WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/348
11 June 2002
(02-3214)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights
AVAILABLE INFORMATION ON THE EXISTENCE OF PATENTS
IN REGARD TO  DISEASES REFERRED TO IN THE DECLARATION
ON THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Note by the Secretariat
1. The Council for TRIPS in its meeting of 5 to 7 March 2002 requested the Secretariat to
provide available background information on the extent to which patents exist in regard to the
diseases referred to in the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health
(WT/MIN(01)/DEC/W/2).  The diseases specifically referred to in the Declaration are HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis and malaria.
2. In preparing this document the Secretariat has sought to compile publicly available data of the
sort requested by the Council.  For reasons of resources and time available the Secretariat has not
sought to consult primary sources, notably the data available in national patent offices on patents
granted.  No data have been found thus far on the existence of patents in regard to tuberculosis and
malaria.  Should the Secretariat find such data at a later date, an addendum will be issued to this
document.  Accordingly this note provides in Anne xes 1 and 2 publicly available information on the
existence of patents on HIV/AIDS-related drugs.
3. It is emphasised that the data in Annexes 1 and 2 are merely reproduced from the original
publications and should not be taken as an authoritative guide to the patent status for the products in
question.  We also draw attention to the fact that the authors themselves have made such disclaimers
in their publications which are reproduced in the excerpts below relating to their description of
methodology used.
4. Annex 1  is a table from a joint UNAIDS/WHO publication dated January 2000 available at
http://www.unaids.org/publications/d ocuments/health/access/patsit.doc  entitled "Patent Situation of
HIV/AIDS-related Drugs in 80 Countries".  The methodology used in preparing this table, as
described by the authors, is excerpted below:
"In the table, the patent priority date  column corresponds to the date of the first
patent application for the drug in question, and which was referred to as the prioritydate by the company seeking for the same patent protection in other countries.
The 20-year patent protection  column gives an idea of the latest date around which
the same patent should expire in other countries.  Note that this date may not be valid
in countries where patent extensions are possible (such as Australia, EU, Japan,
Korea, Mexico and the US).This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own
responsibility and without prejudice to the positions of Members
and to their rights and obligations under the WTOIP/C/W/348
Page 2
The next two columns provide for the expiry date of the first patent in the US and in
Europe (as a regional patent) or France.
The last column gives some of the countries where a similar patent has been applied
for or granted (with reference to the priority date), whether for the protection of a
product or process.  Data mainly originates from the European Patent Office website,
which provides patent data originating from about 64 patent offices, including
regional patent offices (Argentina, ARIPO1, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, EPO2, Eurasian Patent Office3,
Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico,
Moldova, Mongolia, New Zealand, Norway, OAPI4, Philippines, Poland, Romania,
Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Turkey, Vietnam, Yugoslavia).
However, the European Patent Office warns that the information provided is not
exhaustive, often refers to published patent applications only and that this service
cannot be considered as a complete and official source of patent information.
Recourse was also made to Derwent database which provides data on whether a
patent has indeed been granted following the application, but only covers 40 countries
(Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, EPO, Hungary, Israel,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, New Zeal and, Philippines, Romania, Russia,
Singapore, South Africa, Slov akia, Taiwan, and the USA).
Thus, the data presented here cover only approximately 80 countries.  No reliable
patent information is available from the others.  Taking into account the caveats of
this study, it is therefore strongly advised to check the patent status at the national
patent office before planning drug procurement or manufacture in a specific country."
5. Annex 2  is a table taken from an article authored by Amir Attaran and Lee Gillespie-White
entitled "Do Patents for Antiretrovirals Drugs Constrain Access to AIDS Treatment in Africa?",published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Volume 286, Number 15,
October 2001
 and available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v286n15/abs/jsc10222.html .  Table 1 in
that article, reproduced in Annex 2, shows patent  coverage in Africa for antiretroviral drugs, by
country.  The methodology, as explained by the authors, is excerpted below:5
"A total of 15 antiretroviral drugs patented by 8 pharmaceutical companies were
screened for patent status in 53 African countries.  Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize
the data and record every patent in force at the time we were notified.  We do not
present data on expired or withdrawn patents, which are of no legal force, or pending
patent applications, since it cannot be presumed that these will be granted or rejected.
Where a patent is shown, some form of market exclusivity exists, although thisexclusivity may not preclude all uses of the pharmacologically active ingredient
(eg, in the case of a formulation patent).
                                                     
1 The ARIPO patents granted by the Office of the African Regional Industrial Property Organization
(ARIPO, Harare) may have effect in 14 African countries (Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi,Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe).
2 European patents, granted by the European Patent Office (Munich) may have effect in up to 18
European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom).
3 Eurasian patents granted by the Eurasian Patent Office (Moscow), which have effect in 9 countries
(Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan,Turkmenistan).
4 Patents granted by the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI, Yaoundé) have effect in 14
African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cent ral African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire,
Gabon, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo).
5 The WTO Secretariat is grateful for the permission of the American Medical Association, which
owns the copyright in this article and which reserves all rights, for permission to reproduce this material.IP/C/W/348
Page 3
…. Between October 2000 and March 2001, we issued written inquiries to the
intellectual property divisions of major pharmaceutical companies that produce or
market antiretroviral drugs, seeking disclosure and affirmation of each patent orsimilar legal right in Africa of which those companies had knowledge.  Our inquiries
captured the patent status of the antiretroviral drugs invented or marketed by the
companies in question, unless a single active ingredient is marketed in multiple
formulations, in which case we sought data for the first marketed (primary)
formulation.  All companies we contacted agreed to furnish data in response to ourinquiry.  We summarized the data in tabular form and then returned the data to each
of the respondent companies for 1 or more rounds of clarification, verification, or
correction as needed.
Our inquiries captured several different types of legal rights: product patents
(covering the pharmacologically active chemical or formulation), process patents
(covering a manufacturing process for the same), use patents (covering the use of a
drug for a medical indication), and "exclusive marketing rights.."…
… Because our method is survey based, we cannot exclude the possibility that even
after verification some inaccuracies exist because of human error in reporting data to
us. However, in this large crosswise scrutiny of 15 antiretroviral drugs and 53
countries (comprising 795 data points), a small number of such inaccuracies would
not materially affect our broad conclusions.  Although this is satisfactory for anacademic study, given the serious legal consequences of patent infringement, we
strongly recommend that anyone placing reliance on these findings seek independent
legal advice."
_______________IP/C/W/348
Page 4
ANNEX 1
Information in UNAIDS/WHO Publication of January 2000
Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority dateMax. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ.
patent expiry
dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted6
Anti-infective drugs
albendazole SmithKline 19 Jun 74 19 Jun 199519 Jun 94, but
excl.
marketing
rights until 11Jun 2003 (as
an orphan
drug)N/AAustralia, Belgium , Canada , Cyprus, Denmark ,
Finland, France, Germany , Hong Kong, Hungary,
Ireland, Israel, Italy , Japan , Kenya, Luxembourg,
Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands , Norway, Philippines,
Portugal, USSR , South Africa , Sweden, Switzerland ,
UK, US, Yugoslavia
Pliva 6 Mar 81 6 Mar 200214 May 2002,
ext. until Nov
2005 (+ 1267
days)Fr 1 Mar 2002,
ext. until 3 Apr
2006 (MA)Austria, Belgium , Canada , Czech Rep., France ,
Germany , Hungary, Italy , Japan , Poland, Slovakia,
Sweden , Switzerland , UK, US, USSR, Yugoslavia
azythromycin
Pfizer 9 July 87 9 July 2008 N/A EP 28 Jun 2008ARIPO , Australia, Bosnia, Canada , China, Cyprus,
Czech Rep., Denmark , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, ES, FR,
GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Finland , Hong Kong,
Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan , Korea , Latvia, Mexico,
New Zealand, Norway , OAPI , Portugal, Romania ,
Russia , Singapore, South Africa , Yugoslavia
                                                     
6 Countries in bold are those where a patent was granted (Derwent da tabase), as compared with other countries where data are avai lable regarding patent applications
only (Derwent + European Patent Office website).IP/C/W/348
Page 5Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority date
(origin)Max. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ. patent
expiry dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted
ceftriaxone Roche 30 May 78 30 May 1999 27 Apr. 99EP 30 May
1999Australia, Brazil, Canada , Cuba, Cyprus,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, EP7 (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR,
IT, LU, NL, SE) , Finland, Greece, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Korea, Ireland, Israel, Japan , Kenya, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, OAPI , Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa , Sweden,
UK, US, USSR,  Yugoslavia.
cidofovirCzech.
Academy18 Jul 86 18 Jul 200726 June 2010
(14 years after
MA)EP 17 Jul 2007Australia, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Denmark , EP (AT,
BE, CH, DE, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) ,
Finland, Ireland, Israel, Japan , Korea , New Zealand,
Portugal, South Africa , US
ciprofloxacin Bayer 3 Sept 80 3 Sept 20019 Dec 2003
(?)EP 21 Aug 2001
Fr ext. until 29
Oct 2004Australia, Cyprus, Denmark, EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR,
GB, IT, LI, NL, SE) , Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan ,
Kenya, Korea , Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, US
clarithromycin Taisho 4 Jun 80 4 Jun 200119 Jun 2001,
ext. until Jun
2005 (+ 1465
days)EP 27 May
2001 Fr ext.
until 26 May
2008 (7 years)EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, NL, SE) ,
Japan , US
fluconazole Pfizer 6 Jun 1981 6 Jun 20021 Jun 2002,
ext. until 29
Jan 2004 (14years after
MA)EP 22 Apr
2002, Fr ext.
until 7 Mar 2005(MA)Australia, Bosnia, Canada , Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) ,
Finland, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Israel,
Japan , Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand,
Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia,
South Africa , US, USSR  Yugoslavia
                                                     
7 European patents, granted by the European Patent Office (Munich) may have effect in up to 18 European countries (Austria - AT,  Belgium - BE, Denmark - DK,
Finland - FI, France - FR, Germany - DE, Greece - GR, Ireland - IE, Italy - IT, Liechtenstein - LI, Luxembourg - LU, Monaco - M O, Netherlands - NL, Portugal - PT, Spain - ES,
Sweden - SE, Switzerland - CH, United Kingdom - GB).IP/C/W/348
Page 6
Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority date
(origin)Max. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ. patent
expiry dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted
foscarnet Astra 1 Jul 76 1 Jul 199729 Jul 97, ext.
until 6 June
2000 (+ 1042
days)Fr 30 Jun 97,
ext. until 29 Jun
2002 (5 years)Australia, Austria, Belgium , Bulgaria, Canada ,
Denmark, Finland, France , Germany , Hong Kong,
Ireland, Italy , Japan , Luxembourg, Mexico, Malaysia,
Netherlands , Norway, UK, Singapore, Sweden,
Switzerland , US
ganciclovir Syntex 21 May 81 21 May 200221 May 2001,
ext. until 23
Jun 2003 (14
years after
MA)EP 19 May
2002Australia, Brazil, Canada , Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) ,
Finland, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Israel,
Japan , Korea , Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway,
Philippines, Portugal, Romania, USSR , Singapore,
South Africa , Spain , US
itraconazole Janssen 23 Jun 78 23 Jun 9923 Jun 98,
ext. until 23Jun 2000 (2
years)EP 13 Jun 99
Fr ext. until 12
Jun 2006 (7
years)Australia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Canada , Cyprus,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR,
GB, IT, LU, LI, SE) , Finland, Greece, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Israel, Ireland, Japan , New Zealand, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, USSR ,
Singapore, South Africa , US, Yugoslavia
ivermectin Merck 16 Dec 74 16 Dec 95 Expired ? N/AAustralia, Austria, Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia,
Denmark , France, Finland, Germany , Hungary,
Ireland, Israel, Japan , Luxembourg, Netherlands , New
Zealand, Norway, OAPI , Philippines, South Africa ,
Sweden, Switzerland , UK, US, Yugoslavia
rifabutin Archifar 13 Jun 75 13 Jun 9626 Aug 97,
ext. until July2000 (+ 1406
days)Fr 14 Jun 96,
ext. until 13June 2001 (5
years)Australia, Austria, Belgium , Canada , Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Finland, France , Germany , Hong Kong,
Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy , Japan , Netherlands ,
Norway, Portugal, USSR , South Africa , Sweden,
Switzerland , UK, US, YugoslaviaIP/C/W/348
Page 7Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority date
(origin)Max. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ.
patent expiry
dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted
Antiretrovirals
delavirdine Upjohn 28 Dec 89 28 Dec 20108 Oct 2013 (17
years,
numerouspatents)EP 24 Dec
2010Australia , Canada, EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR,
GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Hong Kong, Hungary,
Japan , Latvia, Mexico, Russia , US
Wellcome
Found15 May 85 15 May 2006EP 14 May
2006Australia, Canada , Denmark, EP (AT, BE, CH, DE,
FR, GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Finland, Greece,
Hungary, Japan , New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa ,
Spain, US
didanosine
US Gov. 26 Aug 85 26 Aug 200629 Aug 2006
(17 years)EP 21 Aug
2006
Fr ext. until 4
May 2009Australia, Canada , Cyprus, EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR,
GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Hong Kong, Ireland , Israel,
Japan , Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, US
efavirenz Merck 7 Aug 92 7 Aug 2013 7 Aug 2012EP 3 Aug
2013?Australia , Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada , China, Croatia,
Czech Rep., EP, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Japan ,
Mexico, New Zealand , Norway , Poland, Romania ,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa , US
indinavir Merck 8 Nov 91 8 Nov 20127 May 2013
(20 years)EP 2 Nov 2012Australia , Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada , China, Czech Rep,
EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT,
LI, LU, NL, PT, SE) , Finland, Hong Kong, Hungary,
Israel, Japan , Latvia, New Zealand , Norway , Poland,
Singapore, Slovakia , South Africa , Taiwan, US
lamivudine IAF Biochem. 8 Feb 89 8 Feb 2010 8 Feb 2009EP 8 Feb 2010
Fr ext. until 7
Aug 2011 (15
years after
MA)ARIPO , Australia, Brazil, Canada , China, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Rep. , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES,
FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Finland , Hong
Kong, Hungary , Ireland , Israel, Japan , Korea ,
Mexico, Norway , New Zealand , OAPI , Portugal,
Russia , Singapore, Slovakia , Slovenia, South Africa ,
US, YugoslaviaIP/C/W/348
Page 8
Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority date
(origin)Max. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ.
patent expiry
dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted
nelfinavir Agouron 7 Oct 93 7 Oct 2014 7 Oct 2013 EP 7 Oct 2014Australia , ARIPO , Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, China,
Czech Rep., EP, Finland, Hungary, Japan , New
Zealand , Norway, Poland, Singapore, Slovakia, South
Africa , US
nevirapine Boehringer 17 Nov 89 17 Nov 201022 Nov 2011
(17 years,
numerouspatents)EP 16 Nov
2010Australia, ARIPO , Canada , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE,
DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Finland ,
Hungary, Israel, Ireland , Japan , Mexico , New
Zealand , Norway , OAPI, Portugal, Russia , Singapore,
US, South Africa
ritonavir Abbott 29 Dec 92 29 Dec 2013 29 Dec 2012EP 16 Dec
2013Australia , Brazil, Canada , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK,
ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LI, LU, NL, PT, SE) , Hong
Kong, Hungary, Israel, Japan , Korea, Mexico , New
Zealand , US
saquinavir Roche 11 Dec 89 11 Dec 201019 Nov 2010
(20 years)EP 10 Dec
2010  Fr ext.
until 3 Oct2011 (15 years
after MA)Australia , Brazil, Canada , Czech Rep. , China, Croatia,
EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GR, IT, LI, LU,
NL, SE) , Finland , Hong Kong, Hungary,  Korea ,
Ireland , Israel, Japan , Latvia, Malawi, Mexico, Malta,
Monaco, New Zealand , Norway , OAPI , Philippines ,
Portugal, Romania , Russia , Singapore, Slovakia ,
Slovenia, South Africa , UK, US, Zimbabwe
stavudineYale
University17 Dec 86 17 Dec 200725 Jun 2008
(ext. /MA)EP 11 Dec
2007 Fr ext.
until 8 May2011 (15 years
from MA)Australia, Canada , Denmark, Egypt, EP (AT, BE, CH,
DE, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE) , Finland,
Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Japan , Korea , New
Zealand, Philippines , Portugal, US, South AfricaIP/C/W/348
Page 9Drug Patent ownerBasic Patent
priority date
(origin)Max. 20
years patent
protectionUS patent
expiry dateFrench or
Europ.
patent expiry
dateCountries where similar patents have been filed
or granted
zalcitabine US Gov. 26 Aug 85 26 Aug 20067 Nov 2006 (17
years)EP 21 Aug
2006 Fr ext.
until 1 Dec
2008 (15 yearsfrom MA)Australia, Canada , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT,
LI, LU, NL, SE) , Hong Kong, Ireland , Israel, Japan ,
New Zealand, US
zidovudine Glaxo 16 Mar 85 16 Mar 200617 Sept 2005
(20 years)EP 14 Mar
2006ARIPO , Australia, Canada , Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark , EP (AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, LU,
NL, SE) , Finland , Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland ,
Israel, Japan , Korea , Latvia, Monaco, New Zealand,
Philippines , Portugal, Singapore, South Africa , US
Source:  "Patent Situation of HIV/AIDS-related Drugs in 80 Countries", a joint UNAIDS/WHO publication, Geneva, January 2000.IP/C/W/348
Page 10 ANNEX II
Patent Coverage in Africa for Antiretroviral Drugs, by Country*
NRTIs NNRTIs Protease InhibitorsLamivudine-zidovudine
(Combivir) [GSK]
Lamivudine
(Epivir) [GSK]
Zalcitabine
(Hivid) [Roche]
Zidovudine
(Retrovir) [GSK]
Didanosine
(Videx) [BMS]
Stavudine
(Zerit) [BMS]
Abacavir
(Ziagen) [GSK]
Delavirdine
(Rescriptor) [Pharmacia]
Efavirenz
(Stocrin) [Merck]
Nevirapine
(Viramune) [BI]
Amprenavir
(Agenerase) [GSK]
Indinavir
(Crixivan) [Merck]
Saquinavir
(Fortovase) [Roche]
Ritonavir
(Norvir) [Abbott]
Nelfinavir
(Viracept) [Agouron]Total
Algeria 0
Angola 0
Benin X X XX 4
B o t s w a n a XX X X XX 6
Burkina Faso X X XX 4
Burundi X X 2
Cameroon X X XX 4
Cape Verde 0
Central African Republic X X XX 4
Chad X X XX 4
Comoros X X X 3
Congo (Republic) X X X X X 5
Congo (Democratic Republic) X X2
Côte d'Ivoire X X X3
Djibouti 0
Egypt X X 2
Equatorial Guinea 0
Eritrea 0
Ethiopia 0
Gabon X X XX 4
G a m b i a XX X X XX X 7
Ghana X X X X X X 6
Guinea XX 2
Guinea Bissau X1
Kenya X X X X X X X 7
Lesotho X X X X X X 6
Liberia 0
Libya 0
Madagascar X X 2
Malawi X X X X X X 6
Mali X X XX 4
Mauritania X X XX 4
Mauritius 0
Morocco X X 2IP/C/W/348
Page 11NRTIs NNRTIs Protease InhibitorsLamivudine-zidovudine
(Combivir) [GSK]
Lamivudine
(Epivir) [GSK]
Zalcitabine
(Hivid) [Roche]
Zidovudine
(Retrovir) [GSK]
Didanosnie
(Videx) [BMS]
Stavudine
(Zerit) [BMS]
Abacavir
(Ziagen) [GSK]
Delavirdine
(Rescriptor) [Pharmacia]
Efavirenz
(Stocrin) [Merck]
Nevirapine
(Viramune) [BI]
Amprenavir
(Agenerase) [GSK]
Indinavir
(Crixivan) [Merck]
Saquinavir
(Fortovase) [Roche]
Ritonavir
(Norvir) [Abbott]
Nelfinavir
(Viracept) [Agouron]Total
Mozambique 0
Namibia 0
Niger X X X3
Nigeria X X X X4
Rwanda X X 2
Sao Tome and Principe 0
Senegal X X XX 4
Seychelles X X X X 4
Sierra Leone X X X 3
Somalia X1
S o u t h  A f r i c a XX XXX X X XXXXX X 1 3
Sudan X X X X X X X 7
Swaziland X X X X X X 6
Tanzania X X X X X 5
Togo X X X3
Tunisia X X 2
U g a n d a XX X X XX X 7
Z a m b i a XX X X XX 6
Z i m b a b w e XX X X XX X X 8
Total 37 33 0 17 1 1 15 1 1 25 12 2 3 0 24 172
*NRTI indicates nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor;  NNRTI, non-NRTI;  GSK, Glaxo SmithKline;  BMS, Bristol-Myers Squib b;  and BI, Boehringer Ingelheim.
Source:   1888 JAMA, 17 October 2001 – Vol 286, No. 15 (Reprinted). Copyright © 2002 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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