WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/REG158/3 
27 September 2004  
 
(04-4065) 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Original:   English 
  
 
SINGAPORE – AUSTRALIA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 
 
GOODS ASPECTS
 
 
Communication from the Parties  
 
 
 The following communication, dated 27 September 2004, is being circulated at the request of the Delegations of Australia and Singapore.  
_______________ 
  
 I BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE AGREEMENT  
 
1. Membership and dates of signature,  ratification and entry into force 
The Parties to the Agreement are Singapore a nd Australia.  The Free Trade Agreement is 
defined in Article 2 of the Agreement to include the territory of Australia including its offshore 
territories and territorial sea, contiguous zone, ex clusive economic zone and continental shelf, and 
territory of Singapore including the territory of the Republic of Singapore, the territorial sea and any 
maritime area situated beyond the territorial sea whic h has been or might in the future be designated 
under its national law, in accordance with internatio nal law, as an area within which Singapore may 
exercise rights with regards to the sea, the sea- bed, the subsoil and the natural resources. 
  The Free Trade Agreement was signed on 17 February  2003 and entered into force on          
28 July 2003.  
2. Type of Agreement 
 The Agreement creates a free-trade area in conformity with the definition set out in 
Article XXIV: 8(b) of GATT 1994 and in acco rdance with Article V:7(a) of the GATS. 
 
3. Scope 
The free trade area established by the Agreemen t provides the framework for trade relations 
between Australia and Singapore. 
   The SAFTA covers trade in all goods.  The products covered by the SAFTA Agreement must 
originate in Australia or Singapore according to the rules of origin laid out in Chapter 3 of the 
Agreement.   
 
  The SAFTA also covers trade in service, pr oviding, subject to the reservations expressed in 
Annex 4-I and Annex 4-II of the Agre ement, national treatment to the ser vice providers of the Parties.  
The aspects of the SAFTA related to trade in  services are notified in a separate document 
(WT/REG158/4).  WT/REG158/3 
Page 2  
 
The Agreement also contains provisions, inter alia , on competition, government purchasing, 
and dumping. 
 
4. Trade Data 
Total trade coverage of the Agreement is as follows: 
 
Singapore: Imports from Australia
 
 (S$000) 
 
Year Total Trade 
2001 4,305,591 
2002 3,863,245 
2003 3,805,070 
Source : IE Singapore (Statlink) 
 
Australia: Imports from Singapore  
(A$000) 
 
Year Total Trade 
2001 3,965,654 
2002 4,293,314 
2003 4,448,085 
 
 More detailed trade data can be found in Annex 1. 
 
 II. TRADE PROVISIONS  
 
1. Import Restrictions  
 1.1 Duties and Charges 
  All tariffs and other duties and charges ha ve been removed under the SAFTA (excluding 
excise duties and goods and services tax consistent with  a Party’s WTO obligations (Article 2.1(a)(i)).  
This provision is contained in Articles 2.3 and defined in Article 2.1 of the SAFTA. 
  1.2 Quantitative Restrictions   As provided in Article 2.6.1, neither Party sh all adopt nor maintain any non-tariff measure on 
the importation of any goods of the other Party, except in accordance with its WTO rights and 
obligations.   1.3 Common External Tariff   Not applicable to the SAFTA. 
 
2. Export Restrictions  
 2.1 Duties and Charges 
  No export duties or charges are imposed on trade between parties to the SAFTA. 
  WT/REG158/3 
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 2.2 Quantitative Restrictions    As provided in Article 2.6.1, neither Party sh all adopt nor maintain any non-tariff measure on 
the exportation of any goods destined for the territory  of the other Party except in accordance with its 
WTO rights and obligations. 
 
3. Rules of Origin  
 The rules of origin are defined in Chapter 3 and elaborated at Annex 2.  
  The minimum requirements for goods to be c onsidered to originate in the Free Trade Area 
are:  
  - the last process of manufacture should ha ve occurred in Australia or Singapore; and 
  - the allowable costs to manufacture the goo ds is not less than 30 percent for goods 
listed in Annex 2D, or 50 percent for all other goods. 
 
Allowable cost of manufacture means the sum of:  - the total expenditure on materials by the principal manufacturer calculated in 
accordance with Article 3.5 (Calculation of Costs – Total Expenditure on Materials); 
 
- the allowable expenditure on labour by the principal manufacturer calculated in 
accordance with Article 3.7 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable Expenditure on Labour); 
 
- the allowable expenditure on overheads by the principal manufacturer calculated in 
accordance with Article 3.8 (Calculation of Costs – Allowable Expenditure on Overheads); and  
 - where applicable, the total expenditure by  the principal manufacturer on a process, or 
processes, in the manufacture of the goods pe rformed in the territory of a non-Party 
calculated in accordance with Article 3.9 (C alculation of Costs – Total Expenditure 
on Overseas Processing Costs). 
 
 All unmanufactured raw products of Australia and Singapore are considered to originate in 
the Free Trade Area.  So too are products wholly  manufactured in either country from any of: 
unmanufactured raw products, materials wholly manu factured in the Free Trade Area, or imported 
materials that have been deemed or “determined” to be of Free Trade Area origin.  “Unmanufactured 
raw products” are defined in Article 3.1(q)(i) and Ar ticle 3.1(q)(ii), for the purposes of determining 
local origin.  
4. Standards  
 Under Chapter 5 of SAFTA, Australia and Si ngapore undertook to build on the Australia – 
Singapore Mutual Recognition Agreement on Conform ity Assessment, which was signed in February 
2001 and came into force in June 2001.  The MRA established a frame work for the acceptance by the 
Parties of the results of assessme nts undertaken by one party to dem onstrate conformity with the other 
Party’s mandatory requirements relating to a range of sectors.  SAFTA Chapter 5 provides for the 
development of arrangements for the acceptance of  the equivalence of mandatory requirements in 
accordance with sectoral annexes.  The sectoral annexes cover food standards and horticultural 
products.  WT/REG158/3 
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4.1 Technical Barriers to Trade   
 Article 5.4 commits the Parties to harmonisi ng their respective mandatory requirements, in 
accordance with their interna tional rights and obligations. 
 
 Article 5.5 commits the Parties to providing favourable consideration to accepting the 
equivalence of each other’s mandatory requireme nts in accordance with the respective Sectoral 
Annex.  The Sectoral Annex shall provide the following details:   (a) the procedures for determining and impl ementing the equivalence of each Party’s 
mandatory requirements; and / or 
  (b) the procedures for accepting the results  of the conformity assessment and approval 
procedures; and  
 
 (c) the regulatory authorities designated by each Party. 
 
4.2 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures   Article 5.6 of the SAFTA allows Singapore and Australia to adopt measures necessary to 
protect human, animal or plant life or health, in cluding the protection of indigenous or endangered 
animal or plant life, and commits the Parties to develop a work programme and mechanisms for co-
operative activities in the areas of technical assistan ce and capacity building to address plant, animal 
and public health and food safety issues of mutual interest. 
 
5. Safeguards 
 Article 2.9 prohibits the Parties from taking an y safeguard measure within the meaning of the 
WTO Agreement on Safeguards against the goods of th e other Party from the date of entry into force 
of this Agreement.   Article 2.11 allows either Party in the case of  serious balance of payments and external 
financial difficulties or threat thereof, to, in  accordance with the GATT 1994 and the Understanding 
of the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT 1994, adopt restrictive import measures.  
 
6. Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures 
 6.1 Anti-dumping 
 
 Article 2.8 provides that the Parties reaffirm  their commitment to the provisions of the WTO 
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994.   In relation to anti-dumping cases, Article 2. 8.2 provides the timeframe for determining 
volumes shall normally be at least 12 months, and in the event of a decision to impose an anti-dumping duty pursuant to Article 9.1 of the WTO Ag reement on Implementation of Article VI of the 
GATT 1994, the “lesser duty” rule shall normally apply. 
  6.2 Countervailing Measures   Article 2.7.2 provides that the Parties reaffirm  their commitment to abide by the provisions of 
the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. 
  WT/REG158/3 
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7. Subsidies and State-aid 
Article 2.7.1 prohibits the Parties from the use of  export subsidies on all goods.  Article 2.7.2 
provides that the Parties reaffirm their commitment to abide by the provisions of the WTO Agreement 
on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. 
 
9. Other 
Customs Procedures  
 
Chapter 4 of the SAFTA establishes a framework for simplification of customs procedures in 
relation to bilateral trade between the Parties. 
 
 Article 4.3 commits the Parties,  where possible and to the extent permitted by their respective 
laws, to conform to the standards and recommende d practices of the World Customs Organization, 
including the principles of the revised International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonisation of Customs Procedures. 
 
 Article 4.4.2 provides that the Parties shall work towards paperless trading for all customs 
reporting as soon as practicable.   Article 4.5.1 commits the Parties to facilitate  the clearance of low-risks goods and focus on 
high-risk goods. 
 
 Article 4.6 notes the agreement of the Parties to sharing information in relation to customs 
procedures, including the application of risk management techniques.   Government Procurement
 
 
Chapter 6 prescribes for government procurem ent obligations in goods and services for 
various government entities listed in  Annex 3A (Australian entities) a nd 3B (Singaporean entities) of 
the Agreement and their successors, but excluding tho se subsequently commercialized or privatized.  
 Article 6.3 imposes National Treatment obligations  to the goods, services and suppliers of the 
other Party offering goods or services of the other Party.  
 Article 6.5 prohibits technical specifications bei ng prepared, adopted or applied with a view to 
creating unnecessary obstacles to trade between the Parties. 
 
Article 6.6 describes the principles and procedur es to be applied to tendering.  Open tenders 
are to be published in an accessible and ti mely manner.  Tender evaluation shall be non-
discriminatory, and Parties shall provide releva nt feedback to unsuccessful tenderers on request. 
 Confidential information provided to a Party by a person or an entity is protected under 
Article 6.8. 
 
Article 6.9 provides principles for the protection of intellectual property in the tender process 
and the resulting contracts. 
 Article 6.11 encourages the use of electroni c commerce in the procurement process, and 
emphasizes the requirements for promoting greater access for suppliers in both Parties and also 
providing for information security. 
 WT/REG158/3 
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Article 6.13 provides for enhanced transparency through the publication of information 
relating to procurement laws, re gulations, procedures and practi ces, open tendering opportunities, 
supplier qualifications and decisions on contracts. 
 Article 6.14 identifies the exceptions, including defence, security, the protection of public 
morals, order or safety, human animal or plant life or health or intellectual property, the conservation 
of exhaustible natural resources, provided they are not applied in an arbitrary or unjustifiably 
discriminatory manner. 
 Article 6.15 states that notwithstanding the G overnment Procurement Chapter in the SAFTA, 
Australia is free to promote employment and tr aining opportunities for its indigenous people in 
regions where significant indigenous  populations exist, and Article 6.16 allows both parties to assist 
small and medium enterprises to gain ac cess to the government procurement market. 
 
 Education Co-operation
 
 
 Chapter 15 provides the framework for educa tion co-operation as a means to enhance the 
bilateral trade and investment relationship.   Article 15.2 identifies the areas for co-operation as:  
- quality assurance processes; 
- on-line and distance education systems at all levels; - primary and secondary education systems; - higher education; - technical education and vocational training; 
- industry collaboration for technical and vocational training; and  
- teacher training and development. 
   Article 15.4 provides that the parties shall foster the mobility of students, allow its scholarships for overseas studies to be tenable at univ ersities in the territory of the other party, and 
encourage their government scholarship nominees to c onsider the other party as one of the countries 
for their overseas study. 
  
III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE  AGREEMENT 
 
1. Exceptions and Reservations 
 SAFTA, through Article 2.12, Article 2.13, Artic le 6.14, Article 7.18, Article 7.19, Article 
8.19, Article 8.20, Article 9.5, Article 10.15 and Ar ticle 14.9 allows exceptions, based on the standard 
WTO exceptions in GATT Article XX and Article  XXI, and GATS Article XIV and XIVbis  The 
specified purposes are:  
 - protection of essential security interests; 
 - protection of public morals and prevention of disorder or crime;  - protection of human, animal or plant life or health;  - protection of national treasures or artistic, historical, anthropological, archaeological, 
palaeontological or geological value; 
 - to conserve limited natural resources; 
 - necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent 
with the provisions of the Agreement including those relating to: 
  WT/REG158/3 
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- the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices or to deal with the effects 
of a default on a contract;  
- the protection of the privacy of indi viduals in relation to the processing and 
dissemination of personal data and th e protection of confidentiality of 
individual records and accounts; and  
- safety. 
 
 In addition, as provided in Article 7.5 and Ar ticle 8.5, commitments in Chapters 7 and 8 
respectively are subject to reservations expressed in  Annex 4-I and Annex 4 -II of the Agreement.  
 
2. Accession  
Article 17.4 of SAFTA enables Australia and Si ngapore to agree to the association of any 
other State or separate customs territory.  To this  point in time Australia and Singapore are the only 
acceding parties and no other State has sought association with the Agreement.  
 
3. Dispute Settlement Procedures 
 Chapter 16 of SAFTA provides the framework fo r the dispute settlement obligations of the 
Parties.   Article 16.2 requires each Party to afford the other Party adequate opportunity for 
consultations regarding any benef it accruing to it directly or indi rectly under SAFTA being nullified 
or impaired.  A request by the complaining Party must be responded to by the other Party within 
seven days.  The Parties must make every effort  to reach a mutually satisfactory resolution. 
  Article 16.4 provides that if the consultations fail to settle the dispute within 60 days an 
arbitral tribunal will be appointed, which will be comprised of three members (one nominated by each 
Party and the third by common agreement – Article 16.5). 
 
 Article 16.6 states that the function of an arbitral tribunal is to make an objective assessment of the dispute before it, and provide its findings and recommendations in a report released to the 
Parties.     Article 16.8 allows the Parties to agree to term inate the proceedings of an arbitral tribunal in 
the event that a mutually satisfactory solution to the dispute has been found. 
  Article 16.9 provides that the Party concerne d shall comply with the arbitral tribunal’s 
recommendations within a reasonable period.  
 Article 16.10 states that where a Party fails  to comply with the arbitral tribunal’s 
recommendations within 20 days of the report bei ng provided to the Parties, the complaining Party 
can request consultations on compensation.  Article  16.10.2 provides that where those consultations 
do not achieve agreement on compensation within 20 days, the complaining Party may request the 
original arbitral tribunal to determine an appropriate  level of suspension of benefits.  Article 16.10.3 
provides that the suspension of benefits can only ap ply to benefits derived from the Agreement, and 
Article 16.10.5 states that the suspension will only be temporary.   Article 16.11 states that each Party shall bear th e costs of its appointed arbitrator, and its own 
expenses and legal costs.  The cost of the other expenses shall be equally borne by both Parties. 
 WT/REG158/3 
Page 8  
 
4. Relations with Other Trade Agreements 
 Article 17.5 provides that in the event of an y inconsistency between this Agreement and any 
other agreement to which both Parties are parties,  the Parties shall immediately consult with each 
other with a view to finding a mutually satisfact ory solution in accordance with customary public 
international law. 
  
5. Institutional Framework 
No intergovernmental or supranational institutio ns were created to op erate the Agreement. 
Article 17.2 requires that each Party designate a c ontact point to facilitate communications between 
the Parties on any matter covered by SAFTA. 
 
Article 17.3 provides for Ministers in charge of  trade negotiations of the Parties to meet 
within a year of the date of entry into force of this Agreement and then biennially or otherwise as 
appropriate to review this Agreement. 
 
 
IV. OTHER  1. Disclosure of Confidential Information  
 Article 7.10 stipulates that nothing in Chapter 7 “require any Party to provide confidential 
information, the disclosure of which would impede la w enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the 
public interest, or which would prejudice legitimate  commercial interests of particular enterprises, 
public or private.”   The full text of the Agreement is available from:  
 
 The Government of Australia:  - http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations /australia_singapore_agreement.html
 
  The Republic of Singapore  - http://www.fta.gov.sg
  WT/REG158/3 
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ANNEX 1  
 
 
Australia’s Imports from Singapore, Year 2001 - 2003  
(Value in A$'000) 
 
HS 
Code Product Description Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 % 
Change 
    IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore 2003/2002 
           
2710 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous 
minerals, other than crude; preparations not elsewhere 
specified or included, contai ning by weight 70% or more 
of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals. 811,446 911,743 1,517,325 
66.4% 
9471 Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; 
magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing 
data onto data media in coded form and machines for 
processing such data, not elsewhere specified or included. 
718,489 795,691 545,758 -31.4% 
2710 Combined miscellaneous items of trade and confidential 
items: from Jul 91 on, excl HS Ch 29 codes 
confidentialised with Broad Commodity Details 
restrictions, likewise Ch 28 BCDs excepting that these 
ceased after Dec 94. 172,369 243,228 283,652 16.6% 
8473 Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases 
and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with 
office machines. 318,926 298,828 207,690 -30.5% 
8524  Records, tapes and other recorded media for sound 
or other similarly recorded phenomena, including matrices and masters for the production of records, but excluding photographi c or cinematographic 
products. 173,890 219,415 203,312 -7.3% 
8542  Electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies. 122,611 94,218 115,171 22.2% 
7108  Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought 
or in semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form. 208,116 128,921 113,220 -12.2% 
2932  Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) 
only. 16,523 107,254 93,843 -12.5% 
4901  Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed 
matter, whether or not in si ngle sheets. 39,062 42,985 47,175 9.7% 
1804  Cocoa butter, fat and oil. 35,478 42,661 42,266 -0.9% 
3811  Anti-knock preparations, oxidation inhibitors, gum 
inhibitors, viscosity im provers, anti-corrosive 
preparations and other prepared additives, for mineral oils or for other liquids used for the same purposes as mineral oils . 49,750 52,093 42,112 -19.2% 
2713  Petroleum coke, petroleum bitumen and other 
residues of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals. 10,584 17,007 35,711 110.0% 
9032  Automatic regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus. 36,945 38,353 34,095 -11.1% 
8525  Transmission apparatus for radio-telephone, radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcasting or television, whether 
or not incorporating reception apparatus or sound recording or reproducing apparatus; tele cameras; still image video cameras.  82,749 26,858 32,939 22.6% 
2933  Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) 
only. 953 3,057 32,695 969.5% 
4811  Paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding & webs of 
cellulose fibres, coated,  impregnated, covered, 12,255 32,260 32,237 -0.1% WT/REG158/3 
Page 10  
 
HS 
Code Product Description Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 % 
Change 
    IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore IMPORTS 
from 
Singapore 2003/2002 
surface-coloured, surface- decorated or printed, in 
rolls or sheets. 
3403  Lubricating preparations and preparations of a kind used for the treatment of te xtile materials, leather, 
furskins or other materials, but excluding 
preparations containing 70% or more by weight of 
oils obtained from bituminous mineral. 3,847 14,260 29,236 105.0% 
9018  Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, 
dental or veterinary sciences, including scintigraphic 
apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-
testing instruments. 26,903 31,893 27,626 -13.4% 
8517  Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line 
telegraphy, including line telephone sets with 
cordless handsets and telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems; videophones. 77,628 56,216 19,979 -64.5% 
8527  Reception apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-
telegraphy or radio-broadcasting, whether or not combined, in the same housing, with sound recording or reproducing apparatus or a clock. 40,389 32,859 19,499 -40.7% 
        
  Sub-Total for top 20 products 2,958,913 3,189,800 3,475,541 9.0% 
  Others 1,006,741 1,103,514 959,872 -13.0% 
  Australia’s Imports from Singapore 3,965,654 4,293,314 4,435,413 3.3% 
  Top 20 as % of Total Imports from Singapore 74.6% 74.3% 78.4%   
Source: Australian Bureau Statistics 
 
 
Singapore's Imports from Australia, Year 2001 - 2003  
(Value in S$'000) 
 
HS 
Code Product Description Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 % 
Change 
    IMPORTS 
from 
Australia IMPORTS 
from 
Australia IMPORTS 
from 
Australia 2003/2002 
        Rank   
2709 Petroleum Oils & Oils Obtained From Bituminous 
Minerals Crude 1,608,607 1,412,093 1,510,354 7.0 
7108 Gold Incl Gold Plated With Platinum Unwrough Or In 
Semi-Manufactured Forms Or In Powder Form 341,627 251,305 258,676 2.9 
2710 Petroleum Oils & Oils Obtained From Bituminous 
Minerals & Other Preparations With Such Constituents Excl Crude 263,034 223,023 195,742 -12.2 
0203 Meat Of Swine Fresh Chilled Or Frozen 2,218 2,350 120,100 5,010.6 
8473 Parts & Accessories For Use With Machines Of 
Headings 84.69 To 84.72_Excl Covers & Carrying Cases 74,757 79,919 85,584 7.1 
0402 Milk & Cream Concentrated Containing Added Sugar Or 
Other Sweetening Matter 110,894 74,773 78,042 4.4 
8803 Parts Of Goods Of Heading 88.01 Or 88.02 29,664 63,586 73,727 15.9 
3703 Photographic Paper Paperboard & Textiles Sensitised 
Unexposed 29,273 43,159 47,143 9.2  WT/REG158/3 
 Page 11 
 
 
HS 
Code Product Description Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 % 
Change 
    IMPORTS 
from 
Australia IMPORTS 
from 
Australia IMPORTS 
from 
Australia 2003/2002 
3004 Medicaments Of Mixed Or Unmixed Products For 
Therapeuticuse Etc For Retail Sale Excl 30.02 30.05 Or 
30.06 42,466 47,336 45,154 -4.6 
8431 Parts Suitable For Use Solely With The Machinery Of 
Headings 84.25 To 84.30 49,086 53,996 44,287 -18.0 
3702 Photographic Film In Rolls Sensitised Unexposed Of Any 
Material & Instant Print Film Excl Paper & Paperboard 6,729 3,480 41,873 1,103.2 
2204 Wine Of Fresh Grapes Incl Fortified Wines & Grape Must 
Excl Those Of Heading 20.09 22,117 28,923 36,452 26.0 
9892 Special Transactions Not Classified According To Kind 34,540 43,660 35,836 -17.9 
0204 Meat Of Sheep Or Goats Fresh Chilled Or Frozen 29,993 31,049 33,337 7.4 
1701 Cane Or Beet Sugar & Chemically Pure Sucrose In Solid 
Form 3,621 23,394 31,952 36.6 
8544 Insulated Wire Cable & Other Insulated Electric 
Conductors With Or Without Connectors Etc 94,780 50,215 27,422 -45.4 
7403 Refined Copper & Copper Alloys Unwrought 87,953 48,007 27,233 -43.3 
0401 Milk & Cream Not Concentrated Or Containing Added 
Sugar Or Other Sweetening Matter 17,087 24,360 24,393 0.1 
1001 Wheat & Meslin 27,911 16,635 24,119 45.0 
1605 Crustaceans Molluscs & Other Aquatic Invertebrates 
Prepared Or Preserved 19,014 30,749 21,600 -29.8 
            
  Sub-Total for top 20 products 2,895,372 2,552,010 2,763,026 8.3 
  Others 1,410,219 1,311,235 1,042,044 -20.5 
  Singapore's Imports from Australia 4,305,591 3,863,245 3,805,070 -1.5 
  Top 20 as % of Total Imports from Australia 67.2 66.1 72.6   
Source: IE Singapore (Statlink) 
 
 
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