WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/412/Add.2
12 November 2003
(03-6060)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
SWITZERLAND
Addendum
The following communication, dated 6 November 2003, has been received from the
Permanent Mission of Switzerland pursuant to paragraph 1 of the Decision on Implementation of
Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.
_______________
I. INTRODUCTION
1. In paragraph 11.2 of the Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns
(WT/MIN(01)/17), adopted in Doha on 14 November 2001, developed-country Members reaffirmed
their commitment to provide enterprises and institutions incentives to promote and encouragetechnology transfer to least-developed country Memb ers (hereinafter: LDCs), pursuant to Article 66.2
of the TRIPS Agreement.  In its decision of 19 February 2003, the Council for TRIPS agreed that
developed country Members shall submit annually reports on actions taken or planned in pursuance of
their commitments under Article 66.2.  Furthermore, it was agreed that new detailed reports shall be
delivered every third year and that updates shall be provided in the intervening years.
2. According to this obligation, taking the decision of the Council for TRIPS into account,
Switzerland herewith submits an update of the report that was submitted to the TRIPS Council in
2002 (IP/C/W/388/Add.3 of 14 November 2002).  Referen ce is also made to information Switzerland
submitted to the TRIPS Council on this issue in earlier contributions (document IP/C/W/132/Add.5 of26 April 2000 and JOB(01)/158 of 22 November 2001).
3. Switzerland's understanding of 'technology transfer ' includes, in addition to incentives and
activities directed at the provision of technical equipment in the industrial sector, capacity building in
LDCs, technology transfer in the health sector and development of administrative institutions.
Therefore, Switzerland provides incentives in numerous sectors and is actively engaged in the field of
training and research activities contributing to sustainable development in LDCs.  Switzerland
believes that assistance in sustainable development of LDCs should be comprehensive and not be
limited to certain areas.IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 2
II. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE PROVISION OF INCENTIVES
FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
4. There are mainly two Swiss government agenci es involved in the provision of incentives,
either directly or indirectly, for Swiss as well as for other developed country Members' enterprises and
institutions to engage in activities involving techno logy transfer to LDCs.  These two agencies are the
Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operatio n (SDC) and the State Secretariat for Economic
Affairs (SECO). They are jointly responsible for the formulation and implementation of Swiss
international development cooperation policy.  While the SDC assumes the overall coordination
function in matters pertaining to developmen t, SECO is a competence centre for economic
development and the integration of developing and transition countries into the world economy.
5. Another agency involved in technology transfer activities of Switzerland is the Swiss National
Science Foundation (SNSF).  Acting on a mandate issued by the Swiss Federal Government, the
SNSF supports research inside and outside universities and fosters young scientific talent.  On an
international level, the Swiss National Science Foundation aims with its research programmes, to
make a positive contribution to scientific research in the relevant areas of the world and to promote
research co-operation between these areas and Switzerland.  At present, the Swiss National ScienceFoundation has a project in collaboration with the SDC focused on research partnerships with LDCs
(see Annex II).
III. LEVELS OF SWISS ACTIVITIES PROMOTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO
LDCS
6. Switzerland's activities and incentives regarding technology transfer aim at increasing the
flow of technology to developing countries and at building up capacities which enable beneficiary
countries to assess, adopt, manage and apply technologies.  The activities supported by the Swiss
government embrace projects at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels.
7. SECO and SDC activities relevant to Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement are carried out
under the Swiss Official Development Assistance Programme (ODA-Programme).  The Swiss ODA-
Programme includes bilateral, regional and multilateral initiatives and is primarily aimed at a selected
group of priority countries in Latin America, Africa, Central and South-East Asia and Southeastern
Europe.  Many of the projects contract Swiss as well as other developed country Members' enterprises
and institutions to provide their knowledge and technology in assisting the development of human
capital, infrastructure and private-sector enterprises in LDCs.
8. At the multilateral level, Switzerland contributes to a variety of technical assistance trust
funds with the World Bank Group and the regional development banks.  These funds are available to
project managers of these Banks seeking funding for technical assistance and technology transfer.
Besides cooperation with these financial institutions, Switzerland is also engaged in the developmentprojects of many other international organizations such as WHO, UNIDO, WIPO, UNDP, FAO,
IFAD and CGIAR.
9. Switzerland supports various bilateral and multilateral projects in order to promote investment
as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of trade.  In investment promotion, the incentives of theSwiss ODA aim at mobilizing private capital, know-how and technologies to strengthen the financial
intermediation system in LDCs as well as tr ansferring know-how and technology to foster
investments or joint ventures.  Concerning trade pr omotion, Switzerland cooperates mostly with other
bilateral or multilateral agencies.IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 3
IV. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PROMOTION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
10. One of the main goals of Switzerland's economic and trade-related co-operation with
developing and transitional countries is the transfer of modern technology and of capital to those
countries, to better enable them to upgrade their production facilities to the requirements of world
markets and to become more competitive in the global economy.  The promotion of investment and ofco-operation agreements between the private sectors in the North, South and East is an important
instrument of development policy, which is primarily intended to help these countries reach a
sustainable level of development.
1. Support of Private Sector Investments in LDCs
11. Switzerland promotes technology transfer to LDCs by supporting small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) in several ways.  For instance, it provides localized technical support for SME'sdomiciled in LDCs, particularly Bangladesh, Benin and Mali.  In Bangladesh, Switzerland spends
about CHF 13 million annually for development projects, part of which on technical and financial
support for SMEs.
12. Switzerland also encourages Swiss SMEs to inve st in LDCs in order to enhance technology
transfer to LDCs.  The role of the Swiss Organization for Facilitating Investments (SOFI) is to
promote investment projects between companies in  Switzerland and OECD countries and counterparts
in developing and transition countries, and to enable the transfer of capital, technological know-how
and managerial expertise through this process.  SOFI has framework agreements with 60 countries
(located in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, Central Europe, Eastern Europe and theCIS) where it is mandated to promote investments.  SOFI is a one-stop shop providing SMEs with the
full range of services required to meet the challenges they face when investing in LDCs.  SOFI has
actively supported SME activities in LDCs or countries in transition through more than 300 projects,
such as mango processing in Burkina Faso or coffee processing in Zambia.
13. In addition, the Swiss Government created a private equity investment company in 1999
called the Swiss Development Finance Corporation (SDFC).  It has currently CHF 55 million of
committed capital available for investment on behalf of a group of major Swiss based corporations
and the Government of Switzerland.  The SDFC provides financing on a commercial basis for
projects in developing and transition countries in which primarily Swiss SMEs, but also SMEs from
other OECD countries, act as direct investors, suppliers or purchasers of goods and services.  The
SDFC, founded in March 1999, concentrates on investment projects in the domains of energy,telecommunications, water supply, public health, light industry and food production in LDCs.
14. Switzerland is one of the investors of the "Fonds de Garantie des Investissements Privés en
Afrique de l'Ouest (GARI)".  The goal of this fund is to facilitate access of private enterprises to loans
by guaranteeing the risks for such operations.  The fund provides guarantees to enterprises active inindustrial manufacturing, agro-industry, fishery, mining, tourism, agriculture and services.  Eligible to
the fund are enterprises from, among others, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sierra Leone.
15. Switzerland granted CHF 5.4 million to the African Project Development Facility (APDF)
and CHF 5.4 million to the Mekong Project Development Facility.  Both organizations assist SMEs in
a variety of areas such as business planning, identifying potential lenders or investors, marketing
strategy, technical and operational assistance, quality control and certification, accounting and
management information systems, etc.  Beneficiarie s of both funds are the enterprises in LDCs in the
Sub-Saharan and Mekong (including Laos and Cambodia) regions.IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 4
16. Finally, the Swiss Government invested CHF 4.5 million in the Mekong Enterprise Fund.
The fund is intended for equity investments in private-sector, small and medium sized enterprises in
Viet Nam, Cambodia and Laos.  It also provides a broad range of technical assistance to the investee
companies such as skill development, improvements in financial and accounting systems, assisting in
marketing and distribution, risk assessment, implementing IT systems, etc.
2. Commercial Establishment of LDCs Companies in Switzerland and other Developed
Countries
17. With its "Swiss Import Promotion Programm e" (SIPPO), Switzerland supports commercial
establishment of companies from LDCs in Switzerland  or other industrialized countries.  By its trade
promotion activities, SIPPO helps SMEs in emerging countries and countries in transition to improve
their market access to Switzerland and the European  Union.  It also assists Swiss importers find new
products and sources.  For example, as a result of the partnership between the SIPPO and Bangladesh,
products from Bangladesh benefit from improved market access in Switzerland.  Additionally, in
order to promote consumer awareness for such products, Switzerland provides services such as
marketing consultancy, business partner search, training in export marketing and support for
participation in trade fairs to companies domiciled in LDCs.
3. Mixed Financing and Export Risk Guarantees
18. Another more traditional activity of the ODA-Programme is mixed financing. Mixed
financing allows LDCs to have access to long-term investment credits for the purchase of Swiss goods
and services, contributing thereby to their sustainable development and technology transfer.  Mixedfinancing consists of a grant from the Swiss government and a commercial credit from a Swiss
commercial bank.  The grant portion varies between 35% and 50%, depending on the country
concerned.  Eligible projects are commercially non-viable, infrastructure projects (e.g. in transport,
rural telecommunication, electrification of remote areas not connected to the national grid, water
treatment, public sewage and garbage).  The project needs to have a positive social and/orenvironmental impact.
19. The Swiss Export Risk Guarantee Agency (ERGA) provides a system of export risk
guarantees for goods and services destined for LDCs.  Export risk guarantees facilitate exports to
LDCs and ensure a constant technology transfer.  Moreover, Switzerland also grants credit guarantees
that function as export risk guarantees for goods and services supplied to LDCs which are not entitled
to an export risk guarantee because of the high risk involved.
4. Promotion of Environmentally Sound Technologies
20. Recently, Switzerland concentrated much effort on promoting the transfer of environmentally
sound technologies.  A comprehensive programme for the establishment of so-called "Cleaner
Production Centres" was set up.  The aim of the centres is to offer private companies and the publicsector in LDCs a wide range of services including general information, in-plant assessments,
workshops, demonstration projects, capacity building and support for the preparation of bankable
projects.  The Centres provide these services with the support of Swiss and other developed country
Members' technical institutes, universities and industries.  Two four-year programmes in the amount
of US$1 million each have been recently established in this field with Cambodia and Laos.
21. Switzerland also supports programmes in the field of energy efficiency which aim at
mitigating CO
2 emissions globally and controlling air pollution locally.  These projects are related to
the traffic and transportation sector and to small and medium size industries (e.g. foundry, glass and
brick industries).  The main objective is to strengthen local partners (capacity building) and to poolinternational expertise in order to develop locally  adequate solutions (technology packages).  TheseIP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 5
pilot programmes are then evaluated, documented and disseminated at the national level.  In addition,
we support transfer of know-how, training and infr astructure in the field of environment monitoring
and chemicals management.
22. Recognizing that the Kyoto Mechanisms (Joint Implementation, Clean Development
Mechanism and International Emission Trading) can facilitate greenhouse gas emissions reduction in
non-Annex I countries by providing financial incentives for Annex I investment in climate protection
projects outside their national borders, Switzerland and the World Bank jointly launched the National
Strategy Study Programme in September 1997.  The aim of the Programme was to assist non-Annex I
countries in defining their negotiation positions and to develop national strategies regarding these
emerging international market incentive instruments, which will facilitate technology transfer to
developing and transition countries, including LDCs.
5. Training
23. Another important focus of Swiss know-how tran sfer activities is the teaching of personnel
from LDCs.  Capacity building is an important part of every technology transfer project; in addition,
Switzerland is carrying out training programmes specifically to benefit LDCs.  For example, qualifiedapplicants from LDCs regularly attend an intellectual property training course normally held every
year for three months in three successive places:  first at the WIPO headquarters in Geneva, then at
the "Centre d'Etudes Internationales de la Propriété I ndustrielle" in Strasbourg and finally at the Swiss
Federal Institute of Intellectual Property in Berne.
24. The Swiss Tropical Institute offers a postgraduate diploma course titled "Health Care and
Management in Tropical Countries".  More than half of the participants in this course regularly come
from LDCs.  Their participation is possible thanks to the scholarships offered by the Swiss
Government.
6. Research Activities
25. Another kind of technology transfer which Switzerland engages in is collaborating with
international organizations and/or with LDCs directly in research, particularly in the public health
domain.  For example, the Swiss Tropical Institute and other Swiss institutions provide advice and
assistance to WHO for its "Roll-Back Malaria" programme.  The programme aims at halving the
world's malaria burden by the year 2010.
7. Other Instruments
26. In addition to the activities mentioned above, Switzerland has also engaged in capacity
building and technology transfer to developing and least developed countries according to the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its  provisions on access and benefit sharing (ABS).
Switzerland is also supporting UNCTAD's BioTrade initiative, which shall promote trade andinvestments in products and services derived from the sustainable use of biodiversity.
V. DOMAINS OF SWISS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACTIVITIES
27. Switzerland promotes technology transfer in dom ains that are of most importance to the
LDCs.  Specifically, the Swiss government fosters technology transfer to LDCs in the fields of publichealth, drinking water supply, agriculture, food industry, machine industry, textiles, chemical
industry, ecotechnology and intellectual property protection.  For an overview of ongoing projects,
see Annex II.IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 6
28. Switzerland also promotes technology transfer to LDCs in domains in which it has special
expertise.  These include the machine industry as well as the manufacturing of precision instruments
and chemical products.  The promotion of transfer of environmentally-sound technologies to LDCs is
another domain in which Switzerland is active.  Here, the goal is to transfer both knowledge and
methods which help meet environmental standards.  This programme focuses particularly ontechnology transfer in the metal, paper, cement, food and textile industry.
29. In the public health sector, the Swiss Government encourages technology transfer between
Switzerland and other LDCs in various ways including research funding, consulting and assistance.
Switzerland spends about CHF 35 million annually on technology transfer to Mozambique,
particularly in the domains of public health and sustainable water supply.
30. Finally, Switzerland offers LDCs assistance in preparing and enforcing laws on the protection
of intellectual property rights.  It also supports the LDC domestic offices executing these tasks.  The
Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property offers state-of-the-art searches free of charge for
LDCs, and, by doing so, encourages innovative enterprises and industries in LDCs to use the patent
system, to benefit from the information which can be gathered through this system as well as toprotect their own inventions, encouraging thereby th e building of technological capacity in LDCs.
During the period 2000/2001, Burundi, Mali and Senegal took advantage of this offer. Switzerland is
also actively involved in the exchange of inform ation regarding the protection and administration of
intellectual property rights with LDCs.  In March 2001, the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual
Property gave a presentation of its intellectual property rights system to representatives of Africancountries including Zambia, Mozambique and Uganda.
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS
31. Concluding, Switzerland would like to confirm again its commitment to actively engage in
the provision of incentives for an enhanced technology transfer to LDCs and its willingness tocontinuously improve its activities in this regard.  However, it should also be kept in mind that
government incentives to provide technology transfer to third countries are only one of many factors
relevant to companies' decisions on where to direct their foreign investments and to transfer their
technology.  Some of the other decisive factors are favourable overall macro- and micro-economic
terms and conditions, a safe legal framework, (including adequate protection of intellectual property
rights, an accountable judicial system and a well-functioning government administration) and market
potential at the national level in a third country.  These factors are often directly related to the level ofdevelopment in a specific country.  Multilateral initiatives to relieve countries of heavy debts and with
clear policies for poverty reduction and economic development are also conducive to technology
transfer and capacity development.  The PRSP and HIPC processes of the Bretton Woods Institutions
therefore are probably the most important precondition for LDCs to be able to actively participate in
technology transfer and capacity building initiatives under Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 7
ANNEX I - SWISS INCENTIVES FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN LDCS BY
COUNTRY
Comment:   The activities supported by the Swiss government embrace projects at the bilateral,
regional and multilateral levels.  The following table contains exclusively bilateral projects because it
is difficult to depict Switzerland's individual contribution to multilateral projects (ex. fund).
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual budget
2002
Bangladesh Water and
sanitation
(Public health)Prevention and
treatment of
infectious diseases,
by University of
BaselScientific collaboration
with national institution
Training courses in
BaselCHF 140,000
Bangladesh Water and
sanitation
(Public health)Arsenic mitigation in
water. Arsenic free
water harvesting
technologies by
SAKT, test kits by
EAWAGLocal adaptation of
technologies with
support from SKAT and
EAWAG
Research in Switzerland
in collaboration with
Bangladeshi partnersCHF 50,000
paid to
EAWAG
Bangladesh Trade Promotion of
products from
Bangladesh toSwitzerland and other
OECD countriesProvision of services
such as marketing
consultancy, businesspartner search, training
in export marketing and
support for participation
in trade fairsCHF 32,000
Benin Public health Public Health
Expertise, by IUEDParticipation in
reorganising Benin's
Health System atdifferent levels; main
focus on local levelCHF 950,000
Burkina Faso Waste water Technology and
Know-how in waste
water management,
by the Swiss Federal
Institute ofTechnology,
LausanneTraining Courses in
Lausanne
Participation of
consultants in
programme in thecountryCHF 300,000
Burkina Faso Water and
environment(Waste) Water
management, by
Swiss Federal
Institute of
Technology,LausanneEducation of engineers
and technicians, in
Switzerland and Burkina
FasoCHF 1,450,000
Burkina Faso Agriculture Support for creating a
mango vinegar factory in
Burkina Faso. Advice
for the structuring and
financing of the
investment project,CHF 200,000IP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 8
Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual budget
2002
including training of
future workers,
transferring equipment
and starting production
Burkina Fasoand MaliDecentralisation,
rural
developmentExpertise and know-
how by SERECConsultants work with
local staff and rural
populationCHF 2,150,000
Madagascar Rural
developmentParticipatory bottom
up approaches(Know-how and
expertise) by ICConsultancy project
managementCHF 3.5 Mio
Mali Vocational
trainingKnow-how in school
management,
curricula
development,
particularprofessional know-
how by SwisscontactDevelopment of
vocational training
centres in Burkina Faso
Support to association of
handicraft groupsConsultants work with
national staff Project
management by
SwisscontactCHF 550,000
Mali Promotion of
trade in  organic
cottonMarketing knowledge
Establishment of
direct links betweenproducers in Mali and
importers in
SwitzerlandConsultants work with
the marketing boards
and with localproducers.CHF 710'000
Mozambique Health system Reform of health
system. Expertise and
know how in local
health systems, by
SolidarmedConsultancy CHF 7 Mio
Mozambique Potable water Management of rural
drinking water supply
systems by Helvetas
and SKATConsultancy CHF 4.2 Mio
Mozambique Rural
developmentReorientation of rural
development based
on private initiatives.
Expertise and know-
how by LBLConceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 2 Mio
Mozambique Governance Reform of police
force. Expertise and
know-how by
consultancy group
from Basel (ex-
director of police)Conceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 0.8 Mio
Mozambique Governance Decentralisation –
support to local
administrative
structures, byConceptual input,
backstoppingCHF 1.2 MioIP/C/W/412/Add.2
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Country Field Knowledge/
TechnologyMechanism Annual budget
2002
University of Bern
(Prof. Linder)
Nicaragua Electricity Support to the
reconstruction
Nicaraguan's
economy in the
aftermath of HurricanMitch by providing
financial means for
the importation of
electrical equipmentBalance of payment
operationCHF 1 Mio
Niger Rural
developmentEstablishment of
funds for local
investments in ruraldevelopment, by
SERECConsultants work with
local staff and
populationCHF 1,550,000
Tanzania Health Reform of health
system in city of Dar-
es-salam;
Prevention of tropical
diseases (Malaria).Technologies and
expertise by the
Swiss Tropical
Institute (Basel)Training courses in
Basel;
Consultancy,
backstoppingCHF 7.7 Mio
Tanzania Transportation
infrastructureConstruction of
bridges and roads.
technologies and
know-how by ITECOITECO staff in
Tanzania, consultancyCHF 6.5 Mio
Chad Basic health,
health systemsKnow-how and
expertise by Swiss
Red CrossConsultancy,
collaboration with
organisations in ChadCHF 200,000
Zambia Coffee Support to the
expansion of coffee
processing facilitiesand agricultural
machinery, factory
equipment and
transportation
vehicles purchasedProvision of a loan to
two Zambian companiesCHF 5.5 Mio
In General Project
management,
Know-how and
expertise(planning,
implementation,
monitoring,
evaluation)By Helvetas, IUED,
InterCooperationIP/C/W/412/Add.2
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ANNEX II - RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP OF SNSF WITH LDCS
In 1999, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Federal Agency for Development
and Cooperation (SDC) announced a new programme of research partnerships.  The SNSF and the
SDC jointly assessed the proposals for scientific value and relevance to development and for
compliance with the requirements of a true research partnership.  Finally, nine projects wereapproved.  A new programme of research pa rtnerships will be announced next year.
Approved research partnerships with LDCs (as of May 2000)
Humanities and Social Sciences
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Local social security and gender inIndia and Burkina Faso. (36 months) de Jong, Wiillemijn,
Department of
Anthropology, University
of ZurichKinda, Fatoumata,
Department of Sociology,
University of Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso
The challenge of education inMozambique between tradition and
innovation. (18 months)Berthoud, Gérald, Institut
d'anthropologie et de
sociologie, Université de
LausanneCastiano, José P.,
Universidade Eduardo
Mondlane, Unid. Formaçao
em ciencias sociais,
Mozambique
Learning processes and platforms for
negotiating Sustainable Resource
Management (SRM): Potentials and
constraints of "Autodidactic Learning
for Sustainability" (ALS) in an
intercultural perspective. (36 months)Wiesmann Urs Institute of
Geography University of
BerneDelgado Burgoa Freddy
Agroecology Programme
University of Cochabamba
Bolivia
Interface between cities and rural areasin Ecuador: Towards a territorialintegrated development (Preproject). Bolay, Jean-Claude,
Institut de recherche sur
l'environnement construit
EPF, LausanneArq. Diego Carrion, Facultad
de Arquitectura y Diseño
Pontificia Universidad
Catolica del Ecuador, Quito
Mathematics, Natural and Engineering Sciences
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Studies of mathematical and numericalmodels involved in Sahelian irrigation:
Application to water resource
management and to pollutant transportin saturated and non-saturated porous
media. (36 months)Besson, Olivier Institut de
mathématique Université
de NeuchâtelNiane, Mary Teuw UFR de
mathématiques appliquées et
informatique Université
Gaston Berger Saint-Louis,
SénégalIP/C/W/412/Add.2
Page 11
Biology and Medicine
Title of research partnership Coordinator, Switzerland Coordinator, developing
country
Healthy milk for the Sahel: Improvedmilk quality as a contribution to income
generation, food security and publichealth. (36 months)Zakaria, Farah, Institute of
Food Science, ETH ZurichAlfarouk, Idriss, Institut du
Sahel Bamako, Mali
A spatial analysis of the impact ofinsecticide-treated nets for malaria
control in Tanzania. (36 months)Lengeler, Christian, Swiss
Tropical Institute, BaselAbdulla, Salim, Ifakara Health
Research and Development
Center Ifakara, Tanzania
Identification of genetic markersassociated with virulence of Leishmania
Viannia. (36 months)Fasel, Nicolas, Institute of
Biochemistry University of
LausanneGonzalez Alcides CNDR,
Nicaragua
Conservation of biodiversity in LamaForest: Role of forest plantations for theviability of natural forests. (36 months) Nagel, Peter, Institut für
Natur-, Landschafts- und
Umweltschutz (NLU)-
Biogeographie, University
of BaselSinsin, A. Brice Faculté des
Sciences Agronomiques,
Université Nationale de Bénin
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