RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/TPR/S/28
7August 1997
ORGANIZATION(97-3303)
TRADE POLICY REVIEW
CHILE
Report bytheSecretariat
Thisreport, prepared forthesecond Trade Policy Review ofChile, hasbeen drawn
upbytheWTO Secretariat onitsownresponsibility. TheSecretariat has,asrequired
bytheAgreement establishing theTrade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3ofthe
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing theWorld Trade Organization), sought
clarification from theGovernment ofChile onitstrade policies andpractices.
Document WT/TPR/G/28 contains the policy statement submitted bythe
Government ofChile.
Note: Thisreport issubject torestricted circulation andpress embargo untiltheendofthemeeting
oftheTrade Policy Review Body onChile.Chile WT/TPR/S/28
Page iii
CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS xv
(1) Introduction xv
(2) TheEconomic Environment xv
(3) Trade Policy Development xv
(4) Sectoral Developments xvi
(i) Primary industries xvi
(ii) Manufacturing xvi
(iii) Services xvi
(5) Trade Policies andForeign Trading Partners xvii
I. THE ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT 1
(1) Major Features oftheEconomy 1
(2) Recent Economic Developments 2
(i) Composition andgrowth ofGDP 3
(ii) Public finances 7
(iii) Monetary policy 9
(iv) Exchange ratedevelopments 10
(v) Balance ofpayments 12
(3) Composition andDirection ofTrade 14
(i) Composition ofmerchandise trade 14
(ii) Direction ofmerchandise trade 15
(4) Outlook 15
II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY REGIMES: FRAMEWORK AND
OBJECTIVES 17
(1) Trade Policy 17
(i) Trade policy objectives 17
(ii) Institutional andlegal framework 17
(iii) Trade policy formulation 19
(iv) Trade laws andregulations 19
(v) Trade relations 20
(2) Foreign Direct Investment 31
(i) Investment policy 31
(ii) Legal framework 32
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Page
III. TRADE POLICIES BYMEASURE 36
(1) Overview 36
(2) Measures Directly Affecting Imports 36
(i) Registration, documentation, and
rules oforigin 36
(ii) Customs valuation 38
(iii) Tariffs 42
(iv) Tariff quotas 45
(v) Variable import levies andother measures 46
(vi) Other levies andcharges 46
(vii) Import prohibitions 50
(viii) Import licensing andauthorization 50
(ix) Import quotas 50
(x) Import surveillance 50
(xi) Import cartels 51
(xii) State-owned enterprises 51
(xiii) Countertrade 51
(xiv) Standards andother technical requirements 51
(xv) Government procurement 56
(xvi) Local-content schemes 57
(xvii) Anti-dumping andcountervailing measures 57
(xviii) Safeguard actions 60
(xix) Measures implemented inexporting countries 60
(xx) Balance-of-payments measures 60
(xxi) Import privileges extended tofreezones 60
(3) Measures Directly Affecting Exports 60
(i) Registration anddocumentation 60
(ii) Export taxes, charges andlevies 61
(iii) Minimum prices 61
(iv) Export prohibitions andother controls 61
(v) Export licensing 62
(vi) Export quotas 62
(vii) Export cartels 62
(viii) Voluntary restraints, surveillance andsimilar measures 62
(ix) Measures maintained byimporting countries 62
(x) Export subsidies 63
(xi) Duty andtaxconcessions 64
(xii) Export finance 66
(xiii) Export insurance andguarantees 66
(xiv) Export promotion andmarketing assistance 67
(xv) Export performance requirements 67
(xvi) Free zones andtax-free areas 68
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(4) Measures Affecting Production andTrade 68
(i) Adjustment orregional assistance 68
(ii) Assistance forresearch anddevelopment 71
(iii) Production subsidies andtaxconcessions 72
(iv) Competition rules 72
(v) Pricing andmarketing arrangements 73
(vi) Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) 74
(vii) Intellectual property protection 74
IV. TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BYSECTOR
(1) Overview 80
(2) Agriculture, Forestry andFishing 80
(i) Agriculture 80
(ii) Forestry 91
(iii) Fisheries 93
(3) Mining 97
(4) Manufacturing 102
(5) Services 108
(i) Financial services 111
(ii) Telecommunications 115
(iii) Transportation 117
REFERENCES 121
APPENDIX TABLES 123
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CHARTS
Page
I. THE ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT
I.1 Sectoral distribution ofGDP, 1990 and1996 2
I.2 Trade ingoods andnon-factor services asshares ofGDP, 1990-96 3
I.3 Growth inrealGDP andconsumer price index, 1990-96 5
I.4 Selected indicators ofmacroeconomic development, 1990-96 6
I.5 REER index andtrade ingoods andnon-factor services, 1990-96 11
I.6 Foreign direct investment cumulative inflows bysector, 1985-95 14
I.7 Composition anddirection oftrade, 1990-95 16
IV. TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BYSECTOR
IV.1 Trade inagriculture andforestry products, 1990-95 81
IV.2 Value ofagriculture andforestry production, 1990 and1995 82
IV.3 Manufactured exports andimports, 1991-96 104
IV.4 Services GDP bysector, 1990 and1996 108
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Page
TABLES
I. THE ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT
I.1 Basic economic andsocial indicators, 1990-96 1
I.2 Economic performance, 1990-96 4
I.3 Taxrevenue, 1990-96 9
I.4 Balance ofpayments, 1990-96 13
II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY REGIMES: FRAMEWORK AND
OBJECTIVES
II.1 Chile 'snotifications under WTO Agreements 21
II.2 Tariff reduction programmes fordifferent regional agreements 26
II.3 Preferences under GSTP 30
II.4 Agreements onpromotion andprotection ofinvestment 32
III. TRADE POLICIES BYMEASURE
III.1 Rules oforigin 39
III.2 Goods withatariff rateof0percent 43
III.3 Tariff preferences granted byChile under preferential agreements 45
III.4 Taxes levied onimports anddomestic goods 48
III.5 Structure ofcharges levied onimports ofselected products, 1997 49
III.6 Products subject tosurcharges 49
III.7 Official Chilean standards andtheir equivalency withinternational standards 52
III.8 Main phyto andzoosanitary organizations towhich Chile belongs 55
III.9 Main bilateral andmultilateral phyto andzoosanitary agreements 55
III.10 Public purchasing procedures according tovalue ofpurchase 57
III.11 Investigations anddefinitive applied countervailing andanti-dumping
measures classified bycategory ofproduct, 1990-96 59
III.12 Value ofrebate onimported inputs, bysector, 1990-95 65
III.13 Reimbursements tonon-traditional exporters under thesimplified duty
drawback system 65
III.14 Sources offinancing ofirrigation projects, 1990-96 70
III.15 Laws, international conventions andagreements thatregulate intellectual
property rights inChile 75
III.16 Products andprocesses thatcannot beprotected under Chilean
intellectual property legislation 77
III.17 Items thatcannot beregistered asatrademark under Chilean Intellectual
Property Law 77
IV. TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BYSECTOR
IV.1 Value ofproduction ofthetenmost important agricultural products, 1990-95 83
IV.2 Summary ofprotection indicators forselected products, 1989-93 84
IV.3 Accumulated investment intheagricultural andforestry sectors, 1990-93 87
IV.4 Estimated volume andvalue offruitproduction, 1989-95 88
IV.5 Fisheries industrial production, 1990-95 93
IV.6 Fishindustry structure 95
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IV.7 Production ofselected minerals, 1990-96 97
IV.8 Employment inthemining sector, 1990-95 98
IV.9 Chilean production oftradeable copper 99
IV.10 Production andsales ofCODELCO-Chile, 1995 101
IV.11 Production andsales ofENAMI, 1995 102
IV.12 Industrial sector background, 1990-96 102
IV.13 Production ofselected industries, 1990-96 103
IV.14 Automotive production, 1990-96 106
IV.15 Foreign direct investment intheservices sector, 1990-95 109
IV.16 Banking sector, 1980 and1996 111
IV.17 Enterprise participation inthemarket forlong-distance calls, 1996 115
IV.18 Multilateral conventions oncivil aviation ofwhich Chile isamember 119
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APPENDIX TABLES
AI.1 Exports bygroup ofproducts, 1990-95 125
AI.2 Imports bygroup ofproducts, 1990-95 126
AI.3 Exports bydestinations, 1990-95 127
AI.4 Imports byorigin, 1990-95 128
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GLOSSARY
Action Plan toPromote theDevelopment
oftheArauco ZonePlan deAcción para Impulsar elDesarrollo
delaZona deArauco
Administrative Commission Comisión Administrativa
Agricultural andLivestock Service Servicio Agrícola yGanadero ,SAG
Central Preventative Commission Comisión Preventiva Central
Chamber ofCommerce ofSantiago Cámara deComercio deSantiago
Chilean Ports Enterprise Empresa Porturaria deChile ,EMPORCHI
Chilean Copper Commission Comisión Chilena delCobre ,COCHILCO
Chilean Telecommunications Company Compañía deTelecomunicaciones deChile ,
CTC
Civil Aeronautics Board Junta deAeronáutica Civil,JAC
Committee forParticipation ofthe
Private SectorComité deParticipación delSector Privado
Committee toAssign Development Funds Comité deAsignación deFondos deFomento ,
CAFF
Compendium ofCustoms Regulations Compendio deNormas Aduaneras
Compendium ofForeign Exchange
RegulationsCompendio deNormas deCambios
Internacionales
Constitutional Organic LawoftheCentral
Bank ofChileLeyOrgánica Constitucional delBanco
Central deChile
Corporation fortheDevelopment of
ProductionCorporación deFomento delaProducción,
CORFO
Council ofExporters ofCopper Consejo Intergubernamental dePaíses
Exportadores deCobre ,CIPEC
Council fortheAdministration of
FisheriesConsejo deAdministración Pesquera
Development Projects Proyectos deFomento ,PROFO
Directorate ofIrrigation oftheMinistry
ofPublic WorksDirección deRiego delMinisterio deObras
Públicas
Economic Complementarity Agreement Acuerdo deComplementación Económica
Export Promotion Fund Fonde dePromoción deExportaciones
Fisheries Research Fund Fondo deInvestigación Pesquera ,FIP
Foreign Investment Committee Comité deInversión Extranjera
Foundation forAgrarian Innovation Fundación para laInnovación Agraria
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Framework Co-operation Agreement Acuerdo Marco deCooperación
Free-Trade Area oftheAmericas Area deLibre Comercio delasAméricas ,
ALCA
Fund fortheDevelopment ofMagallanes Fondo para eldesarrollo deMagallanes
Fund fortheDevelopment ofScientific
andTechnological ResearchFondo deFomento alaInvestigación
Científica yTecnológica ,FONDEF
Fund forDevelopment andInnovation Fondo deDesarrollo eInnovación ,FONSIP
General Directorate oftheMaritime
Territory andMerchant MarineDirección General delTerritorio Marítimo y
deMarina Mercante
General Directorate ofCivil Aeronautics Dirección General deAeronáutica Civil,
DGAC
General Telecommunications Law LeyGeneral deTelecomunicaciones
General LawonFisheries and
AquacultureLeyGeneral dePesca yAcuicultura
Guarantee Fund fornon-traditional
exportersFondo deGarantía para Exportadores no
Tradicionales
Health Service Servicio deSalud
Historic Patrimony Patrimonio Histórico
Importer 'sSworn Declaration Declaración Jurada delImportador
Institute ofAgrarian Development Instituto deDesarrollo Agropecuario ,INDAP
Interministerial Committee for
International Economic NegotiationsComité Interministerial deNegociaciones
Económicas Internacionales
International Manifest for
Vehicles/Customs Transit DeclarationManifiesto Internacional
Carretero/Declaración deTránsito Aduanero
Investment Committee Comité deInversión Extranjera
Joint Commission onCooperation Comisión Mixta deCooperación
Merchant Marine Commission Comisión deMarina Mercante
Mining Metallurgic Research Centre Centro deInvestigación Minero Metalúrgico ,
CIMM
Mining Investment Fund Fondo deInvestigación Minera
Ministry ofNational Defence Ministerio deDefensa Nacional
Ministry ofForeign Affairs Ministerio deRelaciones Exteriores
Ministry ofFinance Ministerio deHacienda
Ministry ofMines Ministerio deMinería
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Ministry ofTransport and
TelecommunicationsMinisterio deTransporte y
Telecomunicaciones
Ministry ofEconomy, Development and
ReconstructionMinisterio deEconomía, Fomento y
Reconstrucción
Ministry ofPublic Works Ministerio deObras Públicas
National Customs Service Servicio Nacional deAduanas
National Economic Prosecutor 'sOffice Fiscalía Nacional Económica
National Fund forTechnological and
Productive DevelopmentFondo Nacional deDesarrollo Tecnológico y
Productivo ,FONTEC
National Copper Corporation Corporación Nacional delCobre ,CODELCO
National Federation ofSugarbeet
ProducersFederación Nacional deRemolacheros ,
FENARE
National Institute ofAgricultural Research Instituto Nacional deInvestigación
Agropecuaria, INIA
National Telecommunications Enterprise Empresa Nacional deTelecomunicaciones ,
ENTEL
National Mining Company Empresa Nacional deMinería ,ENAMI
National Health Supplies Centre Central deNacional deAbastecimiento de
Salud ,CENABAS
National Service ofGeology andMining Servicio Nacional deGeología yMinería ,
SERNAGEOMIN
National Service Training and
EmploymentServicio Nacional deCapacitación yEmpleo ,
SENCE
National Forestry Corporation Corporación Nacional Forestal ,CONAF
National Irrigation Commission Comisión Nacional deRiego
National Mining Enterprise Empresa Nacional deMinería, ENAMI
National Fisheries Services Servicio Nacional dePesca ,SERNAPESCA
National Commission forTechnological
andScientific ResearchComisión Nacional deInvestigación
Científica yTecnológica
National Standardization Institute Instituto Nacional deNormalización ,INN
Negotiation Committee Comité deNegociaciones
Partial-Scope Agreements Acuerdos deAlcance Parcial, APP
PlanfortheDevelopment oftheAustral
ZonePlan deDesarrollo Productivo para laZona
Austral
Private Export Warehouses Almacenes Particulares deExportación
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Production Promotion Corporation Corporación deFomento alaProducción ,
CORFO
Public Administration Administración Pública
Qualifying Committee forPlant Varieties Comité Calificador deVariedades
Regional Preventative Commissions Comisiones Preventivas Regionales
Regional Agreements Acuerdos deAlcance Regional
Regional Ministerial Secretary forMining Secretaría Regional Ministerial deMinería ,
SEREMI
Resolutary Commission Comisión Resolutiva
Science andTechnology Programme Programa deCiencia yTecnología
Securities andInsurance Supervision
DepartmentSuperintendencia deValores ySeguros
Simplified Regime forTemporary
AdmissionRégimen Simplificado deAdmisión Temporal
Society fortheDevelopment ofthe
Manufacturing IndustrySociedad deFomento Fabril
State Directorate ofProcurement Dirección deAprovisionamiento delEstado ,
DAE
Sub-secretary ofTelecommunications Sub-secretaría deTelecomunicaciones ,
SUBTEL
Superintendency ofBanks andFinancial
InstitutionsSuperintendencia deBancos eInstituciones
Financieras
Superintendency ofElectricity andFuels Superintendecia deElectricidad y
Combustibles ,SEC
Superintendency ofSecurities and
InsuranceSuperintendencia deValores ySeguros
Technical Assistance Fund Fondo deAsistencia Técnica ,FAT
Trade Sub-commission Subcomisión Comercial
Treaty ofMontevideo Tratado deMontevideo ,1980
Wheat marketing company Comercializadora deTrigo ,COTRISA
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SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS
(1) Introduction
1. Chile hasnowmaintained aliberal,
transparent trade regime foralmost two
decades, coupled withsound macroeconomic
policies andstructural reforms. Thebenefits,
interms ofstrong economic growth andreduced
inflation, have become increasingly evident.
Thus,despiteanincreasedemphasisonregional
agreements since 1990, theauthorities planto
continue theprocess ofunilateral liberalization
byfurther reducing theMFN tariff rateand
eliminating certain sectoral programmes.
However, theconclusion ofarange of
overlapping regional agreements, withdifferent
rules oforigin, hasadded ameasure of
complexity totheChilean trade regime thatdid
notpreviously exist.
(2) TheEconomic Environment
2. The Chilean economy hasgrown
continuously since 1990, atanaverage rateof
6percentinrealterms. Thistrend islikely to
continue intheimmediate future. This
outstanding performance istheresult of
structural adjustment policies thatstarted inthe
mid-1970s,combinedwithsoundmacroeconomic
policies, aimed atcontrolling inflation and
external balances. Thereduction ofinflation
from27percentin1990to6.6percentin1996
isanimportant achievement. Theaimisto
continue reducing inflation tolevels comparable
withindustrialized countries; however, this
could bedifficult, given thewidespread useof
indexation intheeconomy. Domestic savings
andinvestment havebeenmaintained athigh
levels ofaround 25percentofGDPsince1990,
withpositive effects onproductivity.
3. While Chile isopen toforeign direct
investment leading toastrong inflow ofFDI
since 1990, certain restrictions onthecapital
account aremaintained tolimit short-term,
speculative capital movements. Capital inflows
havecontributed toupward pressures ontheexchange rate,which hasappreciated steadily
inrealterms by24percentsince1990. Despite
thisappreciation,Chileanexports,suchasfruit,
wines, forestry andfisheries products, have
continued togrow strongly; theauthorities
attribute thistrend tothegrowing productivity
oftheeconomy. However, export growth may
alsobelinked toelements ofthedutydrawback
system, which has a(notified) subsidy
component.Despiteexportdiversification,Chile
continues tobehighly dependent upon copper
and theeconomy remains sensitive to
fluctuations inworld copper prices. Tocope
with theresulting volatility ofincome, the
Chileangovernmentoperatesastabilizationfund
outofitscopper revenues.
(3) Trade Policy Development
4. Chile'smain MFN trade policy
instrument istheuniform tariff, introduced in
thelate1970s. Thiscurrently stands at11per
cent; atpresent (July 1997) aproposal fora
reduction intherate,reportedly to7or8per
cent,isbefore Congress. Eventhepresent level
iswellbelow Chile'sWTO ceiling binding
commitments of25percent,with31.5percent
forsome agricultural goods. Theneutrality of
thetariffissomewhat diminished bydifferential
tariff treatment under regional agreements, as
noted below, andbyafewspecific sectoral non-
tariff policies which benefit afewagricultural
goods (aprice-band/variable levysystem), the
forestry sector (production subsidies), the
automotive industry (local-content andexport
performancerequirements)non-traditionalminor
exports (export subsidies via"simplified"
drawback), andimported capital goods (under
thesystem ofdeferred payments ofcustom
duties).
5. Chile notified thelatter threemeasures
asexport subsidies totheSecretariat andis
committed tophasing them outwithin the
periods stipulated intheWTO Agreements. No
quantitative estimates were available ofthe
subsidy components, sothatthedegree towhich
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Chile'sexport performance and, especially,
diversification canbeattributed tothese
programmes, isnotclear.
6. Theoverall liberalization oftheChilean
economy hasincreased theneed foreffective
domestic competition regulations. Inthis
context, theauthorities areatpresent drafting
anewcompetition lawtoupdate thatof1974,
seenbytheauthorities asinappropriate inthe
current structure ofthemarket. Legislation on
intellectual property andcontingency trade
measures (anti-dumping andcountervailing
measures) isalsoofbeing updated.
(4) Sectoral Developments
(i) Primary industries
7. Chile continues torelyheavily on
exports ofprimary goods, namely copper, fruit,
fishandwood products. Aprice band
mechanism provides protection forsome
importable agricultural products (wheat, wheat
flour, edible oilsandsugar), while exportables
arepriced atworld levels eveninthedomestic
market. Asaresult, adualism seems tohave
developed inChilean agriculture, whereby
producersofexportablesarecontinuallystriving
toenhance productivity andimprove quality in
ordertomaintaintheirplaceintheinternational
market andgainaccess tonewmarkets, while
thelessproductive importables sector lags
behind. Theproduction subsidy forforestry
plantations, which appears tobenefit mainly
small producers, islikely tohavehadapositive
impact ontheenvironment, since itisonly
granted forplantings indeforested land.
8. TheroleoftheStateinChile'stradehas
further diminished inrecent years, withthe
exception ofthemining sector, where
CODELCO, astate-owned company, isthe
major producer andexporter ofcopper. Inspite
ofthedominant roleoftheState inthissector,
private investment remains important. The
fisheries sector issubject totight regulationthrough alicensing andquota system toprevent
over-exploitation ofavailable resources.
(ii) Manufacturing
9. Chile'smanufacturing production and
exports are,asmight beexpected, largely based
ontheprocessing ofnatural resources.
However,somediversificationhasbeenachieved
through theexport ofmanufactured products,
notbased onnatural resources, toLatin
America under preferential agreements.
10. Onlytheautomotive industry issubject
toaspecial regime, withlocal-content and
exportbalancingrequirements.Thisprogramme
isaremnant oftheoldimport substitution
regime, andisduetobeeliminated in1998.
Interms ofproduction, theindustry issmall,
thereareonlythreeplants andannual average
production during 1990-1996 amounted tosome
18,000 vehicles (mainly pick-up trucks).
(iii) Services
11. Since 1990, theservices sector has
undergone important reforms. Abilltomodify
thebanking lawiscurrently being discussed in
Congress; thisincludes anexpansion ofthe
scope ofbanking activities within Chile through
increased access forforeign banks, wider
authorization forChilean banks tooperate
abroad, andtheadoption oftheinternational
standards laid down bytheBank for
InternationalSettlementsoncapitalrequirements
andsupervision.
12. Privatization ofthetelecommunications
sector wasbegun in1992, allowing free
competition inthismarket; rates, especially for
long distances services, have been reduced
substantially, andnewtechnology hasbeen
introduced. Currently, Stateintervention inthis
sector islimited tofixing tariffs when there is
market failure, particularly inthefield of
interconnection.
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13. More thanhalfofChile'smerchandise
tradeisalreadyconductedthroughprivateports.
ABillhasbeen presented under which port
management would bedecentralized and
remaining ports would beprivatized, leaving
theState withonlyaregulatory role. The
authorities also aim toincrease private
participation intheadministration ofroads,
airports andrailways.
14. Chile welcomes foreign investment in
itsservices sector, andthustreatment offoreign
nationals hasgone beyond thecommitments
made under theGATS. Inaddition, therecently
ratified free-trade agreement with Canada
includes services; these willalsobeincluded
intheframework agreement tobenegotiated
withtheEuropean Union. Asnoted, foreign
presence isespecially important inthefinancial
andtelecommunications sectors, where the
benefits oftechnology transfer have become
particularly evident.
(5) Trade Policies andForeign Trading
Partners
15. During thelast20years, Chilean trade
policy hasbeenbased onunilateral reforms,
supplemented bymultilateral commitments
(albeit atalower level). However, since 1990,
Chile'straderelationshavebecomeincreasingly
focused onthenegotiation ofbilateral trade
agreements, withCanada andMexico (inthe
absence offullNAFTA membership), andalso
with Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and
MERCOSUR. Aframework agreement with
theEUisunder negotiation. Inpursuit of
regional goals, Chile hasaclearpreference for
concluding free-trade agreements thatdonot
inhibit itsownfreedom toundertake further
unilateral reforms. Chile isalsoactive in
APEC; itsinterpretation ofthe"open
regionalism" principle isthatitleaves openthe
option offurther unilateral reforms, rather than
MFNapplication ofmeasures agreed within the
region.16. Thenegotiation ofthevarious bilateral
agreements hasledtogrowing differences in
treatment ofdomestic industries, since tariffs
arebeing phased outovervarying periods for
different goods, andunder different time-frames
overall, under eachagreement. Theresulting
complexity isreinforced bythefactthatrules
oforigin alsodiffer among agreements andby
sector. Thisrenders theirconsistent application
difficult andcould alsoleadtosub-optimal
sourcing.
17. Chile'scurrent preoccupation with
regionalism reflects aclear concern nottobe
leftoutside thegrowing number ofpreferential
schemes andlosemarkets toinsiders, butthe
announced intention tomake further unilateral
tariff cuts demonstrates itssimultaneous
commitment tothepursuit ofliberal trade
policies onanMFN basis. Thepossibility of
locking inthese reforms through binding
commitments atthemultilateral levelessentially
depends onthewillingness ofother WTO
partners tomove forward inasimilar manner,
e.g.through anewround oftrade-liberalizing
negotiations.
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