la porte avec tout son attirail de travail; je me jetai à l'ombre de la haie, sur une boîte de paille qu'il avait tirée de son lit, et nous entrâmes "en pleine histoire révolutionnaire." Quand Flore revint vers le soir, elle nous trouva nous débattant contre les assignats et le maximum. Le bonhomme ne pouvait sortir de ces combinaisons financières, bien qu'il invoquît fréquemment l'autorité de Védasse Sautriau, et je me persuadai facilement que celui-ci, quoique grand clerc, n'avait pas été un profond politique. Il était temps de partir.-Le vieillard secoua la tête en souvenir du passé ; puis, après avoir regardé attentivement le soleil qui se couchait dans un lit de nuages rouges, il prit son bâton à lanières de cuir et vint me conduire, accompagné de sa fille, jusqu'à la rue Noire. Là, il me quitta, et je trouvai le moyen, en embrassant Flore, de l'assurer que je n'avais parlé ni de mariage ni de Fédération. Le jeudi suivant, M. Hamus descendit de voiture, escorté d'un panier qu'il me remit en m'embrassant sur les deux joues. Il me souhaita, dans un langage éloquent, une bonne santé, accompagnée d'une enthousiasme irrésistible pour les classiques. Mais les dieux, comme il le dit plus tard, n'eurent aucun égard pour la sincérité de ses vœux. Je relisais mes livres du filet de pêche où ils dormaient depuis le jeudi précédent ; j'ajoutai quelques lignes à la dernière édition du nez de M. Hamus, pour lui enlever toute ressemblance, ce qui était, je l'avoue, une précaution oiseuse, et nous nous dirigeâmes vers notre salle d'étude, à l'ombre des buissons de la vieille rue Creuse. Le professeur me fit une série de questions, géographiques et historiques, auxquelles, selon l'usage, je lui laissai le soin de répondre; puis, après une dissertation détaillée sur la savante organisation du gouvernement de l'ancienne Rome, le bonhomme baissa les yeux et passa du grave au doux. « Il était trop pauvre, me dit-il, pour m'avoir apporté quelque château ; il avait désiré néanmoins indiquer combien il était heureux de me voir bien portant, à côté de lui, en ce jour solennel ; il m'avait préparé son bouquet. » Ce n'était rien moins qu'une traduction du récit d'Énée à la reine de Carthage, lequel il avait mis en vers pour moi et qu'il commença à me lire. L'écoutai d'abord avec une affectueuse attention, mais deux mésanges, qui vinrent augmenter le nombre des auditeurs, ne tardèrent pas à m'arracher aux rives du Scamandre. À partir de la prise de Troie, elles se livrèrent à tant d'évolutions, elles me parurent si singulièrement applaudir de la tête et de la queue, aux alexandrins de M. Hamus, et si courtoisement se faire part de leurs observations à chaque pause du lecteur, que je ne pus m'empêcher de rire comme un fou au moment où mon précepteur narrait d'une voix émue le sort déplorable de l'infortuné Palinure. M. Hamus leva la tête avec émotion; il rougit comme il convient à un poète incompris, et reprit le passage à voix basse pour bien se persuader qu'il n'avait commis aucun contre-sens. Il m'interrogea ensuite du coin de l'oeil. Comme je ne savais quelle explication donner, je lui annonçai que je l'avais invité à dîner chez le père Francelin. Là-dessus, il perdit complètement le sens, fixa sur moi des yeux effarés, et, après avoir humé plusieurs prises. coup sur coup, se remit à lire d'une voix précipitée. Quand l'adouce influence de ses alexandrins lui eut redonné un peu de calme, il posa le cahier sur son mouchoir et m'annonça d'un ton timide qu'il n'irait pas chez le père Francelin pour mille et une raisons. Je l'interrompis à la cinquième et lui racontai l'histoire des amours de Flore et de Fidèle. Cette narration parut changer le cours de ses idées. Il me demanda six secondes de réflexion, tira de sa poche un petit cahier, le parcourut attentivement, nota avec son ongle quelques passages, et m'annonça qu'il m'accompagnerait. Pour ne pas rester en dette de gratitude et de politesse, je le priai de continuer sa lecture. Notre conversation avait fait fuir les moessanges et j'attendis sans trop de distraction que le son de l'Angelus nous invitât à nous rendre à la cabane. Nous dînâmes fort agréablement, malgré les airs de bienveillance protectrice que prenait naïvement M. Hamus. Le repas fini, je priai Flore de m'accompagner au bourg. Mon précepteur, était sorti quelques instants auparavant pour chasser, disait-il, les fumées du vin; mais je l'aperçus, en tournant la haie du jardinet, qui réfléchissait soigneusement divers morceaux du cahier mystérieux. Je menai Flore dans une boutique du bourg, où, après maint débat, je la forçai de choisir un bonnet de tulle à rubans rouges, et nous reprîmes la route des Champs-Greslins. Arrivés à moitié foule, nous vîmes de loin M. Hamus marchant la route d'un pas vif et saccadé que je ne lui connaissais point. L'agitation de sa tête et de ses bras me plongea dans une véritable stupéfaction. Quand il fut près de nous, je remarquai que les pommettes de ses joues étaient d'un rouge ardent, et que son nez brillait comme s'il venait d'être violentement tourmenté. Il s'arrêta devant moi en soufflant, se jeta sur ma main droite en disant : « Laissez ces méchantes gens; » et, reprenant sa marche précipitée, il m'eut bientôt entraîné, par un sentier latéral, loin de la vue de Flore. Il s'assit sur le bord de ce sentier; en murmurant des conjurations grecques et latines; je le regardai d'un air qui le détermina sans doute à faire quelque effort sur lui-même; car il m'engagea à m'asseoir, et entreprit une apologie de sa conduite. Il s'était décidé, paraît-il, à m'accompagner chez le père Franelin, parce qu'il y avait vu une bonne œuvre à faire, laquelle, bonne œuvre n'était autre que le mariage de Flore et de Fidéri. Il se persuadait que le bonhomme ne saurait résister à la puissance de ses arguments. D'ailleurs, pour les rendre invincibles, il avait compulsé le recueil de citations sur le mariage qu'il avait composé au temps de ses amours, et qu'il portait constamment sur lui en souvenir du trouble gracieux qui... La conversation avait commencé sur un ton froid, mais convenable; le vieux paysan opposait ses classiques aux classiques de M. Hamus, c'est-à-dire les proverbes picards aux vers de Virgile. Plus, comme il était vif et que M. Hamus l'avait irrité de toute façon, il en était bientôt venu aux personnalités. Il insinua d'abord qu'il était sage à un chacun de se mêler de ses propres affaires, vu que « chacun son métier, et les vaches seront bien gardées. » Sur une réplique de M. Hamus, contenant une énumération brève des sciences que lui, Pierre Hamus, licencié ès lettres, connaissait, et qui lui donnait des droits incontestables au respect de tous, le vieillard avait perdu toute réserve, et avait riposté par un argument brutal. « M. Pierre Hamus, dit-il, pouvait être un grand savant, mais il n'était pas un beau mari; il ne passait pas loin plus pour un grand clerc en fait de ménage; il ferait bien d'aller retirer à sa femme les culottes qu'elle portait, au lieu de venir se mêler des jupons de Flore. » M. Hamus, ainsi percé, de part et d'autre, avait lancé des malices, dont il lui était maintenant impossible de dire le sens, et il était venu au-devant de moi, persuadé que je ne voudrais pas donner raison au bonhomme Franckelin. Il ne me semblait pas juste, en effet, que le digne professeur eût été ainsi remercié de ses bonnes intentions. Le soir venu, mon professeur me quitta d'un air attristé. Un quart d'heure après, je le vis revenir au grand trot. Il me raconta qu'en passant devant le cimetière, il avait eu un remords, et me pria de dire à Franelin qu'il lui pardonnait. Il me fit remarquer que le Soleil n'était pas encore couché, me rappela les paroles de Notre-Seigneur, et reprit sa route en courant : la vieille Grisette attendait. Je gardai plus longtemps rancœur au vieux paysan. Je retournai chaque jour au moulin, mais j'eus toujours soin de ne pas m'y rendre vers l'heure du rendez-vous des amoureux, et je ne passai jamais par la cabane. Je la regardai cependant du coin de l'oeil de temps à autre; le grand coq était toujours veillant et méditant sur son prunier, mais je n'entendais plus la voix claire de la bonne Flore. La récolte des foins commença bientôt ; elle prenait toutes les heures. Le soin de monter sur les chariots quand ils allaient chercher leur charge dans les prairies, le bonheur de grimper sur les premiers chevaux d'attelage quand la voilure revenait pleine, les immenses bouquets que j'avais à faire avec les marguerites et les boutons d'or, simples, les nids de l'oiseau trouvés sous la faux du maître faucheur, tout cela me fit oublier le val du Moulin. Enfin, un soir, j'entendis annoncer que le jour du lendemain serait une dure journée et qu'il faudrait donner une rude escouade pour en finir : le père Franelin avait rencontré le vieux meunier ; il lui avait dit de conseiller à ses gens de se délivrer les bras vu que, pour sûr, le ciel était à l'orage, et que ce serait tenter le bon Dieu que de compter sur deux jours de clair temps. Le lendemain, sur les dix heures, je me dirigeai avec le panier à l'arrière-bout de la ferme vers le pré devant la Liane. Le meunier et ses deux garçons avaient, pour ce jour solennel, quitté leurs occupations ; la fille de basse-cour, la fermière, le fermier lui-même se rendaient dans la prairie. Le premier berger restait seul à garder la maison en tricotant son bas. Je commençai de grand courage à râteler les poignées de forage laissées par la première bande des glaneurs. Mais, comme le soleil montait haut dans le ciel et commençait à devenir brûlant, je détournai pour mon usage le fruit de mon travail. Je portai le foin jusqu'à l'ombre des saules à têtes coupées qui défendaient les rives contre les envahissements de la rivière et je me couchai en regardant le spectacle qui se déroulait devant mes yeux. Dans le plan le plus rapproché de moi se trouvaient les gens bonnets, les plus jeunes, les plus vieilles, les plus faibles et les plus paresseuses. Avec leurs longues fourches en bois, elles retournaient une dernière fois le foin, pour lui faire perdre l'humidité de la nuit. À quelque distance, les jeunes garçons et les filles fortes râtelaient les longues bandes d'herbe que les ailes avaient jetées sur la terre ; ils s'arrêtaient de distance en distance pour former de petites meules hautes de deux pieds, larges de quatre. Quelques-uns d'entre ceux-là tordaient l'herbe séchée pour en faire des liens qu'ils portaient à des couples plus fortes. Les femmes. éloignés. Là, la femme en chemise et jupon court posait les liens, sur la terre, enlevait aux meules de larges brassées de foin que venait lier son compagnon, en appuyant sur la boite ses genouillères en cuir de mouton. Puis, tout au bout de la prairie, près du ruisseau du moulin qui venait là se jeter dans la Liane, deux grands charriots se remplissaient. Dans l'un, le charretier entassait les bottes destinées à prendre place sur le haut des étables; dans l'autre, le plus habile des garçons de ferme, jetait de larges portions de foin destinées à former une meule immense dans le verger, près de la maison. Tout ce peuple, s'agitaient avec un ordre et une liberté d'allure qui me l'éjouissaient. Les jeunes et les malins se faisaient de ces niches terribles, qui posent bien un paysan dans l'opinion publique, et maintenait fillette ensevelie sous des monceaux de foin se relevait les cheveux ornés de plus d'herbe, qu'il n'y en eût jamais sur les bords du Lignon. C'étaient les grands cris, les grands coups, les histoires, les commérages criés d'un couple à l'autre, les sobriquets, les plaisanteries, les défis. Les chansons se répondaient d'un bout à l'autre de la prairie. Celui-là courait porter les liens, celle-là démontait son râteau ; tous riaient en haute gamme, tandis que quelqu'un, pauvre allouette, en quête de son nid détruit, remontait vers le ciel en lançant de sa voix aiguë son tiraillement en l'air. Le soir séché m'envoyait ses douces et enivrantes émanations; la rivière murmurait contre les dentelures de la rive; au loin, bien au-dessus du charretier monté sur sa voiture déjà pleine, je voyais s'élever les deux collines vertes du val du Moulin: plus loin encore brillait le ciel bleu, si joyeusement bleu: tout cela me rappelait énergiquement les belles choses que le digne M. Hamus me disait sur la bonté du Seigneur. Pourtant je n'étais pas complètement heureux; Flore faisait ombre dans cette scène si claire. Elle travaillait machinalement, la tête basse, sans prendre part aux chants, aux cris, aux railleries qui s'élevaient autour d'elle. Elle avait cependant réputation de posséder la plus belle voix et la langue la mieux affinée. Mon lit d'herbes était doux, mon ombrage frais, et les figures rouges de mes voisins m'annonçaient que le soleil était bien brûlant loin des saules: ma rancœur contre les Marlecheul emporta pendant quelque temps. Mais j'ai dit que j'étais encore bien enfant, et je quittai bientôt mon abri. Je m'approchai du vieux meunier, qui travaillait comme s'il voulait gagner son mariage. "Dites-moi donc, meunier blanc, ce que peut avoir Flore pour être si triste." "M'est avis, monsieur Louis, c'est que les amours ne vont pas si droites mené que le fil de l'eau sur les petits cailloux; et alors, continua-t-il en relevant la tête pour passer sa manche sur son front, quand ces jeunes filles ont le cœur mort, les bras s'en sentent, et on ne vaut plus la moitié de Paris. Rappelez-vous ce que je vous dis quand viendra le temps d'amourette, monsieur Louis." Oui, reprit le fermier, en regardant attentivement des nuages gris qui se formaient vers le midi, et il vaudrait mieux avoir le cœur à l'ouvrage que de traîner comme ça son râteau, que je dis, et de marcher comme une mouche qui sort du lait. Si le soleil de midi ne chasse pas ces nuages qui montent dans le visage du vent, avec des fainéants pareilles nous n'en finirons pas. — Bah! not'bourgeois, répliqua, le vieillard, qui avait une grande affection pour les Marteau, elle vaut encore mieux que ces trois filles qui la suivent et qui gaudrissent, tout en faisant signe de remuer leurs râteaux comme des enragées. Avec ça, conclut-il, après avoir la main sur les yeux, considéré les nuages menaçants, ces brouillards ne nous mouilleront pas les oreilles aujourd'hui; c'est moi qui vous le dis. — Je le veux bien, mais ne chantons pas alleluia avant Pâques. Et le fermier se retourna sans plus ample contestation. — Ne dites rien à Flore, Joseph Vanterre, lui dis-je, je vais aller l'aider. Après dîner, si vous êtes pressé, prenez, une femme de plus, c'est moi qui la paierai. — Nous n'en sommes pas à ça, et ce que j'en disais, c'était plutôt pour dire que pour autre chose... J'avais déjà quitté la place, encouragé par un sourire du meunier, et je m'approchai de la jeune fille : — Veux-tu me dire pourquoi tu es triste, bonne Flore? — Triste, moi ! fit-elle en se redressant et en me regardant avec ses yeux doux et voilés. — Oui, toi, car si tu n'étais pas triste, tu crierais, et tu es la seule que je n'aie pas entendue. Vous êtes malin, monsieur Louis; mais pourquoi voulez-vous que je sois triste ? Je n'ai pas le temps de penser à me tourner le sang comme vous autres, gens des villes, qui n'avez pas de besogne et qui vous rendez malheureux pour avoir quelque chose à faire. Je ne comprends pas bien ce que tu dis, bonne Flore, mais cela me montre que tu veux me cacher quelque chose. Allons, vous voulez me faire parler, et le bourgeois ira dire à grand-père que je suis une fainêante, et ce n'est pas ça qui me mettra le cœur à l'aise. Tu as tort, bonne Flore, puisque j'ai pris un râteau et que je viens t'aider. Vrai! vous êtes un gentil monsieur. Allons, prenez cette route-là, et tirez à vous, en dedans ; comme ça, vous ne laisserez pas une paillette de foin derrière. Nous verrons qui est-ce qui sera le premier de nous deux arrivé à la meule. Oui, oui, tu cherches à me distraire. Mais vois-tu l'ombre qui vient du grand chêne jusqu'au vieux meunier? Tu sais bien par là qu'il est onze heures. Veux-tu que je te dise ce que tu chanterais si tu n'étais pas triste : Eh bien, nous allons voir les vaches à l'été. UN PAYSAN DE L'ANCIEN RÉGIME. l'ombre qui vient du grand chêne jusqu'au vieux meunier? Tu sais bien par là qu'il est onze heures. Veux-tu que je te dise ce que tu chanterais si tu n'étais pas triste : Eh bien, nous allons voir les vaches à l'été. Allons, monsieur Louis, n'en dites pas plus; je ne pourrais pas me retenir de pleurer, voyez-vous, et tous ces garçons se moqueraient de moi. Vous êtes bien malin, vous devinez les choses. Après ça, vous êtes bon aussi : vous vouliez me donner vos économies pour mon mariage ; je ne dois pas vous parler comme à tout le monde. Eh bien, oui, c'est vrai que je suis triste, mais je ne veux pas le laisser voir, parce que chacun dirait : "Fidéli par ci, Fidéli par là": "Fidéli ne veut plus se marier ; Flore est trop pauvre; ce sont des amours grêlées, " et d'autres choses encore que vous ne sauriez comprendre. Toutes les filles tousseraient en passant près de moi pour aller à la grand'messe, et les garçons riraient quand je traverserais la commune au retour des vêpres. Vous, puisque vous aimez Fidéli, je vous dirai tout. Voilà bientôt la cloche qui va sonner; nous suivrons la dernière voiture en retournant à la ferme pour dîner, et vous saurez pourquoi je n'ai pas le cœur comme d'usage. "C'est cela, bonne Flore. Mais regarde-moi, que je te voie sourire un peu, un tout petit peu ; sans cela je m'imaginerais que ce sont de grandes affaires, et je serais loué jusqu'à midi." Elle me regarda avec une sorte d'étonnement. — C'est vrai qu'ils valent mieux que les paysans, ces gens-là, comme le dit grand-père, murmura-t-elle. Et, m'envoyant un sourire déjà moins langoureux, elle se mit à chanter la chanson de Petit Jehan. Après le premier couplet elle s'arrêta, me fit un signe pour m'indiquer que c'était pour moi seul qu'elle avait chanté, et elle continua silencieusement sa besogne. L'Angélus sonna bientôt et donna le signal du repos. Tous s'en allèrent après avoir caché fourches, chevilles et râteaux sous les meules. Nous les suivîmes en ralentissant le pas, et quand le bruit des voix se fut éloigné, Flore me raconta sa peine. Le père Françoisin, après sa discussion avec M. Hamus, avait donné ordre à sa fille de ne plus approcher du ruisseau. Flore avait obéi, comme toujours, mais elle souffrait comme si elle était enchaînée dans une niche à chiens, disait-elle. Quand nous entrâmes dans la ferme, la soupe était déjà à moitié mangée, mais Flore était un peu consolée : je lui avais fait remarquer que le bonhomme lui défendait d'aller causer avec Fidéli près du ruisseau, mais qu'il ne lui avait pas ordonné de l'éviter lorsqu'elle le rencontrerait partout ailleurs. Cet argument séduisit la jeune fille et lui fit oublier la promesse qu'elle avait faite de ne point parler à son ami hors du val du Moulin. Elle entra en joignant un regard bienveillant sur la jatte à moitié vide, et quoique je ne fusse pas aussi grand clerc que Védasse Sautriaux, je compris à ce regard que Flore renaissait à la vie. La récolte des foins finie, je pris d'un grand enthousiasme pour les Révolutions romaines de Vertot. Je dois dire, pour mon excuse, que j'avais trouvé un cabinet d'étude assurément fort rare; et je me mis à la lecture, je crois, pour avoir un prétexte de me rendre gravement dans ce sanctuaire. J'ai déjà parlé d'un sentier qui longeait la haie du petit bois et qui formait un coudé avant de se perdre dans la rue Noire. À ce coude se trouvait un épais tâlis de noisetiers, de chêvre-feuilles et de clématites, qui ombrageait un banc naturel de gazon, et qui, de l'autre côté, en rejoignant les premiers arbres du bois, formait un dôme naturel de verdure. Sous ce dôme, c'est-à-dire du côté de la haie opposé au sentier, j'allais m'installer chaque après-midi. Il me semblait que, bravant les rayons du soleil, caché à tous les regards, séparé du reste du monde, j'étais abandonné à moi-même comme Robin dans son île. Le sentier, conduisant uniquement de la ferme au moulin et à la cabane, était peu fréquenté. Un soir que je m'étais attardé dans la recherche des hauts faits de mon ami Dolabella, je voyais avec quelque émoi que les derniers rayons de lumière pénétraient péniblement jusqu'à mon livre ; je me préparais en grande hâte à fuir les ombres menaçantes, quand je me sentis rassuré par l'approche de deux personnes parlant à voix contenue et marchant d'un pas tranquille le long du sentier. Le groupe s'arrêtant devant le banc de gazon, s'y assit, et je reconnus la voix de Fidéri. "Pour lors, Flore, disait-il, je ne vois la fin à rien. Voilà que je tourne à la trentaine, et le père Vuidelame grommelait plus souvent que jamais qu'il est sage de penser à s'établir. Un beau soir de dimanche, quand il reviendra du bourg, il me dira : « Fidéri, j'ai causé de choses et d'autres avec Jean Guillaume, de l'auberge de la Femme sans Tête; il a une fillette qui est avenante et économe, il a aussi quelques sous par-ci, par-là ; faudra voir à aller plus souvent à la Femme sans Tête. Tu es d'âge, tu entends ? Va, ton train. » Alors, que répondre ? Si je pouvais lui dire : « Il y a Flore, mon père, qui est une bonne fille et bonne ménagère, et qui me convient bien. » Je crois qu'il ne refuserait pas, parce qu'il aimerait au fond; mais non, rien de rien, de rien. Que veux-tu que je le dise, Fidéri ? répliqua Flore : "je veux bien me marier avec toi, et tu sais bien que je donnerais mon pouce et le meilleur de mes dix doigts pour que ça soit, mais... — Oui, mais... Voilà six ans qu'il dure ce mais-là. Le père Franelin est fier comme un pigeonnier de château, et si le père Vuidelame voulait aller le demander à lui, je crois bien qu'il te donnerait; mais il n'y faut pas penser, non, de la vie. Et puis ce n'est pas bien sûr que le père Franelin voudrait. Qu'est-ce qu'il a contre nous? Jamais je n'ai pu le deviner; mais c'est quelque chose de plus fort que lui. Quand il nous rencontre et qu'il nous regarde, il est comme une vipère noire. Et alors, comme toujours, comment veux-tu que ça finisse ? — J'y ai bien pensé souvent, moi aussi; et, depuis des années, je n'ai pas passé un jour sans demander, en priant Dieu, qu'il tourne le coeur de grand-père pour nous et pour notre mariage. Qu'est-ce que je peux faire de plus, outre penser au malin jusqu'aux vêpres, et ne jamais dire un mot d'amitié à un garçon, et ne jamais regarder personne entre deux yeux, de façon que je ne sais plus qui est blond ou noir, ou droit ou tordu, ou borgne ou brèche-dents ? — Oui, je sais bien que tu fais ça, Flore, et moi de même. Quand on me dit que celle-là est camuse, celle-là fleurie comme un oeillet et vive comme une souris, je reste comme bête, et je ne sais pas de qui on veut parler. Mais à quoi tout ça nous mènera-t-il, si ce n'est à nous rendre quasi-imbéciles et le nez en bas comme des planteurs de choux ? Non, il faut que ça finisse et que tu me promettes de nous marier quand le père Franelin mourra, et que tu m'embrasses en signe que je serai ton mari. — Ça ne se peut pas, mon pauvre Fidéri. J'ai fait une promesse; c'est ce qui m'a tenu jusqu'ici le cœur tranquille et la conscience en repos de t'aimer. Et si je ne tenais pas ma promesse, quelle confiance auras-tu en moi? Écoute, laisse-moi te dire toute l'histoire. Il y a eu de ça quatre ans aux Pâques fleuries; on parlait de moi pour être reine de la sainte Vierge. Mais tu sais bien que le monde est jaloux de ceux-là qui ne font pas comme un chacun, et on avertit M. le curé que nous étions ensemble plus souvent qu'il ne convient à une fille et à un garçon sages. Il m'appela, j'allai le trouver; il m'interrogea comme à confessé. Je lui contai nos amours depuis le commencement, en sorte qu'il a pu voir dans mon esprit comme dans un verre d'eau claire. Il me dit que j'étais une fille sage et que le bon Dieu nous bénirait. Puis il pensa pendant un bout de temps; après quoi il m'annonça que il voyait bien que je continuais à penser, de me marier avec toi, mais qu'il fallait que je lui promette, sur l'espérance de mon salut, de ne chercher à te parler que là où nous nous parlons tous les jours, et de ne jamais te laisser prendre aucune familiarité. Moyennant ça, il me promit qu'il me défendrait quand on dirait du mal de moi, et que je resterais une fille sage. Je lui promis comme il voulait, et jamais, non, jamais... C'est du beau, dit une voix dure qui sortait de la nuit. Noire; c'est du beau, mille yeux de voir un garçon et une fille, dans la nuit, se conter des amourettes. Faut que ça finisse ces bêtises-là; entendez-vous les autres? Les deux jeunes gens restèrent un instant stupéfaux en reconnaissant le père Vuidelame. Fidéri se remit bientôt. — Eh bien! quoi, mon père? après? Quel mal y a-t-il à ça? Quand on pense à mal, on ne vient pas sur les routes, dans les haies, en causer de ses affaires. — Quand on en cause sur les routes, dans les haies, on est quasiment près d'en causer derrière les haies. Et puis ça n'importe, faut que ça finisse ces bêtises-là, une fois ou l'autre. Fidéri se leva, murmura quelques paroles que je ne. C'est moi qui étais derrière la haie, Pierre Vuidelame, dis-je en riant. Les deux amoureux firent un mouvement brusque et se retournèrent vers moi avec un nouvel étonnement : — Ça n'importe, comme j'ai dit. Enfant de seigneur ou mendiant, raccommodeur de paniers, rien ne m'empêchera d'être maître chez moi, et je ne veux plus de tous ces mystères avec une fille qui court la nuit avec les garçons. — Mon père, cria Fidéri avec un accent de colère presque menaçant, ne dites pas du mal de Flore. — Tais-toi, Fidéri, lui dis-je ; laisse-moi parler à Pierre Vuidelame, j'ai quelque chose à lui dire. Mais avant, donne-moi la main, Flore, que je sois quitte de ces noisetiers qui m'ont pris par le cou. La jeune fille, qui était restée confuse et effrayée, se leva rapidement et me tira de mon carcan. — Allons, asseyez-vous tout le monde, dis-je. Je regardai un instant Pierre Vuidelame, dont les derniers rayons de lumière éclairaient la forte carrure, la figure insolente, haute en couleur, et les sourcils froncés. Asseyez-vous sur le banc, Pierre Vuidelame, à côté de Fidéri. Si vous ne le faites pas, je vous avertis qu'il y va de votre intérêt. Ce mot "intérêt" exercait sur lui une influence à laquelle il n'avait jamais pu résister ; aussi s'assit-il malgré sa colère et en grommelant. — D'abord, ne dites pas d'injures à Flore ; au moment où vous arriviez, elle venait de refuser à Fidéri de l'embrasser. Maintenant, voilà ce que j'ai à vous dire : j'ai écrit à mon père sur les amours de Flore et de Fidéri, et je lui demandais de parler au père Francelin pour qu'il consente au mariage. — Eh bien donc, est-ce qu'on ne me consultera pas? fit Pierre Vuidelame en ricanant. — Mon père me répondit qu'il respectait les idées de chacun, que jamais il ne voulait user de son influence dans des questions aussi... oui, aussi délicates que sont des arrangements de famille, mais qu'il pensait que si vous, Pierre Vuidelame, vous alliez demander Flore pour votre fils au père Martecheu... — Est-ce que vous vous moquez de moi, vous autres, hé? Croyez-vous, parce que je suis un paysan... — Vous ne voulez pas me laisser achever. Pierre Vuidelame; tant pis pour vous. Demain, quand vous saurez ce que j'ai à vous proposer, vous vous direz que vous êtes un bavard, et vous en serez plus riche, n'est-ce pas? Arrangez-vous donc. — Monsieur Louis, dit Flore de sa voix douce, continuez, je vous en prie bien. — Oui, mais il ne faut plus m'interrompre. Il sera temps de refuser quand on aura tout entendu. Notre ferme de la Verle-Voie est louée trois mille francs à Pierre-Louis-Marie Calhoire; voilà trente ans qu'il la tient, et on la lui a laissée à ce prix-là parce que son père et son grand-père l'ont occupée. Il veut la quitter parce qu'il veut la vendre. n'a pas d'enfants, et mon père a déjà reçu dix demandes. Il y a neuf individus qui offrent quatre mille francs, et un dixième, qu'on appelle Pierre Vuidelame, qui propose trois mille francs. Mon père n'aime pas Pierre Vuidelame parce qu'il n'est point poli : ainsi il ne me salue plus depuis qu'il sait que neuf fermiers ont offert plus que lui et qu'il n'a aucune chance d'avoir la Verte-Voie. Mais mon père aime le père Marlecheu et Flore, et je vous annonce qu'il laissera la ferme pour trois mille francs à celui qui épousera Flore. — Cela est-il écrit sur un bout de papier, monsieur Louis? demanda Vuidelame en ôtant son chapeau de cuir verni à larges bords. — Lisez : d'ailleurs, vous savez que mon père et moi nous ne mentons jamais. — Oui, ça se dit, et je n'ai point d'intérêt à dire que ce n'est pas vrai. Voudrais-vous que je garde ce mot d'écrit jusqu'à demain pour l'épeler à mon aise, hé ! hé ! monsieur Louis? — Gardez-le toute votre vie si vous voulez; ce que mon père écrit, tout le monde peut le voir. Maintenant, Pierre Vuidelame, gardez votre chapeau sur votre tête tant que vous voudrez; je me moque des méchants yeux que vous me faites quand je passe à côté de vous. Mais notre parole est donnée, bonne Flore ; celui que tu choisiras sera notre fermier ; et c'est moi qui ferai les cadeaux de noces, Fidéri. Bonsoir, Flore; tu me diras une autre fois ce que c'est que des familiarités. Bonsoir, Fidéri ; la Verte-Voie vaut mieux que la Femme-Sans-Tête. Je t'aime bien, Flore, et moi aussi, Fidéri, et je vous dis adieu parce que je vais passer huit jours chez Pierre-Louis-Marie Caille. Puis je m'en allai, fier comme Araba, en faisant sauter l'abbé Verdot jusqu'aux basses branches des arbres du chemin. Le lendemain matin, Pierre Vuidelaine, après avoir été visiter ses avoines qui étaient en relais, rentra chez lui vers neuf heures d'un pas allègre. Il passa une chemise blanche, quoiqu'on ne fût encore qu'au milieu de la semaine, se mit au cou une cravate neuve en coton jaune, et remplaça ses brodequins par des bottes. Il endossa une belle veste en gros drap bleu, par-dessus un gilet de soie rouge à grands ramages. Puis, après avoir passé un torchon mouillé sur son chapeau, il sortit, monta vivement le sentier qui conduisait à la cabane et entra dans le jardinet avec le sourire sur les lèvres. En le voyant, le père Franelin sauta brusquement par-dessus son seuil. — Qu'est-ce que tu viens faire ici, Pierre Vuidelaine? Qui est-ce qui t'a appelé? Qui est-ce qui te désire? — Ne vous mettez pas comme ça dans un outrage, père Franelin; je m'en vais vous dire: n'est-il pas d'usage, entre voisins, quand on passe en passant, de venir voir comme ça va l'un l'autre ? — Oui, je n'ignore pas que tu es habile de ta langue comme un maître de singeries. Mais dis, droitement, si tu peux, ce que tu veux, et puis va-t'en. — Voyons, père Franelin, ce n'était pas comme ça que vous aviez usage de recevoir les voisins, au temps passé, au temps de vos vieilles chausses, hé ! hé ! quand nous étions proche à proche. Et puis après? Tu venais, tu demandais une pelle, un van, une fourche, une charrette ou un cheval; je te les prêtais parce que ça se doit, d'ancienneté, entre proches voisins; mais moi, m'as-tu jamais vu mettre un pied sur ton seuil et te quérir un service? Or, je suis pauvre, je n'ai rien à prêter, nous ne sommes plus voisins, je ne te dois plus rien; qu'est-ce que tu viens faire ici? D'abord, père Françoisin, je ne sais pas ce que j'ai jamais fait pour faire du mal; mais, après tout, on n'est pas fâché pour toujours. Je ne te hais pas, Pierre Vuidelame, quoique je regrette que ça ne me soit pas permis de te haïr; mais je n'ai rien de commun avec toi, et je ne veux rien avoir. Au moins, pour un homme de sens comme vous êtes, sage et ancien, et allant dans les églises, ça n'est pas bien de dire à un homme: "Va-t'en!", sans vouloir écouter ce qu'il a à vous dire, quand c'est peut-être une chose utile. Je n'ai rien de bon à attendre de toi, que je dis. Mais puisque tu parles des églises (quoique ça t'aille à toi de parler du bon Dieu comme à un chien qui aboie à l'élévation de Notre-Seigneur), parle, si tu veux, je t'écouterai. Dites donc, père Françoisin, si vous ne voulez pas que nous entrions chez vous, au moins apportez ici deux escabeaux, que nous causions comme deux voisins, parce que je sais ce qui est dû à votre âge, et quoique vous soyez méconnivis, je vous estime rudement. Le vieillard haussa les épaules en lui jetant un regard de mépris : — J'ai soixante et dix ans, je me tiens sur mes pieds, réprit-il d'un ton calme, tu peux en faire autant avec les soixante ans. — Je le veux bien. Mais, continua le fermier, encouragé par le calme inattendu de son interlocuteur, faut au moins que vous me promettiez de m'écouter jusqu'au bout sans susciter encore des mirages. — Parle, j'ai dit. Je tiendrai patience jusqu'au bout, à seule fin de te montrer ce que c'est qu'un homme qui va dans les églises. — C'est bon. Vous n'êtes pas sans connaître la ferme qui est là vis-à-vis, voisine. J'ai là un mobilier qui vaut près de dix mille écus; puis j'ai quelques mesures de terre, là-bas sur les monts. Je les ai achetées douze pistoles la mesure, mais il y a du temps de cela, et je les ai bien soignées; ajoutez un zéro au bout de chacune de mes pistoles et supposez que j'ai vingt mesures ; ça ne fait pas bien loin de vingt mille francs, hé? Encore, je vous dirai, continua-t-il d'une voix plus basse après avoir regardé attentivement autour de lui, j'ai bien aussi quelques doubles louis placés sur bonne hypothèque. Pour tout ça, sans compter ce qui pourra bien encore se retrouver par la suite, je n'ai qu'un enfant, vous le connaissez, hein? Le vieillard ne répondit pas. Pendant toute cette énumération, il paraissait lutter contre quelque terrible émotion qui faisait monter son vieux sang jusqu'aux pommettes de ses joues. Eh bien, Fidéris est un brave garçon, continua le fermier, et bon, et sage, et un honnête cœur. Il aime, lui aussi, à aller dans les églises; il tient ça de sa mère, hein! Monsieur père Francheville! Il aura un jour tout ce que je viens de vous dire! Vous, vous avez une fille, — vous m'avez promis de ne pas m'interrompre! — Pour lors, je me suis dit que ces enfants s'aimaient depuis longtemps et qu'ils se convenaient. Flore est une belle fille, et sage, et forte, capable de conduire une ferme comme vous-même, père Francheville. Elle n'a rien, c'est vrai; mais vous trouverez peut-être bien encore quelques écus dans les fonds de bas, hein? D'ailleurs, j'ai pensé que Fidéris a besoin d'une fille comme elle pour conserver ce que je lui laisserai. Bon! voulez-vous que Flore se marie avec Fidéris? Le vieillard resta un instant les sourcils froncés, les lèvres tremblantes, puis il souffla bruyamment et se détourna. Quand il revint en face de son interlocuteur, il avait repris un visage froid. — Tu as tout dit, Pierre Vuidelame? — Oui, grand-père, hein! — Tu peux t'en retourner: Flore ne se mariera pas avec ton fils! Le fermier fit un bond. Il avait toujours supposé que la mauvaise volonté du vieillard venait d'un sentiment d'envie. Il supposait aussi que sa conduite vis-à-vis des deux amoureux était le résultat d'une grossière politique, destinée à rendre Fidéris amoureux fou de Flore, et à l'engager par la suite à briser tous les obstacles qui s'opposaient au mariage. Il s'attendait donc à voir sa demande accueillie avec empressement, et il resta un instant comme étourdi en entendant la réponse qu'on lui faisait. Mais vous êtes fou, bien sûr, dites donc, père Martelieu? Vous n'avez pas bien compris. Je te dis, Pierre Vuidelame, que ton enfant aurait la moitié de Paris, que Flore serait laide comme les sept péchés, qu'il me la demanderait en se couchant dans les épines noires qu'elle serait là pour en mourir, je dirais: « Non». |
5695290_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Emily Jane Goodman, J.), entered January 13, 2005, which granted defendants’ motion pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a) (7) to dismiss the complaint to the extent of dismissing the second through sixth causes of action, unanimously affirmed, without costs.
Plaintiff, a sales agent for a real estate brokerage firm, alleges an oral agreement that promised her a 50% commission on any transaction in which she secured for the firm an exclusive right to sell. Plaintiff introduced to the firm the co-executor of an estate with a condominium unit it wished to sell. She attended the meeting at which were discussed the details of a proposed exclusive agreement that would allegedly grant her prime responsibility for marketing the unit. However, despite plaintiffs diligent marketing efforts in this regard, she was fired by the firm, which then sold the unit without paying her any commission.
Plaintiff asserted causes of action for breach of an oral employment agreement, for wages, statutory liquidated damages and statutory attorneys’ fees under the Labor Law, for conversion and conspiracy to commit conversion by the individual defendants, and for punitive damages for intentional tort. All but the breach of contract claim were dismissed on defen*277Hants’ motion. We agree that the causes of action for conversion and conspiracy, and for punitive damages, as well as those predicated on Labor Law §§ 190, 191 and 198, did not state valid claims for relief.
Plaintiff was no longer an “employee” (Labor Law § 190 [2]) or a “commission salesman” (§ 190 [6]) of the brokerage firm after her termination, such as would entitle her to wages or a commission (§ 190 [1]; § 191 [1] [c]). Moreover, in order to assert a cause of action for conversion, which is the unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership of goods belonging to another, to the exclusion of the owner’s rights (Vigilant Ins. Co. of Am. v Housing Auth. of City of El Paso, Tex., 87 NY2d 36, 44 [1995]), a plaintiff must have exercised ownership, possession or control of the property in the first place (see City of New York v 611 W. 152nd St., 273 AD2d 125, 126-127 [2000]). Plaintiff never had such ownership, possession or control of the funds she alleges were converted. Finally, since plaintiff does not set forth a valid claim for conversion or conspiracy to convert, she has no viable claim for punitive damages, which are not recoverable for ordinary breach of contract (Rocanova v Equitable Life Assur. Socy. of U.S., 83 NY2d 603, 613 [1994]). Concur—Buckley, P.J., Andrias, Saxe, Friedman and Williams, JJ.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20079 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | public with sharing class mktpPublishedAppSearchFiltersController {
public mktpPublishedAppSearchFiltersController() {
}
/********************************
//Get all the availalbe filter name with values from the AppFeatures__C object.
@method name : getPublishedAppFilters
@param1 :
@returns : List<Filters>
@author Ashwani Bothra
@date 08 Novmber,2019
***********************************/
@AuraEnabled(Cacheable=true)
public static List<Filters> getPublishedAppFilters()
{
List<Filters> appFilters = new List<Filters>();
// sObject types to describe
String[] types = new String[]{'AppFeature__c'};
// Make the describe call
List<Schema.DescribeSobjectResult> results = Schema.describeSObjects(types);
// For each returned result, get some info
for(Schema.DescribeSobjectResult res : results) {
System.debug('MAP of fields: ' + res.fields.getMap());
for(Schema.SObjectField field : res.fields.getMap().Values() )
{
schema.describefieldresult dfield = field.getDescribe();
if(dfield.getType().name()=='PICKLIST' && dfield.getName() != 'FeatureType__c')
{
Filters filtertoadd = new Filters();
filtertoadd.name = dfield.getLabel();
filtertoadd.values = new List<String>();
for( Schema.PicklistEntry entry : dfield.getpicklistvalues())
{
filtertoadd.values.add(entry.getValue());
}
appFilters.add(filtertoadd);
}
if(dfield.getType().name()=='BOOLEAN' && dfield.getName() != 'IsDeleted')
{
Boolean filterAdded = false;
if(appFilters.size()>0)
{
for (Filters existing : appFilters)
{
if(existing.name == 'Price')
{
existing.values.add(dfield.getLabel());
filterAdded = true;
}
}
}
if(!filterAdded) {
Filters filtertoadd = new Filters();
filtertoadd.name = 'Price';
filtertoadd.values = new List<String>();
filtertoadd.values.add(dfield.getLabel());
appFilters.add(filtertoadd);
}
}
}
System.debug(appFilters);
}
return appFilters;
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20080 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { ApolloError } from 'apollo-server';
export default class VerifiedError extends ApolloError {
constructor() {
super('이미 인증된 이메일 입니다.', 'VERIFIED_ERROR');
Object.defineProperty(this, 'name', {
value: 'VerifiedError',
});
}
}
|
northwesternrep00unkngoog_64 | English-PD | Public Domain | doubtful meaning; (3) tboBe wbere there Is notbiDg to indicate a testamentary intent, but, on tbe contrary, tbe Instrument Is in terms plainly a deed. In tbe first class of cas- es tbere la no dif&cnlty in holding tbe docu- ments to constitute a will if properly execut- ed. In the second class tbe instrument may doubtless be Interpreted In tbe light of the circumstances.' In cases of tbe third class (and It Is in this class that the documents properly belong), may the instrument be contradicted, and determined to be a will, upon extrinsic evidence of an Intent on the part of tbe testator that tbey be glren effect by delivery upon his death? This is really tbe only Important qnestlon in tbe case, for, answered in the affirmative, we have ample evidence to Justify us In calling the instm- ments a will, while a negative answer will require us to treat them merely as undeliv- ered deeds without force. We have been nn- able to find a Michigan case directly In point. Bigley v. Souvey, 45 Mich. 370, 8 N. W. 98, is a case of tbe first class. In Lautenshlager V. Lautenshlager. 80 Mich. 285, 45 N. W. 147, tbe writing contained evidence Indicating an Intent that the writing was to take effect at death, and, like Ferris v. Neville, 127 MIeh. 444, 86 N. W. 960, 54 L. R. A. 4ft4, 89 Am. St. Hep. 480, It belongs to the second, if. Indeed, it does not belong to the first, clasa The remaining ease of Lincoln v. Pelt (Mich.) 92 N. W. 780, arose over a lost deed. The case went to the Jury upon the question whether the testator's Intent was that the gift should take effect only after death, and that such Intent was express- ed in the instrument in some appropriate form. The Jury found it to be a will, and the order entered In accordance with tbe verdict was affirmed. Clearly, this was as favorable In- struction as the contestants could ask; but It is obvious that the question before us now was not passed upon. Tbe proposition Is to show that certain Instruments, which could only become effective by delivery, can be mnde effective by calling them by another name, and giving, them an Interpretation which their words do not warrant, through parol evidence tending to show that such was the testator's Intention. The authorities cit- ed in support of this contention are the Lautenshlager Case, hereinbefore mentioned, which does not support it, and a statement in 29 A, & E. Enc, of Law, at page 158, where It is said that "evidence is admissible to show that a deed or other instrument of gift, which on the face of It is not testamentary, was not intended to operate until the death of the person expcuting It, to show that an instru- ment on the face of It testamentary was not \\Tltten animo testandl, but not to show that the operation of a will absolute in terms de- pends upon a condition." An examination of the authorities cited In support of tbe first proposition will show that they are for the most part cases where the Instrument was reasonably open to two constructions, and re- lated to personal property. Thus in Oock v. Cooke. 1 L. R. P. & D. 240, a paper was ex- ecuted In the following language: "I wish Myne Sister, Louisa Cock * * * to have my Schering (Charing) Cross bank book for her own use." Proof that It was executed in contemplation of death, and as a bequest, was admitted. It was clearly o[>en to that construction upon Its face, and can hardly be said to have been a valid, present gift or assignment In the Ooods of Morgan, 1 L. R. P. & D. 214, the instruments all contained clauses directing that the conveyances were not to take effect until after the testator's decease. Nothing Is said In this case about extrlnric evidence. In Robertson v. Smith, 2 L. R. P. D. 48, the deceased died November 8th, having made a will July 9th, and a cod- icil October 12th, previous. November 7th he executed a document in presence of two witnesses, to tbe following effect, viz.: "I hereby make a free gift to Maria R. of sixty pounds, and to John V. of fifty pounds, being tbe sum deposited by me with," etc Parol evidence of the situation was admitted to show the intent to make a testamentary gift In Goods of Coles, 2 L. R. P. D. 362, tiie pa- per was plainly as consistent with the inten- tion of a testamentary disposition as a gift Inter vivos; In fact, more so. Tbe circum- stances were shown, and It was held a will. Lester v. Smith, 8 S. & T. 282, is not In point upon this question, while In re Goods of English, 3 Swab. & T. 586, Is similar to Cock V. Cooke, supra. The Instrument considered in Robertson v. Dunn, 6 N. C. 133, 5 Am. Dec. 525, was doubtful upon its face. If the text is construed In tbe light of these deci- sions, It does not support the proposition that parol evidence may be offered to show that a deed not doubtful upon Its face was intended to have a testamentary effect In 1 Undtf- hill on Wills, p. 45, it is said; "The courts, in determining whether an Instrument dispos- ing of real estate is a deed or a will, are guided by the following considerations: If tbe Instrument, whatever Its form or tbe mode of its execution, passes a present Inter- est wblch vests from tbe time of Its execu- tion. It will be a deed, though tbe poasessioo and enjoyment of tbe estate granted in It do not accrue to tbe grantee until a future time. On the other band, if the instrument, though it is in form a deed, does not convey any vested Interest, right, or estate until tbe death of the person executing it, it will he regarded as testamentary and revocable. The employment of language appropriate to ei- ther Instrument Is never controlling. Nor is the belief of the maker or an understand- ing between the parties Interested that the instrument is a will or a deed conclusive up- on the court (except when made so by stat- ute), though evidence as to the belief of the parties as to its operation and effect Is rele- vant to show their understanding as to the Intention in executing It The court must take into consideration the language of the Instrument, and tbe clrcu^^^^|^ound- CLAY T. LAYTON. 467 iDg tbe parties and attendant upon Ita execu- tion; and If, fmm all the evidence, It appears to have been tbe intention ct the maker that the Instrument ahall have a post mortem ef- fect only, it will be held to be a testament, and not a deed." In dlscnselttg the admla- atbUlty of parol erld^ice, the author says: "In seeking the intention of the maker of an Uistmment, the court most, in the first In- stance, consult tbe language of the wilting Itself. Tbe fact that the writing wblch Is presented for probate Is testamentary In form i> some evidence that It Is a wUl. The form ot the instrument is not controlling. The court of iNTobate may go outside of the writ- ing to ascertain its character; not to supply an intention which cannot be found In it, but to ascertain with what intention the execu- tion of the Instrument was accompanied." This plainly Implies the correct rule that the writing tauBt be susceptible to such a construction, without doing violence to 11m pUn terms, and no amount of parol tesu- mony should authorize a court to vary the immistakaUe terms of the Instrument aUeged to be a wilL l^iese papers plainly provide In terms for a present transfer of property. To idiow that a different Intention existed, would l« to contradict them, and this cannot be done. We have examined many authorities where fhe questitm involved was whether papers In totm deeds were testamentaiy In charac- ter, and it is a significant fact that not <Hie has been found which supports the complain- ants contention, tn nearly every iostance the question is solved from the writing It- self or, if not, the construction adopted is not contradictory to ito proviidons, whldi are opoi to two Interinetations. We dte a num- ber of ttie cases alluded to: Stevenson t. Huddleson. B2 Ky. 299; Armstrong v. Arm- strong. 4 Baxt 857; Miller t. Uolt. 68 Ho. 584; Brewer v. Baxter, 41 Ga. 212. 5 Am. Rep. 530; Fulcher v. Royal, 55 Oa. 69; Wil- liams V. Tolberg. 6$ Go. 127; Worley Dan- iel, «> Oa. 650. 16 B. B. 988: Ooff V. Daven- port, 9600.428,238. B. 805: BaUv. Bragg. 2S Oa. 330; Herrington v. Bn^dtord's Ex'x, Walk. 520; Wall V. Wall, 80 MIsa. 91, 61 Am. Dec. l47; Sartor v. Sartor. 89 Miss. 760; Sewell T. SUnglnCr, 57 Md. 539; Lanck v. Logan (W. Va.) 31 8. SI 987; Wren v. Coffey tTex. Ohr. AppL) 26 S. W. 142; Bowler v. Bowler, 176 la 541, 52 N. E. 437; Robinson t. Brewster, 140 lU. 649, 30 N. E. 683, 33 Am. St Rep. 266; University T. Barrett, 22 Iowa, 60; In re Longer'B Est (lovni) 78 N. W. 834; Pres. Meiritt (C. O.) 75 Ked. 480; Gates v. Cates, 185 Ind. 272, 34 N. E. 057; Stroup T. Stionp. 140 Ind. 179, 39 N. E. 861, 27 L. JL A. 523; Bromley v. Mltobell, 155 Mass. 511, 80 N. E. 88; Walker v. Jones. 23 Ala. 448; Glllham t. Mnstin, 42 Ala. 366; Mosser V. Mosser's Ex'r. 82 Ala. 551; Hall v. Burk- tum, 59 Ala. 349; Sharp v. Hall, 86 Ala. lid, 5 South. 11 Am. St Rep. 28; Jordan r. JfHdan's Adm'r, Ala. 301; Crocker v. Smith, 94 Ala. 205, 10 South. 258, 16 L. B. A. 676; Turner t. Scott, 61 Fa. 126; Patter^ son V. English, 71 Fa. 454; Knox's Estate, tSl Fa. 220, IS AtL 1021, 6 L. R. A. 853, 17 Am. St Rep. 708; OuUaw v. Hurdle. 46 N. 0. 150; Lyles v. Lyies, 2 Nott & McG. 531; Hone T. Van Scbaiek, 8 N. T. 688; Hacleton V. Reed, 46 Kan. 78, 26 Fac. 450, 26 Am. St. Rep. 86; Lacy t. Comstock. 55 Kan. 86, 89 Fsc. 1024; In re Ogle's Est (Wis.) 72 N. W. 889; Oarke v. Ransom, 50 Cel. 596; Leaver V. Gauss (lows) 17 N. W. 622; Daniel v. Hill, 62 Ala. 480; Frew v. Clarke, 80 Fa. 171. That parol evld«ice Is not admissible to add to^ alter, vary, or contradict a wUl, see tbe following: 1 Bed. on Wills, p^ 428, sub. 8, and cases dted. and page 435, sub. 21, page 486, sub. 2, page 502, sub. 10. page 507, note 21; Hone v. Van Scbalck. 8 N. Y. 544; Col- lege V. Merritt (O. a) 75 Fed. 480. Syl. 8: Sewell V. Slingluff, 67 Md. 537; Herrington T. Bradford's Ex'x, Walk. (Miss.) 620; Miller T. Holt, 68 Mo. 584; Armstrong v. Armstrong. 4 Baxt. 357. For a discussion of this general subject, see 19 Gent. L. J. 46. We bave had difficulty in finding a case in which tbe exact point bebm us is raised, but it seems manifest that tiie same rule tliat forbids the cmtradlction of an esteb- Ushed will should forbid Uie contradiction of the same instrument as a means of estab- lishing It as a will, when its temw plainly show it to be a deed conv^ring a present in- terest It is only when the vralting Is of doubtful Import that Interpretotion by the aid of extrinsic evidmce becomes necessary, and in such case Interpretetlon, not ecmtradlctlon. Is peimlBslble. We are reluctantly driven to the condn- slon that we cannot give effect to tbe de- ceased's manifest desire, a desire so well es- tablished, and so apparently veil grounded and Just, as to merit ov approbatton; but we fear that the trite sayti^ that "hard cases make bad law" would be applicable should we sustain the complainant's conten- tion. To do so would be to override estab- lished rules and prlncli^es essential to tbe protection of the rlghta of heirs. It remains to refer to the rights of Mrs. Fr^tag. The record Indicates that the pa- pers designed for her were ddlTered to her, and we do not know that any one disputes it Being ddlvered, they became gifts toter vivos, and conveyed title to her. As to the check for $500, we feel Justified In finding it to be based upon a valid and sufficient consideration, and therefore collectible against the estate. The parties are all before the court and we think that her rights should be set at rest by this decree. Otherwise wf are of tbe opInI<m that the property should be decreed to be asseta of the estate, subject to adndnistmtlon in accordance vrith law. Neither party wIU recover coate, except Mrs. Freltag. She will recover costa from tbe es- tate. The disburaementa of tbe complainant should be allowed him from the^state. Decreed accordlnglj^i^i^^g @0cMe*=« concurred. O m &G NOBTHWBSTBRN BEPORTER. <Mlcb. XEUAUNBE IBON CO. et aL t. IBOK CLIFFS CO. et aL (Snprema Conrt of Michigan. Sept. IB, 1903.) HINBS AND MI NINO-DBEDS— CONSTRUCTION- MINING RIGHTS — RESERVATION — LBASEa— ABANDONMENT — NONUSER — INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS — APPURTENANT EASE- MENTS—DESTRUCTION — EQUITY — JURISDIC- TION—SUIT TO QUIET TITLE-BILL TO RE- STRAIN THRBATBNBD TRESPASSES. 1. Equity will enforce a forfeiture of a min- iDg lease wh^-e each forfeiture worka equity and protects the landowner against the indif- ference and laches of the lessee, and will pre- vent great loss. 2. Where defendants, who claimed a right to mine in certain ground owned by complainants, who were in possession, threatened to enter upon the land and remove ore therefrom, aud complainants claimed that defendants' lease was forfeited, and that they had uo rights in the land, aud that irreparable injury would result from defeudanta' threatened acti?, equity had jnriadiction for the purpose of restraining such threatened treapassea. 3. Where a bill to restrain trespasaea on min- ing land alleged that the P. iron Co.. which had previously held a lease of the land nnder which defendanta claimed, was a mere dummy, and that defendanta for many yeara had owned all ita capital stock and property and managed all its corporate affairs, and that all ita accoonts, if any, were kept on defendants' books, and that such company's charter had expired by lim- itation, and had never been reorganizeo, the bill was not objectionable for failure to make such company a party defendant 4. Where tlie facts on which objections to the Jnrfsdiction of a court of equity were ba^ed were apparent on the face of the bill, auch objectiona were waived by defendant's failure to raise them by demurrer. 5. The rule that deeds moat be construed most strongly against the grantor cannot be in- voked to defeat the intent of the grantor, which fairly appears from the instrument as a whole. 6. A deed, and a contract attached thereto, and executed at the same time, provided that che grantor conveyed certain lands to the gran- tee for a certain consideration, and **in further consideration of reserving to himself an on- divided one-half interest in the minerals which have been or may be discovered on the prem- ises" described as conveyed. By a proviso the grantee wait required to account for ore mined and sold not for bis own nse or for manufac- turing purposes, tlie grantor's interest being de- scribed as "his joint one-half interest therein." Held, that by such deed the grantor carved the estate into two parts, conveying to the grantee title to one-half the minerals, and retaining title to the otlier one-half In himself. 7. Certain mining land waa conveyed to H., the grantor reserving an undivided one-half of all minerals contained therein. Thereafter H. executed a miniug lease to defendants' predecessor, and in a subsequent suit by a corporation which had succeeded to certain of the rights of the original grantor defendant!^ predecessor filed an answer averring that its ownership under the lease was subject to the rights of the complainant to an undivided one- half of all the minerals prevloualy or thereafter discovered on the land. Beld, that such answer constituted a recognition that the original gran- tor retained title in fee to one-half of the min- eral in the land by his deed to H. 8. A deed to mining land reserved to the grantor an undivided one-half interest in all minerals discovered on the premises, together with a mining right in the land, and provided that the grantee or his assigns should have the Hole right, free of coat or compensation to the T &. See Deedi. vol. U, Cent Dig. | S3S. grantor, to mine for their own nse or tor man* nf acturmg purposes within the coon^ any min- erals found on the premises, . but aboold have no right to aell the aame for exportation without accounting to the tn'antor for his joint one-half interest tjberein. Bcld, that such deed gave in the grantee no title to the ore in place, but on!; conferred on him a sole right to mine for hltii- aclf aud assigns for the puruose specified, whi<.-ti was an incorporeal and indlvlBible heredita- ment 9. An owner of mining land conveyed th« same to H., reserving an undivided one-half interest in all minerals on the land, and con- ferring on the grantee an incorporeal, indivisible right ID himself and his assigns to mine on the land for his own use or for manufacturing pur- poses within the county. Thereafter H. fonueil a corporation for the purpcrae of operating ooe pig-iron furnace, with two stat^ on the prem- ises, and leased to the corporation a right to mine ao much ore on the land as it should ac- tually convert into mercbautaUe iron in its ova establisbm'ent. Tbe circular sent oat by tbe corporation contemplated the ei^ection of hut a single furnace, and previous to the execution of tho lease the corporation contracted with an- other to supply it with ore, which contract re- cited that the corporation proposed to erect aad build a blast furnace establishment of one «r two stacks for manufacturing pig iron. BM. that the rights acquired by the corporation un- der the lease were appurtenant to the fomace then existing, and that it acquired no right i'> mine more ore than that neceasair to supp!.v such furnace. 10. Where the right to mine iron ore under a lease was appurtenant to a blast furnace erechd and intended to l)e used to smelt tbe ore m> mined, the abandonment and destmction of tbe furnace destroyed the appurtenant ri^t to mine ore under the lease. 11. Soon after the execution of a 99-yesLr hud- ing lease, the P. Iron Co., lessee, made explora- tions and found ore In nonpaying qaantiti<'^■ The lesaee thereupon abandoned the explom tions, and for 43 years made no other attempt^ to mine on the land. In 1866 it conv^ed m defendant by lease for 10 years all its iron- works, buildings, etc.^ and provided that di^i- ' dends should be paid directly to Its stock- holders. Defendant afterwards became owntr ' of all the stock of the P. iron Co., which nevt-r thereafter exercised any control of its fnrnac*-. It was notoriously regarded as merged in >1<- , fendant corporation, and no reports required by law were filed iff its offlc«s. In the meantime ; complainants, who had acquired the interest ot the lessor of the P. Iron Go. and a reserved ic- | tei-est in the land, had discovered valuable &f posits, expended large sums in execrations, and i developed valuable mines on the propertF, dar- ing which time the P. Iron Company stood ly I in silence. Held, that the lease to snch irf-u company bad been abandoned and forfeited by I nonuser. | Appeal from Circuit Court, Marquetto , County, in Chancery; Jolin W. Stone. Jud?i' Bill by the Negayuee Iron OtMDpany ami others against tbe Iron Cllffis Company and others to quiet title to certain mitiing lands- From a decree in favor of complainant!, de- fendanta appeal. Affirmed. In 1857 one James L. Reynolds was tl>' owner in fee of the lands involved in th:^ suit and other lands. Febmary 26, lsr>T. he conveyed to one Charles T. Harvey 4.1:: ■ acres by warranty deed. The deed, afier the description, contains the following "Which lands are sold with ftdl warrantr. subject however, t(( ^tha^AnluUtions ami n^;n;emeDtB fl^^r£^^n^&t^^^^Vd *A' ben- AIldL) NBGAUNEE IBOM CO. I. V. IBON OLIFFS 00. 469 with appended, between the parties hereto, coDcemlug the nndlBcovraed minerals on said lands." Then follow ttie usual covenants of warranty of title. The contract Is as follows: "This memorandum of agreement, made this 26th day of February, by and between James L. Beynolds of Chicago, State of Illt- Dols, of the first part, and (Carles T. Har^ rey of Marquette County, State of Michigan, of the second part "WItnesaetb— That the party of the first part has this day conveyed by 'warrantee' deed (to which this contract Is attached) to the party ot the second part certain lands therein described amounting to four thou- sand one hundred and sixty -t wo * "/i o o acres, for the consideration of the sum there- in named and also In the further considera- tion of reserving to himself an imdivlded tulf interest in and to all the minerals which bare been or may be discovered on the prem- ises referred to as conveyed, together with the rights of having, or acquiring so much of tlie surface privileges as may be necessary to mine or develop the same by paying one- balf of the equitable or appraised valuation [•er acre for the surface thus used or ac- quired. Provided not more than twelve dol- lars per acre shall be adjudged to be the Talue 0^ unimproved lands taken for such mining purposes, besides which, however, full compensation shall be paid to the par- ty of the second part, or his assigns, for damages which may by such mining or oc- cupancy ensue ta tbe business connected with or Improvements placed upon such land, by tbe party of the second part or his assigns. Such payment to be made by the party of the first part on an equitable, agreed value, or upon an appraised valuation made by disinterested 'Referees,' one designated by each party [hereto] and they chooBing a third, and the decision of the three thus clioflen to be final. And when such pay- ment Is made, he of the first part shall be entitled to enter upon and occupy any por- tion of said lands for mining purposes as aforesaid solely. "Provided— And it is agreed, that the par- of the second part, or his assigns, shall hare the sole right, free of cost or compen- Mitlon to the party of the first part, to mine ff*r their own use or for manufecturlng pur- [ioses, within the limits of Marquette coun- ty, any mineral ores, or maxble found on any of the premises bereln 'referred' to, but shall have no right to sell to other parties for exportation as aforesaid, without ac- <vanting to the party of the first part for bis Jo:nt half Interest therela" Oq April 2, 1837. the Pioneer Iron Com- IKiny was organized by Harrcy and others vitb a capital of (125,000, divided Into 5,000 shares of f2S each. The purpose of its or^ ganlzatlon Is stated in its articles to be "pro- corfng a suitable location for a manufactory and lands to fitmlsfa coaling facilities there- for iu the Upper Peninsula of the state of Michigan and working the same for the production of mercbautable Iron and such oth- er use of their lands as the company may hereafter determine and adopt" Ou April 22, 1857, Harvey conveyea to the Pioneer Iron Company 2,6S8 acres of the lands con- veyed to him by Reynolds and 800 acres of other lands owned by him. The considera- tion expressed therein was $25,000. "After clearing Its own land on section six. T. 47 K. B. 26 W.. tbe party of the second part shall next remove the timber and wood from the land in that section herein described until it Is all removed. Then it shall remove that on land In section seven bereln described. Then that on section eight in like manner. Then that on section five first clearing that on its own land In tbe same and lastly that on section thirty-one T. 48, N. B. 26 W. (This last stipulation, how- ever, to be subject to future agreements be- tween tbe parties hereto.) "2nd.— The party of the first part does hereby let, lease and demise to the party of the second part for the consideration hereinbefore mentioned and for the full end and term of ninety-nine years from and after the date hereof, all the lands hereinbe- fore mentioned and all other lands now owned by tbe party of the first part in el- tber of tbe townshIpf)j|t}ju^ieiy«m@€t^[^r 470 96 NORTHWESTERN REPORTER, (Mtcb. the sole purpose of mining and quarrylnK at Its own expense such ores and marble aa may be foimd thereon and subject to the proTlalonB hereinafter mentioned, tIz.: "Provided, It shall not qnarry, mine or remove any ores on said lands except soch as it shall actually convert Into merchantable iron In Its own furnace or forges, and provid- ed further it shall not In such mining or quarrying operations nse or Injure any of the Improvements which may be placed up- on said lands by other persons without pay- ing Just and equitable damages therefor, nor shall it occupy in snch operations more land than Is absolutely necessary to open and woA successfully such mines of Iron or mar- ble as may be discovered. And It shall purchase and pay at the rate of twelve dol- lars per acre for unimproved lands which It may acquire for such purposes. The rights and easements above mentioned shall descend to the corporate successors of the party of the second part, but not to its as- signs. The party of the first part hereby agrees and hinds himself In nowise to convey or encumber any of the lands hereinbefore mentioned except with a reservation of all rights and easements hereby secured and Intended to be secured to the party of the second part. All the above rights and ease- ments are subject, however, to .the terms of a certain deed and an agreement, accom- panying the same, executed by James L. Reynolds and wife to tbe party of the first part on the 26th day of February, A. D. 1S57, and recorded in Register's ofllce of snid county In Liber *B' of Deeds on pages 381 and 382, to which record for further par- ticulars reference is hereby made." This lease covers the land here In dispute. On the same day tbe deed from Harvey to tbe Pioneer Iron Company was executed, viz., April 22, 1857, Harvey executed an in- strument to the Pioneer Iron Company cov- ering the same land as that described in the above instrument of September ITtb. The rights and privileges thereby conveyed are aa follows: "First.— The right to cut and remove all the timber and wood standing or otherwise tbereon, for the purpose of converting the same into charcoal for manufacturing pur- poses or such other uses as may be desirable to tbe party of the second part. Such wood nnd timber to be used and removed witbln five years from date, when within that peri- od It shall suit the convenience of tbe party of the second part thus to do. Provided, bowever, that after clearing Its own land In fee, on section six, T. 47, R. 20, It sball next remove the timber from tbe balance of land in that section herein described until it Is all removed. Then it shall remove that on section seven herein mentioned. Then that on section eight in like manner. Tben next In succession that on section five after clearing its own land on the same, and lastly those In section thirty-one, in township 48 I of range 26 west This stipulation, howev», j at all times to be subject to future agree- ments between the parties hereto. Provided, further, tliat as far as may t>e consisteDt with the lotereat of said company, it being tbe Judge in these respects, the land wbeD I the timber Is removed sliall be left In a fa- vorable condition for improvements, particu- larly with a view to tbe erection of other furnaces thereon. "Second.— The party of the second part shall have in perpetuity the right, free of charge (except for land damages hereinafter mentioned), to mine, obtain and nse any ores or marbles foimd on said lands, or on aay I other lands now owned by the party of tbe first part In either of the townships above . mentioned, provided it shall not mine or ob- - tain any ores on said lands except wliat It shall actually convert Into merchantable Iron In its own establishment. It shall also be 1 at its own expense for mining, and shall not 1 use or injure the Improvements placed upoo ; the land by others without paying Just and I equitable damages therefor. Neither sball It I be entitled to take any more land to oecupj' i than ts clearly necessary to open the mine I for the iron ore or marble to be obtained ! readily therefrom, and shall pay twelve do)- I lars per acre for nnlmprored lands whicb It I may require. j "These privileges shall only descend to the j party of the second part's successors in cor- ' porate succession. "The party of the second part agrees not to In any wise convey the* lands mentioned I except with a reservation of these rights and privileges to the party of the second part "These rights and privileges are made sob- I Ject, however, to the terms, of the prior deed ! of James U Reynolds and wife to tbe party of the first part by which he acquired title to the lands mentioned, vblch reservations were known prior to the executing of this In- denture." This Instrument Is known as the "Prelimi- nary Agreement" Immediately after the or ganlzatlon of the company It issued a clrco- I lar stating Its object to t>e to engage BOleI.T I and immediately in the production of pifi i iron, and its Intention to confine its expendl- I tures to tbe least amount necessary to enter 1 upon the production of the single staple ' pig iron. On April 26, 18(S9, the Pioneeer I Iron Company issued another circular, la I which It was stated that the "cost of the two furnaces which It was thought advan- j tageouB to erect (Instead of only one, as orig- I inally contemplated), together with other \m- expected outlays, bad Increased tbe expendl- ' tures nearly $30,000 beyond the capital of ; tbe company." In May, 1857, tbe company I had contracted for machinery. In June com- j menced tbe construction of its furnace, and when tbe 99-year lease was executed Its con- I Btruction was well advanced. Not long after j its organization the coirrpflnv madte^me ex- 1 plorations on ^^^'liSiS^^^Mi^y. but. NBGAUNBB IRON OOk T. IRON CLIFFS GO. 471 dlscoTeriiig no ore of sufflciently good qual- itj for ase, abandoned further operations In that direction, and during its lifetime mnde no farther effort to mine ore from Its own lands for ose In Its furnace. The company became financially emharntssed In 1806; leased its own plant and all its lands and property. Including the 99-year lease, to the Iron Cliffs Company, a corporation organized under the laws of this statfc From that time the Pioneer Iron Company ceased to operate its furnaces. Shortly after the lease to tbe Iron Cliffs Company, that company acquir- ed the entire capital stock of tbe rioneer Iron Company, and continued to own It until after October 18, 1889. In 1807, the Legis- lature passed an act authorizing the Iron ClitTs Company to acquire and bold stock in any company formed for manufacturing pit; Iron, wrought iron, or steel. In September 10, lfi74, the Iron Cliffs Company mortgaged all Its property, Including the capital stock of tbe Pioneer Iron Company. Tbe debt secur- ed thereby was paid in 1889. At various times from 1858 to 1877, Harvey conveyed by appropriate deeds various parcels of the lands to other parties. The Pioneer Iron Company also made several conveyances. From 1866 to 1890 tbe Iron Cliffs Company operated tbe furnace. Afterwards it was op- erated by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Com- pany, a corporation organized under the laws of West Virginia, until 1894, when that com- pany dismantled the furnace, and has never rebuilt it. Complainants are tbe owners by mesne couTeyances of the mineral Interests and res- ervations remaining in James L. Reyno!dB upon tbe execution of hla deed to Harvey, and of tbe interest of Harvey by foreclosure proceedings upon -a mortgage executed by Harvey to complainant Edward Breltung, tbe father of the complainant Edward, execution •ales against Harvey, and a quitclaim deed, executed by Harvey, of his Interests In tbe lands. They and tbeir lessees, beginning about 1870, have explored each 40-acre tract covered by the above 99-year lease, and have found ore on each tract upon which tbe de- fendants have entered for the purpose of ex- ploration; have mined ore therefrom amount- ing to at least 3.000,000 tons, and have ex- pended money tbereon amounting to at least $700,000. These explorations were carried on openly and notoriously for more than 20 years. The charter of the Pioneer Iron Com- pany expired by limitation in 1887. No steps were taken to reorganize It until 18S0. On October 7, 1889, a special meeting of the stockholders of the company was called, and the continuance of its corporate existence di- rected for a period of 30 years from tbe ex- piration of Its former term. This action was taken under an amendment to tbe Constitu- tion. On October 18th articles of reorganiza- tion were executed, and filed In the office of tbe Secretary of State April 8. 1890. On Jan- oarj 9, 1900, a notice In the name of the 1 Pioneer Iron Company was served upon tbe complainants that they bad entered upon cer^ tain of the lands In controversy (describing them) for the purpose of exploring for Iron ore "to be used In tbe furnaces of said com- pany of the undersigned in said county, ac- cording to the grant made to it in the lease executed to the undersigned by Charles T. Harvey on the 17th day of September, A. D. I 1857." Two similar notices were served later I In regard to other lands. Thereupon, on i March 9, 1900, complainants filed their bill j in chancery, praying that the title to their lands be quieted, tbe title confirmed In them, i and that the defendants be restrained from ! entering upon said lands to mine and re- . more ore. Answers were duly filed, proofs I taken, and decree entered for tbe complain- ants. I Complainants, in tbelr bill and brief, state I their position as follows: "(1) That Harvey j acquired the indivisible, but not tbe exclu- ] slve, right to mine, free of royalty, for the purposes Indicated, during his Ufettme. (2) That this special mining privilege was termi- nated and extinguished by a division of the estate, both Harvey and tbe Pioneer Iron Company having conveyed separate porttons of tbe land to different parties. That, while Harvey's special privilege could be assigned as an entirety. It could not be cut up, and conveyed in separate parcels. (3) The 99- year lease provides that the lessee should not *mine or remove any ores on said lands, eX' cept such as it shall actually convert Into merchantable iron on Its own furnaces and forges,' thus making the right appurtenant t<i said furnaces and forges. The furnnces and forges* referred to have long since been dis- mantled and abandoned. With their destruc- tion and abandonment tbe incorporeal right to mine for tbelr use ceased to exist. (4) The lease provides that the rights and ease- ments mentioned shall 'descend to the cor- porate successors of the company, but not to its assigns.' The thirty-year corporate term for which the company was organized ex- pired April 2, 1887, and all nonassignable In- corporeal rights which it may have bad at that time were thereby terminated. The company had no corporate successor. (5i That the Pioneer Iron Company did not for more than ten years next preceding the 2d day of April, 1887, carry on the business for which it was organized, and therefore wns not authorized by Act 142 of the Public Acts of 1889 to reorganize. (6) The Pioneer Iron Company has not been reorganized In compli- ance with law." The defendants deny these contentlona and Insist that: "The deed of February 26. 1857, from Reynolds, conveys a fee-simple absolute to Harvey, 'his heirs and assigns.' not in the surface or part of the lands de- scribed, but 'In all the estate, right, title, In- t^est, claim, and demand whatsoever' which Reynolds had therein. The clause referring to Contract A does not express an exception 472 B6 NOBTHWESTEBN BEFORTEB. Oilcb. to thts grant, but merely relieves from the operation of the 'full warranty' of the deed the rlgbts which the parties agreed In Con- tract A that Reynolds (not his heirs and as- signs) should have, or at most amounts mere- ly to a reservation to Bcynolds of an incor- poreal hereditament comprlBlDg certain un- discovered mineral rights, and the rights to acquire from Harvey, as owner of the fee, certain surface privileges by paying for them. The provisions of Contract A, properly con- strued with the deed, and as a part thereof, constitute an agreement between the parties to the deed, by which Reynolds (not for his belrs and assigns) reserved to himself, or, more properly, acquired back from Harvey, certain mineral rights and rights of acquisi- tion during his lifetime In the lands which he granted by deed to Harvey and his helra for- ever. By It Reynolds had an Incorporeal hereditament (not a vested right In the land, for he had parted with all thnt), but a naked right to a share In minerals if discovered and reduced to 'possession, and a further naked right to buy back at a certain price such sur- face rlgbts from Harvey as might be required to reduce such minerals to possession, If found. Harvey acquired no right by Con- tract A. The final proviso Is not In any sense n grant from Reynolds, for he granted all he bad in the deed. It merely defines the rights which Reynolds Is reserving by explaining that his right to one-half the ore which may Ite discovered shall not require Harvey to ac- I'liunt for ore which Harvey may use for manufacturing In Marquette county." Frank A. Bell (Hoyt, Dustln & Kelley and Don M. Dickinson, of counsel), for appellants. S. W. SbauH (Arch B. Eldridge, Charies B. Brown, Benton Hanchett, and H. F. Penning- ton, of counsel), for complainants. GBANT, J. (after stating the facts). 1. It is urged that this hill cannot be maintained, because Its main purpose Is to declare a for- feiture of the 99-year lease, and that courts of equity will not enforce a forfeiture. Coun- sel cite In support of this contention Funk t. |
5513837_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | By the Court, Sutherland, J.
All the witnesses concur in stating that there was not room for the boat of the defendant to pass that of the plaintiff at the place at which it lay, with the depth of water then in the canal. The testimony also shews that neither the plaintiff nor defendant was aware of that fact, but that they both supposed that the defendant’s bcjtli might pass without difficulty. The jury have also found (and the evidence sustains the verdict in that respect) that the injury was not attributable either to negligence or design on the part of the defendant, and that his boat was managed in a prudent and skilful manner. It also appears that the plaintiff’s boat was lying close to the towpath, and that although the canal was not quite as wide there as it was some distance below, several boats had passed her while in that place without difficulty. The boat of the defendant was a large lake boat and heavily laden. No actual fault seems to be imputable to the defendant, and if he is to be held responsible, it must be on the ground that the accident was not inevitable, m as much as the power by which the boat was propelled was entirely under his control, and he was bound to know or ascertain whether he could pass with safety before he made the attempt.
The rule in such cases is, that if the injury is occasioned by an unavoidable accident, no action will lie for it; but if any blame is imputable to the defendant, though he had no intention to injure the plaintiff or any other person, he is liable for the damages sustained. Weaver v. Ward, Hobart, 134. Leame v. Bray, 3 East, 593, and cases there cited. Wakerman v. Robinson, 1 Bingham, 213. Percival v. Hickey, 19 Johns. R. 289. Bullock v. Babcock, 3 Wendell, 391. 18 Johns. R. 383. In most of the cases referred to, the question chiefly discussed was whether the action should be trespass or trespass on the case. But the general principle which I have stated, in re*473lation to the liability of a defendant, is fairly to be deduced from them. -When we speak of an unavoidable accident, in legal phraseology, we do not mean an accident which it physically impossible in the nature of things for the defendant! to have prevented ; all that is meant is, that it was not occasioned,in any degree either remoteiyor., directly, by the want of such care or skill as the law holds every man bound to exercise. This is well illustrated by the case of Wakeman v. Robinson, 1 Bingham, 212; the defendant there was guilty both of negligence and unskilfulness, His horse was young and spirited, and he drove him without a curb-chain; in consequence of which he was less easily managed—in that there was negligence; in his alarm the defendant pulled the wrong rein—there was want of skill; and on either or both grounds he was responsible for the consequence's. But if his horse had been properly harnessed and skilfully managed, and the accident to the plaintiff had still occurred, it would have been held inevitable; although no one will question that the,defendant had the physical power to have guarded against it, either by entirely stopping his horse the moment he saw the plaintiff’s waggon, or by driving at a very slow and moderate pace; but this is a degree of caution which the law does not exact.
The liability of the defendant in this case at bar, appears to me to depend upon the question whether he was not bound to know, that from the state of the water in the canal at that time, and from the size of his boat, and her being heavily laden, he could not pass the plaintiff’s boat without hazard; if so, it was his duty either not to have made the attempt to pass, or to have proceeded so slowly and cautiously that no injury could have been produced from the collision. The defendant had the entire control of the speed of his boat, and although it appears that her motion was not rapid, it was not as slow as it might and ought to have been, if he was bound to know that the attempt to pass was hazardous. The case I think should have been put to the jury upon these principles.
The charge of the judge was calculated, on the whole, to make erroneous impressions on the minds of the jury. He told them that the plaintiff, when he stopped his boat upon *474the canal, was bound to select as his station, a safe place, arid such an one as would admit the passage of other boats, and if he selected a hazardous one, and an injury was sustained ™ conse(luence °f his exposed station, he must bear the loss. Now the evidence shews that the station selected by the plaintiff wa^.the place at which boats usually stopped when waiting to pass the lock at that place, and that several boats had passed the plaintiff’s without injury. The whole charge seems to imply that the defendant had a right to an uninterrupted course upon the canal, and that if the plaintiff’s or any other boat stopped in such a place or position as to impede such course, the defendant was not responsible for the consequences, provided he was not guilty of negligence or want of skill in the manner of navigating his boat, and had no actual intention to injure the plaintiff; excluding from the consideration of the jury, or at all events, omitting to present to them the question, whether the defendant was not bound to know, under all the circumstances of the case, that his boat could not pass without hazard, and if he was, whether he ought not to have proceeded more cautiously. I think a new trial ought to be granted, costs to abide the event.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20081 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// STPhotoViewController.m
// XiaoShenTu
//
// Created by 万启鹏 on 16/6/28.
// Copyright © 2016年 万启鹏. All rights reserved.
//
#import "STPhotoViewController.h"
#import "UIView+Extend.h"
#import "STPhoto.h"
#import "STphotoCell.h"
#import "LCBannerView.h"
@interface STPhotoViewController ()
@property (nonatomic)UIView *topView;
@property (nonatomic,strong)NSMutableArray *stArr;
@property (nonatomic,strong)UIScrollView *scrollView;
@end
@implementation STPhotoViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
_topView = [[UIScrollView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, self.view.frame.size.width, 250)];
self.tableView.tableHeaderView = _topView;
self.view.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
_scrollView = [[UIScrollView alloc] initWithFrame:[UIScreen mainScreen].bounds];
_scrollView.contentSize = CGSizeMake(0, [UIScreen mainScreen].bounds.size.height + 300.0f);
[self.view addSubview:_scrollView];
[self settingNavigationItem];
[self creatUI];
}
- (void)settingNavigationItem
{
self.navigationItem.leftBarButtonItem = [UIBarButtonItem itemWithImage:@"Personal" highImage:@"Personal" target:self action:@selector(person)];
}
-(void)creatUI{
UILabel *babyLab = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(13, 23, 100, 16)];
babyLab.text = @"超级宝贝秀";
babyLab.textColor = [UIColor colorWithHexString:@"#83817d"];
babyLab.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:16];
[_topView addSubview:babyLab];
UILabel *moneyLab = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(SCREEN_WIDTH-180, 30, 161, 9)];
moneyLab.text = @"本期奖金2万元 截止评选 2016年4月1日";
moneyLab.textColor = [UIColor colorWithHexString:@"#83847c"];
moneyLab.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:9];
[_topView addSubview:moneyLab];
UIImageView *nearby = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(9, babyLab.bottom+14, SCREEN_WIDTH-18, 100)];
//
// [_scrollView addSubview:({
//
// LCBannerView *bannerView = [[LCBannerView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 20.0f, [UIScreen mainScreen].bounds.size.width, 200.0f)
// delegate:self
// imageName:@"banner"
// count:3
// timerInterval:3.0f
// currentPageIndicatorTintColor:[UIColor orangeColor]
// pageIndicatorTintColor:[UIColor whiteColor]];
// bannerView.pageDistance = 20.0f;
// // bannerView.notScrolling = YES;
// bannerView;
// })];
[nearby setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"bg"]];
[_topView addSubview:nearby];
UILabel *chatLab = [[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(14, nearby.bottom+23, 64, 16)];
chatLab.text = @"生活圈";
chatLab.textColor = [UIColor colorWithHexString:@"#83817d"];
chatLab.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:16];
[_topView addSubview:chatLab];
UIImageView *line = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(35,chatLab.bottom+24 ,SCREEN_WIDTH-70, 1)];
[line setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"xian"]];
[_topView addSubview:line];
}
-(NSArray *)stArr
{
if (_stArr==nil) {
NSMutableArray *arrayM =[NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:20];
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
//设置子控件数据
STPhoto *photoModel = [[STPhoto alloc] init];
photoModel.icon = @"touxiang";
photoModel.nick = @"万老师";
photoModel.forward = @"哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈";
photoModel.photo = @"bg";
photoModel.time = @"1分钟前";
photoModel.share = @"fenxiang";
[arrayM addObject:photoModel];
}
_stArr = arrayM;
}
return _stArr;
}
-(NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
return 1;
}
- (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
return 300;
}
#pragma mark设置每组每行
-(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
//1.创建cell
STphotoCell *cell=[STphotoCell stcellWithTableView:tableView];
//2.获取当前行的模型,设置cell的数据
STPhoto *st =self.stArr[indexPath.row];
cell.photo=st;
//3.返回cell
return cell;
}
-(void)person{
}
-(void)photo{
}
@end
|
4068035_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Дмитрий Петрович Шварц (1899—1961) — советский скульптор. Заслуженный деятель искусств РСФСР (1958). Лауреат Сталинской премии первой степени (1950).
Биография
Родился в 1899 году в Ладыжине (ныне Винницкая область, Украина). В юности жил в Ташкенте. Брал уроки у местного скульптора К. Дано (1915—1917). В 1918—1922 годах учился в Ташкентском художественном училище. В 1929 году окончил Вхутеин. Член АХРР и РАПХ.
С 1948 года преподавал в МГАХИ имени В. И. Сурикова. Профессор (1957). Член-корреспондент АХ СССР (1958).
Умер в 1961 году. Похоронен в Москве на Новодевичьем кладбище (участок № 8).
Награды и премии
заслуженный деятель искусств РСФСР (1958)
Сталинская премия первой степени (1950) — за участие в создании барельефов «В. И. Ленин и И. В. Сталин — основатели и руководители Советского государства»
Ссылки
ШВАРЦ Дмитрий Петрович (1899—1961)
Шварц Дмитрий Петрович, скульптор, 1899—1961
Еврейский мемориал. Виртуальный некрополь.
Художники-соцреалисты СССР
Художники-соцреалисты России
Члены Союза художников СССР
Члены-корреспонденты Академии художеств СССР
Преподаватели МГХИ им. Сурикова
Похороненные на Новодевичьем кладбище.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20082 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | CREATE TABLE "transaction_entry" (
id uuid PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
transaction_id uuid NOT NULL REFERENCES "transaction" (id)
ON DELETE CASCADE,
"order" INTEGER NOT NULL,
account_id uuid NOT NULL REFERENCES "account" (id)
ON DELETE RESTRICT,
currency TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES "currency"
ON DELETE RESTRICT,
amount INTEGER NOT NULL,
UNIQUE (transaction_id, "order")
);
CREATE FUNCTION update_transaction_modification_time() RETURNS trigger as $$
BEGIN
IF (tg_op = 'UPDATE' OR tg_op = 'INSERT') THEN
UPDATE "transaction" SET updated_at = now()
WHERE id = NEW.transaction_id;
RETURN NEW;
ELSIF tg_op = 'DELETE' THEN
UPDATE "transaction" SET updated_at = now()
WHERE id = OLD.transaction_id;
RETURN OLD;
END IF;
END;
$$ language plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER manage_transaction_modification_time
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE
ON "transaction_entry"
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE update_transaction_modification_time();
|
sn86079068_1894-10-20_1_1_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | LOCEDURES DU SCHOOL BOARD Le School board s'est assemblé le sélection régulière. talent présents : MM. J. O. Brocier, President. P. A. Chasson, Jas. Pr. Spell, J. E. Trahan, H. Ihea, C. Guilbeau et J. S. Whittington, Lément : Dr. W. W. Lesley et D. Wernard. Les minutes du meeting précédent entière. Sur motion faite par Mr. Theail, I. Trahan a été appointé pour faire parti du comité de financies. Sur motion faite par Mr. Spell, se condée par Mr. Chasson. M. D. Bradford a été appelée. Les professeurs de l'élection de Scott. Le comité d'examens rapporte que les applicants suivants ont été examinés et ont, été admis à ensicgner. Melle L. Oliver, 2d. grade; Melle. M. D. Bradford a été appelée. Les plus fort pour centage dans le conicours tenu devant le surdent. H. E. Toll a été appointée assistât pour le High School avec un salaire de $30.00 par mois. Supt. M. de Mudd a été appuisé de 2 de. Assistant de l'école publique (blancs) de la fayette; avec un salaire de $20,00 par mois. Les professeurs s'il vient été nommés : Melle. M. Sélîlare à Çhu. A. BoudreauxSund. fo6rSc.I12.8 $ Ë. OIroussard " " 4 J.4Whittington "' " ,3.0O R. Greig , " . " " 10.0 H. ÈToôli Secretary'îaasary 60.ô J. A Bjoussard Returining poils .00 E. El. VaIrdlenbumen Cash 2.20 J. O l3roussard DredoisBper. die i2 <I( P. A. Chinasoni " " do 2lO Jasper Spell " " " .0 J. E.Trahan " " , 200 IL. Tenit o" " 2.0 J. S. Whittington os " " 2.0 A. C Guilbeau " " " 2.00d Le buard s'ajourde. Guriere Par la Foudre. Mary Fisher, de 1infield, O»hbt, u sourd- imuette, gée de 13 anes'.a complétemnent guérie après avàowIi renversée par la fondre. Pendant un orage, un éclair ira| sa l'apparteinent et le toneeierè it trembler la maison où se triut S réunies quatre autres. perwand4 1 sont tombées a la reniverse vil-k soiirde-muette:et toutes perdirent a ndi.sance. Elles reprfre.it 'bieatb leur sepa, et comme la peti' sr'd. miuette n' reTevait, ellte !ié : " a man»r 'ai entendu le eCop; ellnan nor on <he nous"^ C'/tiaent& Ieapremirsi 'mots quJiasortent de-sa bouche de. puis lii a Â.no»urdtlhui elleêpg* sn.iicultt.é î e ^^ffIent;î A: 1,. |
github_open_source_100_8_20083 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*! @license
* Shaka Player
* Copyright 2016 Google LLC
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
*/
/**
* @fileoverview Externs for less.js library.
* @externs
*/
/** @const */
const less = class {
static registerStylesheetsImmediately() {}
/**
* @param {boolean} reload
* @param {boolean} modifyVars
* @param {boolean} clearFileCache
* @return {!Promise}
*/
static refresh(reload, modifyVars, clearFileCache) {}
};
|
169420_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 311. československá bombardovací peruť RAF (anglicky: № 311 (Czechoslovak) Bomber Squadron) byla jednou ze čtyř perutí československého letectva v rámci britského královského letectva Royal Air Force. Jako jediná z nich byla bombardovací, přičemž zbylé tři perutě byly stíhací. Zpočátku peruť patřila k bombardovacímu velitelství (Bomber Command), později byla převedena k pobřežnímu velitelství (Coastal Command). K činnosti perutě v prvních letech patřily (zejména noční) nálety na německá, nizozemská, belgická a francouzská města a přístavy. V rámci činnosti u pobřežního velitelství se peruť zaměřovala především na hlídkové lety proti německému loďstvu, zejména proti ponorkám, nad Atlantikem, Biskajským zálivem a Severním mořem.
Wellingtony 311. perutě měly kód KX a Liberatory kód PP. Na přelomu let 1942–1943 byla tato peruť vyhodnocena jako vůbec nejlepší jednotka Coastal Command. 311. peruť během války zničila pět německých ponorek a potopila také lamač blokády SS Alsterufer, plující z Japonska s nákladem kaučuku.
Činnost perutě
311. bombardovací peruť byla založena 29. července 1940 na letecké základně Honington a byla jednou z perutí, které během druhé světové války bojovaly na straně Spojenců, v tomto případě jako československá složka v rámci britského vojenského letectva Royal Air Force.
Bomber Command
Prvních šest posádek dokončilo výcvik 7. září 1940. První bojovou akcí perutě byl nálet tří letounů na seřaďovací nádraží v Bruselu v noci z 10. na 11. září 1940. Od 16. září 1940 byla peruť přemístěna na polní letiště East Wretham v hrabství Norfolk, kde byly postupně převeleny další posádky a na základně Honington tak probíhal už jen výcvik posádek. První bojovou ztrátou peruti byl Wellington L7788 (KX-E) Karla Trojáčka, který se v noci z 23. září na 24. září nevrátil z náletu na Berlín. Letoun po zásahu flakem nouzově přistál v Nizozemsku. V polovině října 1940 jednotka utrpěla vážné bojové ztráty (například čtyři Wellingtony ztracené při náletu na Kiel a Brémy v noci z 16. na 17. října) a musela být od 22. října do 8. prosince 1940 vyňata z bojových operací, poněvadž byla bojeschopná pouze polovina stavu.
Peruť pak nadále operovala nad okupovanou Evropou, přičemž opakovaně napadala i francouzský přístav Brest, kde kotvila také těžká plavidla Kriegsmarine. Například v noci z 1. na 2. července 1941 se bombardéru Václava Kordy podařilo zasáhnout záď těžkého křižníku Prinz Eugen, přičemž bylo zabito 60 námořníků a loď byla dočasně neschopna plavby. Od počátku svého nasazení utrpěla naše jediná bombardovací peruť neúnosné ztráty, které činily třetinu jejího operačního stavu. Poslední bombardovací nálet peruť provedla v noci z 25. na 26. dubna 1942 na přístav Dunkerque. Poté byla převelena ke Coastal Command – pobřežnímu velitelství, kde plnila zejména úlohu ponorkových patrol v prostoru nad Biskajským zálivem, východním Atlantikem, Keltským mořem a Lamanšským průlivem.
V rámci bombardovacího velitelství peruť provedla 1029 bojových letů v délce 5192 operačních hodin, napadla 77 cílů, přičemž 19 strojů bylo sestřeleno, 20 bylo pro těžké poškození odepsáno a 33 bylo poškozeno lehce. Z 318 nasazených mužů celkem 94 padlo, 34 bylo zajato a přibližně 30 zraněno. Největší ztráty naší peruti způsobilo německé protiletadlové dělostřelectvo a noční operace stíhačů Luftwaffe.
Coastal Command
Během 28. až 30. dubna 1942 byla peruť redislokována do hrabství Antrim v Severním Irsku, kde proběhl její výcvik pro jiný druh bojové činnosti. U pobřežního velitelství měla peruť především provádět hlídkové lety, ničit hladinová plavidla, také ponorky, doprovázet a chránit spojenecké konvoje zásobovacích lodí. První cvičný hlídkový let pěti letadel v rámci Coastal Command proběhl 22. května 1942. Novým operačním sídlem perutě byla základna Talbenny v jihovýchodním Walesu – Pembrokeshiru, přičemž jednotka operovala zejména nad Biskajským zálivem a Atlantikem. Kromě nepřátelských ponorek se zde čeští a slovenští letci utkávali i s německými letouny Junkers Ju 88.
Prvním úspěchem bylo poškození ponorky U 106 typu IXB dne 27. července 1942, kterého dosáhl Wellington S/Ldr. Josefa Stránského. První potopenou ponorkou byla U 578 typu VIIC, potopená posádkou F/O Josefa Nývlta. V květnu 1943 byla peruť vyňata z bojových operací a místo Wellingtonů začala létat s výkonnějšími bombardéry Consolidated Liberator. Do boje se vrátila až koncem srpna. Dne 10. listopadu 1943 se Liberator BZ774 (D) velitele F/Sgt. Otakara Žanty podílel na potopení ponorky U 966 typu VIIC. Dne 27. prosince 1943 se posádce P/O Oldřicha Doležala (Liberator BZ796, H) podařilo potopit lamač blokády SS Alsterufer o 2729 BRT, který z Japonska dopravoval cenný náklad pro Německo velice nedostatkového kaučuku. Dne 24. června 1944 Liberator FL961 (O) F/O Jana Velly, s pomocí torpédoborců HMS Eskimo a HMCS Haida, potopil ponorku U 971 typu VIIC.
Počátkem srpna 1944 se peruť přesunula na sever na základnu Tain v severním Skotsku a začala operovat nad Severním mořem. Dne 29. října 1944 se dva Liberatory FL949 F/O Josefa Pavelky a BZ723 S/Ldr. Aloise Šedivého, DFM podílely na potopení ponorky U 1060 typu VIIF.
U Coastal Command provedla 311. peruť celkem 2084 bojových letů, při kterých napadla 33 ponorek, z nichž pět potopila a jednu poškodila. Celkem 16 strojů (6 Wellingtonů a 10 Liberatorů) bylo v boji ztraceno a dalších 27 (16 Wellingtonů a 11 Liberatorů) bylo těžce poškozeno. V boji padlo 104 letců a 29 jich bylo vážně raněno. Posádky si připsaly 4 jisté sestřely, 3 pravděpodobné a 14 poškozených nepřátelských letounů.
Operační činnost perutě byla ukončena 4. června 1945, poté působila při letecké přepravě mezi Británií a Československem (v té době působila v rámci Transport Command). Peruť byla oficiálně rozpuštěna k 15. únoru 1946. Již 15. ledna se velitelství perutě stalo základem velitelství 6. letecké divize a velitelství letek se staly velitelstvími Leteckých pluků č. 24 a 25 obnovovaného Československého letectva.
Přehledy
Velitelé
řazeno dle časové posloupnosti
W/Cdr Karel Mareš (červenec 1940 až 19. 3. 1941)
W/Cdr Josef Schejbal (19. březen 1941 až 3. červenec 1941)
W/Cdr Josef Ocelka, DFC (3. červenec 1941 až 20. duben 1942)
W/Cdr Josef Šnajdr, DFC (20. duben 1942 až 1. únor 1943)
W/Cdr Jindřich Breitcetl, DFC (1. únor 1943 až 21. srpen 1943)
W/Cdr Vladimír Nedvěd, MBE, DFC (21. srpen 1943 až 3. únor 1944)
W/Cdr Josef Šejbl, DFC (3. únor 1944 až 1. září 1944)
W/Cdr Jan Kostohryz, DSO (1. září 1944 až do konce války)
(zpočátku byly velitelské role dublovány)
W/Cdr. J. F. Criffiths, DFC (27. červenec 1940 až 15. listopad 1940)
W/Cdr W. S. Simonds (15. listopad 1940 až 24. únor 1941)
Používané stroje
Vickers Wellington, od srpna 1940, verze Mk.I, Mk.IA, Mk.IC, Mk.III, Mk.X
Consolidated Liberator, od května 1943, verze GR Mk.III, GR Mk.V, GR Mk.VI
Ztráty létajícího personálu
padlých: 250
zajatých 35
Základny
Honington, Suffolk (29. 7. 1940 – 16. 9. 1940)
East Wretham, Suffolk (16. 9. 1940 – 28. 4. 1942)
Aldergrove, Antrim (28. 4. 1942 – 10. 6. 1942)
Talbenny, Pembrokeshire (10. 6. 1942 – 26. 5. 1943)
Beaulieu, Hampshire (26. 5. 1943 – 23. 2. 1944)
Predannack, Cornwall (23. 2. 1944 – 9. 8. 1944)
Tain, Highland (9. 8. 1944 – 4. 6. 1945)
Někteří příslušníci jednotky
řazeno abecedně, podle příjmení, mimo psa
František Binder – střelec
Václav Robert Bozděch – střelec
Vilém Bufka – pilot, autor knihy Bombardér T-2990 se odmlčel
Václav Čapek – palubní radiotelegrafista, střelec
Josef Felkl
Rudolf Haering – pilot
Karel Hančil (pilot) – navigátor
Felix Arnošt Heller
Oldřich Hlobil – pilot
Josef Horák, přední střelec – rodák z Lidic, jeho rodný dům byl vypálen a rodina vyvražděna
Jan Roman Irving – český pilot meziválečné armády, pilot RAF, po válce ČSA
Vilda Jakš – střelec
Karel Janšta – radiotelegrafista, zadní střelec
Otakar Janůj – radiotelegrafista, střelec
Alois Jarnot – zadní střelec
František Klemens – navigátor
Karel Knaifl – pilot
Václav Knoll – palubní střelec
Vilém Konštacký – navigátor
Vojtěch Kubalík – palubní střelec
Karel Mareš – první český velitel perutě
Alois Mezník – palubní radiotelegrafista, střelec
Karel Náprstek – navigátor
Václav Netík – pilot (padl 20. Související články
řazeno abecedně
Československé perutě v RAF
RAF
310. československá stíhací peruť RAF
312. československá stíhací peruť RAF
313. československá stíhací peruť RAF
Externí odkazy
Druhá.světová.cz – krátce o perutích RAF
- Royal Air Force Squadron Histories (dějiny 311. peruti RAF)
Výstava ve Air Cafe v Brně
´Létej pomalu a nízko´, radila mi maminka – říká válečný pilot plk. Petr Uruba, příslušník 311. československé bombardovací perutě RAF
Údržba:Články s referencemi v nadpisech
Československé perutě v RAF
Vojenské jednotky založené roku 1940.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20084 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace FastRng.Double.Distributions
{
public abstract class Distribution : IDistribution
{
private readonly ShapeFitter fitter;
private readonly IRandom random;
protected Distribution(IRandom rng)
{
if (rng == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(rng), "An IRandom implementation is needed.");
this.random = rng;
this.fitter = new ShapeFitter(this.ShapeFunction, this.random, 100);
}
protected abstract double ShapeFunction(double x);
public async ValueTask<double> GetDistributedValue(CancellationToken token = default) => await this.fitter.NextNumber(token);
public async ValueTask<uint> NextNumber(uint rangeStart, uint rangeEnd, CancellationToken cancel = default)
{
if (rangeStart > rangeEnd)
{
var tmp = rangeStart;
rangeStart = rangeEnd;
rangeEnd = tmp;
}
var range = rangeEnd - rangeStart;
var distributedValue = await this.GetDistributedValue(cancel);
return (uint) ((distributedValue * range) + rangeStart);
}
public async ValueTask<ulong> NextNumber(ulong rangeStart, ulong rangeEnd, CancellationToken cancel = default(CancellationToken))
{
if (rangeStart > rangeEnd)
{
var tmp = rangeStart;
rangeStart = rangeEnd;
rangeEnd = tmp;
}
var range = rangeEnd - rangeStart;
var distributedValue = await this.GetDistributedValue(cancel);
return (ulong) ((distributedValue * range) + rangeStart);
}
public async ValueTask<double> NextNumber(double rangeStart, double rangeEnd, CancellationToken cancel = default(CancellationToken))
{
if (rangeStart > rangeEnd)
{
var tmp = rangeStart;
rangeStart = rangeEnd;
rangeEnd = tmp;
}
var range = rangeEnd - rangeStart;
var distributedValue = await this.GetDistributedValue(cancel);
return (distributedValue * range) + rangeStart;
}
public async ValueTask<double> NextNumber(CancellationToken cancel = default) => await this.NextNumber(0.0, 1.0, cancel);
public async ValueTask<bool> HasDecisionBeenMade(double above, double below = 1, CancellationToken cancel = default)
{
var number = await this.NextNumber(cancel);
return number > above && number < below;
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20085 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | '''
@author: Frank
'''
import os.path
import zstacklib.utils.xmlobject as xmlobject
import zstacklib.utils.linux as linux
import zstacklib.utils.shell as shell
import zstacklib.utils.log as log
import zstacklib.utils.lock as lock
import zstacklib.utils.ssh as ssh
import zstacklib.utils.http as http
import apibinding.api as api
import apibinding.inventory as inventory
import socket
import time
import os
import sys
import signal
import tempfile
import threading
import traceback
import zstackwoodpecker.operations.resource_operations as res_ops
import zstackwoodpecker.operations.node_operations as node_ops
import zstackwoodpecker.ansible as ansible
import zstacktestagent.plugins.host as host_plugin
import zstacktestagent.testagent as testagent
logger = log.get_logger(__name__)
#This path should be aligned with Dockerfile
docker_apache_path = '/usr/local/zstack'
docker_service_start_timeout = 3
DEFAULT_PYPI_URL = 'https://pypi.python.org/simple/'
ENV_PYPI_URL = os.environ.get('ZSTACK_PYPI_URL')
if not ENV_PYPI_URL:
ENV_PYPI_URL = DEFAULT_PYPI_URL
USER_PATH = os.path.expanduser('~')
NODE_ANSIBLE_YAML = '%s/.zstackwoodpecker/ansible/node.yaml' % USER_PATH
#avoid of using http_proxy to impact zstack HTTP API request.
ENV_HTTP_PROXY = os.environ.get('woodpecker_http_proxy')
if not ENV_HTTP_PROXY:
ENV_HTTP_PROXY = ''
ENV_HTTPS_PROXY = os.environ.get('woodpecker_https_proxy')
if not ENV_HTTPS_PROXY:
ENV_HTTPS_PROXY = ''
NODE_PASSWORD = os.environ.get('ZSTACK_MANAGEMENT_SERVER_PASSWORD')
EXTRA_DEPLOY_SCRIPT = '%s/.zstackwoodpecker/extra_zstack_config.sh' % USER_PATH
node_exception = []
class ActionError(Exception):
'''action error'''
def shell_cmd_thread(shell_cmd, ignore_exception = False):
try:
shell.call(shell_cmd)
except Exception as e:
if not ignore_exception:
node_exception.append(sys.exc_info())
raise e
def restart_zstack_without_deploy_db(test_config_path):
'''
This API could be called, when zstack.war is rebuilt.
It will find all running nodes and deploy zstack.war to them.
'''
import zstackwoodpecker.test_util as test_util
test_config_obj = test_util.TestConfig(test_config_path)
all_config = test_config_obj.get_deploy_config()
plan = Plan(all_config)
plan.restart_war_on_all_nodes()
class Node(object):
'''
Node super class
'''
def __init__(self, plan_config):
self.node_ip = None
self.catalina_home = None
self.start_script = None
self.stop_script = None
self.webapps_path = None
self.src_war_path = None
self.war_path = None
self.war_folder = None
self.dst_zstack_properties = None
self.dst_cloudbus_properties = None
self.db_server = None
self.db_port = None
self.rabbitmq_server = None
#Need cleanup following 2 properties files after operations.
self.node_zstack_properties = None
self.node_cloudbus_properties = None
self._parse_node_config(plan_config)
def _parse_node_config(self, test_plan):
self._set_catalina_home(test_plan.catalina_home)
self._set_db_server(test_plan.db_server)
self._set_db_port(test_plan.db_port)
self._set_rabbitmq_server(test_plan.rabbitmq_server)
self._set_war_path(test_plan.war_path)
self._prepare_zstack_properties(test_plan.zstack_properties)
#self._prepare_cloudbus_properties()
def set_node_ip(self, node_ip):
self.node_ip = node_ip
#need to manually set nodeName
shell.ShellCmd("echo 'management.server.ip=%s' >> %s" % (self.node_ip, self.node_zstack_properties))()
def _set_catalina_home(self, catalina_home):
self.catalina_home = catalina_home
self.start_script = os.path.join(self.catalina_home, 'bin', 'startup.sh')
self.stop_script = os.path.join(self.catalina_home, 'bin', 'shutdown.sh')
self.webapps_path = os.path.join(self.catalina_home, 'webapps')
def _set_war_path(self, src_war_path):
self.src_war_path = src_war_path
self.war_path = os.path.join(self.webapps_path, os.path.basename(self.src_war_path))
self.war_folder = self.war_path.strip('.war')
self.dst_zstack_properties = os.path.join(self.war_folder, 'WEB-INF/classes/zstack.properties')
self.dst_cloudbus_properties = os.path.join(self.war_folder, 'WEB-INF/classes/springConfigXml/CloudBus.xml')
def _set_db_server(self, db_server):
self.db_server = db_server
def _set_db_port(self, db_port):
self.db_port = db_port
def _set_rabbitmq_server(self, rabbitmq_server):
self.rabbitmq_server = rabbitmq_server
def _prepare_zstack_properties(self, zstack_properties=None):
if not zstack_properties:
self.zstack_properties = self.dst_zstack_properties
else:
self.zstack_properties = zstack_properties
handler, tmpfile = tempfile.mkstemp()
shell.ShellCmd("/bin/cp -f %s %s" % \
(zstack_properties, tmpfile))()
#change db server
shell.ShellCmd("sed -i 's#mysql://localhost:3306#mysql://%s:%s#' %s" %\
(self.db_server, self.db_port, tmpfile))()
#change rabbitmq server
shell.ShellCmd("sed -i 's#CloudBus.serverIp.0 = localhost#CloudBus.serverIp.0 = %s#' %s" % (self.rabbitmq_server, tmpfile))()
#Remove management.server.ip, if existing.
shell.ShellCmd("sed -i '/management.server.ip=.*/d' %s" % tmpfile)()
self.node_zstack_properties = tmpfile
def _prepare_cloudbus_properties(self):
handler, tmpfile = tempfile.mkstemp()
shell.ShellCmd("/bin/cp -f %s %s" % \
(self.dst_cloudbus_properties, tmpfile))()
shell.ShellCmd("sed -i 's/localhost/%s/' %s" % \
(self.master_name, tmpfile))()
self.node_cloudbus_properties = tmpfile
def start_node(self):
print('Deloying war %s to tomcat in node: %s ...' % \
(self.src_war_path, self.node_ip))
def stop_node(self):
print('Stop tomcat in node: %s ...' % self.node_ip)
#must be called before exit Node operations.
def cleanup(self):
if os.path.exists(self.node_zstack_properties):
os.remove(self.node_zstack_properties)
#if os.path.exists(self.node_cloudbus_properties):
# os.remove(self.node_cloudbus_properties)
def wait_for_node_start(self):
pass
class HostNode(Node):
'''
Node on real exist host.
'''
def __init__(self, test_plan):
super(HostNode, self).__init__(test_plan)
self.node_username = None
self.NODE_PASSWORD = None
def set_username(self, username):
self.node_username = username
def set_password(self, password):
self.NODE_PASSWORD = password
def _rshell(self, cmd):
ssh.execute(cmd, self.node_ip, self.node_username, self.NODE_PASSWORD)
def prepare_node(self):
catalina_root = os.path.dirname(self.catalina_home)
catalina_tar_name = 'zstack_woodpecker_apache.tgz'
catalina_real_path = os.path.realpath(self.catalina_home)
catalina_real_name = os.path.basename(catalina_real_path)
catalina_real_root = os.path.dirname(catalina_real_path)
catalina_tar = '%s/%s' % (catalina_real_root, catalina_tar_name)
if not os.path.exists(catalina_tar):
os.system("cd %s; tar -zcf %s --exclude='logs/*' --exclude='webapps/zstack*' %s" % \
(catalina_real_root, catalina_tar_name, catalina_real_name))
ansible_cmd_args = "host=%s catalina_root=%s catalina_folder=%s \
catalina_tar=%s zstack_war=%s zstack_properties=%s pypi_url=%s" % \
(self.node_ip, catalina_root, self.catalina_home, catalina_tar, \
self.src_war_path, self.node_zstack_properties, ENV_PYPI_URL)
if ENV_HTTP_PROXY:
ansible_cmd_args = "%s http_proxy=%s https_proxy=%s" % \
(ansible_cmd_args, ENV_HTTP_PROXY, ENV_HTTPS_PROXY)
self.ansible_cmd = "%s -e '%s'" % (NODE_ANSIBLE_YAML, ansible_cmd_args)
def start_node(self):
try:
super(HostNode, self).start_node()
self.stop_node()
ansible_dir = os.path.dirname(NODE_ANSIBLE_YAML)
ansible.execute_ansible(self.node_ip, self.node_username, \
self.NODE_PASSWORD, ansible_dir, self.ansible_cmd)
start_node_cmd = 'export CATALINA_OPTS=" -Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true "; sh ' + self.start_script
if self.NODE_PASSWORD:
start_node_cmd = 'export ZSTACK_MANAGEMENT_SERVER_PASSWORD=%s; %s'\
% (self.NODE_PASSWORD, start_node_cmd)
self._rshell(start_node_cmd)
except Exception as e:
node_exception.append(sys.exc_info())
def stop_node(self):
super(HostNode, self).stop_node()
self._rshell('sh %s; \
ps -aef|grep java|grep -v grep; \
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then \
sleep 1; \
ps -aef|grep java|grep -v grep;\
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; \
then pkill -9 java || true; \
fi; \
fi;' % \
self.stop_script)
class DockerNode(Node):
'''
Node running in Docker
'''
def __init__(self, test_plan):
#Only CentOS and Ubuntu supported docker at present.
try:
shell.ShellCmd('docker -v')()
except:
traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
raise ActionError('Did not find docker command. Can not run \
multi nowith dockerimage: %s.' % node.dockerImage_)
#check docker image
super(DockerNode, self).__init__(test_plan)
self.docker_image = None
self.br_dev = None
self.docker_folder = tempfile.mkdtemp()
zones_obj = test_plan.config.deployerConfig.zones
zones = zones_obj.get_child_node_as_list('zone')
net_dev = zones[0].l2Networks.l2NoVlanNetwork.physicalInterface__
br_dev = 'br_%s' % net_dev
self.set_br_dev(br_dev)
def cleanup(self):
super(DockerNode, self).cleanup()
if os.path.exists(self.docker_folder):
os.system('rm -rf %s' % self.docker_folder)
def set_br_dev(self, br_dev):
self.br_dev = br_dev
def set_docker_image(self, docker_image):
try:
shell.ShellCmd('docker images|grep %s' % docker_image)()
except:
traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
raise ActionError('Did not find docker image: %s by command: \
`docker image`' % docker_image)
self.docker_image = docker_image
def _setup_docker_bridge(self):
#enable bridge. use default l2network setting.
br_dev = 'br_%s' % self.br_dev
if not linux.is_bridge(br_dev):
linux.create_bridge(br_dev, br_dev)
#set docker args
rhel_docker_config = '/etc/sysconfig/docker'
ubuntu_docker_config = '/etc/default/docker'
if os.path.exists(rhel_docker_config):
open(rhel_docker_config, 'w').write('other_args="-b=%s"' % br_dev)
shell.ShellCmd('service docker restart')()
if os.path.exists(ubuntu_docker_config):
open(ubuntu_docker_config, 'w').write('other_args="-b=%s"' % \
br_dev)
shell.ShellCmd('service docker restart')()
def _prepare_docker_image(self):
#prepare new docker image with right ip address zstack.war, properties
shell.ShellCmd('cp -a %s %s' % (self.node_zstack_properties, \
self.docker_folder))()
#shell.ShellCmd('cp -a %s %s' % (self.node_cloudbus_properties, \
# self.docker_folder))()
shell.ShellCmd('cp -a %s %s' % (self.war_folder, \
self.docker_folder))()
dockerfile_content = ["FROM %s" % self.docker_image]
dockerfile_content.append("RUN rm -rf %s" % self.war_folder)
dockerfile_content.append("ADD %s %s" % \
(os.path.basename(self.war_folder), self.war_folder))
dockerfile_content.append("ADD %s %s" % \
(os.path.basename(self.node_zstack_properties), \
self.dst_zstack_properties))
#dockerfile_content.append("ADD %s %s" % \
# (os.path.basename(self.node_cloudbus_properties), \
# self.dst_cloudbus_properties))
if NODE_PASSWORD:
dockerfile_content.append('CMD \
export CATALINA_OPTS="-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true" && \
export ZSTACK_MANAGEMENT_SERVER_PASSWORD="%s" && \
ifconfig eth0 %s && export ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP=%s && \
/bin/sh %s/apache-tomcat/bin/startup.sh \
&& tail -f %s/apache-tomcat/logs/catalina.out ' % (NODE_PASSWORD, \
self.node_ip, self.node_ip, docker_apache_path, \
docker_apache_path))
else:
dockerfile_content.append('CMD \
export CATALINA_OPTS="-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true" && \
ifconfig eth0 %s && export ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP=%s && \
/bin/sh %s/apache-tomcat/bin/startup.sh \
&& tail -f %s/apache-tomcat/logs/catalina.out ' % (self.node_ip, \
self.node_ip, docker_apache_path, docker_apache_path))
open(os.path.join(self.docker_folder, 'Dockerfile'), \
'w').write('\n'.join(dockerfile_content))
print 'Dockerfile is prepared.'
def prepare_node(self):
self._setup_docker_bridge()
self._prepare_docker_image()
def start_node(self):
def _wait(data):
try:
shell.ShellCmd('docker ps')()
print('docker service is ready')
return True
except:
print ('docker service is still starting ...')
return False
try:
if not linux.wait_callback_success(_wait, None, \
docker_service_start_timeout, 0.1):
raise ActionError('waiting for docker start up time out: %s' % \
docker_service_start_timeout)
shell.ShellCmd('cd %s ; docker build --tag="%s" .' % \
(self.docker_folder, self.node_ip))()
#run docker image
shell.ShellCmd("docker run -d %s " % self.node_ip)()
print 'docker container has been created.'
except Exception as e:
node_exception.append(sys.exc_info())
def stop_node(self):
shell.ShellCmd("docker stop \
`docker ps -a|grep %s|awk '{print $1}'`|| true" \
% self.node_ip)()
shell.ShellCmd("docker rm \
`docker ps -a|grep %s|awk '{print $1}'`|| true" \
% self.node_ip)()
shell.ShellCmd("docker rmi %s || true" % self.node_ip)()
class Plan(object):
def _full_path(self, path):
if path.startswith('~'):
return os.path.expanduser(path)
elif path.startswith('/'):
return path
else:
return os.path.join(self.plan_base_path, path)
def _set_and_validate_config(self):
basic_config = self.config.basicConfig
deploy_config = self.config.deployerConfig
self.zstack_pkg = self._full_path(basic_config.zstackPkg.text_)
self.zstack_install_script = \
self._full_path(basic_config.zstackInstallScript.text_)
if not os.path.exists(self.zstack_pkg):
raise ActionError('unable to find %s for ZStack binary' \
% self.zstack_pkg)
if basic_config.hasattr('zstackInstallPath'):
self.install_path = \
self._full_path(basic_config.zstackInstallPath.text_)
else:
raise ActionError(\
'need to set config.deployerConfig.zstackInstallPath in : %s' % self.deploy_config_path)
#set ZSTACK_HOME, which will be used by zstack-ctl
os.environ['ZSTACK_HOME'] = '%s/apache-tomcat/webapps/zstack/' % \
self.install_path
if basic_config.hasattr('testAgent'):
self.test_agent_path = self._full_path(basic_config.testAgent.text_)
linux.error_if_path_missing(self.test_agent_path)
for zone in deploy_config.zones.get_child_node_as_list('zone'):
for cluster in zone.clusters.get_child_node_as_list('cluster'):
if cluster.hypervisorType_ == inventory.KVM_HYPERVISOR_TYPE:
for h in cluster.hosts.get_child_node_as_list('host'):
h.managementIp_
h.username_
h.password_
# will raise exception if one of above not specified in xml filea.
self.test_agent_hosts.append(h)
else:
if xmlobject.has_element(basic_config, 'testAgentHost'):
raise ActionError('<tesgAgent> is missing while <testAgentHost> presents')
self.catalina_home = self.install_path + '/apache-tomcat'
self.wait_for_start_timeout = basic_config.get('managementServerStartTimeout')
if not self.wait_for_start_timeout:
self.wait_for_start_timeout = 120
else:
self.wait_for_start_timeout = int(self.wait_for_start_timeout)
if hasattr(basic_config, 'rabbitmq'):
self.rabbitmq_server = basic_config.rabbitmq.get('server', 'localhost')
self.rabbitmq_server_root_passwd = basic_config.rabbitmq.get('password', '')
if not self.rabbitmq_server_root_passwd:
print ('!!!WARN! Rabbitmq server root password are not set!')
else:
raise ActionError('need to set config.basicConfig.rabbitmq.server in: %s' % self.deploy_config_path)
if hasattr(basic_config, 'db'):
self.need_deploy_db = True
self.db_server = basic_config.db.get('server', 'localhost')
self.db_username = basic_config.db.get('username', 'zstack')
self.db_password = basic_config.db.get('password', '')
self.db_admin_username = basic_config.db.get('admin', 'root')
self.db_admin_password = basic_config.db.get('adminPassword', '')
self.db_server_root_password = basic_config.db.get('server_root_password', '')
if not self.db_server_root_password:
print ('!!!WARN! Database server root password are not set!')
self.db_port = basic_config.db.get('port', '3306')
if basic_config.has_element('zstackProperties'):
if basic_config.zstackProperties.text_:
self.zstack_properties = self._full_path(basic_config.zstackProperties.text_)
if not os.path.exists(self.zstack_properties):
print('unable to find zstackProperties at %s, use \
default one' % self.zstack_properties)
self.zstack_properties = None
os.environ['ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP'] = ''
if deploy_config.has_element('nodes') \
and deploy_config.nodes.has_element('node'):
for node in deploy_config.nodes.get_child_node_as_list('node'):
node.ip_
self.nodes.append(node)
if linux.is_ip_existing(node.ip_):
os.environ['ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP'] = node.ip_
elif not os.environ.get('ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP'):
os.environ['ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP'] = node.ip_
else:
raise ActionError('deploy.xml setting error. No deployerConfig.nodes.node is found. ')
if not os.environ.get('ZSTACK_BUILT_IN_HTTP_SERVER_IP'):
raise ActionError('deploy.xml setting error. No deployerConfig.nodes.node.ip is defined. ')
def _deploy_zstack_properties(self):
if not self.zstack_properties:
return
dst = os.path.join(self.catalina_home, \
'webapps/zstack/WEB-INF/classes/zstack.properties')
shell.call('cp -f %s %s' % (self.zstack_properties, dst))
print('deployed zstack properties[%s] to %s' % \
(self.zstack_properties, dst))
def _extra_deployment(self):
if not os.path.exists(EXTRA_DEPLOY_SCRIPT):
return
shell.call('%s %s' % (EXTRA_DEPLOY_SCRIPT, self.catalina_home))
print('Extra deployment by %s' % EXTRA_DEPLOY_SCRIPT)
def _upgrade_local_zstack(self):
#cmd = 'WEBSITE=localhost bash %s -f %s -u -r %s' % \
# (self.zstack_install_script, self.zstack_pkg, \
# self.install_path)
#if not add -F, will break db upgrade, since we stop_node by force.
cmd = 'bash %s -u -F' % self.zstack_pkg
shell.call(cmd)
self._extra_deployment()
def _install_local_zstack(self):
shell.call('rm -rf %s' % self.install_path, False)
#cmd = 'WEBSITE=localhost bash %s -f %s -r %s -a -z' % \
# (self.zstack_install_script, self.zstack_pkg, \
# self.install_path)
#cmd = 'bash %s -D -z -r %s -m -R aliyun' % (self.zstack_pkg, self.install_path)
cmd = 'bash %s -D -z -r %s -R aliyun' % (self.zstack_pkg, self.install_path)
if self.db_admin_password:
cmd = '%s -P %s' % (cmd, self.db_admin_password)
if self.db_password:
cmd = '%s -p %s' % (cmd, self.db_password)
shell.call(cmd)
#self._deploy_zstack_properties()
self._extra_deployment()
def _set_extra_node_config(self):
for node in self.nodes:
cmd = 'zstack-ctl configure --duplicate-to-remote=%s; zstack-ctl configure --host=%s management.server.ip=%s' % \
(node.ip_, node.ip_, node.ip_)
thread = threading.Thread(target=shell_cmd_thread, args=(cmd,))
thread.start()
self._wait_for_thread_completion('set extra management node config', 10)
def _wait_for_thread_completion(self, msg, wait_time, raise_exception = True):
end_time = wait_time
while end_time > 0:
if threading.active_count() == 1:
break
if node_exception and raise_exception:
print 'Meet exception when: %s :' % msg
info1 = node_exception[0][1]
info2 = node_exception[0][2]
raise info1, None, info2
print 'Wait for %s ...' % msg
time.sleep(1)
end_time -= 1
else:
raise ActionError('%s failed, since it exceeds %s seconds' % \
(msg, wait_time))
def _install_management_nodes(self):
for node in self.nodes:
if not linux.is_ip_existing(node.ip_):
cmd = 'zstack-ctl install_management_node --force-reinstall \
--host=%s' % node.ip_
thread = threading.Thread(target=shell_cmd_thread, args=(cmd,))
thread.start()
else:
print "node: %s has been installed zstack" % node.ip_
self._wait_for_thread_completion('install remote management node', 600)
def _upgrade_management_nodes(self):
for node in self.nodes:
if not linux.is_ip_existing(node.ip_):
cmd = 'zstack-ctl upgrade_management_node --host=%s' % node.ip_
thread = threading.Thread(target=shell_cmd_thread, args=(cmd,))
thread.start()
self._wait_for_thread_completion('upgrade remote management node', 600)
def _start_war(self):
self.tomcat.start()
def _deploy_rabbitmq(self):
ssh.make_ssh_no_password(self.rabbitmq_server, 'root', \
self.rabbitmq_server_root_passwd)
cmd = "zstack-ctl install_rabbitmq --host=%s" % self.rabbitmq_server
print('deploying rabbitmq ...')
shell.call(cmd)
def _deploy_db(self, keep_db = False):
if not keep_db:
extra_opts = '--drop'
else:
extra_opts = '--keep-db'
if not self.need_deploy_db:
return
ssh.make_ssh_no_password(self.db_server, 'root', \
self.db_server_root_password)
if not self.db_admin_password:
cmd = 'zstack-ctl install_db --host=%s --login-password=zstack.mysql.password' % self.db_server
else:
cmd = 'zstack-ctl install_db --host=%s \
--login-password=%s' \
% (self.db_server, \
self.db_admin_password)
print('installing db ...')
shell.call(cmd)
cmd = 'zstack-ctl deploydb %s --host=%s' % (extra_opts, self.db_server)
if self.db_admin_password:
cmd = '%s --root-password=%s' % (cmd, self.db_admin_password )
else:
cmd = '%s --root-password=zstack.mysql.password' % cmd
if self.db_password:
cmd = '%s --zstack-password=%s' % (cmd, self.db_password)
print('deploying db ...')
shell.call(cmd)
@lock.file_lock('deploy_test_agent')
def deploy_test_agent(self, target=None):
print('Deploy test agent\n')
if not self.test_agent_path:
print('Not find test_agent. Stop deploying test agent.\n')
return
testagentdir = None
try:
def untar_test_agent():
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
shell.call('tar jxf %s -C %s' % (self.test_agent_path, tmpdir))
shell.call('cd %s/zstacktestagent/; tar jcf pypi.tar.bz pypi' \
% tmpdir)
return '%s/zstacktestagent' % tmpdir
def _wait_echo(target_ip):
try:
rspstr = http.json_dump_post(testagent.build_http_path(target_ip, host_plugin.ECHO_PATH))
except:
print('zstack-testagent does not startup, will try again ...')
return False
return True
testagentdir = untar_test_agent()
ansible.check_and_install_ansible()
lib_files = ['testagent/zstacktestagent-1.0.0.tar.gz', \
'testagent/zstacklib-1.0.0.tar.gz' ]
if not target:
#default will deploy all test hosts.
exc_info = []
for h in self.test_agent_hosts:
print('Deploy test agent in host: [%s] \n' % h.managementIp_)
ansible_cmd_args = "host=%s \
pkg_testagent=zstacktestagent-1.0.0.tar.gz \
pkg_zstacklib=zstacklib-1.0.tar.gz \
pypi_source_tar=pypi.tar.bz" % \
h.managementIp_
if ENV_HTTP_PROXY:
ansible_cmd_args = "%s http_proxy=%s https_proxy=%s" % \
(ansible_cmd_args, ENV_HTTP_PROXY, ENV_HTTPS_PROXY)
ansible_cmd = "testagent.yaml -e '%s'" % ansible_cmd_args
thread = threading.Thread(target=ansible.execute_ansible,\
args=(h.managementIp_, h.username_, h.password_,\
testagentdir, ansible_cmd, lib_files, exc_info))
# Wrap up old zstack logs in /var/log/zstack/
print('archive test log on host: [%s] \n' % h.managementIp_)
try:
log.cleanup_log(h.managementIp_, h.username_, h.password_)
except Exception as e:
print "clean up old testing logs meet execption on management node: %s" % h.managementIp_
raise e
thread.start()
#if localhost is not in hosts, should do log archive for zstack
log.cleanup_local_log()
self._wait_for_thread_completion('install test agent', 200)
for h in self.test_agent_hosts:
if not linux.wait_callback_success(_wait_echo, h.managementIp_, 5, 0.2, True):
raise ActionError('testagent is not start up in 5s on %s, after it is deployed by ansible.' % h.managementIp_)
else:
print('Deploy test agent in host: %s \n' % target.managementIp)
ansible_cmd_args = "host=%s \
pkg_testagent=zstacktestagent-1.0.0.tar.gz \
pkg_zstacklib=zstacklib-1.0.tar.gz \
pypi_source_tar=pypi.tar.bz" % \
target.managementIp
if ENV_HTTP_PROXY:
ansible_cmd_args = "%s http_proxy=%s https_proxy=%s" % \
(ansible_cmd_args, ENV_HTTP_PROXY, ENV_HTTPS_PROXY)
ansible_cmd = "testagent.yaml -e '%s'" % ansible_cmd_args
ansible.execute_ansible(target.managementIp, target.username, \
target.password, testagentdir, ansible_cmd, lib_files)
if not linux.wait_callback_success(_wait_echo, target.managementIp, 5, 0.2):
raise ActionError('testagent is not start up in 5s on %s, after it is deployed by ansible.' % target.managementIp)
finally:
if testagentdir:
shell.call('rm -rf %s' % testagentdir)
def execute_plan_without_deploy_test_agent(self):
try:
self._stop_nodes()
shell.call('zstack-ctl kairosdb --stop')
shell.call('zstack-ctl cassandra --stop')
except:
pass
self._install_local_zstack()
self._deploy_db()
self._deploy_rabbitmq()
self._install_management_nodes()
self._set_extra_node_config()
self._start_multi_nodes(restart=True)
def deploy_db_without_reinstall_zstack(self):
self.deploy_test_agent()
self._stop_nodes()
self._deploy_db()
self._start_multi_nodes()
def restart_war_on_all_nodes(self):
#planed_nodes = []
#for node in self.nodes:
# planed_nodes.append(node.ip_)
#import socket
#planed_nodes.append(socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()))
#live_nodes_inv = res_ops.query_resource(res_ops.MANAGEMENT_NODE, [])
#set ZSTACK_HOME, which will be used by zstack-ctl
os.environ['ZSTACK_HOME'] = '%s/apache-tomcat/webapps/zstack/' % \
self.install_path
not_restarted_nodes = []
#for live_node_inv in live_nodes_inv:
# if not live_node_inv.hostName in planed_nodes:
# not_restarted_nodes.append(live_node_inv.hostName)
self.deploy_test_agent()
self._stop_nodes()
self._upgrade_local_zstack()
#self._deploy_db(keep_db = True)
self._upgrade_management_nodes()
self._set_extra_node_config()
self._start_multi_nodes()
if not_restarted_nodes:
print('Following node are not restarted, since they are not defined in deploy.xml : %s' % not_restarted_nodes)
else:
nodes_ip = ''
for node in self.nodes:
nodes_ip = '%s %s' % (nodes_ip, node.ip__)
print('\nAll nodes:%s have been restarted!\n' % nodes_ip)
def execute_plan(self):
self.deploy_test_agent()
self.execute_plan_without_deploy_test_agent()
def _start_multi_nodes(self, restart = False):
nodes = []
threads = []
for node in self.nodes:
#The reserved node is used by test cases.
if not restart and node.reserve__:
continue
if not node.dockerImage__:
print 'Deploy node in hosts'
#consider some zstack-server is running in vm, the server
# startup speed is slow. Increase timeout to 180s.
cmd = 'zstack-ctl stop_node --host=%s ; zstack-ctl start_node --host=%s --timeout=180' % (node.ip_, node.ip_)
thread = threading.Thread(target=shell_cmd_thread, args=(cmd, True, ))
threads.append(thread)
else:
print 'Deploy node in docker'
docker_node = DockerNode(self)
docker_node.set_docker_image(node.dockerImage__)
docker_node.set_node_ip(node.ip__)
docker_node.prepare_node()
nodes.append(docker_node)
thread = threading.Thread(target=docker_node.start_node)
threads.append(thread)
for thread in threads:
thread.start()
self._wait_for_thread_completion('start management node', 200)
if node_exception:
print 'node start meets exception:'
info1 = node_exception[0][1]
info2 = node_exception[0][2]
raise info1, None, info2
current_time = time.time()
#largest timeout time for multi nodes startup is 300s
timeout_time = current_time + 300
for node in self.nodes:
#The reserved node is used by test cases.
if node.reserve__:
continue
new_time = time.time()
if new_time >= timeout_time:
new_timeout = 1
else:
new_timeout = timeout_time - new_time
if not linux.wait_callback_success(\
node_ops.is_management_node_start, \
node.ip_, timeout=new_timeout, interval=0.5):
raise ActionError('multi node does not startup on host: %s' \
% node.ip_)
zstack_home = '%s/apache-tomcat/webapps/zstack/' % self.install_path
cmd = 'zstack-ctl setenv ZSTACK_HOME=%s' % zstack_home
shell.call(cmd)
def stop_node(self):
print 'Begin to stop node ...'
self._stop_nodes()
def _stop_nodes(self):
nodes = []
for node in self.nodes:
if node.dockerImage__:
docker_node = DockerNode(self)
docker_node.set_node_ip(node.ip__)
nodes.append(docker_node)
thread = threading.Thread(target=docker_node.stop_node)
thread.start()
docker_node.cleanup()
else:
#Woodpecker need to set no ssh password for all nodes.
cmd = 'zstack-ctl stop_node --host=%s -f' % node.ip_
thread = threading.Thread(target=shell_cmd_thread, args=(cmd, True))
thread.start()
self._wait_for_thread_completion('stop management node', 40, \
raise_exception = False)
def disable_db_deployment(self):
self.need_deploy_db = False
def __init__(self, plan_config):
self.config = plan_config
self.zstack_pkg = None
self.zstack_install_script = None
self.install_path = None
self.test_agent_path = None
self.test_agent_hosts = []
self.nodes = []
self.catalina_home = None
self.tomcat = None
#self.elasticsearch_home = None
#self.recreate_elasticsearch_index = False
self.wait_for_start_timeout = None
self.deploy_config_path = plan_config.deployConfigPath_
self.deploy_config_tmpt_path = plan_config.deployConfigTemplatePath__
self.plan_base_path = os.path.dirname(plan_config.deployConfigPath_)
self.need_deploy_db = False
self.rabbitmq_server = 'localhost'
#default db information
self.db_server = 'localhost'
self.db_username = 'zstack'
self.db_password = ''
self.db_port = '3306'
self.zstack_properties = None
self.wait_for_deploy_testagent_timeout = 300
self._set_and_validate_config()
class SetupAction(object):
def __init__(self):
self.plan = None
self.out = None
def run(self):
p = Plan(self.plan)
p.execute_plan()
return p
|
github_open_source_100_8_20086 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import sys
arg_debug = False
arg_cam = False
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
if arg == "--debug":
arg_debug = True
elif arg == "--cam":
arg_cam = True
|
github_open_source_100_8_20087 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace Eadmin\component\form\field;
use Eadmin\component\form\Field;
/**
* 单选框
* Class Radio
* @link https://element-plus.gitee.io/#/zh-CN/component/radio
* @method $this border(bool $border) 是否显示边框
* @method $this size(string $size) Radio的尺寸，仅在border为真时有效 medium / small / mini
* @package Eadmin\component\form\field
*/
class Radio extends Field
{
protected $name = 'ElRadio';
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20088 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation and contributors. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE.txt file in the project root for full license information.
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WScript.Flag("-wasmIgnoreResponse");
const setTimeout = WScript.SetTimeout;
// Shim the response api
class Response {
constructor(buffer, shouldFail) {
this.buffer = buffer;
this.shouldFail = shouldFail;
}
arrayBuffer() {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if (this.shouldFail) {
return reject(new Error("Unable to fetch the buffer"));
}
resolve(this.buffer);
}, 100);
});
}
}
function fetch(getBuffer) {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
try {
resolve(new Response(getBuffer()));
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}, 100);
});
}
const defaultModule = WebAssembly.wabt.convertWast2Wasm(`
(module
(func (export "foo") (result i32) (i32.const 5))
)`);
function validateDefaultInstance({exports: {foo}}) {
const res = foo();
if (res !== 5) {
throw new Error(`Bad result: ${res} !== 5`);
}
}
function validateDefaultCompile(module) {
validateDefaultInstance(new WebAssembly.Instance(module));
}
function validateDefaultInstantiate({module, instance}) {
validateDefaultCompile(module);
validateDefaultInstance(instance);
}
const defaultImportModule = WebAssembly.wabt.convertWast2Wasm(`
(module
(global $iImport (import "test" "i32") i32)
(import "test" "foo" (func $foo (result i32)))
(func (export "foo") (result i32) (call $foo) (get_global $iImport) (i32.add))
)`);
const defaultImportObject = {test: {i32: 3, foo: () => -2}};
function validateDefaultImportInstance({exports: {foo}}) {
const res = foo();
const expected = (defaultImportObject.test.i32 + defaultImportObject.test.foo())|0;
if (res !== expected) {
throw new Error(`Bad result: ${res} !== ${expected}`);
}
}
function validateDefaultImportInstantiate({module, instance}) {
validateDefaultImportInstance(new WebAssembly.Instance(module, defaultImportObject));
validateDefaultImportInstance(instance);
}
const tests = [];
let allTestsQueued = false;
const allTestsDone = () => !tests.find(info => info.state !== "done");
function checkIfAllDone() {
if (allTestsQueued && allTestsDone()) {
report();
}
}
function test(fn, description) {
const testInfo = {
state: "pending",
description
};
tests.push(testInfo);
const done = () => {
testInfo.state = "done";
checkIfAllDone();
};
try {
testInfo.state = "testing";
const p = fn();
p.then(() => {
testInfo.result = "Passed";
}, e => {
testInfo.result = "Failed";
testInfo.error = e;
}).then(done);
} catch (e) {
// If fn doesn't return a Promise we will throw here
// WebAssembly.compileStreaming should always return a Promise
testInfo.result = "Failed";
testInfo.error = e;
done();
}
}
function shouldThrow() {
throw new Error("Should have had an error");
}
function ignoreError() {}
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(defaultModule)
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(buffer => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(new Promise((resolve, reject) => setTimeout(() => reject(new Error("Some Error")), 100)))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise => timeout Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise.reject())
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise => Empty Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise.reject(new Error("Promise.reject(new Error()")))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise.resolve("Wrong type"))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Promise => string)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch(() => defaultModule))
.then(validateDefaultCompile),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch => defaultModule)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch(() => {throw new Error("Failed to fetch");}))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(new Response(defaultModule))
.then(validateDefaultCompile),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Response => defaultModule)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.compileStreaming(new Response(defaultModule, true))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.compileStreaming(Response => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(defaultModule)
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(defaultModule => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch(() => defaultModule))
.then(validateDefaultInstantiate),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch => defaultModule)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch(() => {throw new Error("Failed to fetch");}))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(new Response(defaultModule))
.then(validateDefaultInstantiate),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(Response => defaultModule)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(new Response(defaultModule, true))
.then(shouldThrow, ignoreError),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(Response => Error)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch(() => defaultImportModule), defaultImportObject)
.then(validateDefaultImportInstantiate),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch => defaultImportModule, defaultImportObject)"
);
test(() =>
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(new Response(defaultImportModule), defaultImportObject)
.then(validateDefaultImportInstantiate),
"WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(Response => defaultImportModule, defaultImportObject)"
);
allTestsQueued = true;
// In case all the test ran synchronously
checkIfAllDone();
function report() {
const status = {};
tests.forEach(info => {
status[info.result] = (status[info.result]|0) + 1;
const error = info.error ? "\n" + info.error.stack : "";
console.log(`${info.result}: ${info.description}${error}`);
});
const statusReport = Object.keys(status)
.map(state => `${state}=${status[state]}`)
.join(", ");
console.log(`Report: ${statusReport}`);
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20089 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* $Id: malloc.c,v 2.0 2005/07/05 16:45:44 ksb Exp $ */
/* $Revision: 2.0 $ */
#include <flump.h>
long memory_usage;
#ifdef DEBUGMEM
struct meminfo {
char *name;
long all;
void *ptr;
struct meminfo *next;
};
struct meminfo *cmem=NULL;
void memadj(void *ptr, char *desc, int adj)
{
struct meminfo *sweep=NULL;
int fnd=0;
if (adj<1) {
for (sweep=cmem;sweep;sweep=sweep->next) {
if (sweep->ptr==ptr) {
sweep->all+=adj;
sweep->ptr=NULL;
fnd=1;
}
}
}
if (!fnd) {
if (cmem) {
for (sweep=cmem;sweep->next;sweep=sweep->next);
sweep->next=malloc(sizeof(struct meminfo));
sweep=sweep->next;
}
else
{
cmem=malloc(sizeof(struct meminfo));
sweep=cmem;
}
sweep->all=adj;
sweep->ptr=ptr;
sweep->name=malloc(strlen(desc)+4);
strcpy(sweep->name,desc);
sweep->next=NULL;
}
}
void memreport()
{
struct meminfo *sweep=NULL;
for (sweep=cmem;sweep;sweep=sweep->next) {
if (sweep->all!=0) {
printf("(%s) ... (%ld)\n",sweep->name,sweep->all);
}
}
}
#endif
void *MALLOC(size_t s, char *desc)
{
void *ptr=NULL;
ptr=malloc(s);
#ifdef DEBUGMEM
memadj(ptr,desc,1);
#endif
memory_usage++;
return ptr;
}
void FREE(void *s)
{
if (s) {
#ifdef DEBUGMEM
memadj(s,"Unallocated",-1);
#endif
free(s);
memory_usage--;
}
}
void MYSQL_FREE(MYSQL_RES *var)
{
if (!var) return;
mysql_free_result(var);
}
|
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/rhjkt6/articles/DTL47_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | Städtische Musikschule. Zufolge Beschluß des Collegiums der Bürgermeister und Schöffen vom 17. Juli letzthin werden die öffentlichen Prüfungen und 6on= cnrse vor dem Schlüsse des Schuljahres 186? —18G8 stattfinden wie folgt: Dienstag, den 11. Augnst um 4 Uhr Nachmittags für die Solfeggien-Klasse (Mädchen- Abtheilnng.) Mittwoch, den 12. August um 4 Uhr Nachmittags, für Solfeggien-Klasse (Knaben-Abtheilung). Donnerstag, den 13. August um 10 Uhr Morgens für die Blasinstrumente. Donnerstag, 13. August um 4 Uhr Nachmittags für Violine, Piano, und Gesang. Die Prüfungen und Conkurse werden im Lokale Der Musikschule, Passage 1 Stock statthaben. Luxemburg, den 4. August 1808. Im Auftrag des LollegiumZ der Bürgermeister und Schöffen. Der Direktor A. Zinnen.. |
bub_gb_WMdCAAAAIAAJ_5 | German-PD | Public Domain | Um den Begriff dieses Dritten genauer zu bestimmen, gehen wir auf die bisher gewonnenen Kategorien ein. 1) Ist es existi- rendes Sein? Ja freilich, sofern es mit jeder beliebig gesetzten wirklichen Thätigkeit eins ist, mit dem Unterschied, dass es auch mit jeder beliebigen andern Thätigkeit zusammenfällt. Es ist also zum mindesten so real seiend, wie jede Thätigkeit. welche wirklich existirt. Desshalb können wir unsere einzelnen Lebensthiitigkeiten nur als Acte dieses Wesens auffassen, da in ihm auch die früheren Thätigkeiten gewissermassen bleiben und wieder aus ihm hervorbrechen, wie auch die zukünftigen in ihm wurzeln. Dies Wesen ist desshalb gewissermassen gleichgültig gegen die Trennung und das Aussereinander der Thätigkeiten und gegen ihre zeitlichen Differenzen , da es alle aufeinander bezieht, alle durchdringt und immer in allen gegenwärtig ist. 2) Ebendasselbe gilt auch von dem ideellen Sein, dessen Scheidung in elementäre Empfindungen, primäre Kategorien und einzelne Gedanken durch die gegen diese spröde Vielheit gleichgültige, sie alle umfassende Natur überwunden wird. Es ist hier nicht bloss, wie Aristoteles von der Vernunft sagte, ein Kaum der Tdeen (röVot; üdiur) gemeint, wo sie alle nebeneinander und beieinander wären, sondern eine ganz andere Art von Einigung, da sie ineinander sind und jede Idee ihre Fremdheit der andern gegenüber verliert, so dass sie alle zwar als verschieden gesetzt, aber doch aufeinander bezogen und von einem einzigen Denken Digitized by Google 58 zugleich erkannt werden. 3) Endlich verschwindet in dieser dritten Natur auch der Gegensatz des Dass und Was. da wir ja beides nur auseinanderhalten können, wenn wir sowohl das eine, als das andere ganz verstehen. Wie sollen wir aber um das Dass unserer Thätigkeiten wissen, ohne von Anfang bis zu Ende in ihnen und zwar ihrem ganzen Wesen nach gegen- wärtig, d. h. ohne mit ihnen identisch zu sein? Denn die min- deste Trennung der Acte von dem Wissen um sie und um ihren Inhalt würde ebensoviel Nicht -verstehen erzeugen. Da wir aber überhaupt wissen, dass wir thätig sind und was der ideelle Inhalt dieser Thätigkeiten ist. so zeigt sich darin schon die Trennung des Dass und Was aufgehoben. Mithin gleicht diese dritte Natur, welche alles Dass und alles Was umfasst und einigt, auch den Gegensatz zwischen beiden aus und vermittelt so die Thatsache. die unser gewöhnliches Bewusstsein uns vor Augen stellt. Nachdem wir so durch Vergleichung der gewonnenen Be- griffe vom Sein nach dem Masse der jedem offen stehenden Er- fahrung uns über die Natur dieses Dritten besonnen haben, ziemt es sich nun, den neuen Begriff zu taufen. Zu diesem Zwecke ziehen wir wieder die Resultate der ersten Methode heran. Dort aber blieb uns nur noch Ein Name übrig, so dass wir keine Auswahl haben. Es ist das Ich. Von dem Ich wird in der Sprache alles Sein ausgesagt, sowohl das der Existenz als das Ideelle. Das Ich hat den Vorzug, niemals als Prädicat zu erscheinen und dadurch bloss als ein einzelnes Etwas an einem Subjecte zu gelten. Das Ich vermittelt auch die IVmporalunter- schiede der Existenz mit dem prädicativen Inhalt des Was. Das Ich gehört nicht bloss zu Einem Prädicat e, sondern unter- schiedslos auch zu jedem beliebigen andern. Ich höre den Ton c und ich höre den Ton g. Es ist dasselbe Ich. Ich bin warm und ich bin kalt. Das Ich ist gleichgültig gegen die sich ab- schliessenden Gegensätze und umfasst sie alle und vermittelt sie durch Zeitunterschiede und andere Bedingungen. Es ist somit klar, dass der uns von der ersten Methode gelieferte Name sich als brauchbar zeigt, und so soll die Natur des Dritten vorläufig Ich heissen. Wir werden aber später sehen, wie man nach der Analogie mit dem Ich auch auf das Du und Kr und Es kommen kann und dadurch einen allgemeineren Ausdruck suchen muss, den wir als Wesen oder Substanz Digitized by Google : J 59 schon in der Sprache anerkannt finden. Doch davon muss besonders gehandelt werden. Wollen wir nun einen Augenblick bei diesem Resultate verweilen, um zu sehen, wie wir hier *>™«™n und S.lbstb»- eine Scheidung der obersten Denkformen getroffen haben, die von dem unbewussten Denken des sprach- bildenden Genius durch eine analoge Ausdrucksweise anerkannt sind. Wenn wir nämlich jetzt nicht mehr das Sein selbst be- rücksichtigen, d. h. das Was, das Dass und das Ich, sondern das Wissen um das Sein, so werden wir leicht bemerken, dass die ganze Sphäre der Erfahrung, die sinnliche Erkeuntniss, die Zeug- nisse des inneren Sinnes und das Denken uns bald bewusst. bald unbewusst ist und dass wir ebenso wissen, wann ein Gegenstand dieser Sphäre uns bewusst wird und wann nicht. Dieses Beides, d. h. das Wissen um das Dass und das Was, nennen wir Be- w us st sein und sagen von einem Menschen, er sei bei Bewusst- sein. wenn er dieses Beides weiss. Wir sagen von einem Ohn- mächtigen, er sei nicht bei Bewusstsein, weil er nichts weiss von den Gegenständen, die den Andern als gegenwärtig vor der Seele stehen; sobald er aber von den Gegenständen der sinn- lichen Anschauung und von seinen inneren Zuständen Rechenschaft geben kann, gilt er als zu Bewusstsein gekommen. Der Säugling und das Thier haben darum gewiss ein Bewusstsein. insofern sie das Was der Gegenstände unterscheiden und ob ein Ding gegen- wärtig oder abwesend ist, d. h. das Dass, bemerken. Dagegen ist es fraglich, ob wir den Säuglingen und Thieren auch schon ein Selbstbewusstsein, d. h. ein Wissen um das Ich, zuschreiben sollen. Da wir aber drei verschiedene Stufen des Wissens unterschieden, die wissenschaftliche, die sprachliche und die vorsprachliche, so werden wir die Frage leichter erledigen, wenn wir die beiden oberen Stufen gleich eliminiren: denn es ver- steht sich ja von selbst, dass es sich hier nur um die unterste Stufe des Selbstbewusstseins handeln kann. Nun ist aber nicht bloss beim Kinde, sondern auch bei den Thieren festzustellen, dass ihnen die früheren Perceptionen. wie man sagt , im Gedächtniss bleiben und wiederkommen , dass sie demgemäss mit Hülfe der Erinnerung die Dinge wiedererkennen und dass ihr Bewusstsein also von der Ausschliesslichkeit, mit der sich jede einzelne Empfindung von der andern abschliesst. nicht betroffen wird, sondern unzerstückelt durch viele Empfindungen hindurchgeht Digitized by Google 60 und auch die verflossenen in Wiedererinnerung mit umfasst. Es muss sich daher auch im Thier und Säugling ein Vorrath identisch bleibender Vorstellungen den neu hinzutretenden und immer wechselnden gegenüberstellen und mithin kann eine Be- ziehung derselben und folglich auch ein dunkles Bewusstsein von der Einheit der Beziehung mit dem Gegensatz des Ganzen gegen das Einzelne, des Festen gegen das Wechselnde entstehen. Dass dies Bewusstsein aber nicht bloss eintreten kann, sondern wirklich vorhanden ist. lässt sich zwingend durch Zeichen be- weisen. Wenn wir nämlich Kinder oder Thiere bei Namen rufen, •so gewöhnen sie sich bald daran und hören auf den Namen. Dies ist nur erklärlich unter der Voraussetzung, dass sie den Namen nicht als irgend einen andern öfter gehörten Laut be- trachten, sondern ihn auf sieh als Einheit beziehen. Das Thier, das sich weder als Ich bewusst wird, noch sich Caro oder Juno nennt, wie die Kinder in früher Zeit sich schon als Hans oder Olga in dritter Person bezeichnen, muss doch ein Selbstbewusst- st-in haben, sofern es einen durch's Gehör percipirten Namen auf sich bezieht. Denn dies Hören auf den Namen bedeutet nicht das Wissen um irgend einen Lautin halt, wie z. B. dass der Bissen „vom Juden" ist und also nicht angerührt werden darf, auch nicht die Erkenntniss des blossen Dass, z. B. dass „gerufen" wird; denn es werden auch andere Namen öfters ge- rufen, die der Hund hört, ohne sich aus seiner Ruhe stören zu lassen, sondern es bedeutet die Beziehung des Namens auf das Selbst. Das Thier empfängt darum hier seine Ichheit und seinen Namen nicht von sich, sondern beides ist zuerst gewisser- massen ausser ihm im Herrn vorhanden; aber es hat dennoch ein Selbstbcwusstsein, sofern es in dunkler Weise den gehörten Xamen auf sich bezieht und dadurch jene Souveränitätserklärung gleichsam ratiticirt und contrasignirt. Bei der Entwickelung des Kindes treten die Stufen des Selbstbewusstseins deutlicher hervor. Zuerst scheint es beim Kinde wie beim Thier zu stehen; hernach aber ergreift das Kind den gehörten und mit dem Bewusstsein von sich selbst associirten Namen und nennt sich selbst damit : „Hans will dies oder das*'. Später wird es der Sprache so weit kundig, dass es sich des allgemeinen Pronomens Ich bemächtigt und dieses an die Stelle des Namens setzt. Wieder ist es eine höhere Stufe, wenn das Kind je nach den Umständen bald Ich. bald den Digitized by Google 61 Eigennamen von sich gebraucht. Die höchste Stufe ist die wissenschaftliche Rrkenntniss des Ich. Das Selbstbewusstsein geht aber durch alle Stuten hindurch. Es ist nun interessant zu seilen, dass der Begriff des Was und des Dass. des Inhalts und der Existenz, unabhängig von einem intensiveren Selbstbewusstsein auftritt. Denn das Kind schon versteht das Was zu scheiden, z. B. ob es Brot oder Kuchen erhält, ob die Mutter oder eine Fremde kommt u. s. w. Es weiss auch um das Dass, z. B. dass ihm jetzt die Brust ge- reicht wird, wesshalb es zu schreien aufhört. Sobald aber ein deutlicheres Selbstbewusstsein erreicht und die Sprachfähigkeit gewonnen ist, kann es beide Formen des Seins als im Teil ge- geben erkennen, indem es z. B. sagt: „Ich sehe den Hund, den Baum" u. s. w. Ebenso: „Ich sah, dass er kam: ich hörte, dass Du sagtest, oder ich sehe, ich höre" u. s. w. Das Was und das Dass ist nun im Ich. Das Ich hat den Inhalt des Seins in sich und weiss um die Existenz seiner Thätigkeiten und urtheilt über die nach Aussen projicirte Existenz. Während das Was und das Dass zuerst scheinbar auseinander fällt und sich im Bewusstsein zersplittert, so nimmt das erwachende Selbstbewusst- sein als übergreifende Macht beides wieder zurück in seine Ein- heit. Das Ich ist jetzt das Existirende, das Ich hat das Was in seinen Vorstellungen, das Ich projicirt auch das Sein nach Aussen in seinen Urtheilen. Alles Sein ruht desshalb im Ich nach dem Zeugniss des Selhstbewusstseins, welches nicht der Meinung ist, als wenn das Ich wie eine Spätgeburt langsam aus den Thätigkeiten hervorwachse, sondern es bezieht das Denken, Fühlen, Wollen, Bewegen, kurz alle Thätigkeit auf sich, das Ich. als auf ihre Quelle und Einheit. § 2. Definition des Seins. Hiermit sind wir nun bei unserem Ziele angekommen: denn es handelte sich darum, das Sein zu definiren. Detinirt wird aber alles, wenn durch Feststellung der Beziehungspunkte der logische Ort augegeben wird, an dem wir einen Begriff fassen müssen, sobald wir denken. Das Denken selbst kann nicht erlassen und ersetzt werden. Digitized by Google 62 Mau sagt seit Aristoteles, dass zu jeder Definition die nächste Gattung und der urtbildende Unterschied gehöre; dies ist auch ganz richtig, doch fehlt dabei die Einsicht, dass der Begriff nicht aus zwei Stücken besteht, sondern eine von diesen Bestimmuiigsstöcken ganz verschiedene neue Denkeinheit bildet. Man kann sich einen begrenzten Raum und kaun sich drei Linien denken, ohne den Begriff des Dreiecks zu haben: denn dieser Begriff ist etwas Neues, der erst durch Beziehung jener Be- stimmungen auf einander entspringt. Es kommt also darauf an. die Bestimmungsstücke der Definition von vornherein als Be- ziehungspunkte aufzufassen, welche sich durch den zusammen- fassenden Gesichtspunkt als durch eine neue Denkfunction con- jugiren lassen. Jeder Gesichtspunkt kann daher zum Beziehungs- punkte, jeder Beziehuugspunkt zum Gesichtspunkte werden. So z. B. muss ich hinblicken auf die Menge beliebig begrenzter Raumtigureu als meinen ersten Beziehungspunkt; indem ich dann zweitens die Zahl der begrenzenden Linien durchgehe und die Zahl drei als zweiten Beziehuugspuukt in's Auge fasse, so ent- steht mir der Gesichtspunkt, wonach aus allen jenen unzähligen Raumfiguren die von drei Linien begrenzten ausgesondert und zusammeugefasst werden, da immerfort der Beziehungspunkt drei an jede beliebige Raumtigur herantritt und die eine abstösst, die andere aber sich zuordnet, so dass in dem definirten Be- griff nun eine beliebige Menge von Dreiecken zusammengefasst sind oder auch ferner noch zusammengefasst werden können. Die Zahl drei für sich genommen, ist unfruchtbar und erzeugt nichts, die Vorstellung beliebig begrenzter Figuren bildet auch keinen neuen Begriff; erst die Function des Beziehens bildet den Gesichtspunkt, durch welchen eine Zusammenfassung oder ein neuer Begriff entsteht. Ein anderes Beispiel sei die Division in der Arithmetik. Beziehungspunkte sind der Dividendus und der Divisor. Der Gesichtspunkt ist der Quotient, sofern der Divisor immerfort auf den Dividendus bezogen und das Resultat dieser Beziehungen zusammengefasst werden soll, wodurch mau erfährt, wie viel mal d in 1) enthalten sei. D und d sind coor- dinirt durch den Gesichtspunkt des Quotienten, da z. B. D au relativer Grösse wächst, je mehr d abnimmt und umgekehrt, indem q allemal die Einheit der Beziehungsfunctiou ausdrückt. Die Detinition eines Terminus verlangt daher eine einheitliche Denkfunction, durch welche wir zwei auch durch Tennini Digitized by Google 63 bezeichnete Beziehungspunkte eoordiniren. Diese Definition «1er Definition hat den Vorzug vor den früheren, dass sie nicht bloss die sogenannte real«* und genetische Definition zusammentasst, sondern sich auch ganz beliebig auf die einfachen, wie auf die sogenannten zusammengesetzten oder subordinirten Begriffe an- wenden lässt. Wenn wir demgemäss den Begriff des 8 eins als Was definiren wollen, so bemerken wir sofort, ^ eflniUon dM dass dies nicht ohne den Begriff des Dass thunlich ist. Beide Begriffe sind correlativ wie Vater und Sohn . Herr und Sclave u. s. w. Es wird daher nothig, bei der Definition eines jeden das andere vorauszusetzen, so dass beide Begriffe immer zusammen entspringen. Setzen wir also als den Einen Beziehungspunkt die ganze Mannichfaltigkeit des gegebenen Bewusstseins mit allem seinem Wechsel und dividiren dieses Ganze durch das Dass, so ergiebt sich als Quotient der Gesichts- punkt des Was. Das heisst, wenn wir das ungeschiedene Be- wusstsein beziehen auf den Wechsel der Thätigkeiten, so zeigt sich, dass wir jedesmal einen Inhalt a. h, c . . . . vorstellen, der sich dem Wechsel der Thiitigkeiten gegenüber gleichgültig verhält, d. h. beliebig oft gesetzt werden kann, ohne sich zu verändern, und wenn wir von dein Bewusstsein alles subtrahiit haben, was dem Wechsel oder dem Dass entspricht, so zeigt der Quotient die ganze Reihe a. b. c . . . . , die wir zusammenfassend den Inhalt oder das Was nennen. Dividiren wir aber dasselbe Ganze durch das Was, so ergiebt sich das Dass. d. h. wenn wir mit dem Inhalt oder dem Was in das gegebene ganze Bewusst- sein dividiren. so ziehen wir der Reihe nach den Inhalt a und b und c u. s. w. ab und der Quotient sagt uns, dass dieser Inhalt in unserem Bewusstsein so und so viel mal gesetzt war, d. h. wir erhalten das Dass. Das Sein als Was ist also zu definiren als die Zusammen- fassung des gegebenen Bewusstseins im Gegensatz zu dem Dass. Diese Definition muss sich als richtig beweisen bei jedem ein- zelnen AVas. Z.B. was ist ein Quadrat? Gegebeu im Bewusst- sein sind die vielen Vorstellungen von Quadraten. Nun fasse ich alle diese Vorstellungen zusammen, indem ich darauf hin- sehe, dass sie mir in so und so vielen einzelnon Bildern gegeben sind, und sage, indem ich wieder von dieser Vielheit absehe, es werde gleichgültig gegen die Vielheit des Dass immer ein Digitized by Google 64 Parallelogramm mit lauter rechten Winkeln und gleichen Seiten vorgestellt. Das ist nun das Was des (Quadrats in Beziehung darauf, dass mir dieses Was in beliebig vielen Exemplaren vorliegt. Die Beziehungspunkte sind also das gegebene Bewußt- sein und das Dass. Der Begriff des Dass aber erfordert die Hervorhebung eines neuen Beziehungspunktes. Denn das Dass ist in dein In Ii alt des Bewusstseins nicht gegeben. Erst wenn wir das Was auf das Ich beziehen, ist das Was ein gesetztes, d. h. etwas, was ich vorstelle, was ich will, was ich thue, kurz eine Thiitigkeit. Bei dem Was setzen wir daher bloss das Be- wusstsein voraus und sehen ab von dem Selbstbewusstsein: bei dem Dass sehen wir aber hin auf das Selbstbewusstsein und sehen ab von dem Inhalt des Bewusstseins, indem uns der In- halt oder das Was des Bewusstseins bloss dazu dient, um die einzelnen Acte des Selbstbewusstseins zu unterscheiden. Mithin ist das Dass zu detiniren als die Zusammenfassung aller Acte des Selbstbewusstseins in Beziehung auf das Was. Darum ist die Frage nach dem Dass immer eine Auflösung dieser Zu- sammenfassung in die einzelnen Acte nach ihrer Beziehung auf das Ich und zeigt sich sprachlich in den Partikeln „ob, wie oft, wie viel, wann" u. s. w. Z. ß. es wird behauptet, dass ein Komet erschienen sei. Nun fragt sich, wer (Ich) ihn gesehen hat (Act), wann und wie oft er gesehen sei, wie viele ihn gesehen haben. Es handelt sich also, wenn ein Dass in Frage kommt, immer um «las Ich und seine Acte und diese werden durch das Dass zusammengefasst in Beziehung auf ein Was. Wenn nun das Dass selbst definirt ist, so ist dieser Be- griff das Was des Dass. Jedes Dass hat desshalb ein Was; aber es ist nicht dasselbe, wie das Was; denn jedes Was hat auch ein Dass. Darum hat auch das Dass als Was ein Dass, d. h. es ist ein wirklicher Act von uns, wenn wir den Begriff des Dass denken. Dadurch dass ich jede von beiden Kategorien auf die andere anwenden kann, werden sie nicht etwa identiticirt, sondern es zeigt sieh bloss, dass wir das Was und das Dass nicht bloss bei jedem einzelnen Inhalt geltend machen, sondern sie auch auf die ganze Zusammenfassung der zugehörigen Gebiete anwenden dürfen. Digitized by Google 65 Ulrici hat in neuerer Zeit eine sehr inter- essante Frage aufgebracht, in Bezug auf welche Ueber Ulrici,g . ö Unter»cheidung wir nothwendig Stellung nehmen müssen. Er will nämlich den Ursprung alles Bewusstseins in das Scheiden und Unterscheiden setzen, ähnlich wie Spinoza die dcterminatiu für negatio erklärte. Demgemäss müssten wir hier sagen, dass eine Unterscheidung uns das Dass und Was lieferte. Allein erstens können wir doch nicht wohl unterscheiden, wenu wir nicht vorher schon etwas haben. Der Inhalt des Bewusstseins mit seinem Wechsel muss uns also schon gegeben sein; erst müssen wir das Wild haben, ehe wir es zerlegen können. Zweitens muss es für die Scheidung doch einen Grund geben, denn sonst würden wir uns dazu nicht veranlasst fühlen. Also muss der Beziehungs- punkt, der zur Scheidung führt, auch schon gegeben oder be- merkt sein. Mithin scheint mir das Scheiden und Unterscheiden immer erst in zweiter Linie an die Reihe zu kommen; denn die dettrminatio, z. B. wenn wir das Allgemeine „Figur" determi- niren und also eine bestimmte Figur, etwa Viereck, denken, ist zwar negatio* sofern wir Dreiecke, Fünfecke und alle andern Vielecke ausschliessen; allein wir mussten doch sicherlich schon die Natur des Vierecks erblicken, ehe wir sagen konnten, es sei kein Dreieck, kein Fünfeck u. s. w. Also ist die Determination erst positiv und dann in zweiter Linie erst negativ. Vielleicht ist aber dieser Urtheilsspruch auch noch nicht gerecht genug; denn um etwas von etwas Anderem zu unterscheiden, müssen wir doch erst auf etwas Anderes hinblickeil, das wir positiv er- kennen. Wenn wir z. B. sagen: „« ist nicht b", so müssen wir nicht bloss a, sondern auch b wahrgenommen und verglichen haben und erst nach Setzung dieser beiden Beziehungspunkte haben wir als Gesichtspunkt die Negation. So würde die Unter- scheidung doch wohl erst in dritter Linie an die Reihe kommen. Man könnte mir zwar die Einwendung machen, dass das Zweite, welches ich „etwas Anderes" nannte, ja nichts „Anderes" wäre, wenn ich es nicht schon von dem ersten unterschieden hätte; allein dieser Einwand stützt sich auf eine falsche Methode des Denkens, die ich die lexikographische nenne, weil sie von Worten, statt von Gedanken, ausgeht. Denn wenn wir b neben a nennen, oder roth neben blau, so ist weder b an sich etwas „Anderes" als a, noch roth etwas anderes als blau, sondern jedes ist ein eigener Inhalt, sei es Empfindung oder Gefühl oder T« i c h ra (i 11 e r , MeUphjiik. 5 66 Vorstellung oder Willen u. s. w. Erst durch Vcrgleichung beider Beziehungspunkte komme ich auf den Gesichtspunkt des „Anders- seins" oder der Negation und Unterscheidung. Wenn wir daher sprachlich das Wort „Anderes- verwenden, um positive Inhalte neben positiven Inhalten zu bezeichnen, so operiren wir schon mit einem Begriffe, der in dein Worte ..Anderes" zwar liegt, aber seiner Natur nach später ist, als die Handlung, die wir im Sinne haben und wir dürfen uns also nicht durch die Sprache fangen hissen. Wie wir aber darauf kommen, die beiden Be- ziehungspunkte des Dass und des Was aufzufassen, das habe ich oben ausführlich dargelegt. Ulrici verdient unseren Dank für seine subtile Frage, weil er dadurch zu selir scharfen Untersuchungen anregt. Ich sehe mich desshalb veranlasst, meine Stellung noch genauer zu er- läutern. Es kann keinem Zweifel unterliegen, dass Setzung und Unterscheidung zusammengehören, wie das Princip der Identität und der Coutradictiou ; denn man kann nichts als gesetzt be- weisen, als indem man es entgegensetzt oder unterscheidet. Man kann aber weder das Eine, noch das Andere thun, ohne Beziehungs- punkte, welche an sich noch indifferent den Grund für unsere Setzung oder Entgegensetzung darbieten. Wenn wir z. B. bei den von Schiller und Göthe zusammen verfassten Epigrammen behaupten, dieses hier sei von Schiller, so heisst das zugleich, es sei eben nicht von Göthe, und wir können unsere Setzung nur beweisen, indem wir unterscheiden. Der Grund der Setzung scheint also in der Unterscheidung zu liegen. Allein dabei ist vergessen, dass wir noch einen zweiten Grund oder Beziehungs- punkt hatten, nämlich die Bekanntschaft sowohl mit dem indivi- duellen Stil von Schiller und Göthe, als mit dem indifferent, d. h. anonym, vorliegenden Epigramm. Setzung und Unter- scheidung fallen also nicht zeitlich und logisch zusammen, sondern es geht der Unterscheidung der Acte das Bewusstsein von dem positiven Inhalt von a und b voran. Das Bewusstsein des ge- gebenen Inhalts entsteht also nicht erst durch Unterscheidung. Durch Unterscheidung entsteht nur das Bewusstsein von dem Unterschied, welches nicht das Bewusstsein von dem positiven Inhalt der Sache ist. Wenn wir ein Thier sehen, so sagen wir gleich, es sei ein, Hund oder ein Pferd und be- stimmen es also positiv durch Erinnerung an die gleichartigen Bilder. Durch diese vorangehende Position sind wir dann erst igitized by Google 67 befähigt zu dem Bewusstsein des Unterschiedes, welches ein neuer Act des Denkens ist und worin erkannt wird, dass es etwa ein Pferd und kein Hund ist. Ich unterscheide desshalh das setzende Bewusstsein von dem Bewusstsein der Setzung; letzteres ist mit dem Bewusstsein der Unterscheidung correlativ, ersteres aber keineswegs. Und mithin kann und muss eine doppelte Setzung vorangehen, ehe das Bewusstsein des Unterschiedes möglich wird. So bleibt nur noch übrig das Sein als Ich oder Wesen zu definiren. Demnach gilt es die beiden n*finition •>«•» Beziehungspuukte zu linden. Als erster ist uns nun gleich das Was und das Dass gegeben. Der zweite ist aber auch nicht weit zu suchen, sondern besteht bloss in der Be- merkung, dass wir sowohl das Dass als das Was setzten und es auf einander bezogen. Mithin dividiren wir das Eine in das Andere. Alles Was und Dass geht in diese Beziehung auf: denn die Beziehung erstreckt sich auf alles Was und Dass. So entsteht als Gesichtspunkt der Begriff einer Einheit, welche unzähliges Was und Dass in sich schliesst. Dieser Gesichtspunkt ist möglich, sofern wir ja nichts ohne das Andere setzen und nichts ohne Beziehung auf Anderes denken konnten; er ist aber auch wirklich, sofern wir ja that sächlich das Dass und das Was setzen und die Inhalte des Was und den Wechsel desselben im Bewusstsein thatsächlich bemerken und Alles auf einander be- ziehen; denn indem wir davon reden, thun wir es ja im Denken. Also ist Alles in Einem gegeben. Dieses Eine, welches wir Ich nennen, ist daher nicht „Subject - Object", wie man es gewöhnlich detinirt, oder nach unserer Ausdrucksweise „Dass- Was"; denn dies kommt jeder einzelnen Erkenntniss zu, da sowohl in den Anschauungen, als in den Vorstellungen und Be- griffen die Thätigkeit mit ihrem Inhalt sich deckt, indem der Inhalt der Thätigkeit grade nur vorhanden ist, wenn er durch die zugehörige Thätigkeit verwirklicht wird. Vielmehr umfasst das Ich auch das Wollen und Bewegen und Fühlen, bei welchen Thätigkeiten das vorgestellte Object oder der ideelle Inhalt bloss coordinirt ist, ohne mit ihnen identisch zu sein. Das Ich aber ist immer die Einheit, welche gegen alle diese Vielheit und Ver- schiedenheit und gegen allen Wechsel der Thätigkeit gleichgültig ist, indem es Alles auf einander bezieht und so in Allem als das Gleiche und Eine beharrt. 5* Digitized by Google 68 Wir definiren das Ich also als den in numerischer Einheit gegebenen, seiner seihst hewnsst werdenden Beziehungsgrund für alles im Bcwusstsein gegebene ideelle und reale Sein. Wenn in dieser Definition des Ichs als Wesen m " oder Substanz das Ich als Einheit einer Vielheit •l/sataiiu. hingestellt wird, so fragt sich, in welchem Sinne hier der Begriff der Einheit verstanden werde. Dieselbe Frage musste sich Kant vorlegen, als er das: „Ich denke", welches alle Vorstellungen begleiten kann und welches er die transscendentale synthetische Einheit der Apperception nannte, als Einheit bestimmte. Er behauptet nun dort (K. d. r. \\. Hartenst. S. 128), dass hiermit „nicht jene Kategorie der Einheit" gemeint sei, sondern eine Einheit, die jener Kategorie vorausginge und die er „qualitative Einheit" nennen wolle. Kant will also nicht die numerische Einheit. Aber was heisst denn qualitative Einheit? Kant ist an dieser Stelle nicht besonnen genug; denn alle andern sogenannten Einheiten gehören bloss zum Umfang des Begriffs, und der Begriff der Einheit selbst kann niemals etwas anderes als Numerisches ausdrücken. Darum war es auch nöthig. ein Attribut zur näheren Bestimmung hin- zuzufügen. Nun fordert das Attribut: „qualitativ" nichts anderes, als dass wir den Begriff der Einheit auf das Gebiet der Qualität anwenden sollen. Qualitativ zwei ist aber etwa gelb und blau oder gut und schlecht, kurz das Verschiedene; qualitativ eins aber etwa gelb und gelb oder gut und gut oder ein Pferd und ein anderes Pferd, sofern diese Farben und Gemüthseigen- schaften und Dinge zwar der Zahl nach mehrmals gesetzt werden können, ohne dass doch die Qualität, d. h. was sie sind oder wie sie sind, als verschieden gelten soll. Das heisst, sie sollen als einerlei oder identisch gelten, d. h. der Art oder Qualität nach eins, wenn wir von ihrer qualitativen Einheit sprechen. So meint man ja auch, wenn man sagt: „es ist mir einerlei", dass es. obgleich wir der Zahl nach zwei oder mehr Vorschläge hörten, uns doch nicht darauf ankomme, welcher von beiden ausgeführt würde, da wir die Qualität oder den Werth derselhen für eins hielten. Wenn dies nun so richtig ist, so durfte Kant den Begriff der Einheit des Bewusstseins in doppelter Beziehung nicht für eine qualitative Einheit ausgeben, da wir ja einmal in vielen Bewusstseinsacten uns offenbar ganz verschiedenen Inhalts Digitized by Google 69 bewusst sein können, und zweitens weil, wenn Kant bloss das „Ich denke" im Einen Acte mit dem „Ich denke*' im andern Acte verglichen haben wollte, die qualitative Einheit dieses „ Ich denke*', als des Bewusstseins. kein Grund sein kann, um Ver- schiedenes in die numerische Einheit dieses Bewusstseins seihst zusammenzufassen. Denn wenn ich viele Pferde vor Augen habe und bei jedem die Qualität braun empfinde, so folgt nicht, dass diese Farbe wegen ihrer qualitativen Einheit die vielen verschiedenen Pferde mit in sich fasse, da sie vielmehr kein einziges in sich fasst, so lange ein Pferd keine Farbe ist. Kant wollte aber grade alle die vielen und verschiedenen Acte des Bewusstseins in Einem Bewusstsein zusammengefasst wissen und dazu suchte er den Begriff der qualitativen Einheit, der leider zu diesem Geschäfte untauglich ist. An diesem Resultate wird nichts geändert, auch wenn wir die Beispiele, die Kant (ebendas. S. 116) zur Veranschaulichung seines Begriffs von einer qualitativen Einheit beibringt, in's Auge fassen. Es werde darunter, sagt er, „die Einheit der Zusammen- fassung des Mannigfaltigen der Erkenntnisse gedacht, wie etwa die Einheit des Thema in einem Schauspiel, einer Rede, einer Fabel". Aristoteles und die Schule nennen aber solche Ein- heiten nicht qualitativ {/.ata to ;roi6v). sondern würden dafür entweder das Verhältniss des Ganzen zu seinen Theilen, oder des Zweckes zü seinen Mitteln anführen. Denn das Schauspiel bildet eine Einheit, sofern es ein Ganzes mit Theilen ist, ebenso etwa die Fabel: die Rede aber hat einen Zweck und die Theile der Rede sind die Mittel, wodurch sich der Zweck durchfuhrt. Alles dieses passt nicht auf Kaufs Einheit des Bewusstseins. sofern diese bloss durch das sich gleiche: „Ich denke" begründet wird; denn sonst müsste ja der gesammte Bewusstseinsinhalt durch das „Ich denke" in einen einzigen Zweckbegriff oder in ein Thema zusammengefasst werden, wovon dann die einzelnen Bewusst- seinsacte die Theile oder Mittel wären. Weder denkt aber Kant bei seinem „Ich denke" im Mindesten daran, ein solches Thema ausfindig zu machen, was ihm auch wohl schwer geworden wäre, noch will er da die Einheit des Bewusstseins leugnen, wo eine solche „Zusammenfassung des Mannigfaltigen der Erkenntnisse" zu einem System nicht stattgefunden hat. Also stimmt seine Erläuterung des Hegriffs einer qualitativen Einheit gar nicht mit seinem Begriffe der Einheit des Bewusstseins und mithin Digitized by Google 70 müssen wir schliessen, dass Kant überhaupt nicht im Stande gewesen ist. seinen Gedanken weder sich, noch Anderen deutlich zu machen. Lassen wir nun Kant hei Seite, so könnten wir zunächst auf die numerische Einheit kommen. Dies wäre durchaus richtig, denn das Ich ist numerisch eins der Vielheit seiner Thätigkeiten gegenüber; es ist auch numerisch eins, wie wir seilen werden, in Beziehung auf das Du und die andern Wesen überhaupt. Allein hierdurch wird nur bewiesen , dass wir auf das Ich ebenso gut, wie auf alles Andere die Zahl anwenden und dadurch benannte Grössen bilden können ; dass aber das Ich selbst eine Zahl oder die numerische Eins sei, das wird dadurch nicht bewiesen. Es meint auch Niemand Ich und Einheit zu identificirOn, wenn von der Einheit des Ichs gesprochen wird. Dass wir mit der Einheit des Ichs auch nicht einen Zweck- gedanken, ein Thema, oder die Idee eines Ganzen meinen, lässt sieh leicht dadurch zeigen, dass alle diese Begriffe sich nur auf einen Theil unseres Bewusstseinsinhalts beziehen, während wir ausserdem noch sehr viel in unserem Bewusstsein befassen, das nicht zu irgend einem bestimmten Thema oder einem irgendwie bestimmten Lebenszweck oder zu irgend einem System von Er- kenntnissen gehört, Indem wir nun alle diese Vorschläge abweisen, merken wir, wie abenteuerlich wir verfuhren, als wir eine sonst schon irgend- wie bestimmte Art der Einheit auf das Ich anwenden wollten. Kann man sich denn etwas Komischeres denken, als wenn ein Naturforscher etwa einen Delphin bestimmen wollte und durchaus nachweisen zu müssen glaubte, dass der Delphin entweder ein Hund oder eine Katze oder ein Hirsch und dergleichen sei. als wenn der Delphin irgend etwas anderes zu sein brauchte als ein Delphin. Man kann und soll jedes Wesen wohl mit andern vergleichen; man findet aber die Vergleichungspunkte, d. h. das Genus, die Ordnung und das übrige Allgemeine nur dadurch, dass man das gegebene Individuum vorher in seiner Eigentüm- lichkeit anerkennt. Denn wenn nicht a gesetzt ist und 6, so giebt es auch keine Aehnlichkeit zwischen a und b. Also müssen wir uns besser besinnen und die ganze frühere Methode ver- werfen: denn erst wenn wir das Ich kennen, können wir auch wissen, ob seine Einheit etwa mit irgend einer andern soge- nannten Art von Einheit verwandt sei. Es ist daher seltsam. Digitized by Google 71 wenn man auch nur den Versuch macht, das Ich und seine Ein- heit durch die Einheiten zu denken, die man etwa in deu sinn- lichen Gegenständen oder den Begriffen und Themata und Willensbestimmungeii u. s. w. antrifft; denn alles dies ist insge- sammt ideelles Sein und blosser Gegenstand des Bewusstseins und desshalh von dem Ich gänzlich verschieden, da es bloss in dem Ich als Vorstellung oder Inhalt der Vorstellung anzutreffen ist. Wie das Auge nicht so zu sein braucht, wie die Dinge, die es sieht, die Bäume, die Thiere, die Wolken: so braucht auch das Ich nicht irgend einer solchen Einheit unterworfen zu sein, wie die Gegenstände, die es sich in seinem Bewusstsein vorstellt. Durch diese Betrachtungen kommen wir recht zur Besinnung und befreien uns von dem Alpdruck, der auf der Philosophie lag. Denn Kant meinte, er müsse das Ich durchaus mit Sinnen schauen können, wenn es ein Wesen sein sollte, wie die andern Gegenstände: Fichte glaubte, das Ich miisste durchaus entweder ein todtes Ding oder eine Thätigkeit sein; Hegel wollte das Ich bloss als ein Sich -selbst- denken fassen; Schopenhauer als einen AVillen; Herbart als eine intelligible Billardkugel; Leibniz als ein Atom u. s. w. Kurz man glaubte, das Ich müsste auf jeden Fall entweder so sein, wie die Gegenstände, die wir uns vor- stellen, oder wie die Thätigkeiten, die wir ausüben. Jetzt aber sehen wir. dass es im höchsten Grade unwahrscheinlich ist, dass das Ich irgend so beschaffen sei, und dass wir am Besten thun, den Delphin nicht zum Hirsche machen zu wollen, sondern das Ich selbst zu fragen, wie es sei, und diese seine Einheit als eine eigenthiimliche Art anzuerkennen. Wenn es sich nun darum handelt, einen Namen für die Einheit des Ichs zu finden, so können wir sie nur die sub- stanziale Einheit nennen. Das aber, was darunter zu ver- stehen sei, können wir nur Huden , indem wir das Ich selbst sich offenbaren lassen: denn das Ich als Substanz kann nur durch sich erkannt werden und mithin nur, indem es sich selbst er- kennt. Das Ich aber bezeugt von sich, dass es in vielen Thätig- keiten existire und dass diese Thätigkeiten ihrem ideellen Sein nach verschieden seien, dass es aber zugleich in numerischer Einheit in allen diesen Thätigkeiten thätig sei und in numerischer Einheit den Inhalt dieser Thätigkeit denke, wolle und bewege. Es weiss auch, dass es nicht als Ganzes dieser Vielheit zu denken sei, d. h. als Summe oder Product, da es sonst ausser seinen Digitized by Google 72 Theilen sein müsste; denn der Begriff vom Ganzen und seinen Theilen ist dem Gebiete der Quantität entlehnt und kann auf die ganze Sphäre der Anschauung und Erkenntniss angewendet werden. Ueberall aber sind uns dort nur die Theile gegeben, und das Ganze ist ein Begriff, den wir davon bilden . wie z. B. gleich die Summe von uns ausgerechnet wird, während die Posten davon unabhängig für sich vorgestellt werden. Und wenn wir sagen, ein Posten sei in der Summe, als in seinem Ganzen, so heisst das nur, dass wir ihn mit in dem Begriffe eingeschlossen haben. Die Summe aber ist ein Begriff in dem Rechnenden, während die Posten ihm zugleich als objectiv gegeben gelten. Ebenso ist es mit den sogenannten Dingen, die ein Ganzes bilden sollen; denn auch dort ist, z. B. beim Tisch und bei dem Thier und dem Baum, das Ganze unser Begriff und die Theile können wir beliebig vom sogenannten Ganzen abtrennen. Die Theile sind uns vorher gegeben und wir fassen sie erst zu der Vorstellung des Ganzen zusammen. Wie verschieden ist dies aber bei dem Ich und seinen Thätigkeiten! Vorstellungen sind nicht ohne das Vorstellende, Bewegungen nicht ohne das Be- wegende, Wollen nicht ohne das Wollende. Darum sagt man auch „Ich will, Ich denke, Ich fühle". Das Ich ist als Ganzes und nicht getheilt in allen seinen Theilen und die Theile sind im Ganzen nicht wie sonst ungetheilt, sondern grade als Theile gesetzt. Also ist hier eine völlig verschiedene Art der Einheit gegeben und wir thun gut, nicht fremde Schablonen zu ent- lehnen und sie einem Gegenstande anzupassen, der sich nicht unter sie einzwängen lässt. Wollen wir lieber gerecht sein und hier eine eigenthümliche Art der Einheit, nämlich die sub- stanziale Einheit, einfach anerkennen, wie nach dem Völker- recht ein Staat von den übrigen anerkannt werden muss, wenn er die Kraft zeigt, durch sich selbst dazusein und sich zu er- halten. Es steht aber nichts im Wege, diesen neu gewonnenen Begriff einer substanzialen Einheit nicht als bloss singulär zu betrachten und nicht bloss auf das individuelle Ich zu beziehen, sondern ihn als allgemeine Kategorie zu gebrauchen, sobald sich ein Gegenstand fände, der den Merkmalen dieses Begriffs ge- nügte. Ich will nur kurz andeuten, dass uns nichts hindert, eine Vielheit solcher substanzialen Einheiten oder Wesen an- zunehmen und dass sich auch vielleicht durch weitere Be- trachtungen ergeben konnte, dass alle Wesen in ähnlicher Weise Digitized by Google 73 in Gott sind, wie die Thätigkeiten und ihr Inhalt im Ich. Dann würde Gott eine substanziale Einheit bilden und dennoch die Wesen alle von einander seihständig getrennt sein und zugleich doch alle auf einander bezogen und Eins in Gott. Doch es ist hier noch nicht der Ort, diese neue Theologie methodisch zu entwickeln. In dem Selbstbewusstsein haben wir daher die einzige und letzte Quelle unseres Begriffs vom ,,M Stin dM .... , ,. . . . fehl wird nicht Sein, und alle Anwendungen, die wir in so mannig- eret-iiio«.™. faltiger Weise von diesem Begriffe machen, müssen als abgeleitete auf diese Quelle zurückgeführt werden. Denn wie sollten wir von irgend einem Dinge, von einem Thier, einer historischen Person, einem durch Analyse gefundenen Elemente, seihst von Gott und wovon es auch sei. sagen können, dass es sei, gewesen sei oder sein werde, wenn wir nicht schon wüssten. was „sein" bedeute? Und wie sollten wir dies wissen, wenn wir nicht uns selbst kennen gelernt und den Begriff des Seins daraus geschöpft hätten? Wir sc h Hessen auf das Sein aller andern Dinge; unseres eigenen Seins allein sind wir uns unmittelbar bewusst und grade dieses Wissen von uns selbst und von unseren Thätigkeiten und ihrem Inhalt ist alles, was wir unter Sein verstehen, und es giebt keine andere Quelle der Erkenntnis« für diesen Begriff. Doch wie? kommt es nicht auch vor, dass einer fragt, ob er wirklich existire? Hörten wir nicht von solchen, die vor Er- staunen über das, was sie erlebten, sich besinnen mussten, ob sie auch wirklich dawären, ob sie wachten und nicht träumten? Und ist also nicht das Bewusstsein unserer Existenz auch er- schlossen? Wir würden eine solche Frage gar nicht aufwerfen dürfen, wenn nicht durch die sensualistische „Kritik der reinen Vernunft" viele Gelehrte dahin gelangt wären, das „Sein" mil- den Gegenständen der Erfahrung zuzusprechen, dagegen an ihrem eigenen Sein seltsam zu zweifeln. Als die kluge Else, welche, wie die Mutter sagte, ,.Zwirn im Kopfe hatte-* und, wie der Vater sagte, „die Fliegen husten hörte", im Korn gelegen und geschlafen hatte, so heisst es in Grimm's Märchen, wachte sie in dem Vogelgarn mit kleinen Schellen auf, welches ihr von dem Hans umgelegt war. und erschrak und ward irre au sich und fragte überall: „Bin ich's oder bin ich's nicht?" Die Frage konnte sie, ebenso wie Kant nicht erledigen, und läuft Digitized by Google 74 wahrscheinlich noch umher, wenn sie nicht gestorben ist. Die Super- klugheit, welche das Märehen an der klugen Else lustig darstellt, besteht darin, dass sie von Anderen lernen will, was sie selbst allein wissen kann. Die Anderen sollen ihr empirisch durch Schluss die Identität ihres eigenen Seins verbürgen, das sie un- mittelbar selbst in sich selbst hat und weiss, da ihr Zweifel ja gar nicht entstehen könnte, wenn es nicht ein und dasselbe Ich wäre, welches zu verschiedenen Zeiten verschiedene Zustände in sich wahrnimmt. Darum kann man wohl fragen, ob man bei einem wunderbaren Erlebnisse wache oder träume . aber nicht, ob man existire und dasselbe Ich sei; denn dieser Zweifel und diese Frage ist schon das Zeichen für die Identität, weil es keinen Grund zu solchem Zweifel gäbe, wenn ein Ich (A) das Gewöhnliche, ein anderes Ich (B) jenes Wunderbare erlebte. Nur weil A identisch A ist. nur dessbalb kann es sich über den ('outrast Beiner Erlebnisse wundern. Es ist daher unsinnig, wenn einer fragt, ob er existire; denn den Begriff der Existenz, den wir dabei durch Schluss von uns selbst prädiciren möchten, haben wir vielmehr durch das Wissen um unsere eigene Thätig- keit überhaupt erst erworben. Ebenso verkehrt ist es, wenn Kant zweifelt, ob die Seele eine Substanz sei; deun er nimmt dabei den Begriff der Substanz als anderswoher gegeben an, während man doch nur durch das Selbstbewusstsein auf den Begriff" einer Substanz kommt. Kant als Sensualist denkt sich unter Substanz ein Anschauungsbild, einen Tisch oder einen Hund, und nun fragt er, ob die Seele solche Substanz sei. und will das erschließen. Die Anschauungsbilder sind aber bloss ein Inhalt unserer vorstellenden Thätigkeit und darum in uns, ein Accidenz und keine Substanz. Wer kein Selbstbewusstsein hat, weiss daher nichts von einer Substanz. Wenn wir aber unsere Seele als Quelle des Substanzbegriffs kennen gelernt haben, können wir auch unternehmen zu fragen, ob etwa hinter den Anschauungsbildern der Dinge auch auf Substanzen nach der Art unserer Seele geschlossen werden dürfe. Es ist aber angezeigt, hier noch auf eine refaheft and Distiiiction aufmerksam zu machen, ohne welche vielleicht ein Widerspruch gegen unsere Resultate erhoben werden könnte. Wir haben nämlich bisher den Aus- druck Ich innner für die substanziale Einheit gebraucht. Nun ist aber bekannt genug, dass das Ich als eine höhere Form der Digitized by Google 75 Erkenntniss erst später auftritt und nicht etwa schon von Haus aus dem Kinde innewohnt. Auch sehen wir, dass das Ich als Selbstbewusstsein im Laufe von vierundzwanzig Stunden regel- mässig für fünf bis neun Stunden ungefähr jedem Menschen ver- loren geht, wenn er schläft, dass es ausserdem auch bei der Ohnmacht verschwindet. Ein so unbeständiges Ding taugt als«) schwerlich zu einer substanzialen Einheit. Allein gegen diesen Einwurf ist die merkwürdige entgegen- stehende Thatsache anzuführen, dass Jeder nach dem Schlafe beim Erwachen sein verschwundenes Ich regelmässig wiederfindet und nicht etwa als Hans einschläft, um als Peter wieder aufzu- wachen. Man kommt auch beim Wiedererwachen nicht zu dem Skepticismus der klugen Else; vielmehr zeigt sich, dass das Ich als Selbstbewusstsein trotz seiner regelmässigen oder unregel- mässigen Unterbrechungen bei jedem Menschen von der frühen Jugend bis zum Tode treu aushält und dass wir es. wir mögen machen, was wir wollen, schlechterdings nicht loswerden können, da es treuer als der Schatten sich an unsere Fersen heftet. Dieses Ich ist immer dasselbe Eine und bleibt gleichgültig gegen alle Veränderungen des Zustande» und der Zeit, wie wir denn aucli sagen: „Ich thue jetzt dies oder das und that oder litt früher dies oder das und werde künftig so oder so sein." Und wenn wir auch mit Göthe klagen: „Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach! in meiner Brust; die eine will sich von der andern trennen;" so brauchen wir doch nur statt der poetischen „Brust" wieder Seele zu sagen, um die beiden Seelen in der Einen, die beiden Iche in dem Einen selbigen Ich zu finden. Auch wenn Paulus sagt: „Was ich will, das thue ich nicht: was ich aber nicht will, das thue ich;" so ist auch hier das Ich getreu; denn das Wollen und das Thun sind zwar verschieden; beide aber ge- hören unabtrennlich zu dem Einen Ich, welches um beides weiss und über den Widerspruch klagt; weil sonst, wenn es zwei Iche, wie zwei Personen wären, auch der Widerspruch und die Seelen- noth verschwinden würde. |
5059282_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hoyt, J.
— Plaintiff brought this action to recover damages arising from the fact that the defendant had reported him as being delinquent in the payment of a certain bill to an association of which the defendant was a member. A number of questions were presented in the court below, but the case finally there turned upon the decision of the question as to whether or not, at the time the association took the action which resulted in the damage complained of, the claim of the defendant against the plaintiff was due. The trial court held that it was and that for that reason the action of the defendant was warranted. This ruling of the court was excepted to by the plaintiff and the decision thereon is the sole ground of error upon which he founds his right to a reversal.
There are some other questions argued in the brief of the respondent and in the reply brief of the appellant, but in appellant's principal brief no other questions are raised, and if the action of the court in reference to that question was correct, the judgment must be affirmed, whatever maybe the opinion of this court as to the other questions passed upon. This result must follow from the general rule that an appellant must assign the errors upon which he relies.
The facts in relation to the account which the defendant, had against the plaintiff were, that it had been due and unpaid for some time; that it was placed in the hands of the-association of which the defendant was a member for collection; that this association notified the plaintiff that they had the claim for collection, and of the amount thereof; that thereafter plaintiff went to the defendant and stated to him that owing to the hard times he could not make present payment, but that he would pay him as soon as he could, and would pay him interest; that soon after he again went to the defendant and said to him that he had obtained a contract for doing certain work for the county; that he would get his first estimate upon said work from the 12th to the 15th of August, and that he would then pay him the bill with interest at the usual rate of ten per cent.;. that defendant replied to this proposition that it was all-right, he would wait. It was after this last conversation that the action in reference to the account was taken by the association, of which the plaintiff complains, and he-contends that the conversation between him and the de fendant was sufficient to show a contract by which the time for the payment of the bill was extended.
It is claimed on the part of the respondent that there was no contract of extension for two reasons; first, that the time named as the limit of such extension was not sufficiently definite, and, second, that there was no consideration therefor. If we could interpret the conversation as does the appellant, we should agree with him that the time was sufficiently definite, but we cannot do so. As we understand the conversation, it amounted to no more than a statement on the part of the appellant that he had the contract for this work, and that in the usual and ordinary course he would receive his first estimate the middle of August, and that when he did so receive it and get his money thereon he would pay the bill; and thus construed it did not name any time for the payment with such definiteness as to warrant us in holding that the contract was extended to any definite time.
We agree with the contention of the appellant that it is not necessary that such extension should be to a day absolutely definite and certain, if it is to some time which the future is sure to make certain. If there had been an absolute certainty that the work under the contract would be performed and the appellant get his estimate and his pay thereon about the middle of August, and the agreement had been that it should be extended until he did so get his pay, it would probably have been sufficiently definite. But from the very nature of the conversation it is evident that the happening of these events was uncertain and dependent upon conditions which might or might not result. If for any reason the work was not done to the satisfaction of the county it might refuse the estimate; or the work might be entirely abandoned and any right to payment therefor forfeited by the appellant. Counsel for appellant has evi dently seen the force of these suggestions and has attempted to construe the conversation as establishing the fact that appellant agreed to pay the bill on the 15th of August, regardless of the question as to whether or not the events spoken of should come to pass. But we are unable to agree with his contention in that regard.
As to the question of consideration for the contract of extension, it is claimed that the agreement to pay interest constituted such consideration. That an agreement to pay interest on an account which would not otherwise draw interest would constitute such consideration is beyond question. It is equally clear that such an agreement would constitute no consideration, if, without it, the account would draw the same rate of interest. Was this account of such a nature, at the time this conversation was had, that it would draw interest without any express promise on the part of the appellant to pay it ? We think it was. Some time before this last conversation was had, the appellant, after having received notice from the association that they held this account for collection, and that it was for a certain definite amount, without making any objection thereto, or in anywise questioning its correctness, agreed generally that he would pay it. This, in our opinion, was equivalent to a stating of the account as between the parties, and from that time it would draw interest at the legal rate. Such being the status of the account at the time the conversation which is relied upon occurred, the promise to pay interest thereon did not in any sense add to the burden of appellant nor to the benefits to accrue to the respondent, and constituted no consideration for a promise.
Appellant, however, makes a further contention that, since the legal rate of interest was reduced, after this conversation was had and before the expiration of the time to which it was claimed the account had been extended, to a less rate than ten per cent., the promise to pay at the rate of ten per cent, made by the appellant did add to his burdens and to the respondent's benefit, and that that fact was sufficient to make such agreement to pay a consideration for the promise. In our opinion, the statement by the appellant in the conversation referred to amounted to no more than an agreement to pay legal interest. It is true he says that he agreed to pay interest at the rate of ten per cent., but he also stated that he said "at the usual rate of ten per cent.," and, construing all that was said together, it amounted only to a statement on his part that he would thereafter pay interest at the legal rate. But even if we should construe his statement to amount to an agreement to pay interest at the rate of ten per cent., it could only have force so long as the legal rate was ten per cent. The statute in force, at the time provided the rate of interest money should draw, and further provided that any other l'ate could be collected when an agreement therefor was specified in writing, and under it we think it must be held that only the legal rate could be contracted for without an instrument in writing.
The judgment must be affirmed.
Dunbar, C. J., and Scott, Stiles and Anders, JJ., concur..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20090 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright 2018 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
package org.chromium.content.common;
import org.chromium.base.ThreadUtils;
import org.chromium.base.annotations.JNINamespace;
import org.chromium.base.annotations.NativeMethods;
import org.chromium.mojo.system.Core;
import org.chromium.mojo.system.MessagePipeHandle;
import org.chromium.mojo.system.impl.CoreImpl;
/**
* Implementation of {@link ServiceManagerConnection}
*/
@JNINamespace("content")
public class ServiceManagerConnectionImpl {
public static MessagePipeHandle getConnectorMessagePipeHandle() {
ThreadUtils.assertOnUiThread();
int handle = ServiceManagerConnectionImplJni.get().getConnectorMessagePipeHandle();
Core core = CoreImpl.getInstance();
return core.acquireNativeHandle(handle).toMessagePipeHandle();
}
@NativeMethods
interface Natives {
int getConnectorMessagePipeHandle();
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20091 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package co.garmax.materialflashlight.ui;
import android.content.Context;
import android.view.View;
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment;
import dagger.android.support.AndroidSupportInjection;
public class BaseFragment extends Fragment {
@Override
public void onResume() {
super.onResume();
if (isInImmersiveMode()) {
setFullscreen();
} else {
exitFullscreen();
}
}
boolean isInImmersiveMode() {
return false;
}
@Override
public void onAttach(Context context) {
AndroidSupportInjection.inject(this);
super.onAttach(context);
}
private static boolean isImmersiveAvailable() {
return android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 19;
}
private void setFullscreen() {
int flags = View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LAYOUT_FULLSCREEN | View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_FULLSCREEN;
if (isImmersiveAvailable()) {
flags |= View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LAYOUT_STABLE | View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LAYOUT_HIDE_NAVIGATION |
View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_HIDE_NAVIGATION | View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE_STICKY;
}
requireActivity().getWindow().getDecorView().setSystemUiVisibility(flags);
}
private void exitFullscreen() {
requireActivity().getWindow().getDecorView().setSystemUiVisibility(View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_VISIBLE);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20092 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.novoda.sqliteprovider.demo.loader;
import android.content.Context;
import android.support.v4.content.AsyncTaskLoader;
import com.novoda.sqliteprovider.demo.domain.Firework;
import com.novoda.sqliteprovider.demo.persistance.FireworkReader;
import java.util.List;
public class FireworkLoader extends AsyncTaskLoader<List<Firework>> {
public static final int LOADER_ID = 123;
private final FireworkReader fireworkReader;
public FireworkLoader(Context context, FireworkReader fireworkReader) {
super(context);
this.fireworkReader = fireworkReader;
forceLoad();
}
@Override
public List<Firework> loadInBackground() {
return fireworkReader.getAll();
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20093 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Hertzole.ALE.Editor
{
// TreeElementUtility and TreeElement are useful helper classes for backend tree data structures.
// See tests at the bottom for examples of how to use.
public static class TreeElementUtility
{
public static void TreeToList<T>(T root, IList<T> result) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
if (result == null)
{
throw new NullReferenceException("The input 'IList<T> result' list is null");
}
result.Clear();
Stack<T> stack = new Stack<T>();
stack.Push(root);
while (stack.Count > 0)
{
T current = stack.Pop();
result.Add(current);
if (current.Children != null && current.Children.Count > 0)
{
for (int i = current.Children.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
stack.Push(current.Children[i]);
}
}
}
}
// Returns the root of the tree parsed from the list (always the first element).
// Important: the first item and is required to have a depth value of -1.
// The rest of the items should have depth >= 0.
public static T ListToTree<T>(IList<T> list) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
return TreeUtility.ListToTree(list);
}
// Check state of input list
public static void ValidateDepthValues<T>(IList<T> list) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
TreeUtility.ValidateDepthValues(list);
}
// For updating depth values below any given element e.g after reparenting elements
public static void UpdateDepthValues<T>(T root) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
if (root == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(root), "The root is null");
}
if (!root.HasChildren())
{
return;
}
Stack<T> stack = new Stack<T>();
stack.Push(root);
while (stack.Count > 0)
{
T current = stack.Pop();
if (current.Children != null)
{
foreach (T child in current.Children)
{
child.TreeDepth = current.TreeDepth + 1;
stack.Push(child);
}
}
}
}
// Returns true if there is an ancestor of child in the elements list
static bool IsChildOf<T>(T child, IList<T> elements) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
while (child != null)
{
child = child.Parent;
if (elements.Contains(child))
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static IList<T> FindCommonAncestorsWithinList<T>(IList<T> elements) where T : IEditorTreeViewItem<T>
{
if (elements.Count == 1)
{
return new List<T>(elements);
}
List<T> result = new List<T>(elements);
result.RemoveAll(g => IsChildOf(g, elements));
return result;
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20094 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Sep 17 2017 16:24:48).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import "VSBaseTableViewCell.h"
@class NSLayoutConstraint, UIButton, UILabel, UIView, VSNMCartAmoutCellModel;
@interface VSNMCartAmountTableViewCell : VSBaseTableViewCell
{
UIView *_lineView;
UILabel *_amountLabel;
UILabel *_freightTipsLabel;
UIButton *_freightTipsView;
VSNMCartAmoutCellModel *_amountCellModel;
NSLayoutConstraint *_lineHeightConstrain;
NSLayoutConstraint *_freightTipLabelLeading;
}
+ (double)estimatedCellHeightForCellModel:(id)arg1;
@property(nonatomic) __weak NSLayoutConstraint *freightTipLabelLeading; // @synthesize freightTipLabelLeading=_freightTipLabelLeading;
@property(nonatomic) __weak NSLayoutConstraint *lineHeightConstrain; // @synthesize lineHeightConstrain=_lineHeightConstrain;
@property(nonatomic) __weak VSNMCartAmoutCellModel *amountCellModel; // @synthesize amountCellModel=_amountCellModel;
@property(nonatomic) __weak UIButton *freightTipsView; // @synthesize freightTipsView=_freightTipsView;
@property(nonatomic) __weak UILabel *freightTipsLabel; // @synthesize freightTipsLabel=_freightTipsLabel;
@property(nonatomic) __weak UILabel *amountLabel; // @synthesize amountLabel=_amountLabel;
@property(nonatomic) __weak UIView *lineView; // @synthesize lineView=_lineView;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (void)configureSectionModel;
- (void)awakeFromNib;
@end
|
US-83360610-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | 10. In the audio driver of claim 8 the frequency quadrupler further comprises: a fifth band pass filter; a quadrupler module operable to apply a frequency quadrupling formula having an input signal x and an output signal z; a sixth band pass filter operable to filter the output signal z, wherein the quadrupling formula is comprising either a ⊕_(N) operator, a {circumflex over (⊕)}_(N) operator, a ⊕_(M) operator or a {circumflex over (⊕)}_(M) operator; a ⊕_(P) operator or a {circumflex over (⊕)}_(P) operator.
11. In the audio driver of claim 8 the frequency quadrupler further comprises: a fifth band pass filter; a tripler module operable to apply a frequency quadrupling formula having an input signal x and an output signal y; a sixth band pass filter operable to filter the output signal y; a multipler module operable to apply a multiplier formula receiving the input signal x and an output signal y′ from the sixth band pass filter and having an output signal z; a seventh band pass filter operable to filter the output signal z; wherein the tripling formula is one of the following equations, y[n]=(x⊕ _(N)(x⊕ _(M) x))[n], y[n]=(x{circumflex over (⊕)} _(N)(x⊕ _(M) x))[n], y[n]=(x⊕ _(N)(x{circumflex over (⊕)} _(M) x))[n], y[n]=(x{circumflex over (⊕)} _(N)(x{circumflex over (⊕)} _(M) x))[n], y[n]=((x⊕ _(N) x)⊕_(M) x)[n], y[n]=((x{circumflex over (⊕)} _(N) x)⊕_(M) x)[n], y[n]=((x⊕_(N)x){circumflex over (⊕)}_(M)x)[n], y[n]=((x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N)x){circumflex over (⊕)}_(M)x)[n], and the multiplier formula is either z=(x⊕_(N′)y′)[n] or z=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N′)y′)[n] or z=(y′⊕_(N′)x)[n] or z=(y′{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N′)x)[n] where N, M and N′ are window sizes.
12. In the audio driver of claim 8 the frequency quadrupler further comprises: a fifth band pass filter; a first doubler module operable to apply a first frequency doubling formula having an input signal x and an output signal y; a sixth band pass filter operable to filter the output signal; a second doubler module operable to apply a second frequency doubling receiving an output signal y′ from the six band pass filter and having an output signal z; a seventh band pass filter operable to filter the output signal z; wherein the first frequency doubling formula is either y[n]=(x⊕_(N)x)[n] or y[n]=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N)x)[n], and the second frequency doubling formula is either z[n]=(y′⊕_(M)y′)[n] or z[n]=(y′{circumflex over (⊕)}_(M)y′)[n], where N and M are window sizes.
13. In the audio driver of claim 8 the frequency quadrupler further comprises: a fifth band pass filter; a first doubler module operable to apply a first frequency doubling formula having an input signal x and an output signal y; a sixth band pass filter operable to filter the output signal y; a multiplier module operable to apply a first multiplier formula receiving the input signal x and the output signal y′ from the sixth band pass filter and having an output signal w, a seventh band pass filter operable to filter the output signal w, a multiplier module operable to apply a second multiplier formula receiving the input signal x and the output signal w′ from the seventh band pass filter and having an output signal z, and an eighth band pass filter operable to filter the output signal z. wherein the frequency doubling formula is either y[n]=(x⊕_(N)x)[n] or y[n]=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N)x)[n], the first multiplier formula is either w=(x⊕_(N′)y′)[n] or w=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N′)y′)[n] or w=(y′⊕_(N′)x)[n] or w=(y′{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N′)x)[n], and the second multiplier formula is either z=(x⊕_(N″)w′)[n] or z=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N″)w′)[n] or z=(w′⊕_(N″)x)[n] or z=(w′{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N″)x)[n], where N, N′ and N″ are window sizes.
14. A method of generating phantom bass comprising: isolating a first range of frequency components to be frequency doubled from an input signal; doubling the input signal after isolating the first range of frequency components to produce a first output signal y by applying the equation y[n]=(x⊕_(N)x)[n] or y[n]=(x{circumflex over (⊕)}_(N)x)[n] where x are the input signal; and isolating a second range of frequency components from the first output signal.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the method further comprises: downsampling the input signal after isolating the first range of frequency components; and upsampling the first output signal.
16. The method of claim 14 further comprising: isolating a third range of frequency components to be frequency tripled from an input signal; tripling the input signal after isolating the third range of frequency components to produce a second output signal; isolating a forth range of frequency components from the second output signal; and combining the second output signal and the first output signal.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the method further comprises: downsampling the input signal after isolating the third range of frequency components; and upsampling the second output signal.
18. The method of claim 16 further comprising: isolating a fifth range of frequency components to be frequency quadrupled from an input signal; quadrupling the input signal after isolating the fifth range of frequency components to produce a third output signal; isolating a sixth range of frequency components from the third output signal; and combining the third output signal, the second output signal and the first output signal.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the method further comprises: downsampling the input signal after isolating the fifth range of frequency components; and upsampling the third output signal..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20095 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/bash
cd ~/.dotfiles
brew list > brew.txt
brew cask list > brew-cask.txt
git reset
git add brew.txt brew-cask.txt && \
git commit -m "Update brew and cask lists." && \
git push
|
github_open_source_100_8_20096 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | export enum InterfaceTypes {
TARS = 'TARS',
RSIS = 'RSIS',
NOTIFY = 'NOTIFY',
}
export function convertInterfaceIdToInterfaceType(interfaceId: number) {
switch (interfaceId) {
case 0: return InterfaceTypes.TARS;
case 1: return InterfaceTypes.RSIS;
case 2: return InterfaceTypes.NOTIFY;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20097 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # -*- ruby -*-
baseurl = nil
basepath = ''
themedir = nil
%w[theme bitclust/theme ../bitclust/theme].each do |theme|
dir = File.expand_path(theme, File.dirname(__FILE__))
if File.directory?(dir)
themedir = dir
end
end
$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('lib', File.dirname(__FILE__))
$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('bitclust/lib', File.dirname(__FILE__))
require 'bitclust/app'
dbpath = Dir.glob("db-*")
if dbpath.empty?
raise 'database not found' unless File.directory? 'db'
app = BitClust::App.new(
:dbpath => 'db',
:viewpath => "/view/",
:rack => true,
:capi => true
)
app.interfaces.each do |viewpath, interface|
map viewpath do
run interface
end
end
else
app = BitClust::App.new(
:dbpath => dbpath,
:rack => true,
:capi => true
)
app.interfaces.each do |version, interface|
map "#{basepath}/#{version}/" do
run interface
end
end
end
map "#{basepath}/" do
run app
end
map File.join(basepath, 'theme/') do
run Rack::File.new(themedir)
end
|
scottishsketches00barr_9 | English-PD | Public Domain | m h * ¥ /' * ' J . . V- H i ^ . \ • V » S - <1 _ I ^ ' ^ tv / ■ - r ■. m. ^ • ♦. I ^ y^' , ??:?■*/ - . ■ •■•.; • * ■' ‘ i t ‘ - '. I . . Iki; • V . . ‘.A- ' ' . r ^. >vwy;-<'V .ft- *Mj'\tf*.’. '**'•^^4 • < J X • V-C^v- '* •■ •-" . > .* . ^ ^ ■' V- *,•— ■ ' • .• ’> . • '■ ♦ > f • • ' * . • %. f- ■*' 4 *. N / » • # f I- »•* , /. ^ V r * . V' *>• . f ;> x V - 1 ' !r*' .' V • Vi » > \. .N » ^ ** .... n.**r A > v» :'. m I » <« » « t..\ . -/ r » .'.^ '..A . ' « - X • • aV. «. 0 * • W • ' • • 1 ■ V ? ' , i < ’ T // i, \ m fi » V/ ,' ^ • •» ♦ I'F 7 * * 1 t .• .•» t ■ 4-f' /' ' ' ' -■ ». ■* <. ;• .' * *, ‘ V L • ' T\ ' •#’ 't- » i* • {■ ' 1 * ‘ > .. . • k ■ .«» J* ■ f *• ’ v>/ '•' '*.'• y^y'. t*.T > *i xy « ✓ A 1«A • <1 I •• • y I ’ i' '*- > '.V : . -i I. ^ 4 $ » «.• ^ 1' \t^ ' i ' < * V'*, ^.« / % -- *1 -.. ' * I % / ' ■ « •'y • w. • . » t. * • 0 « ' * j ■ ■Ab # *. ' <r «4 • • •: . **k • ■' * •’•. •t T - • X-. ,». 1 '. • ** / !f‘- 1 . 1 .# ’ 4 * ‘\ * ' '• rz* ■<r j k * . r -rT |Cfi. Ui ‘..•. ■- (V- '...-< ■ ‘ ’ I. • >* .•> I i i * ■. ONE WRONG STER CHAPTER I. “ TnKR^i’S few folk ken Ragon Torr as I do, mother. He is better at heart than thou wad think; indeed he is !” “ If better were within, better wad come out, John. He ’s been drunk or dovering i’ the chim- ney-corner these past three weeks. Hech ! but he’d do weel i’ Fool’s Land, where they get half a crown a day for sleeping. ’ ’ “There’s nane can hunt a seal or spear a whale like Ragon; thou saw him theesel’, mo- ther, among the last school i’ Stromness Bay.” “I saw a raving, ranting heathen, wi’ the bonnie blue bay a sea o’ blood around him, an’ he shouting an’ slaying like an old pagan, sea- king. Decent, God-fearing fisher-folk do their needful wark ither gate than yon. Now there is but one thing for thee to do: thou must break wi’ Ragon Torr, an’ that quick an’ soon. ’ ’ “Know this, my mother, a friend is to be taken wi’ his faults.” 268 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. “Thou knows this, John: I hae forty years mair than thou hast, an’ years ken mair than books. An’ wi’ a’ thy book skill hast thou ne’er read that ‘Evil communications corrupt gude manners’? Mak up thy mind that I shall tak it vera ill if thou sail again this year wi’ that bom heathen;” and, with these words Dame Alison Sabay rose up from the stone bench at her cot- tage door and went dourly into the houseplace. John stood on the little jetty which ran from the very doorstep into the bay, and looked thoughtfully over towards the sweet green isle of Graemsay; but neither the beauty of land or sea, nor the splendor of skies bright with the rosy ban- ners of the Aurora gave him any answer to the thoughts which troubled him. “ I ’ll hae to talk it o’er wi’ Christine,” he said decidedly, and he also turned into the house. Christine was ten years older than her brother John. She had known much sorrow, but she had lived through and lived down all her trials and come out into the peace on the other side. She was sitting by the peat fire knitting, and softly crooning an old Scotch psalm to the click of her needles. She answered John’s look with a sweet, grave smile, and a slight nod towards the little round table, upon which there was a plate of smoked goose and some oaten cake for his supper. one: wrong step. 269 “I catena to eat a bite, Christine; this is what I want o’ thee: the skiff is under the win- dow; step into it, an’ do thou go on the bay wi’ me an hour. ’ ’ “ I havena any mind to go, John. It is nine by the clock, an’ to-morrow the peat is to coil an’ the herring to kipper; yes, indeed.” ‘‘Well an’ good. But here is matter o’ mair account than peat an’ herring. Wilt thou come?” “At the end I ken weel thou wilt hae thy way. Mother, here is John, an’ he is for my going on the bay wi’ him.” “Then thou go. If John kept aye as gude company he wouldna be like to bring my gray hairs wi’ sorrow to the grave. ’ ’ John did not answer this remark until they had pushed well off from the sleeping town, then he replied fretfully, “Yes, what mother says is true enough ; but a man goes into the warld. A’ the fingers are not alike, much less one’s friends. How can a’ be gude ?’ ’ “To speak from the heart, John, wha is it?” “Ragon Torr. Thou knows we hae sat i’ the same boat an’ drawn the same nets for three years; he is gude an’ bad, like ither folk.” “Keep gude company, my brother, an’ thou wilt aye be counted ane o’ them. When Ragon 270 SCOTTISH sketches. is gude he is ower gude, and when he is bad he is just beyont kenning.” ‘ ‘ Can a man help the kin he comes o’ ? Have not his forbears done for centuries the vera same way? Naething takes a Norseman frae his bed or his cup but some great deed o’ danger or profit; but then wha can fight or wark like them ?’ ’ “ Christ doesna ask a man whether he be Norse or Scot. If Ragon went mair to the kirk an’ less to the change-house, he wouldna need to differ. Were not our ain folk cattle-lifting Hie- land thieves lang after the days o’ the Cove- nant ?’ ’ “Christine, ye’ll speak nae wrang o’ the Sabays. It ’s an ill bird ’files its ain nest.” “Weel, weel, John! The gude name o’ the Sabays is i’ thy hands now. But to speak from the heart, this thing touches thee nearer than Ragon Torr. Thou did not bring me out to speak only o’ him. ’ ’ ‘ ‘ Thou art a wise woman, Christine, an’ thou art right. It touches Margaret Fae, an’ when it does that, it touches what is dearer to me than life.” ‘ ‘ I see it not. ’ ’ “Do not Ragon an’ I sail i’ Peter Fae’s boats? Do we not eat at his table, an’ bide round his house during the whole fishing season? If I ONE WRONG STEP. 271 sail no more wi’ Ragon, I must quit Peter’s employ ; for he loves Ragon as he loves no ither lad i’ Stromness or Kirkwall. The Norse blood we think little o’, Peter glories in; an’ the twa men count thegither o’er their glasses the races o’ the Vikings, an’ their ain generations up to Snorro an’ Thorso. ’ ’ “Is there no ither master but Peter Fae? ask theesel’ that question, John.” * ‘ I hae done that, Christine. Plenty o’ mas- ters, but nane o’ them hae Margaret for a daugh- ter. Christine, I love Margaret, an’ she loves me week Thou hast loved theesel’ , my sister. ’ ’ ‘ ‘ I ken that, John, ’ ’ she said tenderly ; “I hae loved, therefore I hae got beyont doots, an’ learned something holier than my ain way. Thou trust Margaret now. Thou say ‘Yes’ to thy mother, an’ fear not. ’ ’ “Christine thou speaks hard words.” ‘ ‘ Was it to speak easy anes thou brought me here? An’ if I said, ‘I counsel thee to tak thy ain will i’ the matter,’ wad my counsel mak bad gude, or wrang right? Paul Calder’s fleet sails i’ twa days; seek a place i’ his boats.” ‘ ‘ Then I shall see next to naught o’ Margaret, an’ Ragon will see her every day. ’ ’ ‘ ‘ If Margaret loves thee, that can do thee nae harm. ’ ’ 272 SCOTTISH SKE:TCHES. “But her father favors Ragon, an’ of n 2 he thinks nae mair than o’ the nets, or aught else that finds his boats for sea.” “Well an’ good; but no talking can alter facts. Thou must now choose atween thy mo- ther an’ Margaret Fae, atween right an’ wrang. God doesna leave that choice i’ the dark; thy way may be narrow an’ unpleasant, but it is clear enough. Dost thou fear to walk i’ it?” “There hae been words mair than plenty, Christine. Tet us go hame.” Silently the little boat drifted across the smooth bay, and silently the brother and sister stood a moment looking up the empty, flagged street of the sleeping town. The strange light, which was neither gloaming nor dawning, but a mixture of both, the waving boreal banners, the queer houses, gray with the storms of centuries, the brown undulating heaths, and the phosphor- escent sea, made a strangely solemn picture which sank deep into their hearts. After a pause, Christine went into the house, but John sat down on the stone bench to think over the alternatives before him. Now the power of training up a child in the way it should go asserted itself. It became at once a fortification against self-will. John never had positively disobeyed his mother’s explicit ONE WRONG STEP. 273 com-i lands; he found it impossible to do so. He must offer his services to Paul Calder in the morning, and try to trust Margaret Fae’s love for him. He had determined now to do right, but he did not do it very pleasantly — it is a rare soul that grows sweeter in disappointments. Both mother and sister knew from John’s stern, silent ways that he had chosen the path of duty, and they expected that he would make it a valley of Baca. This Dame Alison accepted as in some sort her desert. “I ought to hae forbid the lad three years syne,” she said regretfully; “aft ill an’ sorrow come o’ sich sinfu’ putting aff. There’s nae half-way house atween right an’ wrang.” Certainly the determination involved some unpleasant explanations to John. He must first see old Peter Fae and withdraw himself from his service. He found him busy in loading a small vessel with smoked geese and kippered fish, and he was apparently in a very great passion. Be- fore John could mention his own matters, Peter burst into a torrent of invectives against another of his sailors, who, he said, had given some infor- mation to the Excise which had cost him a whole cargo of Dutch specialties. The culprit was leaning against a hogshead, and was listening to Peter’s intemperate words with a very evil smile. 35 274 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. “How mucli did ye sell yourseP for, Sandy Beg? It took the son of a Hieland robber like you to tell tales of a honest man’s cargo. It was an ill day when the Scots cam to Orkney, I trow. ’ ’ “She’ll hae petter right to say tat same ’fore lang time.” And Sandy’s face was dark with a subdued passion that. Peter might have known to be dangerous, but which he continued to ag- gravate by contemptuous expressions regarding Scotchmen in general. This John Sabay was in no mood to bear; he very soon took offence at Peter’s sweeping abuse, and said he would relieve him at any rate of one Scot. “He didna care to sail again wi’ such a crowd as Peter gathered round him.” It was a very unadvised speech. Ragon lifted it at once, and in the words which followed John unavoidably found himself associated with Sandy Beg, a man whose character was of the lowest order. And he had meant to be so temperate, and to part with both Peter and Ragon on the best terms possible. How weak are all our reso- lutions ! John turned away from Peter’s store conscious that he had given full sway to all the irritation and disappointment of his feelings, and that he had spoken as violently as either Peter, Ragon, or even the half-brutal Sandy Beg. In- one: wrong step. 275 deed, Sandy had said very little; but the malig- nant look with which he regarded Peter, John could never forget. This was not his only annoyance. Paul Cal- der’s boats were fully manned, and the others had already left for Brassey’s Sound. The Sabays were not rich; a few weeks of idleness would make the long Orkney winter a dreary prospect. Christine and his mother sat from morning to night braiding straw into the once famous Ork- ney Tuscans, and he went to the peat-moss to cut a good stock of winter fuel; but his earnings in money were small and precarious, and he was so anxious that Christine’s constant cheerfulness hurt him. Sandy Beg had indeed said something of an oiBfer he could make ‘ ‘ if shentlemans wanted goot wages wi’ ta chance of a lucky bit for themsel’s; foive kuineas ta month an’ ta affsets. Oigh ! oigh!” But John had met the offer with such scorn and anger that Sandy had thought it worth while to bestow one of his most wicked looks upon him. The fact was, Sandy felt half grate- ful to John for his apparent partisanship, and John indignantly resented any disposition to put him in the same boat with a man so generally suspected and disliked. “It might be a come-down,” he said, “for a 276 SCOTTISH sketches. gude sailor an’ fisher to coil peats and do days’ darg, but it was honest labor; an’, please God, he’d never do that i’ the week that wad hinder him fra going to the kirk on Sabbath.” “Oigh! she’ll jist please hersel’; she’ll pe owing ta Beg naething by ta next new moon.” And with a mocking laugh Sandy loitered away towards the seashore. ONE WRONG STEP. 277 CHAPTER II. Just after this interview a little lad put a note in John’s hand from Margaret Fae. It only asked him to be on Brogar Bridge at eight o’clock that night. Now Brogar Bridge was not a spot that any Orcadian cared to visit at such an hour. In the pagan temple whose remains stood there it was said pale ghosts of white-robed priests still offered up shadowy human sacrifices, and though John’s faith was firm and sure, superstitions are beyond reasoning with, and he recalled the eerie, weird aspect of the grim stones with an unavoid- able apprehension. What could Margaret want with him in such a place and at an hour so near that at which Peter usually went home from his shop? He had never seen Margaret’s writing, and he half suspected Sandy Beg had more to do with the appointment than she had; but he was too anxious to justify himself in Margaret’s eyes to let any fears or doubts prevent him from keep- ing the tryst. He had scarcely reached the Stones of Sten- nis when he saw her leaning against one of them. The strange western light was over her thought- ful face. She seemed to have become a part of SCOTTISH SKETCHES. 278 the still and solemn landscape. John had always loved her with a species of reverence; to-night he felt almost afraid of her beauty and the power she had over him. She was a true Scandinavian, with the tall, slender, and rather haughty form which marks Orcadian and Zetland women. Her hair was perhaps a little too fair and cold, and yet it made a noble setting to the large, finely- featured, tranquil face. She put out her hand as John approached, and said, “Was it well that thou shouldst quarrel with my father? I thought that thou didst love me.” Then John poured out his whole heart — his love for her, his mother’s demand of him, his quarrel with Ragon and Peter and Sandy Beg. “It has been an ill time, Margaret,” he said, “ and thou hast been long in comforting me.” Well, Margaret had plenty of reasons for her delay and plenty of comfort for her lover. Natu- rally slow of pulse and speech, she had been long coming to a conclusion ; but, having satisfied her- self of its justice, she was likely to be immovable in it. She gave John her hand frankly and lov- ingly, and promised, in poverty or wealth, in weal or woe, to stand truly by his side. It was not a very hopeful troth-plighting, but they were both sure of the foundations of their love, and both regarded the promise as solemnly binding. ON^ WRONG STEP. 279 Then Margaret told John that she had heard that evening that the captain of the Wick steam- er wanted a mate, and the rough Pentland Frith being well known to John, she hoped, if he made immediate application, he would be accepted. If he was, John declared his intention of at once seeing Peter and asking his consent to their en- gagement. In the meantime the Bridge of Bro- gar was to be their tryst, when tryst was possible. Peter’s summer dwelling lay not far from it, and it was Margaret’s habit to watch for his boat and walk up from the beach to the house with him. She would always walk over first to Brogar, and if John could meet her there that would be well ; if not, she would understand that it was out of the way of duty, and be content. John fortunately secured the mate’s place. Before he could tell Margaret this she heard her father speak well of him to the captain. “There is nae better sailol*, nor better lad, for that mat- ter, ’ ’ said Peter. ‘ ‘ I like none that he wad hang roun’ my bonnie Marg’et; but then, a cat may look at a king without it being high treason, I wot.” A week afterwards Peter thought differently. When John told him honestly how matters stood between him and Margaret he was more angry than when Sandy Beg swore away his whole SCOTTISH SKETCHES. 2 So Dutch cargo. He would listen to neither love nor reason, and positively forbid him to hold any further intercourse with his daughter. John had expected this, and was not greatly discouraged. He had Margaret’s promise. Youth is hopeful, and they could wait ; for it never entered their minds absolutely to disobey the old man. In the meantime there was a kind of peace- making between Ragon and John. The good Dominie Sinclair had met them both one day on the beach, and insisted on their forgiving and shaking hands. Neither of them were sorry to do so. Men who have shared the dangers of the deep-sea fishing and the stormy Northern Ocean together cannot look upon each other as mere parts of a bargain. There was, too, a wild valor and a wonderful power in emergencies belonging to Ragon that had always da^^led John’s more cautious nature. In some respects, he thought Ragon Torr the greatest sailor that left Stromness harbor, and Ragon was willing enough to admit that John “was a fine fellow,” and to give his hand at the dominie’s direction. Alas ! the good man’s peacemaking was of short duration. As soon as Peter told the young Norse sailor of John’s offer for Margaret’s hand, Ragon’s passive good-will turned to active dislike and bitter jealousy. For, though he had taken ONE WRONG STEP. 281 little trouble to please Margaret, be bad come to look upon ber as bis future wife. He knew that Peter wished it so, and be now imagined that it was also the only thing on earth he cared for. Thus, though John was getting good wages, he was not happy. It was rarely he got a word with Margaret, and Peter and Ragon were only, too ready to speak. It became daily more and more difficult to avoid an open quarrel with them, and, indeed, on several occasions sharp, cruel words, that hurt like wounds, had passed between them on the public streets and quays. Thus Stromness, that used to be so pleasant to him, was changing fast. He knew not how it was that people so readily believed him in the wrong. In Wick, too, he had been troubled with Sandy Beg, and a kind of nameless dread pos- sessed him about the man ; he could not get rid of it, even after he had heard that Sandy had sailed in a whaling ship for the Arctic seas. Thus things went on until the end of July. John was engaged now until the steamer stopped running in September, and the little sum of ready money necessary for the winter’s comfort was as- sured. Christine sat singing and knitting, or singing and braiding straw, and Dame Alison went up and down her cottage with a glad heart. They knew little of John’s anxieties. Christine 36 282 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. had listened sympathi^ingly to his trouble about Margaret, and said, “Thou wait an’ trust, John dear, an’ at the end a’ things will be well. ’ ’ Even Ragon’s ill-will and Peter’s ill words had not greatly frightened them — “The wrath o’ man shall praise Him,” read did Alison, with just a touch of spiritual satisfaction, ‘ ‘ an’ the rest o’ the wrath he will restrain. ’ ’ ONE WRONG STEP. 283 CHAPTER II. It was a Saturday night in the beginning of August, and John was at home until the follow- ing Monday. He dressed himself and went out towards Brogar, and Christine watched him far over the western moor, and blessed him as he went. He had not seen Margaret for many days, but he had a feeling to-night that she would be able to keep her tryst. And there, standing amid the rushes on the lakeside, he found her. They had so much to say to each other that Margaret forgot her father’s return, and delayed so long that she thought it best to go straight home, in- stead of walking down the beach to meet him. He generally left Stromness about half-past eight, and his supper was laid for nine o’clock. But this night nine passed, and he did not come; and though the delay could be accounted for in various ways, she had a dim but anxious forecast- ing of calamity in her heart. The atmosphere of the little parlor grew sorrowful and heavy, the lamp did not seem to light it, her father’s chair had a deserted, lonely aspect, the house was strangely silent; in fifteen minutes she had for- gotten how happy she had been, and wandered to 284 SCOTTISH sketches. and from the door like some soul in an uneasy dream. All at once she heard the far-away shouting of angry and alarmed voices, and to her sensitive ears her lover’s and her father’s names were min- gled. It was her nature to act slowly; for a few moments she could not decide what was to be done. The first thought was the servants. There were only two, Hacon Flett and Gerda Vedder. Gerda had gone to bed, Hacon was not on the place. As she gathered her energies together she began to walk rapidly over the springy heath towards the white sands of the beach. Her father, if he was coming, would come that way. She was angry with herself for the if. Of course he was coming. What was there to prevent it ? She told herself. Nothing, and the next moment looked up and saw two men coming towards her, and in their arms a figure which she knew in- stinctively was her father’s. She slowly retraced her steps, set open the gate and the door, and waited for the grief that was coming to her. But however slow her rea- soning faculties, her soul knew in a moment what it needed. It was but a little prayer said with trembling lips and fainting heart; but no prayer loses its way. Straight to the heart of Christ it went. And the answer was there and the strength one; wrong step. 285 waiting when Ragon and Hacon brought in the bleeding, dying old man, and laid him down upon his parlor floor. Ragon said but one word, “Stabbed!” and then, turning to Hacon, bid him ride for life and death into Stromness for a doctor. Most sailors of these islands know a little rude surgery, and Ragon stayed beside his friend, doing what he could to relieve the worst symptoms. Margaret, white and still, went hither and thither, bringing whatever Ragon wanted, and fearing, she knew not why, to ask any questions. With the doctor came the dominie and two of the town bailies. There was little need of the doctor; Peter Fae’s life was ebbing rapidly away. with every moment of time. There was but lit- tle time now for whatever had yet to be done. The dominie stooped first to his ear, and in a few solemn words bid him lay himself at the foot of the cross. “Thou ’It never perish there, Peter,” he said ; and the dying man seemed to catch something of the comfort of such an assurance. Then Bailie Inkster said, “Peter Fae, before God an’ his minister — before twa o’ the town bai- lies an’ thy ain daughter Margaret, an’ thy friend Ragon Torr, an’ thy servants Hacon Flett an’ Gerda Vedder, thou art now to say what man stabbed thee.” 286 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. Peter made one desperate effort, a wild, pas- sionate gleam shot from the suddenly-opened eyes, and he cried out in a voice terrible in its despairing anger, ‘ ‘ yohn Sabay ! yohn Sabay — stabb-ed — me ! Indeed — he — did /’ ’ “Oh, forgive him, man! forgive him! Dinna think o’ that now, Peter ! Cling to the cross — cling to the cross, man ! Nane ever perished that only won to the foot o’ it. ’ ’ Then the plead- ing words were whispered down into fast-sealing ears, and the doctor quietly led away a poor heart-stricken girl, who was too shocked to weep and too humbled and wretched to tell her sorrow to any one but God. ONE WRONG STEP. 287 CHAPTER IV. The bailies, after hearing the deposition, im- mediately repaired to John Sabay’s cottage. It was Saturday night, and no warrant could now be got, but the murderer must be secured. No two men bent on such an errand ever found it more difficult to execute. The little family had sat later than usual. John had always news they were eager to hear — of tourists and strangers he had seen in Wick, or of the people the steamer had brought to Kirkwall. He was particularly cheerful this evening; his interview with Margaret had been hopeful and pleasant, and Christine had given the houseplace and the humble supper-table quite a festival look. They had sat so long over the meal that when the bailies entered John was only then reading the regular portion for the evening exercise. All were a little amazed at the visit, but no one thought for a moment of interrupting the Scrip- ture; and the two men sat down and listened at- tentively while John finished the chapter. Bailie Tulloch then rose and went towards the dame. He was a far-off cousin of the Sabays, ^ and, though not on the best of terms with them. 288 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. his relationship was considered to impose the duty particularly on him. “Gude-e’en, if thou comes on a gude errand,’^ said old Dame Alison, suspiciously; “but that’s no thy custom, bailie.” “I came, dame, to ask John anent Peter Fae.” The dame laughed pleasantly. ‘ ‘ If thou had asked him anent Margaret Fae, he could tell thee more about it. ’ ’ “This is nae laughing matter, dame. Peter Fae has been murdered — yes, murdered ! An’ he said, ere he died, that John Sabay did the deed.” “Then Peter Fae died wi’ a lie on his lips — tell them that, John,” and the old woman’s face was almost majestic in its defiance and anger. “I hae not seen Peter Fae for a week,” said John. “God knows that, bailie. I wad be the vera last man to hurt a hair o’ his gray head; why he is Margaret’s father !” “ Still, John, though we hae nae warrant to hold thee, we are beholden to do sae; an’ thou maun come wi’ us,” said Bailie Inkster. “ Wrang has nae warrant at ony time, an’ ye will no touch my lad,” said Alison, rising and standing before her son. “ Come, dame, keep a still tongue.” ONE WRONG STEP. 289 “My tongue’s no under thy belt, Tulloch ; but it ’s weel kenned that since thou wranged us thou ne’er liked us.” “Mother, mother, dinna fash theesel’. It’s naught at a’ but a mistake; an’ I ’ll gae wi’ Bai- lie Inkster, if he ’s feared to tak my word.” “I could tak thy word fain enough, John — ” ‘But the thing isna possible, Inkster. Be- sides, if he were missing Monday morn, I, being i’ some sort a relation, wad be under suspicion o’ helping him awa. ’ ’ “Naebody wad e’er suspect thee o’ a helping or mercifu’ deed, Tulloch. Indeed na!” “Tak care, dame; thou art admitting it wad be a mercifu’ deed. I heard Peter Fae say that John Sabay stabbed him, an’ Ragon Torr and Hacon Flett saw John, as I understan’ the mat- ter.” “Mother,” said John, “do thou talk to nane but God. Thou wilt hae to lead the prayer thee- sel’ to-night; dinna forget me. I’m as innocent o’ this matter as Christine is; mak up thy mind on that.” “God go wi’ thee, John. A’ the men i’ Ork- ney can do nae mair than they may against thee.” “It’s an unco grief an’ shame to me,” said Tulloch, “but the Sabays hae aye been a thorn i’ 37 290 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. the flesh to me, an’ John’s the last o’ them, the last o’ them !” “Thou art makin’ thy count without Provi- dence, Tulloch. There ’s mair Sabays than Tul- lochs; for there’s Ane for them that counts far beyont an’ above a’ that can be against them. Now, thou step aff my honest hearthstane — there is mair room for thee without than within. ’ ’ Then John held his mother’s and sister’s hands a moment, and there was such virtue in the clasp, and such light and trust in their faces, that it was impossible for him not to catch hope from them. Suddenly Bailie Tulloch noticed that John was in his Sabbath-day clothes. In itself this was not remarkable on a Saturday night. Most of the people kept this evening as a kind of preparation for the Holy Day, and the best clothing and the festival meal were very general. But just then it struck the bailies as worth inquiring about. “Where are thy warking-claes, John — the uniform, I mean, o’ that steamship company thou sails for — and why hast na them on thee?” “ I had a visit to mak, an’ I put on my best to mak it in. The ithers are i’ my room. ’ ’ “Get them, Christine.” Christine returned in a few minutes pale- faced and empty-handed. ‘ ‘ They are not there, John, nor yet i’ thy kist.” ONE WRONG STEP. 291 “ I thouglit sae.’’ ‘‘Then God help me, sister! I know not where they are.” Even Bailie Inkster looked doubtful and trou- bled at this circumstance. Silence, cold and sus- picious, fell upon them, and poor John went away half-bereft of all the comfort his mother’s trust and Christine’s look had given him. The next day being Sabbath, no one felt at liberty to discuss the subject; but as the little groups passed one another on their way to church their solemn looks and their doleful shakes of the head testified to its presence in their thoughts. The dominie indeed, knowing how nearly impos- sible it would be for them not to think their own thoughts this Lord’s day, deemed it best to guide those thoughts to charity. He begged every one to be kind to all in deep afiliction, and to think no evil until it was positively known who the guilty person was. Indeed, in spite of the almost overwhelming evidence against John Sabay, there was a strong disposition to believe him innocent. “If ye believe a’ ye hear, ye may eat a’ ye see,” said Geordie Sweyn. “ Maybe John Sabay killed old Peter Fae, but every maybe has a may-not-be.” And to this remark there were more nods of ap- proval than shakes of dissent. 292 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. But affairs, even with this gleam of light, were dark enough to the sorrowful family. John’s wages had stopped, and the winter fuel was not yet all cut. A lawyer had to be pro- cured, and they must mortgage their little cot- tage to do it; and although ten days had passed, Margaret Fae had not shown, either by word or deed, what was her opinion regarding John’s guilt or innocence. But Margaret, as before said, was naturally slow in all her movements, so slow that even Scotch caution had begun to call her cruel or careless. But this was a great injustice. She had weighed carefully in her own mind every- thing against John, and put beside it his own letter to her and her intimate knowledge of his character, and then solemnly sat down in God’s presence to take such counsel as he should put into her heart. After many prayerful, waiting days she reached a conclusion which was satisfac- tory to herself; and she then put away from her every doubt of John’s innocence, and resolved on the course to be pursued. In the first place she would need money to clear the guiltless and to seek the guilty, and she resolved to continue her father’s business. She had assisted him so long with his accounts that his methods were quite familiar to her; all she ONE WRONG STEP. 293 needed was some one to handle the rough goods, and stand between her and the rude sailors with whom the business was mainly conducted. Who was this to be ? Ragon Torr ? She was sure Ra^on would have been her father’s choice. He had taken all charge of the funeral, and had since hung round the house, ready at any moment to do her service. But Ragon would testify against John Sabay, and she had besides an un- accountable antipathy to his having any nearer relation with her. “I’ll ask Geordie Sweyn,” she said, after a long consultation with her own slow but sure reasoning powers; “ he ’ll keep the skippers an’ farmers i’ awe o’ him; an’ he’s just as honest as any ither man.” So Geordie was sent for and the proposal made and accepted. “ Thou wilt surely be true to me, Geordie ?’ ’ “As sure as death. Miss Margaret;” and when he gave her his great brawny hand on it, she knew her affairs in that direction were safe. Next morning the shop was opened as usual, and Geordie Sweyn stood in Peter Fae’s place. The arrangement had been finally made so rap- idly that it had taken all Stromness by surprise. But no one said anything against it; many be- lieved it to be wisely done, and those who did not, hardly cared to express dissatisfaction with a 294 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. man whose personal prowess and ready hand were so well known. The same day Christine received a very sis- terly letter from Margaret, begging her to come and talk matters over with her. There were such obvious reasons why Margaret could not go to Christine, that the latter readily complied with the request; and such was the influence that this calm, cool, earnest girl had over the elder woman, that she not only prevailed upon her to accept money to fee the lawyer in John’s defence, but also whatever was necessary for their comfort during the approaching winter. Thus Christine and Margaret mutually strengthened each other, and both cottage and prison were always the bet- ter for every meeting. ONE WRONG STEP. 295 CHAPTER V. But soon the summer passed away, and the storms and snows of winter swept over the lonely island. There would be no court until Decem- ber to try John, and his imprisonment in Kirk- wall jail grew every day more dreary. But no storms kept Christine long away from him. Over almost impassable roads and mosses she made her way on the little ponies of the country, which had to perform a constant steeple-chase over the bogs and chasms. All things may be borne when they are sure; and every one who loved John was glad when at last he could have a fair hearing. Nothing however was in his favor. The bailies and the murdered man’s servants, even the dominie and his daughter could tell but one tale. “Peter Fae had declared with his last breath that John Sabay had stabbed him.” The prosecution also brought forward strong evidence to show that very bitter words had passed, a few days before the murder, between the prisoner and the mur- dered man. In the sifting of this evidence other points were brought out, still more convincing. Placon 296 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. Flett said that he was walking to Stromness by the beach to meet his sweetheart, when he heard the cry of murder, and in the gloaming light saw John Sabay distinctly running across the moor. ' When asked how he knew certainly that it was John, he said that he knew him by his peculiar dress, its bright buttons, and the glimmer of gold braid on his cap. He said also, in a very decided manner, that John Sabay passed Ragon Torr so closely that he supposed they had spoken. Then Ragon being put upon his oath, and asked solemnly to declare who was the man that had thus passed him, tremblingly answered, ‘ ‘ JoJm Sabay P ’ John gave him such a look as might well haunt a guilty soul through all eternity; and old Dame Alison, roused by a sense of intolerable wrong, cried out, “Know this, there’s a day coming that will show the black heart; but traitors’ words ne’er yet hurt the honest cause. ’ ’ “ Peace, woman !” said an officer of the court, not unkindly. “Weel, then, God speak for me! an’ my thoughts are free; if I daurna say, I may think.” In defence Margaret Fae swore that she had been with John on Brogar Bridge until nearly time to meet her father, and that John then wore ONK WRONG STEP. 297 a black broadcloth suit and a high hat; further- more, that she believed it utterly impossible for him to have gone home, changed his clothes, and then reached the scene of the murder at the time Hacon Flett and Ragon Torr swore to his appear- ance there. ’ But watches were very uncommon then; no one of the witnesses had any very distinct idea of the time; some of them varied as much as an hour in their estimate. It was also suggested by the prosecution that John probably had the other suit secreted near the scene of the murder. Cer- tain it was that he had not been able either to produce it or to account for its mysterious disap- pearance. The probability of Sandy Beg being the mur- derer was then advanced; but Sandy was known to have sailed in a whaling vessel before the mur- der, and no one had seen him in Stromness since his departure for Wick after his dismissal from Peter Fae’s service. No one? Yes, some one had seen him. That fatal night, as Ragon Torr was crossing the moor to Peter’s house — he having some news of a very particular vessel to give — he heard the cry of “Murder,” and he heard Hacon Flett call out, “I know thee, John Sabay. Thou hast stabbed my master !” and he instantly put himself in the ^ 38 SCOTTISH sketches. 298 way of the flying man. Then he knew at once that it was Sandy Beg in John Sabay’s clothes. The two men looked a moment in each other’s face, and Sandy saw in Ragon’s something that made him say, “ She ’ll pat Sandy safe ta night, an’ that will mak her shure o’ ta lass she ’s seeking far.” There was no time for parley; Ragon’s evil nature was strongest, and he answered, ‘ ‘ There is a cellar below my house, thou knows it weel. ’ ’ Indeed, most of the houses in Stromness had underground passages, and places of concealment used for smuggling purposes, and Ragon’s lonely house was a favorite rendezvous. The vessel whose arrival he had been going to inform Peter of was a craft not likely to come into Stromness with all her cargo. Towards morning Ragon had managed to see Sandy and send him out to her with such a mes- sage as insured her rapid disappearance. Sandy had also with him a sum of money which he promised to use in transporting himself at once to India, where he had a cousin in the forty-second Highland regiment. Ragon had not at first intended to positively swear away his friend’s life; he had been driven to it, not only by Margaret’s growing antipathy to him and her decided interest in John’s case ONE WRONG STEP. 299 and family, but also by that mysterious power of events which enable the devil to forge the whole chain that binds a man when the first link is given him. But the word once said, he adhered positively to it, and even asserted it with quite unnecessary vehemence and persistence. After such testimony there was but one ver- dict possible. John Sabay was declared guilty of murder, and sentenced to death. But there was still the same strange and unreasonable belief in his innocence, and the judge, with a peculiar stretch of clemency, ordered the sentence to be suspended until he could recommend the prisoner to his majesty’s mercy. A remarkable change now came over Dame Alison. Her anger, her sense of wrong, her im- patience, were over. She had come now to where she could do nothing else but trust implicitly in God; and her mind, being thus stayed, was kept in a strange exultant kind of perfect peace. Dost confidence ? Not a bit of it ! Both Christine and her mother had reached a point where they knew “ That right is right, since God is God, And right the day must win ; To doubt would be disloyalty, To falter would be sin.” 300 SCOTTISH SKETCHES. CHAPTER VI. Slowey the weary winter passed away. And just as spring was opening there began to be talk of Ragon Torr’s going away. Margaret continued to refuse his addresses with a scorn he found it ill to bear; and he noticed that many of his old acquaintances dropped away from him. There is a distinct atmosphere about every man, and the atmosphere about Ragon people began to avoid. No one could have given a veiy clear reason for doing so; one man did not ask another why; but the fact needed no reasoning about, it was there. One day, when Paul Calder was making np his spring cargoes, Ragon asked for a boat, and being a skilful sailor, he was accepted. But no sooner was the thing known, than Paul had to seek another crew. |
1747673_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 605 So. 2d 229 (1992)
STATE of Louisiana, Appellee,
v.
J.W. SALONE, Appellant.
No. 24,085-KA.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Second Circuit.
September 23, 1992.
Indigent Defender Office by Kurt J. Goins and Richard E. Hiller, for appellant.
Richard Ieyoub, Atty. Gen., Paul J. Carmouche, Dist. Atty., Howard M. Fish and Tommy J. Johnson, Asst. Dist. Attys., for appellee.
Before MARVIN, NORRIS and HIGHTOWER, JJ.
HIGHTOWER, Judge.
J.W. Salone, originally charged with attempted second degree murder but convicted by a jury of attempted manslaughter, LSA-R.S. 14:31 and 14:27, appeals his sentence *230 of four and one-half years at hard labor. Finding neither an excessive sentence nor error patent, we affirm.
Evidence revealed that, after an argument between 45-year-old Salone and his wife, police officers, who had been summoned to the couple's residence, suggested that defendant temporarily leave home and spend the night in his car. However, upon waking the next morning, August 12, 1986, the accused remembered that his wallet remained at his house and decided to retrieve it before departing for work.
Once home, Salone discovered his wife and another man, Charles Webster, engaged in a sexual act in the master bedroom. Enraged, the perpetrator obtained an iron pipe from the garage and began beating the victim severely. The violence continued as Salone thereafter brandished a small stepladder and a glass bottle. Defendant departed, but police apprehended him when he returned a short time later.
Although surviving this attack, the victim now exists in a vegetative state. One hundred percent paralyzed, he will be forced to spend the rest of his life in a nursing home, unable to move or communicate.
As his sole assignment of error, defendant challenges his sentence as excessive. Although arguing that the trial court failed to give adequate consideration to mitigating factors, he nonetheless acknowledges compliance with the guidelines of LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 894.1, and indeed we find that provision to have been followed meticulously. Thus, we need only address whether the incarceration imposed is too severe, considering the circumstances of the case and defendant's background. See LSA-Const. Art. 1, § 20; State v. Barberousse, 480 So. 2d 273 (La.1985); State v. Square, 433 So. 2d 104 (La.1983); State v. Bonanno, 384 So. 2d 355 (La.1980).
The trial court stated that it initially favored a longer term of imprisonment than the four and one-half years actually imposed. However, numerous letters from defendant's neighbors, co-workers, and fellow church members created a favorable impression with the district judge. Although believing Salone to be a basically good person who acted under provocation in this unfortunate instance, the court recognized that defendant's actions caused very serious harm. Several additional mitigating factors, including the frustration to which Salone had been subjected by his alcoholic wife and his forbearance from striking her during the incident at hand, all played a role in the reduced sentence. With respect to criminal history, the trial court further considered the presentence investigation report that disclosed only one previous felony conviction (attempted simple burglary) and a minimal number of misdemeanors. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the extreme and permanent consequences of the beating necessitated a term of imprisonment. Simply stated, after reviewing the record, we find no abuse of discretion.
Of course, we have also reviewed the record as required by LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 920(2). In that connection, it seems appropriate to mention an apparently imprecise statement of the law in the trial court's instructions to the jury. As to the original charge of attempted second degree murder, the judge correctly listed the responsive verdicts as attempted manslaughter, aggravated battery, and not guilty. Thereafter, the trial court accurately stated that a conviction for attempted second degree murder would require the finding of a specific intent to kill and an act in furtherance of the crime. However, when addressing manslaughter, the court defined that offense as being "the killing of a human being when the defendant has a specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm...." Thereafter, the judge read the statutory definition of attempt, but failed to explain that only a finding of specific intent to kill will support a conviction of attempted manslaughter. See State v. Dean, 528 So. 2d 679 (La.App.2d Cir.1988); State v. Turner, 440 So. 2d 834 (La.App.2d Cir.1983).
Irrespective of the wording utilized in the charge, however, defense counsel failed to object at trial, even after the district judge reviewed the instructions with the attorneys. Unobjected-to jury instructions are not errors patent and, absent *231 a contemporaneous objection, a defendant may not, on appeal, complain of the charge to the jury.[1] LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 841; State v. Belgard, 410 So. 2d 720 (La.1982); State ex rel. Ross v. Blackburn, 403 So. 2d 719 (La.1981); State v. Stramiello, 392 So. 2d 425 (La.1980); State v. Ruple, 437 So. 2d 873 (La.App.2d Cir.1983). See also LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 801.
We further note that LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 930.8 provides that, at the time of sentencing, the trial court shall inform the defendant of the prescriptive period for post-conviction relief. Although the court did not so inform Salone, this apparent oversight has no bearing on whether the sentence is excessive, and thus is not grounds for reversal. LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 921. As the required notice provision is designed to apprise the defendant in advance concerning the elapsing of the statutory time limitation, the district court is hereby directed to send appropriate written notice to Salone within ten days of the rendition of this opinion and to file, in the record of these proceedings, written proof that defendant received such notice.
Accordingly, the conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[1] When assigned as error, improper jury instructions have been considered in the absence of a contemporaneous objection in capital cases, see, e.g., State v. Smith, 600 So. 2d 1319 (La. 1992); State v. Hamilton, 478 So. 2d 123 (La. 1985), cert. denied, 478 U.S. 1022, 106 S. Ct. 3339, 92 L. Ed. 2d 743 (1986), and also where the error emanated from a recent legislative change in the law, see State v. Williamson, 389 So. 2d 1328 (La.1980). Of course, even objected to, erroneous instructions are subject to a harmless error analysis. See, e.g., State v. Cage, 583 So. 2d 1125 (La.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 211, 116 L. Ed. 2d 170 (1991).
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MMKB24:080092000_1 | Dutch-PD | Public Domain | ONDERZOEKINGEN OVER FOTOTROPIE. : w. h. arisz. : ONDERZOEKINGEN OVER FOTOTROPIE. PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE PLANT* EN DIERKUNDE AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR* MAGNIFICUS DR. B.J. KOUWER, HOOGLEERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER GENEESKUNDE, VOL* GENS BESLUIT VAN DEN SENAAT DER UNI* VERSITEIT TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN DE FACULTEIT DER WIS* EN NATUURKUNDE TE VERDEDIGEN OP DONDERDAG 11 JUNI 1914, DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4 UUR, DOOR WILLEM HENDRIK ARISZ, GEBOREN TE UTRECHT. ELECTRISCHE DRUKKERIJ L. E. BOSCH & ZOON, UTRECHT. ONDERZOEKINGEN OVER : FOTOTROPIE. : Gaarne maak ik gebruik van de gelegenheid, die dit proefschrift mij biedt, openlijk een woord van dank te richten tot U, Hooggeleerde Heeren, Hoogleeraren van de Wis« en Natuurkundige faculteit der Utrechtsche Hooge* school, onder wier leiding ik heb mogen studeeren. Zeer erkentelijk ben ik U, Hooggeleerde Went, Hooggeachte Promotor, voor Uwe voortdurende belangstelling, voor Uw raad en steun, die ik nimmer te vergeefs heb ingeroepen en die mij de voltooiing van dit proefschrift zoozeer hebben vergemakkelijkt. Een aangename herinnering is het mij terug te denken, Hooggeleerde Hubrecht, aan den indruk, dien Uw voorbeeld en onderwijs op mij maakten, voorna* melijk inde jaren, toen mijn werkkring mij in nauwere aanraking met U bracht. Hooggeleerde Nierstrasz, Uw ruimen blik op het vak, door U vertegenwoordigd en de aanmoediging, die ik van U heb mogen ondervinden, herdenk ik met genoegen. Ten zeerste waardeer ik, dat de richting mijner studie mij met U, Hooggeleerde Wichmann en Pulle, in aanraking heeft gebracht. Met groote voor* komendheid hebt Gij, Hooggeleerde Zwaardemaker, mij toegestaan in Uw laboratorium te werken. Een aangename herinnering aan die maanden zal bij mij bewaard blijven. AAN MIJNE MOEDER. § 1. Aard van het onderzoek. Het doel van dit onderzoek is geweest het stemmings* verschijnsel te bestudeeren. De uitgebreide onderzoe* kingen van Pringsheim hadden het waarschijnlijk gemaakt, dat men hier met een dier eigenschappen te doen had, die zich niet slechts tot het plantenrijk beperken, maar die zich bij alle levende organismen voordoen. Niet alleen de verandering der prikkelbaarheid bij lagere en hoogere planten, bij eencelligen en bij kiemplanten der Phanerogamen, maar ook die bij dieren, zooals die door de onderzoekingen van Loeb bij Balanuslarven bekend geworden was, ja zelfs de adaptatieverschijnselen bij het menschelijk oog, zouden op een zelfde grondbeginsel berusten. Om dit stemmingsproces met vrucht te kunnen ont* leden, bleek het noodzakelijk vooraf die onderzee* kingen te verrichten, welke hier zijn samengevat in het eerste gedeelte. Dit handelt over de wijze, waarop een kiemplant van de haver op een éénzijdigen lichtprikkel antwoordt. In het tweede gedeelte is een begin gemaakt met de bestudeering van de stemmingsverschijnselen. Hier* voor is nagegaan, hoe een plant reageert op prikkels, die tegelijkertijd of na elkaar zijn toegediend, daar men vaneen stemmingsverandering spreekt, wanneer de wijze, waarop een plant op een prikkel antwoordt, veranderd HOOFDSTUK I. INLEIDING. wordt door den invloed, dien een voorafgaande prikkel heeft uitgeoefend. Het is inden loop dezer onderzoekingen niet gelukt met zekerheid een geval vast te stellen, waarin de stemmingsverandering op een wijziging van het pers ceptievermogen berust. Een groot gedeelte van de inges wikkelde verschijnselen, die zich bij de samenwerking van prikkels voordoen, mogen aan het inwerken der reactieprocessen op elkaar toegeschreven worden. Voordat deze problemen bij de planten zelf opgelost zijn, is het weinig aanlokkelijk ze met nog even duistere en zeker niet minder ingewikkelde processen bij dieren en mensch te vergelijken. Talrijk zijnde onderzoekingen, die inden laatsten tijd op fototropisch gebied verschenen zijn. Vele van deze hebben zich in dezelfde richting als dit onderzoek bewogen. Achtereenvolgens zijn door Guttenberg, Wilschke, Clark en Noack ieder op een ander gebied, waarnemingen medegedeeld over de hier behandelde problemen. Hunne resultaten wijken in enkele opzichten af. Voor een deel is dit een gevolg vaneen andere methode van onderzoek, voor een deel ook van de wijze, waarop de waarnemingen met elkander in verband zijn gebracht. Er is niet naar gestreefd een overzicht te geven van de omvangrijke prikkelphysiologische litteratuur. De tab rijke samenvattingen, die hiervan bestaan, hebben dit overbodig gemaakt. Slechts die verhandelingen, die de gelegenheid boden enkele problemen zuiverder te stellen, zijn vermeld. Litteratuursamenvattingen vindt men inde artikels van Jost en Fitting in het Handwörterbuch der Natur* wissenschaften, en in H. Fitting, Die Reizleitungsvor* gange beiden Pflanzen, Sonderabdruck aus Ergebnisse der Physiologie, Asher u. Spiro Bd. 4 en 5, «E. Prings= heim, Die Reizbewegungen der Pflanzen, «S. O. Mast, Light and the Behavior of Organisms. Het grootste deel van dit onderzoek heeft plaats gehad in het laboratorium van Professor Went. Voor zijn aam sporing en voor de hulp, waarmee hij mij ten allen tijde heeft ondersteund en voor de welwillendheid, waarmee hij steeds bereid was een verbetering inde opstelling der proeven mogelijk te maken, breng ik hem hartelijken dank. Ook aan Professor Moll, die mij toestond in zijn laboratorium in Groningen enkele maanden met den klinostaat van‘ Van Harreveld te mogen werken, en aan Professor Julius, die steeds bereid was voorlichting bij physische moeilijkheden te verleenen, voel ik mij zeer verplicht. § 2. Algemeene methode van onderzoek. Materiaal. Alle proeven, die in dit onderzoek beschreven zullen worden, zijn met kiemplanten van de haver verricht. Feitelijk is het aantal verschillende plantensoorten, dat voor prikkelphysiologische proeven gebruikt wordt, be* trekkelijk gering. Hieraan is het voordeel verbonden, dat de onderzoekingen elkaar min of meer aanvullen en er hierdoor tenminste bij deze planten iets meer over de gecompliceerde prikkelprocessen bekend geworden is. Bovendien is het bij eventueele afwijkende resultaten gemakkelijker de proeven van anderen te beoordeelen. Vele prikkelphysiologische onderzoekingen van den laatsten tijd, zoowel op fototropisch als op geotropisch gebied, hebben plaats gehad met kiemplantjes van de haver. Het gevolg is, dat op dit oogenblik Avena het object genoemd mag worden, dat op dit gebied het beste onderzocht is. De onderzoekingen, die hier meegedeeld zullen worden, zijn niet tot andere objecten bijv. een* celligen uitgebreid, daar er de voorkeur aan gegeven is liever bij één plant zoover mogelijk inde samen* gesteldheid der prikkelreactie door te dringen. Aan het experimenteeren met de eencellige sporangiëndragers van Phycomyces waren, zooals bij een voorloopig onderzoek gebleken was, zeer veel moeilijkheden verbonden; deze zouden overigens misschien de voorkeur verdiend hebben boven de door hun veelcelligen bouw zooveel gecompli* ceerdere Avena coleoptielen. De haver waarmee het grootste deel van deze proeven verricht is, was afkomstig van Svalöf. De verschillende zuivere lijnen, die onderzocht zijn, bleken geen in het oogvallend verschil in lichtgevoeligheid te bezitten. De uit Svalöf betrokken haver reageerde echter uiterst gelijks matig, waarschijnlijk tengevolge van het gelijkmatig op* groeien van het materiaal. De wijze, waarop de planten gekweekt zijn, wijkt niet af van die van vroegere onderzoekers. Zij is zeer uit* voerig beschreven door Rutgers !) (§ 5 bl. 22 en 23). Er is echter één verschijnsel, dat aan ieder, die met haver geëxperimenteerd heeft, bekend is, dat hier nog even besproken zal worden: het uitgroeien van de hypocotylen. Rutgers zocht de oorzaak in gebrek aan frissche lucht en de schadelijkheid van laboratoriumlucht. Blaauw 2) had er in het voorjaar veel last van. In overeenstemming met Noack 3) kan dit verschijnsel geweten worden aan 1) Rutgers, A A. L. The influence of temperature on the geotropic presentation time. Recueil d. Trav. Bot. Néerl. Vol. IX 1912. 2) Blaauw, A. H. Die Perzeption des Lichtes. Recueil d. Trav. Bot. Néerl. Vol. V 1909. 3) Noack, K. Die Bedeutung der schiefen Lichtrichtung für die Helioperzeption parallelotroper Organe. Zeitschrift für Bot. J. 6 1914. den vochtigheidstoestand. Het sterke uitgroeien van de hypocotylen in vochtige lucht wijst er echter op, dat het uitgroeien niet, zooals Noack meent, door gebrek aan vochtigheid wordt veroorzaakt. Bij zeer groote vochtigheid van de aarde en in met waterdamp verzas digde lucht groeien de hypocotylen zeer sterk en vols komen gelijkmatig uit. Zij kunnen dan + 2 cM. lang worden. Bij ongelijkmatige vochtigheid is de uitgroeiing echter meer eenzijdig, waarbij de van de korrel afgerichte zijde het meest wordt begunstigd. Het materiaal voor alle proeven is gekweekt inde laboratoriumkas, die zich inden Hortus academicus bevindt. De planten hebben zich dus steeds in zuivere lucht ontwikkeld. Opstelling. De proeven, die hier meegedeeld zullen worden, loopen over 3 jaren. In dezen tijd is voortdurend getracht de opstelling voor de experimenten te verbeteren. Het ges volg hiervan is geweest, dat de omstandigheden, waar# onder de verschillende reeksen van proeven hebben plaats gehad, niet volkomen met elkaar vergelijkbaar zijn. Het grootste deel van de proeven is in Utrecht genomen, een reeks aanvullende bepalingen, in het bijzonder om den klinostaat van Van Harreveld te kunnen gebruiken, in het botanische laboratorium te Groningen. De op* stelling in de verschillende ruimten wijkt voornamelijk af in de lichtbronnen. In Groningen werd gebruik ges maakt van electrische metaaldraadlampen van 500 en 100 H.K. Aangezien deze op een eigen accumulatorens batterij bij steeds dezelfde voltage brandden, gaven zij een volkomen constant licht. In Utrecht is voor de in § 4, 5 en 7 meegedeelde proeven, welke plaats hadden in de donkere kamer van het laboratorium, een lamp met invert brandend gasgloeilicht gebruikt. (Deze op* stelling is beschreven door Blaauw)1). Alle latere proeven zijn echter genomen ineen kleine donkere kamer inde laboratoriumkas. Als lichtbron deed hier dienst een Nernst projectielamp met drie stiften, die buiten de donkere kamer was opgesteld en dooreen koelinrichting met stroomend water er van gescheiden was. Wegens de sterke wisselingen van de netspanning was het ook met behulp vaneen regelweerstand niet mogelijk over dag met volkomen constante stroomsterkte te werken. Om deze reden zijn zooveel mogelijk alle waarnemingen ’s avonds bij constante lichtsterkte herhaald en gecon* troleerd. Enkele proeven met zeer groote lichtsterkte konden alleen genomen worden bij dein de college* kamer van het laboratorium opgestelde projectielamp met electrisch booglicht. Aan het eind van deze onderzoekingen, in het bijzonder bij de proeven met tweezijdige belichting, waar twee volkomen constante lichtbronnen werden vereischt, is gebruik gemaakt van metaaldraadlampen van 10 volt, brandende op accu* mulatorenstroom bij constant gehouden voltage. Dit bleek ten slotte de eenige methode te zijn om de zeker* heid te hebben, dat steeds met dezelfde lichtsterkte gewerkt werd. De lichtsterkte is met een fotometer van Weber be* paald, die Prof. Snellen, Directeur van het „Neder* landsch Gasthuis voor Ooglijders”, zoo vriendelijk was ten gebruike te geven. De belichtingstijden zijn bepaald met een aftikhorloge. Er zijn nog een aantal apparaten voor deze proeven gebruikt, die echter beschreven zullen worden 1) Blaauw. 1. e. § 2. Temperatuur. In de donkere kamer in het laboratorium is men geheel „ i i ; afhankelijk van de temperatuur van de omgeving. De donkere kamer in de experimenteerkas is voor deze proeven voorzien van een eenvoudige inrichting om de temperatuur constant te houden. Een ventilator, die zich voor een geopend raam van de experimenteerkas bevindt, blaast door een buizensysteem een stroom van frissche lucht in de donkere kamer. Een 4*tal lampen, die er op verschillende plaatsen en hoogten zijn opgesteld en in blikken bussen lichtdicht zijn afgesloten, kunnen een voldoende verwarming geven. Door een kwikthermo* regulator wordt, wanneer de temperatuur een bepaald niveau bereikt, een electrische stroom gesloten, die met behulp van een relais een omschakeling tot stand brengt, waardoor de verwarmingslampen, die tot dezen tijd hebben gebrand, worden uitgeschakeld en tegelijkertijd de ventilator in werking wordt gesteld, die een stroom van koude buitenlucht in de donkere kamer voert. Door dit afwisselend werken van den ventilator en de verwarmingslampen wordt zoowel een voldoende constante temperatuur als een voortdurende verfrissching van de atmosfeer verkregen. De grootste afwijkingen van de tuur bedroegen 1° Cels. De voorwaarde voor een goed functioneeren is, dat de temperatuur van de donkere kamer hooger moet zijn, dan die van de afkoelende buitenlucht. Hierdoor is het niet mogelijk in den zomer beneden 25° a 26 Cels. te werken. De donkere kamer in het Groningsche laboratorium was ook van een inrichting voor constante temperatuur bij de bespreking van de proeven, waarvoor zij hebben gediend. voorzien. Dit systeem berustte op het inblazen van koude of warme lucht. Zuivere lucht. Zoomin inde donkere kamer in Groningen, als in die inde experimenteerkas in Utrecht, bestond gevaar voor verontreiniging van de lucht1). Dit kan niet gezegd worden van de donkere kamer in het laboratorium* gebouw en van de collegekamer. Een aantal proeven, die inde donkere kamer van het laboratorium genomen zijn, zullen dan ook niet worden medegedeeld, omdat niet de volledige zekerheid bestaat, dat deze resultaten quantitatief betrouwbaar zijn. Nutaties. Een belangrijke factor bij het onderzoek van tropistische krommingen zijnde veelvuldig optredende nutaties, waaronder hier alle niet gewenschte krommingen worden verstaan. De autonome nutaties van Avena zijn door Maillefer 2) uitvoerig onderzocht. Het is te betreuren, dat zijn onderzoek geen gegevens bevat over de steeds geciteerde mededeeling, dat de autonome nutaties ineen bepaald georienteerd vlak zouden plaats hebben. Rothert3) deelt mee, dat bij Avena oscillaties van het coleoptiel voorkomen. Hij zocht de oorzaak in een beurtelings overwegen van zwaartekracht en foto* tropie, maar liet deze gedachte varen, toen hij zag, dat de oscillaties ook op de klinostaat optraden. Met groote 1) Richter, O. Ueber die Steigerung der heliotropischen Empfind* lichkeit 'von Keimlingen durch Narkotika. Verh. d. Vers. deutsch. Naturf. u. Arzte. Münster 1912. Abt. Botanik. Knight. J. and Crocker Wm. Toxicity of Smoke, The bot. gaz. 55, 1913. 2) Maillefer, A. Nouvelle étude expérimentale sur le géotropisme, Buil. Soc. Vaud. Vol. XLVIII 1912. 3) Rothert, W. Ueber Heliotropismus. Cohn’s Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pfl. Bd. VII 1896 bl. 32. waarschijnlijkheid kan dit verschijnsel aan negatieve fototropie worden toegeschreven. De afbeeldingen van Rothert (fig. 8) gelijken sprekend op wat hier later als gecombineerde positief en negatief fototropische krom? mingen beschreven zal worden. Een geheel ander verschijnsel heeft Rutgers x) waar? genomen. Na een negatief geotropische drempelkromming zou weer een positieve topneiging en daarna weer een negatieve plaats hebben. Waarom Rutgers dit ver? schijnsel niet voor identiek gehouden heeft met de zoo? genaamde „geotropische Überkrümmung” van Sachs is niet duidelijk. Juist het feit dat alle individuen een top? neiging naar denzelfden kant vertoonen en alle gelijk? matig reageeren, terwijl de nutatieperiode, die Rutgers aanneemt (70 min.) ± 2 maal zoo groot is als de reactie? tijd, wijst er veel meer op, dat deze tegenkrommingen van geotropischen aard zijn. Het hoeft niet te verwon? deren, dat reeds een zoo kleine verandering inden stand van den top wordt waargenomen, daar volgens alle onderzoekers juist de top het meest gevoelige deel van het coleoptiel is. Rothert’s fig, 60 § 77 berust waar? schijnlijk op rechtstrekking. Men ziet dus, dat men zeer voorzichtig zal moeten zijn om niet krommingen, die in het geheel niet autonoom zijn, als zoodanig te beschouwen. Het aantal der aitiogene nutaties is door Vander Wolk 2) voor Avena nog vermeerderd met de contact? krommingen. Het is niet twijfelachtig, dat het aantal 1) Rutgers 1. c. p. 34 e. s. 2) v.d. Wolk, P. C. Investigation on the transmission of light stimuli in the seedlings of Avena. Publications sur la Physiologie Végétale 1912. Eveneens Versl. Kon. Ak. v. Wetensch. Amsterdam Sept. 1911. oorzaken, dat tot notaties voeren kan, uiterst groot is. Reeds is gewezen op de hypocotylkrommingen, die het coleoptiel uit den verticalen stand brengen en een geo* tropische inductie veroorzaken. Waarschijnlijk zijn ook de autotropie en een eventueele asymmetrische bouw van de percipieerende cellen oorzaak voor het optreden van nutaties. Het is duidelijk, dat door al deze onge* wenschte krommingen het uiterst moeilijk is, volkomen betrouwbaar materiaal te verkrijgen. Ook het experiment teeren wordt er door bemoeilijkt, vooral wanneer de temperatuur, waarbij gewerkt wordt, vrij hoog is. DEEL I. EENZIJDIGE BELICHTINGEN. POSITIEVE REACTIE. § 3. Inleiding. Een onderzoek over tropistische verschijnselen zal uit den aard der zaak moeten steunen op een nauwkeurige kennis van het krommingsproces. Want alleen omdat de zichtbare reactie afhankelijk is van den aard en de sterkte van de prikkeling, is het mogelijk gegevens over de perceptieprocessen te verkrijgen. Door Maillefer1) en Tröndle2) is de analyse van de geotropische kromming ter hand genomen. Hunne onder* zoekingen hebben nog niet tot geheel bevredigende resultaten geleid. De oorzaak hiervan mag gedeeltelijk gezocht worden inde groote moeilijkheden aan zorgvul* dige en talrijke bepalingen verbonden, maar bovendien zijn aan het onderzoek der geotropische kromming nog zeer speciale bezwaren verbonden, die het gevolg zijn van de eigenaardigheden van de geotropische prikkeling. Daar hier steeds de geheele plant geprikkeld wordt, is het niet mogelijk vast te stellen, waardoor de kromming van een bepaalde zone ontstaan is. Het kan zijn, dat een ineen hooger gelegen deel geïnduceerde kromming zich 1) Maiilefer, A. Nouvelle étude expérimentale sur le géotro* pisme. Buil. Soc. Vaud. Vol. XLVIII. 1912. 2) Tröndle, A. Der zeitliche Verlauf der geotropischen Reaktion und die Verteilung der geotropischen Sensibiliteit in der Koleoptile. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. Bd. 52. 1913. HOOFDSTUK 11. door prikkelgeleiding naar de meer basaal gelegen zone heeft uitgebreid, maar het is ook mogelijk dat in die zone zelf de perceptie heeft plaats gehad. Men beschikt bij geotropische inductie niet overeen middel om deze heterogene krommingen uit elkaar te houden. Daaren; tegen is het bij fototropie mogelijk elke zone afzonderlijk te prikkelen en hierdoor de gevoeligheid van verschik lende zones te bepalen; hierbij moeten dan de krom; mingen, die ineen andere dan de belichte zone ontstaan, noodzakelijk het gevolg zijn vaneen prikkelgeleiding. Alle waarnemingen over het verloop van fototro; pische krommingen door vroegere onderzoekers zijn verkregen door de planten voortdurend eenzijdig te belichten. De onderzoekingen van de laatste jaren wijzen echter op de wenschelijkheid met bepaalde energiehoeveeb heden te prikkelen en na te gaan of de tijd, waarin deze worden toegediend, invloed heeft. Bij de meeste krom* mingen, die in dit Hoofdstuk besproken zullen worden, heeft de prikkeling slechts gedurende een betrekkelijk korten tijd plaats gehad, zoodat de fototropische kromming als nawerking optreedt. Het zijn voornamelijk twee factoren in het krommings; proces, die een nadere bespreking zullen vereischen, de reactietijd en de krommingssterkte. Vooral inde laatste jaren is het door sommige onderzoekers betwijfeld (Blaauw1), Mevr. Rutten—Pekelharing2), Rutgers3) of deze twee factoren wel een betrouwbaren maatstaf 1) Blaauw, A. H. Die Perzeption des Lichtes. Recueil d. Trav. Botan. Néerl. Vol. V. 1909. 2) Rutten—Pekelharing, C. J. Untersuchungen über die Per= zeption des Schwerkraftreizes. Ree. d. Trav. Bot. Néerl. Vol. VII, 1910. Eveneens. Onderzoekingen over de perceptie van den zwaarte; krachtprikkel door planten. Acad. Proefschrift Utrecht 1909. 3) Rutgers, A. A. L. The influence of temperature on the kunnen opleveren om de gevoeligheid vaneen plant te bepalen. Er bestaat bij hen een groote geneigdheid deze grootheden liever niet te gebruiken, maar zooals zij dat noemen de gevoeligheid vaneen plant na te gaan, door praesentatietijden te bepalen. De praesentatietijd zou als factor van het perceptieproces een veel betrouw* baarder maatstaf zijn dan de reactietijd of de krommings* sterkte. Deze uitschakeling van reactietijd en krommings* sterkte is echter slechts schijnbaar. Want afgezien van het feit, dat de eigentlijke drempelwaarde niet te bepalen is (§ 13), zal een praesentatietijd alleen kunnen worden vastgesteld, doordat het overschreden worden van de drempelwaarde zich ineen uiterst geringe reactie open* baart. Principieel worden ook op deze wijze slechts door de grootte van het minimale krommingseffect te bepalen, gegevens over de gevoeligheid verkregen. §4. Het verloop vaneen positieve kromming. Het verloop vaneen kromming kan zoowel makros* kopisch als mikroskopisch worden waargenomen. Wil men echter ook aan de eerste krommingsstadiën zijn aandacht wijden, dan is het noodig vaneen mikroskoop gebruik te maken. A priori zou men zich kunnen voorstellen, dat naar« mate de vergrooting sterker is, ook de waarnemingen in juistheid en betrouwbaarheid zouden winnen. Het is bij dit onderzoek echter gebleken, dat dit niet het geval is. Bij een sterke vergrooting is het gezichtsveld betrekkelijk klein en maakt de groei een voortdurend bijstellen nood* geotropic presentation time. Ree. d. Trav. Bot. Néerl. Vol. IX. 1912. Eveneens. De invloed der temperatuur op den praesentatietijd bij geotropie. Academisch Proefschrift Utrecht 1910. zakelijk; daarenboven zijn coleoptielen, die recht naar boven groeien zeer zeldzaam. Het bezwaar ligt echter vooral hierin, dat het niet mogelijk is bij een sterke ver* grooting vast te stellen of het eerste optreden vaneen afwijking van den top werkelijk het begin is vaneen fototropische kromming. Beziet men een coleoptiel inde eerste stadiën van de kromming met een zwakke vergrooting, dan blijkt het begin van de fototropische kromming niet zoozeer te zijn een afwijking van den geheelen top van zijn oor* spronkelijken stand, als wel een kleine verandering van zijn uitwendigen vorm. Bij alle coleoptielen heeft de top vrijwel dezelfde gedaante. Hij is nu eens meer, dan weer minder spits toeloopend; bij een normaal nog niet belicht coleoptiel is hij in zijn mediaan vlak steeds sym* metrisch van vorm. Het begin van de kromming moet zich dus ineen asymmetrisch worden van den top uiten. Daar de top niet ineen fijne spits uitloopt, die als index zou kunnen dienst doen, maar van boven meer zacht is afgerond, kan deze asymmetrie het gemakkelijkst worden herkend bij een vergrooting, die een overzicht over de beide asymmetrisch wordende zijden toelaat. Brengt men in het oculair van het horizontaalmikros* koop een netmikrometer, dan kan het beeld van den top zeer zorgvuldig door nateekening op millimeterpapier worden vastgelegd. Door op deze wijze verkregen teeke* ningen te vergelijken is het mogelijk, niettegenstaande het voortdurende groeien, de kromming reeds inde begin* stadia te bestudeeren. Deze methode heeft nog een voordeel. Het asymmetrisch worden van den top bij coleoptielen van Avena is het typische begin vaneen tropistische kromming. Een geotropische kromming begint op dezelfde wijze. Hierdoor is het mogelijk haar te onderscheiden van andere krommingen, die gewoonlijk nutaties genoemd worden. Deze veroorzaken zijdelingsche afwijkingen van den geheelen top. Op deze wijze is dus met veel grootere zekerheid het begin van de licht* kromming te herkennen. Om een maatstaf te hebben van het toenemen van de kromming is hier de horizontale afwijking van het mid* den van den zich verplaatsenden top tot zijn oorspron* kelijken stand gemeten. Het is te betwijfelen of deze afstand ook wel een eenigszins getrouw beeld geeft van de eigenaardigheden van het krommingsproces. Toch hebben ook andere onderzoekers dezen maatstaf gebruikt. (Maillefer, Polowzow 1). Een principieel juistere me* thode is door Tröndle 2) aangegeven. Hij verdeelt de plant in zones en meet de afwijking van iedere zone afzonderlijk. Afgezien van het feit, dat deze proeven langen tijd voor het verschijnen van het onderzoek van Tröndle gedaan zijn, zouden er zeer groote moeilijk* heden aan de toepassing van zijne methode verbonden geweest zijn. Zeker is het gewenscht de sterkte van de kromming der verschillende zone’s afzonderlijk te be* palen. Het bezwaar is echter de merken zoo aan te brengen, dat door de aanraking geen contactkrommingen ontstaan en deze merken bij zwak rood licht waar te nemen. De methode van Tröndle kan alleen bij sterke krom* mingen worden toegepast. Dit heeft zij gemeen met een vroeger veel gebruikte, waarbij de sterkte van de kromming in graden uitgedrukt wordt. Om een asymmetrie te meten is zij ontoereikend. De eenvoudigste wijze waarop het krommingsproces onderzocht kan worden 1) Poiowzow, W. Untersuchungen über Reizerscheinungen 1909. 2) Tröndle 1, c. 2 is de op bovengenoemde wijze uitgevoerde bepaling van de horizontale afwijking van den top. Het is echter noodzakelijk groote voorzichtigheid in achtte nemen bij het maken van conclusies uit gegevens die op deze wijze verkregen zijn. Fig. 1 geeft de resultaten van enkele der op boven beschreven wijze gedane waarnemingen. Door verge* lijking van de na bepaalde tijden gemaakte teekeningen zijnde op die oogenblikken bestaande horizontale af* wijkingen gemeten. De krommen stellen voor, hoe de sterkte van de horizontale afwijking toeneemt bij een plant, die zich na een prikkeling van de aangegeven sterkte kromt. De belichting van de geheele plant had steeds binnen een minuut plaats. Neemt men aan, dat slechts een horizontale afwijking van den top, die grooter is dan 1/2 mM. makroskopisch kan worden onderscheiden, dan mag men uit deze fig. 1 afleiden, dat de sterkere vergrooting in staat stelt het krommingsproces reeds eenigen tijd vóór dat de krom* ming zoogenaamd makroskopisch zichtbaar geworden is, te volgen. Er is een vrij geleidelijke overgang van dit alleen mikroskopisch waarneembare deel tot de latere krommingsstadia; de helling van de lijn, die het makros* kopisch zichtbare deel voorstelt, is echter iets sterker dan die van het alleen mikroskopisch waarneembare deel. Bij een sterke kromming (A) wordt deze knik zelfs in het oog vallend. Volgens Blaauw *) zou hier in het krommingsproces een nieuwe phase optreden. Hier kan er alleen op worden gewezen, dat ongeveer op dit oogenblik de verder van den top gelegen zones aan de kromming deel gaan nemen (verg. § 46). Het is wel 1) Blaauw. 1. c. p. 34. Fig. 1. (Zie pag. 18) Verloop vaneen positieve fototropische kromming. Temp. ± 17.5° C. A geprikkeld door 800 M.K.S. B door 112 M.K.S. C door 20 M.K.S. D door 5 M.K.S. Op de abscis staat het aantal minuten na het begin van de prikkeling, op de ordinaat de horizontale afwijking in m.m. Het verschil van A en B wordt voornamelijk door de verschillende lengte der planten veroorzaakt. aannemelijk, dat deze zones zich relatief sneller zullen krommen door hun sterkeren groei. Met zekerheid is dit echter niet vastgesteld, want bij de interpretatie van het verloop der krommen van fig. 1 moet in acht ges nomen worden, dat bij een zelfde verschil in lengtetoename tusschen voor* en achterkant vaneen bepaalde zone een grootere uitwijking van den top verkregen zal worden, wanneer deze zone verder van den top af gelegen is. Dit wordt veroorzaakt, doordat het gedeelte van de plant, dat boven het zich krommende stuk gelegen is, de kromming vergroot overbrengt bij de meting van de horizontale afwijking. De krommen van fig. 1 hebben een analoog verloop. Zij bereiken alle na een zekeren tijd een maximum. Gaat men na, hoe dit maximum tot stand komt, dan blijkt het, dat bij sterke krommingen de zwaartekracht er een groote rol bij speelt. Elke kroms ming, hoe klein ook, brengt den top van het coleoptiel ineen richting, die een kleineren of grooteren hoek maakt met de verticaal, zoodat in al deze standen een perceptie van den zwaartekrachtprikkel zal plaats hebben, die sterker zal zijn naarmate de afwijking van den top grooter is. Hierdoor wordt een geotropische kromming geïnduceerd, die tegengesteld gericht is aan de lichts kromming. Zij zal voortdurend in sterkte toenemen, zoodat de snelheid van de fototropische kromming langzaam moet afnemen en deze laatste een maximum bereikt, (verg. fig. 3). § 5. De positieve kromming niet tegengewerkt door de zwaartekracht. Nadat wij gezien hebben, dat de kromming door de zwaartekracht wordt tegengewerkt, ligt het voor de hand na te gaan, hoe de fototropische kromming ver= loopt, wanneer zij geheel ongehinderd tot uiting kan komen. Reeds Müller liet zijn planten om de horizontale as vaneen klinostaat draaien, om de werking van de een* zijdig aangrijpende zwaartekracht op te heffen. Vooral onder den invloed van Noll is men dit later als over* bodig gaan beschouwen, daar men zich voorstelde, dat de gevoeligheid voor zwaartekracht door het licht uitge* schakeld zou zijn. Bij de hier beschreven proeven is echter niet vaneen gewonen, maar vaneen intermitteeren* den klinostaat van Fitting gebruik gemaakt. Ook door de planten gedurende gelijke tijden te brengen in twee standen, die 180° verschillen, zoodat de opeenvolgende prikkels elkaar opheffen, is het mogelijk het tot stand komen vaneen geotropische tegenkromming te ver* hinderen. Door de planten terstond na de belichting op een intermitteerenden klinostaat te plaatsen en ze met een mikroskoop te bekijken telkens wanneer zij ineen der ruststanden vertoefden, kon het krommings* verloop gevolgd worden. Een tempo van intermit* teeren van twee minuten, waarbij de planten zich af* wisselend 2 minuten inde standen -|- 0° en —■ 0° bevonden, bleek voor deze proeven zeer geschikt te zijn. Fig. 2 geeft ineen kromme het verloop van de foto* tropische kromming bij opheffing van de eenzijdige zwaartekrachtwerking weer. Evenals bij de kromming van fig. 1 is hier de horizontale afwijking van den top gemeten. Het valt in het oog, dat reeds 10 minuten na het begin der prikkeling een horizontale afwijking is waar te nemen. Op grond van de door Maillefer bij 1) Maillefer 1. c. geotropische krommingen gedane waarnemingen, waarbij gebleken is, dat terstond nadat een plant horizontaal gelegd wordt verschillende bewegingen ontstaan, is het gewenscht aan dit zeer vroege begin der kromming geen bijzondere waarde te hechten. Het verloop vaneen fototropische kromming bij een plant, die om de horizontale as vaneen klinostaat roteert. Temp. ± 17.5°. Sterkte van den prikkel 360 M.K.S. Op de abscis het aantal minuten na het begin van de prikkeling, op de ordinaat de horizontale afwijking van den top in m.m. In deze kromme is zeer goed waar te nemen, dat gedurende de eerste 6 uur de horizontale afwijking voortdurend toeneemt en niet zooals bij tegenwerking van de zwaartekracht maar gedurende ongeveer 3 uur. Om de beteekenis te kunnen begrijpen van het rustpunt in het krommingsproces, dat na ± 6 uur optreedt, is het gewenscht een overzicht te hebben van het geheele vers loop van de kromming. Ook hiervoor is vaneen inter* Fig. 2. (Zie pag. 21) mitteerenden klinostaat gebruik gemaakt, maar nu werd door middel vaneen lens een beeld van het geheele zich krommende plantje op een stuk doorzichtig papier geprojecteerd. Ook bij rood licht was het mogelijk de schaduw van het plantje zoo scherp te projecteeren, dat het beeld vrij zuiver kon worden omlijnd. De op deze wijze verkregen reeks teekeningen maakt het mogelijk het krommingsverloop in alle zones van de plant te volgen. A en B stellen planten voor die met een zelfde lichthoeveelheid + 25 M.K.S. geprikkeld zijn. 17.5° Cels. A. Het verloop van de kromming, wanneer de eenzijdige werking der zwaartekracht door rotatie om de horizontale as vaneen klinos staat is opgeheven. B. Het verloop van de kromming bij tegenwerking van de zwaartekracht. De getallen geven den tijd, die sinds het begin der belichting verloopen is, in uren aan. In fig. 3 zijn voorgesteld twee planten A en B met ongeveer dezelfde hoeveelheid energie (d.i. 25 M.K.S. in 10 sec. toegediend) belicht, maar daarna A op den Fig. 3. intermitteerenden klinostaat en Bin verticalen stand ges laten. Zeer duidelijk is hier waar te nemen, hoe sterk bij een plant, die zich niet op den klinostaat bevindt, de zwaartekracht de kromming tegenwerkt. Ook Rothert (1. c. hg- 12) heeft afbeeldingen gegeven van planten, die een fototropische kromming op den klinostaat bij uit* schakeling van de eenzijdige zwaartekrachtwerking uits voerden. Hij heeft echter eenige uren lang doorbelicht, terwijl de hier afgebeelde krommingen geheel het gevolg van nawerking zijn. Meet men bij op dergelijke wijze verkregen afbeeldingen de sterkte van de kromming van verschillende zones, dan blijkt, dat na + 6 uur de kroms ming der hooger gelegen zones aanzienlijk geringer wordt, terwijl zij naar de basis toe nog steeds toeneemt. De top in fig. 2 blijkt dus tot stand te komen, doordat op dit oogenblik de rechtstrekking der topzones sterker is dan de toename van de kromming inde meer basaal gelegen zones. §6. Reactietijd en krommingstijd. » Het begin van de fototropische kromming is hier beschreven als een symmetrieverandering van den uitersten top van het coleoptiel. Door vele onderzoekers is steeds groote waarde gehecht aan het oogenblik, waarop de kromming zou beginnen. Er moet hier dus onderzocht worden of het mogelijk is het oogenblik vast te stellen, waarop die asymmetrie ontstaat. Het is gebleken, dat dit uiterst moeilijk is, daar wel op een bepaald oogens blik de asymmetrie zoo sterk is, dat zij duidelijk kan worden waargenomen, maar haar begin is zoo geleidelijk, dat het zeker experimenteel onmogelijk genoemd mag worden het oogenblik, waarop de kromming begint, vast te stellen. oog op deze experimenteel onoplosbare moeilijkheid is er hier de voorkeur aan gegeven, het woord reactietijd zoo te gebruiken, dat het niet slechts een theoretisch begrip, maar ook een experimenteel bepaalbare groot* heid is. Wanneer men den tijd, die verloopt tusschen het begin van de prikkeling en het oogenblik, waarop een bepaalde krommingssterkte bereikt wordt krommings* tijd noemt, zal men onder experimenteele reactietijd hebben te verstaan de krommingstijd, die bij een juist makroskopisch waarneembare kromming behoort. § 7. Afhankelijkheid van de maximale kromming van de grootte van den prikkel. De krommen van fig. 1 wijzen er op, dat de sterkte van de kromming niet altijd dezelfde is, zij suggereeren reeds de vooronderstelling, dat de sterkte van de krom* ming een functie is van de hoeveelheid energie, waar* mede geprikkeld is. Aan het nader onderzoek van deze hypothese zijn vele moeilijkheden verbonden. Er zou een zeer groot aantal proeven noodig zijn om haar te kunnen bewijzen, daar de hoeveelheid energie willekeurig vergroot en door verandering van haar com* ponenten oneindig gevarieerd kan worden. Een oplossing van dit uiterst belangrijke probleem kan hier dus geens* zins verwacht worden. Slechts zooveel als noodig is om over de meest belangrijke punten eenigszins geörienteerd te zijn, is hier onderzocht. Het is gewenscht hier eerst een reeks proeven te be* spreken, die een overzicht geven van de resultaten van prikkelingen met betrekkelijk geringe hoeveelheden energie Alle onderzoekers hebben deze moeilijkheid min of meer ondervonden en het gevolg is geweest, dat bij velen de reactietijd in discrediet gekomen is. Met het (1—100 M. K. S.) in korten tijd toegediend. De ver* schijnselen zijn bij deze proeven betrekkelijk eenvoudig. Toch zijn ook hier aan het verkrijgen van voldoende gegevens groote moeilijkheden verbonden; 1° door het gemis aan een eenvoudige wijze om het krommingsverloop zuiver te beschrijven; 2° door de variabiliteit in het krommingsproces; niet alleen hebben planten van verschillende lengte een ander verloop van de kromming en is ook de ouderdom van belang, maar daar komt bij het veelvuldig voorkomen van nutaties en van individueele afwijkingen. Aangezien deze serie proeven heeft plaats gehad inde donkere kamer van het laboratorium, waar de temperatuur niet geregeld kan worden, versterken de bij verschillende proeven afwijkende temperaturen (grootste verschil 2,5°) de variabiliteit der resultaten. Om een zoo groot mogelijk aantal waarnemingen te verkrijgen, is gebruik gemaakt vaneen opstelling, waarbij het krommingsverloop van verschillende plantjes tegelijk kan worden gevolgd. Het beeld van de plantjes wordt door een lens tweemaal vergroot geprojecteerd op een glazen plaat, waarop langs fotografischen weg een verdeeling in ruitjes van 1/2 mM. is aangebracht. Met een loupe kan de stand van de toppen op de verdeelde plaat worden afgelezen. Op deze wijze is het mogelijk de horizontale topafwijking van s—B planten tegelijkertijd te bepalen. Van de talrijke gedane waarnemingen worden een groot aantal hier niet medegedeeld, omdat bij deze öf de temperatuur te sterk van het gemiddelde afweek öf nu* taties reeds vóór het begin der fototropische kromming optraden. Als vast punt in het krommingsproces is hier gekozen de sterkte van de horizontale afwijking op het oogenblik, waarop de zwaartekracht de vermeerdering van de fototropische kromming doet ophouden, d. w. z. de lichtkromming haar maximale sterkte bereikt. De verschillende hoeveelheden lichtenergie zijn verkregen door met verschillende intensiteit gedurende denzelfden tijd te belichten. De prikkelduur bedraagt bij al deze proeven 10 seconden. Als lichtbron werd gebruikt invert gasgloeilicht, dat buiten de donkere kamer was opgesteld. Achter de getallen, die de grootte van de maximale kromming aangeven, is tusschen haakjes het aantal planten opgegeven, waaruit deze waarde is berekend. Gemids delde temp. 17.5° C. Planten niet bij constante tempes ratuur gekweekt. TABEL 1. Lichtenergie Groot*e Gd Groot*e v'd Grootte v/d kr. in mfx' br' bl> m,ax' br' blJ na 2 uur. M. K. S. j.enSte v’ _ en9f,te v' lengte ±25 mm. ± 25 mm. ± 20 mm. ö 7,6 0,7 (21) 0,5 (5) 0,5 (16) 12.4 1- (12) 18,1 1,6 (16) 1,2 (11) 26.4 2,3 (22) 2,- (16) 45 3,- (38) 2- (23) 65 3,3 (29) 2,6 (17) 75 4,- (14) – – 100 5,- (31) 3,1 (9) 3,5 (24) Uit de waarden van deze tabel kunnen twee conclu* sies worden getrokken. I°. Bij elke sterkte van den toegedienden prikkel bes hoort ook een kromming van bepaalde sterkte. 2°. Naarmate de hoeveelheid energie, waarmee gepriks keld wordt, grooter is, neemt ook de maximale krom* ming toe. De tabel geeft aan, dat van 7.6 M. K. S. tot 100 M. K. S. de krommingssterkte van 0,7 tot 5 mM. toeneemt. In deze tabel zijn ook enkele waarden opgenomen voor planten kleiner dan 20 mM.; zij wijzen er op, dat de maximale horizontale afwijking bij kleinere planten een geringere waarde bereikt. De kleinste hoeveelheid energie in deze tabel opge» nomen bedraagt 7,6 M.K.S. De gebruikte methode laat niet toe een kleinere kromming te meten. Ook nu kan men een mikroskoop te hulp roepen, hiermee is het gelukt bij 1,4 M.K.S. een kromming van 1U mM. vast te stellen, maar aan een enkele waarneming kan uitteraard niet veel waarde worden geschonken. Belangrijker is, dat men na eenige oefening in staat is ook zonder hulp vaneen mikroskoop een dergelijke zwakke asymmetrie als maximale kromming waar te nemen. De gunstigste voorwaarden om deze verschijnselen te constateeren, zullen hier in het kort worden samengevat, daar van verschillende zijden twijfel is uitgesproken aan het bestaan van zoo kleine maximale krommingen. Een gunstige opstelling wordt verkregen, als men over een afstand van + 50 cM. tot op 3 meter van de lichtbron een reeks planten opstelt. Aanbeveling verdient het gebruik van lange zinken bakjes, waarin de planten ineen zuiver rechte lijn dicht naast elkaar zijn geplant. Voor het begin van de proef moeten alle planten, die niet recht staan en bovendien alle wier top niet volkomen symmetrisch is, verwijderd worden. Het is gewenscht de lichthoeveelheden zoo te kiezen, dat op een afstand van 3 meter + 1 M.K.S. is toegediend. Een temperatuur van 16 a 17° is voor deze proeven gunstig, omdat storende invloeden zich dan in geringe mate doen gelden. Als lichtbron om de kromming waar te nemen is zeer aan te bevelen een electrische gloeilamp ineen dubbele klok volgens Sachs met saffranine oplossing. Het licht moet door fijn perkamentpapier of iets dergelijks diffuus gemaakt worden. Houdt men nu van tijd tot tijd tegen dezen achter* grond de bakjes met belichte plantjes, dan ziet men na eenige oefening een asymmetrie van den top, als begin* stadium van de kromming, het eerst optreden bij de planten, die het meeste licht ontvangen hebben. Lang* zamerhand gaat deze asymmetrie ineen sterkere kromming over. Hoe verder een plantje van de lichtbron afstaat des te langer zal het duren, voordat de asymmetrie optreedt en des te zwakker zal hare maximale sterkte zijn. Neemt men 2 uur na het begin van de belichting waar, dan is er een uiterst geleidelijke overgang van de zwakste topasymmetrie tot duidelijk zichtbare krommin* gen. Is er bij de belichting zorg voor gedragen, dat alle planten behoorlijk zijn belicht door de bakjes ineen lijn te plaatsen, die een kleinen hoek maakt met de richting van het licht, zoodat zij niet in eikaars schaduw komen te staan, dan is de rij der gekromden volkomen regel* matig en is het geheel onmogelijk een plaatste bepalen, waar 50 °/0 gekromd of niet gekromd is. Hoe meer zorg besteed is aan het kweeken van de kiemplantjes des te regelmatiger en fraaier doet zich dit verschijnsel voor. (Zie ook reactietijd). § 8. Krommingstijd van de maximale kromming. In tabel 2 zijn enkele waarden vereenigd, die een overzicht geven van den tijd, die noodig is totdat de TABEL 2. 8 M.K.S. 145 min. 18 M.K.S. 170 min, 26 M.K.S. 190 min. 45—100 M.K.S. + 230 min. De waarden van deze tabel hebben een practisch belang in zooverre zij aangeven binnen welken tijd men moet waarnemen. Tevens blijkt er uit, dat een sterke kromming gedurende langen tijd in staat is de door de zwaartekracht geïnduceerde tegenkromming te over* winnen. § 9. Sterkte van de kromming na een bepaalden tijd. De waarden, die voor de maximale kromming, be* hoorende bij een bepaalde hoeveelheid energie, verkregen zijn, blijken wel binnen zekere, hier niet nader bepaalde grenzen, constant te zijn, maar het is toch wel gewenscht een maatstaf voor de sterkte van de kromming te hebben, die eenvoudiger te bepalen is. Daarenboven is de maximale kromming een resultante van twee prikkel* processen: de fototropische kromming en de geotro* pische tegenreactie. Het zou dus de voorkeur verdienen de sterkte van de kromming te bepalen op een oogenblik waarop de geotropische tegenreactie nog geen groote storing in het effect heeft te weeg gebracht. De maximale kromming is alleen daarom constant voor een gelijken prikkel, omdat het geheele verloop van de kromming hetzelfde is. De sterkte vaneen reactie kan dus bepaald worden, behalve door de maximale kromming, ook door de maximale sterkte van de kromming bereikt wordt. Bij sterke krommingen is deze maximale krommingstijd zeer variabel. krommingssterkte, die op een bepaald oogenblik be? reikt is. Men vindt in tabel 1 nog enkele waarden vermeld voor de sterkte van de kromming na 2 uur. (Een toe= passing van deze methode vindt men in Hoofdstuk V.) Het zuiverst zal deze methode zijn, wanneer door rotatie om de horizontale as vaneen klinostaat de tegenwerking van de zwaartekracht geheel wordt opge= heven. § 10. Gelijksoortige en ongelijksoortige krommingen. Op dein § 9 beschreven wijze is bij vele hierna beschreven proeven de sterkte van de reactie gemeten. Experimenteel is deze methode zeer gemakkelijk uitte voeren. Aan haar toepassing is echter de voorwaarde verbonden, dat op deze wijze alleen gelijksoortige krom? mingen mogen worden vergeleken. Het is moeilijk een definitie te geven, wat onder gelijksoortige krommingen moet worden verstaan. Wel kan men gemakkelijk inzien, dat het verloop van de kromming geheel veranderen zal door alle omstandigheden, die het krommingsproces zelf kunnen beinvloeden (bv. temperatuur en verdunde lucht). Het is van belang, dat ook de tijd van de inductie, vooral wanneer deze langer is dan de reactietijd, een invloed moet hebben op de snelheid, waarmee de krom? ming zal plaats hebben. Onder gelijksoortige krommingen zal men dus hebben te verstaan, die welke het gevolg zijn van prikkels, die in gelijke tijden zijn toegediend en waarbij dein? en uitwendige omstandigheden zooveel mogelijk dezelfde zijn. Het zal echter blijken, dat het in vele gevallen noodzakelijk is ongelijksoortige krom? mingen met elkaar te vergelijken. Reeds hier moet er op worden gewezen, dat men daarbij voor onoverkome? lijke moeilijkheden komt te staan. Pas dan wanneer het mogelijk zal zijn mathematisch de summatie van geindu* ceerde krommingsneigingen te berekenen, zullen ongelijk* soortige krommingen met elkaar vergeleken kunnen worden. De moeilijkheid om ongelijksoortige krommin* gen te vergelijken hebben vele onderzoekers beseft. Vooral hierdoor is men er toe gekomen, zooveel waarde aan zoogenaamde drempelbepalingen te hechten. Wanneer men werkelijk met een reactiedrempel gewerkt had, dan zou men inderdaad ontkomen zijn aan de moeilijkheid ongelijksoortige krommingen te vergelijken. Het is echter gebleken, dat men niet met een werkelijken drempel heeft gewerkt. Het streven zooveel mogelijk zwakke ongelijksoortige krommingen te vergelijken lost de moeilijkheden geenzins op, maar verplaatst ze naar een gebied, waar de relatieve verschillen minder gemakkelijk in het oog zullen vallen. § 11. Afhankelijkheid van de krommingssterkte van de hoeveelheid energie bij krommingen niet tegengewerkt door de zwaartekracht. Over de vraag, hoe het verloop vaneen fototropische kromming afhankelijk is van de sterkte van den prikkel, wanneer de planten na de belichting op een klinostaat aan de eenzijdige werking van de zwaartekracht worden onttrokken, kunnen hier slechts enkele orienteerende proeven worden meegedeeld. Er mag hier echter wel de aandacht op worden gevestigd, dat in het bijzonder door dergelijke bepalingen een oplossing van de boven be* sproken problemen verkregen zal kunnen worden. Nood* zakelijk voor deze proeven is een volkomen betrouwbare intermitteerende klinostaat. Aangezien het Utrechtsche botanische laboratorium alleen in het bezit is van den voor vele doeleinden bruikbaren klinostaat van Pfeffer met de intermitteerende inrichting van Fitting, heb ik tijdens een verblijf in het Groningsche Bot. Lab. van de gelegenheid gebruik gemaakt ook eenige bepalingen over dit onderwerp met den klinostaat van Van Harreveld ’) te verrichten. Deze klinostaat is als gewone klinostaat volkomen betrouw* baar, als intermitteerende heeft hij boven dien van Fitting zijn veel soliedere constructie en nauwkeurigere tijdrege* ling voor, maar hij bezit natuurlijk eveneens de bezwaren, die noodzakelijk aan het intermitteeren verbonden zijn, vaneen mogelijke onregelmatigheid tijdens het komen van den eenen stand inden anderen. Deze bezwaren zijn echter niet zeer groot, wanneer er zorg voor wordt gedragen, dat de gewichtsverdeeling om de as van den klinostaat zooveel mogelijk gelijkmatig is. |
5936208_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Appeal from an order of the Family Court, Erie County (Rosalie Bailey, J.), entered April 23, 2012. The order, among other things, confirmed the finding of the Support Magistrate that respondent willfully violated a prior order of support.
It is hereby ordered that the order so appealed from is unanimously affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: Respondent father appeals from an order confirming the finding of the Support Magistrate that he was in contempt of court based on his willful violation of a prior order of support, and incarcerating him. Initially, we agree with the father that, although he has completed serving the sentence of incarceration, the appeal is not moot because of the “enduring consequences [that] potentially flow from an order adjudicating a party in civil contempt” (Matter of Bickwid v Deutsch, 87 NY2d 862, 863 [1995]; see Matter of Storelli v Storelli, 101 AD3d 1787, 1788 [2012]).
The father’s further contention that Family Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction is in actuality a contention that the petition was not legally sufficient because it failed to allege that he willfully failed to comply with a prior order requiring him to pay child support. The father failed to preserve that contention for our review (see generally Matter of Irene C. [Reina M.], 68 AD3d 416, 416 [2009]; Matter of Toshea C.J., 62 AD3d 587, 587 [2009]; Matter of Kimberly Vanessa J., 37 AD3d 185, 185 [2007]), and in any event it is without merit (see generally Matter of Child Support Enforcement Unit v John M., 283 AD2d 40, 43 [2001]). The petition included, in capital letters and large bold type on the front page, the “warning” that a hearing was being requested, the purpose of which was to punish the father for contempt of court. The “warning” further advised the father that the sanction of imprisonment could be imposed. Furthermore, the father admitted that he was in willful violation of the prior order, and the Support Magistrate, “on more than one oc*1461casion prior to the [admission by the father that he violated the prior order,] confirmed that the petition was for a willful violation of the prior order[ ]” (Matter of Santana v Gonzalez, 90 AD3d 1198, 1199 [2011]).
We reject the further contention of the father that he was not afforded effective assistance of counsel (see Matter of Rothfuss v Thomas, 6 AD3d 1145, 1146 [2004], lv denied 3 NY3d 603 [2004]; Matter of Amanda L., 302 AD2d 1004, 1004 [2003]). We have considered the father’s remaining contention and conclude that it is without merit. Present — Scudder, P.J., Smith, Centra and Lindley, JJ.
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ae4c8d3329ba2338a26ccb4a1724eff7_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | LIMAM
Emmanuel
RCS non inscrit
non précisée
28
rue
Maria Calas
chez Madame Limam Yamina
67380
Lingolsheim
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
2021-04-26
jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure pour insuffisance d’actif. N° RG : 20/02004.
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sim_good-words-and-sunday-magazine_1866_7_41 | English-PD | Public Domain | they have been from everlasting.’ | Indeed, the intensity of their worship was most ‘* May His great name be exalted and sanctified | striking. Sometimes they faced towards the Ark, in the world, which He created according to His | sometimes towards the wall at the back of their will; and may He establish His kingdom in your | stalls; frequently they made reverent bows, now lifetime, and in your days, and in the lifetime of | in front of them, now towards each side, every all the house of Israel, speedily and in the ap-| man the while muttering his prayers with great pointed time near at hand, and say ye— rapidity in a subdued voice, so that I could com- Cong. ‘‘ Amen. May His great Name be blessed | pare the confused noise made by them all together for ever, and for generations of generations. | to nothing better than the low buzz produced by a “May His hallowed Name (blessed is He) be | lot of schoolboys diligently learning lessons by 288 A SABBATH VISIT TO A JEWS’ SYNAGOGUE. (Good words, April 2, a heart. After what was described to me as ‘‘the most sacred of all prayers,” they said ‘‘ Kaddesh” privately, and then a hymn was recited. This hymn the men, and the larger majority of the women, _ whose knowledge of the language in which they _ worship is very slender indeed. It is to meet this was constructed mainly out of the Psalms, and was | difficulty that editions of some of their service-books not sung as hymns usually are by Christians, but | are printed with the Hebrew text on one side, and was recited professedly in alternate verses by the | an English translation of it (often a very indifferent reader and the congregation. I say professedly, for | one, judging from the specimens I have seen) on in reality they tripped upon one another so fast— | the opposite page. But of course this expedient the reader having scarcely spoken the first word or ouly partially meets the difficulty. Crutches are two of his verse when the congregation shouted out | never so good as sound limbs. theirs—that, practically, two verses of the hymn | _ If outward deportment be any index of inward were always going on together. The result, as may | emotion, it may safely be said that the religious be supposed, was to a stranger a perfect Babel. | feeling of the average Jew will very well bear com- Of course the long hymn was soon disposed of. parison in reality and depth with that of the aver- When it was finished, the man wearing the brown- | age Christian. Indeed it is, I should think, im- holland vestment with the four-inch black border, | possible for any reasonable person to see the went and opened the Ark once more, having first | Israelite at his worship, and not think of him with privately said ‘‘ Kaddesh ;” another brief form of | Very much more respect than he ordinarily obtains words was chanted, and the whole of the service was at an end. After the men had folded up their vestments, and packed them into small bags, I walked away not a little satisfied with my visit. In the intervals when their own private devotions were completed, it must be owned, certain little ways of theirs—a proneness to conversation, a licence of walking about, going out, and so forth—had a tendency to give rather a free-and-easy air to the whole perform- ance in the eyes of one accustomed to the more rigid and sober decorum of English Christendom. | in this country of his exile. He loves his worship, and thoroughly believes in it, no less heartily than | we do in ours. He is not to be mistaken for one obstinately acting a singular part just to preserve la nationality ; for he will point with tears in his | eyes to the touching majesty of his prayers; the | thought of them appeals to the deepest feelings | of his nature; and he will, almost passionately, | demand that, as you have the heart of a man, you should acknowledge that, with him, you feel their power. You cannot refuse him what he claims: it is all But while the prayers were actually in progress, the | true enough. Almost all the way he goes, you go general aspect of the congregation was, as I have | with him; only you go much further. You do said, one of ‘great earnestness and piety. This fact | not diverge from him, as you would from some is all the more creditable to the religious feeling of | forms of religion, at the very beginning. On the the Israelites, inasmuch as many of them must | contrary, you have a large mass of material in com- have been able to follow the business of the syna- | mon with him. Fora long distance you travel on the gogue but imperfectly. Except at the mention of | our own Royal family there was not a word of | English spoken throughout the whole service. Everything was in Hebrew, which for many of them must certainly be ‘‘a tongue not under- standed of the people.” Scattered over the world as the Jews have been, and in a measure cut off from intercourse with their fellow-countrymen, He- brew has ceased, in Western Europe at all events, to be their vulgar tongue. The mastery of it must be with most of them, as it is with all of us, the ac- quisition of study. And therefore what was told | me as a fact must obviously represent the real state | of the case; namely, that there are a great many of | same road with him. The error of his worship (a mighty and a fatal one, alas !) is an error of defect, rather than of utter misdirection. You believe with him in the One True and Eternal God, the Maker of heaven and earth ; you can join heartily in his frequent and impassioned benedictions of the Ador- able Name; you can share his prayers for the re- storation of Israel as the fulfilment of prophecies which you accept yourself; you can listen rever- ently and thankfully to the Scriptures that were given to his fathers: but when you have got so fa in his company, there comes the fatal severance, by deficiency, of that which would complete the whole —the Messiahship of The Nazarene. H, T. ARMFIELD. (Mey 1, 1866 “SHE STOOD UP BY THE VACANT FIREPLACE, WITi IER EYES FIXED UPON NOTHING.” Tage 299. Gvod Words, May 1, 1566.) MADONNA MARY. MADONNA MARY. By MRS. OLIPHANT, Author of “ Agnes,” &. PART V. CHAPTER XVIII. THE aunouncement of Winnie’s engagement made, as was to be looked for, a considerable commotion among all the people connected with her. The very next morning Sir Edward himself came down to the Cottage with a very serious face. He had been disposed to play with the budding affection and to take pleasure in the sight of the two young crea- tures as they drew towards each other ; and Percival, though in love, was not without prudence (his friend | thought), and Winnie, though very open to impres- | sions, was capricious and fanciful, and not the kind | of girl, Sir Edward imagined, to say Yes to the first | man who asked her. Thus the only sensible ad- viser on the spot had wilfully blinded himself. It had not occurred to him that Winnie might think of Percival, not as the first man who had ever asked her, but as the only man whom she loved; nor that Percival, though prudent enough, liked his own way, and was as liable to be carried away by passion as a better man. These reflections had not come into Sir Edward’s head, and consequently he had rather encouraged the growing tenderness, which now all at once had turned into earnest, and had become a matter of responsibility and serious concern. Sir Edward came into Miss Seton’s pretty drawing-room with care on his brow. The young people had gone out together to Kirtell-side to visit the spot of their momentous interview, and doubtless to go over it | all again, as people do at that foolish moment, and only Aunt Agatha and Mrs. Ochterlony were at home. Sir Edward went in, and sat down between the two ladies, and offered his salutations with a pensive gravity which made Mary smile, but brought a cloud of disquietude over Aunt Agatha’s gentle countenance. He sighed as he said it was a fine day. He even looked sympathetically at the roses | as if he knew of some evil that was about to befall | them ;—and his old neighbour knew. his ways and | knew that he meant something, and with natural | consciousness divined at once what it was. ‘© You have heard what has happened,” said Aunt Agatha, trembling a little, and laying down her work. ‘It is sokind of you to come over at once ; | but I do hope that is not why you are looking so grave?” ‘*Am I looking grave?” said Sir Edward, clear- ing up in an elaborate way; ‘‘I did not mean it, I am sure. I suppose we ought to have seen it coming and been prepared; but these sort of things always take one by surprise. I did not think Winnie was the girl to—to make up her mind all at once, you know—the very first man that asked her. I suppose it was my mistake.” VII—21 “If you think it was the very first that asked her!” cried Aunt Agatha, who felt this reproach go to her heart, ‘‘it is a mistake. She is only eighteen —a mere child—but I was saying to Mary only yesterday, that it was not for want of being ad- mired——” **Oh, yes,” said Sir Edward, with a little wave of his hand, ‘‘ we all know she has been admired. One’s eyes alone would have proved that; and she deserves to be admired; and that is generally a girl’s chief stronghold, in my opinion. She knows it, and learns her own value, and does not yield to the first fellow who has the boldness to say right out -——” ‘*T assure you, Sir Edward,” said Aunt Agatha, growing red and very erect in her chair, and assum- ing a steadiness which was unfortunately quite contradicted by the passionate quiver of her lip, ‘*that you do Winnie great injustice—so far as being the first goes——” ‘* What does it matter if he were the first or the fiftieth, if she likes him?” said Mary, who had begun by being much amused, but who had ended by being a little indignant; for she had herself married at eighteen and never had a lover but Hugh Ochterlony, and felt herself disapproved of along with her sister. Upon which Sir Edward shook his head. ‘*Certainly, my dear Mary, if she likes him,” said the Baronet; ‘‘ but the discouraging thing is, that an inexperienced girl—a girl so very well brought up as Winnie has been—should allow her- self, as I have said, to like the very first man who presents himself. One would have thought some sort of introduction was necessary before such a thought could have penetrated into her mind. After she had been obliged to receive it in that way—then, indeed-——But I am aware that there are people who have not my scruples,” said Sir Edward, with a sigh; for he was, as all the neighbourhood was aware, a man of the most delicate mind. ‘*Tf you think my dear pure-minded child is not scrupulous, Sir Edward !” cried poor Aunt Agatha —but her emotion was so great that her voice failed her; and Mary, half amused and half angry, was the only champion left for Winnie’s character, thus unexpectedly assailed. **Poor child, I think she is getting very hard measure,” said Mary. ‘‘I don’t mean to blame you, but I think both of you encouraged her up to the last moment. You let them be always to- gether, and smiled on them; and they are young, and what else could you expect? It is more deli- cate to love than to flirt,” said Mrs. Ochterlony. She had not been nearly so well brought up as her sister, nor with such advanced views, and what 290 MADONNA MARY. (Geod Words, May 1, is, she said brought a passing blush upon her matron cheek. Winnie could have discussed all about love without the shadow of a blush, but that was only the result of the chronological difference, and had nothing to do with purity of heart. ““Tf we have had undue confidence,” said Sir Edward, with a sigh, ‘‘we will have to pay for it. Mary speaks—as I have heard many women speak —without making any consideration of the shock it must be to a delicate young girl; and I think, | after the share which I may say I have myself had in Winnie’s education, that I might be permitted to express my surprise; and Percival ought to have shown a greater regard for the sacredness of hospi- tality. I cannot but say that I was very much vexed and surprised.” It may well be supposed that such an address, after poor Aunt Agatha’s delight and exultation in her child’s joy, and her willingness to see with Winnie’s eyes and accept Winnie’s lover on his own authority, was a most confounding utterance. She sat silent, poor lady, with her lips apart and | her eyes wide open, and a kind of feeling that it was all over with Winnie in her heart. Aunt | Agatha was ready to fight her darling’s battles to | her last gasp, but she was not prepared to be put down and made an end of in this summary way. She had all sorts of pretty lady-like depre- cations about their youth and Winnie’s inex- perience ready in her mind, and had rather hoped to be assured that to have her favourite thus early settled in life was the very best that anybody would desire for her. Miss Seton had been so glad to think in former days that Sir Edward always understood her, and she had thought Winnie’s interests were as dear to him as if she had been a child of his own ; and now to think that Sir Edward regarded an event so important for Winnie as an evidence of indelicacy on her part, and of a kind of treachery on her lover’s! All that Aunt Agatha could do was to throw an appealing look at Mary, who had hitherto been the only one dissatisfied or disapproving. She knew more about Captain Per- cival than any one. Would not she say a word for them now? ‘‘He must have thought that was what you meant when you let them be so much together,” said Mary. ‘‘I think, if you will forgive me, Sir Edward, that it is not their fault.” Sir Edward answered this reproach only by a sigh. He was in a despondent rather than a com- bative stateof mind. ‘‘ And you see I do not know so much as I should like to know about him,” he said, evading the personal question. ‘He is a very nice fellow ; but I told you the other day I did not consider him a paladin; and whether he | has enough to live upon, or anything to settle on her--—My dear Mary, at least you will agree with me, that considering how short a time they have known each other, things have gone a great deal too far.” **T do not know how long they have known each other,” said Mary, who now felt herself called upon absolutely to take Aunt Agatha’s part. **Ah, J know,” said Sir Edward, ‘‘ and so does | your aunt ; and things did not go at railroad speed like this in our days. It is only about six weeks, and they are engaged to be married! I suppose you know as much about him as anybody—or so he gave me to understand at least ; and do you think him a good match for your young sister?” added Sir Edward, with a tone of superior virtue which went to Mary’s heart. It was a trying moment for Mrs. Ochterlony, who disliked young Percival, and even in a way feared him, and yet at the same time felt herself called upon to uphold him as champion for her aunt and her sister. Mary was too true a woman not to be a partisan, and had the feminine gift of putting her own private sentiments out of the question in com- parison with the cause which she had to advocate ; but still it was an embarrassing question, especially | as Aunt Agatha was looking at her with the most pathetic appeal in her eyes. ‘*T know very little of Captain Percival,” she said ; ‘‘ I saw him once only in India, and it was at a moment very painful to me. But Winnie likes him—and you must have approved of him, Sir | Edward, or you would not have brought him here.” Upon which Aunt Agatha rose and kissed Mary, recognising perfectly that she did not commit her- self on the merits of the case, but at the same time sustained by her support. Sir Edward, for his part, turned a deaf ear to the implied reproach, but still kept up his melancholy view of the matter, and shook his head. ‘*He has good connections,” he said ; ‘‘ his late mother was a great friend of mine. In other cir- cumstances, and could we have made up our minds to it at the proper moment, she might have been Lady—— But itis vain to talk of that. I think we might push him a little if he would devote himself steadily to his profession ; but what can be expected from a man who wants to marry at five-and-twenty ? I myself,” said Sir Edward, with dignity, ‘‘though the eldest son——” “Yes,” said Aunt Agatha, unable to restrain herself longer, “ and see what has come of it. You are all by yourself at the Hall, and not a soul belonging to you; and to see Francis Ochterlony with his statues and nonsense !—Qh, Sir Edward! when you might have had a dozen lovely children growing up round you——” ‘Heaven forbid !” said Sir Edward, piously ; and then he sighed—perhaps only from the mild melancholy which possessed him at the moment and was occasioned by Winnie’s indelicate haste to fall in love ; perhaps, also, from some touch of per- sonal feeling. A dozen lovely children might be rather too heavy an amount of happiness, while yet a modified bliss would have been sweet. He sighed and leant his head upon his hand, and with- drew into himself for the moment in that interest- ing way which was habitual to him, and had gained Good Words, May 1, 1865.) MADONNA MARY. 291 him thetitle of “‘poor Sir Edward.” It might be very foolish for a man (who had his own way to make in the world) to marry at five-and-twenty ; but still, perhaps, it was rather more foolish when a man did not marry at all, and was left in his old age all , alone in a great vacant house. But naturally, it | was not this view of the matter which he displayed to his feminine companions, who were both women || enough to have triumphed a little over such a con- '| fession of failure. He hada fine head, though he || was old, and his hand was as delicate and alr ost || as pale as ivory, and he could not but know that | he looked interesting in that particular attitude, though, no doubt, it was his solicitude for these | | two indisereet young people which chiefly moved | | him. ‘*ITam quite at a loss what to do,” he said. | ‘Mrs. Percival is a very fond mother, and she will | naturally look to me for an account of all this ; and there is your uncle Penrose, Mary—a man I never could bear, as you all know—he will come | in all haste, of course, and insist upon settlements | |, and so forth ; and why all this responsibility should come on me, who have no desire in this world but | | for tranquillity and peace a **Té need not come on you,” said Mrs. Ochter- | lony ; ‘‘we are not very great business people, but still, with Aunt Agatha and myself——” Sir Edward smiled. The idea diverted him so | much that he raised his head from his hand. ‘‘My dear Mary,” he said, ‘‘I have the very highest | opinios of your capacity; but in a matter of this kind, for instanee—— And I am not so utterly self- | ish as to forsake my old neighbour in distress.” | But here Aunt Agatha took up her own defence. “<1 don’t consider that I am in distress,” she said. “T must say, I did not expect anything like this, Sir Edward, from you. If it had been Mr. Pen- | | rose, with his mercenary ideas—— I was very fond of Mary’s poor dear mamma, and I don’t mean any | reflection on her, poor darling—but I suppose that is how it always happens with people iu trade. Mr. | Penrose is always a trial, and Mary knows that ; | | but I hope I am able to bear something for my , dear child’s sake,” Aunt Agatha continued, growing | a little excited ; ‘though I never thought that I should have to bear ——” and then the poor lady | | gave a stifled sob, and added in the midst of it, | “this from you ! ” This wasakind of climax which had arrived before, in the familiar friendship so long existing between the Hall and the Cottage. The two principals knew how to make it up better than the spectator did | who was looking ov with a little alarm and a little amusement. Perhaps it was as well that Mary was called away to her own individual concerns, and had to leave Aunt Agatha and Sir Edward in the | height of their misunderstanding. Mary went away to her children, and perhaps it was only in the or-inary course of human nature that when she | went imto the nursery among those three little | human creatures, who were so entirely dependent upon herself, there should be a smile upon her face as she thought of the two old people she had left. It seemed to her, as perhaps it seems to most women in the presence of their own children, at sight of those three boys—who were ‘‘ mere babies ”’ to Aunt Agatha but to Mary the most important existences in the world—as if this serio-comic dispute about Winnie’s love affairs was the most quaintly-ridiculous exhibition. "When she was con- scious of this thought in her own mind, she re- buked it, of course; but at the first glance it seemed as if Winnie’s falling in love was so trivial a matter—so little to be put in comparison with the grave cares of life. There are moments when the elder women, who have long passed through all that, and have entered upon anotber stage of existence, cannot but smile at the love- || matters, without considering that life itself is. often decided by the complexion of the early romance, which seems to belong only to its lighter and less serious side. Sir Edward and Aunt Agatha for their part had never, old as they both were, got beyond the first stage—and it was natural it should bulk larger in their eyes. And this time it was they who were right, and not Mary, whose children were but children, and in no danger of any harm. Whereas, poor Winnie, at the top of happiness—gay, reckless, daring, and assured of her own future felicity—was in reality a creature in deadly peril and wavering on the verge of her fate. But when the day had come to an end, and Captain Percival had at last retired, and Winnie, a little languid after her lover's departure, sat by the | open window watching, no longer with despite or displeasure, the star of light which shone over the | tree-tops from the Hall, there occurred a scene of a different description. But for the entire change in Winnie’s looks and manner, the absence of the em- broidery frame at which she had worked so violently, and the languid softened grace with which she had thrown herself down upon a low chair, too happy and | content to feel called upon to do anything, the three ladies were just as they had been a few evenings before ; that is to say, that Aunt Agatha and Mary, to neither of whom any change was possible, were just as they had been before, while to the girl at the window everything in heaven and earth had changed. The two others had bad their day and were done with it. Though Miss Seton was still scarcely an old woman, and Mary was in the full vigour and beauty of life, they were both ashore high up upon the beach, beyond the range of the highest tide ; while the other, in her boat.of hope, was play- | ing with the rippling incoming waters, and pre- paring to put to sea. It was not in nature that the two who had been at sea, and knew all the storms and dangers, should not look at her wistfully | in her happy ignorance ; perhaps even they looked | at her with a certain envy too. But Aunt Agatha was not a woman who could let either well .or ill alone—and it was she who disturbed the household calm which might have been profound that night, so far as Winnie was concerned, |} tion. MADONNA MARY. [Good Words, May 1, 1565, ‘“My dear love,” said Aunt Agatha, with a’ timidity which implied something to tell, ‘Sir Edward has been here. him, you know——” ‘© Yes,” said Winnie, carelessly, ‘‘ I know.” ‘‘ And, my darling,” said Miss Seton—‘‘T am sure it is what I never could have expected from him, who was always such a friend ; but I some- times think he gets alittle strange—as he gets old, you know ——” This was what the unprincipled woman said, not caring in the least how much she slandered Sir Edward, or anybody else in the world, so long as she gave a little comfort to the child of her heart, And as for Winnie, though she had been brought || up at his feet, as it were, and was supposed by himself and others to love him like a child of his own, she took no notice of this unfounded accusa- She was thinking of quite a different person, | just as Aunt Agatha was thinking of her, and Mary || of her boys. They were women, each preoccupied and absorbed in somebody else, and they did not care about justice. And thus Sir Edward for the moment fared badly among them, though, if any outside assailant had attacked him, they would all have fought for him to the death. ‘*Well?” said Winnie, still very carelessly, as Miss Seton came to a sudden stop. ‘*My dear love!” said Aunt Agatha, “‘he has not a word to say against Captain Percival, that I can see ss ** Against Edward?” cried Winnie, raising her- self up. ‘‘Good gracious, Aunt Agatha, what are you thinking of ? Against Edward! I should like to know what he could say. His own god- father—and his mother was once engaged to him— and he is as good as a relation, and the nearest friend he has. What could he possibly have to say? And besides, it was he who brought him here; and we think he will leave us the most of his money,” Wiunie said, bastily--and then was very sorry for what she had said, and blushed scarlet and bit her lips, but it was too late to draw back. ‘“‘Winnie,” said Miss Seton, solemnly. ‘‘If he has been calculating upon what people will leave to him when they die, I will think it is all true that Sir Edward said.” ‘You said Sir Edward did not say anything,” cried Winnie. ‘What is it you have heard? It is of no use trying to deceive me. If there has been anything said against him, it is Mary who has said it. I can see by her face it is Mary. And if she is to be heard against him,” cried Winnie, rising up in a blaze of wrath and indigna- tion, ‘‘it is only just that he should be heard |; on the other side. He is too good and too kind to | say things about my sister to me; but Mary is only || a woman, and of course she does not mind what she says. She can blacken a man behind his back, though he is far too honourable and too—too delicate to say what he knows of her !” Captain Percival had told | This unlooked-for assault took Mary so entirely by surprise, that she looked up with a certain bewilderment, and could not find a word to say. As for Aunt Agatha, she too rose and took Winnie’s hands, and put her arms round her as much as the angry girl would permit. **Tt was not Mary,” she said. ‘‘Oh, Winnie, my darling, if it was for your good, and an ease to my mind, and better for you in life—if it was for your good, my dear love—that is what we are all th.aking of—could not you give him up?” It was, perhaps, the boldest thing Aunt Agatha had ever done in all her gentle life—and even Winnie could not but be influenced by such un- usual resolution. She made a wild effort to escape for the first moment, and stood with her hands held fast in Aunt Agatha’s hands, averting her angry face, and refusing to answer. But when she felt herself still held fast, and that her fond guardian had the courage to hold to her question, Winnie’s anger turned into another kind of passion. The tears came pouring to her eyes in a sudden violent flood, which she neither tried to stop nor to hide. ‘“‘No!” cried Winnie, with the big thunder-drops falling hot and heavy. ‘‘ What is my good without him? If it was for my harm I || shouldn’t care. Don’t hold me, don’t look at me, | Aunt Agatha! I don’t care for anything in the | world but Edward. I would not give him up—no, | not if it was to break everybody’s heart. What is it all to me without Edward?” cried the passionate girl. And when Miss Seton let her go, she threw herself on her chair again, with the tears coming in floods, but still facing them both through this || storm-shower with crimson cheeks and shining eyes. || As for poor Aunt Agatha, she too tottered back to || her chair, frightened and abashed as well as in | distress ; for young ladies had not been in the habit || of talking so freely in her days. **Oh, Winnie—and we have loved you all your || life ; and you have only known him a few weeks,” | she said, faltering, and with a natural groan. **T cannot help it,” said Winnie; ‘‘ you may think me a wretch, but I like him best. Isn’t it || natural I should like him best? Mary did, and ran || away, and nobody was shocked at her; and even you, yourself 4 **T never, never, could have said such a thing all my life!” cried Aunt Agatha, with a maiden | blush upon her sweet old cheeks. ‘*If you had, you would not have been a——as you are now,” said the dauntless Winnie; and she re- | covered in the twinkling of an eye, and wiped away her tears, and was herself again. Possibly what | she had said was true and natural, as she asserted ; | but it is an unquestionable fact, that neither her aunt nor her sister could have said it for their lives. She was a young lady of the nineteenth century, and she acted accordingly; but it is a certain fact, as Aunt Agatha justly observed, whatever people may think now, that girls did not speak like that in our day. 293 MADONNA MARY. | Good Words, May 1, 1866.) | siderable disturbance of the peace of the Cottage. | Though she lived so quietly, she had what is called | in the country ‘“‘a large circle,” and had dwelt || to everybody about. || hood, but yet there never was a neighbourhood so | quiet as not to have correspondents and relations | living out in the world, to whom all news went, | number of ‘‘ families” about Kirtell, not great people | certainly, but very respectable people, gentry, and || well-connected persons, hanging on by various links | who had once known Miss Seton, wrote letters to | her, in which they suggested that perhaps she had CHAPTER XIX. THE few weeks which ensued were the most stormy and troublous period of all Miss Seton’s life; and through her there was naturally a con- among her own people all her life, and was known It was a quiet neighbour- and from whom all news came. And there were a to the great world. In this way Winnie’s engage- ment, which nobody wanted to conceal, came to be known far and wide, as such facts are so apt to get known. And a great many people out in the world, forgotten them, but hoped that she would excuse them, and attribute it to the regard which they had |, never ceased to feel for her, if they asked, Did | | she know Captain Percival very well, who was said | to be engaged to her pretty niece? Had she heard | what happened in the Isle of Man when his regi- | ment was stationed there? and why it was that he } appointment ? | Aunt Agatha, took what was after all the more dis- || agreeable step of writing to their friends in the || tainly left traces, as it appeared, upon the memory | sense that such an epistle might be awaiting her on | the breakfast table—or to receive a visitor with the | her face, and hold her hand, and be confidential | and sympathetic, and deliver a solemn warning— | was ap ordeal which Aunt Agatha found it hard to | bear. did not go out to Gibraltar after he had got that Other people, who did not know parish about the young man, whose career had cer- of his generation. To rise every morning with a horrible conviction that she had come to look into She was a woman who never forgot her cha- racter as a maiden lady, and liked to be justified | || by precedents and to be approved of by all the | | world. || doubt a great effect upon her mind. And these repeated remonstrances had no They filled | her with terrible misgivings and embittered her | | life, and drove her now and then into so great a | || panic that she felt disposed to thrust Captain | ! \| \| || means to see him somewhere else. 1] | | i | || not be better that it should be done correctly than Percival out of the house and forbid his re-appear- ance there. But then, Winnie. Winnie was not the girl to submit to any such violent remedies. If she could | not be married to him with stately propriety in her somehow in any irregular way, and she would by no means hesitate to say so or shrink from the responsibility. And if it must be done, would it | | was legion. incorrectly, and with all things decent and in order ? she gathered up her bundle of letters. It might have been all very well for parents to exercise their authority in the days when their children obeyed | them ; but what was the use of issuing commands | to which nobody would pay any attention? Winnie | had very plainly expressed her preference for her | own happiness rather than her aunt’s peace of mind; | and though Miss Seton would never have consented | to admit that Winnie was anything less than the |, most beautiful character, still she was aware that unreasoning obedience was not her faculty. Be- sides, another sentiment began to mingle with this | prudential consideration. the poor young man. about him made her miserable ; but after that there was no doubt a revulsion. him, poor fellow!—and he was so young, and Everybody was against | could not, after all, have done so much harm in | ‘*He has not had the time, Mary,” | she said, with an appeal to Mrs. Ochterlony for | **Tf he had been doing wrong from his | the world. support. very cradle, he could not have had the time.” She could not refuse to believe what was told her, and | yet notwithstanding her belief she clung to the culprit. If he had found any other advocate it might have been different; but nobody took the | other side of the question: nobody wrote a pretty letter to say what a dear fellow he was, and how | The first letters she received | Everybody was against | Thus poor Aunt Agatha would muse as || glad his friends were to think he had found some | one worthy of him—not even his mother; and Aunt Agatha’s heart accordingly became the avvo- | Fair play was due even to | cato del diavolo. Captain Percival. It was impossible to have him assailed as he was by so many, and left without one friend. It was a curious sight to see how she at once received and ignored all the information thus con- veyed to her. A woman of a harder type would probably, as women do, have imputed motives, and settled the matter with the general conclusion that | ‘*an enemy hath done this ;” but Aunt Agatha could not help, for the moment at least, believing | in everybody. She could not say right out, ‘It is not true,” even to the veriest impostor who deceived and got money from her, and their name In her own innocent soul she had no belief in lies, and could not understand them ; and it was easier for her to give credence to the wildest marvel than to believe that anybody could tell her a deliberate falsehood. She would have kissed the | ladies who wrote to her of those stories about | Captain Percival, and cried and wrung her hands, | If she could not see her lover there, she would find '| and asked, What could she do?—and yet her heart was by no means turned against him, notwith- | standing her belief in what everybody said ; which | parish church, she woud manage to marry him | is a strange and novel instance, well enough known to social philosophers, but seldom remarked upon, of the small practical influence of belief upon life. ‘*How can it be a lie, my dear child? what motive could they all have to tell lies?” she would 294 MADONNA MARY. (Good Words, May i, 1866. say to Winnie mournfully; and yet ten minutes after, when it was Mrs. Ochterlony she was speak- ing to, she would make her piteous appeal for him, poor fellow !—‘‘ Everybody is against him; and he is so young still ; and oh, Mary, how much he must need looking after,” Aunt Agatha would say, “‘if it is all true !” Perhaps it was stranger still that Mary, who did not like Captain Percival, and was convinced of the truth of all the stories told ef him, and knew in her heart that he was her enemy and would not scruple to do her harm if the chance should come in his way—was also a little moved by the same argument. Everybody was against him. It was the Cottage against the world, so far as he was concerned ; and even Mrs. Ochterlony, though she ought to have known better, could not help feeling herself one of a “‘side,” and to a certain extent felt her honour pledged to the defence of her sister’s mother, who, up to this moment, had been but doubtful in her approbation, and very anxious, and uncertain, as she said, whether she ought not to tell Miss Seton that Edward had been “foolish.” He had been “foolish,” even in his mother’s opinion ; and his other critics were, some of them, so tolerant as to say ‘‘gay,” and some “ wild,” while a few used a more solemn style of diction ;— but everybody was against him, whatever terms they might employ ; everybody except the ladies at the Cottage, who set up his standard, and accepted him with all his iniquities upon his head. It may be worth while at this point, before Mr. Penrose arrives, who played so important a part in the business, to say a word about the poor young man who was thus universally assailed. He was five-and-twenty, and a young man of expecta- tions. Though he had spent every farthing which came to himself at his majority, and a good deal lover. Had she, in the very heart of this strong- | more than that, still his mother had a nice estate, hold which was standing out for him so stoutly, | and Sir Edward was his godfather, and the world lifted up a testimony against him, she would have | was full of obliging tradespeople and other amiable felt. herself in some respects a domestic traitor. | persons. He was a handsome fellow, nearly six | She might be silent on the subject, and avoid all | feet high, with plenty of hair, and a moustache of comment, but she could uot utter an adverse opinion, or join in with the general voice against which Aunt Agatha and Winnie stood forth as stedfastly. As for Winnie, every word that was said to his detriment made her more determined to adhere to him. What did it matter whether he was good or bad, so long as it was indisputably: he ? There was but one Edward Percival in the world, and he would still be Edward Percival if he had | committed a dozen murders, or gambled twenty fortunes away. Such was Winnie’s defiant way of treating the matter which concerned her more closely than anybody else. She carried things with a high hand in those days. All the world was against her, and she scorned the world. She attributed motives, though Aunt Agatha did not. She said it was envy and jealousy and all the evil passions. She made wild counter-accusations, in the style of that literature which sets forth the skeleton in every man’s closet. Who could tell what little incidents could be found out in the private history’of the ladies who had so much to say about Captain Percival? This is so ordinary a mode of defence, that no doubt it is natural, and Winnie went into it with good will. Thus his standard was planted upon the Cottage, and how- ever unkindly people might think of him outside, | shelter and support was always to be found within. | Even Peggy, though she did not always agree with her mistress, felt, as Mrs. Ochterlony did, that she was one of a side, and became a partisan with | | the most charming growth. The hair was of dull | brown, which was rather a disadvantage to him, | but then it went perfectly well with his pale com- || | plexion, and suited the cloudy look over the eyes | which was the most characteristic point in his face. |
github_open_source_100_8_20098 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
declare(strict_types=1);
/**
* WARNING
* This file has been generated automatically by Xcore Generator.
* Manual changes to this file will not be maintained.
*/
namespace Xcore\Generator\Tests\Data\AssertMapping\Regex;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;
/**
* AuthorTrait
*
*/
trait AuthorTrait
{
/**
* @var int
*
* @ORM\Column(name="id", type="integer", nullable=false)
* @ORM\Id
* @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
*/
private $id;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="firstName", type="string", nullable=false)
* @Assert\Regex(message="Your name cannot contain a number", pattern="/\d/", match=false)
*/
private $firstName;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="name", type="string", nullable=false)
* @Assert\Regex(pattern="/^[a-z]+$/i", htmlPattern="^[a-zA-Z]+$")
*/
private $name;
/**
* Get id
*
* @return int
*/
public function getId(): int
{
return $this->id;
}
/**
* Set firstName
*
* @param string $firstName
*/
public function setFirstName(string $firstName): void
{
$this->firstName = $firstName;
}
/**
* Get firstName
*
* @return string
*/
public function getFirstName(): string
{
return $this->firstName;
}
/**
* Set name
*
* @param string $name
*/
public function setName(string $name): void
{
$this->name = $name;
}
/**
* Get name
*
* @return string
*/
public function getName(): string
{
return $this->name;
}
}
|
https://openalex.org/W4387314099_26 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Autoría: Nelly Esther Flores Tapia1,*, Wilman Andrés Acosta
Lescano2
1
Research and Development Directorate, Facultad de Ciencias,
Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica de Ambato,
Ambato, Ecuador
2
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Ciencias Alimentos
y Biotecnologías
*Autor de correspondencia: ne.flores@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA331
Palabras clave: wet-blue, curtiembres, gelatina hidrolizada,
bloom
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: La industria del cuero crea muchas preocupaciones
ambientales debido a las grandes cantidades de desechos
contaminantes. Entre ellos se encuentran los desechos sólidos
que se depositan en vertederos o alrededor de curtiembres. Dado
200 / 239
que estos depósitos contienen cromo (III), es muy probable que
el elemento se oxide a cromo (VI). El cromo (VI) es tóxico y
cancerígeno. Por esta razón, se necesitan soluciones alternativas
para encontrar formas de utilizar estos residuos para crear
un producto de valor agregado. En este estudio se optimizó
la hidrólisis básica con MgO para obtener gelatina a partir de
desechos de raspado de wet-blue. Para ello se realizó una gráfica
factorial que factorizó la concentración y el tiempo de MgO, cada
uno en tres niveles. Además, se puede medir el contenido de
cromo y determinar la fuerza de gelificación, y algunos parámetros
relacionados con las propiedades mecánicas de la gelatina.
Objetivos: Caracterizar los residuos de wet-blue. Obtener
colágeno a partir de virutas de wet-blue por medio de hidrolisis
básica con MgO. Caracterizar la gelatina obtenica. Evaluar las
propiedades mecánicas de la gelatina mediante un análisis Bloom.
Determinar la influencia significativa de los tratamientos sobre la
variable respuesta mediante un análisis estadístico.
Método: 1. Preparación de la muuestra. 2.Determinación de las
característica físico-químicas del wet-blue: Humedad, cenizas,
pH, grasas. 3. Hidrólisis de wet-blue con MgO utilizando un
diseno factorial 3X2. se mantuvo la temperatura de obtención de
la gelatina a 70 grados centígrados. Se cambiaron las condiciones
de tiempo de hidrólisis (4, 6, 8 horas)y concentración de MgO
(1%, 35, 5% y 10%).
Principales resultados: Se realizó un diseño factorial cuyos
factores fueron la concentración de MgO y el tiempo, cada uno
con tres niveles. Los resultados del análisis de varianza mostraron
que tanto el tiempo de reacción como la concentración de MgO
son factores que afectan el rendimiento de gelatina al igual que
su dureza. Finalmente, se realizó un diseño de superficie cuyos
resultados mostraron que a condiciones del 6 por ciento de
MgO durante un tiempo de reacción de 5.7 horas se consigue un
rendimiento máximo estimado del 34.41 por ciento.
Conclusiones: Se encontró que, al aumentar la concentración del
MgO se obtiene mayor rendimiento de gelatina. El rendimiento
óptimo estimado fue de 34.41% en concentraciones del 6% de
MgO con un tiempo de reacción de 5.7 horas. Se determinó que
la gelatina obtenida presentó un índice de Bloom de rango bajo
y medio. De igual forma, se encontró un dureza de 140 g, una
adhesividad de 0.65 mJ con una fuerza de adhesión de 10 g, una
resiliencia de 0.98 y una fracturabilidad de 128.33g. Este trabajo
ha sido parte del Proyecto de Investigación “Proyecto reciclaje
de residuos Wet-Blue para producir un adhesivo para zapatos”
código SFFCIAL07.
UTA332
Consumo y diseño de calzado: metodología para definir la
situación del sector
Consumption and designing of footwear: methodology to
define the situation of the area
Autoría: Aylen Karina Medina-Robalino1,*, Jorge Luis SantamaríaAguirre1, Marcelo Pilamunga-Poveda1, Mayra Alejandra Paucar
Samaniego1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: aylenkmedina@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA332
Palabras clave: Metodología, diseño de calzado, consumo,
sectores productivos, estudio de caso.
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: El impacto económico desfavorable derivado de
la pandemia por COVID-19 ha sido significativo en todos los
sectores productivos, ocasionando pérdidas financieras a gran
escala en unos casos e incluso el cierre definitivo de empresas e
instalaciones de producción en otros. En este contexto, el sector
de calzado no es la excepción, en la provincia de Tungurahua este
sector que históricamente ha tenido altos índices de producción
a nivel nacional, al ser uno de los afectados requiere atención
prioritaria. Se precisa de un diagnóstico del consumo de calzado
que permita esclarecer la situación actual -postpandemiaidentificando debilidades y potencialidades, diagnóstico que se
proyecte como una línea base para generar estrategias de diseño,
desarrollo, producción y comercialización para las empresas
de calzado; estrategias que permitan no solo la reactivación del
sector posterior a la emergencia sanitaria y las crisis atravesadas
principalmente la económica, sino también el fortalecimiento
y posicionamiento del calzado en nuevos mercados. Por lo
expuesto, se propone una metodología para develar el estado
actual del consumo de calzado en la provincia de Tungurahua.
Objetivos: Establecer una metodología para el diagnóstico de
la situación actual del consumo y diseño de calzado a través del
análisis de los actores involucrados.
Método: Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica y estado del arte
de métodos, técnicas y herramientas desde un enfoque de gestión
y diseño estratégico aplicadas en investigaciones que se alinean al
diagnóstico de sectores productivos y creativos.
Principales resultados: La metodología que se propone como
resultado de la investigación parte del método de estudio de
caso descriptivo, en tanto, refiere un fenómeno contemporáneo,
entendiéndose al análisis de la situación actual del consumo de
calzado en Tungurahua. En este sentido, se integran las técnicas:
encuestas, entrevistas, observación y focus group, a aplicarse a
través de instrumentos derivados de la gestión de diseño, para
la recolección de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos obtenidos de
los sujetos involucrados en el sector: empresarios, diseñadores y
consumidores, además del calzado como objeto.
Conclusiones: El presente estudio constituye un aporte al sector
productivo empresarial, en tanto, plantea la forma en que puede
ser develada la situación del consumo y diseño de calzado en
un contexto y espacio de tiempo determinado, a partir de los
actores involucrados, información imprescindible para la toma de
decisiones. Asimismo, contribuye a la comunidad académica, para
quienes analizan metodologías que promuevan la investigación
en diseño. La metodología planteada puede ser replicada para
aplicarse en sectores con características similares. Por otro
lado, lejos de clausurar la temática, esta invita a desarrollar una
siguiente etapa en la que, en efecto, se definan los problemas y
potencialidades de los sectores productivos y creativos, y aún más
allá, delinear estrategias desde el diseño y desarrollo de calzado
que guíen a las empresas en su accionar, y consecuentemente
fomenten una mayor aceptación y adquisición de productos que
satisfagan las necesidades de los consumidores.
201 / 239
UTA333
Instructivo técnico de materiales textiles utilizados en
estructuras superficiales tensadas
Technical instructions for textile materials used in tensile
surface structures
Autoría: Diego Betancourt Chavez1,*, Eduardo Santiago Suarez
Abril1, Andrea Goyes Balladares1, Juan Paredes Chicaiza1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: dbetancourt@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA333
Palabras clave: Tenso estructuras, Materiales textiles, Estructuras
superficiales tensadas, Selección de materiales, Instructivo técnico
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: Este proyecto surge de la necesidad de conocer
los principios utilizados en el diseño estructural con materiales
textiles. Estas estructuras, que consisten en materiales textiles
tensados por cables, se utilizan cada vez más en la construcción de
techos y cerramientos debido a sus cualidades positivas, como su
bajo peso y la capacidad de cubrir grandes espacios. Sin embargo,
la selección del material adecuado para estas construcciones es
uno de los aspectos menos estudiados a nivel local y nacional.
Por lo tanto, se pretende determinar los aspectos más relevantes
para la selección del material adecuado para tenso estructuras,
teniendo en cuenta las condiciones externas e internas a las que
estarán expuestos. El enfoque de la investigación es descriptivo,
se utilizará información documental y bibliográfica, procesada
a través de una matriz correlacional. Este proyecto tiene como
objetivo determinar materiales adecuados para la construcción de
tenso estructura
Objetivos: Determinar las características y propiedades físicas
de los diferentes tipos de materiales textiles utilizados en tenso
estructuras. Establecer criterios de selección de materiales textiles
adecuados para la construcción de tenso estructuras, considerando
factores como el tipo de estructura, las condiciones de carga y las
condiciones climáticas. Proporcionar recomendaciones prácticas
para la selección, de los materiales textiles utilizados en tenso
estructuras para garantizar la seguridad y la eficiencia de estas
construcciones
Método: Se realizo una evaluación de los diferentes tipos de
materiales textiles disponibles en el mercado. Con base en la
evaluación anterior, se debe seleccionar los materiales textiles
que cumplan con los requerimientos específicos de la estructura.
Una vez seleccionados los materiales textiles, se deben realizar
pruebas de resistencia y las condiciones ambientales a las que
estará expuesta la tenso estructura.
Principales resultados: Identificación de los materiales textiles
más adecuados para su uso en estructuras tensadas, lo que
podría conducir a mejoras en el diseño y construcción de tenso
estructuras. Desarrollo de un conjunto de pautas técnicas para
la selección, diseño y construcción de estructuras tensadas con
materiales textiles, lo que podría ser utilizado por profesionales
de la arquitectura y la construcción. Evaluación de la durabilidad
y resistencia de diferentes materiales textiles en relación con su
uso en estructuras tensadas, lo que podría ayudar a mejorar la
calidad y la vida útil de las tenso estructuras. Identificación de los
principales desafíos y limitaciones en el uso de materiales textiles
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
en estructuras tensadas, lo que podría ayudar a los ingenieros y
arquitectos a abordar y solucionar estos problemas.
Conclusiones: La elaboración de un instructivo técnico para la
selección de materiales textiles utilizados en estructuras tensadas
es crucial para garantizar la eficiencia y seguridad de estas
estructuras. La investigación y el análisis de las propiedades de
los materiales textiles permiten su aplicación en la construcción
de tenso estructuras, ofrece diversas ventajas como ligereza y
capacidad para cubrir grandes espacios. La selección de materiales
textiles y su combinación con diferentes tipos de estructuras,
generan rigidez de los textiles. Por tanto, el desarrollo de nuevas
técnicas en búsqueda de materiales adecuados son fundamentales
para lograr una construcción eficiente, que pueda ofrecer
beneficios técnicos y estéticos en la industria de la construcción.
UTA334
ADN Urbano – Análisis Morfogenético del Patrón Urbano.
Caso de estudio: Ambato (cabecera urbano-cantonal).
Urban DNA – Morphogenetic Analysis of the Urban
Pattern. Case study: Ambato (urban-area).
Autoría: Claudia Rafaela Balseca Clavijo1,*, Sandra Hipatia Núñez
Torres1, Eliska Fuentes Perez1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: cr.balseca@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA334
Palabras clave: Análisis Urbano, ADN urbano, Morfogénesis,
Patrones urbanos, Morfología
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: El presente estudio identifico los patrones que
conforman el ADN de la cabecera urbano-cantonal de Ambato,
una ciudad intermedia en los Andes ecuatorianos, que surge de
procesos morfogenéticos; así como el impacto que tienen los
factores económicos, políticos, sociales, naturales y geográficos
en la morfología y sus cambios durante 481 años (1534-2015).
Objetivos: Bajo esta perspectiva, el objetivo general de este estudio
se centro en comprender las transformaciones morfológicas en
los patrones que conforman el ADN de la cabecera urbanocantonal de Ambato y las causas que los ocasionan; para lo cual
se plantean dos objetivos específicos: Determinar la morfología
en las formas de crecimiento (patrones urbanos) a través de
un análisis de tendencias de crecimiento del caso de estudio a
lo largo de 7 periodos; y entender las causas que incidieron en
las transformaciones del ADN en dos de las parroquias urbanas
originarias a partir de la recolección de información cartográfica
y datos históricos de la ciudad.
Método: El abordaje metodológico se fundamenta en la
investigación cualitativa, en un caso de estudio, donde se exploró
procesos de formación y transformación del entorno construido.
La propuesta metodológica, primeramente, analizó los
antecedentes conceptuales, y en base a ello, se estudió el territorio
desde dos escalas: macro-análisis (4.700,70 Ha) y meso-análisis
(425,76 Ha), donde se empleó un enfoque transdisciplinario del
análisis urbano, que pone en marcha métodos que se basaron en
la teoría del ensamblaje, integrando un análisis diacrónico (AD),
y herramientas de mapeo urbano para el análisis de morfogénesis
de la ciudad. El AD estudió la evolución de la ciudad, analizando
elementos históricos-geográficos, y relacionándolos entre sí de
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manera significativa, a fin de extraer inferencias sobre la naturaleza
de los cambios en cada uno, para entender cómo interactúan
espacial y temporalmente. El enfoque metodológico se aplicó en
las dos escalas. Se ejecutó un AD utilizando investigación histórica,
mapeo de datos censales, cartografía antigua, imágenes satelitales
de Google-Earth, Google-Maps, como fuentes principales de
datos, y un plano base catastral (2015) proporcionado por la
Municipalidad correspondiente al área urbana. Posteriormente, se
gestionó la información antes citada (software QGIS), creándose
un data set de superposición de capas en los siete períodos, para
posteriormente ser analizado y examinado.
Principales resultados: Como resultado de la investigación,
el macro-análisis revela que, la tendencia de crecimiento se
presenta mayoritariamente con patrones discontinuos (67,48%);
mientras que, el meso-análisis identifica que las transformaciones
responden principalmente a variables estructurantes (fenómenos
naturales, decisiones sociopolíticas, infraestructuras urbanas)
que incidieron en el ADN urbano y en las configuraciones
morfológicas de la ciudad.
Conclusiones: En conclusión, el análisis realizado, permite
comprender los cambios esenciales en las dinámicas de
formación, crecimiento y transformación de patrones urbanos;
así como entender las causas morfogenéticas que incidieron
en las transformaciones del ADN del caso de estudio.
Consecuentemente, la propuesta metodológica planteada, tienen
potencial para ser utilizada en diferentes contextos.
UTA335
Análisis gráfico semiótico de los bordados y pinturas
salasacas.
Semiotic graphic analysis of Salasaca embroidery and
paintings.
Autoría: Andrea Daniela Larrea Solórzano1,*, Iván Patricio
Álvarez Lizano1, Pablo Ricardo Morales Fiallos1, Carlos Sebastian
Suárez Naranjo1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura, Carrera de Diseño Gráfico
*Autor de correspondencia: ad.larrea@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA335
Palabras clave: Archivo, iconografía salasaca, historia
social, representaciones simbólicas, articulaciones visuales
contemporáneas.
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: En este proyecto, se busco rastrear los elementos
iconográficos presentes en los bordados y las pinturas realizadas
por los habitantes de la comunidad, a partir de un proceso
de investigación bibliográfica y de campo que incluye la
documentación de artefactos culturales (Bovisio, 2013) elaborados
bajo las prácticas artístico-culturales citadas, mediante el análisis
de elementos plásticos tangibles, sus representaciones simbólicas
y sus analogías funcionales (Panikkar, 1996). No obstante, estos
objetos culturales que nos proponemos estudiar no pueden ser
analizados sin comprender los campos, las redes y las mediaciones
(Golvano, 1989) que se han suscitado a su alrededor, es decir, sin
describir las articulaciones visuales contemporáneas situadas en
torno a estos elementos.
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
Objetivos: Analizar gráfica y semióticamente las imágenes
documentadas con relación a los bordados salasacas, mediante el
estudio de elementos plásticos tangibles y de sus representaciones
simbólicas.
Método: Construcción del modelo de fichas de análisis gráfico
y semiótico para la interpretación de datos, desde las propuestas
teórico-metodológicas de Hadjinicolaou (1981), Baxandall (1978)
y (1985). Implementación de fichas de análisis iconográfico.
Principales resultados: Informe del análisis gráfico y semiótico
de las representaciones visuales de bordados y pinturas salasacas.
Conclusiones: El presente estudio se articula al proyecto de
investigación que busca comprender los sentidos expuestos en
la iconografía salasaca. En este momento se analizarán gráfica y
semióticamente las imágenes recolectadas en el proceso.
UTA336
Taxonomía visual salasaca.
Salasaca visual taxonomy.
Autoría: Andrea Daniela Larrea Solórzano1,*, Iván Patricio
Álvarez Lizano1, Pablo Ricardo Morales Fiallos1, Carolina
Elizabeth Maldonado Chérrez1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura, Carrera de Diseño Gráfico
*Autor de correspondencia: ad.larrea@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA336
Palabras clave: Taxonomía, estética, iconografía salasaca,
discurso gráfico, arqueodiseño.
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: Conservar el patrimonio cultural es un tema
recurrente en las políticas estatales, en el caso ecuatoriano, la
Constitución Nacional reconoce la existencia de un Estado
plurinacional, pluricultural y multiétnico. Para las poblaciones
indígenas, el patrimonio cultural -tangible e intangible- es una de
las formas de retratar su identidad, misma que está profundamente
arraigada en procesos históricos y es fundamental para su vida
comunitaria. La emergencia sanitaria determinada en el año 2020
por la Organización Mundial de la Salud debido al coronavirus,
provocó que a nivel global se pause la presencialidad en la
mayoría de las actividades, incluyendo las educativas. En este
sentido la virtualidad se convirtió en un escenario en dónde la
enseñanza se adaptó con sus correspondientes particularidades
en distintas áreas, continuando de esta manera con sus actividades
formativas. En el caso del aprendizaje del diseño, específicamente
el taller proyectual y las matemáticas en el área básica, la
tecnología permitió que tanto maestro y alumnos se adecúen a
nuevas realidades y también herramientas, en dónde el lenguaje
audiovisual se desarrolló sin precedentes. Desde esta perspectiva
el enfoque del presente estudio se encuentra en la resignificación
del papel del docente en el contexto de la virtualidad por medio
de la enseñanza del taller proyectual y las matemáticas, tomando
en cuenta las limitaciones y eventualidades que caracterizó la
pandemia.
Objetivos: Definir los criterios de clasificación iconográfica en
función de las características estéticas propias de la producción
artística salasaca.
203 / 239
Método: Lectura y análisis de fuentes bibliográficas. Elaboración
de fichas de componentes estéticos y estilísticos. Matriz de
contraste de elementos teóricos y visuales.
Principales resultados: Clasificación taxonómica de las
representaciones visuales presentes en los bordados y las pinturas
salasacas.
Conclusiones: El presente estudio forma parte de un proyecto de
investigación global que aspira reconocer los sentidos expuestos
en la iconografía salasaca. En este momento se elaborará una
clasificación taxonómica sobre la iconografía presente en los
bordados y las pinturas salasacas.
UTA337
El taller proyectual y las matemáticas frente a la virtualidad,
enseñanza en el área de diseño.
The design workshop and mathematics in the face of
virtuality, teaching in the area of design.
Autoría: Julia Andrea Mena Freire1,*, Martin Benancio Monar
Naranjo1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: ja.mena@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA337
Palabras clave: Enseñanza, metodología, virtualidad, diseño,
diseño básico.
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: La emergencia sanitaria determinada en el
año 2020 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud debido al
coronavirus, provocó que a nivel global se pause la presencialidad
en la mayoría de las actividades, incluyendo las educativas. En
este sentido la virtualidad se convirtió en un escenario en dónde
la enseñanza se adaptó con sus correspondientes particularidades
en distintas áreas, continuando de esta manera con sus actividades
formativas. En el caso del aprendizaje del diseño, específicamente
el taller proyectual y las matemáticas en el área básica, la
tecnología permitió que tanto maestro y alumnos se adecúen a
nuevas realidades y también herramientas, en dónde el lenguaje
audiovisual se desarrolló sin precedentes. Desde esta perspectiva
el enfoque del presente estudio se encuentra en la resignificación
del papel del docente en el contexto de la virtualidad por medio
de la enseñanza del taller proyectual y las matemáticas, tomando
en cuenta las limitaciones y eventualidades que caracterizó la
pandemia.
Objetivos: Evaluar la enseñanza frente a la virtualidad en el
área del diseño, obtenida por los estudiantes en las materias
del área básica: taller proyectual y matemáticas. Determinar las
limitaciones de los estudiantes y los docentes en el escenario
de la virtualidad durante la pandemia, en la Facultad de Diseño
de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, por medio del análisis
bibliográfico relacionado al contexto.Conocer el cumplimiento
de la materia de taller proyectual y matemáticas, por medio
de la validación del plan de estudio generado en los sílabos
correspondientes a cada materia.
Método: El presente estudio es de enfoque cualitativo con
alcance descriptivo y exploratorio. El propósito es determinar
si las herramientas o métodos propuestos en la virtualidad para
las materias de taller proyectual y matemáticas permitieron a los
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
estudiantes alcanzar los objetivos planteados en el programa
analítico de cada una de las materias.
Principales resultados: Mediante la rúbrica de evaluación de las
actividades finales de las materias matemáticas y taller proyectual,
por el método de enseñanza usado y adaptado a la virtualidad,
se determinó que el conocimiento adquirido por los estudiantes
cumplía con los objetivos esperados por las materias pese a las
limitaciones tanto técnicas, económicas, psicológicas y sociales.
Conclusiones: La virtualidad es un escenario complejo al cual
la educación se tuvo que ajustar debido a la pandemia y sus
consecuencias, sin embargo, con el uso adecuado de herramientas
digitales y métodos de enseñanza trasladados a la virtualidad; se
alcanzó un aprendizaje adecuado, recursivo y proactivo, por tal
razón se efectuó el plan de estudio propuesto con éxito.
UTA338
Morfogénesis Urbana: La construcción de sentidos e
imaginarios para la representación social del diseño en
estructuras de interacción turística y comunitaria de la
Laguna de Colta
Urban Morphogenesis: A construction of senses and
imaginaries for social representation of design in structures
of tourist and community interaction in Laguna de Colta
Autoría: Sandra Hipatia Núñez Torres1,*, Claudia Rafaela Balseca
Clavijo1, Eliska Fuentes Perez1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: sh.nunez@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA338
Palabras clave: ADN urbano, representación social del diseño,
causas morfológicas y morfogenéticas, laguna de Colta
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: La laguna de Colta constituye un ícono ancestral
de las poblaciones indígenas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana. Factores
de interés como el restablecimiento de su acceso férreo y la
restauración de su patrimonio arquitectónico colonial le han
catapultado como potencial destino turístico. Desde esta
perspectiva, el estudio, busca plantear una metodología para el
Análisis de Morfogénesis Urbana, determinando así el ADN de
la ciudad como recurso de análisis histórico que permite vincular
las transformaciones urbanas con el sentido de uso de la Laguna.
Objetivos: Determinar el ADN urbano de la ciudad de Colta como
recurso de análisis histórico para vincular las transformaciones
urbanas con el sentido de uso de la Laguna.
Método: Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizaron
herramientas que devienen de la investigación cualitativa, tales
como fichas de observación, entrevistas y focus group como
estrategias metodológicas para establecer el proceso evolutivo
de la ciudad, las causas y variables morfogenéticas; tablas y
matrices para el análisis de mapas que permiten entender
las transformaciones en los elementos morfológicos. Así
también, narrativas visuales como recursos de visión serial de la
representación perceptual y social de la noción de ciudad. Y, por
último, cartografías de tendencias de crecimiento, asentamientos
humanos y de transformaciones de los elementos estructurales de
la ciudad como resultados del estudio morfogenético.
Principales resultados: Como resultados del estudio se lograron
construir cartografías de tendencias de crecimiento, asentamientos
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humanos y de transformaciones de los elementos estructurales de
la ciudad como resultados del estudio morfogenético.
Conclusiones: Para concluir, es preciso mencionar que la noción
de forma de ciudad no solo debe pensarse estrictamente en el
campo físico y material de la arquitectura, la arquitectura del
paisaje y el urbanismo, sino también como el fruto y el apoyo
de las actividades, relaciones y experiencias humanas que la
configuran y construyen en función de sus anhelos. Desde esta
perspectiva, se pretende que el análisis morfogenético junto con
otras indagaciones permita plantear el desarrollo de propuestas
de estructuras de interacción turística y comunitaria in situ.
UTA339
La importancia de un modelo de negocios, para las
microempresas que fabrican prendas de vestir, en Ambato Ecuador
The importance of a business model, for microenterprises
that manufacture garments in Ambato - Ecuador
Autoría: Carlos Alberto Guamán Llamuca1,*, Ana Angelica
Lopez Ulloa1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: ca.guaman@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA339
Palabras clave: Microempresa, textil, confección, ADN de la
marca, layout, escaparatismo, sastres, modistas
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: En Ecuador de acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional
de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) se cuenta con 397 microempresas
que se dedican a la confección de prendas de vestir en la provincia
de Tungurahua, esto representa el 5.15% a nivel nacional de
ventas repartidas en 429 establecimientos, su producción es de
apenas 46 millones de dólares al año a pesar de encontrase en
Ambato la mayor cantidad de establecimientos de venta de ropa
confeccionada localmente. Uno de los factores que podrían ser
clave para su crecimiento y fortalecimiento en su competencia
por el mercado de la confección de prendas de vestir, puede ser
la aplicación de un modelo de negocios actual que se involucre
con las necesidades reales de la Asociación Interprofesional de
Sastres y modistas de Tungurahua, por lo que este trabajo se
centra en proponer este modelo, además de establecer estrategias
que apoyen a este sector a crecer y con el también el país.
Objetivos: Analizar el estado actual de la Asociación
Interprofesional de Sastres y Modistas de Tungurahua. Identificar
la problemática de negocios de prendas manufacturadas de esta
Asociación. Proponer un modelo de negocios actual, afín a lo que
requiere este Gremio.
Método: Mediante una investigación de campo y descriptiva
gracias a un mapeo de la ubicación de las microempresas del
sector de la confección de prendas de vestir en la Provincia de
Tungurahua, se recolectaron varios datos sobre el ADN de la
Asociación Interprofesional de Sastres y Modistas de Tungurahua,
su layout y problemáticas. Se realizaron observaciones directas, se
elaboró una guía del proceso tecnológico que se aplica en estos
lugares y las estrategias de crecimiento de las microempresas, para
proponer un modelo de negocios acorde a la realidad actual
Principales resultados: Con la observación y análisis a detalle
de las microempresas del sector de la confección de prendas de
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
vestir en la Provincia de Tungurahua, estas fueron catalogadas
según las características propias de la Asociación Interprofesional
de Sastres y Modistas de Tungurahua y se propuso renovar
su ADN en cuanto a su misión, visión, valores y proyección
de empresa a futuro, se propuso el layout, se estableció la
administración del manejo de redes, se desarrolló un catálogo de
productos, mockups, implementación del código QR, además de
varias propuestas de escaparates atractivos para un acercamiento
del usuario.
Conclusiones: Las microempresas que se dedican a la confección
de prendas de vestir en la Asociación Interprofesional de Sastres
y Modistas de Tungurahua, está conformada por emprendedores
que no cuentan en su mayoría con un plan de negocios con el
que puedan trabajar en adecuadas estrategias de competencia en
el mercado. Renovar el ADN de la marca es una tarea prioritaria
para colocarla en el mercado y apuntar hacia una real competencia
para fortalecer la economía local y nacional. El layout adecuado
podrá apoyar a los microempresarios en acortar tiempos en el
proceso de confección de prendas de vestir lo cual se reflejan en
ahorro de presupuesto. Es necesario que cuenten con una efectiva
administración de redes debido a que la tecnología hace que los
sistemas de comunicación sean distintos . Estudiar el manejo de
escaparates como un medio visual para atraer visitas se considera
un factor importante.
UTA340
Las piezas arqueológicas y su relación con la tecnología
Archaeological pieces and their relationship with technology
Autoría: Martin Benancio Monar Naranjo1,*, Ana Angélica López
Ulloa1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato
*Autor de correspondencia: mb.monar@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA340
Palabras clave: Piezas arqueológicas, fotogrametría, materiales
sustentables, museos, tecnología, bocetos.
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: Las piezas arqueológicas constituyen varios restos
materiales preservados en el tiempo en diversos sectores del
planeta Tierra, cada una representa valores culturales, sociales,
económicos, religiosos, de distintos sistemas de vida de grupos
humanos de varios países. Tradicionalmente estas piezas se
protegen en los museos, sitios en los cuales son celosamente
cuidados, su exhibición al público es a través de sistemas
de exhibidores en los cuales se pueden contemplar, pero no
manipularse, sinembargo esta condición gracias a la tecnología
puede cambiar al realizar réplicas de las mismas.
Objetivos: Realizar una investigación sobre las piezas
arqueológicas que se encuentran en los museos en Ecuador.
Analizar los materiales y procesos con los cuales están realizadas
las piezas arqueológicas . Proponer el uso de la tecnología para
realizar un proceso de producción de réplicas de las piezas
arqueológicas originales
Método: Mediante una investigación exploratoria y descriptiva
se recolectaron datos sobre las piezas arqueológicas existentes
en la red de museos del Ecuador ubicados en 11 ciudades, que
albergan alrededor de 700.000 bienes arqueológicos. Se realizaron
observaciones a detalle de las piezas como: formas, colores,
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texturas, tamaños, entre otras, se realizaron fichas técnicas con
respaldos gráficos y fotográficos. Posteriormente se elaboró una
guía del proceso tecnológico a ser aplicado con la preparación
del entorno gráfico, captura y carga de imágenes para procesos
de fotogrametría, creación de modelos 3D en software Blender
y Metashape en procesos de postproducción, procesamiento y
exportación de archivos, para posteriormente ser replicadas en
materiales sustentables como polímeros: petg, pla, abs, los cuales
poseen altos niveles de reciclaje.
Principales resultados: Con la observación y análisis a
detalle de las piezas arqueológicas, se pueden realizar replicas
en materiales sustentables, determinándose procesos básicos,
alcances y obstáculos. Asi se pueden manipular las réplicas de
las piezas arqueológicas sin correr riesgo si sufren alguna caída
o marcas en las misma. También se podrían trasladar sin temor
a muestras itinerantes fuera de los museos a centros educativos
alejados de las ciudades, o a otros espacios, inclusive se pueden
realizar archivos digitales para ser exhibidos a nivel mundial y
que también puedan ser replicadas en cualquier sitio del mundo,
pudiendo conseguirse sustento económico para los museos.
Conclusiones: Elaborar réplicas de piezas arqueológicas con
materiales sustentables representa una ventaja, debido a que
pueden ser colocadas en los museos al alcance de los visitantes de
cualquier edad, para que puedan ser manipuladas
UTA341
Ambato y el movimiento moderno, coyuntura arquitectónica
a partir del terremoto de 1949
Ambato and the modern movement, architectural situation
after the 1949 earthquake
Autoría: Fabián López-Ulloa1,*
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura
*Autor de correspondencia: flu.upm@gmail.com
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA341
Palabras clave: Ambato, arquitectura, urbanismo, movimiento
moderno, patrimonio arquitectónico, historia de la construcción
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: El terremoto de 1949 en la sierra central del
Ecuador, más allá de las afectaciones que provocó en algunos
edificios de Ambato, tuvo una repercusión generalizada para la
entrada con fuerza del movimiento moderno en la arquitectura
que, para la época ya se había hecho presente antes del terremoto
con algunos ejemplos. Al ser Ambato el centro neurálgico del
poder político y económico de la vasta zona damnificada, que
abarcaba la provincia de Tungurahua de la cual es su capital,
sin que ésta haya sido la ciudad más afectada; se convirtió en el
centro de operaciones de toda la logística de ayuda, en donde
además del abastecimiento de vituallas y recursos económicos, se
gestó en la población un sentimiento de hacer borrón y cuenta
nueva respecto de sus antiguas edificaciones, para dar paso a
la modernidad urbana y arquitectónica con nuevos cánones
constructivos. No habiendo un sentimiento de conservación de
la antigua estructura urbana y arquitectónica y con un incesante
deseo de modernizarla; en lugar de planificarse un ensanche
moderno fuera del centro histórico, el Plan Regulador de 1951
sentenció su desaparición, marcando un antes y un después en
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
su evolución constructiva. A pesar de esta realidad, por otro
lado, esta coyuntura dio paso al florecimiento de los nuevos
modelos arquitectónicos del movimiento moderno, con una serie
de estilismos, por así decirlos anticipados respecto a la región,
puesto que, con la carta blanca dada para el derrocamiento de
edificios, comenzó la transformación de la ciudad, quedando un
nuevo testimonio arquitectónico, que no acabó de tomar cuerpo
sino hasta veinte años después en la década de los 70.
Objetivos: Analizar el desarrollo urbano y arquitectónico de
Ambato entre 1949 y 1970. Argumentar los estilos, constructivos
entre 1949 y 1978. Recuperar la memoria gráfica de la primeras
construcciones del movimiento moderno.
Método: El método utilizado tiene un enfoque histórico, que
implica una investigación y un análisis comparativo, con el
estudio de fuentes primarias y secundarias, visitas de campo,
información de archivos, entrevistas y revisión bibliográfica, para
el desarrollo de una memoria gráfica que incluye el levantamiento
arquitectónico de permanencias arquitectónicas y la ideación
gráfica de edificios desaparecidos, junto con la sistematización de
la información a través de fichas, organizadores gráficos y análisis
teóricos.
Principales resultados: Los resultados ponen en contexto el
destacado proceso histórico constructivo de la ciudad de Ambato
entre 1949 y 1978, para fomentar la puesta en valor del patrimonio
del movimiento moderno y el importante aporte y significado
que le dio a la ciudad, como resultado de todo un orden social,
cultural, político y económico.
Conclusiones: El análisis realizado desde un orden científico
y técnico, ha permitido conocer las particularidades de Ambato
relativas a su urbanismo y arquitectura entre 1949 y 1978, junto a
sus actores, tradiciones culturales, fuerzas productivas, materiales,
administración, entre otros, durante un período muy señalado de
su historia moderna, asociada a su posición geográfica estratégica
y a su dinamización como eje productivo comercial, agrícola e
industrial, que patentizó su importancia precisamente entre
otros aspectos, en el ámbito constructivo, con un nuevo modelo
arquitectónico de señalado valor patrimonial.
UTA342
Diseño de indumentaria adaptada para mujeres con
discapacidad física en extremidades inferiores de la ciudad
de Ambato
Design of adapted clothing for women with physical
disabilities in the lower extremities of the city of Ambato
Autoría: Ramírez Bonilla Nancy Raquel1,*, Erika Catalina
Sanchez Sailema1, Iraida Teresa Ubilluz Alban1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura / Carrera de Diseño Textil e Indumentaria.
*Autor de correspondencia: nr.ramirez@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA342
Palabras clave: Diseño, discapacidad, ergonomía, textil,
indumentaria.
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: En la investigación se planificó, subsanar las
necesidades de vestuario, en consideración al público específico
como las mujeres en edad de 30 a 65 años con discapacidad
especiales, se requiere indumentarias ergonómicas. En el Ecuador
206 / 239
la industria de la confección en el sector de indumentaria adaptada
no ha evolucionado convenientemente, por falta de iniciativa por
parte del diseño, ya que entran en juego el reconocimiento de las
insolvencias de la población y el ajuste a estándares para diseñar
prendas adaptadas.
Objetivos: Planificar la producción de la indumentaria ergonómica,
para mejorar los mecanismos de función en las prendas de la
Asociación de personas con discapacidad Física de Tungurahua.:
Analizar los materiales adecuados y ergonómicos para las personas
con necesidades físicas de extremidades inferiores. Realizar el
levantamiento de información sobre las medidas antropométricas
de las personas con discapacidad y función de la Indumentaria.
Revisión de las propuestas diseñadas en la implementación de
prendas ergonómicas y funcionales. Elaborar una colección
diseñada de indumentaria ergonómica y funcional para la Asociación
de personas con discapacidad Física de Tungurahua. Determinar el
riesgo ergonómico al cual se exponen los trabajadores del sector
del calzado en el área de trabajo analizado
Método: Planificación de la confección con la solución de las
problemas que tienen las mujeres con discapacidad física en
extremidades inferiores, el objetivo del trabajo es facilitar la
tarea del vestir donde se encuentran las mayores dificultades.
Por ello fue pertinente realizar la investigación de fichas del
usuario, materiales, insumos, la ergonomía y funcionalidad para
las personas dando respuesta al problemas de las prendas que
ayudará a incluir a las mujeres con capacidades especiales en el
mundo de la moda. La metodología cualitativa que se recolectaron
refieren a la discapacidad de los encuestados, entrevistas a los
especialistas el nivel de ingresos que percibe mensualmente,
la línea de vestuario que le gustaría que se diseñe para mejorar
su autoestima, actividades laborales, cotidianas del diario vivir
es difícil de realizar con el uso de su vestimenta regular, y
se encuentra problemas relacionados con disponibilidad y
funcionalidad de las prendas que satisfagan sus necesidades,
parte incómodas de las prendas que utiliza como los pantalones,
blusas, chaquetas, se requiere observar las necesidad de prendas
de vestir especializadas para personas con discapacidad.
Principales resultados: Los técnicas de análisis de datos
empleados, fueron argumentado a partir de la información
suministrada por la muestra de mujeres con problema de
discapacidad de la Asociación que emplea la estadística
descriptiva para descubrir tendencias de respuesta de lo que se
procesan para planificar los futuros diseños del vestuario. Los
técnicas de análisis de datos empleados, fueron argumentado a
partir de la información suministrada por la muestra de mujeres
con problema de discapacidad de la Asociación que emplea la
estadística descriptiva para descubrir tendencias de respuesta de lo
que se procesan para planificar los futuros diseños del vestuario.
Conclusiones: La discapacidad se define como una condición
bajo la cual ciertas personas presentan alguna deficiencia física,
mental, intelectual o sensorial que producen consecuencias a
largo plazo la manera de actuar o participar de manera plena
en la sociedad. La OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud)
define la discapacidad como “un fenómeno complejo que refleja
una interacción entre las características del organismo humano
y las características de la sociedad en la que vive”. El término
engloba los problemas que afectan a una estructura o función
corporal, a las limitaciones en la actividad y a las restricciones en
la participación que estos conllevan. Finalmente se contempla la
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
discapacidad como un problema individual, sino como algo dado
por las limitaciones que pueda tener una persona y las muchas
barreras que levanta la sociedad. En este enfoque la discapacidad,
es una colección compleja de condiciones, muchas de las cuales
son creadas por el ambiente social, razón por la cual la gerencia del
problema requiere la acción social y es responsabilidad colectiva
de la sociedad hacer las modificaciones ambientales necesarias
para la participación completa de la persona con discapacidad en
todas las áreas de la vida.
UTA343
Vinculación del diseño desde la academia con los sectores
productivos de calzado de Tungurahua
Linking design from the academy with the productive
sectors of footwear in Tungurahua.
Autoría: Efraín Marcelo Pilamunga Poveda1,*, Jorge Luis
Santamaría Aguirre1, Mayra Alejandra Paucar Samaniego1,
Edisson Fernando Viera Alulema1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura
*Autor de correspondencia: em.pilamunga@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA343
Palabras clave: Calzado de Tungurahua, Diseño, Procesos
Productivos, Centro de Innovación, Publicidad y Marketing,
Cadena de Valor
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: En Ecuador una de las actividades manufactureras
más importantes es la elaboración del cuero y el calzado,
representando un alto porcentaje en su productividad y la
principal provincia que abastece esta demanda es Tungurahua.
Ecuador exportó siete millones de pares en 2021 que representa
21 millones de dólares, factores que hacen del sector cuero
y calzado de Tungurahua un contribuyente importante en
la transformación de la matriz productiva. La provincia de
Tungurahua es reconocida como un referente a nivel nacional
en cuanto a la producción de calzado, siendo este sector uno de
los ejes estratégicos del Gobierno Provincial, los artesanos del
calzado y las MIPYMES representan un alto porcentaje como
sector productivo de la provincia, por tanto, un acercamiento
desde la academia y la investigación es necesario para abordar
problemáticas del sector y dar impulso para su mejora y apertura
a nuevos mercados. La provincia de Tungurahua es reconocida
como un referente a nivel nacional en cuanto a la producción
de calzado, siendo este sector uno de los ejes estratégicos del
Gobierno Provincial, los artesanos del calzado y las MIPYMES
representan un alto porcentaje como sector productivo de la
provincia, por tanto, un acercamiento desde la academia y la
investigación es necesario para abordar problemáticas del sector
y dar impulso para su mejora y apertura a nuevos mercados.
Objetivos: En este sentido, la academia debe convertirse en
un catalizador de la producción local a través del apoyo desde
la investigación, pero también desde un aporte más próximo
y de acciones directas. Coordinar dichas acciones conlleva la
creación de un ente multidisciplinar que lleve a cabo acciones
estratégicas, capacitaciones y la co-creación. La iniciativa se
suma a la necesidad de conducir una correcta comprensión de
qué es diseño y cuáles son sus posibilidades al vincularlo con las
207 / 239
empresas; dar soporte continuo sobre temas, problemas o dudas
relevantes es el camino que seguir. También se debe tomar en
cuenta las necesidades de los sectores productivos a fin de ofrecer
servicios especializados que faciliten o mejoren el desarrollo de
ideas, proyectos y productos, además de planes estratégicos y de
comunicación, publicidad y marketing.
Método: Con este fin la Universidad Técnica de Ambato ha venido
desarrollando una serie de proyectos enfocados en la creación de
este centro, partiendo de un análisis del contextos y definiciones
de necesidades, inicialmente buscando estrategias para mejora
para el proceso de diseño de calzado de las MIPYMES del
sector, tendencias y cultura de consumo de calzado, estrategias de
reutilización de remanentes que minimicen el impacto ambiental
y finalmente el montaje del centro especializado que apoye
desde el área de diseño con nuevas opciones en el mercado, la
ergonomía y los estudios cualitativos derivados de esta permitirán
tener un producto con garantía y optimizado a las necesidades
del consumidor. Al mismo tiempo, para beneficiar a pequeñas y
medianas empresas que forman parte del clúster cuero y calzado
de la provincia de Tungurahua y de otras agrupaciones o polos
productivos del calzado a nivel nacional.
Principales resultados: La creación de un centro de innovación
tecnológica aplicada al calzado permite el apoyo directo para el
desarrollo del sector del calzado mediante la mejora de productos
con nuevos diseños basados en tendencias, así como el desarrollo
de nuevos productos; dando apoyo en la mejora cualitativa del
calzado desde dos enfoques: la imagen como producto en el
mercado y las prestaciones en cuanto a confort y ergonomía que
debe tener el producto en la etapa del modelado con apoyo en la
biomecánica.
Conclusiones: Los proyectos creados secuencialmente han
dado como resultado el contar con un panorama claro para la
creación del centro en base a necesidades y tendencias del sector
que permiten tener lineamientos para que la academia impulse
el sector productivo del calzado desde su concepción hasta su
distribución.
UTA344
Estrategias de Marketing Digital a través de redes sociales
en el contexto de las Pymes del Ecuador
Digital Marketing Strategies through social networks in the
context of SMEs in Ecuador.
Autoría: Pablo Ricardo Morales Fiallos1,*, Efraín Marcelo
Pilamunga Poveda1
1
Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Diseño y
Arquitectura
*Autor de correspondencia: pr.morales@uta.edu.ec
DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1.UTA344
Palabras clave: redes sociales, estrategias de posicionamiento,
marketing digital, empresas ecuatorianas
Tema: Ingenierias
Introducción: Con el auge de la tecnología y el impacto de
la enfermedad pandémica, el uso de las redes sociales se ha
convertido en un método necesario para hacer publicidad, llegar al
consumidor final y posicionarse en la mente de sus consumidores.
Objetivos: Este trabajo presenta un análisis documental
exploratorio del marketing digital pospandemia y el uso de las
Medwave 2023;23(Suppl 1) DOI 10.5867/medwave.2023.S1
redes sociales por parte de las pequeñas y medianas empresas
(PYMES).
Método: La investigación se inició con una revisión bibliográfica
de bases de datos científicas sobre tácticas de marketing digital.
Posteriormente la búsqueda en sitios web con observatorios
y cifras comerciales desarrolladas dentro de redes sociales.
Finalmente, se identificaron estadísticas sobre el uso de redes
sociales entre las PYMES.
Principales resultados: Este estudio reflejó que el 82% de las
pymes de Ecuador acceden a internet, pero su uso se enmarca
en el envío de correos electrónicos y tareas administrativas.
Mientras que las empresas más grandes invierten mayor capital
haciendo uso efectivo de la comunicación a través de las redes
sociales en sus campañas publicitarias con un gran alcance. Al
cierre del 2020, las redes sociales más utilizadas fueron Facebook,
WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter y YouTube. Es probable que
el aumento aparente en el número de usuarios de estas redes
sociales en Ecuador presente nuevos desafíos, lo que requiere
una reorientación interna y nuevos enfoques para la colaboración
del comprador. Con base a la información encontrada, se puede
deducir que el Marketing Digital mediante redes sociales, es un
campo medianamente desarrollado en las Pymes del Ecuador.
La razón primordial parece ser la carencia de entendimiento, el
temor al cambio o peligro de modificar del marketing clásico al
Marketing Digital; así como el desconocimiento de la inversión
ante medios clásicos.
Conclusiones: Para cerrar la investigación, a través de un análisis
FODA cruzado se plantean algunas estrategias indispensables,
por ejemplo, implementar un plan de marketing enfocado para
redes sociales que es una deficiencia clara en las Pymes del
Ecuador, apoyándose con las herramientas publicitarias y la pauta
siempre y cuando este anclado a una planificación para cumplir
con los objetivos empresariales. El brindar incentivos por la
compra de nuevos productos o servicios para fidelizar y premiar
el uso y compra a través de las redes sociales. Para la generación
de contenidos en redes sociales descontinuados y saturados, se
sugiere implementar el marketing viral para redes sociales que
permitan un mayor alcance en las redes sociales de las pymes.
Destacar la importancia de la planificación a través de un plan de
medios para poder cumplir paso a paso los objetivos de enganche,
fidelización, posicionamiento y mejora de ventas de las pequeñas
y medianas empresas en el Ecuador, entre otras.
UTA345
Identidad y tradición preservadas mediante técnicas de
modelado y animación 3D: colaboración de la academia
para la sociedad.
Identity and tradition preserved through 3D modeling and
animation techniques: collaboration of the academy for
society.
|
sn85025759_1875-09-06_1_1_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | of Trusteed of the Idleboro Female College, stated that there was still a debt of $1,162.95 - remaining to be paid by the Conference Within ninety days; and if not paid within that time; the amount which had already been paid by subscriptions and collections would be repaid, and all claims on the institution by the Conference would be relinquished. After the communication was read a lively, discussion took place as to whether the demand of Mr. Thompson was a just and legal claim, and whether the Conference was obliged to pay it. The meeting, on motion, was finally, referred to the original committee, with instructions to provide for the payment of the claim. On motion, it was ordered that the sermon of Rev. also, delivered on Saturday, be printed. Rev. Herr, President of the Preachers' Belief, Society, reported that $2,691 had recently been collected for the cause. A motion was then carried that all funds collected for centenary purposes be donated to the Ohio Wesleyan University until the sum of $600,000 has been raised. A communication from Rev. J. M. Kranter, Minister to Denmark, asking to be placed on the list of supernumerary preachers was read and the request elicited. A discussion as to whether the relation of Dr. Lowry as superintendent of the preachers should, be continued then arose. Severed members were of the opinion that Dr. Lowry was not an efficient to do his regular church work. The church work, made, that, therefore, it would be a violation of the law to continue his relation as a supernumerary preacher. The request of the motion was finally granted. The election for re-elected delegates to the General Conference was then proceeded with, and on the first ballot resulted in the choice of Revs. W. H. Sutherland, he having obtained 62 votes. The whole number of votes cast was 133, of which 61 were necessary for a choice. Dr. R. S. Newton, of Philadelphia, was introduced to the Conference at this time, and made a few remarks which were of general interest, and were well received by all. Judge Flagans, by request, then gave his opinion in regard to the abandonment of the Springfield High School and Female College. He held that the institution could not be relinquished unless by a report of the charter and a disposition of the property by legislation, or the whole matter could be referred, with instructions to a new Board of Trustees, who would supersede the present Board. The matter was duly referred to the original committee. The Board of Trustees then presented the following report: The McFadden bequest of $1,900 implies that it should be used for educational purposes in said institution under the direction of the committee. The interest accruing from the amount in 18 years at six percent amounts to $1,400, and at 8 percent. The present condition of the McFadden fund is as follows: Loan to J. W. Gunn, $1,000; loan to J. RaWitt, $1,000; The Trustees' receipts on interest accruing to $1,381.50 per cent, amount to $2,400 from sales of old window sash, $1,500. Expenses for notation of the college, $1,500. Balance on treasury July notes $1,300. Total amount of losses in $1,470,310. The sewed ballot is given to the voter, and received in accordance with the law. Rev. R. F. Rust, having announced, has been appointed. The whole number of votes cast is as follows: whic41 42 were neeeesary for a sindeN. , The reserve riele.rafcs' aro thelerDre Sutheriallti 4ana Rua. The tentellnee stew- , atd's report, was received esti- at:meted. number of meeting of committees Were ai $ nouticedetud a few uddresees wade Otos tLs : Couvuutiou attjotituAxi , - ,. |
bpt6k661499p_2 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | c La France, pour traverser en paix le temps présent, doit être munie d'une armure sans défaut. Ainsi se pose le problème si souvent débattu de la production. Il ne s'agit pas pour les Français de s'accuser vainement entre eux. Il faut faire appel au patriotisme des travailleurs pour leur demander, en sauvegardant les lois sociales, une activité soutenue. Il faut de même faire appel au patriotisme des employeurs, pour éviter ce que M. le Ministre des Finances signalait au Sénat le 28 décembre, un malthusianisme qui voudrait, à la faveur d'une haute muraille douanière, vendre cher en produisant peu. Il faut doter le pays des industries qui lui manquent, demander à notre sol de la métropole ou d'outre-mer certains produits que nous réclamons à l'importation. Il faut instituer une politique rationnelle de l'immigration, soustraire à la violence, par la pratique et le respect de l'arbitrage, les rapports du capital et du travail. c Est-ce à dire que nous entendions nous borner à une conception purement matérielle de la puissance ? Non, certes. La politique idéale, selon nous, serait celle qui, se fondant pour l'examen des problèmes sur les règles de la science, se donnerait pour but la même fin que la morale, c'est-à-dire une4répartition meilleure de la justice, en réservant son rôle à la bonté. « Nous sommes encore bien loin de cet idéal. Notre époque marque un retour aux périodes les plus cruelles du passé. Dans la paix même, les contrats n'ont plus de valeur, les promesses plus de portée. La liberté politique ou religieuse est assiégée. La persécution, l'exil sévissent. c Dans cette anarchie, quelques votx seulement se sont élevées pour protester. A Rome, un vieillard, vers qui montent nos libres hommages, soutenu par sa vaillance spirituelle, renouvelle la tradition des grands papes protecteurs de la faiblesse outragée Dans le Nouveau Monde, le président des Etats-Unis proclame avec force son attachement au régime de la liberté et aux lois morales qui le fondent. « Je pense, mes chers collègues, que la Chambre fronçait», voudra faire écho a ces voix. Que cet attachement Il tout ce qui fait la dignité de la personne humaine nous rapproche et nous concilie. Toute l'Assemblée, debout, salue d'une vibrante ovation la péroraison de son président. rAffichage 1 Affichage 1 crient quelques voix. Le programme du travail H reste maintenant à l'Assemblée à régler son programme de travail. M. Herriot donne connaissance des propositions de la conférence des présidents. M. Blum manifeste son accord et suggère que le débet de politique étrangère, si important, qui doit s'instituer tout d'abord. soit organisé.. Qu'entend-on par organiser » ? s'inquiète M. Marcel Héraud. Est-ce à dire qu'on limitera le temps de parole ? Il s'agit de faire un débat ordonné, d'éviter des redites qui fatiguent la Chambre, explique M. Blum, et, pour atteindre ce but, chaque groupe peut consentir l'effort de discipline nécessaire. M. Marcel Héraud acquiesce, mais M. Parmentier n'est pas encore rassuré. Finalement, la Chambre décide d'aborder demain après-midi la discussion des interpellations de politique étrangère, discussion qui se poursuivrait la semaine prochaine. Mais organisera-t-on ou non le débat ? M. Wilzer voudrait que l'on s'en tint à ce qui a été fait dans le passé dans cet ordre d'idées, et M. Pezet insiste pour que la discussion soit aussi complète que possible. La limitation du temps, de parole et du nombre des orateurs serait inadmissible, approuve M. Reille-Soult. M. Blum indique que l'on peut décider de consacrer à la politique étrangère toutes les séances nécessaires mais, souligne-t-il, puisqu'en principe cinq séances sont prévues, il serait bon de répartir les heures utiles entre les orateurs qui désirent intervenir. La Chambre est alors appelée à dire si elle souhaite ou non voir organiser le débat par la conférence des présidents et l'on passe au vote. Débat organisé A 18 h. 25, le résultat du scrutin est proclamé. Par un phénomène curieux et fort rare 279 voix se prononcent en faveur de l'organisation du débat de politique étrangère, tandis que 279 voix expriment une préférence pour le débat libre. Le débat sera organisé déclare M. Herriot. Mais M. Tixier-Vignancour proteste. A égalité, juge-t-il, la proposition de M. Léon Blum se trouve repoussée. Aussi bien la question n'a-t-elle pas été nettement posée. Le président soutient que tout a été très clair et se rétère à la jurisprudence constante, cifée par M. Eugène Pierre, dans son traité. M. Colomb appuie la thèse de M. Tixier-Vignancour. On n'a pas voté. afflrme-t.il. sur la liberté du débat mais sur l'amendement Blum. Cet amendement n'étant pas retenu, la liberté demeure la règle. Certes, soutient à son tour, M. Blaisot. la liberté est la règle constitutionnelle. Un député qui n'a pas l'intention d'intervenir peut être amené à prendre la parole, fait remarquer M. Pinelh. Au contraire, certains collègues se font inscrire Dar précaution, qui renonceront à parler. Pourquoi dès lors ne pas nous laisser la liberté. Il faut reagir contre la mécanisation proteste à son tour, M. Pezet. La réglementation, si elle intervient, devra être tres libérale. M. Marx Dormoy. de sa place, assure que M. Blum n'avait nullement Tintention d'étouffer le débat. Le groupe socialiste, ajoute-t-il. retire sa proposition. Débat libre. On en revient donc à la liberté après avoir perdu un temps précieux. Et la séance est levée. Demain commencera donc devant la Chambre un grand débat de politique extérieure, qui se poursuivra mardi et Jeudi matin et soir M.P. Trente et un interpellateurs sur la politique extérieure PARis, 12 janvier. Voici la liste des 31 auteurs d'interpellations sur la politique extérieure du Gouvernement dans l'ordre des inscriptions MM. Jean Montigny (gauche dém.): de Kérillis (ind. rép.)Bergery (gauche ind.); Sibué (soc.): P,-E. Flandin (alliance des rép. de gauche et des rad. ind.); Desch'.zeaux (U.S.R.); Leon Barety (alliance): Grat (fédér. républ.); Péri (comm.): Michel Walter (ind. d'action populaire); Scapini (ind. rép.): Louis Marin (féd. rép.); Réthore (rad.soc.) J.-P. Plichon (rép. ind. et d'action sociale); Pezet (démocrate pop.); Margaine (rad.-soc.); Rosse (ind. d'action populaire); Thiolas (soc.): Jacquinot (alliance): Pierre Cot (rad.-soc.); Planche (soc.); Elbel (rad.-soc.) Izard, Bedouce, Blanchet (soc.): Thellier (alliance); Philippe Henriot (féd. rep.): Geistdoerfer (rad. -soc); Florlmond Borite (comm.); André François-Albert (rad.-soc); Michels (comm.). Le drapeau français sera hissé aujourd'hui à !'Exposition de New-York NEw-YOrtx, 12 janvier. Le gouverneur général Olivier, haut-commissaire de la France. à l'Exposition de NewYork, est arrivé à bord du Paris. Il représentera, on le sait, la France à la cérémonie qui aura lieu demain sur le terrain de l'Exposition, et au cours de laquelle le drapeau tricolore sera hissé pour la première fois au faite LE SEMAT A RÉÉLU SON BUREAU M. Jules Jeanneney, prédident, obtient 243 voix sur 272 votants Paris, 12 janvier. La séance est ouverte à 15 h. 10, sous la présidence de M. Damecour, doyen d'âge. L'ordre du jour appelle le scrutin pour la nomination du président et de quatre vice-présidents. M. Jules Jeanneney n'a pas de concurrent pour la présidence. Les vice-présidents sortants MM. Henri Merlin. Farjon, Henri Roy, Albert Mahieu. sont également seuls candidats. Le scrutin a lieu à la tribune. Il demeurera ouvert pendant une heure. Simultanément, a lieu dans un salon voisin, le scrutin pour l'élection de trois questeurs et de huit secrétaires. Les candidats pour les postes de questeurs sont MM. Hamelln et Anatole Manceau. soumis à la réélecj tion;' Auguste Mounié, désigné par la Gauche Démocratique, en remp'acement de M. François Labrousse, arrivé au terme de son mandat. Les candidats pour les huit postes de secretaires sont MM. Decroze. Garrigou. Dentu, Hachette, de la Grande, candidats sortants; Achille Maudin. Louis Gros et Bertrand Carrère, candidats nouveaux Les résultats du scrutin M. Jules Jeanneney (Gauche démocratique, radical et radical-socialiste). a été réélu président du Sénat, par 243 voix sur 272 votants. Les quatre vice-présidents sortants, Henri Merlin (gauche dém.): Farjon (Union républicaine): Henri Roy (gauche dém.) et Albert Mahieu (Union démoc. et radicale) ont été réélus. Voici les résultats du scrutin pour l'élection de trois questeurs Ont obtenu Anatole Manceau 244 voix ELU Hamelin 243218 Scrutin pour Section de huit secréOnt obtenu MM. Dentu. 247voixELU 243Bertrand 241 Decroze Hachette. 240 de la Grange. 237 Garrigou 234 Louis Gros. 228 Reprise de la séance La seance, qui avait été suspendue est reprise à 17 h. 45. M Damecour proclame les résultats. La réélection de M. Jeanneney, par 243 voix sur 272 votants, est saluée d'applaudissements sur tous les bancs. Les noms des autres membres du bureau élus ou réélus..sont également accueils par des' bravos unanijnes -» M. Damecour proclame constitué le bureau du Sénat pour 1939. Le doyen remercie ses collègues de l'accueil qu'ils lui ont une fois de p'us réservé et il leur adresse un nouvel appel pour l'union dans l'intérêt du pays. Le Sénat s'ajourne à mardi 15 heures. pour l'installation du bureau définitif. La séance est levée. Tous les sénateurs, debout, applaudissent longuement leur vénérable doyen d'âge. Deux décrets-lois de 1934 modifiant les conditions d'attribution de la carte et de la retraite du combattant sont annulés en Conseil d'Etat Paris, 12 janvier. Le Conseil d'Etat communique les détails suivants sur l'annulation d'un décret-loi concernant l'attribution de la carte et de la retraite du combattant Des lois de 1926 et de 1930 avaient décidé que les conditions d'attribution ( de cette carte et de cette retraite seraient déterminées par un règlement d'administration publique. Or, le gouvernement a été autorisé par la loi du 28 février 1934 à prendre jusqu'au 30 juin de la même année des mesures d'économie exigées pour l'équilibre du budget. Il a cru pouvoir se prévaloir de cette délégation pour prendre le 14 avril de la même année deux décretslois décidant que les conditions d'attribution de la carte et de la retraite du combattant pourraient être modifiées, non plus par un règlement d'administration publique. mais en ce qui concerne la carte par des arrêts interministériels et en ce qui concerne la retraite par des décrets simples. Ces deux décrets-lois ont été déférés au Conseil d'Etat par l'Amicale des Anciens Combattants des chemins de fer de l'Etat. Le commissaire du gouvernement a reconnu le bien-fondé de cette requête. Il a fait observer que les dispositions critiquées ne comportaient aucune économie, qu'elles n'en posaient môme pas le principe et ne pouvaient dès lors figurer parmi les mesures exigées par l'équilibre du budget, seules prévues et autorisées par la loi du 28 février 1934. Le Conseil d'Etat a accueilli le pourvoi. En conséquence les dispositions attaquées ont été annulées pour excès de pouvoir. SAINTES VA TRAVAILLER POUR L'AVIATION Saiktes, 12 janvier. On apprend que certains des importants ateliers de fabrication de matériel de chemin de fer de Saintes vont être affectés a. la fabrication de matériel pour l'avia-l Uûn et la défense contre avioû*. i LA LOTERIE DES RÉGIONS LIBÉRÉES donne lieu à une enquête pour abus de confiance et détournements LA PLAINTE EMANE DU MINISTRE DES FINANCES LuLe, 12 janvier (de notre correspondant particulier. par téléphone).Une affaire financière, dont il est encore difficile de déterminer l'importance, mais qui tire sa gravite du fait qu'elle met en cause un organisme présentant, dans une certaine mesure, un caractère officieux, vient d'éclater a Lille. Ces jours derniers sur plainte du ministre des Finances. M. Le Foyer, juge d'instruction, ouvrait une information contre X. pour détournements et abus de confiance. Malgré la discrétion observée a ce propos par les milieux judiciaires, on ne tardait pas a apprendre que cette plainte visait l'activité de la loterie des Régions Libérées. Cet organisme avait ete créé il y a quelques années pour permettre la liquidation de certaines créances collectives des dommages de guerre restées en suspens et dont l'Etat ne pouvait assurer le paiement. Gérée par un comité privé, semblable à celui de la Loterie Nationale, placée sous le contrôle du ministre des Finances. la Lotene des Régions Libérées avait, en cinq années, émis des billets pour une valeur de 400 a 500 millions de francs. Les bénéfices étaient répartis entre les quatorze départements du Nord et de l'Est pour subventionner des travaux contre le chômage Une organisation annexe était chargée de l'émission de dixièmes de billets et. sur ses bénéfices. subventionnait des œuvres d'assistance sociales et surtout des colonies de vacances. C'est également sur les bénefices de la Loterie des Régions Libérées que devait primitivement être subventionnée l'Exposition du Progrès Social qui doit s'ouvrir à Lille en mai prochain, mais un décret-loi récent avait supprimé la loterie à la date du 31 décembre. tout en accordant certaines compensations aux départements interessés et en assurant le financement de l'exposition. Depuis quelque nmps déjà. des bruits défavorables avaient circulé relativement à la gestion de la loterie. On savait qu'un inspecteur des Finances était venu il y a quelques mois enquêter à Lille, mais, depuis, on avait cru l'affaire enterrée. La plainte du ministre des Finances vient de la faire surgir au premier plan de l'actualité. Il est encore trop tot pour jeter dans la circulation des affirmations et des chiffres qui ne reposeraient que sur de simples suppositions. L'affaire ne fait que commencer. Des perquisitions ont eu lieu mardi, mercredi et aujourd'hui a Lille, dans les bureaux de la rue Faidherbe, où était installée la Loterie des Régions Libérées et où se trouve également le siège de l'Exposition du Progrès Social. Une grande quantité de documents ont été emportés pour vérification et leur examen demandera un temps considérable. A la suite de cette perquisition, les vingt employés ont été licenciés. Une autre perquisition a eu lieu à Paris, au domicile de M. Louis Broders. rue de Mlromesnil. M. Broders fut l'animateur de la Loterie des Régions Liberées et joue actuellement un rôle important dans l'Exposition du Progrès Social. Mais. la. aucun document n'aurait éte emporte. C'est seulement lorsque seront dépouillées les archives saisies, qui remontent plusieurs années et portent sur des mouvements de fonds considerables, qu'il sera possible de donner Lille. 12 janvier. Au Parquet de Lille, on déclare, à la suite des informations annonçant une perquisition au siège de la Loterie des Réstions Libérées, qu'il n'a été procède lusqu'à présent qu'à des saisies de documents. On ajoute qu'il est prématuré de parler de nomination d'experts. Une mise au point d'un collaborateur de M. Broders PARis, 12 janvier. M. Louis Broders. qu'on a donné comme secrétaire général de la Loterie des Régions Libérées. occupe, 17, rue de Mlromesnil. au quatrième et au cinquième étage, deux vastes appartements. Au quatneme sont situés les bureaux de son office de publicité. au cinquième son appartement au deuxième étage de l'immeuble. se trouvent les bureaux de l'exposition du Progrès social de Lille dont M. Louis Broders traite la oublicité. M. Broders est absent, mais on a pu voir un de ses collaborateurs qui a déclaré tout ignorer de l'information Judiciaire en cours. Il a reconnu pourtant qu'une perquisition avait été effectuée au cours de la Journée d hier dans les bureaux. Toute la correspondance a été saisie par les policiers De plus, le collaborateur de M. Broders a bien voulu déclarer « M Broders n'était pas au tout secrétaire général de la Loterie des Régions Libérées, pas plus que gestionnaire à un titre quelconque de l'exposition du Progrès social. Il ne s'occupait que de la publicité de la Loterie des Régions Libérées. Aujourd'hui encore, il s'occupe de la publicité de l'exposition du Progrès social qui doit se tenir à Lille en 1939. Je ne sais rien du prétendu scandale de 1a Loterie des Régions Libérées. » (Lire la Dernière Heure en page 5.) LE PRÉSIDENT ROOSEVELT DEMANDE L'OUVERTURE D'UN CRÉDIT DE 552 MILLIONS DE DOLLARS POUR LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE 450 millions iraient d l'armée Washihgtoh, 12 janvier. Dans son message au congrès relatif Il la défense nationale, le président Roosevelt recommande l'ouverture immédiate d'un crédit de 562 millions de dollars, somme minima nécessaire a l'amélioration de la défense nationale. 450 millions iraient à l'armée. 65 à la marine. 10 serviraient à l'entrainement des pilotes civils 27 millions au renforcement des garnisons militaires en temps de paix de la zone du canal de Panama. Sur les 450 millions destinés a l'armée 300 serviraient à la construction de nouveaux avions, ce qui représente environ 3.000 avions M. Roosevelt recommande la dépense immédiate de 50 millions pour rouvrir des usines d'aviation inutilisées et rattraper ainsi le retard du programme de fabrication en cours. 8 millions sur les 450 destinés à l'armée serviraient à renforcer les fortifications continentales d'Hawai et de Panama. Les 65 millions destinés au département de la Marine se répartiraient ainsi 44 millions pour la création et le renforcement des bases navales, 21 millions pour la construction de nouveaux avions de marine et de martériel volant pour la marine La femme du détective Rochat est arrêtée à son tour Genève, 12 janvier. La police fédérale a procède à l'arrestation de Mme Dolly Rochat, femme du détective Paul Rochat. incarcéré depuis quelques semaines à la prison Saint-Antoine. Mme Rochat est, comme son mari. inculpée d'espionnage au profit du gouvernement d'un pays totalitaire. ECHOS PARLEMENTAIRES LE VOTE PERSONNEL DES DÉPUTÉS Paru. 12 janvier. Une proposltlon de résolution tendant a modifier i* règlement de la Chambre en vue d'établir le vote personnel des députés a été déposé par M. Louis Marin et oes collègues du groupe de la Fédération Républicaine. Dans l'exposé des motifs, l'ancien ministre note que l'opinion publique n'a Jamais compris le vote des absents. GREVE DE CANDIDATS AUX ELECTIONS MUNICIPALES Limoges, 12 janvier tde :.otre carrer.pondant particulier). Par suite de la démission de deux conseillers municipaux et de la mort de l'adjoin; au Mairie la Municipalité de la commune de Vareilles (Creuse) n'était plus en nombre Des élections complémentaires ayant été décidées, il a été possibie de trouver deux citoyens dévoués qui ont accepte de se présenter sous l'égide du Rassemblement populaire. Mais le troisième candidat a été impossible à dénicher. Voici une recette facile contre grippe, rhumes et toux Grippes et rhumes ne peuvent être négligés, mais doivent être soignés immediatement. Voici une recette qui vous apportera ce soulagement rapide et que vous pouvez préparer vous-même. Chauffez un quart de litre d'eau faites-y dissoudre une cuillerée à soupe de sucre ou de miel et ajoutez le contenu d'un flacon de 30 grammes de Parmintine (extrait concentre) que vous trouverez certainement dans toutes les pharmacies. Mélangez bien jusqu'à dissolution complète. Doses Adultes, une cuilleree a soupe. Enfants de 8 à 12 ans. une cuillerée à dessert. Enfants de 3 à 8 ans. une cuillerée à café (toujours après les trois pnncipaux repas et avant le coucher). Découpez cette recette afin de vous rappeler d'acheter 30 grs de Parmintine et de préparer ainsi avantageusement 1/4 de litre de sirop pectoral. LES ROMANS DE LA FAMILLE Vltnt de partltrt t L'AMOUR TRÉBUCHE CONCORDIA MERREL Du mime auteur: MUtlU MMU, 27. « d. Colvolr*, fl NANTES, pour r.c.voir gtomlUni– rAibwm Général d'AiiwublwiMnt W »j VOIR A.N.VO.NCC EN DfiJUNIUU PAOS LES TEMPETES SUR LE SOLEIL et les Ondes courtes par L. CHRÉTIEN. Le mécanisme de propagation des ondes courtes, leurs propriétés étranges et paradoxales ont été exposés dans de précédente artieles. Nous avons reconnu que la propagation était surtout sous la dépendance d'une certaine couche de lu Ionisé qui plane à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres au-dessus de nos tétas. Ce n'est pas la fameuse couche dHeavIslde, mais une autre région située plus haut, la couche d'Appleton, encore appelée région F. La couche d'Heevlslde assure la propagation des ondes moyennes mais sa richesse en électrons libres n'est pas assez grande pour lui permettre de favoriser la propagation des ondes courtes. Il en est ainsi, du moins dans les conditions normales. LES CONDITIONS ANORMALES Mais il arrive aussi que des conditions anormales se produisent. On observe alors que la propagation des ondes courtes n'obéit plus aux lois moyennes. En temps normal, l'onde de 19 mètres ne permet la liaison New-York-France qu'au début de la soirée. Quand la nuit est tombée depuis longtemps déjà à Paria, on constate, normalement, que l'audition s'affaiblit et disparaît. Quand les conditions sont anormales, on continue d'entendre New-York beaucoup plus tard. Bien mieux les stations les plus lointaines et les plus faibles peuvent alors être entendues dans des conditions exceptionnelles. C'est réellement alors que la distance semble supprimée. IONISATION ANORMALE Mais on pense bien que ces conditions anormales doivent avoir une explication logique. Il faut bien que le phénomène ait une cause physique. Or, on admet que lorsque les conditions sont anormales, c'est Que la propagation des ondes courtes est assurée, non plus par la couche F. mais par la couche E. La densité d'ionisation de cette dernière prend des valeurs tout à fait anormales et, grâce à cela, peut acquérir la propriété de renvoyer le rayonnement à très haute fréquence vers la terre. Mais il reste encore a déterminer quel est l'agent de cette Ionisation anormale. TEMPETES SUR LE SOLEIL Or, on constate que les périodes d'loniaation anormales correspondent toujours avec un certain retard dans le temps, avec les périodes d'intense aotlvité solaire. Cette activité se révèle à nos astronomes par l'apparition des c taches solaires » visibles sur la surface Incandescente et dont l'étendue correspond à plusieurs continente terrestres. On attribue ces phénomènes à de véritables tempêtes de la surface solaire. On peut. d'ailleurs, distinguer les symptômes de véritables éruptions accompagnées de la projection de matériaux incandescents dans l'espace. Des fractfons de ces nuages salaires viennent Jusqu'à nous et se manifestent, précisément, par une densité d'ionisation plus grande. QUAND L'ANORMAL DEVIENT QUOTIDIEN Mais l'activité solaire obéit à des lois précises. C'est ainsi que l'étendue des taches solaires passe par un maximum tous les onze ans environ. Nous sommes, en ce moment, dans l'année du maximum et Il en résulte que les conditions de propagation anormale sont à peu prés celles de chaque Jour. L'audition des ondes courtes est donc exceptionnelle cette année. L'an prochaln, elle sent un peu moins bonne. Elle diminuera graduellement pendant cinq années et demie pour croître de nouveau. Bien entendu, Il ne s'agit là que de résultats moyens. Même dans les année ordinaires, les conditions anormales peuvent se produire certains jours et, par contre, même en ce moment, certains loura peuvent encore donner lieu à des résultats moins bons. ECHOS LE POSTE c QUI SIFFLE » LUI-MÊME SES £MISSIONS. Il est navrant de constater que malgré maintes et maintes réclamations émanant de tous les coins de la France continentale et d'outre-mer et même de l'étranger. Radio-Paris lait toujours entendre son calamiteux slffle-'ment. Le président du Radio-Club de Vannes, qui a recueilli toutes les plaintes des auditeurs de son département, nous écrit a Les émissions du soir du poste Radio-Paris sont toujours accompagnées d'un sifflement qui rend les auditions de ce poste Il peu :>res impossible et en tous cas fort désagréables. Nous avons signalé cet état de choses Il plusieurs reprises au Ministère des P. T. T., mais aucune amélioration n'a été apportée. » On peut se demander les raisons pour lesquelles le service de la Radiodiffusion n'apporte aucune amélioration à cette déplorable situation. On a dit que la raison profonde de ce désintéressement, Il la vérité, excessif. devait être recherchée dans le fait que la station actuelle de Radio-Paris doit être prochainement désaffectée et remplacée par le nouveau poste national en construction a Allouls. dans le Cher. Seulement, il y a un mais s. En 1S36, l'Administration des P. T.T. avait annoncé que le nouveau c Radio-Paris » entrerait en service au début de l'année 1938. Pâques, la Trinité et bien d'autres fêtes ont passé depuis. Nous voici en 1930 et le nouveau poste national est toujours en construction. l'exécution du Plan Ferrié » ayant été indéfiniment retardée. Par vole de conséquence, on refuse d'améliorer l'ancien Radio-Paris. »eus prétexte qu'il devrait déjà être à la retraite. Triste situation. C'est le poste qui 9 siffle » lui-même ses émissions alors que les auditeurs se trouvent dans l'impossibilité de s'en charger Il est nécessaire que cela change. «ans attendre la mise en service de la nouvelle station On nous a promis que RadioParis et Ankara devraient chacun modifier légèrement leur longueur d'onde pour que le sifflement cesse. Nous voulons encore espérer que cette modification technique sera apportée à bref délai. BUDGET DES PARASITES. Nous avons bien écrit budget des parasites et non pas c parasites du budget Nous faisons allusion aux sommes Inscrites au budget du service de la Radlodlffuslon pour l'achat d'appareils spéciaux pour la recherches et la mesure des parasites sur ondes courtes ci. 500.000 francs. Il v a. en outre, 750.000 francs de prévus pour l'achat de voitures automobiles pour le service des recherches des parasites. VOULE -VOUS DES LECTURES AMUSANTES ? On cherche souvent des lectures amusantes et l'on a bien ton de négliger celle du Journal OffiCiel Il y a. dans les pages consacrées au budget de la radio, un paragraphe visant les c Indemnités éventuelles et spéciales ». Qu'est-ce que cla peut bien être, étant donné que cela ne comprend ni les lndemnités de résidence (1.518 935 francs), ni les Indemnités pour charges de famille (797.780 francs) ? Nous allons éclairer votre lanterne n y a d'abord les Indemnités de a chanssures et d'habillement ». ci 10.175 fr. On conçoit qu'il est normal d'accorder cette Indemnité aux facteurs des postes qui ont un uniforme et usent leurs eoulier dans les tournées, mais au service de la radiodiffusion on n'a pas d'uniforme et l'on n'y porte pas le courrier. A moins que ce ne soit pour les accessolres de télévision c Les chaussures viennent de chez X. et la robe de chez Y. » Ignorez-vous que les c indemnités de missions et déplacements s'élèvent à 2.278.780 francs ? Cela coûte bien cher les voyages dans les c trains d'ondes Savez-vous qu'il est attribué des indemnitée pour • connaissances spéciales ». sans doute ceux qui savent le volapuck ou le < chinois ou plutôt ceux qui savent nager 1 (ci 837.977 francs). Sachez qu'il y a encore pour 92.000 francs d' c Indemnités d'enseignement » accordées sans doute aux speakers suivant les cours spéciaux professés à leur Intention. Et Je ne vous parle pas des indemnités pour travaux supplémentalres, pour travaux de nuit, pour gérance et responsabilité. Il y en a au total pour 4.206.272 francs Allons, qui n'a pas sa petite Indemnité Il n'y en aura pea pour tout le monde I 1 LA RADIO PAIE DEUX P'OIS e LES SUBVENTIONNÉS ». Les Beaux-Art4 sont inscrits au budget de la radiodiffusion pour 20 millions de francs, ce qui, même en francs dévalués, est encore un Joli denier. Mais ce n'est là qu'une modeste c contribution aux dépenses de l'Administration des Beaux-Arts, en raison de sa participation aux émissions radiophoniques ». La radio paie. en outre, pour 5.554.000 francs de c conventions s avec les théâtres, associations symphoniques. orchestres et organisateurs de grandes saisons lyriques, chlftre où les théâtres libres ne figurent que pour 500.000 francs En somme, les émissions des « subventionnés sont payées deux fois par la radiodiffusion. ON TÏLÊVISIONNE DE LONDRES A NEW-YORK. M. Thiers avait dit, Jadis, qu'il n'y aurait Jamais assez de fer dans la terre pour construire les voies de chemins de fer. Ce qui ne l'a pas empêché, en 1871. de faire en chemin de fer pour sa punition le tour des capitales d'Europe, afin de négocier des conditions avantageuses pour la France. Dans le même ordre d'idées, les technlclens nous ont Juré que les ondes très courtes se propagent comme les rayons lumineux des phares et que la courbure de la terre a tôt fait de les arrêter. Seulement, une dépêche du NetoYork-Herald, en date du 2 Janvier, annonce que la télévision a franchi l'Atlantique Une image de télévision, émise à Londres, a été reçue pour la première fois à New-York, après avoir effectué sur les ondes très courtes un trajet de plua de 5.500 kilomètres. On sait que les Yankees ne a s'épatent » pas facilement. Cependant cette nouvelle les a Impressionnée. c Elle est encore plus sensationnelle, disent-ils, que que la traversée de l'océan par la radiotélégraphie de Marconi en 1901. s Ajoutons que l'image qui franchit l'Atlantique n'était autre que le visage de la charmante artiste britannique Joan Miller. Voici l'ère des records ouverte en matiére de télévision. Qui va relever le gant et surclasser ce premier record ? N'écoutez pas au hasard. Choisissez votre divertissement et choisissez votre nourriture spirituelle. Choieir et transeformer, voilà les fonctions essentielles de la vie. Cherchez donc ce qui vous convient dans les programmes, écoutez et transformez par la réflexion la substance qui vous est offerte. Georges DUHAMEL. Antenne verticale ou horizontale ? par L. CHRÉTIEN, Ing. E. S. E. Dans une brochure intitulée lA clef des bonnes audltlons ». nous avons souligné tous les avantages résultant de l'Installation d'une bonne antenne. Le meilleur collecteur d'ondes est certainement l'antenne extérieure. Notre étude concluait à l'adoption d'une antenne verticale dont nous donnions une description complète. Sans doute, n'est-il pas inutile d'exposer en quelques lignes les vertus de ce collecteur d'ondes. Dans la Journée surtout, le rayonnement transmle par les stations de radiodiffusion est verticalement polarisé. Entre autres choees, cela veut dire qu'il sera capté avec beaucoup plua d'efficacité par une antenne verticale. C'est pour cette raison que. dsna le caa d'une antenne en nappe, on recommande toujours de surélever l'extrémité la plus éloignée du récepteur. Une antenne vertioale de 2 m. 80 aura souvent une efficacité aussi grande nu'une antenne horizontale cinq ou air fois pltia grande Mais, comme sa capacité et sa résistance seront plus réduites, elle aura encore l'avantage de produire un amortissement moins grand du récepteur. Grâce à cela la aélectivlté sera plus grande. Toutefois, il faut remarquer que la plupart des parasites Industriels sont, eux aussi, verticalement polarisés. Ils auront donc une action Importante sur l'antenne. Pour éviter ce défaut, Il conviendra de placer l'antenne aussi loin que poealble des sources de perturbation (lignes à haute et basse tension, lignes téléphoniques, etc.). Un autre avantage de l'antenne verticale, c'est qu'elle peu*, être Installée même quand on dispose d'une surface très réduite. POUR LA VUL8ABISATI0N DE LA T.8.F.. il fVKWWFFWt^m, PABlfr» par R. de BEAVPLAN et R. de FRAGNY. DIMANCHE 16 JANVIER RADIO-PARIS 17 h. 15 19 heures. Concert Colonne, direction Paul Paray, avec le concours de M. Borowsky Œuvres de Mozart, Baoh, Liszt, symphonie pastorale de Beethoven. Vciei un programme qui réjouira, les amateurs de musique classique et ne saurait déplaire aux autres. RADIO-PARIS 20 h. 30 22 h. 30. Hommage a la musique belge, sous la direction d'Albert Wolff. Œuvres de Lekeu, Poot, Bruaselmans c La Mer de Oilson Nous devons A la Belgique une lignée remarquable de compositeurs dont la place, dans lemouvement musical International, n'est pas négligeable. c La Mer », de Gilson, est notamment une œuvre solide que vous aurez plaisir à écouter. PARIS-P.T.T., MARSEILLE, NICE ET GRENOBLE 20 h. 30 22 h. 30 c Le Bonheur du Jour a, d'Edmond Gutraud. Retransmission depuis le Théâtre de l'Odéon. Depuis sa création, en 1927. c Le Bonheur du Jour », de M. Edmond Guiraud, est demeuré au répertoire de l'Odéon. C'est une tragédie domestique où l'on voit un fils apprendre brusquement, par hasard, le secret de sa nafasance, et cette révélation engendre le drame. Mais l'action oppose deux caractères d'homme, appartenant à des générations différentes, dont l'un a fait la guerre et en a gardé une sorte d'amertume hautaine. Cet ancien combattant, qui se réadapte mal, exhale des rancœurs personnelles qui risquent d'être prises k certains moments pour celles d'une catégorie sociale. C'est la raison pour laquelle la Comédie Française avait refusé de représenter la pièce, qu'un de ses plus éminents soctétaires, Maurice de Péraudy, alla, par faveur spéciale, Jouer a l'Odéon. L'œuvre est émouvante et d'un grand intérêt dramatique. LUNDI 18 JANVIER RADIO SUISSE ROMANDE 20 heures. c Menace d'automne 9, roman radiophonique en huit émissions de MM. Ch. Gerval et A. Penay. 1" émission c Embarquement pour Cythère s et c Impressions d'Italie a. Présentation par les auteurs. Sous réaerve Nous signalons simplement cette émission dont c le genre » nous parait Intéressant, mais qui appelle la « réserve », car 11 s'agit d'une première émission sur laquelle nous ne possédons aucun détail. Par contre, nous connaissons bien M. Alfred Penay, qui tint Jadis avec brio les premiers rOles dans la troupe Pitoéff. Remarque Encore un lundi dépourvu de toute émission théâtrale dana les postes français. C'est décidément un Jour creux pour la radio. Pourouot les stations ne s'entendent-elles pas pour mieux distribuer leurs programmes alors que. certains jours de la semaine, plusieurs émissions de théâtre sont données à la même heure, à différents postes ?. On a déjà posé la question et on la répète. LILLE, TOULOUSE. LIMOGES 20 h. 30 à 22 h. 30. c L'Osent et la Muaique », par l'Orchestre National, direction Rosenthal. Vous goûterez spécialement parmi ces évocations d'Orient dues des compositeurs occidentaux, les paysages chatoyante de Ravel et les pages somptueuses de Florent Schmltt. RADIO-LUXEMBOURG, POSTE PARISIEN 21 h. 5 à 22 heures. € L'Heure de Ray Ventura. » Dédiée aux amateurs de bon Jazz français. MARDI 17 JANVIER PARIS-P.T.T., MARSEILLE. GRENOBLE 20 h. 30. c Fidelio de Beethoven solistes Mlles Wolfer. Berontta MM. Gillet, Etcheverry, etc. Direction Inghelbrecht. Le seul ouvrage dramatique de Beethoven. n fut représenté pour la première fois Vienne en 1800. devant un parterre d'officiers français (notre année occupait l'Autriche depuis le 13 du même mois). RADIO-LUXEMBOURG 21 heures à 22 h. 15. Trois pièces en un acte de M. Tristan Bernard. Georges Oourtellne. André Thérlve et Léon Lemonnler. Georges Courtellne et Tristan Bernard sont les maîtres classiques de la comédie en un acte, Du premier c La paix chez soi est une manière de petit chefd'œuvre dont 'la vie dramatique fournit le prétexte. Du second, on appréciera l'humour d' c Une aimable lingère » ou c Chaque dge a ses plaisirs P. Le spectacle de Radio-Luxembourg comporte en outre en première audition, un petit acte nouveau d'André Thérive et Léon Lemonnter « Une occasion à, qui est d'une spirituelle et fine observation de mœurs. MILAN 21 heures. Du Théâtre de la Soala..f L'Heure espapnole », de M. Ravel « Glineceilt de Respighi et e Gtanni Schicchl de Pucdnl.. Outre la partition de Ravel dont l'Ingéniosité malicieuse est un enchantement, chi », le plus authentique chef-d'œuvre de Puccinl. MERCREDI 18 JANVIER I N. R. BRUXELLES FRANÇAIS 20 heures 22 heures. c Peer Gynt drame d'Ibsen, musique de Grieg. Aux mérites profonds du drame d'Ibsen, viennent s'ajouter les couleurs fralches, vives et la spontanéité directe de la musique de Grieg. LONDRES 20 h. 15. c Fettiva IBrahms Beethoven, par l'orchestre de la B. B. C., sous la direction de Bruno Walter. On ne comprend bien Brahms que lorsqu'il est interprété par l'un de ces rares animateurs qui comme Bruno Walter. ont pénétré intimement sa pensée. TOUR EIFFEL, LYON. BORDEAUX, MONTPELLIER 20 h. 46 à 23 h. 30. « La Terre est ronde a, d'Armand Salacrou, retransmission depuis le Théâtre de l'Atelier. Une des plus remarquables pièces d'Armand Salacrou QUI poursuit sa carrière au Théâtre de l'Atelier, de Charles Dullin. Ce n'est pas proprement parler une pièce historique, bien qu'elle mette en scène avec une scrupuleuse exactitude l'aventure de Savorarole, ce moine mystique du xv siècle qui combattit les Médlca et leur corruption et Instaura pendant quelques années à Florence une dictature de vertu rigide. L'histoire se renouvelle le monde tourne toujours dans le même cercle, et c est ce que sIgnifie symboliquement le titre. Ce drame hlstorico-philosophlque est d'ailleurs tout Imprégné de préoccupations et d'allusions actuelles. JEUDI 19 JANVIER RADIO-PARIS 20 h. 30 à 22 h. 30. Concert Franck-Vtncent d'IndfJ par l'Orchestre National, direction Inghelbrecht. Franck, d'Indy. le maitre et le disciple, le génie et le grand talent, male aussi un souffle commun de sincérité qui court des Bolides à la Symphonie sur un air montagnard et confère aux pages que vous entendrez un prix spécial. PARIS-P.T.T 20 h. 30 à 22 h. 30. « Allons au devant de la vie ». pièce cn cinq actes de M. d'Albray et Raymond Destac. (Sous réserve.) Cette pièce assez importante (puisqu'elle a cinq actes), de Muse d'Albray et Raymond Destac. n'a pas été Jouée a notre connaissance tout au moins, sur une scène régulière de Paris. Elle sera dono, pour la plupart des auditeurs, une nrimeur. C'est aussi la raieon pour laquelle on ne peut la signaler loi que sous POSTE PARISIEN 21 h. 10 et 21 h. 40. c Jeux radiophoniques s. de Jean Qui dit jeu, dit aussi alternatives de réussites et d'échec». Avec Jean Nohaln les échecs sont rares et les réussites amusantes. VENDREDI 20 JANVIER RADIO-PARIS 20 h. 30 à 22 h. 80. « La Surprise de l'Amour », de Marivaux et c Le Testament du Père Leleu », de Roter Martin du Gard. Retransmission depuis la Comédie Française. En spectacle composite, la Comédie Française offre une comédie classique <*e Marivaux qui est bien connue, mais dont on goûtera tout 1 agrément et la subtilité psychologique et c Le Testament du Pdre Leleu P, de M. Roger Martin du 1 Gard Ce dernier, romancier célèbre, autour des c Thibaud s, qui a obtenu 1 année dernière le grand prix Nobel de littérature, a aussi donné au théàtre l'Une ou l'autre pièce fort remarquées, Lt Tettamtnt du Père Leteu «est une farce paysanne, d'un comique dru. dont l'atmosphère rappelle certaine contes de Mauheures Concert relayé de 11. N. R. de Bruekner Florent Schmltt, Chausson », tous la direction de Franz André. Bruokner dont on Jouera e L'Ouverture en sol s. est peu connu en France. Ce compositeur viennois est cependant une Intéressante et originale figure musicale de la seoonde moitié du x» siècle. Il appartient à l'école de Llset sans avoir cependant le souffle de son mattre. Vous en Jugerez. SAMEDI 21 JANVIER 17 heures à 19 heures Concert Pasdeloup, direction Albert Wolff. Œuvres en première audition de Latzarus, Hector Fraggl, Lermyte Concerto pour piano et orchestre de Dendelot. Voilà un programme curieux, attachant, consacré des œuvres nouvelles ou de fralche date et d'où Jaillira peut-être un chef-d'œuvre inattendu. Cette entreprise courageuse d'Albert Wolff mérite notre sympathie. LILLE TOULOUSÏ!. LIMOGES 20 h. 30 à 23 h. 30 s Le Favori 3. de M. Martial Pléchaud. Retransmission depuis le Théâtre de l'Odéon. Une famille de province un père aigri, vaniteux et bourru une mère doucement résignée une tante k l'ame sentimentale et romanesque et trois enfants, deux garçons et une fille. L'un d'eux. Jean, est le favorL n se trouve plaire a une jeune Américaine fort riche, mais U s'est empêtré dans une liaison mesquine et Imprudente avec une femme qui lui a prêté de l'argent pour payer des dettes de Jeu. Tout le monde se sacrifiera pour le sortir de là, sans qu'il l'ait mérité par son égolsme Tel est le sujet de cette comédie de l'Odéon, da M. Martial Pléchaud, qui fut créée en 1932. Elle est d'une facture Probe et les types y sont observés et peints avec juateese et pittoresque. MILAN, ROME 31 heures. Du Théâtre de Trleste e Saturne de Rlohard Strauss. Un drame âpre, vigoureux, tendu à l'extrême et dont la matière musicale ut une splendeur. Note. Semaine désespérément creuse en France au point de vue musique légère. Pae la moindre opérette à l'horizon radlophonlque, pas de spectacles de variétés digne d'être retenu. Décidément, 1* réputation d'austérité de notre Radio d'Etat est pleinement méritée. Photo Manuel Frère». Madeleine RENAUD est à la ville aussi humaine et simple qu'à la scène ou devant le micro n est des artistes de grand talent que l'on désire instinctivement connaître. à cause des qualités mêmes qui émanent de leur personne, sur la scène, ou par la voie mystérieuse des ondes. Madeleine Renaud est au premier rang des artistes dont se dégage ce rayonnement sympathique. Mais combien souvent, hélas une intimité plus grande déçoit le spectateur ou l'auditeur ingénus, admis à contempler d'un peu plus près une vedette préférée. Rassurons immédiatement les innombrables admirateurs de Madeleine Renaud la grande artiste est aussi charmante et simple lorsqu'elle reçoit de façon impromptue un admirateur doublé d'un a interviewer (c'était mon cas) que lorsqu'elle incarne telle « héroïne », celle de Il La Maternelle par exemple, film où elle est demeurée inoubliable 1 A LA COM£DIE FRANÇAISE Madeleine Renaud nous avait dit « Je répète à la Comédie Française « Le Mariage de Figaro a. Venez donc me voir au début de l'après-midi. Nous pourrons bien bavarder pendant quelques instants au cours de la répétition ». Et me voici l'attendant, parmi maints comédiens qui se trouvent là Alexandre, Robinne, Georg Desmoulins, etc. Il y a, parait-il, actuellement, une atmosphère calamiteuse au Français. Tout le monde est enrhumé, ou pire parmi les plus mal en point on cite Ledoux, atteint d'une angine, et Bacqué Mais voici Madeleine Renaud qui survient, blonde et légère, aussi peu comédienne que possible. THEATRE ET RADIO Elle se soumet de bonne grâce au petit supplice du questionnaire Comme je vous l'ait dit. nous sontmes actuellement à la Comédie en pleine répétition du Il Mariage de Figaro ». de Beaumarchais La Radio d'Etat retransmettra certainement ce spectacle? disons-nous. Oh certainement. Et dans « Le Mariage de Figaro vous interprétez le rôle de ? Suzanne. Parmi les récentes retransmissions de la Comédie où j'ai joué, continue Madeleine Renaud, je puis vous citer c La Jalousie de Guitry, et l'émouvant « Chant du berceau » de Martinez Sierra. T. S. F. Tribune avait d'ailleurs signalé spécialement ces retransmissions à ses lecteurs; de même leur avait été signalée jaiis cette très belle ce*.vre. si radiophonique, Roméo et Juliette », adaptée par Jean Cocteau» d'après Shakespeare Vous y avez été une Juliette extraordinairement émouvante. LES PLUS JOLIE3 LETTRE* D'AMOUR A ce propos, avez-vous d'autres émissions en vue ? Mais non, nous répond Madeleine Renaud. Vous savez, pour la Radio, nous sommes toujours avertis su dernier moment. Hélas 1 qui le dites-vous ? J'avais cependant été pressentis) par votre excellent confrère Robert Desnos, au sujet d'un" émission Les plus jolies lettres d'amour J'avoue que ce projet me souriait beaucoupmais je ne sa!s'il sera mis à exécution. Nous allons en reparler fr noto* ami Robert Desnos. Mademoiselle. Voyez-vous, continue Madeleine Renaud, un tel genre d'émissions me plait beaucoup Il faut une adaptation au micro. La simple retransmission d'une pièce de théâtre ne donne jamais. à l'écoute, cette impression complète. remplie d'ambiance, que donnent la pièce jouée en studio et surtout la pièce adaptée spécialement pour 1» radio. Il n'y a pas d'ailleurs que le théâtre adapté qui m'intéresse, je lui préfère peut-être encore devant le micro telle idée spécialement radiophonique. tel monologue, tel groupement de thèmes se prêtant à la diffusion, ou des lectures qui intéresseraient. j'en suis sûr. un gran nombre d'auditeurs, comme « les plus jolies lettres d'amour » dont je vous parla! il y a un instant? T. A TRAC ET RÉCOMPENSE Un dernier mot, Mademoiselle.* Avez-vous eu le trac à vos débuts de. vant le micro ? Oh oui. et terriblement, nons répond Madeleine Renaud. Et à présent J'avoue qu. présent l'en suis i peu près débarrassée. pas complètement cependant, surtout au début d'une émission. La cause ?. Cette absence de public, cette froideur qui se dissipe d'ailleurs peu à peu dans le feu de l'action.. Mais n'est-on point récompensée au centuple par les lettres si jolies, si émouvantes, que nous adrüsent les auditeurs après chaque émisGEO CHARLES VEDETTES DE LA SEMAINE DIMANCHE 1S JANVIER Germaine Lix 19 h, 45, Paris-P.TT.. relayé par Montpellier. Grenoble. Paul Reboux 20 heures, Radio-Perls Le baryton Le Marc' Hadour 20 h. 65. Radio Suisse Romande. LUNDI 16 JANVIER Le baryton Wilhelm Winterberg 19 h. 10. I. N. R. (Bruxelles français) relais des postes allemands. Ray Ventura 31 h. 05, Radio Luxembourg. Le violoniste Ftrmin Touche (Quatuor Touche) 22 h. 10. Radio Luxembourg. MARDI 17 JANVIER André Baugé 20 h. 20, Poste Parisien. Jules Dejacre Idans des pièce!' de Tristan Bernard et Courteline) 21 heures, Radio Luxembourg. |
US-81882801-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method of activating computer-readable data
ABSTRACT
A method of activating computer-readable data from a central server transmits a request data packet via a global computer network from a local computer to a central server. The request data packet includes information that identifies a user and that identifies a specific unit of data that the user desires to activate. The specific unit of data belongs to a predefined plurality of units of data that are stored local to the local computer. A unit-specific activating data packet is received from the central server at the local computer. A routine is executed at the local computer that uses the unit-specific activating data packet to activate the specific unit of data.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to computer data access and, more specifically a method for facilitating activation of specific data units.
[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0004] Many current global computer network data transfer applications, such as on-line educational systems, provide access to units of data in exchange for payment. Such payment may be made on a subscription basis, wherein a user has unlimited access to a database, or it may be on a unit basis, wherein a user purchases access to predefined units of data. The data may be transferred to the user in one of several ways. For example, the data may be downloaded via the global computer network or it may be mailed in the form of a CD-ROM.
[0005] Certain educational programs include large amounts of data that may be used in constructing lessons. Typically, the user is required to pay for lessons on a per-lesson basis, in which the user pays for a lesson and then the student is allowed access to the lesson via the global computer network. Because many students use only slow net access devices, such as dial-up modems, the lesson may be downloaded to the user, but because of the slow modem speed or large size of data, the download period may be unacceptable. Also, access to on-line lessons may result in interruptions to the student during downloading periods. Such interruptions may be especially disruptive to students with short attention spans.
[0006] One solution is to send the lessons to the user via a CD-ROM. However, the sending entity, if it charges on a per-lesson basis, would have to send a different CD-ROM to the user for each lesson. If many lessons are transferred, this method of transferring lessons would be unduly burdensome and wasteful.
[0007] Therefore, there is a need for method of transferring data to a user and then remotely activate only predetermined blocks of the data.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the present invention which, in one aspect, is a method of activating computer-readable data from a central server in which a request data packet is transmitted via a global computer network from a local computer to a central server. The request data packet includes information that identifies a user and that identifies a specific unit of data that the user desires to activate. The specific unit of data belongs to a predefined plurality of units of data that are stored local to the local computer. A unit-specific activating data packet is received from the central server at the local computer. A routine is executed at the local computer that uses the unit-specific activating data packet to activate the specific unit of data.
[0009] In another aspect of the invention, a request data packet is received at the central server from a local computer via a global computer network. The request data packet includes information that identifies a user and that identifies a specific unit of data that the user desires to activate. The specific unit of data belongs to a predefined plurality of units of data that are stored local to the local computer. A verification routine that determines if the user is authorized to activate the specific unit of data is executed. If the user is authorized to activate the specific unit of data, then a unit-specific activating data packet is transmitted from the central server to the local computer. The activating data packet allows the local computer to activate the specific unit of data.
[0010] These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the following drawings. As would be obvious to one skilled in the art, many variations and modifications of the invention may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011]FIG. 1 is a block diagram demonstrating computer assets employed in one embodiment of the invention.
[0012]FIG. 2 is a block diagram demonstrating communications and actions that occur in one embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] A preferred embodiment of the invention is now described in detail. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like parts throughout the views. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise: the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.” Also, as used herein, “global computer network” includes the Internet.
[0014] As shown in FIG. 1, in one embodiment of the invention, a central lesson server 110 communicates with a plurality of local computers 130 a-n via the global computer network 102 (such as the Internet). Each local computer 130 a-n includes a non-volatile storage mechanism, such as a hard-drive 132 or a CD-ROM reader that is capable of reading a CD-ROM 134. A plurality of lessons are transferred to a local computer either in one large download or a mailing of a CD-ROM that includes the plurality of lessons. In one option, a first lesson may be downloaded and the remainder of the lessons of the plurality may then be sent on a CD-ROM. This option allows immediate access to the first lesson, while ensuring delivery of the remaining lessons by the time that they are needed.
[0015] As shown in FIG. 2, prior to beginning a series of lessons, a user at the local computer 130 transmits payment information 212 in the form of a data packet 214 sent via the global computer network 102. Typically, this would be done by accessing a web site controlled by the central lesson server 110 and entering identifying and credit card information relating to the user. The payment information is stored 216 in a client database 218.
[0016] Initially, a plurality of lessons 250 are sent to the user. Typically, they are sent on a CD-ROM and then transferred into the hard drive of the local computer 130. The lessons are not immediately usable in the format in which they are supplied on the CD-ROM, but require additional data from the central lesson server 110 to activate each lesson.
[0017] When the user desires to access a specific lesson (e.g., lesson 252), the local computer 130 generates a request 220 in the form of a data packet that is transmitted 222 via the global computer network 102 and that identifies the desired lesson and the user to the central lesson server 110. This is also typically done by accessing a web site under the control of the central lesson server 110. The central lesson server 110 receives and evaluates 224 the request. The evaluation involves accessing a lesson authorization table 226 as part of the client database 218 to determine if the user has paid for the requested lesson. If the user has paid for the lesson, then the central lesson server 110 generates 228 a lesson-specific authorization data packet and transmits 230 the authorization data packet to the local computer 130 via the global computer network 102. This operation, in one exemplary embodiment, might be done using an “Active-X” control, which is a plug-in employed by the Microsoft® Internet Explorer browser. Using an Active-X control, the authorization data packet is written to a selected location 244 of an encrypted table 242 that is resident on the local computer 130, as a result of receipt of a control data packet. The encrypted table may be created by the plug-in the first time that a lesson is accessed.
[0018] When the user desires to run the specific lesson 252, the local computer 130 accesses the encrypted table 242 to determine if the selected location 244 contains the expected data. If so, a run routine 260 executes the lesson 252. Thus, the system is able to use the global computer network 102 for distribution without having to download large files for every lesson, giving the user a rich interactive environment.
[0019] In another embodiment, each lesson of the plurality of lessons 250 is encrypted with a different key. The authorizing data packet for a specific lesson would comprise the key for that specific lesson.
[0020] While the above example discloses an embodiment that may be used with educational software, it is understood that the scope of the invention applies to any system used to unlock specific units of data that are part of a plurality of units of data that are stored on a local computer from a central server.
[0021] The above described embodiments are given as illustrative examples only. It will be readily appreciated that many deviations may be made from the specific embodiments disclosed in this specification without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be determined by the claims below rather than being limited to the specifically described embodiments above.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of activating data at a local computer, comprising the steps of: a. transmitting via a global computer network, from the local computer to a central server, a request data packet that includes information that identifies a user and that identifies a specific unit of data that the user desires to activate, the specific unit of data belonging to a predefined plurality of units of data that are stored local to the local computer; b. receiving a unit-specific activating data packet from the central server at the local computer; and c. executing a routine at the local computer that uses the unit-specific activating data packet to activate the specific unit of data.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving a control data packet used to create an encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving a control data packet used to modify a previously-created encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving an encryption key that may be used in decrypting the specific unit of data.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the executing step comprises running a plug-in on the local computer.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein specific unit of data comprises a computer-run lesson and wherein the predefined plurality of units of data comprise a suite of computer-run lessons.
7. A method of activating a computer-based lesson on a local computer, comprising the steps of: a. transmitting via a global computer network, from the local computer to a central server, a request data packet that includes information that identifies a user and a specific lesson that the user desires to activate, the specific lesson belonging to a predefined plurality of lessons that are stored on the local computer; b. receiving a lesson-specific activating data packet from the central server at the local computer; c. executing a routine at the local computer that uses the lesson-specific activating data packet to activate the specific lesson; and d. running the specific lesson on the local computer.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving a control data packet used to create an encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving a control data packet used to modify a previously-created encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein the receiving step comprises receiving an encryption key that may be used in decrypting the specific unit of data.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the executing step comprises running a plug-in on the local computer.
12. A method of activating computer-readable data from a central server, comprising the steps of: a. receiving at the central server a request data packet from a local computer via a global computer network, the request data packet including information that identifies a user and that identifies a specific unit of data that the user desires to activate, the specific unit of data belonging to a predefined plurality of units of data that are stored local to the local computer; b. executing a verification routine that determines if the user is authorized to activate the specific unit of data; and c. if the user is authorized to activate the specific unit of data, then transmitting a unit-specific activating data packet from the central server to the local computer, wherein the activating data packet allows the local computer to activate the specific unit of data.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the verification routine determines if the user has paid for the specific unit of data.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the transmitting step comprises transmitting a control data packet used to create an encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of executing the run routine by activating a plug-in that is resident on the local computer.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the transmitting step comprises transmitting a control data packet used to modify a previously-created encrypted file on the local computer that includes data necessary to execute a run routine that causes the specific unit of data to be activated.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of executing the run routine by activating a plug-in that is resident on the local computer..
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github_open_source_100_8_20099 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
use \yii\helpers\Html;
use \yii\helpers\Url;
use \yii\widgets\ActiveForm;
/* @var $this yii\web\View */
/* @var $model app\models\tables\Tasks */
/* @var $form yii\widgets\ActiveForm */
?>
<div class="task-save">
<?php $form = ActiveForm::begin(['action' => Url::to(['task/one', 'id' => $model->id])]);?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'name')->textInput(['maxlength' => true]) ?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'date')
//->textInput(['type' => 'date'])
->widget(\yii\jui\DatePicker::class, [
'language' => 'ru'
])
?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'description')->textarea(['rows' => 6]) ?>
<?= $form->field($model, 'responsible_id')->dropDownList(\common\models\tables\Users::getUsersList()) ?>
<?= Html::submitButton('Save') ?>
<?php ActiveForm::end(); ?>
<br>
<?php $form = ActiveForm::begin(['action' => Url::to(['file/index', 'id' => $model->id])]);?>
<?= Html::submitButton('Add Comment') ?>
<?php ActiveForm::end(); ?>
<br>
<div class="comment-history">
<?php $comments = \common\models\tables\Comments::find()
->where(['task_id' => $model->id])
->all();
?>
<?php foreach ($comments as $comment): ?>
<p><strong><?=\common\models\tables\Users::getUserName($comment->responsible_id)?></strong>: <?php echo $comment->description ?></p>
<?php if($comment->file_name != null){
echo Html::img('/img/small/' . $comment->file_name, ['class' => 'img-thumbnail']);
}
?>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</div>
<form action="" name="chat_form" id="chat_form">
<input>
введите сообщение
<input type="hidden" name="id" value="<?= $model->id?> \n">
<input type="text" name="message"/>
<input type="submit"/>
</label>
</form>
<div id="root_chat"></div>
<script src="client.js"></script>
</div>
|
5623566_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Igor Nikolaïévitch Jelezovski (en , Igor Nikolaïevitch Jelezovski) (né le à Orcha en Biélorussie - ) est un ancien patineur de vitesse, considéré comme l'un des meilleurs sprinteurs de tous les temps, d'où son surnom.
Biographie
Au départ, concourant pour l'Union soviétique, puis pour la C.E.I puis finalement pour la Biélorussie, Jelezovski devient champion du monde de sprint six fois, ce qui est un record. À l'époque soviétique, il s'est entraîné à la société sportive des forces de l'armée à Minsk.
Igor Jelezovski remporte la médaille d'argent des championnats du monde en combiné junior en 1982. Se spécialisant dans le sprint ensuite, il devient champion du monde de sprint en 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, et 1993. Il finit à la huitième place en 1987, juste après avoir récupéré d'une maladie et décide d'ignorer les championnats de 1988 pour préparer les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de Calgary la même année. Ces Jeux, cependant, se sont avérés être une déception pour lui puisqu'il finit sixième sur le 500 m, troisième sur sa distance de prédilection, le et quatrième sur le . Les deux autres championnats du monde du sprint où il participe en 1990 et en 1994, il finit respectivement à la troisième et sixième place.
Après l'éclatement de l'URSS, il concourt pour la Biélorussie lors de ses deux dernières saisons et il est le porte-drapeau du pays lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1994. Après avoir pris sa retraite sportive en 1994, Jelezovski devient président de la fédération de patinage de Biélorussie, un poste qu'il occupera plusieurs années.
Médailles
Records du monde
Au cours de sa carrière, Jelezovski a battu quatre records du monde dont un qui égalise celui de Pavel Pegov sur le 1 000 m :
Records personnels
La colonne RM indique les records du monde officiels sur les dates auxquelles Jelezovski a fait ses records personnels.
Note : Le record personnel de Jelezovski sur le 500 m n'a pas été reconnu comme un record du monde par l'International Skating Union (ISU).
Jelezovski a un score de Adelskalender de 164.015 points.
Références
Liens externes
Igor Zhelezovski sur SkateResults.com
Naissance en juillet 1963
Naissance en RSS de Biélorussie
Naissance à Orcha
Patineur de vitesse soviétique
Patineur de vitesse biélorusse
Patineur de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988
Patineur de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1992
Patineur de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1994
Médaillé d'argent olympique biélorusse
Médaillé de bronze olympique soviétique
Décès à 57 ans
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Biélorussie
Décès à Minsk
Décès en juin 2021.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20100 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // RUN: %cheri_purecap_cc1 -o - -O0 -emit-llvm %s | FileCheck %s
// RUN: %cheri_purecap_cc1 -o - -O2 -emit-llvm %s | FileCheck %s
// Check that we haven't broken the inliner and that, even at -O0, we end up
// with foo being eliminated and baz calling bar directly
void bar();
__attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
static void foo()
{
bar();
}
// CHECK-NOT: foo
// CHECK-LABEL: baz
// CHECK: bar
// CHECK-NOT: foo
void baz()
{
foo();
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20101 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import random
from tensorflow.keras import layers, Model, Input, metrics, losses
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
def apply_actionmask_to_policy(p, action_mask):
p_masked = p * action_mask
if np.sum(p_masked) == 0:
p_masked = m
return p_masked / np.sum(p_masked)
class NNet:
def __init__(self, action_size):
x = Input(shape=(9, 9, 2))
y = layers.Conv2D(18, 3, activation="relu")(x)
y = layers.Conv2D(18, 3, activation="relu")(y)
y = layers.Flatten()(y)
p = layers.Dense(action_size, activation="softmax", name="p")(y)
v = layers.Dense(1, name="v")(y)
self.nnet = Model(x, [p, v])
print(self.nnet.summary())
def entropyLoss(y_true, y_pred):
return -y_true * tf.math.log(y_pred + 1e-10)
self.nnet.compile(optimizer="adam", loss={"p": entropyLoss, "v": "mse"})
def predict(self, state):
x = state.getObservation()
x = np.expand_dims(x, 0)
p, v = self.nnet.predict(x, batch_size=1)
p = p[0]
p = apply_actionmask_to_policy(p, state.getActionMask())
return p, v[0][0]
@staticmethod
def _prepare_examples(examples):
X = []
pi = []
v = []
for e in examples:
X.append(e.state.getObservation())
pi.append(e.pi)
v.append(e.reward)
return np.array(X), [np.array(pi), np.array(v)]
def train(self, examples):
X, y = self._prepare_examples(examples)
self.nnet.fit(X, y, batch_size=32, shuffle=True, epochs=3)
return self
|
6947962_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Treat, C. J. The facts of this case are the same as those in the case between the same parties, reported in 13 Illinois, 625, except in a few particulars. The suit was in reference to a different instalment of rent; and these additional facts were proved. In October, 1851, Loop & Sons purchased one fourth part of the mills of Saxton; and they have since had the possession of the whole of the mills, either by themselves or their tenants. About the time the first instalment of rent under the lease from Crosby to Robinson & Co. fell due, Crosby tendered Loop & Sons a formal assignment, under seal, of that portion of the rent specified in the order, .which they refused to accept. N. Crosby, one of the firm of Robinson & Co., has been solvent ever since the execution of the lease. It was decided, in the former case, that the drawing of the order, in connection with the grant of the reversion and the reservation of the rent, did not amount to an assignment of two thirds of the rent reserved by the lease, so as to authorize Loop & Sons to maintain an action, in their ovvn names, for the recovery of the same; that they could not maintain an action in the name of Crosby, because the order embraced but a part of the rent; and that, on the refusal of the lessees to accept the order, Crosby became liable to Loop & Sons for the amount of the order, it having been drawn upon a past consideration. Upon further reflection, we are satisfied that these conclusions are correct, and shall adhere to them. The only question then is, whether the additional facts now presented change the legal aspect of the case. It is clear that Loop & Sons were not bound to accept an assignment of the rent. It required the assent of both parties to make any change in the terms of the contract. It was no part of the original contract, that the rent should be assigned. On the contrary, it was expressly reserved in the grant of the reversion. Nor does the ability of the lessees to pay the rent cut the least figure in the case. |
644877_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Per curiam.
The State of Georgia on May 14, 1985, filed this civil action under Georgia's Racketeer Influenced & Corrupt Organizations Act, OCGA § 16-4-1 et seq. (RICO), against twenty brokerage dealers and insurance companies, including appellees Shearson Lehman Brothers, Inc., and the Robinson-Humphrey Company, Inc. In its complaint, the State alleged that appellees and the other defendants committed various RICO predicate offenses including state and federal securities violations and mail and wire fraud. Appellees and the other defendants immediately removed the case to the federal court, but the case was remanded to the superior court on August 16, 1985. The other defendants have since been dismissed as a result of settlement. Appellant Marion T. Pope, Jr., filed a petition for intervention and class certification on September 30, 1985, which was granted ex parte by the superior court. In June 1986, appellees filed a motion to disqualify one of the attorneys for appellants, Special Assistant Attorney General Andrew Ekonomou, on the ground that he had been a hearing officer in a related administrative hearing. After receiving evidence at a hearing in September 1986, the superior court granted that motion and disqualified Ekonomou. In December 1986, appellees filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, on the ground that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The motion also attacked the court's class certification and grant of intervention to Judge Pope. The court granted the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and this appeal followed.
1. Appellees have filed a motion to dismiss this appeal on the ground that exclusive appellate jurisdiction rests in the Georgia Supreme Court. We deny this motion as appellate jurisdiction is proper in this court for the following reasons: (1) the equitable relief sought by the State (the permanent injunction) has become moot because appellees no longer market the financial instruments complained of; (2) the State has formally abandoned all relief sought for the revocation of business licenses; (3) because the complaint primarily seeks forfeiture and money damages, any minor equitable relief sought as a corollary to those money damages is properly heard by the Court of Appeals; and (4) jurisdiction over the appeal by Marion T. Pope, Jr., should not be heard by the Supreme Court because Judge Pope originally sought no equitable relief in the trial court.
2. We note at the outset that all such motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim should be granted only where a complaint "shows with certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any state of facts that could be proved in support of the claim." Property Pickup v. Morgan, 249 Ga. 239, 240 (290 SE2d 52, 53) (1982). See OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (6). In its order granting appellee's motion to dismiss, citing as authority the expression of the General Assembly's intent in enacting RICO, the court below found that the complaint failed to state a civil RICO claim because appellants did not allege that appellees were "organized criminal elements attempting to take over the legitimate economy of this state." See OCGA § 16-14-2. As this level of criminal activity would not have been shown even if all the facts in appellants' allegations proved to be true, the court granted the motion to dismiss. We hold, however, that the expression of legislative purpose in enacting Georgia's RICO act is not an element of a civil cause of action under the act, and reverse the grant of appellees' motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
The Georgia Supreme Court, in Caldwell v. State, 253 Ga. 400 (321 SE2d 704) (1984), has identified the elements of a civil RICO forfeiture proceeding for purposes of a motion to dismiss and we follow that reasoning here.
A private cause of action is created in favor of persons injured by violations of OCGA § 16-14-4, by the language of OCGA § 16-14-6 (c). The relevant portion of OCGA § 16-14-4 reads as follows: "(a) It is unlawful for any person, through a pattern of racketeering activity or proceeds derived therefrom, to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise, real property or personal property of any nature including money. (Emphasis added.)"
Thus, the conduct prohibited by the act is the acquisition of (in this case) money through a "pattern of racketeering activity." The act further provides that "pattern" means engaging in at least two incidents of racketeering activity. OCGA § 16-14-3 (2). Finally, "racketeering activity" is defined to mean the commission of a crime in any of thirty-one specified categories of offenses (known as predicate offenses). OCGA § 16-14-3 (3). A complaint, therefore, which alleges that the plaintiff was injured as a result of the defendant having committed at least two similar or interrelated predicate offenses shall survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. See Caldwell v. State at 253 Ga. 400, supra; see also Stanton v. Shearson Lehman/ American Express, 622 FSupp. 293 (N.D. Ga. 1985) (the court rejected an argument identical to that urged by appellees in the instant case).
Among the enumerated categories of predicate offenses are violations of the Georgia Securities Act of 1973 and any conduct defined as "racketeering activity" under the federal RICO laws. OCGA § 16-14-3 (3) (A). In the instant case, appellees were alleged to have committed state securities crimes, federal RICO crimes, mail fraud, wire fraud and the interstate transportation of fraudulently obtained money. Thus, these allegations fall under the list of predicate offenses. Additionally, these offenses are alleged to have occurred at least twice in that appellees are alleged to have committed the predicate offenses in multiple transactions with numerous people between 1979 and June 1983. If proven, these allegations would entitle appellants to relief. Thus, the complaint states a claim on which relief might be granted and does not "show with certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts which could be proved in support of the claim." Property Pickup, supra. The motion to dismiss was, therefore, improvidently granted. Accordingly, we reverse that part of the superior court's order dismissing the case for failure to state a claim.
3. On September 30, 1985, Marion T. Pope, Jr., appellant, filed a petition to intervene and for provisional class certification. This petition was accompanied by a brief in support of the motion to intervene, the class action complaint, and the ex parte order of the trial judge granting the motion. All of these documents were mailed to counsel of record for the various defendants. On October 18, 1985, appellee Shearson moved to vacate the order granting intervention on the ground, among others, that it had been obtained ex parte. On August 12, 1987, the trial judge entered an order vacating the September 30, 1985, order on the ground that it was entered ex parte. As shown below, that August 12 order was correct.
Appellant intervenor failed to comply with the provisions of the statute which govern intervention and pursuant to which he elected to move for intervention. OCGA § 9-11-24 (c) provides that: "A person desiring to intervene shall serve a motion to intervene upon the parties as provided in Code Section 9-11-5. . . . The same procedure shall be followed when a statute gives a right to intervene." Thus, an intervenor attempting to intervene pursuant to the right of intervention must comply with OCGA § 9-11-5. This section provides that, "every motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte . . . shall be served upon each of the parties." This is not a motion which could have been heard ex parte. Georgia Uniform Court Rule 4.1 provides: "Except as authorized by law or rule, judges shall neither initiate nor consider ex parte communications by interested parties or their attorneys concerning pending or impending proceedings." The appellees were not served with the motion to intervene prior to any hearing and the order granting intervention was an ex parte order. Thus the superior court was correct in vacating its order.
Such was the holding in Gregory v. Tench, 130 Ga. App. 219 (225 SE2d 753) (1976). In that case, Gregory had secured an ex parte or der allowing him to intervene and, like appellant intervenor here, served the ex parte order on the day it was granted. This court held that because the notice requirement under former Code Section 81A-106 (d) (now OCGA § 9-11-6 (d)) was not complied with, the lower court did not err in vacating its prior order granting the ex parte application to intervene. We follow that reasoning here and affirm the superior court's order vacating its prior order allowing intervention.
4. Appellant further contends that the trial court erred in granting appellees' Motion to Disqualify Special Assistant Attorney General Andrew Ekonomou from representing the State. We agree.
Ekonomou appears to have merely acted as a lawyer in an investigative position. The proceeding which he "convened" was more equivalent to a deposition than an "administrative" or "judicial hearing." The mere fact that a court reporter labeled him the "hearing officer" is not dispositive of his status. The only evidence that Ekonomou acted as a "hearing officer" was the front page of the transcript which, again, was arbitrarily styled by the court reporter. Any such categorization was totally rebutted by evidence presented at the hearing before the trial judge.
As Ekonomou was simply conducting an informal inquiry there was no violation of the Code of Professional Responsibility (Directory Rule 901 (A) or (B)). As he was not acting in a judicial capacity there was no violation of Rule 901 (A) and as Ekonomou represented the State throughout both proceedings and acquired no information as a government attorney which he then used as a private attorney to the benefit of that private client, there was no violation of Section B of the Rule. There was no conflict of interest, therefore, and no appearance of impropriety. The case law is clear that counsel may not be disqualified on the basis of an appearance of impropriety alone. Blumenfeld v. Borenstein, 247 Ga. 406, 409 (276 SE2d 607) (1981). While there does not appear to be even an appearance of impropriety here, clearly there was no conflict of interest or any jeopardizing of client confidences coupled with it so as to outweigh a client's (the State's) interest in having an attorney of choice.
A special assistant attorney general is authorized to both investigate and prosecute offenses. Brown v. State, 177 Ga. App. 284 (339 SE2d 332) (1985). Ekonomou's position in the case at bar is consistent with this approved dual capacity.
As Ekonomou was not acting in a judicial capacity there could be no violation of any of the provisions of the Code of Judicial Conduct.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Judge William M. Fleming, Judge James E. Findley and Judge Philip F. Etheridge concur.
Decided July 11, 1988
Rehearing denied July 28, 1988
Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General, Harrison Kohler, George P. Shingler, Senior Assistant Attorneys General, David F. Walbert, for appellants.
Ellis G. Arnall, Allen I. Hirsch, John Clay Spinrad, Harvey D. Myerson, Lloyd S. Clareman, Robert J. Mandell, for appellees..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20102 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | -- ipbus_ctrlreg_v
--
-- Generic control / status register bank
--
-- Provides N_CTRL control registers (32b each), rw
-- Provides N_STAT status registers (32b each), ro
--
-- Bottom part of read address space is control, top is status
--
-- Dave Newbold, July 2012
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
use work.ipbus.all;
use work.ipbus_reg_types.all;
entity ipbus_ctrlreg_v is
generic(
N_CTRL: positive := 1;
N_STAT: positive := 1
);
port(
clk: in std_logic;
reset: in std_logic;
ipbus_in: in ipb_wbus;
ipbus_out: out ipb_rbus;
d: in ipb_reg_v(N_STAT - 1 downto 0);
q: out ipb_reg_v(N_CTRL - 1 downto 0);
stb: out std_logic_vector(N_CTRL - 1 downto 0)
);
end ipbus_ctrlreg_v;
architecture rtl of ipbus_ctrlreg_v is
constant ADDR_WIDTH: integer := integer_max(calc_width(N_CTRL), calc_width(N_STAT));
signal sel: integer := 0;
signal reg: ipb_reg_v(N_CTRL - 1 downto 0);
signal si, ri: ipb_reg_v(2 ** ADDR_WIDTH - 1 downto 0);
signal stat_cyc, cw_cyc: std_logic;
begin
sel <= to_integer(unsigned(ipbus_in.ipb_addr(ADDR_WIDTH - 1 downto 0))) when ADDR_WIDTH > 0 else 0;
stat_cyc <= ipbus_in.ipb_addr(ADDR_WIDTH);
cw_cyc <= ipbus_in.ipb_strobe and ipbus_in.ipb_write and not stat_cyc;
process(clk)
begin
if rising_edge(clk) then
if reset = '1' then
reg <= (others => (others => '0'));
elsif cw_cyc = '1' and sel < N_CTRL then
reg(sel) <= ipbus_in.ipb_wdata;
end if;
end if;
end process;
stb_gen: for i in N_CTRL - 1 downto 0 generate
stb(i) <= '1' when cw_cyc = '1' and sel = i else '0';
end generate;
si(N_STAT - 1 downto 0) <= d;
si(2 ** ADDR_WIDTH - 1 downto N_STAT) <= (others => (others => '0'));
ri(N_CTRL - 1 downto 0) <= reg;
ri(2 ** ADDR_WIDTH - 1 downto N_CTRL) <= (others => (others => '0'));
ipbus_out.ipb_rdata <= ri(sel) when stat_cyc = '0' else si(sel);
ipbus_out.ipb_ack <= ipbus_in.ipb_strobe;
ipbus_out.ipb_err <= '0';
q <= reg;
end rtl;
|
8445596_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Powers kan syfta på:
Powers (tecknad serie) – en procedur-deckarserie av Brian Michael Bendis och Michael Avon Oeming
Powers (TV-serie) – en amerikansk TV-serie
Austin Powers – en fiktiv superspion
Geografi
Powers, Michigan
Personer
Caleb Powers (1869–1932), en amerikansk politiker
Gary Powers (1929–1977), en amerikansk pilot (USAF)
Richard Powers (1957–), en amerikansk författare
Stefanie Powers (1942–), en amerikansk skådespelare.
|
6157298_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Mr. Justice Frankfurter
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents another phase of the Indiana Gross Income Tax Act of 1933, which has been before this Court in a series of cases beginning with Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U. S. 307. The Act imposes a tax upon "the receipt of the entire gross income" of residents and dom-iciliaries of Indiana but excepts from its scope "such gross income as is derived from business conducted in commerce between this state and other states of the United States . to the extent to which the State of Indiana is prohibited from taxing such gross income by the Constitution of the United States." Indiana Laws 1933, pp. 388, 392, as amended, Laws 1937, pp. 611, 615, Burns' Ind. Stat. Anno. § 64-2601 et seg.
Appellant's predecessor, domiciled in Indiana, was trustee of an estate created by the will of a decedent domiciled in Indiana at the time of his death. During 1940, the trustee instructed his Indiana broker to arrange for the sale at stated prices of securities forming part of the trust estate. Through the broker's New York correspondents the securities were offered for sale on the New York Stock Exchange. When a purchaser was found, the New York brokers notified the Indiana broker who in turn informed the trustee, and the latter brought the securities to his broker for mailing to New York. Upon their delivery to the purchasers, the New York brokers received the purchase price, which, after deducting expenses and commission, they transmitted to the Indiana broker. The latter delivered the proceeds less his commission to the trustee. On the gross receipts of these sales, amounting to $65,214.20, Indiana, under the Act of 1933, imposed a tax of 1%. Having paid the tax under protest, the trustee brought this suit for its recovery. The Supreme Court of Indiana, reversing a court of first instance, sustained the tax on the ground that the situs of the securities was in Indiana. 221 Ind. 675, 51 N. E. 2d 6. The case is here on appeal under § 237 (a) of the Judicial Code, 28 U. S. C. § 344 (a), and has had the consideration which two arguments afford.
The power of the States to tax and the limitations upon that power imposed by the Commerce Clause have necessitated a long, continuous process of judicial adjustment. The need for such adjustment is inherent in a federal government like ours, where the same transaction has aspects that may concern the interests and involve the authority of both the central government and the constituent States.
The history of this problem is spread over hundreds of volumes of our Reports. To attempt to harmonize all that has been said in the past would neither clarify what has gone before nor guide the future. Suffice it to say that especially in this field opinions must be read in the setting of the particular cases and as the product of preoccupation with their special facts.
Our starting point is clear. In two recent cases we applied the principle that the Commerce Clause was not merely an authorization to Congress to enact laws for the protection and encouragement of commerce among the States, but by its own force created an area of trade free from interference by the States. In short, the Commerce Clause even without implementing legislation by Congress is a limitation upon the power of the States. Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona, 325 U. S. 761; Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U. S. 373. In so deciding we reaffirmed, upon fullest consideration, the course of adjudication unbroken through the Nation's history. This limitation on State power, as the Morgan case so well illustrates, does not merely forbid a State to single out interstate commerce for hostile action. A State is also precluded from taking any action which may fairly be deemed to have the effect of impeding the free flow of trade between States. It is immaterial that local commerce is subjected to a similar encumbrance. It may commend itself to a State to encourage a pastoral instead of an industrial society. That is its concern and its privilege. But to compare a State's treatment of its local trade with the exertion of its authority against commerce in the national domain is to compare incomparables.
These principles of limitation on State power apply to all State policy no matter what State interest gives rise to its legislation. A burden on interstate commerce is none the lighter and no less objectionable because it is imposed by a State.under the taxing power rather than under manifestations of police power in the conventional sense. But, in the necessary accommodation between local needs and the overriding requirement of freedom for the national commerce, the incidence of a particular type of State action may throw the balance in support of the local need because interference with the national interest is remote or unsubstantial. A police regulation of local aspects of interstate commerce is a power often essential to a State in safeguarding vital local interests. At least until Congress chooses to enact a nation-wide rule, the power will not be denied to the State. The Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U. S. 352, 402 et seq.; S. C. Hwy. Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U. S. 177; Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U. S. 202, 209-12. State taxation falling on interstate commerce, on the other hand, can only be justified as designed to make such commerce bear a fair share of the cost of the local government whose protection it enjoys. But revenue serves as well no matter what its source. To deny to a State a particular source of income because it taxes the very process of interstate commerce does not impose a crippling limitation on a State's ability to carry on its local function. Moreover, the burden on interstate commerce involved in a direct tax upon it is inherently greater, certainly less uncertain in its consequences, than results from the usual police regulations. The power to tax is a dominant power over commerce. Because the greater or more threatening burden of a direct tax on commerce is coupled with the lesser need to a State of a particular source of revenue, attempts at such taxation have always been more carefully scrutinized and more consistently resisted than police power regulations of aspects of such commerce. The task of scrutinizing is a task of drawing lines. This is the historic duty of the Court so long as Congress does not undertake to make specific arrangements between the National Government and the States in regard to revenues from interstate commerce. See Act of July 3, 1944, 58 Stat. 723; H. It has been suggested that such a tax is valid when a similar tax is placed on local trade, and a specious appearance of fairness is sought to be imparted by the argument that interstate commerce should not be favored at the expense of local trade. So to argue is to disregard the life of the Commerce Clause. Of course a State is not required to give active advantage to interstate trade. But it cannot aim to control that trade even though it desires to control its own. It cannot justify what amounts to a levy upon the very process of commerce across States lines by pointing to a similar hobble on its local trade. It is true that the existence of a tax on its local commerce detracts from the deterrent effect of a tax on interstate commerce to the extent that it removes the temptation to sell the goods locally. But the fact of such a tax, in any event, puts impediments upon the currents of commerce across the State line, while the aim of the Commerce Clause was precisely to prevent States from exacting toll from those engaged in national commerce. The Commerce Clause does not involve an exercise in the logic of empty categories. It operates within the framework of our federal scheme and with due regard to the national experience reflected by the decisions of this Court, even though the terms in which these decisions have been cast may have varied. Language alters, and there is a fashion in judicial writing as in other things.
This case, like Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, supra, involves a tax imposed by the State of the seller on the proceeds of interstate sales. To extract a fair tithe from interstate commerce for the local protection afforded to it, a seller State need not impose the kind of tax which Indiana here levied. As a practical matter, it can make such commerce pay its way, as the phrase runs, apart from taxing the very sale. Thus, it can tax local manufacture even if the products are destined for other States. For some purposes, manufacture and the shipment of its products beyond a State may be looked upon as an integral transaction. But when accommodation must be made between state and national interests, manufacture within a State, though destined for shipment outside, is not a seamless web so as to prevent a State from giving the manufacturing part detached relevance for purposes of local taxation. American Mfg. Co. v. St. Louis, 250 U. S. 459; Utah Power & L. Co. v. Pfost, 286 U. S. 165. It can impose license taxes on domestic and foreign corporations who would do business in the State, Cheney Brothers Co. v. Massachusetts, 246 U. S. 147; St. Louis S. W. Ry. v. Arkansas, 235 U. S. 350, 364, though it cannot, even under the guise of such excises, "hamper" interstate commerce. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 1; Pullman Co. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 56 (particularly White, J. concurring at p. 63); Henderson, The Position of Foreign Corporations in American Constitutional Law (1918) 118-23, 128-31. It can tax the privilege of residence in the State and measure the privilege by net income, including that derived from interstate commerce. U. S. Glue Co. v. Oak Creek, 247 U. S. 321; cf. Atlantic Coast Line v. Daughton, 262 U. S. 413. And where, as in this case, the commodities subsequently sold interstate are securities, they can be reached by a property tax by the State of domicil of the owner. Virginia v. Imperial Sales Co., 293 U. S. 15, 19; and see Citizens National Bank v. Durr, 257 U. S. 99.
These illustrative instances show that a seller State has various means of obtaining legitimate contribution to the costs of its government, without imposing a direct tax on interstate sales. While these permitted taxes may, in an ultimate sense, come out of interstate commerce, they are not, as would be a tax on gross receipts, a direct imposition on that very freedom of commercial flow which for more than a hundred and fifty years has been the ward of the Commerce Clause.
It is suggested, however, that the validity of a gross sales tax should depend on whether another State has also sought to impose its burden on the transactions. If another State has taxed the same interstate transaction, the burdensome consequences to interstate trade arq undeniable. But that, for the time being, only one State has taxed is irrelevant to the kind of freedom of trade which the Commerce Clause generated. The immunities implicit in the Commerce Clause and the potential taxing power of a State can hardly be made to depend, in the world of practical affairs, on the shifting incidence of the varying tax laws of the various States at a particular moment. Courts are not possessed of instruments of determination so delicate as to enable them to weigh the various factors in a complicated economic setting which, as to an isolated application of a State tax, might mitigate the obvious burden generally created by a direct tax on commerce. Nor is there any warrant in the constitutional principles heretofore applied by this Court to support the notion that a State may be allowed one single-tax-worth of direct interference with the free flow of commerce. An exaction by a State from interstate commerce falls not because of a proven increase in the cost of the product. What makes the tax invalid is the fact that there is interference by a State with the freedom of interstate commerce. Such a tax by the seller State alone must be judged burdensome in the context of the circumstances in which the tax takes effect. Trade being a sensitive plant, a direct tax upon it to some extent at least deters trade even if its effect is not precisely calculable. Many States, for instance, impose taxes on the consumption of goods, and such taxes have been sustained regardless of the extra-State origin of the goods, or whether a tax on their sale had been imposed by the seller State. Such potential taxation by consumer States is but one factor pointing to the deterrent effect on commerce by a superimposed gross receipts tax.
It has been urged that the force of the decision in the Adams case has been sapped by McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U. S. 33. The decision in McGoldrick v. Berwind-White was found not to impinge upon "the rationale of the Adams Manufacturing Co. ease," and the tax was sustained because it was "conditioned upon a local activity, delivery of goods within the state upon their purchase for consumption." 309 U. S. at 58. Compare McLeod v. Dilworth Co., 322 U. S. 327. Taxes which have the same effect as consumption taxes are properly differentiated from a direct imposition on interstate commerce, such as was before the Court in the Adams case and is now before us. The tax on the sale itself cannot be differentiated from a direct unapportioned tax on gross receipts which has been definitely held beyond the State taxing power ever since Fargo v. Michigan, 121 U. S. 230, and Philadelphia Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 326. See also, e. g., Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co. v. Texas, 210 U. S. 217; Kansas City, Ft. S. & M. R. Co. v. Kansas, 240 U. S. 227, 231; Puget Sound Co. v. Tax Commission, 302 U. S. 90, 94; and compare Wallace v. Hines, 253 U. S. 66. For not even an "internal regulation" by a State will be allowed if it directly affects interstate commerce. Robbins v. Shelby Taxing District, 120 U. S. 489, 494.
Nor is American Mfg. Co. v. St. Louis, 250 U. S. 459, or Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 322 U. S. 340, any justification for the present tax. The American Mfg. Co. case involved an imposition by St. Louis of a license fee upon the conduct of manufacturing within that city. It has long been settled that a State can levy such an occupation tax graduated according to the volume of manufacture. In that case, to lighten the manufacturer's burden, the imposition of the occupation tax was made contingent upon the actual sale of the goods locally manufactured. Sales in St. Louis of goods made elsewhere were not taken into account in measuring the license fee. That tax, then, unlike this, was not in fact a tax on gross receipts. Cf. Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U. S. 418. And, if words are to correspond to things, the tax now here is not "a tax on the transfer of property" within the State, which was the basis for sustaining the tax in Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, supra, at 348.
There remains only the claim that an interstate sale of intangibles differs from an interstate sale of tangibles in respects material to the issue in this case. It was by this distinction that the Supreme Court of Indiana sought to escape the authority of Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, supra. Latin tags like mobilia seguuntur personam often do service for legal analysis, but they ought not to confound constitutional issues. What Mr. Justice Holmes said about that phrase is relevant here. "It is a fiction, the historical origin of which is familiar to scholars, and it is this fiction that gives whatever meaning it has to the saying mobilia sequuntur personam. But being a fiction it is not allowed to obscure the facts, when the facts become important." Blackstone v. Miller, 188 U. S. 189, 204. Of course this is an interstate sale. And constitutionally it is commerce no less and no different because the subject was pieces of paper worth $65,214.20, rather than machines.
Reversed.
Mr. Justice Black dissents.
Compare Report of the (Australian) Royal Commission on the Constitution (1929) pp. 260, 322-24, and Report of the (Canadian) Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1940), bk. II, pp. 62-67, 111-21, 150-62, 216-19. See Australia, Act No. 1, 1946, repealing Act No. 20, 1942, and Act No. 43, 1942; South Australia v. Commonwealth, 65 C. L. R. 373; also Proposals of the Government of Canada, Dominion-Provincial Conference on Reconstruction, pp. 47-49; Proceedings of the Dominion-Provincial Conference (1945) passim, particularly the statement of Prime Minister Mackenzie King, p. 388, and the discussion following. And see Maxwell, The Fiscal Impact of Federalism in the United States (1946) cc. II, XIII, XIV..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20103 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package user
import (
"context"
"github.com/yunfeiyang1916/micro-go-course/grpc/pb"
)
// 用户服务
type UserService struct {
}
// 校验密码
func (s *UserService) CheckPassword(ctx context.Context, req *pb.LoginReq) (*pb.LoginResp, error) {
if req.Username == "admin" && req.Password == "admin" {
response := pb.LoginResp{Ret: "success"}
return &response, nil
}
response := pb.LoginResp{Ret: "fail"}
return &response, nil
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20104 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | """
Optimization
============
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
criteria
method
objective
"""
from .criteria import (AllTest,
AndTest,
AnyTest,
ConvergenceTest,
GradientTest,
LogicTest,
OrTest,
Tolerance,
ValueTest)
from .method import (FixedStepDescent,
LineSearch,
Optimizer,
SteepestDescent)
from .objective import (ObjectiveFunction,
ObjectiveFunctionResult,
RelativeEntropy)
|
github_open_source_100_8_20105 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Validera biljett</title>
<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0'>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,300" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
body {
font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
color: #FFF;
}
@yield('style')
</style>
</head>
<body>
@yield('content')
</body>
</html> |
github_open_source_100_8_20106 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | use colored;
use colored::*;
use std::process::Command;
use crate::utility::utls;
use terminal_spinners::{SpinnerBuilder, DOTS};
pub fn run(downone:bool){
let html_body:String = utls::request_files();
let episodes = utls::parse_data(&html_body);
loop{
if downone{
let user_opt = utls::prompt_user(&episodes);
if user_opt == 1000{break}
let episode_to_play = &episodes[user_opt as usize -1];
let stream_link = utls::get_direct_link(episode_to_play);
let mut owned_string: String = " Downloading ".to_owned();
owned_string.push_str(episode_to_play);
let handle = SpinnerBuilder::new().spinner(&DOTS).text(owned_string).start();
let out = Command::new("youtube-dl")
.arg(stream_link)
.output()
.expect("failed to execute process");
handle.done();
if out.status.success(){
println!("{} {}", "Downloaded Episode".green(), episode_to_play);
}else{
println!("{} {}", "Could Not Downloaded Episode".red(), episode_to_play);
}
}else{
println!("{}", "Getting Ready to Download all Episodes".red());
for i in &episodes{
let stream_link = utls::get_direct_link(i);
let mut owned_string: String = " Downloading ".to_owned();
owned_string.push_str(&i);
let handle = SpinnerBuilder::new().spinner(&DOTS).text(owned_string).start();
let out = Command::new("youtube-dl")
.arg(stream_link)
.output()
.expect("failed to execute process");
handle.done();
if out.status.success(){
println!("{} {}", "Downloaded Episode".green(), &i);
}else{
println!("{} {}", "Could Not Downloaded Episode".red(), &i);
}
}
}
}
}
|
comedieshistorie12shakiala_22 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | We do not, on the other hand, go along with Tieck, who, with somewhat of an excess of that boldness with which his countrymen pronounce opinions upon the niceties of style in a foreign language, says of this play, " I have never been able to convince myself that a single verse has been written by Shakspere. The manner, the language, the versification is as thoroughly Fletcher as any other of his pieces. If Shakspere had the capability of altering his lan- guage so variously as we here see, yet he nowhere presents exaggerations of thought and feeling in soft and flowing speeches, which is the characteristic of Fletcher."* This is to mistake the question at issue. Nobody has ever supposed that Shakspere wrote the parts that are commonly assigned to Fletcher ; and therefore nobody accused him of putting exaggerated thoughts in soft and flowing speeches. If Tieck, however, considers the scenes of the first act, to which he distinctly alludes, to be in Fletcher's natural and habitual manner, he maintains a theory which in our opinion is more untenable than any which has been proposed upon this question. Steevens holds that the play is for the most part a studied imitation of Shakspere by Fletcher. But if he has imitated style, he has also imitated character ; and that most weakly. The gaoler's daughter is a most diluted copy of Ophelia ; the Schoolmaster, of Holofernes ; the clowns, with their mummery, of the " rude me- chanicals " of ' A Midsummer-Night's Dream.' This very circum- stance, by the way, is evidence that there was no distinct concert between Shakspere and Fletcher as to the mode in which the sub- ject should be treated. We agree with Lamb, that Fletcher, with * * Alt-Englisches Theater, oder Supplemente zum Shakspere,' THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. 471 all his facility, could not have so readily gone out of his habitual manner to produce an imitation of Shakspere's condensed and in- volved style. He frequently copies Shakspere in slight resemblances of thought; but the manner is always essentially different. These scenes in ' The Two Noble Kinsmen' are not in Fletcher's manner ; it was not very probable, even if he had the power, that he would write them in imitation of Shakspere. We believe that Shakspere did not write them himself. We hold, then, that Fletcher, for the most part, wrote the scenes which the best critical opinions concur in attributing to him: we hold, also, that he had a coadjutor who produced for the most part the scenes attributed by the same authorities to Shakspere : but we hold, further, that this coadjutor was not Shakspere himself. Coleridge has thrown out a suggestion that parts of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' might have been written by Jonson. He was pro- bably led into this opinion by the classical tone which occasionally prevails, especially in the first scene, and in the invocations of the fifth act. The address to Diana, — " Oh, sacred, shadowy, cold, and constant queen, Abandoner of revels, mute, contemplative, Sweet, solitary, white as chaste, and pure As wind-fann'd snow," — at once reminds us of " Queen and huntress, chaste and fair ;" more perhaps from the associations of the subject than from Jonson's manner of treating it. But Coleridge goes on to state that the main presumption for Shakspere's share in this play rests upon the con- struction of the blank verse. He holds that construction to be evi- dence either of an intentional imitation of Shakspere, or of his own proper hand. He then argues, from the assumption that Fletcher was the imitator, that there was an improbability that Jie would 472 PLAYS ASCRIBED TO SHAKSPERE. have been conscious of the inferiority of his own versification, which Coleridge calls " too poematic minus-dramatic." The improbabi- lity, then, that Fletcher imitated Shakspere in portions of the play, writing other portions in his own proper language and versification, throws the critic back upon the other conjecture, that Shakspere's own hand is to be found in it. But then again he says, " The harsh- ness of many of these very passages, a harshness unrelieved by any lyrical inter-breathings, and still more the want of profundity in the thoughts, keep me from an absolute decision." We state these opinions of Coleridge with reference to what we must briefly call the style of the different parts, to show that any decision of the ques- tion founded mainly upon style is not to be considered certain even within its own proper limits. We have rested our doubts princi- pally upon another foundation ; but, taken together, the two modes of viewing the question, whether as to style or dramatic structure, require that we should look out for another partner than Shakspere in producing this work in alliance with Fletcher. Coleridge ap- pears to have thought the same when he threw out the name of Jon- son ; but we cannot conceive that, if he had pursued this inquiry analytically, he would have abided by this conjecture. Jonson's proper versification is more different from Shakspere's than perhaps that of any other of his contemporaries ; and we doubt if his mind was plastic enough, or his temper humble enough, to allow him to become the imitator of any man. We request our readers to com- pare the following invocation by Jonson, from ' Cynthia's Revels,' with the invocation to Mars in the fifth act of ' The Two Noble Kins- men ;' and we think they will agree that the versification of Jonson, in a form in which both the specimens are undramatic, is essentially different : — " Phoebus Apollo, if with ancient rites, And due devotions, I have ever hung Elaborate paeans on thy golden shrine, Or sung thy triumphs in a lofty strain, Fit for a theatre of gods to hear ; i And thou, the other son of mighty Jove, Cyllenian Mercury, sweet Maia's joy, If in the busy tumults of the mind My path thou ever hast illumined. For which thine altars I have oft perfum'd, And deck'd thy statues with discolour'd flowers : Now thrive invention in this glorious court, That not of bounty only, but of right, Cynthia may grace, and give it life by sight." THB TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. 473 Here is no variety of pause ; the couplet with which the speech con- cludes is not different from the pairs of blank- verse which have gone before, except in the rhyming of the tenth syllables. But there is another writer of that period who might have been associated with Fletcher in the production of a drama, and did participate in such stage partnerships ; who, from some limited resemblances to Shak- spere that we shall presently notice, might without any improbabi- lity be supposed to have written those portions of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen' which are decidedly/ and essentially different from the style of Fletcher. We select, though probably not the best selection we could make, a passage of the same general character as the invoca- tions so often mentioned, and which may be compared also with Jonson's address to Apollo. It is an invocation to Behemoth : — " Terror of darkness! oh thou king of flames! That with thy music-footed horse dost strike The clear light out of crystal, on dark earth, And hurl'st instructive fire about the world, Wake, wake, the drowsy and enchanted night. That sleeps with dead eyes in this heavy riddle ; Oh, thou great prince of shades, where never sun Sticks his far-darted beams, whose eyes are made To shine in darkness, and see ever best Where men are blindest! open now the heart Of thy abashed oracle, that for fear Of some ill it includes would fain lie hid, And rise thou with it in thy greater light." The writer of this invocation, which we select from the tragedy of ' Bussy D'Ambois,' is George Chapman. Webster, in his dedication to ' Vittoria Corombona,' speaks of " that full and heightened style of Master Chapman," in the same sentence with " the laboured and understanding works of Master Jonson." It is in the " full and heightened style " that we shall seek resemblances to parts of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen,' rather than in the " laboured and understanding works." We are sup- ported in this inquiry by the opinion of one of the most subtle and yet most sensible of modern critics, Charles Lamb : — " Of all the English play-writers. Chapman perhaps approaches nearest to Shak- speare in the descriptive and didactic, in passages which are less purely dramatic. Dramatic imitation was not his talent. He could not go out of himself, as Shakspeare could shift at pleasure, to inform and animate other existences, but in himself he had an eye to per- 474 PLAYS ASCRIBED TO SHAKSPERE. ceive and a soul to embrace all forms. He would have made a great epic poet, if, indeed, he has not abundantly shown himself to be one ; for his ' Homer ' is not so properly a translation as the stories of Achilles and Ulysses re-written." Our theory is, that the pas- sages which have been ascribed to Shakspere as a partner in the work of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' are essentially " descriptive and didactic ;" that to write these passages it was not necessary that the poet should be able to " go out of himself;" that they, for the most part, might enter into the composition of a great epic poem ; that the writer of these passages was master, to a considerable extent, of Shakspere's style, especially in its conciseness and its solemnity, although he was ill fitted to grapple with its more dramatic qualities of rapidity or abruptness ; that also, unlike most of the writers of his day, who sought only to please, he indulged in the same disposition as Shakspere, to yield to the prevailing reflection which the circum- stances of the scene were calculated to elicit ; and, lastly, that his intimate acquaintance with the Greek poets fitted him to deal more especially with those parts of the tale of ' Palamon and Arcite ' in which Chaucer, in common with all the middle-age poets, built a tale of chivalry upon a classical foundation. We can understand such a division of labour between Fletcher and Chapman, as that Fletcher should take the romantic parts of the story, as the knight- errantry, the love, the rivalry, the decision by bodily prowess, — and that Chapman should deal with Theseus and the Amazons, the lament of the three Queens, (which subject was familiar to him in ' The Seven against Thebes ' of the Greek drama,) and the mythology which Chaucer had so elaborately sketched as the machinery of his great story. Lord Byron somewhere says, speaking of his own play of ' Sar- danapalus,' " I look upon Shakspere to be the worst of models, though the most extraordinary of writers." We think, if Shakspere be the worst of models, it is because he is the most extraordinary of writers. His prodigious depth of thought, his unbounded range of imagery, his intense truth of characterization, are not to be imitated. The other qualities, which might remain as a model, lie beneath the surface. Imitate, if it be possible, the structure of his verse ; the thought and the imagery are wanting, and the mere versification is a lifeless mass. Dryden says, in his preface to ' All for Love,' " In my style I have professed to imitate the divine Shakspeare." Open the play at any part, and see if the imitation has produced a resemblance. Rowe tells us that ' Jane Shore ' is an imitation of THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. 475 Shakspere. It is a painted daub of the print-shops imitating the colouring of Titian. Otway pieced ' Romeo and Juliet ' into his ' Caius Marius,' where the necessity for imitation was actually forced upon hira, in making a cento of Shakspere's lines and his own ; and yet the last speech of the Romeo of Otway's tragedy substitutes these three lines in the place of " Thus with a kiss I die :" — " This world's gross air grows burtheiisome already. I am all a god; such heavenly joys transport me, That mortal sense grows sick, and faints with lasting." We mention these things to show that men of very high talent have not been able to grapple with Shakspere's style in the way of imi- tation. A poet, and especially a contemporary poet, might have formed his own style, in some degree, upon Shakspere ; not only by the constant contemplation of his peculiar excellences, but through the general character that a man of the very highest genius im- presses unconsciously upon the aggregate poetry of his age. This we believe to have been the case with Chapman. He was not an imitator of Shakspere in the ordinary sense of the word ; he could not imitate him in his scenes of passion, because he could not " shift at pleasure, to inform and animate other existences." But, in a limited range, he approached Shakspere, because he had the same earnestness, the same command of striking combinations of lan- guage, a rhythm in which harmony is blended with strength, a power of painting scenes by vivid description, a tendency to reflect and philosophize. All this Shakspere had, but he had a great deal more. Is that more displayed in the scenes of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' which have been attributed to him? or, not being present, had Chapman the power of producing these scenes out of his own re- sources ? This is a question which we certainly cannot pretend to answer satisfactorily : all that we can do is to compare a few pecu- liarities in the first and last acts of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' with passages that offer themselves in those of Chapman's works with which we have an acquaintance. We will begin with a quality which is remarkable enough in pas- sages of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' to distinguish them from those written by Fletcher — we mean the presence of general truths and reflections, propounded always with energy, sometimes with solem- nity, not dragged in as a moral at the end of a fable, but arising spontaneously out of the habit of the author's mind. Coleridge doubts the profundity of these thoughts — and we think he is right. 476 PLAYS ASCRIBED TO SHAKSPERE. We will place in one column a few of such passages from ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ;' and, in the other, passages of a similar nature, selected somewhat hastily from three or four of Chapman's plays : — Two Noble Kinsmen. " We come unseasonably ; but when could Grief Cull forth, "as unpang'd Judgment can, fitt'st time For best solicitation ?" " Oh you heavenly charmers. What things you make of us ! For what we lack We laugh, for what we have are sorry ; still Are children in some kind." " Let th' event. That never-erring arbitrator, tell us When we know all ourselves ; and let us follow The becking of our chance ! " Chapman. " Sin is a coward, madam, and insults But on our weakness, in his truest valour ; And so our ignorance tames us, that we let His shadows fright us." Bussy D'Ambois. " O the good God of Gods, How blind is pride ! what eagles we are still In matters that belong to other men ! What beetles in our own ! " All Fuols. "01 the strange difference 'twixt us and the stars ! They work with inclinations strong and fatal, And nothing know : and we know all their working, And nought can do or nothing can prevent." Byron's Tragedy. It would be easy to multiply examples of this kind; and it would not be necessary for our purpose to select passages that are very closely parallel. We only desire to show that Chapman is a re- flective poet; and that in this respect the tone of thought that may be found in the first and last acts of 'The Two Noble Kinsmen' is not incompatible with his habits of composition. We have already selected an invocation by Chapman, with the intent of showing that his style in this detached and complete form of poetry approaches much more closely to the invocations in ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' than the style of Jonson. Chapman appears to us to delight in this species of oratorical verse, requiring great con- densation and majesty of expression, and demanding the nicest ad- justment of a calm and stately rhythm. He derived, perhaps, this love of invocation, as well as the power of introducing such pas- sages successfully in his dramas, from his familiarity with Homer ; and thus for the same reason his plays have more of the stately form of the epic dialogue than the passionate rapidity of the true drama. We will select one invocation from Chapman's translation of the ' Iliad,' that of Agamemnon's prayer in the third book, to show the sources at least which were open to the writer of the invocations in the fifth act of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen,' for examples of con- densation of thought, majesty of diction, and felicity of epithet : — " O Jove, that Ida doth protect, and hast the titles won, Most glorious, most invincible ; and thou all-seeing sun ; THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. 477 All-hearing, all-recomforting; floods, earth, and powers beneath ! That all the perjuries of men chastise even after death; Be witnesses, and see perform'd, the hearty vows we make." These invocations in his ' Homer ' have the necessary condensation of the original. In his own inventions in the same kind he is na- turally more diffuse ; but his diffuseness is not the difFuseness of Fletcher. Take one example : — " Now all ye peaceful regents of the night, Silently-gliding exhalations, Languishing winds, and murmuring falls of waters, Sadness of heart, and ominous secureness, Enchantments, dead sleeps, all the friends of rest. That ever wrought upon the life of man, Extend your utmost strengths ; and this charm'd hour Fix like the centre; make the violent wheels Of Time and Fortune stand ; and great existence. The maker's treasury, now not seem to be." The time is past when it may be necessary to prove that Chapman was a real poet. There are passages in his plays which show that he was capable not only of giving interest to forced situations and extravagant characters by his all-informing energy, but of pouring out the sweetest spirit of beauty in the most unexpected places. Take the following four lines as an example : — " Here 's nought but whispering with us : like a calm Before a tempest, when the silent air Lays her soft ear close to the earth to hearken For that she fears steals on to ravish her." Was ever personification more exquisitely beautiful ? The writer of these lines, with his wondrous facility, was equal to anything that did not demand the very highest qualities for the drama ; and those qua- lities we do not think are manifest in the first and last acts of ' The Two Noble Kinsmen,' rich as these are in excellences within the range of such a writer as Chapman, especially when his exuberant genius was under the necessary restraint of co-operation with an- other writer. The classical nature of that portion of ' The Two Noble Kins- men ' that we think might have been assigned to Chapman, might have been treated by a writer not very deeply imbued with the spirit of Greek poetry without the use of any peculiar phrases or epithets which a poet derives from a particular course of reading, as we constantly find in Milton. We will select a very few parallel 478 PLAYS ASCRIBED TO SHAKSPERE. examples of such from ' The Two Noble Kinsmen,' and from Chap- man's plays and the translation of the ' Iliad :' — Two NoBLs Kinsmen. The scythe-tusk'd boar. Blubber'd queens. Clear-spirited cousin. The heavenly limiter. Shaker of o'er-rank states. Sacred silver mistress. Oh, you heavenly charmers. Chapman. Thy music-footed horse. His blubber'd cheeks. Cold-spirited peers. The heavenly lightener. Thou mighty shaker of the earth. Golden-throned queen. The eternal dwellers. It would be tedious as well as unnecessary to pursue these details farther. Whoever was the writer of those passages in ' The Two Noble Kinsmen ' which, on some grounds, have with great probabi- lity been attributed to Shakspere, it is clear to us that there were two hands concerned in the production of the play, as dissimilar in their styles as Chapman, as a translator of Homer, is dissimilar to Pope. There is some analogy, however remote it may appear, be- tween the poetical characters of Fletcher and Pope, as compared with writers of greater energy and simplicity ; and the differences in kind of this poetical quality may serve as an illustration of the imperfect argument which we thus conclude : — Chapman. " They sat delightfully, And spent all night in open field ; fires round about them shin'd; As when about the silver moon, when air is free from wind, And stars shine clear; to whose sweet beams high prospects, and the brows Of all steep hills and pinnacles thrust up themselves for shows ; And even the lowly valleys joy to glitter in their sight, When the unmeasur'd firmament bursts to disclose her light, And all the signs in heaven are seen that glad the shepherd's heart ; So many fires disclos'd their beams, made by the Trojan part. Before the face of Ilion ; and her bright tur- rets show'd : A thousand courts of guard kept fires: and every guard allow'd Fifty stout men, by whom their horse eat oats and hard white corn. And all did wilfully expect the silver- throned morn." Pope. " The troops exulting sat in order round. And beaming fires illumin'd all the ground ; As when the moon, refulgent lamp of night. O'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light. When not a breath disturbs the deep serene. And not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene. Around her throne the vivid planets roll. And stars nnnumber'd gild the glowing pole ; O'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed. And tip with silver every mountain's head ; Then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise, A flood of glory bursts from all the skies : The conscious swains, rejoicing in the sight. Eye the blue vault, and bless the useful light ; So many flames before proud Ilion blaze. And lighten glimmering Xanthus with their rays : The long reflections of the distant fires Gleam on the walls, and tremble on the spires ; A thousand piles the dusky horrors gild, And shed a shady lustre o'er the field. Full fifty guards each flaming pile attend. Whose umber'd arms, by fits, thick flashes send ; Loud neigh the coursers o'er their heaps of com ; And ardent warriors wait the rising morn." THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. 479 We have only one word to add. Chapman died in the very year that the first edition of 'The Two Noble Kinsmen' was published, with the name of Shakspere in the title-page. If the title-page were a bookseller's invention, the name of Shakspere would be of higher price than that of Chapman. END OF THE ASCRIBED PLAYS. INDEXES PLAYS AND POEMS OF SHAKSPERE. Vol. XII. 2 I EXPLANATION. It has been found convenient to arrange the references under two heads. The First Index is for the most part Glossarial, but it also refers to explanations which are more diffuse in their character. The words which are in Italic are those which may be explained briefly, and often by the addition of another word, approaching to a synonyme, which gives the sense. The words in Roman, principally referring to objects, customs, and ancient and proverbial expressions, require a more lengthened explanation, which will be found under the passages referred to, either in a foot-note (designated by m) or an illustration (designated by .). The Second Index is of the Dramatis Persons, showing the names of the Characters which occur in each Play, and the particular Act and Scene in which each appears. The references are not made to Volume and Page, but to Play, Act and Scene. The Poems are referred to by their titles. All the references are abridged as follows : — G.V. Two Gentlemen of Verona. R. T. King Richard HI. L. L. L. Love's Labour 's Lost. H. E King Henry VIII. M. W. Merry Wives of Windsor. R.J. Romeo and Juliet. C. E. Comedy of Errors. H. Hamlet. T. S. Taming of the Shrew. Cy. Cymbeline. M. N. D. A Midsummer Night's Dream. O. Othello. M.V. The Merchant of Venice. T. Ath. Tiraon of Athens. A. W. All 's Well that Ends Well. L. King Lear. M. A. Much Ado about Nothing. M. Macbeth. T.N. Twelfth Night. T. C. Troilus and Cressida. A. L. As You Like It. Cor. Coriolanus. M. M. Measure for Measure. J.C. Julius CiEsar. W. T. A Winter's Tale. A. C. Antony and Cleopatra. T. Tempest. V.A. Venus and Adonis. J. King John. Luc. Lucrece. R. S. King Richard IL So. Sonnets. H 4, F.P King Henry IV., Part I. L. C. A Lover's Complaint. H. 4, S. P. King Henry IV., Part II. P. P. The Passionate Pilgrim H. F. King Henry V. T. And. Titus Andronicus. H. 6. F. P. King Henry VI., Part I. P. Pericles. H. 6, S. P. King Henry VI., Part II. T. N. K. Two Noble Kinsmen. H 6, T. P. King Henry VI., Part III. These two Indexes comprise all that are properly references to the works of Shakspere. A word, or a sentence, is desired to be referred to, when the passage in which it occurs requires explanation. In the /oot-notes, or the i/luslrations, such explanation is to be found, the Index citing the passage to which reference is made ; and thus showing, at one view, how words are employed in peculiar senses, either varying or alike in distinct plays. In like manner the name of a character is to be found, in connexion with the act and scene of each play. But it is obvious that a large portion of the Commentary of this edition — that which is comprised in the Introductory and Supplementary Notices, and in the Historical Illustrations — is thus excluded from the Index ; — and this exclusion is rendered necessary, partly from the great extent to which the references would run, even if they were confined to names of persons and books ; and partly from the extreme difficulty of digesting into the form of an index those matters which are purely critical and speculative. 1 N D E X.-I. A. A — he. M. A. iii. 3, n (and in many other passages). How if a will not stand ? Abhor, technical use of the word. H. E. ii. 4, n. I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul Refuse you for my judge. Abhorred — disgusted. H. v. l,n. And now how abhorred my imagination is! Abide (v.) — sojourn. W. T. iv. 2, n. There 's no virtue whipped out of the court ; they cherish it to make it stay there ; and yet it will no more but abide. Abraliam Cupid. R. J. ii. 1, n. Young Abraham Cupli, he that shot so trim When king Cophetua lov'd the beggar-maid. Abridgement — pastime. M. N. D. v. 1, n. Say, what abridgement have you for this evening? Abroad — not at hand — far off. Cy. iii. 5, n. Your means abroad, Y'ou have me rich. Absey-book — A B C book. J. i. 1, n. And then comes answer like an Absey-booh. Abstract. A. C. iii. 6, n. Being an abstract 'tween his lust and him. Aby (v.)— suffer for. M. N. D. iii. 2, n. Thou shalt abt/ it. Accept — consent to certain articles of a treatv. H. F. v. 2, n. We will, suddenly. Pass our accept and peremptory answer. Accommodation. H. 4, S. P. iii. 2, t. A soldier-like word. According to the trick — according to the fashion of banter and exaggeration. M. M. v. 1, n. I spoke it but according to the trick. Achievement. H. F. iii. 5, n. He'll drop his heart into the sink of fear, And, for achievement, offer us his ransom. Achieves her goodness. A. W. i. 1, n. She derives her honesty, and achieves her good- ness. Achilles and Hector. T. C. iii. 3. t. I have a woman's longing, An appetite that I am sick withal, To see great Hector in his weeds of peace. ' Accidence of Armourie,' passage from. H. v. 1 , i. Was he a gentleman ? Acknown. O. iii. 3, n. Be not acknown on 't. Acquaintance — used in the singular as a noun of multitude. O. ii. 1, n. How does my old acquaintance of this isle ? Acquaint you with the perfect s;)y — inform yourselves with a most careful inquiry. M. iii. 1, n. Acquaint you with the perfect spy o' the time. The moment on 't. Actaeon story of. T. N. i. 1, ». And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds. E'er since pursue me. Actors, profits of. H. iii. 2, i. A fellowship in a cry of players. Acture — action. L. C. n. Are errors of the blood, none of the mind ; Love made them not; with acture they maybe. Where neither party is nor true nor kind. Addition. L. ii. 2, n. One whom I will lieat into clamorous whining, if thou deniest the least syllable of thy addition. Address'd — prepared. A. L. v. 4, n. Duke Frederick, hearing how that every day Men of great worth resorted to this forest, Address'd a mighty power. Address'd — prepared. ' H. 4, S. P. iv. 4, n. Our navy is address'd, our power collected. AGL .^rfrfress'rf— prepared. Luc. n. At length address'd to answer his desire. Address'd — ready. J.C. iii. l.n. He is address'd ; press near and second him. Addrest — ready. M. N. D. v. 1, n. So please vour grace, the prologue is addrest. Adriatic. T. S. i. 2. i. Were she as rough As are the swelling Adriatic seas. Advantage — used as a verb. H. F. iv. 1, n. Whose hours the peasant best advantages. Advertisements. M. A. i. 1, «. He set up his bills. Advice — government, municipal or civil. Luc. n. Advice is sporting while infection breeds. Advisedly — attentively. Luc. n. The picture she advisedly perus'd. Afar 0^— in a remote degree. W. T. ii. 1, n. He who shall speak for her is afar o^guilty But that he speaks. Affect (v.) — incline towards; metaphoricallv, love. L. L. L. i. 2.n. I do affect the very ground. Affect the letter — affect alliteration. L. L. L. iv. 2, n. I will Something affect the letter, for it argues facility. Affect a sorrow, than to have. A. W. i. 1, n. Let it be rather thought you affect a sorrow, than to have. Afftcti n — affectation. L. L. L. v. 1, n. Witty without affection. Affection — imagination. W. T. i. 2, n. Affection ! thy intention stabs the centre. Affection — master of passion. M. V. iv. 1, n. For affection. Master (f passion, sways it to the mood Of what it likes, or loathes. Affectihned—affecteA. T. N. ii. 3, n. An affectioned ass, that cons state without book. Affeer'd. M. iv. 3, n. Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure. For goodness dares not check thee ! wear thou thv wrongs. The title'is affeer'd. Affront — encounter. Cy. v. 3, n. There was a fourth man, in a silly habit. That gave the affront with them. " Affront (v.) — encounter, confront. H. iii. 1, n. That he, as 't were by accident, may here Affront Ophelia. Affy (v.)— betroth. H. 6, S. P. iv. l.n. For daring to affy a mighty lord Unto the daughter of a worthless king. Against yuur sacred person — aught against your sa- cred person. H. E. ii. 4, n. If, in the course And process of this time, you can report. And prove it too, against mine honour aught. My bond to wedlock, or my love and duty, Against your sacred person, in God's name, Turn me away. .\gate. M. A. iii. 1, n. An agate very vilelv cut. Agate. H. 4, S. P. i. 2'n. I was never manned with an agate till now. Age's steepy night. So. Ixiii. n. When his youthful mom Hath travell'd on to age's steepy night. Age — seniority. T. And.'i. 1, n. Then let my father's honours live in me. Nor wrong mine age with this indignity. Aglet-baby. T. S. i. 2, n. Marry him to a puppet, or an aglet bahy. 2 12 A6N C 484 ) APE Agnize (v.) — confess, acknowledge. O. i, 3, n. 1 <lo agnize A natural and prompt alacrity 1 find in hardness, ^i^e— sharp, sour. H. i. 5, n. It doth posset And curd, like aigre droppings into milk. The thin and wholesome blood, .^t'm— purpose. G. V. iii. 1, n. But, fearing lest my jealous aim might err. Aim — conjecture. O. i. 3, n. As in these cases where the aim reports. Aimed at — guessed at. G. V. iii. 1, n. But, good my lord, do it so cunningly. That my discovery be not aimed at. Air — appearance. H. 4, F. P. iv. 1, n. The quality and air of our attempt Brooks no division. Alcides' shoes. J. ii. 1, t. As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass. Alder-liefest—Aearest of all. H. 6, S. P. i. 1 , n. Will you, mine alder-liefest sovereign. Ale — rural festival. G. V. ii. 5, n. As go to the ale with a Christian. All the world a stage, parallels with. A. L. ii. 7, i. All amirt — dispirited. T. S. iv. 3, n. What, sweeting, all amort? All~a-ttt(jrt—dhp'iT\tei. H. 6, F. P. iii. 2, n. Now where 's the bastard's braves, and Charles his gleeks .■' What, all a-mm-t f Alia storcata — Italian term of art for the thrust with a rapier. R. J. iii. 1, n. Alia stvcC'ita carries it away. All-halluwn summer — summer in November. II. 4, F. P. i. 2, n. Farewell, thou latter spring ! Farewell, All- hilldWH summer! All-to — entirely, altoj;ether. V. A. n. Adonis lives, and Death is not to blame ; It was not she that calld him at!-to naught. Allow (v.) — approve. W. T. iv. 1, n. Of this allow, If ever you have spent time worse ere now. .4//oi» (v.) — approve. Luc. n. Who, wondering at him, did his words allow. Allow (v.)— approve. So. cxii. n. So you o'ergreen my bad, my good allow. Altar at St. Edmundsbury. J. v. 4, i. Upon the altar at St. Edmundsbury. Alter thy course fur Tyre — pursue not the course for Tyre. P. iii. 1, n. Thither, gentle mariner ; Alter thy course for Tyre. Althea's dream. H. 4, S. P. ii. 2, n. Awav, you rascally Althea's dream. Althea. 'H. 6, S. P. i. l,n. The fatal brand Althea burn'd. Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. Am, have, and will be. H. K. iii. 2, n. For your highness' good I ever labour'd More than mine own ; that am, have, and will he. Amaimon. H. 4, F. P. ii. 4, t. He of Wales, that gave Amaimim the bastinado. Amaze (v.) — confuse. A. L. i. 2, n. You amaze me, ladies. Ambassadors sent from Antony to Octavius Caesar, —from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iii. 10, t. Let him appear that's come from Antony. America, discovery of. C. E. iii. 2, i. Wiiere America, the Indies ? Amiss — fault. So. xxxv. n. Myself corrupting, salving thy amiss. Amiss — fault. So. cli. n. Then, gentle cheater, urge not my amiss, Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet self prove. Amurath the Third. H. 4, S. P. v. 2, i. Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds. Anachronisms in King John. J. i. I, t. The thunder of my cannon shall be heard. Anchor — Anchoret. H. iii. 2, n. An (inchr s cheer in prison be my scope. Ancient — bearer of the ensign. H, 4, S. P. ii. 4, n. Sir, ancient Pistol s below. Andirons. Cy. ii. 4, t. Her andirons (I had forgot them) were two winking Cupids. Andren — H. E. i. 1,«. Met in the vale of Andren. Andrew — name of a ship. M. V. i. 1, n. And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand. Angel on English coins. M. V. ii. 7, t. A coin that bears the figure of an angel. Angel— coin. H. 4, S. P. i. 2, ». Your ill annel is light. Angel— bird. T. N. K. i. 1, n. Not an angel of the air. Bird melodious, or bird fair, Be absent there. Angerly — angrily. G. V. i. 2, n. How angerly I taught my brow to frown. Angle— guW. T. S. iv. 2, n. But at last I spied An ancient angle coming down the hill. Answer — statement of objections to certain articles of a treaty. H. F. v. 2, n. We will, suddenly. Pass our accept and peremptory answer. Answer me declin'd. A. C. iii. 1 1 , n. I dare him therefore To lay his gay comparisons apart. And answer me dechn'd. Anthropophagi and headless men. O. i. 3, f. The Anthrupijphagi, and men whose heads Do grow beneath their shoulders. Antipathies. M. V. iv. l,t. Some men there are, &c. Antony, — from North's ' Plutarch.' .T. C. ii. 1, t. Let Antony and Caesar fall together. Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus, conference of, — from North's ' Plutarch.' J. C. iv. 1, f. These many then shall die. Antony and Cleopatra, amusements of, — from North's' Plutarch.' A. C. i. 1, t. To-night we '11 wander through the streets, &c. Antony and Octavia, marriage of, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. ii. 2, i. Thou hast a sister by the mother's side. Antony's cook, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. ii. 2, i. Eight wild boars roasted whole at a breakfast. Antony and Cleopatra, first meeting of, — from North's ' PluUrch.' A C. ii. 2, i. When she first met Mark Antony, &c. Antony's angling, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. ii. 5, i. 'T was merry when You wager'd on your angling, &c. Antony, Ceesar, and Pompey, meetings of, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. ii. 6, i. Your liostages I have, so have you mine, &c. Antony and Cleopatra at Alexandria,— from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iii. 6, ). I' the market-place, on a tribunal silver'd, Cleopatra and himself in chairs of gold Were publicly enthron'd. Antony's preparations for battle, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iii. 7, «'. 0 noble emperor, do not fight by sea. Antony's reception of Ciesar's messenger, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iii. 1 1, i. A messenger from Caesar. Antony's challenge to Caesar, — from North's ' Plu- tarch.' A. C. iv. 1, i. Let the old ruffian know, 1 have many other ways to die, &c. Antony's speecn to his servants, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iv. 2, >. Call forth my household servants. Antony, desertion of, by the god Hercules,— from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C iv. 3, i. Peace, what noise ? Antony, defeat of,— from North's ' Plutarch.' A.C. iv. 10, t. This foul Egyptian hath betrayed me. Antony's last speech to Cleopatra, and death, — from North's ' Plutarch.' A. C. iv. I.'^, i. O Charmian, I will never go from hence. Ape — expression of kindly familiarity applied to a young man. R. J. ii. 1, n. APE ( 485 ) BAD The ape is dead, and I must conjure him. Ape-bearer. W. T. iv. 2, i. An npehearer. Apostle-spoons. H. E. v. 2, i. Vou M spare your spoons. Apothecary, Romeo's description of. R. J. v. 1, (. I do remember an apothecary. Apparel, fashions of. M. A. ii. 3, i. Carving the fashion of a new doublet. Appay'd — satisfied, pleased. Luc. n. But sin ne'er gives a fee, He gratis comes ; and thou art well appay'd As well to hear as grant what he hath said. Apperil. T. Ath. i. 2, .,. Let me stay at thine apperil, Timon. Apprehension — opinion. H. 6, F. P. ii. 4, n. To scourge you for this appreh nsiun. Approbatitm—pTohsLtion. M M. i. 3, n. This day my sister should the cloister enter. And there receive her apprnbatiun. Approbatiim — proof. W. T. ii. 1, n. Which was as gross as ever touch'd conjecture. That lack'd sight only, nought for approbatiun. Apprmw our eyes — confirm what we have seen. H. i, I, «. That, if again the apparition come. He may approve our eyes, and speak to it. Approv'd — proved. G. V. v. 4, n. O, 'tis the curse in love, and still approv'd. When women cannot love, where they 're be- lov'd. Apricocks — apricots. R. S. iii. 4. n. Go, bind thou up yon dangling apricocks. April day — spring time of life. T. Ath. iv. 3, n. She, whom the spital house and ulcerous sores W'ould cast the gorge at, this embalms and spices To the Afiril-day again. Are arms — which are arms. P. i. 2, n. From whence an issue I might propagate. Are arms to princes, and bring joys to subjects. Argosy — ship. T. S. ii. 1, n. Besides an argosy That now is lying in Marseilles road. Argument — conversation. M. A. iii. 1, n. For shape, for bearing, argument, and valour. Argument — subject-matter. A. L. iii. 1, n. I should not seek an absent argument Of my revenge, thou present. Arm him — Take hira in your arms. Cy. iv. 2, n. Come, arm him. Armgaunt. A. C. i. 5, n. And soberly did mount an arm-gaunt steed. Arm your prize — ofTer your arm to the lady you have won. T. N. K. V. 3, n. Arm your prize : I know you will not lose her. Aroint thee, explanatiqji of. L. iii. 4, i. Aroint thee, witch, aruint thee. Aroint. M. i. 3. n. See L. iii. 4, i. •Aroint thee, witch ! ' the rump-fed ronyon cries. A-row — one after the other. C. L. v. 1, n. Beaten the maids a-ruw, and bound the doctor. Arras. H. 4. F. P. ii. 4, t. Go hide thee behind the arras. Arrest before judgment. C. E. iv. 2, f. One that, before the judgment, carries poor souls to hell. Arrive tAe— arrive at the. J. C. i. 2, n. But ere we could arrive the point propos'd. Arthur's show. H. 4, S. P. iii. 2, i. I remember at Mile end green (when I lav at Clement's inn), I was then sir Dagonet at Arthur's Sh::W. Articulated — exhibited in articles. H. 4, F. P. v. 1 , n. These things, indeed, you have articulated, Proclaim'd at market-crosses. Artijicial strife — contest of art with nature. T. Ath. i. l,n. Artijicial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Arundel, escape of Thomas son of the earl of. R. S. ii. 1 , I. The son of Richard, earl of Arundel, That late broke from the duke of Exeter. /Is bid — as to bid. ,T. iv. 2, n. Or tum'd an eye of doubt upon my face. As bid me tell my tale in express words. As how — with a train of circumstances. A. L, iv. 3, n. Tears our recountments had most kindly bath'd , As h'jw I came into that desert place. As our good wills. Cor. ii. 1, n. It shall be to him then, as our good loUh; A sure destruction. Asli o/— ask for. M. W. i. 2, n. Ask of doctor Caius' liouse. Aspersion — sprinkling. J. iv. l,n. No sweet aspersion shall the heavens let fall To make this contract grow. Assay of the deer. J. ii. 2. i. And, like a jolly troop of huntsmen, come Our lusty English, all with purpled hands. Assinego — ass. J. C. ii. 1, n. An assinego may tutor thee. Association of ideas, Mr. Whiter's theory of. R. J. i. 3, 1. Read o'er the volume of young Paris' face. Assum'd this age — put on these appearances of age. Cy. v. 5, n. He it is that hath Assum'd this age. Assured — -affianced. C. E. iii. 2, n. I was assured to her. Assur'd — affianced. J. ii. 2, n. That I did so, when I was first assur'd. Astonished him — stunned him with the blow. H. F. v. 1, n. Enough, captain ; you have astonished him. Astringer — falconer. A, W. v. 1, t. Enter a gentle Astringer. At each. L. iv. 6, n. Ten masts at each make not the altitude Which thou hast perpendicularly fell. At liberty — of his own unrestrained will. H. 4, F. P. V. 2, n. Never did 1 hear Of any prince so wild at liberty. Atone together— unite. A. L. v. 4, «. Then is there mirth in heaven. When earthly things made even Atone together. Atone you — make you in concord. R. S. i. l,»i. Since we cannot atone you, you shall see Justice design the victor's chivalry. Atone (v.) — to make at one. (^y. i. o, n. I was glad I did atone my countryman and you. Atone (v.) — he reconciled. Cor. iv. 6, n. He and Aufidius can no more atone. Than violentest contrariety. Attended -waited for. U. 6, T. P. iv. 6, n. And the lord Hastings, who attended him In secret ambush on the forest side. Aumerle, duke of R. S. i. 3, i. Away with me— like me. H. 4, S. P. iii. 2, «, She never could away with me. Awful — in the sense of lawful, G. V. iv. 1, n. Thrust from the company of awful men. Awful — reverential. H. 4, S. P. iv. 1 , n. We come within our awful banks again. And knit our powers to the arm of peace. Awkward wind — epithet used by Marlowe and Drayton. H. 6, S. P, iii. 2, n. And twice by awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again unto my native clime, Awless — not inspiring awe. J. i. 1, n. Against whose fiery and unmatched force The awless lion could not wage the fight. Aye remaining lamps — constantly burning lamps. P. iii. l,n. Where, for a monument upon thy bones. And aye-remaining tamps. B. Baccare — go back. T. S. ii. 1 , n. Baccare ! you are marvellous forward. Badge of fame to slander's livery. Luc. n. At least 1 give A badge of fame U) slander's livery ; A dying life to living infamy. BAG ( 486 ) BED Bagpipes. M. V. iv. 1, t. Bagpipe. Bagpipe. H. 4, F. P. i. 2, i. The drone of a Lincolnshire bagpipe. Bailitr, dress of the. C. E. iv. 2, i. A fellow all in buff. Bailiff, dog-like attributes of the. C. E. iv. 2, i. A hound that runs counter, and yet draws dry- foot well. Balconies on the stage. R. J. iii. 5, i. Juliet's chain btr. BaWrtcA— belt. M. A. i. 1, n. Or hang my bugle in an invisible baldrick. Bale—Tuin. Cor. i. 1, n. Rome and her rats are at the point of battle, The one side must have bate. Ba/e/u;— baneful. H. 6, F. P. v. 4, n. By sight of these our baleful enemies. Balk — pass over. T. S. i. 1, n. Bulk logic with acquaintance that you have. Ba/ft'rf— heaped up. H. 4, F. P. i. 1, n. Ten thousand bold Scots, two-and-twenty knights, Balk'd in their own blood, did sir Walter see On Holmedon's plains. Ballad. H. 4, S. P. iv. 3,(. I w ill have it in a particular ballad. Balluw — pole. L. iv. 6, n. Or ise try whether your costard or my balluw be the harder. jBanrf— bond. C. E. iv. 2, n. (See R. S. i. 1, n.) Tell me, was he arrested on a band? Band — bond. R. S. i. l,n. Hast thou, according to thy oath and band. Brought hither Henry Hereford, thy bold son? Banishment, law of. R. S. i. 3, i. Our part therein we banish. Banh'd their towns — sailed along their banks. J. v. 2, n. Have I not heard these islanders shout out, Vive le roy ! as I have banh'd their towns f Bans — curses. L. ii. 3, n. Sometime with lunatic bans, sometime with prayers. Barbasan — evil spirit in the ' Daemonology.' H. F. ii. 2, n. 1 am not Barbason, you cannot conjure me ! Barbed — caparisoned. R. T. i. 1, n. And now, instead of mounting barbed steeds. Barbers' shops. A. W. ii. 2, «. It is like a barber's chair. Bare the raven's eye. Cy. ii. 2, ». Swift, swift, you dragons of the night, that dawning May bare the raven's eye! Barm — yeast. M. N. D. ii. 1, n. And sometime make the drink to bear no barm. Same— child. W. T. iii. 3, n. Mercy on 's, a bame, a very pretty bamel Baronets, order of. O. iii. 4, i. The hearts of old gave hands ; But our new heraldry is — hands, not hearts. Base — prison-base (the game). G. V. i. 2, n. Indeed, I bid the base for Proteus. Base court — lower court. R. S. iii. 3, n. My lord, in the base court he doth attend. Basilisco like. J. 1. l,n. Knight, knight, good mother, — Basilisco-like. Bastard, whom the oracle — allusion to the tale of CKdipus. T. Ath. iv. 3, n. Think it a bastard, whom the oracle Hath doubtfully pronounc'd thy throat shall cut, And mince it sans remorse. Sat— club. L. C. n. So slides he down upon his grained bat. Bate — strife, debate. M. W. i. 4, n. And, 1 warrant you, no tell-tale, nor no breed- bate. Bate. H. F. iii. 7,n. 'T is a hooded valour ; and, when it appears, it will bate. Bate breeding — strife-breeding. V. A. n. This sour informer, this hate-breeding spv. Baled. H. 4, F. P. iv. 1, n. All fumish'd, all in arms : All plum'd, like estridges that with the wind Bated. Batler — bat used in washing linen in a stream. A. L. ii. 4,n. I remember the kissing of her hatter. Battle-knights, creation of. J. i. l,i. A soldier, by the honour-giving hand Of Coeur-de-Lion knighted in the field. Battles upon the stage. H. F. i. Chorus, i. But pardon, gentles all. Bavian — character in the morris-dance. T. N. K. iii. 5, R. Enter Gerrold, four Countrymen (and the Ba- vian"). Bavin — brushwood. H. 4, F. P. iii. 2, n. He ambled up and down With shallow jesters and rash bavin wits. |
bpt6k4372654p_6 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | — 21 heure» : Sketch. — 21 h. 15 : Con cert Les belles auditions du mardi MCE-CORSE P. T. T. — 19 h. 65 1 « Louise », de G. Charpentier (Opéra-Co mique). POSTE l-XRIMKV RADIO LUXEM BOURG et IIADIO-TOUI.OU8F., — 20 h. 15: Demi-heure de variétés, LYON et TOULOUSE P. T. T. 20 h. M; • Noire Passion », «le Wnrhthnuaen et Reulllard (Odéoo). TOUR El FEI, et GRENOIILE-P. T. T. — 20 li. 30 : • Eraneillon », d'A. Dumas (ils (Comédie Française). EMISSION FEDERALE. — 20 h. 30 » Œuvre» de Enesco, Vulllermoz, Moussuruski. Mil 20 h. 35 :. Marlstelln », opé ra de Plétrl. POSTE PARISIEN. — ît heures : Festival Wagner (oreheslre de» Concerte G» lonnei.OGIXlessive à l’oxygène indispensable pour les tissus délicatsŸ vProduit do la Soolété Anonyme de laPHENIXFEUIU.F.TON DE LA « PETITE GIRONDE » du 19 mal 1936.œLe Sphinx du Maroc par Jean de LA. HIRB(Suite.)Car Ils entendaient que plusieurs hommes se ruaient dans la pièce. Alors concevant bien qu'ils allaient être Immédiatement découverts, Ils e* dressèrent, le koumla au poing. Ils purent voir là-bas, sur le seuil, dans la lumière, un Marocain blanc le ver les bras en Jetant un cri. Sans au cun doute, un ordre d'arrêt, car une douzaine de noirs demi-nus, colossaux, qui s’étalent Jetés en troupe dans l’es pace rentrai sAparant les deux grou pes de cuves, s'arrêtèrent net, avec une tension en arrière de leurs corps lui sants. Et sur leur gauche, le Marocain blanc s'avança. 11 y eut un instant d’immobilité gé nérale et de silène* absolu. Puis le Marocain leva la ma<n droite, et en bon français : — Messieurs, le suis assez Informé su sujet do Saint-Clair le Nyctalone pour supposer, pour être même certain, que vous ôtes ses deux compagnons habituels, ses fidèles serviteurs qu* Von nomme Vitto et Soc a. Je vous assure <jue le mieux pour vous est de jeter vos armes et de vous rendre, votre maître 1# tfyctal.QBc, a été pris. Ensuite mot-nwmv* j>arôOTn*a nt 1* chemin d*ronde et visitant l’une après l’autre les tours. J'al découvert le gardien de por te que votre maître a <fû endormir. Il m'a été facile dès lors de suivre le che min par lequel vous êtes arrivés Ici. • La Nyctalope est passé dans les ap partements par eette patte là-bas, et vous, natuellement. vous attendiez qu'il vous fit connaître son succès, ou qu'il vous appelât à la rescousse. Il n'a pas triomphé. Il est vaincu. Il ne vous appellera pas. Rendez-vous I » Alors Vitto Jura et Soc a se mit à rl ro. Puis le premier donna un coup de coude au second. Cela voulait dire : « Parle, toi I », car, dans les circonstan ces graves, Soea était l'orateur du cou ple. Et Soca obéit. — Monsieur, dit-il. nous nous empres serions do Jeter nos armes et de nous rendre si lo patron lui-même nous en donnait l’ordre, Incontestablement, 11 est pris, puisque vous voilà Ici, vous. Alors, nous n'avons rien à ménnger. Nous sommes décidés à nous défendre Jusqu'à la mort. Ou bien donnez-nous votre parole que vous nous conduirez tout de suite à notre maître, en nous laissant libres do nos membres, et que vous nous ferez narDurer ea turlsnnAuprès de lui, seulement, nous dépose rons nos armes et nous offrirons nos poignets aux cordes. Mais 11 est bien entendu que le serment que vous allez nous faire nous garantit que, dans quelque prison que ee soit, nous ne serons jamais séparés de notre maître et que si vous le mettez à mort nous mourrons avec lui. Les deux Corses, attentifs, perçurent un sourire sur les lèvres du Marocain et dans ses yeux une lueur do Joie per flde., Alors Soca vivement : — C’est sur le Coran que vous ju rerez, monsieur. Nous n'acceptons pas une simple parole d’honneur ni une autre formule de serment. Un musulman peut mentir; il peut, avec perfidie, faire une promesse à double sens; U n'hésite même pas, st l(*f circonstances le veulent, à aiser rie cette « restriction mentale », qui n'est pas, autant que certains veulent le croire, de l'Invention de la Compagnie de Jésus; mais un serment fait sur le Coran est sacré pour un vrai musul man, comme est sacrée pour un vrai chrétien un serment fait sur l’Evangile.Or, la réputation du Nyctalope et de ses deux Co bile, et même si légendalremcnt am plifiée dans certains milieux marocains, que Moulay el Arbl aurait eu la certltu de de commettre une folle Imprudence s'il avait consenti à réunir dans la mê me prison les trois hommes, même chargés do liens, même séparés du monde extérieur par des murs sans f(* nôtres et par des portes doubles et tri ples, fermées au verrou et à clef, sur veillés nuit et Jour par des gardes. Non. cela il ne pouvait pas l’accorder. Son sourire disparut, see yeux devinrent graves et 11 prononce i— C’est impossible I Vous allez vous rendre sans conditions, ou bien Je vous fais attaquer. — Allez-y ! répliqua rudement Vitto. — Comme 11 vous plaira 1 répliqua doucement Moulay el Arbl. Mais le caïd el méchouar se flattait d'être un tacticien. Il proféra un ordre auquel les douze noirs obéirent en re culant, en s'écartant les uns des autres et en occupant ainsi, en une ligne de front, toute la longueur de la pièce, au pied du mur opposé à celui contre lequel, du côté gauche et presque dans le coin, Vitto et Soca étalent debout derrière une cuve remplie do bols. Ht alors, sur un nouveau comman dement de Moulay el Arbl, les noirs avancèrent. Us opéraient un mouve ment tournant qui devait leur Uùrc encercler tout à la fols la cuve #t.ie coin de Soca et Vitto. Les deux Corses comprirent que s'ils attendaient d’être coincés, lis seraient tout à fait immobilisés par le flux des douze larges poitrines et des vingtquatre bras vigoureux. D’un regard lis se consultèrent et se mirent d accord. L’Instant d’après, Soca bondissait à Î anche, Vitto fonçait à droite, et avant 'avoir pu reculer ou se mettre en dé fense, deux Noirs étalent frappés, l’un à la uoltrine, l'autre au flanc, d'un violent coup de poignard. L'un tomba sans un cri; l'autre, titubant en arriè re, se mit à hurler. Ce ne fut qu'aloros que Vitto et fioen remarquèrent que leurs assaillants n'étalent pas armés. Formidables, 11 est vrai, par leur stature et leur vi gueur certaine, Ils avalent les mains nues; et aucun poignard, aucune cros se ne brillait à la ceinture qui rete naît à la taille leur pagne bleu*— Parbleu I s'écria Vitto, ils veulent nous prendre vivants 1 — Ils y réussiront peut-être, dit Soca, mais pas tous. Surpris par la b.usque attaque dont les camarades les plus avancés, aux ailes marchantes, étalent les victimes, les dix autres Noirs reculèrent. Mais Ils furent tout do suite cloués sur pla ce par les vociférations de Moulay cl Arbl. Et comme ces vociférations fu rent suivies, après un bref silence, d'un ordre sec, les dix colosses, cinq d'un côté, cinq do l'autre, firent le tour do la cuve et so précipitèrent dans le cou loir relativement étroit ménagé entre ces deux cuves et le mur. Dos à dos, Vitta et Soca Jouèrent du poignard et du browning, non pour faire feu avec celui-ci, mais pour as sommer. De la main gauche, chacun avait pris l’aime par le canon et 11 frappait, tandis que de la main droite, allant en arrière et partant en avant, enfonçait la longue lame recourbée du poignard. Plusieurs fols Ils furent saisis et sur le point d'être renversés, abattus. Mais dans lo corps à corps, Ils avalent sur tout la volonté do no pas laisser coin cer leur bras droit et alors Ils frap paient au flanc ou dans le dos, et ils se dégageaient de l'assaillant toujours grièvement blessé. Ainsi, en deux ml nutes à peine, Ils parvinrent à mettre hors de combat d'a nord trois adversai res, puis deux autres. Il no restait plus que cinq hommes debout contre eux. Aliénant, les Noirs reculèrent. La pièce retentissait de gémisse ments, de râles. Et, avec cette simili tude et ce synchronisme de pensées !ut leur étaient habituels, lee deux orseï eurent l'idée que l’air maintenant sentait la sueur et le sang hu main, comme à la Grande Guerre cer tains postes de secours de première ligne après l’attaque. Eux-mêmes, ten dus, frémissants, exaltés, percevaient la chaleur et l'cdeur do leur propre corps. Sensation brève, car sur un or dre do Moulay el Arbl la bataille chan gea de caractère. Ayant reculé tout à fait derrière une des cuves do droite, les cinq Noirs menaient des morceaux do bols et, à outo volée les Jetaient de manière à frapper aux Jambes leurs deux terri bles ennemis. — Ah I le bougre !... gronda Vitto en menaçant de scs deux poings armés le lointain Moulay el Arbl. Lointain, on effet, car le caïd avait eu soin de s'en aller Jusqu'à la porte ferronnée, sur la poignée de laquelle il avait mis la main, se ménageant ainsi une retraite Immédiate pour le cas où la nouvelle tactique, dont 11 venait d’avoir l'Inspiration, n’empftcherait pas les deux forcenés de bon dir vers lui. Certes, Vitto et Soca y pensaient i Mais pour ce faire, ils auraient dû marcher complètement à découvert ent les cuves et traverser le vaste espa ce libre du milieu de la pièce. Là, Ils seraient fatalement atteints, et do plein fouet, par les projectiles Improvisés. Us n'en mourraient pas, mais Ils pour raient en être meurtris aux Jambes, aux genoux, aux cuisses, et même aux flancs assez rudement pour perdre l'équilibre et tomber. Même retranchés derrière leur cuve, ils n'étalent pas complètement à l'abri Car, lancés aveo une violence extrême les rondins fendue carambolaient à l’anal* du tnu& et Breiqua * chaquecoup venaient frapper plus ou moins survivre, du moins à la batallW, acrudement les membres ilnférleurs des deux Corses, Pourtant, Moulay el Arbl constata que le tir indirect ne pourrait être vraiment efficace que par un hasard qui risquerait de se faire longtemps attendre. Et de nouveau il profera un commandement. Alors, ce no fut plus aux Jambes et par carambolage que les Noirs visè rent l'ennemi, mais directement à la roitrinc, aux bras. Us étaient adroits. Is no toucheraient certainement pas la tète. Et d'autre part Vitto et Soca ne pouvaient avoir l'idée de so baisser de manière à être complètement cachés derrière la cuve, car alors, Incontesta blement, les cinq Noirs bondiraient et leur tomberaient dessus tous à la fois. — Heu t heu I... grogna Vitto. C'est le commencement de la fin I Et Soca : — Naturellement 1... |
1823232_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 켈()은 독일 바덴뷔르템베르크주에 위치한 도시로 면적은 75.06km2, 높이는 139m, 인구는 35,032명(2015년 12월 31일 기준), 인구 밀도는 470명/km2이다.
행정 구역상으로는 프라이부르크 현에 속한다. 라인강과 접하며 강 반대편에는 프랑스 스트라스부르가 위치한다.
외부 링크
켈 공식 홈페이지
바덴뷔르템베르크주의 도시.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20107 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import os
def build(client, dockfile, *args, **kwargs):
return client.build(path=dockfile, *args, **kwargs)
def run(client, image, output, *args, **kwargs):
output_path = os.path.abspath(output)
id_container = client.create_container(image=image, volumes=['/package'],
host_config=client.create_host_config(binds={
output_path: {
'bind': '/package',
'mode': 'rw',
}
}))
client.start(id_container)
return client.logs(container=id_container, stream=True)
|
zionslandmarkse3419unse_0_43 | English-PD | Public Domain | 507 Blight have left undone, but my time has come, and it is too late now. I tried to pray, but it seemed to me that my prayer never got high- er than my head. Every breath was, Lord have mercy on me a poor, lost sinner. Now the time has come, here is death right here, Lord, have mercy, I am gone. The wages of sin are sinking me down in this terrible hell without hope. It seemed that 1 was in a compress and it was coming down on me by degrees. I lay under that compress from about 12 o'clock in the morn- ing until nearly sunset. If this whole world had been eased down on me it would not have been any heavier. That weight came down on me until it seemed to me I was smothering to death. I don't know how long I was gone, when I came to that terrible weight was easing off, and after awhile it was gone, and as soon as it was gone this passage of Scripture came to me "for the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord." When that came I never can tell any one how I felt. It seems to me if I could have gotten up and gone out doors the wind would have blown me away. I never felt so good in my life. If I had ten thousand tongues I could not have praised my Savior half enough. Then I heard sung. ' Amazing Grace how sweet the sound, That saved a wretch like me, I once was lost but now am found, Was blind but now I see." A VISION. I was carried to a place where there was a tremendous founda- tion of brick work, something like the tower of Babel I imagine, and I was carried there, and placed upon a stage that was built around the foundation. Some distance above the ground I thought I had to work on the work where I was placed. I had my trowel with me I thought, and when I got ready to go to work, I looked around for my morter, and it was nothing but gi ass loots, and other grass mixed with it; and when I went to work it would not do; I then threw it off the stage, and came down myself to examine the scene, and when I got down on the ground, I walked up to the front of the tower, and there were two furnaces. I thought I wanted to see in them; I said if it be the Lord's will for me to see in those furnaces m&y the doors open, and they came open and I never touched them. And behold ! There was a very hot hi e in both, and I looked for a few minutes, and they closed. I never touched them but went round on the other side, and there was more ventila- tion than I ever saw to anything. It seems to me that there must have been a thousand holes in that side of it. Then I went around to the front side, where I came down off the stage, and looked at that, and there was the prettiest h* re- place I ever saw. When I got through looking at that, I was carried back on the stage, and I looked around for my mOrter and there it was. Where it came from I don't know. I never saw any like it before. It looked like there were live things in it, but never- theless I worked if, I did not see any brick to do any work with, but I spread my morter just like I had brick, but there were not any brick as I saw. As soon as I spread the morter, there was a brick plac- ed in my hand, and I worked faith- fully lor a. while; I never saw a brick until they were placed in my hand, where. 'they came from I do not know. Afrer I had done one side of the work, something spoke to me and said, "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord.'' I stop- 508 ZION'S LANDMARK. ped at once, and on the back side length of the work, that wenl in the direction of those furnaces. When I stopped to see the salva- tion of the Lord it seems to me thousands upon thousands of liv- ing creatures, of some kind, came and went down in that hole in the back of it. Then 1 was command- ed to go ahead again, and straigh- ten up the other side, and some- thing spoke and said, "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord." Then there cajne a shower of some- thing, I don't know what it, was. When it commenced falling, I held out my hands and commenced to catch and eat; my hands would not hold enough, and I took off my hat and caught it, and ate it. I do not know what it was, but it was as white as snow. After I ate a while, I was commanded to stop, but I did not have half enough, but yet I stopped and then I completed the work. While I was completing the work there came a man on the stage, and commenced grinning and making faces at me. 1 thought it did not offend me at all. While he was there 1 heard a couple of oaths, and 1 thought it was my father's voice, and while looking at him, 1 looked for my work and it had gone up, and left me stand^ ing there with that man. AVhen I looked up it seems like I went up as light as a feather, and when 1 got to my work it came to me, "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord." There appeared on the top of the work something made of sticks, and it was full of something like snuff, but it was not snuff, and it commenced to sift down on the brick work, and that was the fittest brick work 1 ever saw in my life. It seems that it was to dress it oil' Then it came to me, that j wanted to look down, and when T looked down, I could not see the ground, any more than you could see the sky. It looked down just like it looks when you look up. Then 1 was commanded to stand still and see the salva- tion of the Lord. Then I stopped and 1 saw the 1 leavens open and saw where the Father, Son and Holy Grhost stayed, but I did not see them. Oh ! T can never tell what a beautiful place that was when the Heaven's opened; no tongue under the sun can tell how beautiful. Then my trowel was placed in my hand again, I thought at that time my trowel was like unto Moses' rod. I could make everything that I was commanded to make. When I was commanded to do anything I did it as I was taught, went to work on something like unto a coffin, and I would move my trowel on the corners, and the elbows, and it was the prettiest thing in the shape of a coffin I ever saw in my life. The corners were solid gold and silver, and the fittest gold knobs on the corners you ever saw. The knobs would cross like unto an X. After I had completed the coffin I was commanded to stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord. I could not imagine what would be next, but I stopped as I was com- manded. There I stood looking for what would be next, and while I was standing right at the head of the coffin up came my dear Sav- ior on the cross crucified. Oh ! there were the nails in His feet, and hands. When He came before my eyes, I thought I had some fears, and I went to Him, did not take time to pull the nails out of His feet and hands. T cut the heads and with Him gently in my arms laid Him in the coffin which I had made, and put the lid on the coffin, and then I was com- ZION'S LANDMARK. 509 manded to stand still and see the salvation of the Lord. I stopped and I thought that I was not to look up. 1 could look under the coffin and see hands just as thick as they could be; but 1 never look- ed up, and those hands cased Him away out of my sight. Then there was a large bundle of straw brought upon the work, and I was com- manded to put lire to it, and if I turned loose, it would fall; then I was to be tried by fire, neverthe- less I obeyed the command. I stuck tire to it and put it all in my arms, the fire was all over me and it never singed a hair on my head, neither scorched my clothes. While it was burning I looked down for my man that I left down on the work that was making faces at me, and he had disappeared. I don' t know what became of him. The straw all burned up. And there came a voice to me and said it is done, it is finished. David T. Ward. Fremont, N. C. Dear Brethertt and Sisters <>k The Household of Faith : — I de- sire to ask for a space in your Landmark, though I feel unwor- thy to do so, yet I wish to tell you how I have felt toward the Primi- tive Baptists, and how I feel to know the change was through and by the Power of God. My par- ents. W. C. and Victoria Askew were both disciples. I was raised in Sunday school. Why am I not there now! Just then this scripture came to me. 2 Timothy: "Who hath saved us, and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began." In the morning of the 29th of June I must say I never felt better in my life, and it seemed to me that everything I looked at that morn- ing was prettier than it has ever been. I jnst felt like I must have some preaching. 1 have been tor years so I did not want to hear any other but the Primitive Bap- tists. I hope and feel that it was made known to me that night they were the children of God. If I am wrong I hope the way is open for correction. I love their songs, I think they are beautiful, (have said before now they had no tunes.) Our new house is finished so we can use it and we organized the church tUe first Saturday in July. It was named Damascus. One of our sisters named it. I thought it was just as suitable as could be, We extend our thanks to the com- munity and friends and to our Blessed God for letting us have it. We had two sermons by brother D. A. Newborn and brother L. E. Everette. I feel and hope the will of God was in these. We had few in number but Oh, how sweet is the truth as it is in Jesus, when we can feel the power of it in our souls. Let us all remember that God is no respecter of persons, that whatever we sow, that shall we reap. Don't think for a mo- ment that because our people, the Primitive Baptist are correct in the main, we should not study the scripture carefully, and pray to God to give us understanding. We should obey the word of the Lord therein recorded, the Lord has to stir them up, burn them out, chas- ten them often to teach them his power and judgment. Above all the people in this world I know I honor and love all those called of God to preach, and who do preach the true gospel of Christ. A life like this is worth living; one of devo- tion to God and obedience toHis ho- ly commandments for no earthly re- ward, but in view of a future judg- ment, A life of this sort would ZION'S LANDMARK. not be a vain one. May the Lord enable ns all to consider this sub- ject, and give ns an understand- ing of its importance, and lead ns practically into the obedience of faith to tlie praise and honor pf His glorious name for Jesus sake, Amen. Doha E. Horton. Elder P. J). Gold, Dear broth- er:— As I am confined at home on the account of sickness and have been for sometime, 1 have decided to write. you a few lines to let you and others know where 1 am, and what T am. A lew days before the Country Line Association my wife was tak- en very sick, and for several days 1 thought she must die, and I should be left alone. But through the mercy of (rod she recovered, and got so she could get about the house; but on the 9th of this month she was taken again and has been very sick but is better now. 1 have been having the fe- ver for a few days, but 1 can sit up today. Dear brother while i can t go around to the association it don't keep me from thinking of the many good brethren and sisters and friends that 1 have met so of- ten, and when brother P. Briant came down to see my wife, and he told me that Brother Gold and Brother Hardy prayed for me and my wife in public, I could not help but shed tears, and when I think of it now it melts me into tears, for I just felt like I was not worthy to be remembered by the good breth- ren. But I am so glad they can remember just such a pool', vile sin- ner as 1 am. Dear brother, 1 feel like sometimes that surely that 1 am deceived in the whole matter, for my name has been cast out as evil for contending for the path and practice of the old Baptists, and sometimes felt that I should sink under it; but at other times I have felt that 1 had received the confirmation from God that I was right. Sometimes I have felt all these things are against me. Some- times I think of this scripture, he that will live godly shall suffer persecution. But I feel that I am far from living godly, but that I should live godly let my sufferings be what they may, for when I think of the cause of Christ and his king- dom 1 know it is above everything on earth, and God's people are fold to "seek first the Kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto them,'" and I believe that scripture was addressed to the Church alone. Dear brother, do God's preach ers lift up their voice like a trum- pet and show his people their sins like they did years ago. Do they reprove 'and rebuke like the old preachers did, and have God's people got so they will not hear, and forgot the Lord that has done such great things for them? I re- main, Your Brother, Isaac Jonks. Maple Hill. N. T, Sep. 19. 19(11 Mrs. Mary E. Sanford, Dear Sis- ter Rense:--You requested me a long time ago to write you my experi- ence, but feeling so weak and un- profitable and that my experience would not be of interest or comfort to you, I have therefore withheld my pen, although have felt that I would love to tell you all that I hope the Father of love has done for my poor soul ; if indeed it is the work of His great love. I feel dear sister, that if I am saved it is all through the goodness and ten- der mercy of an all-wise and a most merciful God, who has loved and given His only dear Son to suffer, bleed and die for just such poor worthless creatines as I. When in my seventeenth year while work- ZION'S LANDMARK. 511 ing in the lield I felt to be sinking- down beneath a heavy burden of sin and condemnation, suddenly the thought of being lost forever overpowered me in-so-much that I fell upon the ground, feeling that (torment) to be the place prepared for me. I cried unto the Lord for mercy — Lord be merciful to me a sinner, as I then felt to be the chief of sinners. I felt that the jnst and holy One above was frowning upon this poor wretched boy, and I would soon be assigned my portion with the sinner and ungodly. These feelings continued for a long- time, 11 years; often feeling there is no hope for me. Others can be saved, but I have sinned away the day that I might have turned to the Lord. I concluded my time was near at hand when I would have to leave this world, and if lost let my last words be begging the Lord for his mercy, for I be- lieved this just sentence had been proclaimed from the holy courts of eternal glory. I thought that Grod loved father and mother, brothers and sisters, but as for me I had no friend on earth nor in Heaven. While I tried to think as little of this condition as I possibly could, I still felt my sins con- demning me, and the very breath- ings of my soul were Lord have mercy. 1 would try to pray but felt it to be a sin for so wicked a one as I to call upon His holy name. 1 would go to pleaching expecting some relief, but could get none. I remember once while in Montgom- ery county, N. C. I heard of an appointment for Elder Isaac Jones which was thirty-live miles from where I was staying. I decided to go, having no conveyance 1 made it on foot, and he as usual was at full liberty; I felt no comfort under his preaching, while I could see others enjoying it. I felt condemned, for if memory serves me he rose re- penting these words, "blessed are they that know the joyful sound." 1 attended protracted meetings and was persuaded to the mourn- ers bench, but I could not pray. The preacher would tell me to give my heart to the Lord and He would forgive my sins. This was the thing I desired to know — how I might be able to give over to the Lord. The preacher could not tell, but would just say, believe him, trust him. Well, if that is the re- quirement, how am I to get about it? He would tell me that just about the time I would embrace religion he could discern it by the warmth of the hand. How foolish to a sin-sick soul is faith like this, for my whole and only desire was for the dear Savior to condescend in looks of pity upon me a poor sinner, and there was nothing in this world that could have prevent- ed the desire for his mercy and the silent and inward emotions often whispering, "what shall I do to be saved?" Time went and no prospect for a brighter day ahead. Still I contin- ued to retire to some selected spot there to pour out my cry unto the (rod of all good, but every word seemed to fall unnoticed to the ground, all the while feeling justly condemned before God. Elder j. M. Wyatt visited our home and as 1 listened to him in his conversa- tion on the subject of Heavenly things I felt a little hope that some day I might realize that peace of mind which I saw in him, a child of Ood. I had a love for him I .cannot forget, and in the following- September, 1893, while alone in the lield as I meditated on these long- months and years of darkness that I had passed through, I for the first time could realize that Jesus was my friend, and could say "Bless the Lord, oh my soul and all that is 612 ZION'S LANDMARK. within me bless His holy name." The Son of righteousness shined in upon my darkened mind and dis- pelled the durk cloud that so long hung over me. A brighter day I never saw. Everything seemed to be praising God. Every living thing seemed to be praising His holy and adorable name. I didn't once think to feel the hand to see if this was religion, so that ques- tion did not then concern me, but the entire man and emotions of his mind were engaged in the sweet song of deliverance. Oh wonder- ful thought, the love of Jesus is here made manifest to a poor, de- spised one of earth, darkness turn- ed into light, mourning into joy and gladness. 1 thought of you all and wanted to tell you about the love of Jesus and this sweet season of rejoicing — a heaven below. I began to question, is this the moving power of the holy spirit or is it an ambitious fancy of the mind? From then I began to fear 1 might be mistaken, i hough 1 felt to love the company of Christians more than anything else and would often seek their company. Old de- sires seemed to have passed away, former aspirations were no pleas- ure then, new desires were fore- most, things once loved is felt to be despised; yet with all this turn- ing about in mind, I fear 1 am mis taken, darkness comes over me aim causes a return to beg for mercy ; and sometimes these words have been sweet and comforting, "The Lord is my shepherd. I shall not want, &c. ' The sweetness of these and other words are getting utterly indescribable. I cannot forget the next visit of Elder Wyatt. when you were with us at the little meeting, such a glorious evidence of our acceptance in that home above, though we were soon to part on earth. I felt our parting would not be long; oh dear sister such feasts of love is heaven on earth; oh how forgetful we are, but when I think of these past evidences of his loving kind- ness I cannot but be inclined to go back seeking for the same. To-day I lookback over my past life and I see nothing good that I have ever done that would cause the great God of the universe to condescend in pity upon this poor worthless worm of the dust, or to even look this way, for I feel that if my acceptance, with respect to regeneration, had been left to me and my good works as merits of salvation, (eternal) long, long ago I would have been cut off and been numbered with the ungodly. My life has been one long, rugged, rough journey, now and then a sip from the pure fountain of love to quench the thirst of the poor worn and weary traveller as he goes up and down through this world of sin and sorrow. Dear sister, if this is the mov- ings of the Holy Spirit in my fee- ble mind, though poor and cast down it is worth more to me than ten thousand worlds like this. The unspeakable joy of these little foretastes and the words of apos- tles that the warfare is accom- plished makes me sometimes feel at peace with the great counsellor and peacemaker. I know dear Mary I am not worthy of God's blessings. I am so far from duty, often find myself carried about by wordly pleasures and dishonoring Him who has done so much for me. Yes, when there was no other help and no other eye to pity, the blessed Lord heard and hearkened to my cry. Yet my soul why cast down, "I look again to the Holy Temple ' for a return of these sweet evidences of His great love, and He inclines His ear; ZION'S LANDMARK. 613 Ihen again I am made to exclaim, "Salvation is of the Lord." Strange to say, 1 had no I nought that my mind* would lead me to want to unite with the Primitive Baptist church, for 1 had died hard enough to disdain their order and doctrine, but to no avail. 1 went on for over a year before my mind was centered on any particu- lar church or organized body. 1 attended the Country L ne Associ- ation, held with the church at Mc- Rae's, Alamance county, N. C, which was forty miles from where 1 lived. By some cause, 1 hope a good one, my mind led me to ;\\- tend the meeting, and to do other- wise 1 could not get consent. 1 thought it the loveliest meeting 1 evei attended. The preaching ser- vices were conducted by Elders Blalock, Hutchins, Peeden, Ad- ams, Bodenheimer, Stubbs, lias- sell, Jones, Williard and Terry. 1 now began to love them as 1 never did before. Seeing the manifesta- tions of such peculiar love among them, 1 had some desire to be in a nearer relationship with that lovely people. But felt that I could not at all attempt to offer myself, believing I was too imper- fect and unworthy, and full of de- ceit!'illness and sin, for to deceive the people of God would be an aw- ful crime indeed. That good meeting continued to be impressed on my mind till the following May, when dear Elder Rufns Hutchins came to our home in North Carolina on his mission, visiting the churches and preaching the gospel as I believe of the Son of God, and was taken sick and died. He was a lovely good man, or boy, as we called him, and his preaching was sweet to me. I be- lieve I loved him so dearly that I felt it enjoined upon me to wait on and nurse him as carefully and ten- derly as I would an angel little babe. The day before he died as. I was walking alone if was made plain to me that he would soon have to leave the d ials of earth. I stepped aside and tried to offer a feeble petition, desiring, could it be the Lord's will, to meet him in Heaven. For 1 believe by the grace of God he was prepared for the glory land, and ready to go. When I arose to goon if was made plain I hat ! had a duty to perform, and felt, willing at that hour to go in discharge of the sa me; from then on w as my strongest desire to join the church. But doubts and fears would come over me and I would think surely 1 am not the one, be- ing so ignorant and unworthy. W hen the trouble arose in the little church at Mt. Tabor and tore it asunder I was so very much eon- fused over the coldness that then existed, 1 tried to be silent and satisfied with my lot outside the pale of the church. After worry- ing over it for some time I vowed that 1 could not perform what 1 felt was my duty lest 1 bring disgrace, shame and reproach upon the I M< ssed cause of Jesus and His church. As we made preparations for our departure from North Carolina to Florida in pursuit of earthly gain the thought entered my mind that this will forever settle these impressions, pursuits will be dif- ferent, my life will be given whol- ly to the vocation whatever it may chance to be and will probably be miles distant from those I am made to love and this duty will finally not enter my mind. In regard to worldly things dear sister, I found wdiat this carnal mind desired. Not many months had passed, after l eaching the section selected before I began to feel lonely and cast down. Thence I longed more and more for t hose who could speak 614 ZION'S LANDMARK. comfort to ray troubled spirit, like those I had formerly conversed with, and looked upon as being the lovely peopleof the Most High, and who had given so good, timely ad- monition. I feel condemned in this, for not one could I find in our midst that could speak peace to my thirsty soul. Not one sentence of preaching did 1 hear proclaimed that salvation is by a free, unmer- ited gift of the most holy (rod by Jesus Christ our Lord. So after rinding our immediate settlement was of the wordly class, indulging to a very great extent in pride, wickedness and crime, I set out to a find a church. After trav- elling a long way, being tired and thirsty, I hailed in front of a very humble looking little building, and an elderly colored woman respond- ed, serving a gourd of fresh wat^r, her appearance alone, proof of many long years of toil and pain and hardship. I sat down in the shade telling her the intention of my journey. She said, "the colored people had a church not far away of the Primitive faith in which she had membership. But no church of the whites was nearer than away up in Georgia, lint some of the good white preachers comes some- times and preaches for us." Then she began talking of Jesus, His love and mercy, uttering many sweet sentences; His words spoken to His disciples just before leaving them to go to His Father. Although having been cast down in feelings and my soul panting for sweet communion with the dear Lord and His people, the message from this christian woman was meat and drink for my poor, hungry, thirsty soul, and if indeed I have an ex- perience of grace, she told it to my joy and »-reat surprise. 1 mention this because in it I believe. He who is rich in love, mercy and truth, convinces me of a proud and haughty mind, and that He, the possessor of all tilings came to the lowest stoop of humanity for the sake of his bride (church). Hence we go not among the proud, self- righteous, nor of necessity enter palaces nor stately mansions to find where Jesus truly dwells. But we've only to go to the lowly in heart, the cast down in spirit for "blessed are the poor in spirit.1' 1 made no further search there for the true church, and in the fall October, if memory serves me, while on the sick bed, I vowed that if I Avas permitted would perform the duties now being strongly im- pressed on my mind. The dear Lord gave me strength to recover, settle up my business, and in the meanwhile the way opening for our speedy move to this country, for which I felt to be thankful to him who doeth all things well. Now viewing the situation and finding no less than a half dozen factions, each claiming to be the entirely correct, my cry was, dear Lord hast thou forsaken me \ hast thou forever cast me oil*. Oh mis- erable man that I am cast out al- ready from His peaceful presence, I turned and went straightway into the house took up the Bible and as it opened my eyes caught upon the 2nd chapter of Jonah, as I read down through the chapter I felt my feelings therein related, and when I coned tided the Oth verse I was made willing I believe, like Jonah. "But 1 will sacrifice unto thee with the voice of thanksgiv- ing, I will pay that that 1 have vowed. Salvation is of the Lord" 1 continued to go to meeting and hear the gentle invitation for Cfod' s humble poor. Bui it would seem my weakness was too great. Still feel- ing my unworthiness I stayed out ZION'S LANDMARK. for several months desiring bright- er evidence and experience, till life seemed to be a burden to myself and family. I believe now the Lord had centered my mind upon the dear church at Little River, and when meeting days would come 1 could find excuses to stay away; but the lovely brethern and sister would seem to appear before me and would find myself talking to them and the congregation which was presented to my view, finally the time came when I must forsake all and follow Jesus, and on Friday before the third in August, 1900, I went forwarded and related a little of what 1 have here written and was admitted into the church, and was baptized the next day by Eld. James Gibbs. Never before did the waters seems so beautiful, the waves so calm aDd life so peaceful. But this season of rejoicing would not last long: was it too sweet and soul cheering for so poor and un- worthy as I. Many dark clouds have intervened, and often feel like one alone, and that I have no friend on earth, and the worst of all none in heaven. In this state of darkness and gloom I desire some lonely place there to pour out the desire of my poor heart to the Lord. I fully believe that this teaches me my utter helplessness and causes me to rely more and more on the promise of him who loves and has given himself for us that we through him might have life and peace, light and love more perfectly, I know that our trials and conflicts while in this sinful world are very great. But the promises "He that endures to the end shall be saved." Then with renewed hope and faith we press t»,i to the high calling knowing 5 'it is God wiio works in us both to will and to do of his good plea- sure." Our little experience teaches us that of a certainty it is not of him that willeth nor of him that ran- neth but God who slieweth mercy. We hope we have been enabled by faith, which stands in Him w ho is above and is a gift from the same, to look away from earth's rugged scene and life's uneven journey to a Celestial habitation whose build- er and maker is God. I will not speak much now of other duties which have been borne on my mind since my first love for the Primi- tive Baptist, while way back there in N. C.. I had endeavored to keep these things concealed for nearly six years, and felt condem- ned when Eld. AVyatt asked me and I denied of having such im- pressions, and passed through a miserable night. In October after I joined in August before the dear brethren called me to the stand, and have been trying to speak when- ever opportunity and invitations by the dear brethren and sisters open the way. But the efforts are so poor and feeble, and seem des- titute of gospel seasoning and words of comfort and encourage- ment to poor cast down sinners, that I fear to write further, de- siring that all who truly love the way of righteousness will pray for me, that I, together with all others professing to lov<-, may be kept in the light of the Truth. Yours in hope, G. B. Boeoughs. The visitors to the White Oak Association at Wilmington can buy reduced rates to Wilmington and return on all railroads leading there, from the 14th to the 19th of October, good until midnight of October 21st, on account of a meet- ing of the Society of Elks. E. E. Lttndy, 5 1 6 ZION'S LANDMARK. ZION'S LANDMARK "Remove not the anci nt Landmark which thy fathers have set." P. D GOLD Wibon, N. C. P. G LESTER Floy i, Va. R.ANNA PHILLIPS Macon, Ga VOLUME XXXIV No. 22 WILSON, N. C, OCT. 1, 1801. Entered at the Tost. Office at Wilson, North Carolina, as second-class matter. EDITORIAL. Dear Brother Gold: — 1 would be glad if you have any mind to write some upon the scripture commencing with the 22nd verse of the 9th chapter of Genesis going through the 26th verse. I espec- ially desire your views on 23rd verse, "And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid it upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the naked- ness of their lather, and their laces were backward and they saw not their father's nakedness." And why was the curse put upon Canaan, Ham's fourth son, and not niton his bret li ren I My mind has been exercised, or al leasl upon I his pari of scripture for almost a month, and perhaps you can relieve it. Yours in hope, Sa llie E. Rem frow. Remarks. It is evident that Shem and Ja- pheth w ere different.from Ham, and much nobler. Their fat her's nakedness-was not a matter of jest to them, nor could they look upon it. But Ham not only looked upon his father in that condition, but exposed him, or told the matter, publishing it. This disposition to publish aDd ex- pose' the faults of others is very common. It is equally common for one to ridicule the weakness of a man, arid make sport of him. This of course was aggravated in Ham's case, because it was his father's nakedness he was publish- ing. Would it not be better to hide such ;t thing, or cover it up 'i What other person would it wrong to cover that nakedness I Noah had not wronged any one like stealing his property would have done. If I take from another that which is his, or inflict on him any injury, it would not be proper for you to cloak or hide my crime; but this case was not of that sort. It was such an exposure of Noah as called for a covering of his nakedness. Ham's character was of that cor- rupt sort that reveled in such an exposure of his father, and that corrupt trait of his character was exposed by the occasion here offer- ed. Circumstances do not make a man's character so much as they reveal it, or rather show what it is. The disciples did not suspect Judas of being a traitor, but when the time arrives the devil has no trouble to enter into Judas, for he belongs to the devil; and he cove- nants for thirty pieces of silver to betray the innocent blood. The solemn teaching, the pure and holy ZION'S LANDMARK. 517 life, the miracles of Jesus, had no effect on him; nor did the engulf- ing nature of the Hood, nor the universal destruction of all out- side of the ark, nor the special fa- vor granted to Noah and his family, restrain Ham from his mockery; nor the conclusive evidence he had of Noah's righteousness prevent this ungrateful sou from an ex- posure of his unclean nature that respected not the condition of his father. But Sheni and Japheth, while the brothers of Ham, were yet of a far different and nobler spirit, which they exhibited on the proper oc- casion, and I suppose all their lives did show forth a nobler spirit. They loved and honored their father, and hence instead of jest- ing or publishing their father's condition, they took a cloth and threw it over him to hide his nak- edness. They also walked back- wards so they themselves did not see their father in that condition. They looked behind them or back- ward. Every time I look back I have much to be ashamed of in my own conduct. A life of shame appears before me. Then cannot I forgive another who has blundered ? If Grod has forgiven me should I not have compassion for another so far as to cover up and not expose his infirmities? Should I not. honor my father \ If I dishonor him I dishonor myself. How wonderfully the Lord God has nude provision for covering up our transgessions. Love hides the multitude of sins. When the Lord God made coats of skins and covered the nakedness of Adam and Eve he shadowed forth very brightly what he would do for his erring people. The robe of right- eousness wrought out by Jesus Christ, his well beloved Son, covers our transgressions from the begin- ning to the end, or makes an end of sin. He cuts off the tongue of the Egyptian sea, or stops the mouth of iniquity. Noah awoke from his wine and pronounced a blessing on Shem and Japheth, and a curse on Ham to be seen in his fourth son to-wit: Canaan and his descendants. This was not a fit of anger in Noah, nor any partiality. He was utter- ing a prophesy, or declaring the will of God. The Canaanites were a corrupt people, nations of idolaters, suffer- ed to dwell in the promised land until their iniquity was full, or until they had fulfilled their course and time, and then God delivered that land into the possession of Israel his chosen people. The curse of God never falls in the wrong place, or is without cause, lie is righteous in all his dealings with men. Because we know not why he does so and so, or because he gives not account of any of his matters, furnishes us with no rea- son to question his judgments nor their justice : but we should put our hand upon our mouth, and our mouths in the dust and cry out un- clean, unclean, as to ourselves, and holy and reverend is his name. Why he should take one and leave another seems good in his sight. Why he should hide these 518 ZION'S LANDMARK. t hings from the wise and prudent or those strong in the strength of this world, and reveal them un- to babes, or such as have no strength, we can never account for or on any reasoning of human na- ture, for it is contrary to all such sophistry. The black principles or lusts of depraved nature appear in these nations of Canaan which were also in Ham, and they are cursed of God whenever they ap- pear. The nobler nations of Shera and Japheth, Jew and Gentile, embracing the promised seed of God, first shown in Shem or the Hebrew, and then in Japheth or the Gentiles, who dwell in the tents of the Hebrews, or all the Gentiles upon whom the name of the Lord is called, dwell with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of God. For in the gospel of JesusChrisf the middle wall of partition is broken down, and they dwell together in unity where there is neither Greek nor .lew, but one new man, both one in Christ Jesus. But the black and lustful, unclean principles of Canaan cursed in Ham are servants, and take a low, vile place and never dwell in the goodly tents of Israel, nor are promoted to honor in the kingdom of heaven. All these un- clean principles are to be destroy- ed. While they are kept under they are made servants. They should never be allowed to dwell with Isaac. They breed unclean- ness and can never be tolerated in Israel. Do we not see in the earth, and has there not always been, a seed of evil doers, wicked, honor- ing not Cod, nor respecting his holy law? These shall all be des- troyed from the earth, while Israel shall dwell in the goodly land of promise. P. I). G. THE MINI). With the mind I myself serve the law of God, but with the tiesh the law of sin. |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000051855751 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000051855751 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?call=apr|18580210|1|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000051855751_1 | Europeana | Public Domain | KMctions-Bureau: "«N?«Srier, Tiirtu erzasse uz. linstanlirtc Briefe «erden nicht angenommen, Unversiegelte Zeiwng»-Reklamationen werbe« V»rt»srei Sefiir»ert, AnKimiligungZ -Hureuu: Stadt, «»llzetle .»«1. Inserate und Briefe a« dm Redactenr werd« nach dem daselbst zur Einsicht vorliegende» Tarife berechnet. (Erste Ausgabe.) «»tt»! sktq«, i >«r «Sei Abonnement für Men: Wr i Sa»r lo fi., e Monate S fi.. Monat 2 fl. sv kr., i Monat bv kr., 1 Woche 1« kr., mit ZusteUimz in'» Hau^vierteljährig 3 sl«, «natttch 1 ff. TM. Abonnement M M Provinz: FS» > Zabr it fl., s Monate 7 fl,, S Monat« ? fl. M kr. E. M. Setz« elWes« Nummer kostet drei «remei ««. An »gäbe: « Uhr Mbrgens, 4 Ubr Äieud» .M SS. Filial-Erpedit« i» de» V»rkS»ten: . Landstraße, Hauytstraß« Nr. s«. Wie" - - — Neue Wlede», HauPtstr. Nr. s?1. f. Hauptstraß« Nr. t«. MariahUf, Wien. Mittwoch den 1v. Februar 1858. /ili«l «rpedite i» V-> V-rstid»-«: st. Ulrich, Aircheugasse Nr. 1«. «lservorst., Blumengaffe Nr. lt4. Le» poldftadt, Hauptfwaße Nr. »14. 11. Telegramme der Kesterreichischen Correspondenz. Berlin, 9. Februar. Das Herrenhaus und das Haus der Abgeordneten haben heute in corpore dem Prinzen und der Prinzessin Friedrich Wilhelm ihre Glückwünsche abgestattet. Paris, 9. Februar. Dem heutigen Moniteur zufolge hat der Senat das Gesetz in Betreff der Eidesleistung der Wahlcandidaten einstimmig angenommen. — Der Admiral Lepredour und der Staatsrath Barbaroux wurden zu-Se natoren ernannt. Paris, 9. Februar. Das von General Espinasse an die Präsecten gerichtete Rundschreiben erklärt die Oründe der Uebertragung von Civil-Functionen an Militärs. Frank reich, glücklich und ruhmvoll, habe sich seit 6 Jahren einem übermäßigen Vertrauen hingegeben, das durch die Groß muth des Kaisers noch erhöht wurde. Das verabschenens- würdige Attentat habe die Augen geöffnet und den wilden Groll der revolutionären Partei enthüllt, die Besorgnisse des Landes seien erwacht und man sei ihnen Bürgschaften der Sicherheit schuldig. Es frage sich weder um discretio- näre, noch um Maßregeln unnöthiger Strenge; aber es thue eine sorgfältige, unaufhörliche Überwachung noth, - die mit der Kraft zur Niederhaltung stets Ruhe verbindet. Dies möge die Bevölkerung wissen, damit sich die Guten beruhigen, die Bösen zittern. „Hierin (schließt das Schreiben) besteht der wichtigste Theil meiner Aufgabe. Frankreich will die Ordnung, die Aufrechthaltung der kaiserlichen Institutionen, die energische Unterdrückung der Complotte, und es wird seinen Willen haben." London, 9. Februar. In der gestrigen Nachtsitzung des Unterhauses beantragte Lord Palmerston für die Ver schwörer zu Mordthaten das Strafausmaß von fünf Jahren z Gefängniß bis zur lebenslänglichen Deportation, für die > Mitschuldigen Zuchthausstrafen. Locke leugnet die Nothwen-. digkeit eines solchen Gesetzes. Mit mehreren Anderen be- i kämpft auch Roebuck die Bill. Die Debatte wurde vertagt. ! Im Oberhause erwidert Carl Grcmville auf die Frage Lord ! Lyndhursts, daß eine spätere Note des Grafen Walewski j vorliege, in welcher das Bedauern des Kaisers Napoleon ! darüber ausgedrückt werde, daß die im Moniteur veröffent- ! lichten Adressen als eine Beleidigung Englands gedeutet worden seien. Beide Häuser votirten den Dank des Par laments für das indische Heer, einschließlich Lord Cannings. i Wie«, 9. Februar. ! Wenn das englische Parlament in den Tagen, wo das ^ Attentat gegen das Leben des Kaisers Napoleon ganz Europa in Angst und Schrecken versetzte, versammelt gewesen wäre, so unterliegt es keinem Zweifel, daß eine Bill, welche in England stattfindende Verschwörungen gegen das Leben von Ausländern, mit der größten Strenge bestraft , vom Hause der Gemeinen ohne Schwierigkeit genehmigt worden wäre. So aber lag zwischen dem 14. Pariser Plaudereien. (Das kranke Pari«. — Ursachen der «ranHew — «in »wer. — DieUnfchuld auf dem WqSkenballe. — Pierri-Orfini. — H»«e. — Theater.) Paris. 5. Februar. Die Sterblichkeit in Paris ist jetzt sehr -groß, ma» nennt eine Legion von Ursachen, welche sie erklären „sollen, und deshalb wollen auch wir einige Vermuthungen angeben. Wir glauben uns jedoch nicht auf einen Namen beschränken zu dürfen, sondern nehmen mehrere Ursachen der Epidemie an, sie heißen: Maskenbälle^, Soup«s in der dlsison äor^s und im , xsrtiss önss, Repphühner mit Trüffeln, Champagner M Eis, tiefausgeschnittene Kleid«, und Wagen, welche schlecht schließen. Bei den armen Leuten heißt die Epidemie: Kälte in den Wohnungen, Regen und Koth, manchmal IHunger, im merwährende Arbeit; bei den Gelehrten: ewige Nachtwachen: bei den Künstle« und Schriftstellern: das permanent^Suchen nach Anregung; bei den Feuilleton lsten: das Feuilleton und kein Einfall: beim Publi- cum endlich : die Langweile in den Feuilletons, jetzt nichts wie Berichte über Feste und Bälle zu lesen. Und dennoch müssen wir auch heute wieder, auf die Gefahr hin ungelesen zu bleiben, einige Festberichte unseren Zeilen einflechten. In diesem Jahre haben bis jetzt noch keine jener brillanten Maskeraden stattgesunden, welche Herzoginnen in Schäferinnen ver wandeln; die erste dieser Neunionen soll erst nächsten Donnerstag statt finden. Am Tage daraus findet der Subscriplions-Künstlerball statt, und s» geht es sorl bis Mittwoch, den 17., an welchem man Asche auf die Stirnen streut und erst recht zu tanzen ansängi. Die großen Häuser warten hier nämlich die Fastenzeit ab, um ihre Salons den Polichinells der guten Gesellschaft zu öffnen. Man will selbst dm Karneval nicht mit dem Volke gemein haben. und sind auch nicht in der Lage, zu beurtheilen, inwiefern England sich dadurch verletzt fühlen konnte. Daß aber die vom Moniteur veröffentlichten Militär-Adressen jenseits des Ka nals verletzt haben, steht außer Zweifel. Da, laut einer Erklärung Lord Granvilles im Oberhause, die französische Regierung in einer zweiten Note an das Cabinet von Saint- James ihr Bedauern über den unangenehmen Effect aus sprach, den die Militär-Adressen des Moniteur in England hervorgerufen, so läßt sich diese Verstimmung nicht bestrei kn. Es wird sogar erlaubt sein, den Ursprung der von Lord Granville erwähnten Note in den Reclamationen zu suchen, welche das Londoner Cabinet an jenes von Paris eben wegen der in den französischen Militär-Adressen ge führten Sprache zu richten für gut fand. Frankreich sgibt durch diesen Schritt zu, daß es zu weit ging, und wir haben es also mit feststehenden Thatsachen zu thun. So wenig aber Frankreichs Regierung eine Thatsache wie diese Militär - Adressen ungeschehen machen kann, so wenig kann die englische Regierung in ihrem Lande, wo die öffentliche Meinung gewohnt ist, sich frei und ungenirt auszusprechen, verhindern, daß auf die vermeintliche Heraus forderung Frankreichs geantwortet wird. Und so schickt es sich eben, daß die Flüchtlingssrage im Parlamente in einem Augen blicke zur Verhandlung kommt, wo das leidenschaftlich erregte National-Gefühl hoch geht, wie das von Stürmen aufgeregte Meer. AM theilen weiter unten die Rede des Oppositions- Mitgliedes Roebuck in der Unterhaiissitzung vom 5. Februar mit, und der Leser wird daraus entnehmen, welcher Art die in England erwachten Gefühle sind. Hier haben wir zu constatiren, daß diese furchtbare Rede im Unterhaufe mehr Beifall erntete als erwartet werden konnte, und daß Lord Palmerston in feiner Erwiederung auf die donnerkeil artige Entladung des Oppositisns-Führers jene Volubilität des Ausdrucks und jenen siegreichen Hohn nicht anwenden zu dürfen glaubte, mit denen er schon oft den Angriffen feiner Gegner die Spitze abbrach. Seine Antwort war schwach, dürstig. Der Minister erfüllte mit genauer Noth feine Pflicht, indem er die Heftigkeit einzelner Ausdrücke RoebuckZ gegen den Kaiser der Franzosen tadelte. Lord Palmerston hätte mehr zu sagen gehabt, wenn sein engli sches Bewußtsein ihm in diesem Momente nicht die Zunge gelähmt Härte. Vielleicht hielt er es auch für politisch, den wildm, schäumenden Stromder erzür nten M einung dahin- brausen zu lassen/ohne ihm einen Damm entgegenzustellen, der vielleicht weggerissen worden wäre. Wenn man aus den Stimmen der Presse auf die Mei nung eines Landes Schlüsse ziehen darf, so hat die Roe- buck'sche Rede einen günstigen Eindruck gemacht. John Bull hatte etwas auf dem Herzen und nkn ist es heraus. Die ses Gesühl der Erleichterung spricht sich zunächst in den Times aus. Das Cityblatt gesteht, daß es sich Roebuck zu warmem Danke verpflichtet fühle. „In derselben Weise un gefähr," fährt es fort, „wie ein Haufe ruhiger Reisender sich einem alten knorrigen Gentleman zu Dank verpflichtet fühlt, wenn er eine Grobheit oder Prellerei rügt, die von ihnen allen stillschweigend eingesteckt worden war. Von einem Würdenträger in Lord Palmerstons hoher Stellung, dessen einzelne Worte auf die Wagschale gelegt werden, war es ohne Zweifel klng und angemessen, die Geschichte zu übertünchen, und für die Leute jenseits des Canals ent schuldigend aufzutreten; Herr Roebuck aber vertritt den nichtofficiellen Th->l des britischen Publicums, und ist da- JM Laufe dieser Woche fand das große Diner statt, welches die Journalisten, den Administratoren der Eisenbahnen gaben. Sie woll ten dadurch die Höflichkeit der Eisenbahn-Gesellschaslen erwiedern, w-lche die Ritter, von der Feder das ganze Jahr hindurch gratis.in Europa herumfahren und an ihren Büffets Chronisten, Feuilletonisten und jeden, der Ansprüche erhebt, Literat zu sein, speisen. Die ersten Eisenbahn-Matadore erschienen; es waren bei 7V Personen anwesend, die eine Hälfte davon waren die Festgeber, die andere die Geladenen. Man erschöpfte sich an Höflichkeiten und Liebeserklärungen. Herr Pereire versprach, die Journalisten, ehe zwei Jahre verflossen'sind, nach Petersburg zu führen, und man gab sich bereits Rendezvous in der Hauptstadt an dsr Newa. Auf diese Art amusirt sich Paris, d.h. so unterhalten sich fünf zehn- bis zwanzigtausend Privilegium, welche die Bälle, Feste, großer, Diners u. s w. besuchen; allein diese zwanzigtausend sind nicht 'fa- ris, sowenig als ein heißer Tag der ganze. Sommer. Außer dieser uniformen Welt gibt es eine andere, w» noch Dinge in Betracht kommen, an welche man in ersterer fast gar nicht denkt, z. B. das Herz. Ich hörte dieser Tage in dieser Hinsicht eine hübsche kleine Anekdote, welche mir charakteristisch erscheint und vollkommen wahr ist. Unweit des Theaters Ports St. Martin befindet sich ein Pac- sämeur, welcher eine Tochter von 18 Jahren hat. Ihr Haar war blond wie die Kornähren, sie selbst frisch wie der Frühling, lustig wie nu junger Vogel, rein wie dsr Schnee des Alias; allein das Licht blendet, die Musik verwirrt, der Tanz bezaudHk und ein Maskenball hat es ihr angethan. Ein einfacher rosa Zeidendoinino umfioß ihren reizenden Körper, chie Erscheinung, die stets selten, in der Porte St. Martin aber völlig unbekannt ist, und deshalb nicht lange unbemerkt bleiben konnte. In dem Pariser Kalifornien gibt es im Cameval Goldsucher genug, und jene sind glücklich zu nennen, welche ihre klein» Pepila entdecken. Unser rosa Domino war also bald bemerkt, ver folgt, umworben und gefeiert. Vier junge elegante reiche Mitglieder eines CluhZ warM die eifrigsten ; sie boten, w«s man bei solchen her berechtigt, seinen eigenen Weg zu gehen... Ihm ge bührt das Verdienst, so gesprochen zu haben, wie es ihm ums Herz war. Die unverschämtes Prahlereien im Moni teur sind die Ausdrücke der französischen Nation — d. h. des französischen Kaisers. Dieser, rief Herr Roebuck, ist es, der uns mit einer Invasion droht; und es scheint uns ganz harmlos, wenn eine vollkommen unofficielle und unverantwortliche Zunge eine derartige Ansicht ausspricht. Lord Palmerston wünscht, daß wir uns in die Lage des französischen Volkes versetzen möchten; Herr Roebuck stellt sich auf den Standpunkt des englischen, und kein Zweifel fürwahr, daß das Eine ebenso berechtigt wie das Andere ist. Gestehen wir somit Herrn Roebuck das Recht zu, die Sache John-Bullisch aufzufassen, so müssen wir an dererseits gegen den Mangel an Consequenz protestiren, der darin liegt, daß er den Oheim „den Großen" nennt, weil er die Menschheit mit Krieg überzog, und den Neffen „den Kleinen" schimpft, weil er die Aufforderungen seiner Armee zum Kampfe gegen England ruhig anhört. Louis Napo leon brauchte somit blos über uns herzufallen, um in den Augen Herrn Roebncks auch „ein Großer" zu sein?! Pr»- testiren müssen wir ferner gegen den Vergleich zwischen der famosen Expedition nach Boulogne und dem Mordversuch der Rue Lepelletier, der so viele Unschuldige dem Verder ben preisgab. Jene landeten offen, diese schlichen als Meu chelmörder im Dunkeln ihrem Opfer nach. Unternehmun gen, wie jene, werden wir, woferne wir darum wissen, jederzeit zu verhindern suchen, ohne gegen die Unternehmer weiter einzuschreiten. Dem Mörder gegenüber jedoch wer den wir nimmermehr Gnade walten lassen. Thaten, wie die eines Fieschi und Orsini, rechtfertigen eine specielle Ge setzgebung, ja selbst ausnahmsweise Strenge." So die Times. Gelegenheiten zu bieten pflegt, ihre Herzen , ihr Vermögen und ein Souper. Das Souper wurde angenommen zur allgemeinen Fremde; allein die Freuten dieser Welt sind vergänglich; die Kleine besaß einen Vater, eine Mutter, drei kleine Schw-stern, einen großen Cousin» zwei Tante« und verschiedene andere Verwandte, vo r denen der Eine ein Pompier war. Eine« Pompier zu einem Souper beiziehen, das geht über den Spaß; allein man hatte das Soup r vorgeschlagen und konnte sich als Cavalier nicht zurückgehen. Man fügte sich also mit Grazie und überhäufte die ganze Familie mit Aufmerksamkeiten. Als man sich zu Trsch setzte, schüttelte dsr Domino mit Grazie die Kapuze von seinem Haupte und ließ die vier jungen Lcutchdas Gesicht eines Engels bewundern. Die vier Männerherz n singen zugleich zu schla gen an, und vier Se«len hingen an den Lippen eines schönen Kin des. Dieses allein behielt seinen Gleichmuth und einen guten Appe tit. Sie sah Dinge, die sie sonst nie gesehen, hörte Worte, die sie nie vernommen, und betrachtete dies alles wie ein Wunder. Es ge lang den jungen Leuten, ihr eine Liebeserklärung zuzuflüstern und ein Rendezvous für den solgenden Tag zu erhalten. Sie waren so trun ken vor Freude, daß der Pompier ihnen gegenüber als ein nüchterner Gentleman erschien. Das Souper war vorüber; sie bezahlten die Rechnung, und das machte sie ein wenig nüchtern. Man trennte und flüsterte sich zu: „Auf Wiedersehen! Auf Wiedersehen!" Das ist das Wort d.S Matrosen miltek im Sturme, das Wort der trostlosen Mutier an ?er Wiege ihres Kindes, des Geliebten, wenn er an sein Mädchen denkt, das Wort Aller, die getrennt s-uszen und weinen. Obwcl man sich erst um S Uhr Morgens gelrennt hatte, er schienen alle vier jungen Leute doch zu srüh?r Stunde im Läden des Parfümeurs zu gegenseitigem Erstaunen. „Ich habe Sie hieher ge laden," sagte eine klare, sympathische Stimm?, „damit Sie einen klei nen Pariser Laden in der Näye betrachten können." Lisette führte ihre vier Anbeter in die Hinterstube, zeigte ihnen Rechenbücher, halb gepackte Men, das Laboratorium, all die langweiligen aber achtiwg?- «erthen Dinge, welche Mr Arbeit gehören und Brod schaffe«, M Später herhielt er die Nechtsvertretung des Herzogs von Aumale, des reichsten Prinzen des Hauses Orleans. Nach dem Sturze Louis Philipps gab er der neuen Ordnung der Dinge seine unbedingte Zustimmung, und wurde in die Constituante gewählt, wo er bei Gelegenheit der Discussion des Rechtes auf Arbeit eine dasselbe vertheidigende Rede hielt, welche damals viel bemerkt wurde. Wegen der. in dieser Rede ausgedrückten Gesinnungen fiel er auch bei den Wahlen für die Legislative durch und blieb bis zum Jahre 1853 in Nantes, sich Advocaten-Geschäften wid mend/- Da er sich dem Kaiserreich/angeschlossen und ein Mann von großer Begabung , Gewandtheit und Be weglichkeit ist, so erWMk? ihn der Kaiser zum'Mi nister des Innern. Man betrachtete sein« Mttennnng auf diesen Posten damals als das Anzeichen einer- freisinni gen Politik'nach" Innen. Obgleich diese- Hvffnung sich nicht bewährte, so muß doch hervorgehoben werden, daß der ab getretene Minister des Innern.-sein Amt mW großer NnHcht- und mit einer Mäßigung verwaltete, welche allgemeine An erkennung fand. Ein Gegner aller unnützen Strenge, war seine Amtsthätigkeit für das Kaiserreich von wohlthätigen Folgen, indem sie viel dazu beitrug, die Gemüther zu beru higen und die Parteien, wenn nicht zu versöhnen, so doch zu besänftigen^ Schon die Thronrede, mit welcher der Corps legis- latif nach dem unseligen Ereignisse vom 14. Jänner eröff net wurde, brach über die Tage des Herrn Billaut > in- direct den Stab, als sie proclamirte, daß die GefHr nicht in dem Mangel an freier Bewegung, sondern im Mangel an Repcessivgesetzen" liege. Es ist daher auch die Annahme gestattet, daß dieser Minister-die Maß regeln der Strenge, welche seitdem ergriffen wurden, Und namentlich das dem gesetzgebenden Körper vorliegende Sicherheitsgesetz nicht auf sich nehmen zu können glaubte. Die militirende Phase, in welche das Kaiserreich neuer dings getreten, und in Folge welcher sowol die militärische, als die Polizeigewalt durch die Eintheilung Frankreichs in fünf große Bezirke reorganifirt und noch mehr concentrirt wurden, scheint überdies Herrn Billault nicht zugesagt, und andererseits scheint der Kaiser die Ansichten, die der Minister geltend machte, nicht goutirt zu haben. Der Nachfolger des' Herrn Billault, General Efpinaffe, ist ein Anhänger Napoleons III. von älterem Datum,- und figurirte lange vor Errichtung des Kaiserreichs unter den Adjutanten des Kaisers. Seine administrative und politische Vergan genheit bietet nichts Bemerkenswerthes, /und seine WM- Mttg' sHejU uO nur deshalb von BWttM, Ml D an zuzeigen scheint, daß der Kaiser das Ministerium des Innern und der Sicherheit gänzlich unter der Hand zu haben wünscht. Pest- Ofen« Verwa kinanMinisterium hat die Räche der k. k. Bsrfekammer in Wien: Konstantin Zenobius Popp Ritter v. Böhmstetten undKarlEdlen v. Kendler, k. k. priv. Großhändler; Franz Anton Engel und Joseph Riegel, bürgerliche HkmdWleute; Konstantin Michael Curti, k. k. priv. Großhändler, und Mathias Stricker, bSMttWtz WeichMMh K 72 des kaiser lichen Patentes vom Il. Iuli 1854 zum Austritte aus derk.k. Börse- kamnrer mit Endendes-Jahres 1857 bestimmt, durch MKderwshl aber neuerlich in Vorschlag gebracht worden sind, auf die Dauer weiterer VW^Jchtt^ih^HlMtioNM bestäNM Der Justizminister hat den Bezirksgerichts - Actuar zu Güns, Joseph H f, die Stublrichteramts - Actuare zu > Keszthely>- Adam Vereß und FraHKarik; die Auscultanten imOedsndprgerOber- lanvesgerichts-lvpreMl, Stephan H vdaszy.Anton Flock, Anton K v v a c s; den Ai»M«ttm im GroßivardeiNer ObSrlattdesgerichts- Sprengel StePhak Juhasz; die Auskultanten im Oedeicknrger OberlanwsgerWs- Stengel, Karl Miklos, Ludwig K u lc s a r, Max Eduard Rikoty, Kyrl Fabry, Koloman Kozary, Geisa B v g n a r, Ladjslaus S.z a b o, und den Concepts - DiurnisteN im Großwardviner Verwalttings-Gebkt-, Alexander Sellev, zu provi- smischen GcriDsadiunctm im Oedenburger Oberlandesgenchts-Spren- gel, und den proviMisch«»HWämter-Dlrections-Adju»cten des Kreis- gerichtss Broos, Joseph, Walhei m-, zum definitive« Direciions- Adjunctm unter BelaWng an seinem Dienst orte ernannt. Tier HsndilslnMM hat den Hafenadjuncten Mathäus Sgit- covich'ziml Haf^n- See-SamtSts- Capitänerster Clasie in-Ragusa ernannt. Der Chef. der. obersten Polizei-Behörde hat die Conceplsadiuncten der Wiener Polizei - Direktion, Florian Teliezka und Pankraz Leser, zu Actuaren bei eben dieser Polizei-Direction ernannt. Prags 8. Februar. j^Neue Brücke üb e^die Mol d a u. Dankadresse.! In^der letzten Sitzung des Stadtrathes wurde, wie die Boheinia mitthMt, der Antrag eines Mitgliedes dieser Cor poration vorgetragen, demzufolge für Fußgänger Und Wagen eine; Brücke über die Moldau errichtet werden soll, witlche von der Röhr gasse (der.dirseten-,FyrNetzung des Josephsplatzes am Altstädter Da menstifte entlang zum Moldau-Ufer hinab) in geraderTÄiichtung den Fluh übersetzen und aN der Abdachung des Belvedererückens münden, wobei die erste NeüwWwehr. m eine« schiefen Winkel'durchschnitten würde. Ein Bchchkch- im diel« Angelegenheit-, ist. bisPr. von - dem Stackrath« noch nicht gefaM worden. —Die Prager Dampf- Und Se- gelschifffahrts-Gesellschaf^ und der Schifsfahrt-Untern<mer Böhmens hat am 5. d. M. durch eine eigene Deputätion^sem Statthalter des Kronlandes Böhmen, FMHerrn v. Meesery, ei:/ Adresse überreichen lasten, wmm der Dank für die Umsicht, Energie und Intelligenz aue- gesprochtzn, wndji mit welcher der Herr Statthalter die Katwicklung der yatkMMDk Bchiffs^tt fördert. Ltmberg, 5. Febtuär. A US land. Frankfurt, 7. Februar. ^Zur hol st e in - la ue n.b« r- gisch en An g e l eg enh e i t.) Wie der amtliche, Protocoll- auszug der jüngsten Bundestagssitzung meldet, hat Hannover bean tragt, die, Bundesversammlung wolle gleichzeitig mit dem bezüglich der holftein-lauenburgischen Verfassungsfrage zu fassenden Beschlusse, oder wenigstetis sofort nach diesem, von der dänischen Regieruno verlangen^ daß diesetbe, bis die Fotderungen des HaM-BundesbeschluM erfüllt sind, vozn Erlaß neuer ,Gesetze und neuen Geldauflagen in den beiden Herzogthvmern abstehe, Der dänische Gesandte gab eine Erklärung zu ProtoeoU, in welcher er die lauenburgische Beschwerde als unbegrün det bezeichnete. Turin, 6. Februars Fe.uk Khan ist heute vom Könige in , einer feierlich« Audienz empfangen worden. Die Kammer wird ihre öffentlichen Sitzungei vor Begmu der FastenM nicht-wieder auweh- «««. „Diritto" beschwert sich bitter über hie JnternirUngen und Aus-. Weisungen von Flüchtlingen. Aus Genua ird gemeldet: Der britische Consul, Brown, ist gestorben Bei dem Processe gegen die Urheber des Attentates vom 29. Juni sind 8V Belastung«- und 84 Entlastungszeugen geladen. -- c ?->- Salerno, 1. Februar. 'sProceß in der Angelegenheit von Ponza und Sapri. L8S Angeklagtes Die Verhandlungen des Juni- Processes l iben nunmehr begonnen. Aus Mangel an hinreichen der Räumlichkeit ir>. Justizpalaste wurde ein Saal im Dominikaner- Kloster, d.?s gegen»-nl'g als Kaserne dient, für die Verhandlung aus- Mvähtt. Der G-richl-hof wird demnach von 30V Soldaten bewacht. Me fremdländischen Angeklagten werden zu Wagen vom Gefängniß nach dem'Veihölfaa o gebracht. Die Einheimischen, je Zwei und zwei anewandeigeke:.cr, wie zur Sommerszeit in graue Leinwand ge hüllt, langen zu Fuße an. Sämmtliche Angeklagte nehmen im Saale auf amphitheatralisch hergerichteten Bänken Platz; hinter ihnen hat sich ein ziemlich spärliches Publicum eingefunden; vor ihnen be finden sich die Anwälte; ihnen gerade gegenüber rechts find die Sitze für die Platzofficiere, links jene für den englischen Consul und noch eine andere englische Persönlickkeit, und für den piemontesifchsn Ge schäftsträger. Die Sitzung vom M. Jänner beginnt mit dem Namens aufruf? 282 Angeklagte find aNwesmd. Man kennt das in Neapel bei Ahurlhö'luM von politischen^ Verbrechen übliche Verfahren: der Criminal»Gerichtshof gestaltet sich in einen Epecialhof und zieht noch zwei andere Richter bei (8 anstatt 6); bei Stimmengleichheit wird der Angeklagte freigesprochen. Unter diesen acht Richtern ist der Präsi dent mit inbegriffen; der, welcher die gegenwärtige Verhandlung lei tet, scheint ein achtbarer und "gemäßigter Mann zu sein? er nennt sich Dalia. Nach dem Namens-Aufruse verließ der Präsident seinen Bericht, welche? einfach, genau und gewissenhaft abgefaßt ist. Er ermahnt die jenigen, welche zu sprechen haben werden, zur Mäßigung und Würde m ihren Ausdrücken, mit dem Bemerken, Europa schaue aus sie. Die Verlesung dauert zwei Stunden und wiid schweigend angehört. Hierauf beginnt lksr Staats-Procurator, Pacifico, den Anklage-Ac Vorzulesen, kommt Doch nur mit einem Theile desselben zu Stande. In der Sitzung vom 30, Jänner ist der snglische Me chaniker Watt abwesend. Ec ward Tags zuvor von dem judiciellen Apparate so in Schrecken gssetzt, daß er krank würd und fein Gefäng niß nicht verlassen wollte. Sein, Anwalt wird zu ihm gesendet, um ihn zu beruhigen und zum Erscheinen zu vermögen; jedsch vergebens. Die Debatten beginnen daher ohne ihn. Der Proeurator liest die An klageschrift AU Ente i die Zuhörer verhalten sich theilnahmslos. Das Verhör beginnt; die.Aufmerksamkeit n ird rege, Nicotera wird zuerst aufgerufen; seine geschriebenen Enthüllun gen werden ihm vorgelesen; befragt, was er hinzuzufügen hab-, ant wortet er, er wolle dem'Gerichtshöfe eine Schrift vorlesen. Der Prä sident zaudert, seinem Begehren zu willfahrender Inhalt des Schrift stückes scheint bereits bekannt ?u sein. Eine heftige Unterredung zwischen Nicotera und dem Proeurator entspinnt sich. „Wenn man mich zu" reden auffordert." sagt Ersterer, „warum verweignt «an mir das Wort?" Der Präsident schreib t in versöhnender Weise cin. Der Gerichtshof nimmt die Schrift und zieht sich zurück. Er liest sie ab seits und gibt dann auch dem Publicum Kenntniß davon, aber in einer von ihm corrigirten Fvrm. Nicotera verwahrt sich, der Proeurator geräth in Zorn; der Präsidei t b. i wiäitigt beiden und es gelingt ihm soweit, daß Nicotera (Haup... tiagter) sich niedersetzt, ohne etwas gesagt zu haben/ Alles was aus dein Inhalte des Papiers hervorgeht, beschränkt sich auf Beschwerden und Anführungen zu Gunsten der Schiffsmann schaft, — Ein anderes Verhör, welches die Sitzung schließt» bringt nichts Neues zu Tage. Gestern, Sonntag, 31. Jänner, wärZkeine Sitzung. Sitz«ug vom 1. Februar: Watt ist noch immer krank. Sein Zustand wird-durchi dm. englischen Consul bestätigt.. Sein An-, walt, Lauria, stellt, an den Gerichtshof das Ersuchen, ihn vertreten zu dürfen; er sei von Watt hiezu ermächtigt , ja sogar darum gebeten worden. Der Gerichtshof berathschlagt, und entscheidet dann, die Ge nesung des Angeklagte« abwarten zu wollen. Anwalt Lauria sucht sohann die Entlastungs-Bew ise für feine Schutzbefohlenen zu o dnen; es ha»dH, sich darum, Zeugen von Genua tommen zu lassen. Der Gerichtshof. er theilt seine Zustimmung; alles geht gut für die Englän der. Der Vertreter der Schiffsmannschaft, Anmalt La Francesea, begehrt, daß die auf dem Leichnam Pisaeane's vorgefundene Brief tasche dem Nicotera vorgewiesen werde, auf daß dieser die Schrift des Führers der Expedition zu erkeynm vermöge. Diese Brieftasche soll ein Schriftstück enthalten. das die Schiffsmannschaft entlastet, und emen großen Theil der Annahmen des StaatZ-Procurators umstößt. Die Anklage halte behauptet, daß, die Mannschaft nur vorgeblich' Zwang.erlittenchab», während .das Schriftstück Pisäcane'S d«rthut>i daß das Fahrzeug gewaltsam überfallen und genommen worden sei. Der Proeurator bekämpft das Verlangen des Vertheidigers. La Francesea erwiedert, es stehe in der discretionären Befugniß des Präsidenten, die Proceßacjen den Angeklagten vorzulegen. Man habe dies übrigens schon einmal in demselben Processe gethan; an dere Schriftstücke sind Nicotera vorgelegt worden, und die Vertheidi gung habe daraus Nützen geschöpft. Der Gerichtshof zieht' sich zurück, um übe« das Begehren La Fbancesca's abzustimmen. Dasselbe wird mit sechs gegen-»wetStim men verworfen.. Nach diesem Zwischenfalle werden die Verhöre wieder aufge nommen, ohne etwas Neues ans Licht zu fördern. Sämmtliche Angeklagte erklürcn sich schuldig politischer Verge hen, sber nicht der gemeinen Verbrechen, die man ihnen zur Last legt: Dlebftahl,.Plünderung, Mord. Ein Lombarde «hebt sich, und sagt: „Herr Präsident, man bringt uns Ausländer in Wagen vom Gefängnisse nach dem Gerichtssaale. Die heißt uns in den AUgen der hier anwesenden Fremden viele Ehre erweisen: wir aber möchten lieber zu Fuß gehen, denn es ist sehr kalt, und es mangelt uns an Bewegung. Das Geld, welches man,aus die.Wagen ausgibt,, ließe sich besser m , Decken verwenden,) die uns warm hielte»; w« erstieren auf dem Stroh uiH lönnen uns vor. Ungeziefer nicht retten; es wäre besser, ans Innere der Gefängnisse z« denken, als auf äußerliche war da traurig und düster, und man konnte kaum athmen. Die blü hende Lifette sah innerhalb der schwarzen Mauern aus wie eine Moosipse. Die. vierjungen Leute, die an das elegante Pqris ge wohnt waren, aber eigentlich ein gutes Herz besaßen, waren ergriffen von ihrem leichtsinnigen Leben und der dürftigen Existenz des armen Kindes. „Meine Herren," sagte Lisette, „ich bin 18 Z>chre alt und seit IS Jahren in diesem Gewölbe. Ich liebe die Arbeit, aber auch dm Tanz, die MM,.und, wie Sie gesehen haben, manchmal — ein gutes Souper. Aber ich liebe nicht all die hübschen Sachen, die Sie mir gestern vorgeschlagen haben; ich will nur einen Liebhaber haben, jenen, dex mein Man« wird. Wenn Einer von Ihnen mich so sehr liebt — so. will ich sein gehören^ wo nicht, sehe ich Sie alle vier nicht wieder." Die vier Freunde zogen sich etwas verwirrt zurück und murmelten: es gibt noch Tugend in Paris. Die Affaire Pierri-Orfini bildet fortwähiend den Gegen stand der ernsten Besprechung. Pierri soll durchaus nicht unwissend sein; einer seiner Bekannte«! versichert, er wäre Advocat in Jt lien gewesen. Orsini verleugnn feinen, fanatischen Charakter auch im Ge- fängniß'nicht:, er scheint jedoch den Entschluß ausgegeben zu haben, aus Hunger, zu sterben. Dieser Entschluß wird überhaupt selten aus geführt. Ein Polizei-Beamter sagte mir, daß solche Entschlüsse, und seien sie noch so fest, gewöhnlich durch eine einfache Probe wankend gemacht werden. Man läßt den vom Hunger Gequälten eine nach Ueiich duftende Suppe riechen, und Wenig? werden der Versuchung widerstehen. Nur die erste Suppe kostet Ueberwindung; ist die einmal genossen, dann verschmäht der Gefangene gewöhnlich auch ein Beefsteak nicht. Einige Personen versuchen es, in diesem Jahre die Hexereien des verflossenen wiederzuerwecken, und der blasse Herr Hume erscheint hie und da wieder. Allein" er ist nicht mehr in der Mode, denn Paris liebt auch in seinen Hexenmeistern die Abwechslung, und seit dem Tisch, der sich belegt, und dem Schnupftuch, das seinen Besitzer ver läßt, hat Herr Hume nichts Reue» erfunden. Es scheint, daß er seine Macht verloren hat, denn man erzählt nicht mehr, daß er jemand ewe viertelstündige Unterredung mit Hannibal, Ludwig XIV. ober Robes- pierre verschafft hat, und das war das Interessanteste seines Reper toires. Es war sehr pikant, von Mistern, welche die erste Rolle in dÄ Welt gespielt, Aufklärungen über Punkte zu «hatten, welche die Geschichte im Dunkel läßt. Wir haben schön lange nicht vpm Theater gesprochen und wollen deshalb heute das Versäumte etwas nachholen. Die Große Oper bereitet fortwähre c> ri» „Magierin" von Haievy vor, zu welcher St. Georges den Text geschrieben. Indessen ist si: Direktion zu ent schuldigen; eine Oper in fünf Acten ist eine riesige Maschine, die'fast eben so große Schwierigkeiten bietet, bevor sie vom Stapel läuft,' wie der Leviathzn. Wenn man einen Einblick in die Vorbereitungssäle thut, und den Proben der Chöre, Orchester, Decorationen und Costume beiwohnt, wird man in diesen Dingen nachsichtiger werden. Hat der Direktor Alles in Ordnung gebracht, kommt der letz c Moment, ist Alles feitig, so überstaucht sich eine Tänzerin den Fuß , der Kehlkopf einer Sängerin widersetzt sich und man ficht am selben Flecke. Uebri- gens soll die „Magierin" in den ersten Tagen des März doch vom Stapel gehen, — ob sie bezaubern wird, ist eine andere Frage. Die italienische Oper verspricht übrigens auch fortwährend die „Martha" von Floto» und kommt nicht zur Aufführung. Man kennt von Floto« in Paris nur seine ersten Opern, die er oafelbst vor zwanzig Jah ren als Dilettant aufführen ließ. Es waren dies „der Schiffbruch der Medusa", eine Compagnie-Äsdeir mit Ärisar, und „Heinrich Hl." — In der Komischen Oper hat ein kleines Werk in einem Acte : „Die Verzweifelten", in dem nur drei Personen.singen, gefallen. — Im THMre frangais spielt man Scribs's neues Lustspiel mit vielem Er folg, trotzdem es bei der Kritik wenig Zustimmung gefunden. Cin anderes Stück von Scribe: „I-ss Soigts Ss As« und das neue Lust- spiel von Uchard find in Vorbereitung. — Das Odeou war einen Augenblick in Gefahr, die Censur machte dem Stücke SmilMugierH: „Die Jugend" Schwierigkeiten. Rücksichten, die «m W« Uene«, die Lmte inWetreffKunser irrezu führen " B'i diesem fast wörtlich hier wiedergegebenen Ausfalls geräth der Präsident in maßlose Verlegenheit, und weiß nicht, was er sagen soll; der Stäatsproeurator abe>- erklärt, daß die'Gefangenen sebr gut behandelt werden, und daß übrigens der Zustand der Gefängnisse den Gerichtshof nichts angehe. So endigt die Sitzung. Morgen, 3. Februar, wird keine Verhandlung stattfinden. London, K. Februar. In der Oberhaussitzung am 5. Februar fragte EarK Stanh o p e wegen der neuen Paßeinrichtung an. Lord Clarendon erklärte die Einrichtung genau so, wie sie unlängst von den Zeitungen erklärt wor- n ist. hinzufügend, die eng lische Regierung werde alle anderen Staaten einladen, dem englischen Beispiel zu. folgen, so dwi künstig ein Consul keinen andern als Un terthanen semes Staates Pässe erlheilen werde. Earl Grey überreichte eine Petition aus Newcastle-upon-Tyne in Sachen der zu Sälen-o gefangen sitzenden Ingenieure Park und Watt. Er bemerkt dabei, daß die Bittsteller seiner Meinung - ach gu ten Grund zur Unzufriedenheit hätt n; die Behandlung jener zwei britischen Unterthanen sei u.'erhört, und er fürchte, die englische Re gierung habe sich durch ihre frühere unkluge Politik gegen Neapel und durch die Entfernung des britischen Gesandten von der Haupt stadt dieses Landes die Mittel genommen, zu Gunsten der Eingeker kerten M interveniren. Lord Clarendon versichert, daß die Unterbrechung der diplo matischen Beziehungen mit Neapel durchaus nicht dazu beigetragen habe, die Leiden d-r beiden Ingenieure zu verschlimmern, und er müsse der neapolitanischen Regierung die Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lassen, zu sagen, daß ibre Mittheilungen an Ihrer Majestät Regie rung über diesen Gegenstand häufig und artig gewesen seien. Der edle Lord recapitulirt darauf die Affaire des CaglMi, und zählt die mannichsachen schlagenden Bew ise für die Unschvkd d.r Gefangenen her. Vor kurzem sei die Anklage-Acte gegen sie nach England gesen det Korde?', und dieses Actenstück müsse er für sehr beruhigend hal ten, da es eigentlich den Ingenieurs nichts zur Last lege, so daß ihre Freisprechung keinem Zweifel unterliege, wofern es bei dem Proceß »nur ebrlich und unparteiisch zugehe (Hört! hört!) Er labe die An klage-Acte gesehen. Sie bestehe aus drei Punkten: erstens stütz ' sie sich auf den Brief von MiK- White, und dieser Umstand sei leicht zu erklären. Giehe Miß Meriton White's eigene Erklärung.) Zweitens beschuldige ns die Ingenieurs der Paßlosigkeit, aber Ingenieurs ste hen immer auf der Bemannungsliste und bedürfen deshalb keiner Pässe. Drittens folgere sie die Mitschuld der Gefangenen aus dem Umstand«, daß sie, im Falls ihrer U> schuld, den Dampfer nach Tunis geknkt haben würden, so daß man sehe, wie die neapolitanischen Rronadvocaten so unschuldig seien, zu glauben, daß ein Dampfer von denjenigen gesteuert wird, welche die Maschine bedienen. (Lachen.) Die englische Regierung bad > >hr Möglichstes gethan und nach dem Rath ihrer Kronadvocakn g - andeit, könne jedoch der neapolitani schen Regierung nicht das Recht streitig machen, jeden, bei der Cag- liari-Affaire direct oder indjrkct Beteiligten vor Gericht zu stellen Er fürchte, es sei wahr, daß Park und Wütt großes Ungemach erlit ten hätten, aber nach neapolitanischen Begriffen seien sie nicht miß handelt worden. Er glaube fest, daß es durchaus nicht in der Ab sicht der neapolitanischen Regierung lag, sie irgendwie zu mißhan deln, und die ihnen zu Theil gewordene Behandlung habe den Neid vieler eingebvrner Neapolitaner erregt. Der Proceß habe begonnen und er hoffe die beiden unglücklichen Landsleute bald in Freiheit ge fetzt zu sehen. Lord Granville ^stellt darauf in passenden Worten den Antrag auf eine Glückwrmjchadresse an Ihre Majestät zur Vermälung der Princess Royal. Lord Derby secundict. Lord Brougyam stimmt von Herzen ein, benutzt aber die Gelegenheit, Um gegen das unter dem Titel „Royal Manage Act" bekannte Gesetz als ein höchst ^unmoralisches z« protestiren. Die Adresse kommt zur emstimimgen An nahme. LordBrougham bringt eine Bill zur Verbesserung der Bänkerottgelstze ew, und derErzvischos vonCanterbury eine Bill zur Amendirung der Gottesdienst-Acte. Schluß um 6 Uhr Abends. Am Unter Hause nimm' Herr Hunt, neugewähltes Mit glied für North Northamptönshire seinen Sitz ein. Die Sheriff Z der City erscheinen mit einer Petition vom Lordmayor, d-m Alder- man und dem Gemeinderath zu Gunsten einer von der Corporation selbst be.örderten City - Versaffungs - Reformbill. Herr Grissiths zeigt auf den 19. d. eine Interpellation wegen des Suezcanals an. Lord John Russell zeigt seine Absicht an, am Dienstag zur Motion des Mitglieds für Zinsbury, bezüglich der von Baron Roth schild zu leistende» Eide, als Amendement die Vorfrage zu stellen. (Hört! hört!) Herr E. Bar i n g zeigt auf Dienstag eine Petition der ostindischen Compagnie an, gegen den Versuch, die Konstitution der indischen Ne gierung während der Fortdauer der indischen Unruhen und ohne vorherige Untersuchung abzuändern. (Hört! hört!) Der Attsrney- General erklärt auf B-fragen, er habe nie in seinem Entschluß ge schwankt, den Proceß gegen die Directoren der Royal British Bank fortzuführen; er sei nur noch ungewiß, ob er nicht andere Processe ähnlicher Art einleiten solle. (Hört! hört!) Lord Pal mer st on beantragt die Adresse an Ihre Majestät bei Geleaeicheit der Veimälung der Princess Royal. Herr Disraeli fecundirt und die Motion wird unter allgemeinen Cheers genehmigt. Herr Roebuck richtet an den Premier die gestern angemeldete Frage nach einer etwaigen Corresp.ndenz mit der französischen Regie rung wegen einerMlienhill. Das Haus, sagt er, wird den Grund mei ner Frage begreifen, denn es muß oeiyerkt haben, daß nach dem v n uns allen beklagten Ereignis? — dem Angriff auf den Kaiser der Franzosen — gewisse Adressen von der französischen Amee im Moni- teur erschienen sind. (Hört! hört!) Hätten jene Adressen sich begnügt, dem naturlichen Zorn der Armee über das Verbrechen und ihrem Abscheu vor den Verbrechern Worte zu leihe«, so wäre ich der Erste, Jer JumWger. Rom a II von Alexander Du«a». Zweiter Theil. II. <F«rtsitzyv»,> Marie setzte sich aus das Mauerwerk des Camins, und nahm ihren lieben Knaben auf den Schoß. Dann fingen sie an, sich zu streicheln und zu küssen. Jedes dritte Wort begleitete ein herzlicher Kuß. — Haft Du ihn gepflegt , recht treu und aufmerksam ge pflegt? fragte die Mutter das Kind. — O ja, Mutter, o ja, betheuerte der Knabe. War mir doch immer, als sähe ich Dich selber leiden und daniederliegen. O, ich weiß noch gut, wie ich krank war,- da hast Du mir's ge zeigt, wie man die Pflegt, die man liebt. Alains Schlummer war so leicht, daß er das Geflüster ihrer Stimmen vernahm. Mühsam wendete er sich nach der Seite des Camines um, erblickte dort ein weibliches Wesen und fragte: — Sind Sie es, Louison? — Rein, antwortete der Knabe. Das ist nicht die Frau des Herrn Henin, — meine Mutter ist da, Herr Montplet, Sie ist herübergekommen, Sie zu besuchen, und freut sich vom Herzen, Sie besser zu finden. Dann traten beide etwas näher an das Lager des Kranken heran. Der herzige Junge hatte die Lampe vom Camin herabge nommen, auf dessen Mantel sie sonst stand, und ließ ihr volles Licht auf das Gesicht seiner Mutter fallen, als ob er wolle, daß derßmit denselben sympWsiren. würde. Nber es find Don der? fran- > Mschen Armee Anklagen gegen ^England Nut geworden, so als ob diese« ein Teilnehmer an dem Verbrechen gewesen wäre. Der Mo- niteur ist nicht eine Zeitung wie eine andere; er ist die Gazette (das Amtsblatt) der französischen Regierung. Jedes Wort darin ist un mittelbar von der Regierung eingegeben. Und diese Regierung ist der Kaiser. (Hört! hört!) Ich darf daher behaupten, daß der MiMteur thatsächlich nur die Meinung des Kaisers der Franzosen abspiegelt. Nun, in den Spalten dieses Momteur erscheinen Angriffe aus das i ! englische Volk, und ein Oberst ersucht den Kaiser, die Armee gegen die ! ' Mördergrube" England zu führ>n, Sir. Meers.) Und das steht n ' dlii Scä ten des Momteur. Das veröffentlicht der französische Kai- ! ser. Da ist seine Meinung, und nun will ich ihm meine sagen. > (Checks und leises Lachen.) Der französische Kaiser ist es, der (5ng- ! land teschuldigt, eins Verschwörerhöhle zu sein, und wer vermöchte ! mit größerer Sackkmntniß zu sprechen a s er? Hat er nicht den Schutz ! und die Gastfreundschaft Englands genossen; hat er nicht zur selben ! Zeit die Rolle des Verschwörers gespielt? (Hört ! hört!) Zog er nicht aus von unserer Küste, bewaffnet mit dem großen Namen seines Vor gängers — ich meine des Großen Napoleon — ging ec nicht mit die sem Namen und einem zzhmen Adl-r bewaffnet nach Boulrgn?; griff er mit dort den Thron Louis Philipps an, und ermordete er nicht j den Soldaten, der sich von rechtswegen seiner Landung widersetzte? ! (Hört! hört!) Und das ist der Mann, der jetzt England einen Schlupf- ! Winkel und Herd der Verschwörung schilt, und als ein Land darstellt, ! welches der Invasion und Raubsucht seiner Soldaten p^'.sgkgeben j werden sollte. Aber dabei blieb es nicht. Der Bruder des Kaisers, ! M. de Morny, hat für gut befunden, England öffentlich in der gesetz gebenden Kammer der Mitschuld am Attentat anzuklagen, und nicht nur er, sondern dePersigky, der ftanzösische Gesandte in England, hat — in Gegenwart von Engländern — dieselben Anschuldigungen zu erheben gewagt (Cheers.) Ja, Sir, und in Gegenwart von Eng ländern blieb die Anklage unbeantwortet. (Hört! hört!) Der einzige Grund, den ich mir dafür denken kann, ist, daß die Personen, die ihn hörten, nicht Französisch verstanden. (Hört! und Lachen.) Denn ich kann es nicht glauben, daß ein Engländer sein Vaterland vön wem immer verleumden lassen könnte, ohne die Verleumdung aus der Stelle zurückzuweisen. Sie haben ihm also nicht geamwort. t, aber ich will es thun. (Hort! hört!) ' ! Niemand schätzt die Allianz der beiden Völker von England und ^ Frankreich höher als ich, aber etwas gibt es, das mir noch viel höher ! sticht, und das ist die Ehre und der Glanz Englands. Es gibt keinen ' Zug im englischen Charakter, der dem Meuchelmord Vorschub leistet. ! Kein englisch« König ist je vom Meuchelmord gefallen; französische Könige sind so gefallen. Wir haben einen König zum Block verur theilt; das geschah offen. Wir haben nie gegen unsere nationalen ! Feinde einen Mörder ausgesendet; wir sind nur einer offenen und ehrenhaften Kriegführung fähig (Cheers). Als ich gestern rns Haus kam, um diese Frage anzumelden, hatte ich das Geflüster in den Oh- -ren, welches über-ine Aenderung der Älien-Acte umgcht. Es hieß, wir seim im Begriff, auf das Ersuchen des französischen Kaisers unser j Fremdengesetz adzuänd rn. Ich will nicht von der Undankbarkeit des ! Mannes reden, der diese Aenderung fordern kann, aber ich sage, > England nimmt s-ine ho^s Stellung iwter »m Nationen ein in Folge j des Asyl-^, das es allen Völkern biete.. Verändern wir dieses Asyl recht, so verletzen wir das erste Princip unserer Verfassung, so ernie drigen wir uns vor der Welt, und sind nicht mehr das Volk, das unsere Väter waren. (Hört! hört!) Als ich nun, die Ohren voll von jenem Gerücht, ins Haus kam, wie erstaunte ich, zu hören, daß der edle Lord am Montag eins Aenderung im Gesetz über Verschwörun gen beantragen wird! Hat jemand dem edlen Lord — l er, soviel ich ! weiß, kein RMsg^lehrter ist — gesagt, daß das englische Gesetz einem i Verschwörer nicht zu Leibe könne? oder daß die Strafe, die das ver besserte englische Gesetz über ein solches Verbrechen verhängt, nicht i scharf genug ist? Seit 35 Iahren haben wir alles Mögliche gethan, ! um das englische Gesetz minder blutdürstig zu machen, als es vordem- war, denn vor einem Vierteljahrhundert gehörte unser Strafcodex zu den grausam'!«» in Europa. Ich möchte nun wissen, was den edlen Lord auf den Gedanken gebracht hat, daß wir rückwärts vorschreiten müssen; d:ß wir das Gesetz, welches Verschwörungen mit Hast und Buße heimsucht, abändern und die ehemalige Grausamkeit wieder ein führen sollten. Wenn England feine Stellung in Europa behaupten will, darf es sich weder durch die Bitten, noch durch die Drohurgen eines Alliirten in seinem unabhängige« Gang beirren lassen, und um keinen Preis jenes Gesetz atzändern. (Hört! hört !) Man sagt uns, ! der Uebermuth, mit welchem England behandelt wird, finde seine Recht- ! fertigung in einer Rede, die der edle Lord in Mansion House im ! November gehalten hat. Golt behüte, daß das englische Volk jede ! unkluge Rede des edlen Lords zu verantworten hätte. (Hört! hört! und Lachen.) Ich glaube zwar nicht, daß er damals eine Unklugheit ! beging: aber angenommen, es sei wahr, so weiß doch niemand besser als Napoleon III., in wie geringem Grads der edle Lord die Gesin nungen des englischen Volkes ausdrückt, (v! und Lachen.) Ich frag« nun, ob mit Frankreich, oder dem Hof, oder den Ministern Frank reichs über die Alien-Acte oder eine Aenderung in unserem Criminal- gefetz eine Korrespondenz stattgefunden hat oder nicht? Lord Palmerston: Es hat mit der Antwort keine Schwie rigkeiten. Der Minister des Auswärtigen in Psris hat an dm Ge sandten in London eine Depesche gerichtet, um Ihr« Majestät dringend anzugehen, die ihrem weisen Dafürbalten nach zweckmäßigsten Maß regeln zu treffen — hat aber keine Maßregel fp cistcirt, sondern die Sache einfach Ihrer Maj-stät Regierung anheimge^ellt. Ich werde. diese Depesche ohne Schwierigkeit dem Parlament vorlegen (hört! hört!) Vorerst muß ich jedoch den Ausfall gegen den französischen Gesandten zurückweisen. Graf Persigny hat nie daran gedacht, die englische Nation einer Sympathie mit Meuchelmörder« zu zeihen (Cheers), sondern wiederholt gegen mich geäußert, daß man du in Frankreich herrschende Aufregung mit Nachsicht beurtheilen müsse, weil die Franzosen die Natur unserer Verfassung nicht verstehen und sich daher Erwartungen hingeben, die nicht zu erfüllen find. In eine vor zeitige Erörterung der am Montag zu erklärenden Maßregel werde ich mich nicht hineingehe» lassen. Der ehrenwerthe und rechtsgelehrte Gentleman geht von einer Ansicht aus, gegen die ich protestiren muß? sein Freund Alain die Züge des ihm so theuren Angesichts recht deutlich sehe. Alain richtete sich so viel als möglich auf, und betrachtete sie lange mit unverwandtem Blick. ' Jeanne-Marie war von mittlerer Gestalt und zartem Kör perbau. Ihre Schönheit überraschte nicht auf den ersten Blick, wie Lisa Jousselins; betrachtete man sie aber-mit einiger Auf merksamkeit, so konnte die schöne Regelmäßigkeit ihrer Züge und die Grazie ihrer zarten Formen ihres Eindruckes nicht ver fehlen. Diese nicht erwartete Erscheinung Prägte sich in Alains Seele dauernd sin. Dieser klare treue Blick des Auges, der mit so keuscher und doch so inniger Theilnahme auf ihm ruhte, ergriff sein Herz mit so wunderbarer Macht. Sein Blut^begann freu diger zu pulsen; ihm war es, als ob die Welt einen nie verstan denen Werth für ihn erlangt, ihm ein noch nie begriffenes Wohl wollen bewahrt hätte, und als ob ein schützender Engel sich zu dem Kissen seines Lagers neigte. Orltleint, weil in Frsnkreich einige hitzige Reden und Adressen vor kämm, solle das Parlament sich abhalten lassen, Schritte zu thun, die es an sich für recht hakten mag. Aber ick könnte erwidern: »Hüls tvlsrit krsselios ä - ssäitiolls hnsreutes?" Wer ist weniger berechtigt, über leidenschaftliche Persönlichkeiten zu klagen, als der ehrenwerthe Gentleman selbst (laute Cheers), der die Gewohnheit hat, sich die zü gellosesten Schmähungen gegen jede lebende Person des Jn- undAus- : landcs zu erlauben? (Großes Gelächter.) Wir sind auf unsere Rede- freih-.it stelz und lassen solche Ergüsse Hingehen. Wir achten das Princip, wenn wir auch seinem Mißbrauch tadeln. (Gelächter.) Es wäre dah-r unwürdig und kindisch vom englischen Volke, wenn es we gen einizen heftigen Worten und Adressen in Frankreich unterlassen wo'te, was sür unsere innere Regierung als ein nothwendiges Vor gehen erscheint. (Hört! Hört!) Man denke sich den Fall umgekehrt. G.fttzt, dc:ß von Frankreich aus Menschen herüdcrkäuun, um Gräuel- thaten, ähnlich den in Paris verglommenen, bier.'zu begehen, würde das englische Volk in seiner Aufregung und Entrüstung immer das rechte Maß einhalten? (Hört! höit!) Ich denke daher, daß man die Aufwallungen französischen Unwillens mit Nachsicht ansehen muß, und daß wir uns durch eine Rücksicht darauf, was etwa das Ausland dazu sagen wird, vicht von einer Bahn abbringen lassen dürfen, du wir sonst für -die rechte halten. (Beifall.) Herr HoLsman vertheidigt Roebacks Benehmen gegen die Vorwürfe des edlen Lords, und erklart dieselben sür durch und durch unverdiem. Namenilich sei zu bedenken, daß da6 chrenwerthe Mit glied von Shiffii-Id den Adressen nur vesbalb solche Wichtigkeit bei lig e, roeil sie die Sanction des Kaisers eihieltrn. Er habe nicht die Reizbarkeit des sranzöstschen Volkes, sondern das Benehmen der fran zösischen Negierung getadelt. Herr Roebuck hofft, die französische Depesche werde vor der Montagsdebatte sich in ven Händen der Mitglieder befinden. Die Angriffe des eolen Lords beachte er nicht mehr als den eitlen Wind (Gelächter). Er Habs sich starker Worts bedient, keiner Schmähungen (Gelächter). Er habe einfach gesagt, das; England b-lcidigt werden ist, und daß die Beleidigung vom Kai'er der Franzosen kam. Sei das eine HMge Sprache? (Hört ! hört!) Wenn — schließt er — unsere Vorfahren sich durch die Drohungen von Napoleon le Grand nicht schrecken lußen, so können wir gewiß die von Napol-o?. le Petit mit Verachtung bchandcln. (O! s! Lord Palm erst on sagt, die Depesche soll Montag Früh in den Händen der Mitglieder sein. Der Antrag des Schatztanzlers aus eine Bill zur Verlei hung einer Pension von 1000 Psv. St. jährlich an Lady Havelock und Sir H. Havslvck wird von Sir I. Pakingisn fecundirt und ein stimmig genehmigt. Herr V e rn on S mith beantragt eine Reso lution zu Gunsten einer Bill, welche die ostindische Compagnie ermäch tigt, Anlehen fm vereinigten Königreich zu machen. Er glaube zwar, daß 8 Millionen ausreichen dürften, aber der Sicherheit wegen schlage er die Erlaubniß vor, Pfd. St. in den nächsten 2 Jahren zu borgen. D.Z Geld,.glaube er, werde durch Schuldscheine aus die indischen Einnahmen ausgebracht werden. Nach unbedeutender Dis kussion wird der Antrag gemlmigt. Die Sitzung schließt um 8 Uhr Abends. * fDie Verfertigung der Handgranate n.Z Die Birmingham Daily Post meldet einiges über die Handgranaten, von denen man bereits weiß, daß sie in Birmingham verfertigt wurden. Der Mechaniker, welcher, ohne etwas davon zu ahnen, sich zum Mit- chuldigen des Verbrechens der Straß^Lepelleticr gemacht, heißt Joseph Taylor und wohnt in Broad-Street zu Birmingham. Am 16. October führte ein ehrenwerther Manufaeturwaaren-HSndler „seinen Freund Herrn All sop" bei Taylor auf, welcher als geschickter Mechaniker be kannt ist. Die englische Regierung wendete sich oft an ihn, um von ihm Maschinen fabriciren zu lassen, welche ein ganz besonderes Talent erfordern, und es war daher sehr natürlich, daß der erwähnte Kauf mann Henn Taylor einen Mann ausführte, welcher eine ganz neue Gattung Projectile verfertigen lassen wollte. Herr Allsop zeigte Taylor eine schriftliche Instruktion über die Verfertigung der Wurfgeschosse, welche er haben wollte. Diese Jnstruction lautete: „Man verfertige aus dem besten urd härtesten Gußst^hl ein Sphäroi'd, genau nach dem großen Modell. Die Löcher müssen ebenso groß sein und sich an derselbe» Steile befinden. D»r ober? Tk-is Hnn d?nis?lli<-n M k- tall sein und mittelst einer starken Schraube daran befestigt werden. Diese Schraube darf nicht länger als Zoll fein und muß einen kleinen Kopf haben, um gut angeschraubt werden zu können. Dieser Kopf ist der einzige Bestandiheil, welcher auf der Außenseite des Sphäroids eine Erhöhung bildet. Die kleinen Schrauben müssen ebenfalls sehr genau passen, und dürfen nur '/>> Zoll tief eindringen. Alle kleinen Schrauben müssen gut gedreht sein und g^nau passen. M. Die Modelle sind wohl aufzubewahren und zurückzustellen. Drei Dutzend Schrauben und außerdem eine Schraube für jedes Loch. Thomas Allsop, Gmgers Hotel, Westminster Bridge." Herr Taylor verfertigte hienach die Wurfgeschosse, glaubte aber, daß dieselben be stimmt seien, aus einer Kanone abgefeuert zu werden. Binnen einem Monat erfüllte Herr Taylor seinen Auftrag, und nach Ablauf dieser Zeit erschien Allssp wieder in Birmingham «nd übernahm die Granaten. Es waren 6 Stück, wovon 3 mit vier, und 3 mit drei Zoll Durchmesser. Taylor erhielt sür seine Arbeit 8 Psd., 3 Shilling, 4 Pence. Hieraus hörte er nichts mehr, weder Von seinen Granaten noch von snmm Kunden, und erst als das Attentat voll zogen war, überzeugte er sich, daß die Granaten der Straße Lepelle-- tier mit den von ihm verfertigten große Ähnlichkeit haben müsse«. Als der Polizeichef Stephens sich zu Taylor begab, zeigte er sogleich die schriftliche Bcstellung- vor, die er erhalten, fowi- seine Correspon- Mutter und Sohn nahmen darauf ihren früheren Sitz auf dem stufenartigen Vorsprang der Caminmauer ein. Gegen zwei Uhr Nachts hielt ein Reiter -vor dem Hause, der seinen Klepper festbindend leise an der Thür pochte. Es war Meister Henin. Der Zustand des Kranken hatte ihn-beunruhigt und er Wollte nachsehen, wie er sich befinde. Er schien nicht wenig erstaunt, die. Jeanne-Marie auf dem Gabion zu finden. Aber dieses Erstaunen verwandelte sich in frohe Befriedigung. Ja er sprach seine Freude darüber so derb und lärmend aus,i>aß Jeanne-Marie eine Störung des Kranken fürchtete. Da sie in der That nicht begriff, was den alten Schiffer in solchen Jubel versetzen könne, so fragte sie ihn, vb er es denn nicht natürlich finde, wenn die Mutter ihr Kind aufsuche. — Ja, ja, lachte die alte Seekrabbe, in ihrer derb gut müthigen Weise. Aber mir fällt da noch etwas anderes ein — es kam mir da eine wrmverliche Vorstellung — aber davon im Nachhausegehen. Da sich Henin überzeugt hatte, daß alles besser stehe, und daß nun wirklich einige Hoffnung aus Genesung vorhanden war, so wollte er auch nicht lange bleiben. Als die dritte Stunde nach Mitternacht abgelaufen war,'kün digte er an, daß er nach Hanse kehre, und empfahl Jeanne-Marie dasselbe zu thun. In der That war es Zeit für sie, wollte sie wieder un bemerkt ins Haus kommen. Der Krämer wachte zeitig auf, und die Kunden pochten oft schon vor fünf Uhr am Fenster. Eine Stunde beinahe betrug der Weg vom Gabion nach Maisy. Richt ohne Beforgniß gedachte Jeanne-Marie ihrer Heimkehr, denn sie wußte wol. -H devz mit Allsop md M «Wgelbafte GratzM, die er Wch chatte^ Folgender Vorfall beweist, daß Taylor von gar nichts ein« Ahnung hatte: Vierzehn Tage nach Abliefemng »er Granate« befand er sich in Geschäften-in Enfield, wo er einen Auftrag zur Verfertigung von Maschinen für die dortige Waffenfabrik übernehmen sollte. Im Ge spräch mit Oberst Dixon, dem Chef der Waffenfabrik, fragte ihn Taylor, ob er die Erfindung gewisser Granatm kenne. (Er detaillirte ihm die von ihm in Birmingham verfertigten Wurfgeschosse.) Der Oberst Dixon antwortete, er kenne diese Erfindung nicht, und dann war davon keine Rede mehr. Wenige Tage nach dem Attentat schrieb. einer der Beamten des Herrn Dixon an Taylor, es sei möglich, daß die Granaten, von denen er in Enfield gesprochen, zu einem ganz an deren Zweck, als er vermuthet, benützt wurden. Wir können ver sichern, fügt die Birmingham Post hinzu, daß kein anderer Fremder als Allsop irgendwie bei der Sache sich betheiligt hatte. » Herzegowina. um Auf st and. Rüstungen der Pforte.Z Der „Nord" veröffentlicht zwei auf die Bewegung in diesen Gegenden bezügliche Actenstücke. Das erste ist ein Brief des Chefs des Aufstands, Luka Vukalovic, an den katholischen Pfarrer Jvo Vla- cic, worin er ihm anzeigt, er werde sich mit den Seimgen erheben, und den Pfarrer zu einer Versammlung im Kloster Duzi einladet, wo auch er (Vukalovic) mit seinen Glavaren erscheinen werde. Dort würden sich alle Christen über die Vertheidigung ihrer Rechte und die Ergrei fung der geeigneten Maßregeln verständigen. Er, Vukalovic, habe sich nicht gegen den Sultan, sondern gegen die barbarische Handlungs weise der türkischen Beamten empört, welche der zertretenen christlichen Bevölkerung die Segnungen des Hatti-Humayum v.rweigern. Das zweite Document ist ein Schreiben desselben Vukalovic, an den Erz- bischof der Herzegowina, Grigorij, gerichtet, und aus Duzi vom 16. De cember 1857 datirt. Es wird darin die Anfrage des Bischofs beant wortet, inwiefern Vukalovic und die Seinigen sich von den Empörern unterscheiden. Er wolle die Veröffentlichung des H^tti-Humayums, und habe zu diesem Zwecke an verschiedene hochgestellte Türken geschrieben. Sie versammelten sich in Duzi lediglich, um die Vorlesung eines Vezier- brieses anzuhören, worin sie aufgefordert werden, ihre Wünsche aus einanderzusetzen. Als sie dort versammelt waren, seien sie von den Türken überfallen und mißhandelt worden. Da haben sie sich erhoben, und wollen die Waffen nicht niederlegen, bis der Sultan ihre Bitten erhört habe. Eingesendet. Nächsten Dienstag erfolgt die Ziehung der Lotterie, wov on ein Los blos 30 kr. C. M. kostet. WirNfr Nachricht?« Wien, 9. Febmar. * Donnerstag den 11. d. M. wird, wie gemeldet, am äußeren Burgplatze eine Schablone des auf Befehl Sr. ÄaMät des Kaisers in der Anfertigung begriffenen Monumentes fürweiland Erzherzog Karl aufgestellt werden, um die Stelle definitiv fest zusetzen, wo txmn unmittelbar der Fundamentbau für dasselbe in An griff genommen werden soll« An diesem Tag« wird hiezu die Passage durch die k. k. Hofburg und über den äußern Burgplatz vom Burg thore an für Wägen und Fußgänger »on 10 Uhr Vormittags b's 2 Uhr Nachmittags gänzlich gesperrt werden. * Se. Durchlaucht FML. Fürst Franz Liechtenstein, welcher sich als Abgesandter Sr. Majestät des Kaisers in Paris befindet, hat von dem Kaiser Napoleon die Jnsignien eines Groß osficiers der Ehren legion erhalten. * Wie Trau/lNg Sr. Excellenz dts Herrn Hand^smini- Hers Ritter von Toggesburg mit Comtesse Sarntheim sinvet am 15. d. M. statt. *Der kaiserlich französische Botschafter, Herr Baron v. Bourqueney, hatte gestern Mittag die Ehre, in einer besonderen Audienz von Sr. Majestät dem Kaiser, und Nachmittags S Uhr von Ihrer Majestät der Kaiserin empfangen zu werden. Ihre Rückkehr war dringend geworden. Sie warf daher ihr Tuch um, umarmte das Kind, ließ ihren Hlick noch einmal mit inniger Theilnahme auf Alain ruhen, der einen erquickenden, Schlummer schlief, und folgte dann, ohne ein Wort zu sagen, Meister Henin. Sie hatten den halben Weg durch den Sumpf zurückgelegt, «nd eine.Stelle erreicht, wo dem müden Wanderer ein Ruhesitz aus Rase» bereitet war. — Schm wir uns hier «inen Augenblick, sagte der alte Matrose zu- semer Begleiterin, ich möchte hier etwas auseinander setzen, was mir zuvor« einfiel. Die Zeit ist ein bischen unfchick- jich gewählt, — mit einer alten Krabbe aber, wie ich bin, hat t>as wol nichts zur Sache. JAMW-Marie setzte fich zwar, aber sie zitterte dabei am gan zen Leibe- Sie konnte Ach nicht vorstellen, was der alte Schiffer ihr auseinanderzusetzen haben: könne. — Was zittern Sie denn so, Jeanne-Marie? fragte Jacques Henin, als die junge Witwe ihm zur Seite saß. Fürchten Sie etwqs? — O, nicht das Geringste, erwiederte die Witwe. Ich weiß ja, daß Sie, Meister Henin, ein Ehrenmann find. — Ja wol, das HM, ich bin ein alter Bursche. Element, .das hätte mich vor zwanpg Jahren nicht wenig geärgert, sowie WitWM» jetzt, mit einer jung?« Witwe von fünfundzwanzig Jah ren beisammen zu fitzen, und ihr nicht mehr Angst einzujagen. — Um was handelt es fich denn, Meister? Ich bitte, sagen Sie mir das. Mir ist etwas bange. — Keine Ursache dazu, Jeanne-Marie, entgegnete Meister Henin im Tone Her Beruhigung «nd des Ernstes. Ich möchte nur Minal Mey, Mas Sie Ion dem jungch Panne, unserem Freunde, „ZHen, Her jetzt so Iwer daMdeMegt. geruhten Ihre MajWm der Kaiser und M Aaistrin beizuwohnen. * Mit dem am 16. d. M. stattfindenden Maskenball ist, wie alljährlich, eine Lotterie für dieArmenverbunden,welche diesmal mehr als 1300 fehr werchvolle Treffer enthält, und zwar: 1. die von Ihre« Majestäten gespendeten prachtvollen Speise-, Thee- und Kaffee-Services, sowie anders kunstvolle Gegenstände von Por- celan; 2. einen Treffer mit 1000 Stück k. k. vollwichtiger Ducaten in Gold; 3. einen Treffer mit 100 Stück Ducaten; 4. zwei Treffer, jeden mit 100 Stück Silberthalern zu 2 fl. CM.; 5. verschiedene an dere Gegenstände von Gold, Silber, Bronce, Porcelan, Glas, plat- tirten Waaren, Gemälden u. s. w. * Der ak» 25. v. M. im Sophienbad - Saale zum Besten einer Kinderbewahr - Anstalt unter den Weißgärbern abgehaltene Ball hat ein Reinerträgniß von 206 fl. 46 kr. ergeben. * Der Benestce-Ball des Herrn Capellmeisters Johann Strauß, welcher gestern im Svphienbad Saale stattfand, erfreute fich eines zahlreichen Besuches. Der Berieficiant dirigirte abwechselnd mit-sei? nem Bruder Joseph die Ballmusik, und beide brachten ihre neuesten Tanz-Compofitionen zur Aufführung. * Der seit 1815 bestehende hiesige israelitische Frauen- Wohlthätigkeits-Verein veröffentlicht seinen Jahresausweis sür 1857. Diesem zufolge ist die Gesammtsumme des bestehenden Bereinsfonds 11,303 fl. Der Reservefonds des Vereins besteht aus 1324 fl. An jährlichen Pensionen wurden ausgezahlt 2193 fl., an zeitweiligen Unterstützungen 3156 fl. Ferner wurden bei 500 fl. für Holzvertheilung und Arznei-n verausgabt. Außerdem wurden zur Ausstattung armer Bräute 257 fl. «nd sür dürftige Kranke während ihrer Curzeit in Baden 200 fl. verwendet. Die regelmäßigen Jahres beiträge des Vereins beliefen sich in diesem Jahre aus 4076 fl., von einem Minimum von 4 fl. bis zum Maximum von 80 fl. * Eine eigenthümliche Schlittenfahrt hat am verflossenen Sonntag Nachmittags um 4 Uhr im fürstlich Schwarzenberg'schen Garten am Renn wege stattgefunden, welche der junge Fürst Schwarzenberg veranstal tete. Den Schlittenzug eröffnete ein vierspänniger Schlitten, und an diesem hingen zwanzig kleinere, sehr elegant aussehende Handschlitten, welch sich mit großer Schnelligkeit durch den ausgedehnten Raum des Gartens bewegten. * Aus Mailand vom 6. d. M. wird der Tod des Bildhauers Pompev Marchesi gemeldst. * Die Demolirung des sieben Stock hohen Hauses im Tiefen Graben, derzeit Eigenthum der Creditanstalt, welches zu den Merkwürdigkeiten Wiens zählte, wurde heute in Angriff genommen. — Von Herrn Alain? — Ja doch. — Was ich von ihm halte ? Mein Gott, die Sache ist fehr einfach, und ich will es Ihnen ganz offen sägen. Ich denke, ohne ihn wäre mein liebes Kind Nicht mehr unter den Lebendigen, und darum möchte ich ihm wol gerne mit etwas Besserem als leeren Worten meine Dankbarkeit an den Tag legen können. — NUN, Jeanne-Marie, das können Sie. — Ich? Und wie? Ich bitte Sie, sagen Sie mir das geschwind. - — Ein Anderer ginge vielleicht wie die Katze um den Brei, um Ihnen das zu erklären «nd nahezulegen. Ich aber gehe ohne Umwege auf mein Ziel los. — Sie müssen ihn heiraten. Jeanne-Marie stützte sich, so gut es anging, mit der Rechten auf die Rasenbank. — Ihn heiraten, sagte sie, wo denken Sie denn hin, Mei ster Henin? Glauben Sie denn wirklich — — Gut,-sagte der alte Matrose, die Harpune sitzt. Das Kabel will ich Ihnen schon eine Weile nachlassen. — Sie müssen ihn aber heiraten. Nur wenn er sich verehelicht, ist der junge Mann für «ns und für die Welt zu retten. Geschieht dies nicht — — Der alte Barkführer hielt inne und schüttelte bedenklich den Kopf. — Und was, meinen Sie, wäre zu fürchten, wenn dies nicht geschähe? — Geschieht dies nicht, so fürchte ich, daß sein Uebel zu rückkehrt. — Und ich könnte das verhindern, wenn ich seine Frau würde? — Wer an frisches Leben gewohnt ist, das Glück gekannt, die Welt gesehen hat, und Kraft in sich fühlt, wie Alain Moyt- * (D i« P f a i d l e r e i »A,W ie^n.) ..Der Verkauf »s« Leib wäsche, durch die schwierigen Erwerbs-Verhältnisse der arbeitenden und mittlern Volksclassen, sowie durch die Theuerung der Lebensmittel längere Zeit hart betroffen, gestaltet fich allmälig wieder lebhafter. In gleichem Verhältnisse nimmt auch die Zahl der besteuerten Psaidler- und Weiß- näher-Gewerbe zu. Insbesondere find gefärbte Baumwollhemden in den mannichfaltigsten Dessins ein bedeutender Handelsartikel gewor den. Einzelne Kaufleute Wiens senden fortwährend große Partien dieser Waare, die sie auf eigene Rechnung anfertigen lassen, nach den Provinzen der Monarchie. Die Zahl der verwendbaren Näherinnen zeigt sich oft als ungenügend; Aufträge aus feinere Arbeiten bleiben Wochen- und monatelang unausgeführt. Von den in Wien bestehen den Pfaidler- und Weißnäh-r-Geschästen werden ungefähr 1200 Nähe rinnen und 400 Stickerinnen beschäftigt. Vermischtes. — Unter der Kolonnade des medicinischen Facultäts-Gebäudes inParis ist seit zwei Tagen die Statue Jenners, Erfinder des Jmpfens, ausgestellt. Herr Eugene Paul >hat Jenner stehend darge stellt; auf dem Sockel der Statue liest man die Worte: st ^llAlstsrrs." Der Gefichtsausdruck Jenners zeigt Nachdenken an; in der Rechten hält er eine Lancette, und mit der Linken schlägt er die Blätter eines dicken Buches um. Auf der Seite steht man eine Schale und eine Schlange, dann auf einem aufgerollten Papier das Bild einer Kuh, an welcher Jenner bekanntlich die Pocke fand. Diese Statue (vorerst noch Gyps-Modell) soll später in Boulogne aufgestellt werden, wo Jenner die ersten Impfungen vornahm.: — Die Bäume, mit welchen man in diesem Augenblicke den Platz an beiden Seiten der Börse in Paris bepflanzt, werden von der Barriere du Trone hergebracht. Während der Schreckenstage waren diese Bäume Zeuge von 1927 Executionen; es ist zu befürch ten, daß sie auch auf ihrem neuen Standorte an der Börse manche „Execution" erleben werden, wenn auch keine blutige! — Im Jahre 18S7würden aus der Havana 3.590,135 Psd. Tabak und 149.560,000 Stück Cigarren ausgefühlt. |
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US-201214346961-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Use of non-subtype B gag proteins for lentiviral packaging
ABSTRACT
The invention encompasses a lentiviral packaging vector comprising a non-subtype B gag-pol sequence, particularly a subtype D gag-pol sequence. The invention further encompasses methods for making and using these vectors. The invention further encompasses lentiviral vector particles comprising HIV-1 non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Recombinant vaccines have been developed with the progress of recombinant DNA technology, allowing the modification of viral genomes to produce modified viruses. In this manner, it has been possible to introduce genetic sequences into non-pathogenic viruses, so that they encode immunogenic proteins to be expressed in target cells upon infection, in order to develop a specific immune response in their host.
Such vaccines constitute a major advance in vaccine technology (Kutzler et al., Nat Rev Genet, 9(10): 776-788, 2008). In particular, they have the advantage over traditional vaccines of avoiding live (attenuated) virus and eliminating risks associated with the manufacture of inactivated vaccines.
Gene delivery using modified retroviruses (retroviral vectors) was introduced in the early 1980s by Mann et al. (Cell, 33(1):153-9, 1983). The most commonly used oncogenic retroviral vectors are based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV). They have a simple genome from which the polyproteins Gag, Pol and Env are produced and are required in trans for viral replication (Breckpot et al., 2007, Gene Ther, 14(11):847-62; He et al. 2007, Expert Rev vaccines, 6(6):913-24). Sequences generally required in cis are the long terminal repeats (LTRs) and its vicinity: the inverted repeats (IR or att sites) required for integration, the packaging sequence ψ, the transport RNA-binding site (primer binding site, PBS), and some additional sequences involved in reverse transcription (the repeat R within the LTRs, and the polypurine tracts, PPT, necessary for plus strand initiation). To generate replication-defective retroviral vectors, the gag, pol, and env genes are generally entirely deleted and replaced with an expression cassette.
Retroviral vectors deriving from lentivirus genomes (i.e. lentiviral vectors) have emerged as promising tools for both gene therapy and immunotherapy purposes, because they exhibit several advantages over other viral systems. In particular, lentiviral vectors themselves are not toxic and, unlike other retroviruses, lentiviruses are capable of transducing non-dividing cells, in particular dendritic cells (He et al. 2007, Expert Rev vaccines, 6(6):913-24), allowing antigen presentation through the endogenous pathway.
Lentiviruses represent a genus of slow viruses of the Retroviridae family, which includes the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the equine infectious encephalitis virus (EIAV), the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Lentiviruses can persist indefinitely in their hosts and replicate continuously at variable rates during the course of the lifelong infection. Persistent replication of the viruses in their hosts depends on their ability to circumvent host defenses.
The design of recombinant lentiviral vectors is based on the separation of the cis- and trans-acting sequences of the lentivirus. Efficient integration and replication in non-dividing cells requires the presence of two cis-acting sequences in the lentiviral genome, the central polypurine tract (cPPT) and the central terminal sequence (CTS). These lead to the formation of a triple-stranded DNA structure called the central DNA “flap”, which maximizes the efficiency of gene import into the nuclei of non-dividing cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) (Zennou et al., 2000, Cell, 101(2) 173-85; Arhel et al., 2007, EMBO J, 26(12):3025-37).
HIV-1 lentiviral vectors have been generated based on providing the subtype B Gag, Pol, Tat and Rev proteins for packaging vectors in trans from a packaging construct (Naldini et al, PNAS 15: 11382-8 (1996); Zufferey et al, Nature Biotechnology 15:871-875, 1997); Dull et al, Journal of Virology (1997)). These studies were performed with subtype B Gag and Pol proteins. The effect of non-subtype B gag and pol sequences in a HIV-1 packaging construct was not assessed.
There are many different subtypes of HIV-1 other than subtype B. Some subtypes of HIV-1, such as C, E, and A, appear to be transmitted more efficiently than HIV-1 subtype B, which is the major subtype in the United States and Europe. Essex et al., Adv Virus Res. 1999; 53:71-88. The predominant subtype of HIV-1 that is found in the developed Western World, clade B, differs considerably from those subtypes and recombinants that exist in Africa and Asia, where the vast majority of HIV-infected persons reside. Spira et al., J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2003) 51, 229-240. Thus, serious discrepancies may exist between the subtype B retrovirus encountered in North America and Europe and those viral subtypes that plague humanity on a global scale. Id. Subtype diversity may impact on modes of HIV transmission. Homosexual and intravenous drug abuse are the primary modes of transmission observed for clade B strains in Europe and the Americas. Id. In contrast, clades A, C, D and E predominate in Africa and Asia where heterosexual transmission predominates. Id. In addition, some studies suggest that AIDS progression differs as a function of infecting subtype. Id. Thus, it appears that HIV-1 subtype B is quite different than the other HIV-1 subtypes.
HIV phylogenic classifications are normally based either on nucleotide sequences derived from multiple sub genomic regions (gag, pol and env) of the same isolates, or on full-length genome sequence analysis. A phylogenic analysis of HIV-1 near-full length sequences revealed that HIV-1 subtype B was most closely related genetically to HIV subtype D (FIG. 1). Phylogenic analyses of HIV-1 Gag and Pol protein sequences also showed that HIV-1 subtype B was most closely related genetically to HIV subtype D (FIG. 2).
Nevertheless, HIV-1-NDK, a subtype D virus, is significantly more cytopathic for CD4+ lymphocytes than the HIV-1-BRU prototype, a subtype B virus. This may be due to enhanced fusogenicity and infectivity of subtype D viruses. De Mareuil et al., J. Virol. 66: 6797 (1992). Phenotypic analysis of recombinant viruses indicated that 75 amino acids from the N-terminal part of HIV-1-NDK matrix (MA) protein, together with the HIV-1-NDK envelope glycoprotein, are responsible for enhanced fusogenicity of HIV-1-NDK in CD4+ lymphocytes as well as for enhanced infectivity of HIV-1-NDK in some CD4-cell lines. Id.
There is a need in the art for lentiviral packaging constructs producing higher titers of packaged lentiviral vectors, in order to reduce injection volumes, increase dosages, reduce the cost of vaccination, and increase the number of patients that could be treated with one batch. The current invention fulfills this need.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The gag-pol gene of subtype B of HIV-1 in a lentiviral packaging plasmid (construct p8.74) was replaced by the gag-pol gene of a subtype D HIV-1 to generate construct pThV-GP-N. The constructs were used for lentiviral vector production. Approximately 2-fold higher titers were obtained using the pThV-GP-N plasmid as compared to construct p8.74. Thus, the Gag-Pol of a subtype D virus increases the titer of lentiviral vector particles relative to a Gag-Pol of a subtype B virus.
The invention encompasses a lentiviral packaging vector comprising a subtype D gag-pol sequence, particularly from HIV-1 NDK. In a preferred embodiment, the lentiviral packaging vector comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In a preferred embodiment, the lentiviral packaging vector encodes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 is:
(SEQ ID NO 1) atgggtgcgagagcgtcagtattaagcgggggaaaattagatacatgggaaagaattcggttac ggccaggaggaaagaaaaaatatgcactaaaacatttgatatgggcaagcagggagctagaacg atttacacttaatcctggccttttagagacatcagaaggctgtaaacaaataataggacagcta caaccatctattcaaacaggatcagaagaaattagatcattatataatacagtagcaaccctct attgtgtacatgaaaggatagaggtaaaagacaccaaagaagctgtagaaaagatggaggaaga acaaaacaaaagtaagaaaaagacacagcaagcagcagctgatagcagccaggtcagccaaaat taccctatagtgcagaacctacaggggcaaatggtacatcaggccatatcacctagaactttga acgcatgggtaaaagtaatagaagaaaaggccttcagcccggaagtaatacccatgttttcagc attatcagaaggagccaccccacaagatttaaacaccatgctaaacacagtggggggacatcaa gcagctatgcaaatgctaaaagagaccatcaatgacgaagctgcagaatgggacagattacatc cagtgcatgcagggcctgttgcaccaggccaaatgagagaaccaaggggaagtgatatagcagg aactactagtacccttcaggaacaaatagcatggatgacaagcaacccacctatcccagtagga gaaatctataaaagatggataatcctgggattaaataaaatagtaagaatgtatagccctgtca gcattttggacataagacagggaccaaaggaaccttttagagactatgtagaccggttctataa aactctaagagccgagcaagcttcacaggatgtaaaaaactggatgacagaaaccttgttggtc caaaatgcaaacccagattgtaaaactatcttaaaagcattgggaccacaggctacactagaag aaatgatgacagcatgccagggagtgggggggcccggccataaagcaagagttttggctgaggc aatgagccaagtaacaggttcagctactgcagtaatgatgcagagaggcaattttaagggccca agaaaaagtattaagtgtttcaactgtggcaaggaagggcacacagcaaaaaattgcagggccc ctagaaaaaagggctgttggaaatgcggaagggaaggacaccaaatgaaagattgcactgaaag acaggctaattttttagggaagatttggccttcccacaagggaaggccggggaattttcttcag agcagaccagagccaacagccccaccagcagagagcttcgggtttggggaggagataaccccct ctcagaaacaggagcagaaagacaaggaactgtatcctttagcttccctcaaatcactctttgg caacgacccctcgtcacaataaagatagggggacagctaaaggaagctctattagatacaggag cagatgatacagtattagaagaaataaatttgccaggaaaatggaagccaaaaatgataggggg aattggaggttttatcaaagtaagacagtatgatcaaatactcatagaaatctgtggatataaa gctatgggtacagtattagtaggacctacacctgtcaacataattggaagaaatttgttgaccc agattggctgcactttaaattttccaattagtcctattgaaactgtaccagtaaaattaaagcc aggaatggatggcccaaaagttaaacaatggccattgacgaagaaaaaataaaagcattaacag aaatttgtacagaaatggaaaaggaaggaaaaatttcaagaattgggcctgaaaatccatataa tactccaatatttgccataaagaaaaaagacagtaccaagtggagaaaattagtagatttcaga gaacttaataagagaactcaagatttctgggaggttcaattaggaataccgcatcctgcagggc tgaaaaagaaaaaatcagtaacagtactggatgtgggtgatgcatatttctcagttcccttaga tgaagattttaggaaatataccgcatttaccatacctagtataaacaatgagacaccagggatt agatatcagtacaatgtgctcccacagggatggaaaggatcaccggcaatattccaaagtagca tgacaaaaatcttagagccctttagaaaacaaaatccagaaatagttatctatcaatacatgga tgatttgtatgtaggatctgacttagaaatagggcagcatagaacaaaaatagaggaattaaga gaacatctattgaggtggggatttaccacaccagataaaaaacatcagaaagaacctccatttc tttggatgggttatgaactccatcctgataaatggacagtacagcctataaacctgccagaaaa agaaagctggactgtcaatgatatacagaagttagtggggaaattaaactgggcaagccagatt tatgcaggaattaaagtaaagcaattatgtaaactccttaggggaaccaaagcactaacagaag tagtaccactaacagaagaagcagaattagaactggcagaaaacagggaaattctaaaagaacc agtacatggagtgtattatgacccatcaaaagacttaatagcagaactacagaaacaaggggac ggccaatggacataccaaatttatcaagaaccatttaaaaatctaaaaacaggaaagtatgcaa gaacgaggggtgcccacactaatgatgtaaaacaattaacagaggcagtgcaaaaaatagccac agaaagcatagtgatatggggaaagactcctaaatttaaactacccatacaaaaggaaacatgg gaaacatggtggatagagtattggcaagccacctggattcctgagtgggaatttgtcaataccc ctcctttagtaaaattatggtaccagttagagaaggaacccataataggagcagaaactttcta tgtagatggggcagctaatagagagactaaattaggaaaagcaggatatgttactgacagagga agacagaaagttgtccctttcactgacacgacaaatcagaagactgagttacaagcaattaatc tagctttacaggattcgggattagaagtaaacatagtaacagattcacaatatgcactaggaat cattcaagcacaaccagataagagtgaatcagagttagtcagtcaaataatagagcagctaata aaaaaggaaaaggtttacctggcatgggtaccagcacacaaaggaattggaggaaatgaacaag tagataaattagtcagtcagggaatcaggaaagtactatttttggatggaatagataaggctca ggaagaacatgagaaatatcacaacaattggagagcaatggctagtgattttaacctaccacct gtggtagcgaaagaaatagtagctagctgtgataaatgtcagctaaaaggagaagccatgcatg gacaagtagactgtagtccaggaatatggcaattagattgtacacatctggaaggaaaagttat cctggtagcagttcatgtagccagtggctatatagaagcagaagttattccagcagaaacgggg caagaaacagcatactttctcttaaaattagcaggaagatggccagtaaaagtagtacatacag ataatggcagcaatttcaccagtgctacagttaaggccgcctgttggtgggcagggatcaaaca ggaatttggaattccctacaatccccaaagtcaaggagtagtagaatctatgaataaagaatta aagaaaattataggacaggtaagagatcaagctgaacatcttaagacagcagtacaaatggcag tatttatccacaattttaaaagaaaaggggggattgggggatacagtgcaggggaaagaataat agacataatagcaacagacatacaaactagagaattacaaaaacaaatcataaaaattcaaaat tttcgggtttattacagggacagcagagatccaatttggaaaggaccagcaaagcttctctgga aaggtgaaggggcagtagtaatacaagacaatagtgacataaaggtagtaccaagaagaaaagt aaagatcattagggattatggaaaacagatggcaggtgatgattgtgtggcaagtagacaggat gaggattaac.
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 2 is:
(SEQ ID NO: 2) MGARASVLSGGKLDAWERIRLRPGGKKKYALKHLIWASRELERIALNPGLLETSEGCK QIIGQLQPSIQTGSEELRSLYNTIATLYCVHERIEVKDTKEAVEKMEEEQNKSKKKTQQ AAADSSQVSQNYPIVQNLQGQMVHQAISPRTLNAWVKVIEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSEG ATPQDLNTMLNTVGGHQAAMQMLKETINDEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPVAPGQMREPRG SDIAGTTSTLQEQIAWMTSNPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPVSILDIRQGPKEPFR DYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQDVKNWMTETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPQATLEEMMTACQ GVGGPGHKARVLAEAMSQVTGSVTAVMMQRGNFKGPRKSIKCFNCGKEGHTAKNC RAPRKKGCWKCGREGHQMKDCSERQANFLGKIWPSHKGRPGNFLQSRPEPTAPPA ESFGFGEEITPSQKQEQKDKELYPLASLKSLFGNDPSSQFFREDLAFPQGKAGEFSSE QTRANSPTSRELRVWGGDNPLSETGAEGQGTVSFSFPQITLWQRPLVTIKIGGQLKEA LLDTGADDTVLEEMNLPGKWKPKMIGGIGGFIKVRQYDQILIEICGYKAMGTVLVGPTP VNIIGRNLLTQIGCTLNFPISPIETVPVKLKPGMDGPKVKQWPLTEEKIKALTEICTEMEK EGKISRIGPENPYNTPIFAIKKKDSTKWRKLVDFRELNKRTQDFWEVQLGIPHPAGLKK KKSVTVLDVGDAYFSVPLDEDFRKYTAFTIPSINNETPGIRYQYNVLPQGWKGSPAIFQ SSMTKILEPFRKQNPEIVIYQYMDDLYVGSDLEIGQHRTKIEELREHLLRWGFTTPDKK HQKEPPFLWMGYELHPDKWTVQPIKLPEKESWTVNDIQKLVGKLNWASQIYAGIKVK QLCKLLRGTKALTEVVPLTEEAELELAENREILKEPVHGVYYDPSKDLIAELQKQGDGQ WTYQIYQEPFKNLKTGKYARTRGAHTNDVKQLTEAVQKIATESIVIWGKTPKFKLPIQK ETWETWWIEYWQATWIPEWEFVNTPPLVKLWYQLEKEPIIGAETFYVDGAANRETKL GKAGYVTDRGRQKVVPFTDTTNQKTELQAINLALQDSGLEVNIVTDSQYALGIIQAQPD KSESELVSQIIEQLIKKEKVYLAWVPAHKGIGGNEQVDKLVSQGIRKVLFLDGIDKAQEE HEKYHNNWRAMASDFNLPPVVAKEIVASCDKCQLKGEAMHGQVDCSPGIWQLDCTH LEGKVILVAVHVASGYIEAEVIPAETGQETAYFLLKLAGRWPVKVVHTDNGSNFTSATV KAACWWAGIKQEFGIPYNPQSQGVVESMNKELKKIIGQVRDQAEHLKTAVQMAVFIHN FKRKGGIGGYSAGERIIDIIATDIQTRELQKQIIKIQNFRVYYRDSRDPIWKGPAKLLWKG EGAVVIQDNSDIKVVPRRKVKIIRDYGKQMAGDDCVASRQDED.
The invention encompasses a lentiviral packaging vector comprising a subtype D MA sequence, particularly from HIV-1 NDK. In a preferred embodiment, the lentiviral packaging vector encodes an MA protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 3 is:
(SEQ ID NO 3) MGARASVLSGGKLDTWERIRLRPGGKKKYALKHLIWASRELERFTLNPG LLETSEGCKQIIGQLQPSIQTGSEEIRSLYNTVATLYCVHERIEVKDTK EAVEKMEEEQNKSKKKTQQAAADSSQVSQNY.
Preferably, the lentiviral packaging vector encoding the HIV Gag MA protein generates at least a 1.5 fold increase, or at least a 2-fold increase, in the titer of a packaged lentiviral vector as compared to the lentiviral packaging vector encoding an HIV Gag MA protein of HIV-1 BRU, e.g., p8.74. Preferably, the lentiviral packaging vector is replication-defective and lacks a ψ site.
In a preferred embodiment, the lentiviral packaging vector encodes an HIV Gag MA protein having an amino acid at position 12 that is not a glutamic acid and an amino acid at position 15 that is not an arginine. Preferably, the lentiviral packaging vector does not have both a valine at position 46 and a leucine at position 61.
In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 12 of the MA protein is a lysine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 15 is a threonine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 15 is an alanine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 46 is a leucine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 61 is an isoleucine. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid at position 61 is a methionine.
In one embodiment, the vector does not encode a functional Env protein.
The invention also encompasses methods for making the above lentiviral packaging vectors and methods for using these lentiviral packaging vectors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is more fully understood through reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 depicts phylogenic trees of HIV viruses.
FIGS. 2A and B depict phylogenic trees of HIV GAG (A) and POL (B) proteins.
GAG and POL protein sequences were obtained from: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/NEWALIGN/align.html. For each known HIV clade, one patient's (for clade B) or two patients' virus sequences were randomly chosen and GAG and POL protein sequences were compared to the reference clade B proteins (B.FR.83.HXB2_LAI_IIIB_BRU.KO3455). Alignments were performed using Vector NTI advance 11 (Invitrogen).
FIG. 3 depicts titers obtained using the p8.74 and the pThV-GP-N plasmids for vector production. Lentiviral particles were produced using the proviral plasmid (pFLAP-CMV-GFP), the pseudotyping plasmid (pTHV-VSV.G) and either the commonly used packaging plasmid (derived from the BRU strain, p8,74) or an NDK-derived packaging plasmid (pTHV-GP-N). With each packaging plasmid, 18 independent transfections were performed and the particles titers were measured by FACS analysis. Similar results were also obtained using a vector employing a proviral plasmid containing the β2 microglobulin promoter driving HIV antigen expression.
FIG. 4 depicts production of wild type BRU and NDK viruses and evaluation of their respective early phase efficiency. 293T cells were transfected either with plasmid encoding for the wild type BRU (pBRU) or NDK (pNDK-N) virus. Viral supernatants were collected after 48 hours and diluted to infect P4-CCR5 cells (encompassing a stable luciferase reporting gene which expression is driven by the HIV LTR, allowing a luciferase production in presence of the TAT protein (brought by the virus). Serial dilution of either BRU or NDK viruses were used to infect P4-CCR5 cells and the luciferase expression (A) or the luciferase/P24 ratio (B) were measured.
FIG. 5 depicts vector production using different ratios of BRU (p8,74) and NDK (pThV GP-N) derived packaging plasmids. For each conditions (from 0 μg NDK+10 μg BRU to 10 μg NDK+0 μg BRU), the titer (gray bars) and the P24 level (black squares) were measured.
FIG. 6 depicts a Western blot of vector supernatants produced using either BRU (8,74) or NDK (pThV GP-N) derived packaging plasmids. The P24 protein and precursors detection was performed using the NIH anti-P24 MAB (183-H12-5C).
FIG. 7 depicts a sequence alignment of the N-terminal MA sequences of a clade B virus (BRU; SEQ ID NO:5) with a clade D virus (NDK; SEQ ID NO:4).
FIG. 8 depicts a sequence alignment of the N-terminal MA sequences of clade B viruses (SEQ ID NO:6 through SEQ ID NO:26).
FIG. 9 depicts a sequence alignment of the N-terminal MA sequences of clade D viruses (SEQ ID NO:27 through SEQ ID NO:32).
FIG. 10 depicts a sequence alignment of the N-terminal MA sequences of a clade B virus (BRU) with viruses of other clades (SEQ ID NO:33 through SEQ ID NO:67).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Subtype B HIV-1 viruses differ from other HIV-1 subtypes in that subtype B viruses appear to be transmitted less efficiently and have a different mode of transmission. Nevertheless, subtype B viruses have been used extensively in the generation of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors and lentiviral packaging vectors. To determine whether the Gag and Pol proteins of non-subtype B viruses could be used for the generation of lentiviral packaging vectors, the gag-pol gene of HIV-1 subtype B in a lentiviral packaging plasmid (construct p8.74) was replaced by the gag-pol gene of a subtype D HIV-1 to generate construct pThV-GP-N. The constructs were used for lentiviral vector production. Approximately 2-fold higher titers were obtained using the pThV-GP-N plasmid as compared to construct p8.74 (FIG. 3). Thus, the subtype D HIV-1 Gag-Pol in the packaging vector increased the titer of lentiviral vector over the titer seen with a subtype B HIV-1 Gag-Pol.
Increased titer of the lentiviral vector is beneficial in allowing the reduction in contaminants in a given dose of lentiviral vector. This facilitates a reduction in injection volumes, and an increase in possible dosages. It further facilitates reducing the cost of vaccination by reducing the quantity of materials and labor necessary to achieve a particular dose, and by increasing the number of patients that could be treated with a single batch of lentival vector.
Serial dilutions of HIV-1 BRU and HIV-1 NDK viruses indicated that the HIV-1 NDK virus was more efficient in the early phases of the virus life cycle (FIG. 4). By mixing different amounts of the subtype B and subtype D packaging vectors, it was demonstrated that the subtype D packaging vector increased both the titer and the level of p24 in the lentiviral vector preparations (FIG. 5). The p24 in the lentiviral vector preparations using the subtype D packaging vector was also observed to be less completely processed, showing higher levels of p24 precursors (FIG. 6). Thus, the Gag protein in the subtype D packaging vector was exhibiting various differences from the subtype B packaging vectors.
It is known that, with HIV-1 Env, the 75 amino acids from the N-terminal part of HIV-1-NDK matrix (MA) protein is responsible for enhanced fusogenicity of HIV-1-NDK in CD4+ lymphocytes as well as for enhanced infectivity of HIV-1-NDK in some CD4-cell lines. De Mareuil et al., J. Virol. 66: 6797 (1992). Since the Env protein used for generation of lentiviral vectors with the subtype B and subtype D packaging vectors is the same (i.e., VSV), only the differences in HIV-1 MA are present in the subtype B and subtype D packaging vectors.
The conservation and divergence of amino acids in the N-terminal 75 amino acids of M from various clades of HIV-1 viruses was examined. HIV-1 NDK showed 10 differences in amino acids from HIV-1 BRU (FIG. 7). However, only eight of these differences were seen when HIV-1 NDK was compared to an assortment of 20 different HIV-1 subtype B viruses (FIG. 8). When other subtype D viruses were included in the comparison, only 4 of these differences remained (FIG. 9). These differences are the absence of a glutamic acid at amino acid position 12, the absence of an arginine at amino acid position 15, the absence of a valine at amino acid position 46, and the absence of a leucine at amino acid position 61 in subtype D viruses.
When other subtype viruses were included in the comparison, the other subtypes appeared to align with subtype D, preserving nearly all of these differences (FIG. 10). Nearly all of the non-subtype B viruses exhibited a lysine at position 12. Many of the non-subtype B viruses exhibited an alanine at position 15. Nearly all of the non-subtype B viruses exhibited a leucine at position 46. Nearly all of the non-subtype B viruses exhibited a methionine or isoleucine at position 61. The non-subtype B viruses exhibited the consensus of a lysine at position 12, an amino acid other than arginine at position 15, a leucine at position 46, and an isoleucine or methionine at position 61.
The invention encompasses packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins and host cells comprising these vectors. The invention further encompasses methods for making packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins. The invention also encompasses methods for using these packaging vectors to generate lentiviral vectors, and lentiviral vectors comprising non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins.
Packaging Vectors
The invention encompasses packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins. A lentiviral “packaging vector” is defined herein as a nucleic acid sequence not encoding functional HIV-1 Env and lacking a ψ site, but capable of expressing lentiviral Gag and/or Pol proteins that can be incorporated into viral particles when cotransfected with a vector containing appropriate lentiviral cis-acting signals for packaging. The lentiviral packaging vector of the invention is unable to replicate itself by packaging and reverse transcribing its own sequence.
The packaging vector can be an RNA or DNA vector. The non-subtype B Gag and Pol proteins can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof. A preferred packaging vector comprises SEQ ID NO:1 or encodes SEQ ID NO:2.
The invention encompasses packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B Gag proteins and host cells comprising these vectors. The non-subtype B Gag proteins can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof. A preferred packaging vector encodes the Gag protein portion of SEQ ID NO:2.
The invention encompasses packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B MA proteins and host cells comprising these vectors. The non-subtype B MA proteins can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof. A preferred packaging vector encodes SEQ ID N0:3 or the MA protein portion of SEQ ID N0:2.
In various embodiments, the packaging vector comprises SEQ ID N0:1 or a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical with SEQ ID N0:1. In various embodiments, the packaging vector encodes SEQ ID N0:2, SEQ ID N0:3, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical with SEQ ID N0:2 or SEQ ID N0:3.
As used herein, the percent identity of two nucleic acid sequences can be determined by comparing sequence information using the GAP computer program, version 6.0 described by Devereux et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. 12:387, 1984) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG), using the default parameters for the GAP program including: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) for nucleotides, and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess, Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745, 1986, as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358, 1979; (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps.
In various embodiments, the vector comprises a sequence encoding an HIV-1 MA protein having one or more of the following features:
the absence of a glutamic acid at amino acid position 12;
the absence of an arginine at amino acid position 15;
the absence of a valine at amino acid position 46; and
the absence of a leucine at amino acid position 61.
In various embodiments, the vector comprises a sequence encoding an HIV-1 MA protein having one or more of the following features:
the amino acid at position 12 is a lysine;
the amino acid at position 15 is a threonine;
the amino acid at position 15 is an alanine;
the amino acid at position 46 is a leucine;
the amino acid at position 61 is an isoleucine; and/or
the amino acid at position 61 is a methionine.
The packaging vector preferably encodes HIV-1 Gag and Pol. Most preferably, the packaging vector encodes an HIV-1 Gag MA protein.
The packaging vector can contain viral or non-viral sequences for expression of Gag and Pol. The packaging vector can contain an HIV-1 LTR or the U3 region of an HIV-1 LTR. In other embodiments, the packaging vector does not contain HIV-1 LTRs. Any promoter can be used to drive expression of Gag and Pol. Preferably, the promoter is a strong promoter in human cells. Most preferably, the packaging vector contains a Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, a CMV early enhancer/chicken β actin (CAG) promoter, a Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) promoter, a human phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) promoter, or a U3 from an LTR (e.g., myeloproliferative sarcoma virus (MPSV) U3) promoter driving expression of the encoded genes, e.g. gag and pol.
Preferably, the packaging vector contains a polyadenylation signal. Any polyadenylation signal can be. Preferably, polyadenylation signal is a strong signal in human cells. Most preferably, the polyadenylation signal is a human α2 globin or a Bovine Growth hormone (BGH) polyadenylation signal.
Preferably, the packaging vector contains a Rev-responsive element (RRE). In a preferred embodiment, the packaging vector expresses an HIV-1 Rev protein. In a preferred embodiment, the packaging vector contains at least one splice donor site and at least one splice acceptor site. In one embodiment, the packaging vector expresses an HIV-1 Tat protein.
In preferred embodiments, the packaging vector lacks sequences encoding HIV-1 Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and/or Nef. The packaging vector can comprise a sequence encoding an HIV-1 MA protein having one or more of the features discussed herein.
In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 1 HIV-1 protein, Gag. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 2 HIV-1 proteins, Gag and Pol. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 3 HIV-1 proteins, selected from Gag, Pol, Rev, and Tat. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 4 HIV-1 proteins, Gag, Pol, Rev, and Tat.
In one embodiment, the vector comprises (from 5′ to 3′) a CMV promoter, a nucleic acid sequence encoding HIV-1 Gag-Pol, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, a splice donor site, an intron containing an RRE, a splice acceptor site, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, and a polyadenylation signal. Preferably, the HIV-1 Gag-Pol is a subtype D HIV-1 Gag-Pol.
The packaging vector may further contain an origin for replication in bacteria or eukaryotic cells. The packaging vector may contain a selectable marker gene for selection in bacteria or eukaryotic cells.
The invention encompasses host cells comprising the packaging vectors of the invention. The host cells can be transiently transfected with the packaging vectors of the invention. The host cells can be cell lines with the packaging vectors of the invention integrated into the genome of the host cell. Many different cells are suitable host cells Preferably, the cells are human cells, most preferably an immortalized human cell line. In one embodiment, the cells are HEK 293T cells. In one embodiment, the cells are HeLA, HT1080 or PER C6 cells (Delenda et al, Cells for Gene Therapy and vector Production, from Methods in Biotechnology, Vol 24: Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols, 2^(nd) Ed. Edited by R. Portner, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, N.J.).
Packaging Systems
The invention encompasses lentiviral packaging systems comprising cells expressing non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins. A lentiviral “packaging system” is defined herein as a cell-based system comprising cells expressing at least lentiviral Gag and Pol proteins in the absence of a ψ site, and capable of packaging and reverse transcribing an exogenous nucleic acid containing a ψ site. The cells of the lentiviral packaging system can also express other viral proteins. Preferably, the lentiviral packaging system expresses an envelope protein. The envelope protein can be a lentiviral (e.g., HIV-1 Env) or non-lentiviral (e.g., VSV, Sindbis virus, Rabies virus) envelope protein. In various embodiments, the lentiviral packaging system expresses an HIV-1 Tat and/or Rev protein.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system contain sequences encoding HIV-1 Gag and/or Pol stably integrated into their genome. In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system contain sequences encoding an envelope protein stably integrated into their genome. In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system contain sequences encoding HIV-1 Tat and/or Rev stably integrated into their genome.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system transiently express HIV-1 Gag and/or Pol proteins. In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system transiently express an envelope protein. In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system transiently express HIV-1 Tat and/or Rev proteins.
The cells of the lentiviral packaging system can express non-subtype B Gag and Pol proteins selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof. In one embodiment, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system comprise SEQ ID NO:1 or express SEQ ID NO:2.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system express non-subtype B Gag proteins. The non-subtype B Gag proteins can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system express non-subtype B MA proteins. The non-subtype B MA proteins can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J proteins, and recombinants thereof. A preferred packaging vector encodes SEQ ID NO:3 or the MA protein portion of SEQ ID NO:2.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system can contain any of the lentiviral vectors of the invention.
In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system contain SEQ ID NO:1 or a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical with SEQ ID NO:1. In various embodiments, the cells of the lentiviral packaging system express a protein with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.
Methods of Producing Packaging Vectors
The invention encompasses methods for making packaging vectors encoding non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins. The packaging vector can comprise any of the features discussed herein.
In one embodiment, the method comprises inserting a Gag and/or Pol sequence from a non-subtype B HIV-1 virus into a plasmid under the control of a non-HIV promoter (e.g., CMV promoter) to generate a packaging vector. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 1 HIV-1 protein. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 2 HIV-1 proteins. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 3 HIV-1 proteins, selected from Gag, Pol, Rev, and Tat. In one embodiment, the packaging vector encodes only 4 HIV-1 proteins, Gag, Pol, Rev, and Tat.
In various embodiments, the plasmid comprises one or more of a CMV promoter, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, a splice donor site, an intron containing an RRE, a splice acceptor site, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, and a polyadenylation signal.
In various embodiments, the packaging vector comprises a CMV promoter, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, a splice donor site, an intron containing an RRE, a splice acceptor site, an exon encoding part of Tat and Rev, and a polyadenylation signal.
The non-subtype B HIV-1 virus can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J viruses, and recombinants thereof.
In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a packaging vector comprising a Gag sequence of an HIV-1 subtype B virus and replacing Gag sequences in the vector with sequences from an HIV-1 non-subtype B virus.
The non-subtype B HIV-1 virus can be selected from subtype A, subtype C, subtype D, subtype E, subtype F1, subtype F2, subtype G, subtype H, and subtype J viruses, and recombinants thereof. In a preferred embodiment, non-subtype B HIV-1 virus is HIV-1 NDK.
Methods of Producing Lentiviral Vectors
The invention also encompasses methods for using packaging vectors encoding HIV-1 non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins to generate lentiviral vectors. In one embodiment, the invention encompasses administering a packaging vector encoding an HIV-1 non-subtype B Gag or Pol protein to a cell with a lentiviral vector. The packaging vector can comprise any of the features discussed herein.
The lentiviral vector comprises cis-acting sequences for packaging and reverse transcription, including a ψ site and primer binding site. Preferably, the lentiviral vector comprises two HIV-1 LTR sequences. In one embodiment, one of the LTRs is deleted for U3 and R sequences. Preferably, the lentiviral vector comprises a central polypurine tract (cPPT) and a central terminal sequence (CTS). The lentiviral vector preferably encodes a lentiviral or non-lentiviral protein, such as a selectable marker or tumor antigen.
In one embodiment, the lentiviral vector comprises one or more HIV antigen, preferably an HIV-1 antigen. Most preferably, the antigen is a Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Vpr, Vpu, Nef, Tat, or Rev antigen. The antigen can be a single antigen, a mix of antigens, an antigenic polypeptide, or a mix of antigenic polypeptides from these proteins. In a preferred embodiment, the lentiviral vector comprises an HIV-1 p24 Gag antigen.
In one embodiment, the invention encompasses a lentiviral vector comprising an NIS-containing promoter. An “NIS-containing promoter” comprises an NF-Kb binding site, an interferon stimulated response element (ISRE), and an SXY module (SXY). Examples of naturally occurring NIS-containing promoters are the β2m promoter and the MHC class I gene promoters. These naturally occurring NIS-containing promoters are generally cloned or reproduced from the promoter region of a gene encoding a protein β2m or a MHC class I protein, or referred to as putatively encoding such proteins in genome databases (ex: NCBI polynucleotide database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/dna-rna). Both β2m and class I MHC proteins enter the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). β2m and class I MHC promoter sequences are also usually referred to as such in genome databases—i.e. annotated as being β2m and class I MHC promoter sequences.
MHC class I and β2-microglobulin promoters contain the shared structural homologies of NIS-containing promoters. These promoters also share the ability to be strongly activated in dendritic cells, as well as, to lower intensity, in the majority of the other human body tissues.
In one embodiment, the packaging vector and the lentiviral vector are introduced together into a cell to allow the formation of lentiviral vector particles containing the Gag protein produced by the packaging vector and the nucleic acid produced by the lentiviral vector. Preferably, this is achieved by cotransfection of the cells with the packaging vector and the lentiviral vector. The cells can also be transfected with a nucleic acid encoding an Env protein, preferably a VSV Glycoprotein G. Preferably, the lentiviral vector particles are capable of entry, reverse transcription, and expression in an appropriate host cell.
In one embodiment, the packaging vector or the lentiviral vector is stably integrated into cells, and the non-integrated vector is transfected into the cells to allow the formation of lentiviral vector particles.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises collecting the lentiviral vector produced by the cells.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises selecting for a packaging vector that packages a higher titer of the lentiviral vector than a same packaging vector encoding a subtype B Gag or Pol protein. Preferably, the titer is increased at least 1.5 or 2-fold relative to the packaging vector encoding a subtype B Gag or Pol protein.
Lentiviral Vector Particles
The invention also encompasses lentiviral vector particles comprising HIV-1 non-subtype B Gag and/or Pol proteins. The non-subtype B Gag and Pol proteins can comprise any of the features discussed herein.
The lentiviral vector particle comprises a nucleic acid comprising cis-acting sequences for packaging and reverse transcription, including a ψ site and primer binding site in association with Gag, Pol and Env proteins. Preferably, the nucleic acid comprises two HIV-1 LTR sequences. In one embodiment, one of the LTRs is deleted for U3 and R sequences. Preferably, the nucleic acid of the lentiviral vector particle comprises a central polypurine tract (cPPT) and a central terminal sequence (CTS). The nucleic acid preferably encodes a lentiviral or non-lentiviral protein, such as a selectable marker or tumor antigen. Preferably, the lentiviral vector particle comprises a VSV Glycoprotein.
Preferably, the lentiviral vector comprises an NIS-containing promoter. In one embodiment, the promoter is a β2m promoter.
In one embodiment, the lentiviral vector comprises one or more HIV antigen, preferably an HIV-1 antigen. Most preferably, the antigen is a Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Vpr, Vpu, Nef, Tat, or Rev antigen.
The lentiviral vectors of the invention can be administered to a host cell, including a human host.
The lentiviral vector particle can contain a targeting mechanism for specific cell types. See, e.g., Yang et al., Targeting lentiviral vectors to specific cell types in vivo, PNAS 113(31):11479-11484 (2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Targeting can be achieved through an antibody that binds to a cell surface protein on a cell. The targeted cell type is preferably a dendritic cell, a T cell, a B cell. Targeting to dendritic cell type is preferred and can be accomplished through envelope proteins that specifically bind to a DC surface protein. See, e.g., Yang et al., Engineered Lentivector Targeting of Dendritic Cells for In Vivo, Nat Biotechnol. 2008 March; 26(3): 326-334, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention further relates to the use of the lentiviral vectors according to the invention, especially in the form of lentiviral vector particles, for the preparation of therapeutic compositions or vaccines which are capable of inducing or contributing to the occurrence or improvement of an immunogical reaction against epitopes, more particularly those encoded by the transgene present in the vectors.
EXAMPLES Example 1. Plasmid Construction
The gag-pol gene was amplified by PCR, using two primers and pNDK-N, a clone of HIV-1 NDK, as template. In order to obtain pThV-GP-N plasmid, the PCR product was digested with Eagl/Sall and inserted in packaging construct p8.74, also digested by Eagl/Sall.
Example 2. Production of Lentiviral Vector by Transfection
Lentiviral vector stock was produced using pFLAP CMV GFP bis and pTHV-VSV.G (INDI-CO)bis in combination with p8.74 or pThV-GP-N. 36 transfections were done, 18 with p8.74 and 18 with pThV-GP-N. All the supernatant were stored at −80° C.
The plasmid pFLAP-CMV GFP bis encoded for the Green Fluorescence protein (GFP), which expression can be detected by flow cytometry.
Example 3. Titration of Lentiviral Vector Production
Vector titer was determined by the frequency of GFP expression in 293T cells. Cells were cultivated in 24-well plates, in DMEM containing 10% FBS, until they reached a density of 1×10⁵ cells per well. The cells were then transduced with different volume of vector supernatant in a final volume of 300 μL. After 2 hours, 700 μl of fresh medium containing 10% FBS was added in each well. 72 hours after transduction, the medium was then removed and the cells washed in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS; Gibco). Cells were removed with 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco). Trypsinization was stopped by the addition of 300 μl complete DMEM, and the cells were transferred to a tube for FACS, after which the number of GFP-expressing cells was counted with a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences) using an excitation wavelength of 509 nm. Only the percent of GFP positive cells under 30% was considered.
The results are shown in FIG. 3. A significant difference between the pThV-GP-N and the p8.74 vectors productions was seen, with higher titers obtained using the pThV-GP-N plasmid. Indeed, the vector titer obtained with the packaging plasmid pThV-GP-N was 2 fold higher than the vector titer obtained with the classically used plasmid p8.74 (p<0.001 according to Student test).
Example 4. Increased Titer of Lentiviral Vector with pThV-GP-N
HIV-1 BRU and HIV-1 NDK viruses were made on 293T cells and used to transduced P4 CCR5 cells. These cells encompass a stable luciferase gene under the control of the HIV LTR: If they are transduced with TAT protein (which is the case when they are infected with a WT HIV), the LacZ gene is expressed and a luciferase expression can be measured. HIV-1 Gag p24 and luciferase expression were measured. The results are shown in FIG. 4, and confirm that wild type NDK virus has a higher transduction rate than the wild type BRU one.
Example 5. Increased p24 and Titer with pThV-GP-N
Different ratios of p8,74 and pSD GP NDK packaging vectors were used to produce lentiviral vector particles. For each ratio, the titer and the P24 level were measured. The results are shown in FIG. 5 and demonstrate that it is the presence of the NDK packaging plasmid that is responsible for the enhancement of the production titers and of the P24 level.
Example 6. Decreased p24 Processing with pThV-GP-N
Packaging vectors p8.74 and pTHV-GP-N were used to produce supernatants containing lentiviral vector particles. Western blots were performed on the supernatants using the NIH anti-P24 MAB (183-H12-5C). The results are shown in FIG. 6, and confirm that the difference between the NDK and BRU packaging plasmids relies on the production of P24 protein and precursor, as the NDK seems to generate a higher P24 synthesis (presence of P24 precursor in the viral supernatant) when the BRU shows only P24 in viral supernatant.
We claim:
1. A lentiviral packaging vector to generate a replication defective lentiviral vector particle, the vector lacking a site and encoding the Gag-Pol protein of HIV-1 NDK, wherein the Gag-Pol protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 wherein the coding sequence of the Gag-Pol protein is operably linked to an expression control sequence.
2. The vector of claim 1, wherein the vector is a plasmid comprising a Cytomegalovirus promoter.
3. A cell comprising the vector of claim
1. 4. The cell of claim 3, wherein the vector is an integrative vector.
5. A method for generating the packaging vector of claim 1, the method comprising inserting the nucleotide sequence encoding the Gag-Pol protein of HIV-1 NDK into a plasmid under the control of a non-HIV promoter to generate the packaging vector.
6. A method for generating a lentiviral vector particle, the method comprising administering the packaging vector of claim 1 to a cell with a lentiviral vector comprising 5′ and 3′ lentiviral long terminal repeats and a sequence encoding lentiviral envelope.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the packaging vector and the lentiviral vector are plasmids.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein the packaging vector is a non-integrative vector.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the packaging vector is an integrative vector.
10. A lentiviral vector particle comprising Gag-Pol protein of HIV-1 NDK and VSV Env glycoproteins, wherein the Gag-Pol protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
11. The lentiviral vector particle of claim 10, wherein the lentiviral particle encodes a tumor antigen.
12. The lentiviral vector particle of claim 10, wherein the lentiviral particle comprises an LTR deleted for U3 and R regions.
13. The lentiviral vector particle of claim 10, wherein the lentiviral particle does not comprise HIV-1 Env proteins..
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1344635_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 『映画秘宝』（えいがひほう）は、かつて双葉社が発行していた映画雑誌である。毎月21日発売。本誌は1995年に洋泉社で発行するムックでスタート、1999年に隔月刊の映画雑誌となり、2002年に月刊誌となった。
同誌は「映画を見るよりも、ライターたちのその映画についての文章のほうが面白い」と、継続的に映画マニアの人気を集めている。
また、創刊者の一人である町山智浩が携わった『映画宝島』（宝島社）から流れて来たライターも多く、他の映画雑誌にはない切り口でB級映画やお色気映画、ハリウッドの失敗大作などを紹介しており、「中学生男子」感覚を爆発させた編集方針が売りである。
さらに、上映イベント（東京国際ファンタスティック映画祭内の一企画として毎年企画された「映画秘宝まつり」など）や、新宿ロフトプラスワンでのトークイベントなどを行っている。
歴史
1995年に洋泉社で、編集者町山智浩と田野辺尚人により創刊。一冊につきワンテーマのA5判ムックとして年に数度発刊された。表紙のデザインは宇川直宏によるコラージュであった。
創刊者の町山智浩は、創刊の動機について「映画が女の観客を目当てにすることによって、映画雑誌が女性読者向けのものばかりになって面白くなかった。男向けの映画雑誌を作りたかった」「蓮実重彦流の『映画を語るのがオシャレ』な雑誌もイヤだった」「かつて、石上三登志らが刊行していた映画雑誌『映画宝庫』の影響を受けている」「雑誌『Cut』の映画について書いているライターたちが、映画に全然詳しくないので腹がたった」などと語っている。
1996年に町山が退職し、田野辺尚人が実質の2代目編集長として刊行を継続した。だが、田野辺は健康上の理由から『映画秘宝』の編集実務から退いた（田野辺はのち、2007年9月刊行の『グラインドハウス映画入門』以降、「別冊映画秘宝」編集長として、ムック時代の匂いをただよわせる書籍を刊行している）。
1999年に、A4判の隔月刊映画雑誌としてリニューアル、2002年より月刊化した。雑誌化により、デザイン担当は高橋ヨシキに交代した。
その後は大矢雅則が編集長をつとめていたが、2007年に退社し、松崎憲晃をへて、2012年11月号から 2020年の休刊まで岩田和明が編集長だった。
2020年2月1日付で洋泉社が宝島社に吸収合併され解散するのに伴い、宝島社では継続発行せず、2020年3月号をもって休刊となった。その後、岩田が新たに発足させた合同会社オフィス秘宝が「映画秘宝」の商標権を取得、岩田が編集長として同社による編集、双葉社が発行する形で同年4月21日発売の6月号より復刊することが決まった。
編集長・岩田和明の恫喝DM問題
2021年、編集長（当時）の岩田和明が公式Twitterアカウントを通じて、批判的な発言をした一部のアカウントに対し恫喝的なダイレクトメッセージ（DM）を送っていた事が判明した。
発端は2021年1月5日放送のTBSラジオ『アフター6ジャンクション』に岩田と編集部の岡本敦史が出演し、別冊号「決定版 韓国映画究極ガイド」や韓国映画について語ったところ、女性リスナーが17日に（その女性リスナーの勘違いで）「女性ゲストが出ると思ったら男性しかいなかった」、同誌にホモソーシャル的なノリがある「あの雑誌まわりが全部苦手で、勝手に幻滅している」「アトロク（うたまるさん）とか映画秘宝とかは“俺たちのー！”とか“ポンコツ”とかそう言うノリがしんどーい」「私は映画秘宝全然読んでなくてあんまりいいイメージなくて」「男性執筆陣ばっかの本も買いたくねーな」「純粋な悪口です」と批判するツイートを行ったもので、この女性に対しDMで「私は、『俺たちの～』も『ポンコツ』も、いちども言ったことがありません。」「胸が締め付けられるほど苦しい」「死にたい」等の内容の文章を送った物である。
受け取った女性がこのDMの内容を「死にたくなるってこっちに訴えてくるの驚きのセンシティブさで、これわざわざ検索して見てその相手にDMしてくんのヤバくないですか？？！！！！」というツイートと共に公開したことで問題が発覚、25日に公式アカウント上で一連の経緯を説明するとともに、公式アカウントが岩田の管理で運用されていたこと、また「過労の中で一方的に頭に血がのぼってしまい、憤りを感じてしまったため」単独行動で当該DMを送付したと説明、岩田に全責任があるとして、謝罪とともにアカウントの管理業務から外す措置を執った。
翌26日には同じく公式アカウントにてオフィス秘宝執行社員の田野辺尚人、相談役の町山智浩と柳下毅一郎、そして編集部一同の連名で謝罪文を公表、「雑誌という公共性を持ったメディアが個人に対して攻撃を加える行為を、断じて許せない行為だと考える」として改めて謝罪、岩田については謝罪文を送る前に女性に電話で直接連絡していたことも明らかにするとともに、「看過することができない、本誌の心情と真っ向から対立する、許しようのない行為」と断じ、「断固たる処分を行う」と明言もしている。また、「この件に関しては発行元である株式会社双葉社は一切関与していません」と説明している。
一方で、岩田が当該女性の連絡先を入手した経緯について、「抗議の電話を受けた双葉社がオフィス秘宝に共有した」という指摘が出ていることから、追加の説明を求める声も出ている。こうした一連の事態を受けて双葉社も公式サイトにおいて謝罪文を掲載、「当該事案についての個人情報を含めた情報共有の過程においても、その取扱いについて弊社としても慎重さを欠いた対応となってしまった」と謝罪している。
一連の騒動を受けて、起点となった『アフター6ジャンクション』パーソナリティの宇多丸は26日の放送でこのことに触れ、岩田の行動について「一見、下に出ているようで、一種の脅し。アウト中のアウトを重ねてしまった」と断じ、火曜パートナーの宇垣美里も「まごうことなき脅迫」と非難した。また、被害女性に対し気遣いを見せるとともに、番組自体も改善を図る方針であると語っている。
同年2月2日、オフィス秘宝は岩田が編集長職を辞任するとともに自主退社したことを発表した。
2021年12月2日、「映画秘宝」およびオフィス秘宝が、紙面上・SNS上での経緯説明と正式な謝罪文の掲載を見送り続けていることをうけ、現編集部員ら6名のうち、編集長を含む5名が連名で翌月号（2022年2月号）以降の編集業務から自主的に外れることを発表した。なお、その前日の2021年12月1日、有限会社スタジオ・ハードの創業者で、出版プロデューサーの高橋信之が、新編集長に就任することをFacebook上で発表した。その一方で2022年1月19日には町山智浩が本件被害者との同意を得て編集業務に復帰することを表明するとともに、被害者とオフィス秘宝、双葉社の三者の間で既に和解が成立していること、和解に関しての誌面への掲載が双葉社の方針で差し止められていることを明かしている。
その後2022年2月21日に双葉社が同年3月19日発行の2022年5月号をもって同社の刊行物としては休刊すると発表した。営業上の経営判断が理由だとしており、今後については5月号誌面及び3月末開設予定のオフィス秘宝公式サイトで発表するとしている。
オフィス秘宝での展開
オフィス秘宝は、自身の公式サイトにおいて、自社は2021年8月、双葉社は2022年1月に、DM被害者との法的和解を行ったと表明している。また、同じサイトにおいて、2022年に、事件の再発防止策や、被害者からの質問への回答を掲載している。
オフィス秘宝は「映画秘宝公式note」を開設して、町山智浩の評論などを、有料で配信する業務を行っている。
関連する叢書等
ムック時代には、類似コンセプトの『マンガ地獄変』（水声社）、『悶絶プロレス秘宝館』（シンコー・ミュージック）も刊行され、「昭和B級カルチャー・リスペクト・3ムック」として鼎立していたが、他の2ムックは短期間で休刊となった。
洋泉社からは『映画秘宝』の兄弟ムックとして、『まんが秘宝』『活字秘宝』『音楽秘宝』『ジャリカル秘宝』等も刊行されたが、やはりいずれも数号で休刊となった（なお、2013年7月「まんが秘宝」が15年ぶりに刊行）。また、洋泉社から発行されていた雑誌『オトナアニメ』は、元『映画秘宝』編集部の大矢雅則が創刊した雑誌である。
なお、2005年からウルトラヴァイヴにより刊行されている『Hotwax 日本の映画とロックと歌謡曲』（編集：高護）シリーズも、映画+歌謡曲という独自の路線を歩んでいるが、ムック時代の『映画秘宝』の影響を感じさせる内容である。
映画秘宝・兄弟ムック
まんが秘宝 ぶっちぎりヒーロー道
まんが秘宝 Vol. 2 つっぱりアナーキー王(キング)
活字秘宝 この本は怪しい!!―日本一のモーレツ・ブックガイド
まんが秘宝 Vol. 3 まんがチャンピオンまつり―ぶっちぎりヒーロー道・リターンズ!!
ジャリカル秘宝 Vol. |
563258_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 和泉 奈保（いずみ なほ、1983年7月31日 - ）は、滋賀県出身のタレント。身長155cm、スリーサイズはB92（Fカップ）,W56,H82。
関西を主に拠点に活動しているアイドル。所属事務所はイエローキャブウエスト。
趣味はギター。特技はカンフー。
主な芸歴
過去出演番組
京都特集 （関西テレビ）
『ぷっ』すま （テレビ朝日） 「ギリギリバスト」のコーナーに出演
おはよう朝日です(2008年4月-ABCテレビ) レポーター
イエローナイトフィーバー （2005年 - 2006年12月、びわ湖放送）土曜レギュラー
@あっとてれわか 金曜日 （テレビ和歌山）
美しくなりま専科 （2005年4月 - 、U-NET）
ごきげん!ブランニュ（2007年、ABCテレビ） - 4代目「ごきブラ夏のカバーガール」オーディション、及び同カバーガールの一員として
映画
ガキんちょ☆ROCK （2003年秋）
赤龍の女 （2006年10月公開） - 梅花役
DVD
DVDマガジン「パチスロ女学院」
モデル
Chupa Chapusコンテストグランプリ ファッションショップ『SHIC』モデル（2003年）
日刊ゲンダイ（関西版・グラビア）
その他
大阪府「オーパンバル」太田房江知事エスコート役 （2004年）
同じ事務所の藤本仁以奈と『なほにいな』結成 （2005年 - ）
外部リンク
イエローキャブウエスト
日本の女性アイドル
日本の女性タレント
イエローキャブ
滋賀県出身の人物
1983年生
存命人物.
|
sn87062011_1913-02-20_1_4_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | REPUBLICANS PLANNING TO HOLD NATIONAL CONVENTION Special Nugget Service. WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Republican party is now planning to hold a national convention which will be conducted on the same plans as the national contentions held for the purpose of nominating presidential candidates. Republicans all over the country seem to favor this idea as the best on which could be adopted to begin the reorganization of the party. Several radical changes will probably be effected in the methods and platform of the party and one of the matters which will surely be dealt with is the revision of the rules of selection of the Southern delegates. It is almost certain that a change will take place in the basis of the selection of Southern delegates but the plans in this respect have not yet been thoroughly decided upon. That the convention will be held there is not the slightest doubt and it is expected to be called as soon as possible after the Inauguration. An effort will also be made at that time to secure the return of the great body of the progressives to the fold. B. & M. Fiehflakss, 15 and 25 cents per can. Thorf Lehmann. TAXES MAY DELAY MILL TRANSPORTATION The Lumber Quartz mill which is to be moved down to the property of Summerville and company, may have its removal delayed owing to the fact that some city taxes owed on it have not been paid. Directions were sent in some time ago to have the work of moving begun. A telegram from outside with final instructions is now being awaited. SOME MEN ROCKING. A small amount of gold is being received from time to time by the banks here. It comes from men who rock a little in drifts for grubstakes. SUFFRAGETTES BURN LONDON PAVILLION Special Nugget Service. LONDON, Feb. 20. - Another outrageous act was performed by suffragettes last night when they set fire to the pavilion restaurant in the botanical gardens and almost succeeded in destroying it. The net was performed with a determination which would only be expected from madmen or from confirmed its effects. Kerosene was first poured over the structure in large quantities, many of the women using bottles of the liquid and spreading it with a studied intention to place it where the most disastrous effect could be expected. This fact was ascertained afterwards when the fire was extinguished. The attempt to burn the pavilion has almost confirmed the belief that the wrecking of Chancellor George's house by dynamite was also the work of the suffragettes. The people of Great Britain now have become incensed to a most dangerous degree against the women. Some time ago at a meeting held in Wales, women interrupted the speech of Lloyd George and were severely handled by the mob. Men hit and kicked and women in a manner which no one had ever expected to witness in any part of the British Islands. From this time forward, several similar scenes will probably be witnessed and the social relations of men and women are certain to undergo a most regrettable change. FRISCO MEN ARE INDICTED FOR FRAUD Special Nugget Service. SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. 20.—President John R. Howard and seven other officials of the Western Fuel Company have been indicted by the federal grand jury for criminal conspiracy. They are charged with defrauding the United States government out of not less than half a million dollars by evading by illegal methods the customs dues. All the men are prominent in the business circles, particularly the president, and the indictments have caused a sensation. It is declared, although without positive evidence, that the acts complained of were of the most dishonorable kind and were flagrant and contemptible violations of the customs regulations. Prizes for the races on exhibition at Hill's Drug Store. $181,000,000 IS PENSION BILL SUM Special Nugget Service. WASHINGTON, D.C., Feb. 19.— The pension bill of one hundred and eighty millions has passed the house and the bill will also most probably pass the senate and pension law. The amount provided for in the bill is about twenty millions more than usual. On the year before last the total pensions amounted to something more than $157,000,000. The growth of the pension list is alarming. In 1900, or immediately after the civil war, the pension list amounted to between and a half million. It has increased almost constantly and with regularity. On a few occasions the pensions were found to be a little less than they were in the preceding year, but the almost invariable rule is that the amount grew with the years. Ten years ago the amount was $137,000,000 or about $45,000,000 less than the amount. which the bill that passed the house today provides for. In 1866, the total number of pensioners was 126,722. In 1911, the total number was 892,000. An remarkable fact is that while the number of pensions has decreased during the last ten years, the amount of money given in pensions has increased. The pensioners in 1903 numbered 100,000 or 100,000 less than in 1911. This year they are still fewer but the amount is greater. Do You Want a New Suit? You surely will want to be dressed if you intend to go to the Eastern Star ball next Saturday night at A. B. Hall. We still have a line of fancy black suits and Tuxedos in all sizes. There are no defects in Tuxedos and latest styles. Our prices are lower than elsewhere. Come and see them. Ladies, we still have a fine assortment of silks and other dress goods, also a big assortment of trimmings. Remember, we are headquarters, our prices are lower than elsewhere. Don't forget our fancy dancing slippers, we give you 25 percent off on them this week, so you can attend the next big dance on Washington's birthday. Come and see us. The Surprise Store, Allies and Turks, Sparing for Wind. Special Nugget Service. London, Feb. 20.—The Chronicle publishes from its correspondent in Turkey a statement to the effect that the allies and the Turks now look rather like pugilists sparring for wind as far as the Eastern part of the theater of war is concerned. The fighting which took place on the Gallipoli peninsula has proven altogether indecisive. The same may be said of the attacks on Ad. In the Balkans, the Bulgarians have been sent by the Bulgarians from their army nearer to Constantinople. The defeat of the allies at Scutari is taken to mean that the Turks can hardly be beaten by the forces against them while they remain within their fortifications. SOON FINISH GOLDEN BOLL EXPECT ALL PAY DIRT HOISTED IN COUPLE OF WEEKS. The hoisting of the pay gravel by the Pioneer Mining Company on the Golden Bull claim will be finished in 10 or 16 days according to Charley Densmore, who is engaged out there as the representative of one of the interested parties. Nothing new has transpired during the operations and the work is being constantly carried out. All opinions seem to be that the gravel is no richer than the gravel in the dump that was heaped. PATENTING THE FIRST CLAIM CLAIM STAKED BEFORE ANVIL CREEK IS BEING SECURED. A patent is now being applied for on the first placer claim ever staked on Seward Peninsula. This claim is Discovery, Ophir creek, which was staked in April, 1898, or previous to the taking of any claims on Anvil creek. The ground is owned by the Wild Goose Mining & Trading Company, which, of course, is the applicant for the patent. The only claim staked before Discovery, Ophir, was the silver lode mine at Comstock which was located in 1882, or sixteen years previously. Mining Editions ready for mailing at the Nugget office, Me... THE MAIL SOON WILL GET TO UNALAKLEET The outside mail which consists of 820 pounds is now believed to be with In a few days, a special contract is being let to start from Tanana on the day after tomorrow. It is now known that a great deal of the difficulty is due to the fact that a strike occurred on the Cordova railroad at the time of the snow slide. This was kept secret although the men refused to work for ten days and so the chances of clearing the road were destroyed. Contracts have already been let to Snow and Clark of Ruby to take the accumulated mail from Tanana to Unalaska. They are both old-time mail carriers. This accumulated mail should react to Nome before the middle of March. With good luck, it should arrive on the 8th or 10th. That interest is your business, subscribe for the Sally Nugget, $10 per month delivered. Rubber Stamps are made at the Nugget. Start the month right by subscribing for the Daily Nugget. $10 per month, $10. NATIVES SNOW IMPROVEMENT GRADUALLY ADOPTING THE METHODS OF THE WHITE MAN. That the natives are gradually adopting the methods of the white folks is the report of the government officials in native affairs at Nome. One remarkable example of this improvement is given by the purchase of oil stoves by Eskimos. Several native cabins are now heated by this method, the inmates having learned that it is better to use their time making the price of oil than to use it for packing drift wood for miles down the beach. The time formerly spent by many of them in making a mere living is now used in making a little money by Building sleds, shooting Parmigan, etc. DEPARTMENT PUTS OUT SMALL BLAZE The fire department was called out last evening at 7:30 o’clock and put out a blaze in the Gallagher cabin which is at the back of the Northern saloon. The blaze was caused by an overheated stove. Nothing was lost but some mattresses on which the damage inflicted amounts to $4 or $5. TWO GAMES PLAYED. In the three cushion tournament at the Lobby, I beat Lehmann last night by 26 to 13. Walker beat Cornell by 31 to 17. MISS NASH IMPROVING. Miss Margaret Nash, who has been suffering from a little eye trouble, is rapidly recovering under the care of Dr. Neuman. Saltsd silver salmon, 15 cents per pound. Thorulf Lehmann. Mining Editions ready for mailing at the Nugget office, $50... SALTSD silver salmon, 15 cents per pound. Thorulf Lehmann. Mining Editions ready for mailing at the Nugget office, $50... M. D. SAMUELS Going Outside March 3rd NOW TAKING INVENTORY Lookout for it AFTER INVENTORY SALE M. U. SAMUELS ST. MICHAEL SOLDIERS IN JAIL ARE YOUNG Of the six soldiers from St. Michael who are in Jail here on the charge of assaulting the native women, the oldest is only 25 years of age. The youngest is about twenty or Twenty-one, all are native-born Americans and are said to present all the appearance of boys who were raised in good families. WELL KNOWN JAPANESE BOY DIES IN NOME Harry Fuguwara, a Japanese boy who had lived in Nome for several years, is dead of consumption at his residence on Third Street next to Ft. Fleming's house. He was a brother of Fred Fuguwara, who was formerly watchman for the Alaska bank. Harry himself conducted a Japanese club room. He leaves a wife, son, and daughter. The funeral was fixed for this afternoon. COLD A YEAR AGO one year ago from yesterday the thermometer registered 34 degrees below zero. One year ago, tomorrow, it registered 32 degrees below. CITY DOG POUND. The following is a list of the dogs impounded under the provisions of Ordinance 210 during the 24 hours ending at 8 o'clock last night: Black malamute, white legs. JOHN BORNHOLDT, Poundmaster. NOTICE PIONEERS. All Pioneers will meet at their lodge Thursday, February 20, at 6 p.m. Woman’s cooking. Not said. Adv New laid eggs at Prosser's Harness Shop. Dog salmon 8c per pound. Bessie Store. THE NEW EAGLE. The home of straight whiskeys. Don't overlook CHEAP JOHN when in need of furnishing. Good work shirts from 50c up. Dress shirts from $2.30 to $4.00. Good serviceable suits $7.50. Shoes of all kinds at unusually low prices, Our constant aim is to please. Give us a call. 1 KRACOWER BROS Our Constant Aim is to make our Grocery a better one, a more desirable source of supply. We aim at perfection in all details, in quality, price and service, if not already a customer, we solicit an opportunity to please you. MOLLER & INCE Gold Seal and Red Sole Boots $8.00 12 inch top shoe Pacs $4.00 Leather mitts $1.25 and $1.50 values to close out 75c pair S. L. LEWIS THE POPULAR PRICED CLOTHING |
github_open_source_100_8_20109 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | export * from '@styled-icons/remix-fill/Braces';
|
github_open_source_100_8_20110 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { LanguageIds, TranslatorState } from './types';
import { translationIdToTranslationMapping } from './translation/en';
import { TranslatorEventTypes, UILanguageWasSet } from './event';
type TranslatorEvent = UILanguageWasSet;
export const initialTranslatorState: TranslatorState = {
currentLanguageId: LanguageIds.EN,
translations: translationIdToTranslationMapping,
};
export function translatorReducer(
state: TranslatorState = initialTranslatorState,
event?: TranslatorEvent
): TranslatorState {
if (!event) {
return state;
}
if (event.type === TranslatorEventTypes.UI_LANGUAGE_WAS_SET) {
return {
...state,
currentLanguageId: event.payload.languageId,
translations: event.payload.translationIdToTranslationMapping,
};
}
return state;
}
|
lifeofsthughofav00perr_10 | English-PD | Public Domain | CHAP. VI. DISCIPLINE AND RETREATS. 243 cruelty, revenged themselves upon him by murdering him, and cutting his body in pieces, exposed the pieces in different parts of the neighbourhood as a warning to all ill-doers. How far there was any connection between the crime of the oppressed peasants and the bishop of Lincoln's anathema may, however, be a question. A similar doubt may also be raised as to the termination of the next instance brought forward by Hugh's biographer. One Richard de Waure, a deacon of the diocese of Lincoln, had accused a knight, by name Reginald de Argentun, of treason. The bishop, having good reason to believe that the charge was a false one, inhibited the deacon from proceeding in the secular courts in a matter of life and death. On the con- trary. Archbishop Hubert, then acting as the grand justiciary of the kingdom, encouraged him to pro- ceed. Hugh, who was greatly offended by the exercise of the secular power by the archbishop, dis- regarding his opinion, suspended the deacon. The archbishop, by virtue of his ordinary legatine power, relaxed the suspension. Upon this the deacon repaired to the bishop and took a high tone with him. Hugh, instead of being abashed, proceeded to the further step of excommunicating him. The archbishop, being appealed to, absolved him, and furnished him with a letter to the bishop signifying this. But this only served to make the Bishop of Lincoln more wrathful. " Know," he said, " if the lord archbishop should absolve you a hundred times, 244 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vi. I would as often re-excommunicate you, so long as you remain obstinate in your presumption." The deacon, confounded by this persistence, and awed by the terrible threats of the bishop, said he would take time to consider the matter. While, however, he was deliberating, and (as it would seem) likely to yield, he was murdered by one of his servants. The next story told to illustrate the terrible power which Hugh is said to have wielded, is of a young bride at Oxford who left her lawful husband, and, going through the form of marriage to another, went to live with him. The bishop commanded her to return to her husband, but she, being supported by her mother, violently refused. Hugh then com- manded the husband to offer her the kiss of peace, declaring that if she did not accept it a terrible chastisement should follow. The husband offering her the salute, her reply was to spit in his face. The bishop immediately excommunicated her, and in a few days, still remaining obstinate, she was cut off by a sudden death. In the next instance, as it took place within the diocese of York, Hugh must have been acting under papal commission. A clerk named William had been unjustly thrust out of his benefice by a knight who was the possessor of the property, and who had intruded his brother into it by force. He was supported in this by both the secular and ecclesiastical authorities, and the op- pressed clerk was left to a tedious appeal to Rome, which produced no result. He then betook himself CHAP. VI. DISCIPLINE AND RETREATS. 245 to Hugh as the great champion of the oppressed, and the bishop " (being supported by the apostoHc authority), anathematised the intruder and his aiders and abettors. Straightway vengeance hghted upon them. Some of them went mad, some of them died suddenly, the eyes of some fell out of their heads with fearful torments, and the rightful possessor quickly obtained possession of his own."^ We have given these stories not only as illustrating the manners, but as representing the sentiments of the time. They are, in fact, a sample of thousands of similar mediaeval stories. The monks, who were strongly bent to support the latter as against the bishops, who were their proper visitors, would not scruple to make out a tragical history as to the fate of those who ventured to oppose the papal orders. 2 Among Hugh's disciplinary proceedings ought, I suppose, to be mentioned his causing the corpse of Fair Rosamond to be removed out of the church of Godstow, as related by Benedictus, s. a. 1191. This is not mentioned in the Magna Vita. Collier, in relating it, says : "This was done like a man of conscience and courage. This was like a primitive bishop, who was not afraid to censure vice, though under 246 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap, vi, turn from such narratives to contemplate him in milder mood, to look at him at the times of all others most happy and enjoyable to him, when, throwing aside the cares of his diocese, and " taking his holi- day" in the fullest sense, he retreated to Witham, his old Carthusian home, and was again the genuine simple monk among his brethren. These visits to Witham were paid every year, and sometimes twice in the year, so that with the time required for tra- velling so long a distance, and the two or three months given to the visit, a large portion of St. Hugh's time was taken up in what might be called relaxation. But the time thus given to devotion Hugh doubtless held to be most effectually applied to the discharge of his office, and as he was unable to preach to the people through ignorance of their language, and was utterly averse to anything like secular work, which he held to be unbecoming a bishop, he may have been able to find, legitimately, sufficient time for what he so much rejoiced in. It is the fashion in mediaeval writers to speak of the two lives, the active and contemplative, as represented metaphorically by Leah and Rachel in the Old Testament, and by Martha and Mary in the New. Hugh, says his bio- grapher, delighted far more in the embraces of his well-beloved Rachel, and was glad to fly from the royal protection" {Ch. Hist., ii. 375). It was doubtless right in Hugh to stop the honours which were paid to the tomb by the nuns, but the body of the poor erring woman might have been left in peace. Did Hugh object to Henrj' or Richard being buried within the sacred walls of Fontevrault ? CHAP. VI. DISCIPLINE AND RETREATS. 247 society of the blear-eyed Leah. He sought the happy company of Elias and Enoch, and gladly ex- changed the troubles of the world for the tranquillity of paradise. In that vineyard which he had himself planted, his soul was "joyful in the Lord, and he rejoiced in the God of his salvation." A cell was ever kept vacant for him in the monastery, and into this he used to retreat, conforming in all things to the rule of the order, taking his food separately,^ and devoting much time to solitary prayer and medita- tion. But when he came forth from his cell at the fixed periods to salute those who desired speech with him, then his face would shine with heavenly rays (says his biographer), and he would seem to be sur- rounded with a halo of glory, which he would render less awful to the beholders by the suavity and spright- liness of his conversation, and the sallies of his wit. But out of the abundance of the heart the mouth would speak, and his words would come forth like new wine, fiery and sweet, tempered with the honey of heavenly wisdom. To the laity, and to secular per- sons unable to practise the more perfect life, he would speak in this wise : " Not alone monks and hermits shall obtain the kingdom of God. God will ^ The Carthusian rule was framed on what may be called "The separate system." Each monk passed almost the whole of his time alone in his cell. The monks of most of the other orders were always in company. The Cistercians worked together in the fields, ate together in the hall, worshipped together in the chapel, and slept in a common dormitory. This was the popular order from the time of St. Bernard downwards. The harsh solitariness of the Carthusians pre- vented them from ever becoming popular. 248 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vi. not require of any man to have been a monk or hermit, but to have been truly a Christian. That which is truly indispensable in all is that they shall have had love in their hearts, truth in their mouths, purity in their lives." Upon this teaching he would constantly dwell. He would tell the married that if they lived virtuously, they were to be held no way inferior to virgins. He sought to give short and pithy rules to all, that they might easily remember them and be able to teach others also. He did not, like some rigid ascetics, shrink from the society of women, but encouraged them to come to him, and would place his hands on their heads to give them benediction, and treat them with the utmost tender- ness ; and he was ever wont to say to devout women that " the privilege of their sex was the highest, inas- much as the Omnipotent did not disdain to be born of a woman. To no man was allowed the dignity of being called Father of God, but to a woman was per- mitted the title of Mother of God." Immediately on the bishop's arrival at the monastery he would lay aside the large brown cloak which he was wont to wear ordinarily and assume a dress of sheepskin which agreed with the white garments of the monks. Under this was worn the hair shirt which was his constant companion. A blanket, a pillow, and some skins sufficed for his bedding. On rising he was wont so far to transgress the strictness of the order as to wash his hands, but he would use no towel to dry them with. Having risen, his first care was to CHAP. VI. DISCIPLINE AND RETREATS. 249 say mass, in doing which he was contented with two attendants, the sacrist of the monastery, and his own chaplain. He would take his week of service in the monastery as the other monks, singing the services of the hours, distinguished only by his pontifical ring from the brethren, and wearing no other vestments at the mass than those which the Carthusians used.^ On Sundays, after supper he would go with the rest of the monks in silence and gravity to the door of the refectory and receive his single loaf, which was to suffice for the food of the whole week.^ Sometimes, however, instead of the new loaf, he would ask the prior's leave to take the dry crusts and fragments which were put together in a box after being collected from the various cells ; for these, he said, tasted to him more sweet than the loaf. So great a pleasure did he take in everything connected with the mon- astery that he delighted to clean to a marvellous brightness not only his own porringer, but any others which he could discover which had not been properly polished. On the Saturday, according to the Car- thusian rule, he would ever go to confession. Some- times indeed he would confess oftener, ever showing at this exercise a most overwhelming sense of sin and a most profound humility. In coming among the monks the bishop was wont to say that he desired not only ^ These were the Alb, the Amice, the Stole, and the Chasuble, of white stuff and plain, without any ornament of silk, gold fringe, and jewels. — Magna Vita, p. 199, 2 Besides the bread, porridge and vegetables were served each day to the monks. 2SO LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vi. to receive from them but also to impart to them some spiritual gift, and, indeed, by his presence and conversation he gave joy to the strong, strength to the weak, firmness to the wavering, and higher advance to those who were already firm. One Adam de Dryburgh, who had left the abbey over which he had presided, and become a Carthusian monk at Witham, was an especial friend and com- panion of the bishop. This good man affected great plainness of speech, and used to tell Hugh with much freedom that he was but a poor sort of bishop, and not worthy to compare with the great men of past generations. Another favourite companion of Hugh's was a very aged lay brother of the order, called Einard, who had been employed by the great Chartreuse Monastery in various affairs in their service in all the lands of Europe. He had come to Witham when nearly a hundred years old, and in spite of the remonstrances of his friends and espe- cially of the bishop, set out again to drag his aged limbs into Burgundy, that he might die there. In order to avoid the kindly opposition shown to his departure, the aged monk had stolen away secretly, but Hugh quickly discovered his departure, and hastening after him overtook him as he was entering a large wood, " How unkind !" exclaimed the bishop, " art thou, Einard, to go away to the dear home and leave your friend and pupil behind you. Behold, I am desirous to accompany you," Then taking his episcopal ring from his finger and giving it to one CHAP. VI. DISCIPLINE AND RETREATS. 251 of those who were with him, the bishop said, " Go at once to my clerks at Lincoln, tell them that I have resigned the see in order that I may return to the Great Chartreuse in company with brother Einard." At which a huge outcry was instantly raised, and brother Einard was assailed with reproaches, for taking away from them the light of their eyes. At this the poor old monk, frightened and abashed, fell down at the bishop's feet, and besought him with tears not to carry out his purpose. The bishop, however, resorted to his powerful weapon of prayer, and though the kitchen was utterly con- sumed, the church was saved, and it was held by all that the progress of the fire had been stayed by the intercession of the saint.^ Such was Hugh in his Carthusian home at Witham. We must now con- template him among other scenes and different companions, where to many he will seem even more to be admired than when occupied in the monotonous routine of the monastery and with the amiable but somewhat childish amenities of monkish friendships. '■ Magjia Vita, B. IV. chap, ix.-xiv. HUGH'S PUBLIC LIFE. 25; CHAPTER VII. HUGH'S PUBLIC LIFE HIS DEALINGS WITH KING RICHARD. The writer of the long and elaborate life of St. Hugh known as the Magna Vita, treats the subject of his memoir altogether from the point of view of the saint, and scarce gives us any information as to his connection with the public events of his day. Unfortunately also the Chronicles furnish but very meagre assistance towards supplying this defect. Hugh was not a statesman. He shrank altogether from secular affairs, and loved better to be cleaning the scuttles at Witham, than to be taking his place in the Curia Regis. There is, therefore, much more to say of his inner life than of his outer. But some sort of connection with the politics of the day he must have had, and from his position must have taken some part in public affairs. The next year after his elevation to the Episcopate came the terrible news of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, and the complete overthrow of the exotic Christian power which had been established in the Holy Land. 254 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. The excitement that this caused was intense ; King Henry held a solemn meeting of the bishops and barons at Chartres. A tenth of all goods was agreed to be levied, under the anathema of the Church against those who resisted. Prince Richard solemnly- assumed the cross, free remission of sins was promised to all who would join in the expedition, and a scheme of morality was set forth for the expedition. None were to swear enormously, none were to play at dice or tables, none were to use bright colours or costly furs in their dress, nor to require more than two dishes at a meal. No women, save a few washer- women, were to accompany the expedition, and strange fashions in clothes were to be altogether eschewed. The rights of creditors were to be in abeyance against those who should contribute to the work, and clerks were to have the power of pledging their benefices for three years. The Archbishop of Canterbury went throughout his province to preach the Crusade,^ and must consequently have advocated it in the diocese of Lincoln. What amount of support he received from Bishop Hugh, or what the latter's views as to Crusades were, we have no means of judging ; but it seems not improbable from various indications of his opinions, that he would not be inclined to advocate the use of the arm of flesh, but would rather look for the recovery of the holy places by the spiritual weapons of faith and prayer. Cer- tainly, as will appear presently, he was not disposed 1 Gervas. Dorobern. p. 1528 (Ed. Twysden), CHAP. vn. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 255 to sanction and uphold, to gratify the royal whims, those terrible exactions by which England, in the days of Richard, was reduced almost to a desert. The first commencement of the Crusade was not propitious, for, before their preparations for the East could be made, a fierce war broke out between the kings of France and England. 2 Benedictus, s. a. 1189. Roger de Hoveden, p. 373 b (Ed. Savlle). * Benedictus, u. s. 256 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vil. Pipewell Abbey in Northamptonshire, at which Richard filled up the sees and abbeys which were then vacant. Whatever Richard's exactions were, he does not seem to have imitated his father in the evil pratice of keeping bishoprics and abbeys vacant in order to seize upon their revenues. This council at Pipewell must have possessed especial interest for the Bishop of Lincoln, for two of that magnificent chapter, whose names as candi- dates for the bishopric had been presented to the king before his own, and who had despised his mean- ness, were now promoted to the episcopal rank. Richard, Dean of Lincoln, the king's treasurer, was made Bishop of London, and Godfrey de Luci, one of the canons who had previously declined the bishopric of Exeter as not sufficient for his expenses, was now fortunate enough to obtain the wealthy see of Winchester. It is not unlikely that Bishop Hugh was not ill-pleased to be well quit of these courtier- canons, whose ways were not his ways. During King Richard's absence in the Crusade, William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, acted as his justiciary, and for a time controlled all things at his will. If we are to believe the testimony of Hugh Nonant, Bishop of Coventry, and that of the monkish his- torians, nothing could exceed the luxury, pride, in- justice, and oppression of this prelate. But there is good reason to believe that their accounts of him are unfairly exaggerated. He had bitterly offended the monks by expelling them from the chapter of CHAP. vir. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 257 Coventry, and placing prebendaries in their room ;^ and though this was done at the desire of the Bishop of Coventry, yet this prelate afterwards turned against the Bishop of Ely, and joining the intrigues of the opposite faction, headed by Prince John, lent himself to blacken the character of his former friend with the utmost malice.^ That the Bishop of Lin- coln did not set himself against Longchamp there is clear evidence. It was to him as to a friend that after his fall and banishment the Bishop of Ely ad- dressed the bull of Pope Coelestine granted in his favour, and excommunicating John and his supporters. He addresses Bishop Hugh as his " dearest friend," and says that he has " the greatest confidence in his love, and had found him ever constant in his sup- port," and exhorts him boldly to carry out and publish the Pope's anathemas.^ But though by no means favouring John's intrigues, and willing to give a loyal support to the king's legal representative, the Bishop of Lincoln was not disposed to act in this submissive manner as the Pope's agent to invade the liberties of his country. He declined to take ^ The monks were afterwards restored by Hugh and other commis- sioners under the pope's order. " Hubertus Cantuarensis archiepis- copus et Hugo Lincolniensis episcopus ex prsecepto papse Cselestini tertii amotis clericis monachos Coventrenses restituerunt. " — Ann de Osenia, s. a. 1197. See Palgrave's Preface to Rotuli Curia: Regis. 2 See Collier's Ch. Hist. ii. 372. Peter of Blois published a strong vindication of Longchamp. See also the letter of the Rouen clergy. Hoveden, 409. Mr. Stubbs appears to be in error in stating that the monkish party upheld Longchamp. — (Preface to Epp. Cantiiar.) ^ Benedictics, 5. «. 1 1 9 1. S 258 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. any steps to execute the Pope's bull, and the Bishop of Ely's cause fell to the ground. Hugh, with the other bishops (with the exception of the Bishop of Coventry), was faithful to the cause of Richard ; and when, OH Richard's return being imminent, John more openly showed his traitorous designs, Hugh joined with the other bishops in excommunicating him solemnly at Westminster.^ At Richard's first council at Nottingham Hugh was present, and in the ceremony of his second coronation at Winchester he took a part.^ There can be no more complete proof of the estimation in which the Bishop of Lin- coln was held by all parties than the way in which all constantly refer to him in matters of importance, having evidently entire faith both in his imparti- ality and his capacity. Thus, as has been already stated, in the dispute between Archbishop Baldwin and the monks of Christ Church both sides looked to him and appealed to his judgment. William Longchamp selected him as the most competent person to act in his behalf, and now, through the high opinion entertained of him by Pope Coelestine, Hugh is involved in the very troublesome and scan- dalous quarrel between Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, and some members of his chapter. The archbishop does not seem to have acquired that meetness for the episcopal character which he had modestly disclaimed when he resigned his pretensions to the diocese of Lincoln. His time had been passed 1 Hoveden, f. 418 (Ed. Savile). ^ Hoveden, ibid. CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 259 since his elevation to the archiepiscopate in leading armies in the field and fiercely contending with domestic enemies. He had exasperated his chapter by various acts of high-handed oppression, and hav- ing also in many ways shown his contempt for the power of Rome, his enemies were able to present a good case against him to the Pope, who ordered the cause to be inquired into at York, and the evidence, attested by the seals of the commissioners, to be sent to him at Rome. The Bishop of Lincoln was the chief commissioner, and with him the Arch- deacon of Nottingham and the Prior de Ponte Sancto were associated. They held their inquisition in the cathedral church of York, and having called together " the abbots, priors, and ecclesiastical persons of the diocese of York, they proceeded according to the tenor of the apostolical mandate," to inquire dili- gently into the charges made ; and having found an abundance of testimony forthcoming against the archbishop, they sent it under their seals to the Roman court. Archbishop Geoffrey was accused of vilipending the sacraments of the Church, of spend- ing his time in hunting, hawking, or military affairs. He was charged with never consecrating a church, never holding a synod, never giving the benediction to an abbot, although at malediction and excom- munication they declared him to be very ready. He was utterly careless, they said, about the liberties and customs of his Church ; and if any were rash enough to appeal to Rome, he would strip them of 26o LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. their goods, and throw them into prison. He would break down the doors of churches when they were closed against him, force men to perjure themselves, seize on preferment as he pleased, and either take the profits for himself, or appoint some unworthy persons to important posts.^ Such were the charges presented to Bishop Hugh against the archbishop by divers leading Churchmen in the diocese of York. Having formally recorded them and sealed them,- the commissioners despatched them to the Pope, and gave notice to the archbishop that he must present himself at Rome within four months and two weeks, to make his defence against these grave accusations, and meet his accusers there. But the prince-bishop appears to have treated the whole thing with great indifference. The clerks of his diocese duly appeared, but the archbishop sent a message to the Pope that the time fixed was inconvenient to him, and the season unhealthy, and he declined to come. The Pope then fixed another time, but neither then did the archbishop appear nor send a competent repre- sentative, and in consequence he was suspended from his office.^ Soon afterwards, also, he so far angered the king, his brother, that he ordered him to be stripped of all his revenues.^ But neither of these sentences appears to have taken effect. As regards the first, the Bishop of Lincoln, though often and greatly solicited by the canons of York to declare ^ Hoveden, f. 425 (Ed. Savile). ~ Hoveden, n. s. 3 Hoveden, f. 428. CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 261 and execute the Pope's sentence of suspension, flatly- refused to do so. He would rather, he declared, be suspended himself than suspend the archbishop.-^ Either, therefore, Hugh believed the charges to be greatly exaggerated, or else in this, as in the former instance, he refused to be the minister of the Pope to interfere with the discipline of the Anglican Church. There was not, indeed, in spite of his monastic training, much of the spirit of subordination in the Bishop of Lincoln. Whether it were pope, king, or archbishop who laid their commands upon him, he did not scruple to disobey them if he saw good reason why he should do so. We have already had occasion to speak of his bold opposition to Henry H. That talented and impetuous monarch, who ever loved and respected him, bore the utmost plain speaking and plain dealing at his hands, giving thereby a strong testimony to the genuineness and sincerity of the bishop's character. We shall now see him in opposition to Henry's still more impetuous son, Richard the Lion-hearted, and perceive how calmly and resolutely he faced and overcame the violent tempers of that unbridled nature. This is perhaps the strongest evidence of Hugh's perfect moral courage, and the ascendency of his great qualities.^ And it was not with Richard as with Henry, who from the first had taken a 1 Hoveden, f. 431. 2 Roger de Wendover says of him, " Potestatis sascularis in rebus ecclesise ssevientis impetus adeo constanter elidere consuevit ut et rerum et corporis sui periculum contemnere videretur." — Flor. Hist., iii. 157. 262 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. decided personal liking to St. Hugh. Richard knew but little of him. His trusted minister was Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, a man between whom and Hugh there was but little love. These two prelates were indeed of altogether different types of character, and entirely opposed in their views of duty. Hubert was a good specimen of a secular prelate, and his influence over Richard was salutary, but Hugh, who held the most romantic notions as to the subordina- tion and inferiority of the secular power, was indig- nant at seeing a bishop administering civil affairs and using temporal weapons, and constantly upbraided Hubert with this, and openly opposed him. The arch- bishop, on his part, was desirous to reduce this proud and defiant spirit, which gave him no little trouble by encouraging the resistance of Churchmen to his difficult task of collecting money for Richard's foreign wars ; and so Hugh would be represented by him to the king as an impracticable and turbulent man, who needed to be sternly dealt with, and to be brought to due obedience. The king, no doubt, signified his readiness to exert his authority when occasion required, and the malice of the evil one (as Hugh's biographer puts it) soon discovered an occa- sion. There existed a custom for the bishop of Lincoln to pay to the king a tax or tribute of a costly mantle, which had been commuted into a yearly payment of one hundred marks, or (according to some) one hundred pounds.-^ This tribute appears ^ See page 67, CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 263 to have been paid more or less regularly down to the death of Bishop Robert de Chesney. After his death had occurred that long vacancy of the see, when its revenues were alienated to the rapaciousness of the Crown, or absorbed by a titular bishop. Walter de Coutances, who only occupied the see for one year, made no payment, so that there was a long arrear which might be claimed, and this, on the suggestion of Archbishop Hubert, was now ( 1 195) demanded of the Bishop of Lincoln by the Crown. The injustice of the demand was palpable. During the vacancy of the see and the seizure of its revenues, a far larger amount must have gone into the king's coffers than was represented by this payment, and yet Hugh was now to be made pay not only for the arrears of his own episcopate, but for this time also. But the injustice of the thing did not represent the whole grievance in the view of Bishop Hugh. To him it seemed "that nothing could be more unworthy, nothing more intolerable than that the spouse of the King of Heaven, or he himself, her guardian, should be put under tax and made tributary by mortal man." Hence he determined not only to discharge this grievous burden, but to remove it for all time to come from the church, and by a composition made not without great difficulty with the king, he covenanted that for a payment of 3000 marks, the church of Lincoln should be released from this claim for ever. But how was this large sum of money to be raised ? Hugh, as has been already said, was 264 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. liberal in the extreme/ and no saver of money. His proposition was that he should retire to the monastery of Witham and devote the whole revenues of the see to pay the charge until it should be satis- fied. It was not without a secret joy that he found himself, as he thought, constrained to the necessity of a long retreat in his beloved retirement. But his clergy stoutly resisted his proposal. They would not consent to be so long deprived of their head, and to have the whole government of the diocese again completely paralysed. Much to their honour they undertook to raise the sum among themselves, and inasmuch as this tribute had been formerly held by the bishops an occasion for levying a tax, which, it was thought, far exceeded the amount remitted to the Crown, it was indeed only fair that the clergy who had been long spared this, should be the contributors of the arrears. Hugh agreed to the proposal, only on the distinct understanding that the contributions were to be voluntary and that no one was to be constrained to help, and that there were to be no commutations of penances for money fines — a thing, says Hugh's biographer, that he always stoutly refused, though St. Thomas of Canterbury was of another mind.^ This matter could scarcely have 1 Two instances are given in the Metrical Life of his remitting the mortuaries or death-fines which accrued to him as lord upon the death of any of his tenants in fee. If the bishop was in the habit of thus dealing with his reditus, his stewards must often have been hard put to it, — See Life by Giraldiis Camb. , vii. 96. ^ Magna Vita, p. 184 seq. CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 265 tended to smooth the relations between King Richard and tlie Bishop of Lincoln, and it was followed almost immediately by another in which they again came into collision. The patronage of the Abbey of Eynsham had from the time of the Conquest been in the bishops of Lincoln, Remigius having refounded or greatly benefited the abbey, and Bishop Bloet having much augmented it. In the tenth year of Hugh's episcopate, the aged Geoffrey, Abbot of Eynsham, who had governed the monastery for forty- four years, died. The bishop, as was usual, sent his clerks to the abbey to receive the custody of it into their hands, and to arrange with the monks for the due election of his successor. Their claims were disputed by the king's officers, Richard himself being at that time absent in his French war. The bishop's friends counselled him not to press his claim. They said that the king's father, Henry H., had enacted a constitution that the patronage of all the abbeys should be in his hands,^ and that it was not likely that the son, who was more obstinate than the father, would yield in this matter. It would be, they said, a difficult and laborious task to press his rights against those of the Crown, and there was little to be gained even if he were successful. But Hugh did not take this view of the case. He regarded it as a solemn duty to guard ecclesiastical rights from civil usurpation. His predecessors, he said, had been no ••• This is probably the 12th Constitution of the Constitutions of Clai^endon, and afterwards abandoned by Henry II. 266 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. Vll. parties to this constitution, and it should never be by his act that the church should be deprived of her just rights out of fear of the great and powerful. He accordingly commenced a suit, and after a long and laborious struggle, by the verdict of twenty-four men worthy of credit, clerks and laymen, to whom the decision was referred, his rights were established, and he went personally to Eynsham to receive and confirm the new abbot.^ This successful opposition to the king's claims was soon followed by a more bold and important and still more exasperating act of resistance, on the part of the bishop against the royal will. In his fierce struggle against Philip Augustus, King of France, King Richard, sorely pressed for money, sent to Archbishop Hubert, his zealous representative in England, bidding him con- trive by some means or other to furnish supplies. The archbishop summoned all the barons to meet at Oxford (December i 197), and putting before them the king's needs, besought their counsel and aid. The barons agreed that they would furnish 300 knights a year to the king for his wars, and that they would tax themselves for this purpose. The bishops, by virtue of their baronies, were bound to take a part in this contribution. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London expressed ^ Magna Vita, p. 1 88 seq. The abbot afterwards accompanied the bishop to Lincoln for benediction, at which ceremony there was great feasting, and the abbot was solemnly presented by Hugh with a pastoral staff of silver and ivory, and a goblet huge and splendid. CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 267 themselves most ready to bear their share, when Hugh, Bishop of Lincohi, rose and said : " I must appeal to your indulgence, my lords, as you are aware that I am a stranger in these parts and was promoted to the office of bishop from being a simple recluse. I have, however, diligently laboured to make myself acquainted with the customs and privileges of the church of St. Mary at Lincoln, since the time that I became bishop there, and though I find that that church is bound to do military service to the king within the bounds of England, I do not find that any such thing is due from it for parts outside England ; I cannot, therefore, agree to this. Indeed, I would rather find my way on foot back to my native soil and to the solitude where I was wont to dwell, than be a bishop here on the condition of sacrificing any of the ancient privileges of the church which I have undertaken to uphold."^ At this bold and decided answer the archbishop could scarcely contain himself for wrath. With a voice broken by passion he demanded of Herbert, Bishop of Salisbury, what was his determination about helping the king. Herbert, encouraged by Hugh's boldness, said, " It seems to me that without enormous mischief to my church I cannot say or do anything except what I gather from the answer of the Bishop of Lincoln that he intends to do." At this Archbishop Hubert could no longer contain himself. He broke out against Bishop Hugh with furious words, dissolved the council, ^ Magna Vita, p. 249. 268 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. and sent an express messenger to the king to tell him that it was through the Bishop of Lincoln's re- sistance that no aid could be sent to him. Richard, in no mild mood, we may be sure, ordered that all the goods of the bishops of Lincoln and Salisbury should be confiscated. Salisbury at once submitted, and after much exaction and heavy payments redeemed his episcopal revenues. But it was other- wise with the Bishop of Lincoln. He utterly refused to yield, and patiently awaited the worst that his enemies could inflict on him. Orders were issued for the king's officers to enter and seize upon his property, but no one could be found hardy enough to attempt to execute the order. Each believed that it would be equivalent to rushing upon certain destruction, for " they dreaded his anathema as though it were capital punishment." Thus, for nine months the bishop remained unaffected by the royal proscrip- tion, while the unhappy officials were constantl}^ urged on and threatened for their slackness. At length these men, who were exposed to destruction on either side, earnestly besought the bishop to settle matters with the king, if only for their sakes. And no doubt, though his biographer may disguise it. Bishop Hugh must have been subjected to very great inconvenience and trouble by thus being put outside the pale of the law, even if it were the case that no one was bold enough to take possession of his goods in the name of the king. To remove this, therefore, and to put affairs on a better footing, Hugh deter- CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 269 mined to cross the sea and have a personal interview with Richard. Under the circumstances, this was a sufficiently bold undertaking. All that the king knew of the bishop as yet was likely to exasperate him against him. He was in the very midst of what might easily be construed to be an act of treason and rebellion against the royal authority. Richard's violent temper and impetuous ways were well known. It was therefore an act of very great courage for Hugh to go at all. But, when we read the way in which the interview was carried out, we are still more astonished at the irrepressible boldness and unquailing spirit of the man. On his way, when at Rouen, he had been met by William, Earl Marshall, and the Earl of Albemarle, and these distinguished noblemen had most earnestly pressed him to forego his purpose of visiting the king. They told him that Richard had treated the Bishop of Salisbury with great contumely, and had threatened terrible things against the Bishop of Lincoln ; and they feared, as they said, not so much for the bishop as for the king himself, knowing what terrible vengeance always overtook those who set themselves against the Bishop of Lincoln. They therefore desired that he would put his cause in their hands, promising to do their utmost, even to braving the king's extreme wrath for him. The bishop, how- ever, would by no means consent that they should run any risk for him. He merely desired them to acquaint the king that he was coming, and to ask him to appoint an interview. This having been 270 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vii. arranged, the bishop proceeded on his way. He found Richard, according to his appointment at Roche d' Andeli, and at the moment of his arrival occupied in hearing mass in the chapel of the chateau, it being St. Augustine's Day. Richard's royal seat stood near the door, raised a step or two, and under it sat the Bishops of Durham and Ely in attendance on him. The Bishop of Lincoln entered the chapel, and seeing the king, saluted him, but received no re- cognition or salutation in reply. The king glared upon him with a fierce look, such as the Moslems had learned to tremble at. But there was no trembling in the bosom of the intrepid Bishop of Lincoln. He stepped up to the side of the king and exclaimed, " Give me the kiss, my lord king." Richard turned away his face from him with an angry gesture, without deigning to reply. Then Hugh, who doubtless knew his man, and that he, like his father, did not object to a little rough play or .a somewhat biting jest, took hold of the king's robe on the breast and gave it a hearty shake,^ exclaiming, " I demand the kiss ; you owe it to me, for I have come from far to see you." Then the king at length spoke, but in surly tones — " You don't deserve the kiss" Whereupon the bold bishop gave him a stronger shake than before, and drawing the king's cape out as far as it would reach, sent his voice along it in a familiar tone,^ " Nay, but I do ; give me the 1 '■'■ For titer co7istrmge7ishanc veheinentius concussitr — Magna Vita. 2 ' ' Per capam quai7i strictd tenebat mami- conjidenter ait. " — Ibid. CHAP. VII. PUBLIC LIFE— KING RICHARD. 271 kiss." At this Richard, secretly pleased at witnessing such perfect coolness and boldness, and unable to repress a smile at the absurdity of the scene, gave him the kiss. It may well be supposed that during this strange contest the service was suspended, but Hugh had no sooner obtained his demand than he left the king, and the service again proceeded. There had been many eyes within the chapel watch- ing the event with the deepest interest. Between the king's throne and the altar no less than two archbishops and five bishops were sitting, all of whom would be intensely concerned to see how this struggle between the bold Churchman and the bold monarch would terminate. Had the bishop been forced to succumb, had he offered humble apologies and been ignominiously repulsed, it is probable that his brethren would not have been very ready to smile upon him, but anxious, perhaps, openly to separate their cause from his. But as it was, by his strength of will and unfailing boldness he had been completely successful, and the great prelates anxiously vied with one another to pay him respect and honour. They eagerly offered him a seat among them. But Hugh, perhaps not without some knowledge of their quality, passed by them all, and reverently approaching the altar, remained there in an attitude of deep devotion while the mysteries proceeded, the king meanwhile keeping his gaze intensely fixed on him. At the threefold invocation of the Agnus Dei, the priest kissed the Pax and handed it to one of the arch- 272 LIFE OF ST. HUGH OF AVALON. chap. vit. bishops, who conveyed it with deep reverence to the king for him to receive the blessing thus transmitted from the altar. Richard advanced several paces to receive the sacred instrument, but instead of taking the kiss from it as he was wont, he himself carried it with a deep reverence to the Bishop of Lincoln, who was absorbed in his devotions and not the least expecting so high an honour. The reception which he had thus won for himself, and the complete removal of the king's bitter feeling against him which was thus made evident, would enable Hugh to treat at ease on the matters which had brought him to the royal presence. He was able to prove clearly that he had not in any way opposed any legal right of the Crown, but had only stood in defence of the acknowledged and undeniable privileges of his own church. The king admitted the truth of this, but said that he had been constantly receiving letters full of accusation against him from the Archbishop of Canterbury. " By the honour of God, and by the salvation of our souls," exclaimed the bishop, " I have never, even in the smallest particular, opposed your interests." ^ Then the king declared himself quite satisfied, and, to show his good will, offered the bishop presents, and begged him to take up his lodging for a time at a new castle which he had lately built on an island near, and to return to him again on the morrow, that he might have the pleasure of another interview with him. 1 This must be taken with a salvo of '■^ legal interests." The actual interests of the king he had very vigorously opposed. |
github_open_source_100_8_20111 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* @flow */
import { TypeComposer } from 'graphql-compose';
import {
GraphQLNonNull,
GraphQLObjectType,
getNamedType,
GraphQLInt,
GraphQLString,
GraphQLList,
} from 'graphql-compose/lib/graphql';
import { userTypeComposer } from '../../__mocks__/userTypeComposer';
import { prepareEdgeType, prepareConnectionType } from '../connectionType';
import PageInfoType from '../pageInfoType';
describe('types/connectionType.js', () => {
describe('prepareEdgeType()', () => {
it('should return GraphQLObjectType', () => {
expect(prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer)).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLObjectType);
});
it('should have name ending with `Edge`', () => {
expect(prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer).name).toBe('UserEdge');
});
it('should have field `node` with provided Type', () => {
const tc = new TypeComposer(prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer));
const nodeType: any = tc.getFieldType('node');
expect(nodeType).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLNonNull);
expect(nodeType.ofType).toBe(userTypeComposer.getType());
});
it('should have field `cursor` with GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString)', () => {
const tc = new TypeComposer(prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer));
expect(tc.getFieldType('cursor')).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLNonNull);
const cursor = getNamedType(tc.getFieldType('cursor'));
expect(cursor).toBe(GraphQLString);
});
it('should have `ofType` property (like GraphQLList, GraphQLNonNull)', () => {
const edgeType: any = prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer);
expect(edgeType.ofType).toEqual(userTypeComposer.getType());
});
it('should return same type for same Type in TypeComposer', () => {
const t1 = prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer);
const t2 = prepareEdgeType(userTypeComposer);
expect(t1).toEqual(t2);
});
});
describe('prepareConnectionType()', () => {
it('should return GraphQLObjectType', () => {
expect(prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer)).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLObjectType);
});
it('should have name ending with `Connection`', () => {
expect(prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer).name).toBe('UserConnection');
});
it('should have field `count` with provided Type', () => {
const tc = new TypeComposer(prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer));
const countType: any = tc.getFieldType('count');
expect(countType).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLNonNull);
expect(countType.ofType).toBe(GraphQLInt);
});
it('should have field `pageInfo` with GraphQLNonNull(PageInfoType)', () => {
const tc = new TypeComposer(prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer));
expect(tc.getFieldType('pageInfo')).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLNonNull);
const pageInfo = getNamedType(tc.getFieldType('pageInfo'));
expect(pageInfo).toBe(PageInfoType);
});
it('should have field `edges` with GraphQLList(EdgeType)', () => {
const tc = new TypeComposer(prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer));
const edgesType: any = tc.getFieldType('edges');
expect(edgesType).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLNonNull);
expect(edgesType.ofType).toBeInstanceOf(GraphQLList);
const edges: any = getNamedType(tc.getFieldType('edges'));
expect(edges.name).toEqual('UserEdge');
});
it('should have `ofType` property (like GraphQLList, GraphQLNonNull)', () => {
// this behavior needed for `graphql-compose` module in `projection` helper
// otherwise it incorrectly construct projectionMapper for tricky fields
const connectionType: any = prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer);
expect(connectionType.ofType).toEqual(userTypeComposer.getType());
});
it('should return same type for same Type in TypeComposer', () => {
const t1 = prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer);
const t2 = prepareConnectionType(userTypeComposer);
expect(t1).toEqual(t2);
});
});
});
|
github_open_source_100_8_20112 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <iostream>
#include <vector>
// 输出数组
template <class T>
void outputArray(std::vector<T>& arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
std::cout << arr.at(i) << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
/*
冒泡排序，稳定排序，O{n} ~ O(n^2)
从末尾开始，与上个元素比较并交换
每轮都将最小的元素换到首位
*/
template <class T>
void bubbleSort(std::vector<T> &arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
for (int j = arr.size() - 1; j > i; --j) {
if (arr.at(j) < arr.at(j - 1)) {
std::swap(arr.at(j), arr.at(j - 1));
}
}
}
}
/*
选择排序，稳定排序，O{n^2} ~ O{n^2}
从首位开始，循环一次找出一个比首位小的值交换
*/
template <class T>
void selectionSort(std::vector<T>& arr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
int min = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < arr.size(); ++j) {
if (arr.at(j) < arr.at(min)) {
min = j;
}
}
std::swap(arr.at(i), arr.at(min));
}
}
/*
插入排序，稳定排序，O(N^2)
*/
template <class T>
void insertSort(std::vector<T>& arr)
{
int j, k;
for (int i = 1; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
// 为arr[i]在前面的a[0...i - 1]有序区间中找一个合适的位置
for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; --j)
if (arr[j] < arr[i])
break;
// 如找到了一个合适的位置
if (j != i - 1) {
// 将比a[i]大的数据向后移
int temp = arr[i];
for (k = i - 1; k > j; k--) {
arr[k + 1] = arr[k];
}
//将a[i]放到正确位置上
arr[k + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
int main(int argc, char* arg[])
{
std::vector<int> array = { 9, 2, 3, 8, 5, 6, 88, 12, 1 };
insertSort(array);
outputArray(array);
system("pause");
return 0;
}
|
bpt6k5484356t_1 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | ENCYCLOPÉDIE-RORET. BIBLIOTHÉCOGRAPHIE OU NOUVEAU MANUEL COMPLET pour L'arrangement, la construction et l'administration DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES. PARIS, LIBRAIRIE ENCYCLOPÉDIQUE DE RORET, RUE HAUTFEBILLE, N° 11. ENCYCLOPÉDIE-RORET. BIBLIOTHÉCOGRAPHIE. AVIS. Les ouvrages de l'Encyclopédie-Roret, leur valeur les ont valu les honneurs de la traduction, de l'imitation et de l'éloge. Pour distinguer ce volume, il portera, à l'aveir, la véritable signature de l'Éditeur. MANUELS RORET. BIBLIOTHÉCOGRAPHIE, ou NOUVEAU MANUEL COMPLET pour L'ARRANGEMENT, LA CONSERVATION ET L'ADMINISTRATION DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES, PAR L.-A. CONSTANTIN NOUVELLE ÉDITION, Revue, augmentée et ornée de figures. À LA LIBRAIRIE ENCYCLOPÉDIQUE DE RORET, RUE HAUTFEBILLE, N° 10 BIS. 1841 PREFACE. De nos jours, où le goût de la lecture se répand de plus en plus, les livres occupent, par leur influence sur toutes les classes de la société, une place importante dans les relations des hommes, et les bibliothèques publiques et particulières se multiplient et s'agrandissent proportionnellement. La nécessité de mettre en ordre ces collections, et de rendre leur usage plus commode et plus utile, doit donc se faire sentir comme un des premiers besoins dans toute bibliothèque. Cependant, en France, où, de l'aveu de toute l'Europe, la bibliographie a été parlée le plus près de la perfection, la partie technologique n'a jamais été trop dédaignée pour qu'aucun des bibliothécaires se soit occupé d'un travail spécial sur cette matière, si indispensable cependant pour la conservation et pour l'utilité de la plus petite comme de la plus grande bibliothèque. La bibliographie proprement dite a été traitée avec trop de savoir par des auteurs d'une expérience reconnue, pour vouloir entreprendre la même tâche qu'ont remplie les Denis, Schelhorn, Panzer, Ebert, De Bure, Peignot, Brunet, Renouard, etc.; je me résigne donc volontiers au rôle subordonné et dédaigné d'auteur technologique, et j'en trouverai le dédommagement dans l'espoir d'avoir entrepris un travail utile, qui peut être consulté avec profit même par des savants ; car on possède sur la disposition et la classification des cabinets de médailles, de gravures, d'histoire naturelle, les excellents ouvrages des Eckhel, Mionnet, Heinecken, Hubert, Linnée, Blumenbach et autres; les bibliothécaires seuls, en France, manquent encore d'un guide didactique dans leurs travaux. M'adressant principalement aux personnes qui, sans s'être livrées à des études spéciales pour ce genre de travaux, se trouvent dans la nécessité de ranger et de surveiller une collection de livres assez nombreuse pour avoir besoin d'une classification et d'une disposition convenables, j'ai cru devoir entrer dans de petits détails souvent méprisés, qui échappent à l'attention des personnes les plus instruites, et qui, cependant, sont d'une utilité réelle. Ceux qui, faute de connaître la méthode de se rendre une pareille besogne facile, se trouvent embarrassés dans l'arrangement de leurs collections, et qui finissent par s'en dégoûter en les voyant s'augmenter sans pouvoir en rendre l'usage commode, accueilleront peut-être volontiers ces feuilles : quel est le propriétaire d'un millier de volumes seulement, qui n'a pas senti le besoin de les voir former un ensemble rationnel, tant par leur disposition sur les rayons que par la rédaction d'un catalogue? Mais souvent l'idée seule de mettre en ordre un nombre de volumes un peu considérable et d'en dresser le catalogue, suffit pour l'effrayer et lui faire abandonner une telle entreprise. Les exemples n'en manquent pas, non seulement chez les particuliers, mais même dans les bibliothèques publiques en province. J'ai donc cherché à présenter ici, sur la Bibliothéconomie, cet ensemble de l'administration, du mécanisme dans le maniement des bibliothèques et de leur matériel, quelques vues fondées sur une conviction que j'ai obtenue par une longue pratique, dans l'espoir que ce petit volume pourra être de quelque utilité; car quel est l'auteur qui ne suppose pas, de bonne foi, dans la persuasion seule que son livre est utile, de trouver des lecteurs? L. A, CONSTANTIN. Paris, 15, Janvier 1859. P. S. L'accueil dont le public bibliophile a bien voulu honorer mon travail, a certainement du me surprendre, lorsque je vois d'autres publications, d'un mérite plus important, se succéder et se faire réciproquement oublier avec tant de rapidité. Cependant, j'avoue que j'avais la conviction de l'utilité pratique de cet opuscule, et je ne désespérais point d'une bonne réception de la part de ceux qui possèdent une bibliothèque grande ou petite, et qui tiennent à sa conservation. Aujourd'hui qu'il en paraît une nouvelle édition, revue et augmentée, je m'estimerai heureux si le public veut bien me continuer cet accueil bienveillant. L. A. C. Paris, 5 août 1840. BIBLIOTHÉQUE. DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE. 1. Notre siècle est non seulement plus riche en livres qu'aucun de ceux qui se sont écoulés, mais la littérature elle-même a pris un immense développement, et surtout une part directe aux révolutions politiques et scientifiques par lesquelles le passage du dix-huitième siècle au dix-neuvième s'est si remarquablement manifesté. Toutes les sciences ont reçu, sinon une nouvelle forme, du moins une nouvelle vie, qui se distingue par une activité plus réelle et plus étendue, et les productions littéraires se sont augmentées en quantité et en force agissante sur notre génération; car, malgré la masse de livres médiocres ou insignifiants, le nombre des bons et importants ouvrages l'emporte toujours comparativement sur celui des époques antérieures, et les progrès des lumières et leur influence avancent sans cesse malgré les efforts de ceux qui les redoutent. 2. Cette influence de la littérature, celle estime que les nations ont appris à accorder au mérite scientifique des hommes et des livres, n'ont pas laissé d'agir également sur les bibliothèques publiques et particulières : on a compris qu'il ne suffit pas de réunir un grand nombre de volumes, mais qu'il faut qu'ils soient établis en un ensemble rationnel par leur arrangement matériel et par la rédaction de catalogues ; on veut que ces établissements soient au niveau des besoins de notre temps. DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE. 3. C'est en France où on s'est le premier spécialement occupé de la bibliographie : De Bure publia, en 1763, son ouvrage, d'un mérite réel, et le Manuel de Brunel est sans contredit le plus utile et le plus étendu que nous possédons dans ce genre : les Anglais, les Italiens, les Espagnols n'en n'ont aucun qui puisse lui être comparé; les Allemands n'en possèdent un supérieur, dans le Lexicon d'Eberli, que parce que l'auteur a pu se servir de Brunel pour base de son travail. 4. Toutefois, on doit faire une distinction entre la bibliographie littéraire et la bibliographie matérielle : celle-ci intéresse le libraire et l'amateur qui fait collection de livres ; l'autre est pour le littérateur et le savant. Le but de l'une est de faire connaître le matériel des livres, leur rareté et leur prix; celui de l'autre, de traiter le mérite des ouvrages et leurs rapports littéraires entre eux. 5. La bibliographie, dans son ensemble, s'est élevée au rang des sciences, et la connaissance des livres et de leur conservation est devenue l'objet d'études de gens savants et zélés à répandre les lumières. Les livres de bibliographie ne sont plus de simples compilations et des nomenclatures réimprimées pour la vingtième fois; mais ils sont le résultat de l'examen et des études de. Supplément : ou Catalogue des Livres du Cabinet de feu M. L.-J. Gaignat, exposé par G.-F. De Bure. 2 vol. in-8. Ibid. 1760. (Ou 8e et 9e vol. de la Bibliog. instr. ) Table destinée à faciliter la recherche des livres anonymes cités dans les 9 vol. de la Bibliog. instr. de G.-F. De Bure, par J.-F. De la Rochelle. 8°. Ibid. 1782. (Ou 10e vol. de ladite bibliographie instructive. ) (2) Manuel du Libraire et de l'Amateur des Livres, par J.-C. Brunet, 4e édit. 4 vol. 8°. Paris. 1820. Nouvelles Recherches Bibliographiques, pour servir de supplément au Manuel du Libraire, par le même, 1 vol. 8°. Ibid. 1831. (3) Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon, par F.-A. Funck. 2 vol. 8°. Leipzig. 1821-1850. DE L'ETUDE DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE. 7 leurs auteurs mêmes : le véritable bibliographe n'a plus honte d'être connu comme tel. Sans doute, si, avec la sévérité du rigoriste, on ne cherche que l'utilité directe et positive de chacune de nos occupations, on ne la trouvera probablement que dans celles dont le but immédiat est la subsistance et la conservation de l'homme ; mais que deviennent alors les sciences, les arts, les métiers, avec toutes leurs branches qui sans cesse s'étendent? La bibliographie est une de ces branches dont l'utilité n'est pas plus apparente que celle d'une infinité d'autres travaux ; cependant elle l'emporte sur bien d'autres, ne serait-ce que sur les recherches infatigables et passionnées des amateurs de coquillages, de papillons, d'antiquités, etc. ; « car la connaissance des livres abrège le chemin de la science, et c'est déjà être très-avancé en érudition que de connaître les ouvrages qui la donnent. » II DE L'ETUDE DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE. 1. Celui qui se livre à l'étude sérieuse de la bibliographie doit s'attendre à n'avoir pas même la satisfaction que l'on reconnaisse dans ses travaux l'assiduité et les recherches sans nombre qu'ils lui ont coûtées. On ignore toutes les difficultés que présentent l'histoire littéraire et la bibliographie à ceux qui les cultivent : ces travaux sont minutieux, pénibles, sans profils, sans éclat, sans gloire; on ne peut se figurer combien de temps et de recherches a coûté quelquefois la collation d'un seul livre, si on ne tient le livre même, avant de parvenir à la conviction de son exactitude dans tous les détails, et on ne pense guère à la persévérance qu'il faut au bibliographe pour ne pas renoncer à sa tâche, lorsque d'avance il ne peut espérer d'y atteindre la perfection ; car, chaque jour, il fera de nouvelles découvertes ou trouvera des corrections à faire. Si l'étude de la bibliographie n'exige pas ce génie et cette élévation d'idées qui produisent les chefs-d'œuvre qui illustrent un siècle, les connaissances d'un bibliographe ne peuvent cependant se borner au matériel des livres et de leurs éditions ; il lui faut une lecture étendue et encyclopédique, la connaissance de l'histoire littéraire, la possession des langues classiques et des principales langues vivantes, l'esprit de critique, et surtout le don de l'assiduité. 2. La bibliographie a, au reste, en elle-même un attrait particulier pour les personnes instruites, et plusieurs ouvrages démontrent que des hommes éminents et d'un esprit élevé, tels qu'un Haller, un Meerman, un de Bosch, un Dupin, et autres, n'ont pas dédaigné de s'en occuper ; il y a même peu de savants ou propriétaires de bibliothèques qui n'en éprouvent la tentation, empêchés qu'ils sont par des occupations obligatoires. Les ouvrages remplis de renseignements instructifs, fruits des longues et nombreuses recherches des Peignier, des Renouard, des A. de Daller; Bibliotheca botanica. 2 vol. 8°. Zurich. 1771-1772. Bibliotheca anatomica. 2 vol. 8°. Ib. 1774-1777. Bibliotheca chirurgica. 2 vol. 4°. Bern. 1774-1775. Bibliotheca medicina practica. 5 vol. 4°. Ibid. 1770-1776, et 4e éd. J.-D. Brandis. 4°. Basel. 1784. G. Meerman; Origines typographiques. 2 vol. 8°. Leiden. 1705. Admonitio de charta nostra, seu lineis origines. 8°. Rotterdam. 1702. H. de Bosch ; Adversaria bibliographica. 8°. Amsterdam. 1706. A. M. Dupin; Bibliothèque choisie, à l'usage des étudiants en droit et des jeunes avocats. 8°. Paris. 1828. Actes hist. crit. et bibliograph. sur plusieurs livres de jurisprudence, remarquables par leur antiquité ou originalité. 8°. Paris. 1820. G. Peignier; Dictionnaire de Bibliologie. 5 vol. 8°. Dijon. 1802-1804. Histoire de Curiosités bibliographiques. 8°. Ibid. 1804. Dictionnaire crit. littér. et bibliographique des livres condamnés au feu, etc. 2 vol. 8°. Ibid. 1800. Répertoire de Bibliographies spéciales. 8°. Ib. 1810. Répertoire Bibliographique universel. 8°. Ib. 1812, Manuel du Bibliophile. 2 vol. 8°. Dijon. 1825. A. A. Renouard; Annales de l'Imprimerie des Allemagnes. 5 vol. 8°. Paris. 1855. DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES EN GÉNÉRAL. 9 Barbier, des Eberl, etc., et les importants services qu'ont rendus au public studieux les Van Pracl, les Bucholz, les Heren, etc., placés à la tête de l'administration des grandes bibliothèques publiques en Europe, sont encore une preuve de l'intérêt que présente la bibliographie. III. DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES EN GÉNÉRAL. 1. Que deviendraient ces magnifiques bibliothèques, et à quoi serviraient-elles, si elles n'avaient de ces conservateurs qui, par leurs connaissances et par leur zèle obligeant, les rendent utiles à tout venant et en facilitent tout le service par une organisation méthodique et bien entendue ? Ce seraient des mines d'or sans exploitation ! 2. Pour que la réunion d'un grand nombre de livres mérite le nom de bibliothèque, il faut qu'ils soient classés d'après un système quelconque, arrangés de manière que l'on puisse s'en servir, et surveillés avec soin. Le principal moyen pour rendre une bibliothèque vraiment utile, est de pouvoir satisfaire le plus promptement et le plus facilement possible aux recherches littéraires ; et, pour y parvenir, il faut de bons catalogues et une disposition bien raisonnée des livres. Quant à l'étendue, il y a une grande différence entre une bibliothèque et une collection de livres. Renouard ; Annales de l'Imprimerie des Elans, 2 parties. 80. Ibid. 1857-1858. Catalogue de la Bibliothèque d'un amateur. 4 vol. 80. Ibid. 1819. A.-A. Barbier; Dictionnaire des Ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, etc. 4 vol. 80. Paris. 1822-1827. Catalogue de la Bibliothèque du Conseil d'Etat. 2 vol. in-fo. Ibid. 1805. F. A. Eberl; Bibliogr. Lexikon. v. page G. Die Bildung des Bibliothekars. 2 vol. 8°, Leipzig. 1820-1825. 10 DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES PUBLIQUES. thèque publique et une bibliothèque spéciale ou particulière : celle-ci a besoin d'un choix de livres ; dans l'autre, au contraire, destinée à répondre aux prétentions du public, dont le goût est aussi varié que les besoins, c'est le nombre, plus important que leur choix, qui ne peut être pris en considération que lorsque l'étendue est proportionnée aux personnes qui la fréquentent. DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES PUBLIQUES. 1. De tous les établissements qui conviennent à un pays éclairé et à un peuple civilisé, le plus distingué, le plus utile est certainement une bibliothèque où tous les matériaux de la science sont déposés de manière à être continuellement à la disposition des hommes studieux. Quelle fortune qu'un particulier puisse posséder, il ne peut avoir qu'une bibliothèque circonscrite, et, eût-il même l'argent et le temps suffisants pour réunir l'immense quantité de livres nécessaires aux études qui remplissent la vie des hommes, ce serait encore la place qui lui manquerait pour les loger. Ce sont donc de nobles et généreuses institutions que celles qui mettent des centaines de milliers de volumes à la disposition de quiconque veut en feuilleter un seul. Le premier mérite d'une bibliothèque publique est dans sa richesse en livres et dans l'ensemble le plus complet de leurs classes ; le second, dans la facilité et dans la liberté pour le public d'en jouir ; et le troisième, c'est sa conservation pour les temps futurs. La beauté de son local et autres propriétés tant recherchées par les bibliomanes, sans être à mépriser, ne sont que des accessoires ; l'utilité publique et leur durée, voilà le grand et l'unique but de ces collections ; car les bibliothèques qui appartiennent à l'État, ou à un établissement constitué indépendant, ou à un corps savant, sont les seules que l'on puisse regarder comme permanentes. En remontant à leur origine, on trouvera que le plus grand nombre la doit ou aux anciens couvents, ou au don de quelqu'un, qui, bien avec l'intention que la bibliothèque qu'il a réunie avec soin reste utile pour toujours, la légua à une autre déjà existante, ou comme souche, pour être continuée, étendue et élevée en un grand monument qui maintenant est un sujet d'admiration. Cependant les premières bibliothèques créées dans le but précis d'utilité publique ne datent que de la fin du XVIe ou du commencement du XVIIe siècle : La Laurenzienne à Florence, de 1571, La Vaticane à Rome, de 1588-1590, L'Ambroisienne à Milan, de 1601-1609, L'Angélique à Rome, de 1605, La Bodleïenne à Oxford, de 1612, La Mazarine à Paris, de 1620, Celle du Roi à Paris, de 1737. DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES PARTICULIÈRES OU SPÉCIALES. 1. Les bibliothèques particulières sont à considérer sous un autre point de vue, parce qu'elles sont circonscrites par la fortune, le goût ou les études de prédilection de ceux qui les forment ; mais, par le zèle et par la persévérance d'un propriétaire éclairé, elles peuvent, sans être aussi étendues que les bibliothèques publiques, acquérir le mérite d'être plus complètes dans certaines parties de la littérature, et de présenter par là plus de ressources aux recherches que ces collections publiques, qui, malgré leur immensité, ne peuvent posséder un ensemble aussi complet sur chaque spécialité. Plus d'un exemple nous prouve ce que peut la constance d'un homme qui, pendant toute sa vie, a en vue le but de former une collection quelconque ; il est rare qu'elle ne finisse par offrir, dans son genre, des renseignements et des matériaux que l'on chercherait vainement dans les grandes galeries de l'État. Cependant, il ne suffit pas qu'une bibliothèque particulière se distingle par l'ensemble au grand complet sur une science, on exige en plus que, par le choix des exemplaires, elle mérite le titre de bonne et belle bibliothèque. 2. Ce goût de former des bibliothèques n'est pas également prononcé et répandu chez les gens riches de tous pays, et l'on ne peut contester qu'on le trouve plus chez les Anglais que partout ailleurs. Leurs fortunes leur permettent de ne reculer devant aucune dépense, et les ventes publiques témoignent qu'ils n'hésitent point à payer des ouvrages très-cher pour empêcher qu'ils ne sortent de leur patrie. Les lois et les usages de ce pays conservent, en outre, les propriétés de toute espèce plus long-temps dans les mêmes familles ; aussi l'Angleterre possède-t-elle beaucoup d'anciennes bibliothèques particulières, et sur tout le continent, à l'exception des Etats d'Autriche, il n'en reste que peu, ou peut-être aucune. IV. DE LA BIBLIOMANIE, ET DE LA BIBLIOPHILIE. 1. La bibliomanie, proprement dite, est, sans doute, un ridicule que beaucoup de personnes se donnent en se formant des bibliothèques par vanité, par luxe, ou par ton ; mais ces personnes sont-elles plus à blâmer que celles qui achètent des tableaux, des antiquités, des pendules, de la verroterie, ou tout autre objet de fantaisie? Les unes comme les autres contribuent de leur fortune à alimenter l'industrie intellectuelle et commerciale, et sans ces amateurs de beaux volumes et de belles éditions dotées de tout le luxe imaginable, la librairie, l'imprimerie, la papeterie, la reliure, etc., seraient réduites à la fabrication très médiocre des ouvrages d'un mérite et d'une utilité reconnus, qui seuls sont achetés par les savants et par les personnes qui lisent les livres de leurs bibliothèques. DE LA BIBLIOMANIE, ETC. 13 2. Que l'on compare enfin, sous le rapport de la morale, le collectionneur de livres avec le collectionneur d'écus : l'avare est sans cesse dans une agitation fébrile de sa mauvaise et stérile passion, il est inquiet, il est malheureux, il a toute la conscience de son vice, il sait la réprobation dont il est entouré, il est seul, il cache ses trésors pour être heureux. Le biblio-païe au contraire est fier de sa joie ; il étale son bonheur, il le raconte à qui veut l'entendre ; ses livres, c'est son orgueil, ce sont ses titres d'honneur, il jouit avec bonheur de leur possession et des éloges qu'ils lui attirent. 3. C'est à l'amour du luxe, à la vanité, quelquefois même au manque d'instruction, que ce genre d'industrie doit son entretien, ses progrès, et rend les riches ses tributaires. Que l'on se contente donc de sourire de la satisfaction de ceux qui ne possèdent des livres que comme meubles de pure curiosité ; et si le propriétaire d'une belle bibliothèque ne l'a que par ostentation, ou ne peut même en faire aucun usage personnel, le ridicule est pour lui seul ; mais l'industrie n'a pas moins prospéré par l'acquisition qu'il en a faite, et le savant ou l'amateur éclairé, mais peu fortuné, en saura aussi profiter, en y trouvant ce qu'il ne possède pas lui-même. 4. Cette passion, sur laquelle on se récrie tant, et que l'on regarde presque comme un sujet de mépris, tombe cependant plus ou moins en partage même aux amateurs les plus instruits, les plus raisonnables, leur donne des jouissances sans regrets et fait leur bonheur de chaque instant : s'ils possèdent des collections ou des séries d'éditions d'un ouvrage ou d'un imprimeur célèbre, un volume qui leur manque pour compléter leur recueil les contrarie souvent plus qu'une chose beaucoup plus sérieuse. Un bel exemplaire de ce livre, objet de leurs désirs et de leurs longues recherches, se trouve enfin chez un libraire ou dans une vente ; est-ce étonnant s'ils le paient un prix qui paraît exorbitant, et qui est souvent bien au-dessus de celui qu'il vaut? Beaucoup de personnes trouveront peut-être que c'est plus qu'une folie de payer souvent au poids de l'or tel Bibliothéconomie. petit volume que l'on ne voudrait pas acheter quelques sous, sont marges ont 7 ou 9 millimètres (3 ou 4 lignes.) de moins que l'autre. Sans doute, cela doit paraître déraisonnable, mais pareille folie est toujours plus excusable que bien d'autres passions humaines ; elle est du moins du nombre de ces fantaisies qui ne sont pas nuisibles. Un vieux livre parfaitement conservé qui réunit la rareté au mérite littéraire, est une espèce de bonne fortune pour un amateur ; mais ici, comme en toutes choses, on rencontre l'exagération : on voit montrer avec emphase tel volume, muni de témoins ; dont les feuillets ne sont pas encore séparés, sans penser que cette espèce d'inutilile virginité d'un vieux livre n'atteste rien, sinon qu'il ne méritait pas d'être lu, ou que ses possesseurs n'en ont été que les gardiens. Cependant, il y a de ces sortes de raretés plus curieuses qu'utiles dont on fait l'acquisition à haut prix pour les conserver avec complaisance, les montrer avec vanité, et qu'on ne lit presque jamais, soit à cause de leur contenu, qui a perdu son intérêt, soit parce que leur richesse extérieure les rend presque hors d'usage. Mais avec ces joyaux on se pare les jours de fête ; et ils contribuent à rendre une belle bibliothèque plus belle encore et plus complète. Un de nos bibliographes les plus instruits dit avec beaucoup de vérité, au sujet de ces curiosités ; « Les livres, comme les hommes, ont leurs titres de noblesse, et les d'Histoires bibliographiques supplètent les quartiers d'un volume par les célébrités de toute espèce auxquelles il a appartenu, depuis les maîtresses des rois jusqu'aux préfats ou aux modestes hommes de lettres. Armoiries, chiffres, dévises, signatures et même traditions, tout est preuve dans cette justification, et l'on sait ce qu'elle ajoute à la valeur des livres, et à quels prix élevés se portent les volumes décorés de la devise de Grolier, du chiffre de Henri II ou de Diane de Poitiers ; les armes de De Thou, de Golbert, d'Angers, de Soubise, ou de la signature de Racine, de Bossuet et d'autres personnes célèbres. Les Anglais, qui ont toujours aimé faire des collections de curiosités littéraires, poussent aujourd'hui ce penchant jusqu'à la passion, qui ne connaît point de bornes. Le mot de bibliomane, qui autrefois n'avait qu'un sens défavorable, est maintenant chez eux une qualification noble et honorable du goût des livres, et un bibliophile anglais qui est parvenu à être publiquement nommé bibliomane, se trouve heureux et considéré. Ce n'est qu'en Angleterre où la vente d'un livre a pu donner l'idée de former une association : le 17 juin 1812, à la vente de la bibliothèque du duc S. de Roxburghe, le Decamerone di Baccaccio, un volume in-folio (Venise), Valdarfer, 1471, fut poussé par le marquis de Blandford jusqu'à 2260 liv. st. (56,500 fr.) Ce prix, sans exemple pour un seul volume, parut même aux bibliomanes de Londres, une chose si remarquable, qu'ils fondèrent, en mémoire de ce fait, une société sous le titre de Roxburgh-club, dans laquelle les membres ne parlent que bibliographie et célèbrent annuellement le 17 juin par un banquet splendide. Chaque membre est en outre obligé, à tour de rôle, de faire imprimer quelque ancienne rareté, à 31 exemplaires seulement, nombre égal aux membres de la Société. DESLIVRES RARES OU REMARQUABLES. V. 1. Abstraction faite de la bibliomanie, qui ne donne du prix à un volume que d'après le caprice de la mode, lequel, comme pour la toilette des femmes, fait tout à coup tomber dans le mépris des classes entières de livres et en relève d'autres, dépréciés jusqu'alors, pour les faire retomber quelques années après ; abstraction faite de cette manie, il y a des livres qui, par leur ancienneté reconnue et importante pour l'histoire littéraire, leur exécution typographique, ou par des circonstances particulières, réclament l'attention des bibliophiles et dont la connaissance mérite leur étude. La rareté ou le prix de ces livres leur donne ensuite de l'importance à les consulter ou même à les posséder. 2. Ces livres peuvent être rangés en deux classes : l'une renferme les ouvrages rares et curieux, l'autre ceux qui sont curieux sans être rares. Les livres rares et, par ce fait même, déjà curieux, sont principalement les ouvrages imprimés dans le XVème siècle ; car les quatre cents années qui se sont écoulées depuis leur publication les ont à peu près détruits, les imprimeurs de ces temps ne faisant que des tirages proportionnés au petit nombre d'exemplaires qu'alors on leur demandait. Plusieurs de ces livres ne sont même connus que par le témoignage de savants contemporains, ou seulement par des fragments qui sont venus jusqu'à nous. 3. Après cette époque, les imprimeurs s'étant considérablement augmentés, et avec eux les amateurs de l'étude et les bibliothèques, les éditions se tirèrent à un plus grand nombre; cependant les livres imprimés jusqu'au milieu du XVIIIème siècle sont encore considérés comme rares, et présentent un grand intérêt pour la philologie aussi bien que pour l'histoire littéraire. DES LIVRES RARES OU REMARQUABLES. 4. Sont encore rares, les livres qui ne sont recherchés que parce qu'on les trouve difficilement, et dont le prix est très élevé à cause de cette difficulté, sans qu'aucune autre raison ne motive l'empressement avec lequel on se les procure. Parmi ces livres doivent être rangés la plupart des facéties et satires des temps passés, les anciennes pièces de théâtre et les écrits polémiques qui ont perdu l'intérêt du moment; tous ouvrages qui ne doivent leur valeur commerciale qu'à la manie des amateurs, pour lesquels le principal mérite d'une chose est la difficulté de se la procurer, le désir de posséder exclusivement, et la somme qu'ils y sacrifient. Il y a des ouvrages anciens dont la rareté cesse d'être étonnante quand on réfléchit qu'ils sont du nombre des livres qui s'usent et se détruisent par l'usage habituel qu'on en fait. Tels sont les livres, sortis des imprimeries célèbres, qui servent à l'instruction de la jeunesse, les livres d'église, les dictionnaires, etc. Un exemple entre mille de ce genre de rareté, est le Balsisier Français, petit in-12. Amsterdam, L. et D'Elzevir. 1655, mince volume de 258 pages, dont les exemplaires, échappés aux mains grasses des cordons-bleus de ces temps, sont tellement rares qu'ils ont été payés jusqu'à 250 francs. Une autre classe de livres rares et souvent très intéressants est celle des ouvrages imprimés pour le compte de l'auteur, et tirés à un petit nombre d'exemplaires destinés à être donnés et n'entrant jamais dans le commerce. Les exemplaires tirés sur peau de vélin, sur papier de couleur ou sur grand papier, sont également très recherchés par les amateurs, qui se procurent quelquefois même de ces exemplaires uniques, en en sacrifiant deux ou quatre pour en faire un seul, dont les marges, prises sur les autres, ont le double de grandeur; et, pour les rendre plus précieux encore, ils les illustrent de gravures et dessins convenables, d'autographes, etc. La qualification de rare, qui exerce un si grand pouvoir sur ce qui est amateur, étend également sa séduction sur les bibliophiles : l'ancienneté, la conservation parfaite, l'annotation d'une main célèbre, la rareté proprement dite, ne sont pas les seuls motifs qui font regarder comme précieux un livre dont il est quelquefois difficile de soutenir la lecture ; la mise au pilon de l'édition, l'existence de doubles cartons ou gravures, ou la preuve qu'il a appartenu à une personne célèbre, le rangent tout aussi bien parmi les curiosités bibliographiques, que mille autres particularités souvent sans importance. 7. Au premier rang des livres précieux, sans être rares, et qui conservent toujours un prix assez élevé, parce que l'on ne peut s'en passer dans les bibliothèques de quelque importance, doivent être placés les auteurs classiques latins et grecs de bonnes dates, d'une belle conservation et imprimés par des typographes célèbres. Viennent ensuite les livres de sciences, ceux d'histoire naturelle, les grands voyages, les collections d'estampes, de galeries, de cabinets d'antiquités, les ouvrages ayant un grand nombre de volumes, les collections spéciales, et enfin ceux qui se distinguent par le luxe de l'exécution typographique. Tous ces livres coûtent des sommes considérables et sont, pour cela seul, curieux, sans que les exemplaires en soient difficiles à trouver. 8. Il est presque impossible de fixer le prix du plus grand nombre de ces livres rares et précieux : l'état de conservation, le format, quelques millimètres, plus ou moins de marge laissée par le relieur, le timbre d'une bibliothèque jadis renommée, les eaux fortes, et tant d'autres motifs, peuvent doubler et quintupler le prix d'un volume. C'est ainsi que l'on voit vendre pour 3 ou 4 fr. un même volume d'Elzevier, que l'on paie 125 fr. peu de jours après dans la même salle et devant les mêmes enchirsch. le premier exemplaire est mal relié, trop rogné et attaqué des vers ; le second, au contraire, est relié en maroquin par un ouvrier connu, doré sur tranche, d'une conservation parfaite, et si peu rogné que l'on y trouve plusieurs témoins. DU BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE EN GÉNÉRAL. 19 Les causes qui peuvent déprécier un livre sont, en outre, si nombreuses et de genres si différents, qu'il serait difficile de les indiquer ; mais la principale de toutes est la réimpression surtout des ouvrages qui sont sujets à des améliorations, augmentations ou nouveaux commentaires, etc., tels que les auteurs classiques, les dictionnaires, les géographies, les livres qui traitent des arts et métiers, etc. Le caprice, la mode et l'intérêt du moment exercent ensuite leur influence en bibliophilie, comme en tant d'autres choses, et mille circonstances inattendues peuvent faire baisser ou hausser le prix d'un livre. VI. DU BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE EN GÉNÉRAL. 1. Les bibliothèques, la littérature et l'appareil scientifique dans les diverses branches des connaissances humaines, ont gagné, dans toutes les classes de la société, une étendue inconnue jusqu'alors, et ont pris, par les progrès du temps et des lumières, un caractère plus précis, et par là même plus d'importance dans le cercle d'activité de la civilisation. Les soins des bibliothèques publiques, qui autrefois n'étaient connues que des savants, et dont les portes ne s'ouvraient qu'à un petit nombre d'élus, ne peuvent donc plus être confiés qu'à des personnes qui, par une étude assidue, ont acquis les différentes connaissances spéciales aux conservateurs de pareils dépôts. 2. Maintenant on demande à un bibliothécaire des connaissances plus nombreuses et plus importantes que l'on ne croit au premier abord : elles devraient être universelles, si c'était possible ; et ne pouvant les exiger profondes, on demande toujours qu'elles aient au moins assez d'étendue pour qu'il ne soit pas entièrement étranger à aucune science. Il a surtout besoin de connaître les langues anciennes et modernes. 3. Toutes ces qualités ne suffisent cependant pas pour rendre un bibliothécaire accompli ; il faut encore qu'il soit bon administrateur pour gérer avec économie et conscience l'ensemble des fonds disponibles. Enfin, à ces connaissances, à ces qualités, il doit joindre l'esprit d'ordre, l'amour du travail, une grande persévérance, une bonne mémoire, et surtout cette passion pour son état, qui seule peut lui donner la force et le courage pour s'y vouer entièrement. 4. Mais, malheureusement, l'emploi de bibliothécaire est trop souvent conféré, comme une occupation accessoire, à des personnes qui déjà ont d'autres fonctions à remplir. Cependant, si l'impossibilité d'accorder des appointements suffisants aux besoins convenables d'une personne oblige à cette espèce de cumul, il faut du moins en choisir une dont le zèle pour la conservation de ce trésor soit bien connu; mais, lorsque la nécessité d'une pareille économie n'existe pas, et lorsque la présupposition que cet emploi n'exige que peu de temps et de soins, est la seule cause d'une telle mesure, il n'y a nulle excuse. En tout cas, le cumul est peu admissible pour un bibliothécaire qui veut remplir sa place avec conscience, et nuit inévitablement à la bibliothèque et aux intérêts du public qui la fréquente. 5. D'un autre côté, de même que l'habitude de chercher et de replacer les livres sur les étagères ne fait pas un bibliothécaire, de même aussi les connaissances les plus élevées dans les sciences ne mettent pas en état d'organiser et d'administrer une bibliothèque étendue, si l'on n'a pas la pratique de la partie technique. L'historique et l'état de tant de bibliothèques fournissent les plus évidentes et les plus déplorables preuves de cette double vérité. Peut-être même qu'un homme doué d'un grand esprit d'ordre, de l'amour du travail et d'assez d'intelligence pour classer les livres, sera d'une plus grande utilité à une bibliothèque qu'un prodige savant ou un grand poète, étrangers aux travaux de ce genre. 6. Des particularités locales ou nationales, l'esprit des gouvernements, ou d'autres circonstances, exercent sans doute une grande influence sur les bibliothèques d'un État; mais, dans le fait, il dépend presque toujours de la capacité et des vues de ceux qui leur sont préposés. De nos jours, malheureusement, on voit encore donner des places de bibliothécaires en chef, avec tous leurs avantages et pouvoirs, comme sinécures, à des hommes de beaucoup de mérite, il est vrai, mais n'ayant aucune des qualités indispensables à un bibliothécaire. Heureuse encore la bibliothèque où un tel sinécure a assez d'esprit et d'abnégation d'amour-propre pour remettre, sans restriction, les rênes entre les mains du sous-bibliothécaire, en se contentant de garder les appointements attachés à son titre. Au résumé, les devoirs et les connaissances d'un bibliothécaire sont plus étendus et plus nombreux que ceux que l'on exige souvent pour d'autres emplois ; cependant, le public les apprécie rarement, quoique le conservateur d'une bibliothèque puisse, dans sa carrière, se distinguer aussi bien que tout autre savant, et acquérir une célébrité d’autant plus méritée qu’elle est plus difficile à gagner : car il est à remarquer que mieux il remplit ses devoirs, moins son mérite est apparent ; ce n’est que celui qui les fait mal, qui rend sensibles les obligations dont il est chargé. VIII DU BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE D'UNE BIBLIOTHÈQUE PUBLIQUE. La différence que l’on remarque entre la composition et le but d’une bibliothèque publique et celle d’une bibliothèque particulière existe aussi dans les devoirs et les travaux du conservateur d’une ou d’une autre. La science du bibliothécaire d’une bibliothèque publique se compose des connaissances, principes et moyens éprouvés par l’expérience, qu’il doit employer dans la direction de l’ensemble de l’établissement, qui, sans une parfaite harmonie dans ses parties, perd son but d’utilité et même sa valeur, telle précieuse qu’elle puisse être. 2. Ses travaux sont, partie littéraires et scientifiques, partie mécaniques ; ils demandent une double activité, mais ne peuvent être séparés les uns des autres, parce qu'ils forment l'ensemble cohérent des études de celui qui veut bien remplir sa tâche. Toutefois l'habitude et surtout l'expérience, fondées sur la connaissance parfaite de ses fonctions, lui indiquent ceux qu'il peut confier à chacun des employés ; mais celui qui n'a pas l'amour de la littérature, des livres et du travail, celui sur les soins, l'exactitude et le zèle duquel l'autorité supérieure ne peut compter avec confiance, celui-là n'a point les dispositions requises pour être bon bibliothécaire d'un dépôt public. De même, on ne se fera jamais une idée de tout ce que peut faire un homme doué de ces qualités, et les services qu'il peut rendre dans sa sphère. VIII. DU BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE D'UNE BIBLIOTHÈQUE PARTICULIÈRE. 1. Le bibliothécaire d'une bibliothèque particulière, d'un corps savant, ou de toute autre qui n'est pas publique, même de la sienne propre, se trouve, au contraire, dans une position bien différente : il n'a pas besoin de ces connaissances générales; tout devient pour lui plus spécial, tout est précis et limité ; car rarement ces sortes de bibliothèques embrassent les diverses branches de la littérature ; telles se bornent ordinairement à une d'elles, et leurs disposition et administration sont prescrites ou par des règlements établis, ou par la volonté du propriétaire. 2. Dans une bibliothèque de ce genre, on abandonne ou on écarte les livres reconnus surannés, inutiles ou mauvais; dans une grande bibliothèque publique, au contraire; on rassemble, on classe; on conserve tout, sans égard à la contradiction ou à la nature des ouvrages qui la composent. Le sort du conservateur d'une bibliothèque spéciale, si sa composition correspond à son goût ou à ses études favorites, est donc plus agréable et bien préférable à celui du bibliothécaire d'un dépôt public; et certes plus d'un savant l'envie. IX. DES DEVOIRS, QUALITÉS ET CONNAISSANCES D'UN BIBLIOTHÉCAIRE; 1 : Les connaissances et les qualités qu'exigent les fonctions de bibliothécaire, dont il vient d'être parlé superficiellement, sont si variées, qu'on serait tenté d'en croire la réunion impossible chez une seule personne, si nous ne voyions devant nous des hommes qui fournissent la preuve incontestable du contraire. 2. L'étude de l'histoire littéraire et de la connaissance des livres, de leur mérite, de leur rareté, et même des diverses parties de leur matériel, est si importante, qu'elle doit être au premier rang et conduite, pour marcher pas à pas avec l'expérience de chaque jour, qui l'alimente autant par les nouvelles publications que par l'innombrable quantité des livres qui existent. 3. La connaissance des langues anciennes et modernes est maintenant si répandue, qu'il y a peu de personnes qui, cultivant les sciences, ne la possèdent; elles. ne peuvent même plus s'en passer si elles veulent être au niveau des lumières du siècle. Le bibliothécaire en a donc plus besoin que qui que ce soit, ne serait-ce que pour classer et cataloguer les livres. Quant aux langues non-européennes, on ne peut exiger de lui qu'il les possède toutes, parce que ces sortes de livres ne se trouvent qu'en petit nombre dans une bibliothèque, si elle n'est pas très-grande et universelle, à moins qu'elle y soit spécialement consacrée : alors il est naturel que les personnes aux soins desquelles ils sont confiés doivent connaître ces langues. 4. La mémoire, celle conservatrice de toutes les connaissances, sans laquelle il n'existe ni science ni art, est plus nécessaire au bibliothécaire qu'à tout autre : à chaque moment il en a besoin, et jamais elle ne lui sera assez étendue ni assez fidèle pour se rappeler avec exactitude des titres, des noms d'auteur, des particularités innombrables du matériel des livres, et pour se souvenir de toutes les petites localités de la bibliothèque. Il est bien à plaindre, si, pour trouver chaque livre, il est obligé de recourir au catalogue, tandis qu'une bonne mémoire lui éviterait de nombreux ennuis, des recherches longues et réitérées pour lui-même et pour ceux qui viennent le consulter. 5. Le bibliothécaire, comme le bibliographe, par la nature de leurs études, ont besoin d'un zèle assidu, studieux et laborieux; celui qui n'est point doué du goût du travail et d'une minutieuse exactitude, au risque d'être qualifié de micrologueur, ne peut espérer aucun succès, et s'il ne possède pas l'esprit d'ordre dans le sens le plus étendu de ce mot, il lui manque une des qualités essentielles. Ce ne sera que grâce à ces dons qu'une bibliothèque se trouvera constamment dans un état d'ordre tel, que l'absence ou la mort du bibliothécaire ne pourra jamais se faire sentir, et que le successeur ne sera pas forcé, en commençant l'exercice de ses fonctions, de mettre de l'ordre dans l'établissement qui vient de lui être confié. 6. Ainsi, l'activité de celui qui est à la tête d'une bibliothèque doit sans cesse avoir pour but l'organisation, l'augmentation et la conservation bien entendues du dépôt qui lui est confié; ne jamais négliger la classification rationnelle des livres, la bonne rédaction des divers catalogues et les soins les plus attentifs dans l'administration de l'ensemble. Se fier dans ces travaux à sa mémoire seule, telle bonne qu'elle puisse être, c'est s'exposer à mille oublis et à beaucoup d'erreurs; il faut, au contraire, prendre note de tout, même du déplacement d'un seul volume; car jamais on ne peut trop se mettre en garde contre la négligence, l'indiscrétion et quelquefois même l'indélicatesse des personnes qui empruntent des livres. Une sévère surveillance et une grande exactitude dans la tenue des registres de sortie et d'entrée sont les meilleurs moyens pour prévenir les pertes et les abus. 7. Il ne faut jamais laisser accumuler, pour les mêmes raisons, les continuations ou nouvelles acquisitions, mais bien les faire relier le plus promptement possible, les cataloguer et les placer. Ce n'est que par cette activité non interrompue de tenir les travaux à jour, qu'une bibliothèque est toujours en bon ordre : aussitôt qu'on laisse s'arrêter une des besognes, l'ensemble s'en ressent, et l'utilité en cesse. 8. Le bibliothécaire qui ne voudra consacrer aux occupations de son emploi que les heures de l'ouverture de la bibliothèque publique ne pourra remplir ses devoirs que très imparfaitement, parce que les plus importants et les plus essentiels de ses travaux demandent à être faits dans les heures où il est certain de ne pas être interrompu. Une autre faute que commettent plusieurs bibliothécaires, c'est de trop compter sur leurs subordonnés pour le travail mécanique, le classement des acquisitions et la rédaction des catalogues. 9. La manie des changements et des innovations sans nécessité et sans résultat utile expose parfois à de graves dangers; elle n'est jamais plus nuisible qu'aux bibliothèques, où l'on doit se les interdire, surtout en entrant en fonction ; on doit alors ne pas s'écarter du chemin tracé par ses prédécesseurs, et ne penser aux véritables améliorations que lorsqu'on connaîtra parfaitement la bibliothèque dans tous ses détails. |
github_open_source_100_8_20113 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | function Snopt_Constraint_Formulation()
% This function is used to generate the constraint in a SNOPT-friendly way
load('Pre_Load_Structure.mat');
init_contas = [1 1];
P.init_contas = init_contas;
rIx = 0; rIxlow = -Inf; rIxupp = Inf;
rIy = 0.5; rIylow = 0; rIyupp = Inf;
theta = pi/2; thetalow = 0; thetaupp = pi;
q1 = pi/10; q1low = -2*pi/3; q1upp = pi/2;
q2 = pi/6; q2low = 0; q2upp = pi;
q3 = pi/3; q3low = -pi/2; q3upp = 2*pi/3;
q4 = pi/4; q4low = 0; q4upp = pi;
q5 = pi/3; q5low = -pi/2; q5upp = pi;
q6 = pi/6; q6low = 0; q6upp = pi;
q7 = pi/3; q7low = -pi; q7upp = pi/2;
q8 = pi/10; q8low = 0; q8upp = pi;
rIxdot = 1;
rIydot = 0;
thetadot = 0.5;
q1dot = 0.5;
q2dot = -0.5;
q3dot = 1;
q4dot = 0.5;
q5dot = 0.5;
q6dot = 1;
q7dot = -0.5;
q8dot = 0.5;
x0 = [rIx rIy theta q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 ...
rIxdot rIydot thetadot q1dot q2dot q3dot q4dot q5dot q6dot q7dot q8dot];
P.x0 = x0;
% Single_Frame_Plot(x0, P)
init_lb = [ rIxlow rIylow thetalow q1low q2low q3low q4low q5low q6low q7low q8low ];
init_ub = [ rIxupp rIyupp thetaupp q1upp q2upp q3upp q4upp q5upp q6upp q7upp q8upp ];
fmincon_opt = optimoptions('fmincon','Algorithm','sqp','display','off');
x = fmincon(@Init_Objective,x0,[],[],[],[],init_lb,init_ub,@Init_Constraint,fmincon_opt, P);
% figure
Single_Frame_Plot(x, P);
load('Symbolic_Structure.mat');
% There are three options can be customerized
mode_sequence = [1 0; 0 1];
gait_balance_flag = 1; % flag: 1 for gait, 2 for stabilization
grids_per_segment = 12;
Q.gait_balance_flag = gait_balance_flag;
Q.grids_per_segment = grids_per_segment;
Constraint_Script_Gene(mode_sequence, x, Q);
end
|
diversionofwater00unit_3 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | 56. On the assumption that it may be possible to take 20,000 cubic feet per second additional in the United States, plans are presented for utilizing this water in three types of installations for developing the total head of about 320 feet, and in a single t3^pe of installation in which the head is developed in two stages taking all the water first by a pressure tunnel to a station well down in the Maid-of-the-Mist pool under a head of 220 feet and then through a second pressure tunnel under the head of about 90 feet to a station in the lower Gorge at the same site as in the compound two-stage plan. 27880—21 ^3 34 DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 57. It is advisable to call particular attention to the statement in paratrraph 9'2 of the report that the estimates do not include the entire capital costs, nor the whole of the construction costs. Costs of promotion, of raisin<r funds, of organization, and of legal services are omitted as are also the cost of purchasing any legally enforceable rights now belonging to any existing companies. The development expense in building up a market for power is also omitted. The omission of any allowance for existing investments particularly affects the estimate for the " compound two-stage " plan in Avhich the out^iut of the existing plants is included without payment, so that the estimated unit cost of $51.80 per horsepower for this jilan is lower than the actual cost would be to anj'body who had to pay for property or rights already in existence, or who had already paid for such rights or property. 58. The division engineer's conclusion is that a combined power and ship canal which, under the topographical conditions, should be built along the La Salle-Lewiston line, would be less economical than a ship canal along this line and a sej)arate power canal from the vicinity of Conners Island to the (xorge at Riverdale Cemetery. The estimated cost of the combined plan is about $200,000,000, Avhile the separate ship canal would cost $135,000,000 and the separate power development about $46,000,000, the difference in favor of the separate canals being about $19,000,000. The combined canal is to have 12,000 square feet area of cross section, being alternately 300 by 40 feet and 400 by 30 feet, while the separate navigation canal is to be of G,000 square feet area of cross section or 200 by 30 feet. For the development of a new diversion of 20,000 cubic feet per second in a single stage, he discusses plans producing about 600,000 horsepower with practically equal efficiency, first, by means of a plant consisting of a i)o\ver house near Conners Island placed in a deep pit and dis- charging into a tailrace tunnel with the surface of tail-water sub- stantially at the level of the lower Xiagara River, about elevation 248; second, by a pressure tunnel starting at nearly the same point in the Chippawa-CJrass Island pool and leading to a power house in the lower (xorge near Riverdale Cemetery, and. third, liy means of a canal leading to a power house at the same location. His estimates of the construction cost per horsepower on the bus liar, under the assumptions made by him, are $89.40 for the iirst plan, $86.40 for the second plan, and $73.70 for the third plan. He believes that the tailrace tunnel plan involves construction difficulties due to the pos- sibility of encountering ground water at the low level of the tunnel, and that both tliis i)lan and the pressure tunnel are liable to difficul- ties in operation, such as surges in the tailrace tunnel, dangers from ice, necessity of unwatering for repairs to valves, et cetera. His only objections to the canal plan are that there may be some ice difficulty an«l that the canal will cut through valual>le land and interfere with highways, railways, water supply and sewage .systems, as well as, jK-rhaps. with the most economical development of adjacent real e.state. 59. For an additional diversion of 20.000 cubic feet per second by the sinii)le two-.stage plan, he estimates the total output to be 580,000 horscpowci-. at a cost of $105.60 jier hor.sej)ower. This cost is greater than under any of the .single .stage i)lans, and more than half of the T)IVERSI():sr OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 35 total cost belongs to the second stage Avhich furnishes only about 160,000 horsepoAver out of the total of 580,000. It is plain that the division engineer believes that a second diversion of 20,000 cubic feet per second should preferably be in a single stage, thereby making the most economical use of the water that may safely be completely diverted from the Maid-of-the-Mist pool. 60. On the basis of these construction costs, the division engineer figures that the cost on the bus bar will be $10 to $13.90 per annual horsepower for the new diversion of 20,000 cubic feet per second, while if only one such amount is to be diverted and existing rights are valid and therefore must be paid for, these figures are increased to from $14.90 to $17, the cheapest development in every case being the single stage power canal. 61. There are numerous diversions for domestic purposes from the Niagara Elver and Lake Ontario, as Avell as from the St. Lawrence,, but as these are immediately returned they produce virtually no effect upon levels. There are, however, no diversions for navigation either from the lower Niagara or from Lake Ontario. 62. Existing diversions from the St. Lawrence River above St. Eegis are utilized for both navigation and water power, and include four lateral canals constructed by the Dominion of Canada, known as the Galop Canal, Rapide Plat Canal (also called the Morrisburg Canal), Farran Point Canal, and the Cornwall Canal. The diver- sions are small, and in each case the water is returned to the river. The diversion by the Galop Canal is between 500 and 1,000 cubic feet per second, of which an average of 200 or less is used for navigation and the remainder for power. The diversion by the Morrisburg Canal is between 1.000 and 1,500 cubic feet per second, of which pos- sibly 200 feet is required for navigation and the remainder for power. The Farran Point Canal diverts about 50 cubic feet per second, all for navigation. The diversion by the Cornwall Canal is about 3,000 cubic feet per second, of which possibly 300 only is required for navigation purposes. These canals were built primarily for the benefit of navigation, and are open for use equally by the vessels of both countries. The development of water power along these canals was originally a secondary and incidental matter, although much of the water is now diverted solely for that purpose. 63. The St. Lawrence canals accommodate vessels 255 feet long, 42 feet beam, and drawing 14 feet. The river is closed by ice for an average of 144 days per annum, from about December 3 to about April 27. 64. In addition to the above-mentioned diversions primarily for navigation, there are two developments solely for water power. These are the Massena Canal, on the United States side of the river,, at the head of Long Sault Rapids, and the development at Wad- dington, N. Y. The Massena Canal extends about 3 miles from the St. Lawrence to a poAver house on the Grasse River, a tributary'- of the St. Lawrence. It has a bottom width of 188 feet and a depth of 25 feet. There is a head of about 43 feet at the powerhouse, for which the Grasse River serves as a tailrace, conducting the water back to the St. Lawrence at a point lOf miles downstream from the point of diversion. Until recently the quantity of water diverted was approximately 30,000 cubic feet per second, developing a 36 DIVKRSIOX OF WATER FROM GREAT LxtKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. maximum of 80,000 liorsepower. Due to improvements undertaken durinfr the war, an output of 60,000 horsepower is now produced with a consumption of only 17,000 cubic feet per second. At AVad- dington, N. Y., a dam 950 feet lon^; was constructed more than 100 years ago across the American channel. The flow through the American channel, known as Little River, is estimated to be 3,000 to 4.000 cubic feet per second, of which about 600 cubic feet is used intermittently and inefficiently in the development of power. A small powerhouse is located at the downstream side of the dam, and a ]jower canal 15 to 20 feet wide leads from the south end of the dam downstream along the bank of the river for about 950 feet, serving four plants. The company owning the rights at this locality has proposed the construction of a new plant to develop 30,000 horse- power, with the use of about 30,000 cubic feet per second. 65. The problem of hoAv the development of power may best be combined with the improvement of the St. Lawrence for naviga- tion is, as stated by the division engineer, at present under considera- tion by the International Joint Commission. It is not, therefore, advisable to discuss further such plans as have hitherto been pro- posed for diverting water from the St. Lawrence. 66. Finally, the division engineer discusses the existing boundary waters treaty with Canada, and recommends that it be amended so as to cover the existing needs and anticipate future requirements more satisfactorily and with more flexibility. 67. The recommendations of the division engineer regarding modi- fications of tlie treaty and the use of diversions are as follows : RecoDinicttiJrd treaty provisions. — It is reconi mended that tlie treaty with Great Britain proclaimed May 13, 1010, be modified in the following particulars: (1) That the wording of the treaty be altered to extend the jurisdiction of the International Joint Commission to include diversions from tributaries of boiiiidary waters except in the case of diversions from a tributary which are returned to the same tributary. (2) That the words, " the scenic beauty of the Falls and Rapids," be inserted in the first sentence of Article V after the word " Erie." (3) That the diver.sion of water from Niacara River below the Falls be spe- cifically limited in the same manner as the diversion from the Niagara River above the Falls. <4) That the treaty provide for the construction and maintenance of re- nieflial works of the nature outlined in section (c) of this report; such works to be built under the supervision of the International .Toint fNunniission, or of some other international body created for the purpose; the remedial works to be so desi^'ned and constructed that the scenic beauty of the Falls wlW be restored and preserved when 80,000 cubic feet of water per second is diverted from the Niagara River above the Falls; the expense of constructing and main- taining .'^aid works to be borne equally by the high contracting parties. (:")) That the limits of diversion from the Niagara River above the Falls, which the high contracting parties may permit within their respective juris- dictloriK, b«' i-ais('d from 20.000 cubic feet of water per second on the United States side to 40,0(X) cubic feet of water per second and from 30,000 cubic feet of water per second on the Canadian side to 40,000 cubic feet of water per second. (•; I That 20,000 cubic feet per second of the water so diverted upon each side f)f tlie river shall be returned to the Niagara River at some point or points upstream from turning jMiitit No. 134 of the iiiternationnl boundary line adopted August If). lUV.i, by the International Waterways ('ommissioii under Article IV of the treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of On-nt I'.rltain and Ireland signed April 11, 190S; and that if any part of the remaining diversior) be returned to the Niagara River at any jioint an eiiual or Biiialler amount may b<? again diverted from any point farther downstream. DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 37 (7) That the limits given above be stipulated to apply to the amount actually diverted at any instant, and that accordingly the words " in the aggregate and " daily " be stricken out of Article V of the present treaty wherever they occur • that it be recognized that small, brief, accidental violations of the pro- visions of a diversion permit must be allowinl if the holder of the iiernnt is to obtain the full value thereof, and that therefore such violations shall be per- mitted under such regulations as the International Joint Commission shall (8) That five vears after the completion of the remedial works the Interna- tional Joint Commission, or some other body constituted for the purpose, shall inform the high contracting parties whether or not, in its opinion, further diversions of water from the Niagara River for power development can he made, either continuously or intermittently, without serious injury to the scenic beauty of the Falls and Rapids, the integrity of the river as a boundary stream, or appreciable lowering of lake levels. That, if this opinion be favor- able to the further diversion of water, the commission or body shall indicate the amount of further diversion which may properly be allowed, and the con- ditions by which permits should be limited. Recommended use of diversions. — In regard to the use of the various diver- sions of water from the Great Lakes and Niagara River, the following recom- mendations are made : (1) That no change be made in the method of dealing with diversions whose primarv use is for navigation purposes. (2) That Federal control of the diversion at Chicago and in the vicinity be established by such measures as are necessary, provided the United States Courts do not uphold the present apparent right of the Federal Government to regulate the diversions there ; the Sanitary District of Chicago being permitted to divert from Lake Michigan and its tributaries a total quantity of water not exceeding at any time a flow of lO.CKX) cubic feet per second ; under the condi- tions that the Secretary of War shall supervise the diversions as he deems best, that the expense of supervision shall be paid for promptly at stated intervals by the Sanitary District of Chicago, that no dangerous conditions shall be created in navigable waters, that the sanitary district agrees to be responsible for any damage claims arising because of the diversion, that it shall pay its share as determined by the Secretary of War of the cost of such compensating works as the Federal Government considers necessary because of diversions of water from the Great Lakes system, that it agrees not to request or make any diversion in excess of that herein stated, that it shall pay to the United States for water used for power purposes at a rate per cubic foot to be based upon the relative value of the power as developed and that which could have been de- veloped by its use at Niagara Falls, N. Y., and along the St. Lawrence River, and that it does all in its power to secure any State authority needed to enable it to undertake the establishment of provisions for sewage disposal other than by dilution and when so enabled provides as rapidly as necessary such sewage disposal facilities as are needed to care for the growth of the district. (3) That consideration be withheld on all proposals for water diversions for combined navigation, power, and sanitary purposes unless of far-reaching importance and effects and consistent with plans approved by the International Joint Commission as remedial against the pollution of boundary waters. (4) That the present method of controlling the power diversions at Sault Ste. Marie be not disturbed. (5) That the total diversion through the Wetland Canal for power develop- ment be limited strictly to the present amount. (6) That the diversion through the New York State Barge Canal for power development be limited to the 500 cul)ic feet per second now allowed. (7) That as soon as a treaty has been negotiated with Great Britain along the lines indicated in section {k), additional permit or permits be granted so as to make the permitted diversion from Niagara River above the Falls on the United States side 40.000 cubic feet per second, one-half of which is returned to the river in the Maid-of-the-Mist Pool. (8) That the Secretary of War, the International Joint Commission, or a special board of engineers be requested to prepare plans and t>stimates in detail for a comprehensive system of compensating works for restoring the levels of all the lakes and their outflow rivers, these plans to be submitted to the International Joint Commission for approval, with the intent tluit such works be constructed and paid for jointly by the United States and Canada. 38 Dn-ERSIOX OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE BOARD OF ENGINEERS FOR RHTIRS AND HARBORS, TARAGRAPHS G 8-1 2 9, INCLUSIVE. 68. On June 4, 1920, the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors held a widel.v advertised and numerously attended public hearing at Niagara Falls, X. Y., for the purpose of affording to all concerned or interested a full opportunity for the discussion of di- vei-sions from the Great Lakes and general principles that should be observeil regarding their limitations and utilization. A transcript of the stenographic notes of this hearing is appended hereto, together Avith copies of exhibits then filed by certain of the interested parties. In adtliti(m. on July 27. 1920. the board gave a special hearing to Mr. T. Kennard Thomson, who had been unable to attend the public hearing at Niagara Falls. Mr. Thomson is the advocate of the plan for damming the Niagara River at Fosters Flats, and his arguments in favor of this plan, having been fully heard, are given due -weight in the conclusions that follow. Finally, on August 3, 1920, the board gave another special hearing to ]Mr. Charles A. Pohl, who presented arguments against the "compound two-stage" plan and in favor of a direct diversion from the Maid of the ^Nlist pool, on l^ehalf of the Niagara (Jorge Power Co.. and to Col. H. L. Cooper, whose argu- ments were based upon the large general asi)ects of the diversion problem and the manner in Avliich it should, in his opinion, be treated. The board has. of course, given consideration to these arguments and to all other evidence that has come to its notice. 09. Public resolution No. 8, Sixty-fifth Congress, which directed the making of this investigation, reads in part as follows: I'roriilrd. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized and direotefl to make a eoinprehensive and thorousjli investigation * * * of the entire sub- ject of water diversion from the Great Lakes and the Niagara River, including navigation, sanitary and power purposes, and the preservation of the scenic beauiy of Niagara Falls and the rapids of Niagara River. 'J'he division engineer — and, in our opinion, correctly — believes that it was the desire of Congress not only to be advised of tlie facts regarding all diversions for the above purposes but also to secure information and recommendations upon which to base a just policy as to present and future diversions for any or all of the purposes enumerated: and it Avas further the obvious Avish of Congress that any such permanent i)olicy should gi^'c due weight to the impor- tance of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls and the ra])ids. To. At tiie time of the passage of the resolution Congress already knew that many of the diversions then in existence were productive of damage, both to navigation and to scenic beauty, but, as all diver- sions were to a greater or less degree useful or beneficial to those who were making them, there was difficulty in fixing their relative merits. The report now enables this to l)e done witli confidence and reason- able certainty, and tiiei-eby to arrive at the details of the policy appaicntly desired by Congress. We shall therefore briefly discuss the tliree kinds of diversions mentioned in tlie resolution, as well as the jiresiMvatioM of .sc<*nic beauty, give our opinion as to their rela- tive importance and as to the jjcrmissible limits of the three varieties of diversions, and finally state our views as to the orderly steps that should be taken in the execution of what we regard to be the proper policy with respect to divei'sions and scenic beautv. DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 39 71. In advance of the more detailed discussion we may say that we believe that navigation purposes in value and importance take precedence over all other uses to which the waters of the Great Lakes may be put. As a first step in a proper policy, damage already done by diversions should be remedied by the adoption of some plan that will not only restore losses of depth but also increase lake levels so as to alFord "higher stages than would naturally exist. The plan for accomplishing these purposes with a nuixinnim of certainty and bene- fits, both direct and indirect, is the construction of a regulating dam provided with sluiceways at the head of Niagara River which would restore and increase depths in Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan and their connecting Avaters, and in the St. Marys Eiver below the locks, and at the same time i)ermit the discharge of the Niagara River hereafter to be made nearly uniform, thereby increasing by 20 per cent or more the natural low-water discharges which have a deter- mining influence on the scenic beauty, power development, and navi- gation and therefore serve to indicate the maximum diversions that may be made from the Niagara River. On the other hand, there should be no limitation on the diversion of water actually needed for the supply of navigation canals, and no difficulty will be experienced in remedying the losses of depth caused by the small diversions of this kind. 72. Diversions of water for "sanitary purposes" include those made by municipal water-supply and sewage systems and, except in the cases of Chicago and Port Huron, the quantities taken are always insignificant, and, as they are immediately restored practically un- diminished to the source from which they are derived, the diversions do no damage either to navigation or scenic beauty, and they there- fore call for no restriction. The United States should, however, do everything in its power to disseminate knowledge as to the pollution of the Great Lakes and to promote the adequate treatment of drink- ing water and of sewage. 73. The diversions for " sanitary purposes " at Chicago and Port Huron do not, however, return the water immediately to its original source. At Chicago the water is diverted to an entirely different drainage basin, the Mississippi, and the Great Lakes are therefore deprived of this much of their natural supply. At Port Huron the Black River Canal takes the water from Lake Huron and discharges it into the St. Clair River some distance below Lake Huron. The diversion is small and its effect correspondingly so. "Were it larger it might be sufficiently detrimental to justify further notice. As it is, the Port Huron diversion may be tolerated but it should not be in- creased, while the Chicago diversion is so large and its effects so im- portant that more positive measures are necessary, the details of which will be given hereafter. 74. There are numerous diversions for " power purposes " on the Great Lakes and the Niagara River and the St. Lawrence. Cheap power is obviously desirable and development of water power should therefore be encouraged so far as is consistent with the more impor- tant or desirable interests of navigation and scenic beauty that it is the public duty to notice and to safeguard. This is the only limita- tion upon the diversion of water for " power purposes" that we rec- ommend. At Sault Ste. Marie practically the entire river is di- verted for "navigation purposes" or for "power purposes." Evi- 40 DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT L.VKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. dentlv notliinpr should bo taken for power until navijrntion has been a(le(iuately supplied and until the ilanfrer of lowerin^r Lake Superior has been ade(iuately overcome. As the re<j:ulatinfr works above the International Brid<re actually hold Lake Suj)erior at hiofher statjes than would naturally exist, and as the small quantity needed for canals and locks is always available, there is no reason v.hy the diver- sions for "power purposes" should be interfered with. Every effort should, of course, be made to secure the crreatest possible amount of power from the diversions. 7o. The small diversion for "power purposes" through the "Welland Canal reduces the depth of Lake Ph'ie and. more slijihtly, of the waters above Lake Erie. It therefore injures navigation on these waters and at the same time detracts from the scenic beaut}^ of Nigara Falls. The diversion existed prior to the promulgation of the present treaty. The physical conditions necessarilv render this diversion less economical than a diversion of the same amount taken immediately above Niagara Falls and discharged at or near Lewis- ton. Xo increase should therefore be made in the power diversion of the Welland Canal. The injurious effect upon lake levels of this diversion for " power purposes," as well as the smaller one for '• navigation purposes" is included in the total damage to be rectified by the regulating dam at the head of the Niagara River referred to above. The injury done to scenic beauty by this diversion and by that at Chicago are included in the measures for the " preservation of scenic beauty " hereafter discussed. 76. On the Niagara River above the Falls there are six diversions " for power purposes." three in each country, and there are two very small diversions for canal navigation on the New York side. The latter two are insignificant and, moreover, the very slight chimage they do to scenic beauty and to the depths at points upstream is readily remedied. Then, too, as already stated, such diversions are recognized to be indispensable and their benefits are very general. The six diversions " for power purposes " are sanctioned by the existing treaty, but in 1909. when the treaty was negotiated, it was known that they were undoubtedly detrimental to the " preservation of scenic beauty," certainly of the Falls, if not of the rapids. Yet at that time, no steps were taken to remedy the harm already experi- enced which had. by an elaborate investigation conducted by the United States Lake Survey, been shown to consist chiefly in accen- tuating the denudation of the two ends of the Horeeshoe, already laid partly bare by the recession of this fall. It was also shown that certain portions of the diversions "for power purposes" from the Chippawa-Grass Island pool produced an adverse effect upon Lake Ei-io. which, while considerably less than the lowering due to an equal diversion direct from Lake Erie was still of sufficient magni- tude to w^arrant serious attention. The report then made by the Lake Survey sugge.sted possible remedies which later researches prove to be desirable. While we rate the "preservation of scenic beauty" as taking precedence over diversions "for power purposes" we believe that the development of water power is of urgent importance and that such diversions should be not only permitted but encouraged to the extent that it is possible to arrange to make them consistent with proper regard for navigation and without danger to the" preser- vation of Niagara Falls and the rapids of the Niagara River." We are DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 41 hereafter expressinjir ourselves as believing; that works are practicable which would not only neutralize the damage of both kinds that diversions "for power purposes" may justly be charged with, but also would reduce, if not completely prevent, the destructive erosion and recession of thi^ Horseshoe which, more than anything; else, have injured scenic beauty. The increase of low-water discharg;es, to be rendered possible by the regulating dam at the head of the river, would also ameliorate the rapids and the Horseshoe Falls and even before construction of the remedial worlcs permit 20,000 cubic feet per second additional to be diverted above the Falls in the United States and 4,000 cubic feet per second in Canada " for power purposes," leaving all scenic beauty somewhat better than it noAv is. 77. We now approach the last and probably the most discussed subject on the part of Congress and of the general public, namely, " the preservation of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls and the rapids of the Niagara River." We have already mentioned the damage to the beauty of the Horseshoe caused by the deterioration of the ends of the crest. This is amply shown by the admirable photographs accompanying the text, in which high discharges covering these usually bare ends are are contrasted with the lower flows that ex- pose the unsightly black rock. The denudation of the ends is plainly due to the concentration of flow in the notch which has formed in late years and has spoiled the symmetry of the Horseshoe. This concentration has set up erosion and recession which, in turn, have tended to increase concentration in the notch and accelerated baring of the ends — the familiar vicious cycle. Mist and spray are also the results of this pernicious concentration and they obscure the Horseshoe and render it inferior as a spectacle to the American Fall, which, with far less depth on its crest and much smaller but nearly uniformly distributed flow, is generally regarded as supremely beautiful. The way to insure the " preservation of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls " is therefore to secure a uniform distribu- tion of the flow and to reduce it to the point where mist and spray will be a minimum. Uniform distribution calls for cutting down the now bare ends and forcing water away from the notch, reduc- tion in volume can be effected onlv bv increasing diversions. To 42 DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT I^VKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. secure uniformity of distribution. Ave are recoinuiendin^j the step by step construc-tioii within coffer dams of a rou<rh stone or concrete weir whose desijrn and location will be based on model experiments, and the necessary cuttin<r down of the ends and other excavations are to be similariy determined and made. We recommend also that dischar^i^e over the Horseshoe be such as will produce from 3 to 3^ feet dei)th on the reformed crest, a volume that we estimate at about 70.000 cubic feet per second, and that the flow over the American Fall be held at 10,000 cubic feet per second, leavinj^ eventually 100.000 to 110,000 cubic feet per second available for power. The scenic beauty of the rapids both above and below the falls will not only be preserved but improved by the additional diversions. 78. As to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, the desires of Con- gress are only indicated in a general way as being included in the " entire subject of water diversion from the Great Lakes." Since the passage of the resolution, Congress has directed an investigation of practically the same character to be made by the International Joint Commission. The division engineer gives information as to all existing diversions from Lake Ontario and the St. LaAvrence " for navigation, sanitary, and power purposes." He shows that there are none for navigation or power from Lake Ontario and that those for " sanitary purposes " are, as usual, unimportant. While there are diversions for all three purposes from the St. Lawrence, except that at Massena. which, while considerable, is largely compensated, they are all small and their effects of no real consequence. The in- ternational portion of the river lies between Lake Ontario and St. Regis. Below St. Kegis, it is wholly Canadian. Above St. Kegis, there are no interests demanding serious consideration except navi- gation and power. The volume of this navigation, though only about 5 per cent of that of the upper lakes, is substantial, but it seems unlikely that its importance will ever greatly exceed the possi- bilities of power development which are enormous. The navigation of Lake Ontario is practically the same as that of the Welland Canal and the St. Lawrence. A regulating dam at the foot of Lake Ontario would obviously help navigation, both on the lake and on the river below it and by equalizing the discharge it would greatly imj)rove the power output. Its constructicm is desirable, especially to supplement the corresponding dam at Buffalo, but as the Inter- national Joint Commission is now engaged in making the investiga- tion demanded by Congress, we forego further discussion of this subject. 79. The ])receding discussion enables us to present a logical and convincing solution of the i)r()blcms connected with water diversions from the (ireat Lakes and the Xiagara River, including navigation, sanitary and jjower purj)oses, and the " preser\ation of the scenic beauty of Niagara Falls and the rapids of Niagara River." by per- mitting us to a|)i)raise tiie relative value and importance of the three jturposes for which water may be used as compared with '" the preser- vation of scenic beauty." Navigation, whether in artificial canals or in open waters, is of higher value and inijiortance than any other end served by the water of the Great Lakes. The dei)ths of the lakes and their connecting cliannels which may have been injuicd by di- versions for various i)urposes should l)e restored and if possible in- crea.sed. and whatever jiossible done to l)enefit navigation. Following DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT 1^\KES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 43 navi<2^ation in importance comes the " preservation of scenic beauty of Xia<!:ara Falls and the rapids of the Niagara River," which, as we have already seen, demands that the flow sliall be uniformly distrib- uted, in somewhat reduced volume over the entire crest of the Horse- shoe ])y means which have been generally outlined. The Horseshoe will tliereby be both preserA^ed and improved. The rapids are not in any danger and additional diversions will somewhat improve them. Power comes third in order of importance, and should be served only when the needs and possibilities of navigation and of scenic beauty have been filled. Legitimate sanitary uses are so in- significant in their effects as to require no limitation. The diversion at Chicago is a special case of use for a sanitary purpose, and it will therefore be discussed separately. We shall therefore proceed to dis- cuss the above matters in greater detail in the following order: Navigation, preservation of scenic beauty, power, sanitary use at Chicago. NAVIGATION. 80. The character, extent, and importance of the navigation of the Great Lakes are generally known, and the division engineer gives a large amount of detailed information as to the commodities carried and the vessels that carry them. The traffic consists principally of bulk freight, iron ore, coal, grain, and stone, carried in large vessels of a peculiar type and most of it originates or terminates at the west end of Lake Superior or the east end of Lake Erie. The channels through the lakes naturally afford practically unlimited depth, but the harbors and the connecting channels have had to be deepened by dredging and set the limitations upon the drafts to which vessels may load. The lakes themselves exhibit considerable seasonal and periodic fluctuations of depth, and the lower stages, occurring gen- erally in the spring and fall, reduce to a minimum the depths avail- able "in the harbors and connecting channels. Thus between 1860 and 1920 the monthly mean elevations of Lake Superior varied between 600.7 and 604.1 feet, those of Lakes Michigan and Huron between 579 and 583.6 feet, and those of Lake Erie between 570.7 and 574.5 feet. There have, of course, been dailj^ mean stages considerably lower than these average monthly elevations. 81. Transportation on the lakes is extremely well-organized and efficient, and a system has been evolved under which vessels on evei^ trip have timely notice of the minimum depth available along their route and load" to the greatest draft thus indicated as permissible. Advantage is taken of every possible inch of depth and the actual cost of transportation is thereby kept very low. It is easy to see that under such a system every inch of depth is of measurable value. The division engineer has figured that the average earnings for each tenth of a foot of draft of the average lake freights is $44.57 per trip, or $590,000 per season for the entire fleet, and this is evidently also the loss from a reduction in depth of the same amount for the number of vessels considered. 82. It is an accepted fact that lowering of all the lakes named has resulted from diversions and changes in the discharge capacit}^ of their outflow and connecting rivers — and the amount of lowering and consequent reduction of depth available at critical points being 44 DIVERSION OF AVATER FROM GREAT L.\KES AND NIAGARA RIVER. knoAvn. it is a simple matter of multiplication to arrive at the total amiual' loss. Table 47 sho^vs the total loAveriiiLT of each lake by all existing diversions at mean sta<j:e. Lakes Michijian and Huron are lowered 0.47 foot. Lake Erie 0.76 foot and Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River at Lock 25 about 0.G2 foot. If the entire bulk freio;ht traffic of the upper Lakes entered Lake Erie the annual loss would i)e 7.6X$o90.000=:$4,484,000. Only about 8 per cent of this traffic pertains to Lake Erie and the yearly loss is therefore $3,946,000. The loss on the 12 per cent pertainin<T to Lake ]Michi*ran is $333,000, and that on the traffic of the St. Lawrence Canals $434,000. the total avera^re annual loss based on recent tonnajLre being therefore $4.713".000. To this total loss of earnings the diversion of the Chi- cago Sanitary Canal, an average of 8,800 cubic feet per second in 1917, contributed $2,866,000 annually, and even the diversions for power in the Chippawa-Grass Island pool, far below the foot of Lake Erie, lower it nearly one-tenth foot and cause a loss of about $526,000 each 3'^ear. 83, While diversions therefore cause great losses which should be ended by works to restore the lost depths, load drafts of vessels are affected still more injuriously by the natural oscillations of the lakes which, over a period of years, have had a range of 4.6 feet on Lakes Michigan and Huron and of nearly 4 feet on Lake Erie. During a single season of navigation the diiference between monthly mean high and low waters has been as much as 2 feet. The losses due to this cause are therefore nearly three times as great as those due to di- versions. 84. As already stated, at least four different plans have been pro- posed for restoring lake levels and two of these, those of the Deep Waterways Board, and of the Chicago Sanitary District, contemplate regulating Lake Erie and restorin*^ diminished levels by Avorks that would modify the natural oscillations of that lake. The Division Engineer believes that the former plan is objectionable because it would increase the danger of floods due to winds and ice gorges. Such floods cause a certain amount of damage at Buffalo and Eort Erie and other centers of population near by. In addition, the disturbance of the normal outflow of Lake Erie would affect Lake Ontario un- favorably. We had no opportunity to pass upon the plan of the Chicago Sanitary District which apparently is subject only to the lat- ter objection. I'he plan proposed b}^ the International Waterways Commission in 1913. a compensating submerged weir of peculiar form extending diagonally across the Niagara River from above the mouth of Chippawa Creek to Gill Creek, would raise the Chippawa-Grass Island pool 3 feet, and by backwater elevate Lake Erie about 4f inches. It would therefore fall far short of restoring the natural levels of the lake and the oscillations of the latter would remain un- affected. The Division Engineer rejects the first and third plans for restoring levels and proposes to restore the levels of Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan l)v the construction of two sets of submerged weirs. One set of five would be at the head of the Niagara River abreast of Squaw Island, cost about $2,000,000, and raise Lake Erie 1.27 feet. Lake St. Clair about 0.55 foot, and Lakes Huron and Michi- gan about 0.10 foot, leaving 0.28 foot to be compensated by dredging in Lake St. Clair. The second set of about 11 weirs, spaced al)out one-third niile apart in the St. Clair River, would cost $1,500,000 DIVERSION OF WATER EROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RIVER. 45 and would raise Lakes Huron and Michigan 0.00 foot more. The levels of these three lakes and the connecting rivers between them would, at a total cost of about $3,660,000, be not only fully restored, but provision made for the lowering that would be caused by some additional diversion, the margin on Lake Erie being 0.51 feet and on Lakes Iluron and Michigan 0.29 foot. 85. These submerged weirs would leave the natural oscillation of Lakes Erie and Huron undisturbed. They would reduce the discharge capacity of the St. Clair and Niagara Rivers to what it was before any diversions or other artificial changes were made and permit the lakes to fluctuate between such levels as would have resulted from purely natural causes, such as changes in precipitation, evaporation, etc. To design the weirs correctly, proper model experiments would be desirable and also prolonged gauge observation. In other respects, the weirs are a sound and workable solution of the problem of improv- ing navigable depths, in some respects preferable at the time they were recommended to any other plan. 86. Since the Division Engineer's report was prepared, there has been a very marked development of public sentiment in favor of the opening of the upper St. Lawrence River to large vessels, and it seems fairly certain that any such plan will include works for regu- lating the discharge and level of Lake Ontario. One important objection to restoring the levels of Lake Erie and the waters above it by means of an adjustable or regulating dam will, therefore, be re- moved, and we believe that the objection as to interference with the discharge of floods and ice would be safely met by providing a dam with sluiceways, operated by Stoney gates, extending completely across the river and by enlarging the area of cross section at the dam and below it through the now constructed section of the upper Niagara River so as to permit the safe discharge of about 400,000 cubic feet per second. On December 9, 1917, the stage of Lake Erie was 579 and the discharge 366,000 cubic feet per second, and on December 7, 1909, the lake reached an elevation of 580.28, correspond- ing to a discharge of 400,000 cubic feet per second, so that the dis- charge capacity proposed corresponds to actual conditions. 87. Such a regulating dam at the foot of Lake Erie would have a number of important advantages over the plan of the Division Engineer. It would hold Lake Erie during the season of navigation at a more nearly uniform level, probably between elevations 573 and 574, thereby increasing the low water depths on that lake by perhaps 1^ feet or more, and its range of oscillation during the open season might be reduced to a foot or less. The low-water depths of Lakes Michigan and Huron and of the channels connecting them with Lake Erie would also be improved, the Lakes being raised perhaps 0.2 foot or more and the connecting ch^mels greater amounts. Apparently, depths on Lake St. Clair woulS be fully compensated for all exist- ing or probable future diversions, and below Lake St. Clair during the season of navigation they would be considerably greater than the un- disturbed natural depths would have been. 88. By proper manipulation of the sluice gates of this dam the discharge of Lake Erie might be made very nearly constant, say, from 180,000 to 200,000 cubic feet per second. This would, in turn, greatly benefit the scenic beauty of the Falls, which, when Lake Erie is extremely low with, for example, such an elevation as that of Feb- 46 DIVERSION OF WATER FROM GREAT LAKES AND NIAGARA RH^R. |
github_open_source_100_8_20114 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# author: ShenChao
import cookielib
import re
import urllib
import urllib2
import threadPool
from multiprocessing import Pool, Process
import time
import os
import requests
def get_zhihu_min_qid(i, *args, **kwargs):
user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.71 Safari/537.36'
values = {}
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
headers = {
'User-Agent': user_agent,
'Referer': 'www.zhihu.com',
# 'Cookie:': '_za=43d95061-7c27-49f5-83d1-e39475d8c69f; _xsrf=62052201602318af3d8a5836b3b4fc6e; udid="ADAAwFgDlQmPTp-FsLaaq7ZsGB8_XF_dzu8=|1457502030"; d_c0="AECAB23ioQmPTgK689KjKJHccj1h9L4P-Hs=|1458262705"; cap_id="ZTc0YmU0MWEyM2RhNDU1NWJmOWJmYjU2MGMwYzQyMzg=|1458287762|30d0791d11e737d4f2b277fbafc59d6da0120aca"; z_c0="QUFCQXVzWWNBQUFYQUFBQVlRSlZUWmRCRTFjbDF5YUk1LVpEN0lRRnFMekVFbmtxWjRrcXZnPT0=|1458287767|551c5d728d385cd734144567e781ef42faa15ac9"; q_c1=7d096660be42428f81d2495690cabeab|1458781139000|1445221549000; __utmt=1; __utma=51854390.37124741.1458810574.1458869191.1458872304.3; __utmb=51854390.3.9.1458874466876; __utmc=51854390; __utmz=51854390.1458705672.2.2.utmcsr=zhihu.com|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/; __utmv=51854390.100-1|2=registration_date=20130801=1^3=entry_date=20130801=1',
}
url = 'http://zhihu.com/question/'
while True:
i += 1
try:
# if i%1000 == 0:
# print('task_seq %d: current id is %d\n'%(kwargs['task_seq'], i*kwargs['task_total']+kwargs['task_seq']))
request = urllib2.Request('%s%d'%(url,(i*kwargs['task_total']+kwargs['task_seq'])), data, headers)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
plainHTML = response.read().decode('utf-8')
print('the first question id is %d'%(i*kwargs['task_total']+kwargs['task_seq']))
f = open('./zhihu_min_qid', 'a')
f.write('the first question id is %d\n'%(i*kwargs['task_total']+kwargs['task_seq']))
f.flush()
f.close()
break
except Exception, e:
continue
return False
def runThreadTask(i):
pool = threadPool.ThreadPool()
pool.startTask(get_zhihu_min_qid, workers=400, func_args=(i,))
print('%d %s'%(os.getpid(),'all started'))
while True:
time.sleep(10)
def get_url_content(url):
res = requests.get(url)
# print(res.json())
return res.json()
def test(i):
f = open('./zhihu_min_qid', 'a')
f.writelines('123')
f.flush()
f.close()
print i*i
if __name__ == '__main__':
# print(os.getpid())
# pool = Pool(processes=8)
# pool.map(runThreadTask, range(0, 50000, 6250))
# get_zhihu_min_qid(41483147, task_total=1,task_seq=0)
jobj = get_url_content('http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php?ip=117.89.90.102')
print(jobj['data']['city'] == u'南京市')
print(jobj['data']['region'] == u'江苏省')
{
u'code': 0,
u'data': {
u'ip': u'117.89.90.102',
u'city': u'\u5357\u4eac\u5e02',
u'area_id': u'300000',
u'region_id': u'320000',
u'area': u'\u534e\u4e1c',
u'city_id': u'320100',
u'country': u'\u4e2d\u56fd',
u'region': u'\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701',
u'isp': u'\u7535\u4fe1',
u'country_id': u'CN',
u'county': u'',
u'isp_id':
u'100017',
u'county_id': u'-1'
}
} |