RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONS/C/W/27/Add.1
30 October 2000
(00-4520)
Council for Trade in Services
A REVIEW OF STATISTICS ON TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES
Note by the Secretariat
Addendum
This document responds to a request expressed by the Council for Trade in Services at its
meeting of 13 and 14 July 2000.  Updating a previous note issued in November 1997, it provides an
overview of current statistics on international services trade and, on that basis, of the performance of
individual countries and regions.  To facilitate comparison, the Annex Tables are organized in thesame way, and carry the same numbers, as the corresponding Tables in the initial note (S/C/W/27).
The following presentation is organised in five sections.  A brief introduction is followed by a
description of recent trade developments, at an aggregate and sectoral level, on the basis of balance of
payments statistics.  Section III contains information on Foreign Affiliates Trade for the UnitedStates.  Section IV presents indicators concerning the presence of natural persons as a mode of supply,
followed by a few concluding remarks.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRO DUCTION ................................................................................................................. ...5
II. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTOR S BASED ON BOP STATISTICS ..................7
(a) Overview of trends in services  trade....................................................................................7
(b) Transportation.............................................................................................................. ........8
(c) Travel ...................................................................................................................... .............9
(d) Communi cations .............................................................................................................. ....9
(e) Construction................................................................................................................ .........9
(f) Financial services.......................................................................................................... .....10
(g) Insur ance................................................................................................................... .........10
(h) Computer and info rmation se rvices ...................................................................................10
(i) Other busin ess serv ices ..................................................................................................... .11
(j) Royalties an d licence fees.................................................................................................. 11
(k) Personal, cultural a nd recreational services .......................................................................11
III. FOREIGN AFFILIATES T RADE (FAT) ST ATISTICS....................................................11
IV. ESTIMATING TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESENCE OF
NATURAL PERS ONS ...........................................................................................................16
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................17
ANNEX A ........................................................................................................................ .....................19
ANNEX B........................................................................................................................ ......................37
STATISTICAL  SOURCE S............................................................................................................ .....46S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 3
TABLES AND CHARTS IN THE TEXT
Table 1: Coverage: Number of countries reporting trade data for specific services
sectors, 1996-98   6
Table 2: Total commercial services trade of the United States  12
Table 3: U.S. trade in transport services, 1997   13
Table 4: U.S. trade in telecommunications (BOP) and communications (MOFAs and
MOUSAs), 1997  13
Table 5: U.S. trade in insurance services, 1997  13
Table 6: U.S. trade in computer and data processing services, 1997  14Table 7: U.S. trade in accounting, management and related services, 1997  15
Table 8: U.S. trade in advertising services, 1997  15
Table 9: Growth of U.S. BOP and Foreign Affiliates Trade, 1996-97  16
Table 10: Compensation of employees by originating and host country in 1994-98  17S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 4
ANNEX TABLES
Table A1: Share of goods and commercial services in total trade of selected regions
   and economies, 1999  19
Table A2: World exports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-99  20
Table A3: World imports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-99  20
Table A4: World trade in commercial services by category, 1990-99  21
Table A5: World trade in "other commercial services" by category, 1996-98  21
Table A6: Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 1999  22
Table A7: Share of top five and top ten expo rters and importers of commercial services
   in 1998  23
Table A8: Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 1999  24
Table A9: World seaborne trade for the years 1970, 1995, 1997-98 and 1999-2000
   by types of cargo and country groups  25
Table A10: Structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups as
   at 31 December 1998  26
Table A11: 35 most important maritime countries by ownership of vessels,
   as at 31 December 1998   27
Table A12: Passengers carried on scheduled flights in 1998, total and
   international operations   28
Table A13: Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights in 1999  29
Table A14: Freight carried on scheduled flights in 1999  29
Table A15: Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 1999  30
Table A16: Top 20 tourism destinations in 1980 and 1997  31
Table A17: Top 20 exporters and importers of communications services in 1998  31Table A18: Total telecommunication services revenue and main telephone lines
   for the top 20 countries in 1998  32
Table A19: International telephone traffic for the top 20 in 1998  32
Table A20: Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services in 1998  33
Table A21: Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services in 1998  33
Table A22: Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services in 1998  34
Table A23: Top 20 exporters and importers of computer and information services in 1998  34Table A24: Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services in 1998  35
Table A25: Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees in 1998  35
Table A26: Top 20 exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational
   services in 1998  36
Table B1: Exports of services in 1998: all countries, 10 main sectors  37
Table B2: Imports of services in 1998: all countries, 10 main sectors  39
Table B3: Exports of services in 1998: 35 countries, all sectors  41
Table B4: Imports of services in 1998: 51 countries, all sectors  43S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 5
I. INTRODUCTION
At the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services, on 13 and 14 July 2000, the
Secretariat was requested to update its previous note on services trade flows.  Like the initial
document (S/C/W/27), this paper draws on a variety of  data to provide a general picture of trade flows
in services under the four modes of supply.  It should be read in conjunction with a previousSecretariat note on services statistics (document S/C/W/5), especially the discussion of data problems
in Section II of that note.  Such problems continue to seriously hamper the description or, even more
ambitiously, the analysis of trade flows in services.
It may be worth recalling, in particular, that the sectoral and modal structure of commitments
under GATS does not coincide with the existing structure of trade statistics.  The activities of foreign-
owned companies in their host country markets – covered by commitments on commercial presence(mode 3) – are not reflected in conventional statistics.  Moreover, the IMF Balance of Payments
Manual classification, on which the only global trade statistics in services are based, is far less
detailed than the UN Central Product Classification (CPC) which, in turn, has provided the building
stones for the Classification List widely used by Members for scheduling purposes
(MTN.GNS/W/120).  However, work is in progress to gradually ease these problems.
Table 1 reveals the sectoral level at which individual countries currently report data to the
IMF.  Sectors such as communication, insurance or  banking services are not further sub-divided,
implying that there is at present no basis in IMF BOP statistics to monitor trade developments, for
example, in basic voice telephony, life insurance or financial leasing services.  The Table also showsthat the ability or willingness of countries to report data for sub-sectors, where these exist
(e.g. passenger transport by air or on sea), is rather limited.
The following presentation is essentially descriptive in nature.  It reflects recent trade
developments in individual countries, regions or sectors, but does not allow for any inferences on thecauses.  For example, changes in country's share in  world trade in a given sector may be attributable
to autonomous demand trends;  valuation effects in the wake of currency movements;  sudden market
upheavals (associated, for example, with the Asian financial crises);  developments in merchandise
trade that have an impact on related producer services (transport, insurance etc.);  or longer-term
changes in an industry's international competitiven ess.  In turn, such changes in competiveness may
be industry-generated, essentially reflecting company decisions, or they may be attributable to
government interventions in markets or longer-ter m structural reforms.  However, one conceivable
factor has not possibly played a leading role to date :  liberalization measures associated with the entry
into force of GATS in January 1995.
As has been noted in previous documents (see, for example, Job No. 2748/Rev.1), the
Secretariat is not aware of any significant policy changes triggered by the entry into force of the
Uruguay Round schedules.  Available evidence suggests that the bindings negotiated in 1993
remained essentially confined to locking in the status quo.  While the economic value of such
bindings – attributable, in particular, to the resu lting gains in transparency and predictability for
market participants – is indisputable, they are unlikely to have impinged noticeably on trade flows.
The extended negotiations on basic telecommunications and financial services reportedly left deeperimprints, in terms of actual liberalization measures, on several countries' trade regimes.  However,
given the implementation dates of the relevant Protocols for most participants – February 1998 and
March 1999, respectively – it is doubtful whether th ey could have affected trade flows within the
timeframe of current statistics.  Although some countries may have liberalized earlier, anticipating the
entry into force of the Protocols and/or pursuin g immediate economic self-interest, there are many
others that have undertaken pre-commitments, in particular on basic telecommunications, to be
implemented only from specified later dates.  It may take years for such commitments to have a
noticeable impact on trade.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 6
The types of statistics used in this document are the same as in the initial note:  balance of
payments (BOP) statistics, sectoral statistics compiled by competent international organizations, and
Foreign Affiliates Trade (FAT) statistics.  Since the range of available sources, and the concepts used,
have remained largely unchanged, interested delegations may want to consult the initial note
(S/C/W/27) for a more detailed presentation.
Table 1: Coverage: Number of countries reporting trade data for specific services sectors,
1996-1998
Code Service description Exports Imports
1996 1997 1998 1996 1997 1998
Total services 143 137 125 143 137 125
1 Transport 139 134 122 142 137 125
1.1   Sea transport 68 68 65 76 78 73
1 . 1 . 1         P a s s e n g e r  t r a n s p o r t  o n  s e a 2 52 73 12 92 93 1
1.1.2         Freight transport on sea 50 52 52 66 68 67
1.1.3         Supporting, auxiliary and other services 47 47 46 43 45 45
1.2   Air transpor t 77 79 72 76 78 72
1.2.1         Passenger transport by air 63 65 64 70 72 67
1.2.2         Freight transport by air 48 52 56 48 51 52
1.2.3         Supporting, auxiliary and other services 53 53 52 52 53 52
1.3   Other transportation 61 66 60 53 57 54
1.3.1         Passenger 35 37 36 30 37 35
1 . 3 . 2         F r e i g h t 4 64 84 53 94 24 2
1.3.3         Other transportation services 42 48 48 37 41 40
2 Travel 139 134 122 140 135 123
2.1   Business travel 45 50 46 57 61 60
2.2   Personal travel 67 70 69 75 78 76
2.2.1         Health-related expenditure 21 21 18 32 31 31
2.2.2         Education-related expenditure 31 31 30 45 42 38
2.2.3         Other personal travel 53 54 52 60 59 58
3 Communications services 97 97 95 95 95 96
4 Construction services 50 59 59 60 65 63
5 Insurance services 106 101 92 125 121 111
6 Financial services 62 69 70 68 72 77
7 Computer and information services 51 53 55 53 56 62
8 Royalties and licence fees 57 60 62 87 82 79
9 Other business services 134 130 117 142 134 122
9.1   Merchanting and other trade-related services 50 52 50 48 49 47
9.2   Operational leasing 40 44 44 48 51 55
9.3   Miscellaneous business, professional and technical services 89 87 83 92 90 87
9.3.1 Legal, accounting, management, consulting and public 
relations services24 27 27 32 30 30
9.3.2 Advertising, market research and public opinion polling 
services24 27 27 25 29 29
9.3.3   Research and development services 17 20 20 17 19 19
9.3.4   Architectural, engineering and other technical services 18 22 25 19 24 25
9.3.5   Agricultural, mining and on-site processing services 10 13 15 11 16 18
9.3.6   Other services 52 46 48 56 49 50
10 Personal, cultural and recreational services 46 50 51 53 57 60
10.1   Audio-visual and related services 29 33 31 34 38 40
10.2   Other personal, cultural and recreational services 32 34 35 37 40 43
Source: compiled by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 7
II. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTORS BASED ON BOP STATISTICS
As noted in the initial document, the trade values and country rankings presented below must
not only be viewed in the context of possible (macro-)economic disturbances, but a variety of
technical/statistical constraints, including gaps in data availability.  Especially at the detailed sectoral
level, differences in reporting, reliability, definitions and collection methods must be taken intoaccount.  While, depending on data availability, the most recent years covered are either 1998 or
1999, it needs to be noted that all 1999 data are provisional and may include Secretariat estimates.
Abrupt changes in individual countries' positi on compared to the previous note may be due to
(methodological) changes in data preparation and presentation, as well as to the inclusion of
additional countries in individual data sets.  The reported shares in world trade and associated country
rankings necessarily cover only those countries that  actually provided information for the sectors and
years concerned.  It is worth noting, however, that the number of reporting countries – and thus the
coverage of the statistics presented below – has improved in recent years.
(a) Overview of trends in services trade
The share of commercial services, measured on a balance of payments basis, in total world
exports and imports of goods and services has remained virtually unchanged since the mid-1990s.
Table A1 (Annex A) indicates a services share in total world imports of 19.6 per cent in 1999, which
differs by no more than 0.1 percentage point from the share reported in the initial document for 1995.
There are some interesting regional variations in this proportion.
On the export side, North America and Western Europe continued to record above-average
shares of services in their total exports, while Latin America and Asia remained below the global
average.  Africa changed position;  in 1999, the services share in its total exports of goods and
services exceeded, by a relatively narrow margin, the world average.  However, this is not necessarily
indicative of a particularly dynamic services sector, but may be attributed as well to weak worldmarkets for major merchandise exports, including oil.  The recent oil price hike is not yet reflected in
these data.  On the import side, Africa, Asia and Western Europe continued to record services shares
in their total trade above the world average, while the Americas remained below.
Over the past 15 years, North America, in particular the United States, and Asia appear to
have gained ground on world services markets.  North America's share in total world services exports
increased by over 2 percentage points from 1985 to exceed 21 per cent in 1999, while Asia's share
rose by almost 3½ percentage points to reach 19½ per cent over the same period (Table A2).  By
contrast, services exports from Western Europe, Africa and Latin America grew below the world
average.  (The figures for Western Europe include intra-EC trade).  Interestingly, some very
significant changes took place within a very short period, between 1996 and 1999.  For example,
according to Table A2 in the initial document (S/C/W/27), as recently as 1996 the North Americanshare in world services exports amounted to only 18 per cent, down from 19 per cent in 1990.  The
increase referred to above thus occurred in no more than three years.  This might reflect the existence
of short-term, transient factors such as the valuation effects attributable to the dollar's recent strength.
In a similar vein, North America's share in world services imports, some 12 per cent in 1990, shrunk
about 1½ percentage points by the mid-1990s to rise again and exceed 13 per cent in 1999 (Table A3).
The data provided for other regions – showing declining shares in world services imports for Latin
America and Africa as well as increases for Western Europe and Asia (1985-1999) – should be read
with a similar degree of caution.
More than half of world trade in commercial services is made up of travel and transportation
services (Table A4).  Over the last couple of years, however, other commercial services (insurance,
banking, telecommunication and so forth) have tended to expand faster than these two categories.  It
needs to be borne in mind that travel is a blanket category that covers all expenditure by travellersS/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 8
abroad, including spending for other services like accommodation and telecommunications as well as
for goods.
Dependence on travel and transportation services may pose a structural problem for producer
countries, including not least many developing economies.  Supplies in these sectors are closelyrelated to physical movements of persons and goods – and, thus, to merchandise trade - rather than to
movements of knowledge and information.  In turn, this implies a strong cyclical influence on the
industry, which does not seem to benefit from genuine shifts in world production and demand.
1
Table A5 seeks to provide a more disaggregated picture of the relative importance of
particular sectors within other commercial services.  However, as in the initial document, this picture
suffers from many countries not reporting statistics for each sub-sector.  Other business services, the
largest category within other commercial services, is a catch-all for all unreported sectors.  Royalties
and licence fees, another important sub-category, are treated as part of services in IMF BOP statistics,
although it is only the franchising segment that falls under GATS (as a sub-sector of distribution
services – see below).
The share of the top 15 traders of commercial services - 71 per cent and 68 per cent of world
exports and imports, respectively – has not changed significantly since the mid-1990s (Table A6).
The dramatic annual changes reported for individual countries might be due to problems such as gaps
or inaccuracies in reporting, exchange rate fluctuations, etc., rather than to any sudden changes in
trade performance.  As in the initial document, Table A7 provides estimates of the share of the top 5and top 10 exporters and importers in reported trade in each commercial services sector;  the relative
importance of non-reporting countries in individual areas was estimated on the basis of their share in
total trade in commercial services.  Elements of Table A7 are further discussed below in their sectoral
context.
(b) Transportation
In the BPM-5 Classification, transportation is divided into sea, air and other transport, with
each category subdivided further into passenger, freight and other.
2  Table A8 presents the 15 leading
exporters and importers of transportation services in 1999.  Neither the country rankings nor the
shares of the top five exporters and importers, 45 and 44 per cent, respectively, have changed
significantly since the mid-1990s (Table A7).
Tables A9 to A11 present more disaggregated data for maritime transport services as reported
in UNCTAD's Reviews of Maritime Transport.  Table A9 demonstrates the importance of maritime
transport for trade in goods.  It distinguishes between goods loaded (exports) and goods unloaded
(imports), types of goods (crude oil, oil products, and dry cargo), and country groups.  Table A10
presents the structure of the merchant fleets of the main country groups at year-end 1999, indicatingsignificant capacity increases, in the vicinity of 15 per cent, since the mid-1990s for open registry
countries and reductions for developing countries as well as central and eastern European countries.
Table A11 shows the 35 most important maritime countries in December 1998, most of whom have
increased their tonnage over the past three years;  notable exceptions among the larger traders are the
Russian Federation, the United States and the United Kingdom.
In 1999, the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom were the top air transport
operators in terms of both the number passengers carried and kilometres performed (Tables A12 and
                                                     
1 Rolf J. Langhammer, Developing Countries as Ex porters of Services:  Looking Beyond Success
Episodes , Kiel Working Paper No. 992, July 2000.
2 According to BPM-5 guidelines, "ship repairs" ar e included not in the services account, but in the
goods account as part of the general category "repairs on goods".  However, "maintenance" of ship is includedin "other transportation".S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 9
A13).  All leading operators, except Russia which ranked eighth in 1995, expanded significantly over
the recent past.  (Russia's operations contracted by about one quarter.)  The United States managed to
further consolidate its leading position, with over 6 times as many passenger kilometres performed as
the second largest supplier, Japan.  The picture for air freight is largely the same (Table A14).
(c) Travel
As noted before, the BOP category travel covers all spending by travellers abroad, including
purchases of goods, and is not subdivided into the different categories of services acquired by
travellers.  Table A15 presents the 15 leading exporters and importers of travel services in 1999.  The
United States has not only retained its leading position as the world's largest exporter, far ahead of
several EC Member States, but has also changed ranks with Germany to become the largest importer.
Again, exchange rate effects may have played a role.  The share of the five leading exporters andimporters in total world trade in this sector has increased, respectively, by 4 and 2 percentage points
since 1995 to reach 49 per cent (exports) and 51 per cent in 1998.
France, the United States, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom were the top five tourism
destinations in 1997 as shown in Table A16.  There are very little changes compared to the situation
in 1980.
(d) Communications
The BPM-5 classification of communication services groups together postal, courier and
telecommunication services;  audiovisual services are reported separately as an element of personal,cultural and recreational services.
Table A17 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of communication services among
those countries that reported to the IMF in 1998.  The United States has remained both the largest
exporter and importer compared to 1995.  However, while its share on the export side has declined byover 3 percentage points, from close to 19 to 15½ per cent, its share in world imports dropped more
dramatically, from 35½ to 28½ per cent.  Adjustments in accounting rate regimes, as a result of
commercialization and privatization in many count ries' telecommunication sectors, and the valuation
effect of a strengthening US dollar might have play ed a role.  The top five traders of communication
services in 1998 accounted for close to 42 per cent and 57 per cent of reported exports and imports,
down by some 7 and 10 percentage points from the corresponding shares in 1995.
Table A18 presents the top 20 revenue-earners of telecommunication services and the top
20 countries in terms of main telephone lines in 1998.  As data on local and long-distance traffic is
sketchy, Table A19 presents only international ou tgoing and incoming telephone traffic for the top
20 countries for the same period.
(e) Construction
Table A20 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of construction services among the
countries that reported to the IMF in 1998.  Japan and Germany retained their leading roles as
exporters and importers, respectively.  The top five traders in 1998 accounted for approximately
69 and 70 per cent of reported exports and imports of construction services, as compared to 61 and69 per cent, in 1995.
3
                                                     
3 Table A7 shows that the estimated shares of total reported exports and imports of construction
services represent 85 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively, of total world trade in commercial services.
Although this is among the lowest coverage ratios for any of the large services sectors, it is significantly betterthan in 1995 (73 per cent and 70 per cent, respectively).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 10
Two points are worth noting in this context:  first, the one-year rule of minimum local
presence, used for determining the residency status of  an entity, is interpreted flexibly for construction
services.  Many situations of temporary commercial presence are thus captured.  Second, goods
imported by construction companies for their projects are included in the data as well, implying that
the "true" services component tends to be overrated.
(f) Financial services
Table A21 presents the 20 leading exporters and importers of financial services (other than
insurance) for reporting countries in 1998.4  Not surprisingly, given strong recent dollar appreciations,
the United States significantly expanded its share.   Since 1995, its contribution to world exports
increased by no less than 8 percentage points to exceed one quarter, while its import share rose from
9 to 14½ per cent.  Equally remarkable is the strong contraction of Italy's financial services imports,by about one third in value, which in turn is reflected in its falling from first to third rank.
The information provided in this sector is su bject to significant distortions, in addition to
exchange rate-related influences.  Switzerland and the United Kingdom report financial services trade
only on a net basis, and not separately for exports and imports.  Since both countries have tradesurpluses, Table A21 reports them as exporters.  Moreover, national statistics have undergone huge
revisions in the past, adding to the fragility of the data.
5
(g) Insurance
Table A22 presents the leading exporters and importers of insurance services.6  The top ten
exporters and importers accounted for approximately 73 per cent and 66 per cent of total exports and
imports, respectively, which is eleven and six percentage points lower than the corresponding shares
in 1995.  There are enormous changes in individual country data which may cast doubts on the
reliability and comparability of the information provided.  Certain data breaks may have been caused
by switches from gross to net premiums or insurance service charges in particular years.
(h) Computer and information services
Table A23 contains similarly surprising changes.  The world's largest exporters in 1998,
Ireland and the United States, were not included in the IMF's database in 1995 and, thus, did not show
up in the relevant table.  The importance of these two suppliers that accounted, respectively, for
19 and 16 per cent of world exports in 1998, is reflected in dramatic changes for other countries, most
notably the United Kingdom whose share among exporters came down from 26 to 10½ per cent.
The estimated share of reported exports in total exports in this sector amounted to no more
than 49 per cent in 1995, but increased to 83 per cent in 1998 (Table A7).  Nevertheless, this is still
the lowest ratio among all commercial services sectors.
                                                     
4 As noted in the initial document, the BPM-5 Classification of financial services covers financial
intermediary and auxiliary services (except those of  insurance enterprises and pension funds) conducted
between residents and non-residents.  Included are intermediary service fees, such as those associated withletters of credit, bankers' acceptances, lines of credit, fina ncial leasing, and foreign exchange transactions.  Also
included are commissions and fees related to transactions in securities - brokerage, placements of issues,underwritings, redemptions, and arrangements of swaps, options, and other hedging instruments; commissionsof commodity futures traders;  and services related to asset management, financial market operational and
regulatory services, security custody services, etc.
5 See page 15 in document S/C/W/27.
6 In BOP statistics, insurance services  are valued by service charges in cluded in total premiums earned
rather than by total premiums.  The BPM-5 classification does not include any sub-component for insuranceservices.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 11
(i) Other business services
The United States remained the world's largest exporter of other business services, while
Germany replaced Japan as the leading importer between 1995 and 1998 (Table A24).  The share of
the ten leading exporters and importers in this sector - 65 and 60 per cent, respectively – remained
unchanged.7
(j) Royalties and licence fees
Nor surprisingly, the United States continued to be the world's dominant "exporter"  of
royalties and licence fees, accounting for more than half of global revenue in this sector (Table A25).
The following five countries (Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and France) also
maintained their positions between 1995 and 1998.  This contrasts with some significant changes on
the import side, where Japan reduced its share by 6½ percentage points, corresponding to a 3 per centreduction in values, and fell to second place behind the U.S.  Even more remarkable is the change for
Ireland which reportedly experienced an almost threefold increase in royalties and fees transferred
and, correspondingly, saw its share among "importers" rise from 6 to over 12 per cent.  Again, this
may be due in part to a broader coverage of recent statistics:  the estimated share of reported imports
in total world imports of royalties and licence fees increased from 84 per cent in 1995 to 90 per centin 1998.
It needs to be noted that the IMF category "royalties and license fees" is far wider than the
relevant category - franchising - in the Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS/W/120).
Franchising is listed under distribution services, with CPC number 8929 attached.  (The relevantdefinition in CPC reads:  "Royalties for the right to use … exclusive rights …, not elsewhere
classified, owned by other economic agents".)
8
(k) Personal, cultural and recreational services9
This is another sector where improvements in data collection, possibly combined with
exchange rate movements, seemed to have strongly  influenced reported trade patterns.  Between 1995
and 1998, the estimated share of reported trade in total world trade in this sector increased by about
10 percentage points to reach 86 per cent for exports and 84 per cent for imports.  Whatever the
reasons, according to Table A26, the United States was the leading exporter in 1998, accounting for
some 26 per cent of world exports and replacing the United Kingdom, whose share declined on paper
from over 30 per cent (1995) to no more than 8 per cent.  Among importers, Germany fell from first
to second rank to be replaced by Turkey.  The decline reported for the UK - from number two tonumber nine – is almost as dramatic as its losses on the export side.
III. FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE (FAT) STATISTICS
As indicated before, the United States is the only country which has been regularly collecting
Foreign Affiliates Trade statistics, though other – mainly – OECD countries are now beginning to do
so.  For example, the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) has set up a Task
                                                     
7 The relevant IMF classification includes merchanting and other trade elated services, operational
leasing and miscellaneous business, professional and t echnical services.  Merchanting and other trade related
services are related to elements of distribution services in the W/120 classification, while operation leasingservices relate to rental/leasing services which in turn is a sub-set of business services.  Miscellaneous business,
professional and technical services in the IMF classifi cation cover elements of professional services, research
and development services, advertising services and other business services in the W/120 classification.
8 It is not entirely clear why such royalties have been listed in W/120, while payments for the use of
patents, copyrights or trademarks have not been included.
9 The BPM-5 Classification, personal, cultural and recreational services captures transactions related to
the W/120 category personal, cultural and sporting services together with audiovisual and related services.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 12
Force to help develop Foreign Affiliates statistics.  A forthcoming publication will present 1997 data
for selected EC Member States.
It is important to bear in mind that BOP and FAT data are not directly comparable.  BOP
transactions are mainly classified by type of service, whereas data on sales by foreign affiliates arebroken down according to the primary industry of the affiliate.  There is generally no direct
concordance between these two classifications.  Moreover, as minority-owned foreign affiliates
escape registration, FAT statistics may underestimate the commercial presence mode of supply.  (A
number of minority-owned foreign affiliates are presumably controlled by the foreign parent
company.)
The relative importance of trade under different modes varies widely between sectors.  This
may be due either to technology-related constraints, impinging in turn on transmission cost, or to
policy-induced restrictions.  A relatively high degree of affiliates trade in a particular service sector
might thus imply that cross-border supplies are not technically feasible or that they are not allowed in
the jurisdiction concerned.
Available data for the United States capture, on the one hand, sales of services to foreign
persons by Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates (MOFAs) of U.S. companies and, on the other hand,
sales of services by Majority-Owned Affiliates of Foreign companies in the U.S. (MOUSAs).
MOFAs data are broken down by country of affiliate while MOUSAs are structured by country of
Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO).
10  Table 2 presents aggregate figures for BOP and foreign
affiliates trade for the period 1994 to 1997, the most recent year for which statistics are available.  As
in preceding years (see Table 3 in the initial do cument), the relative importance of the two types of
transactions does not differ dramatically at the aggregate level.  However, sales through affiliates have
started exceeding BOP exports while, on the import side, the gap between purchases through affiliates
and BOP imports has increased.  In other words, from a U.S. perspective, mode 3 has gained inimportance as compared to trade under other modes.
Table 2: Total commercial servi ces trade of the United States
(Million dollars and percentage)
1994 1996 1997 Annual
changeAnnual
change
1996 1997
BOP (exports) 186001 221120 240443 9.4 8.7
MOFAs 159149 223175 258253 17.4 15.7
BOP (imports) 119101 137081 152447 6.4 11.2
MOUSAs 145414 168444 205548 12.5 22.0
MOFA: Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliate MOUSA:  Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliate
Source:  Compiled by the Secretariat from the Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
Table 3 compares receipts and payments of transportation services from BOP transactions and
foreign affiliates transactions for the United States.  As in 1994 (Table 4 in the initial document), BOP
transactions in 1997 accounted for more than 80 percent of total receipts and total payments.  Europe
has continued to be the United States' main trading partner for these services.
                                                     
10 The U.S. data are particularly useful for comparisons between BOP- and FAT-related sales, given
that  (i) they are available for several service sectors, broken down by partner country;  (ii) FAT sales do not
include exports to the country of origin, which prevents an overlap with BOP data;  and (iii) sectoral BOPstatistics are available for unaffiliated partners only, which prevents double counting in certain instances.However, the non-inclusion of intra-firm transactions is likely to lead to substantial underreporting of BOPtransactions in sectors such as in  finance, accounting or advertising.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 13
Table 3: U.S. trade in transport services, 1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe  America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts) 47795 3734 15008 8370 8672 928 11083
MOFAs sales 11061 1974 4837 536 364 205 3145
BOP imports (payments) 47097 3507 19647 5245 4939 776 12983
MOUSAs sales 13684 3919 5424 298 2413 31 1599
Source:  Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
While the U.S. BOP classification provides a category for telecommunication services, there
is no category for other communication services.  On the other hand, FAT statistics classify
communication services only as a whole.  Table 4 co ntains (rudimentary) information of the situation
in 1997.
Table 4: U.S. trade in telecommunications (BOP) and communications services (MOFAs and MOUSAs),
1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe  America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts) 3949 300 1229 1025 223 89 1083
MOFAs sales 8807 (a) 3957 2174 70 101 (a)
BOP imports (payments) 8351 333 1370 2984 318 138 3208
MOUSAs sales (a) 378 1227 (a) 0 0 (a)
(a) Confidential
Source:  Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
Table 5 shows that commercial presence is by far the dominant mode of supplying insurance
services in the United States.  A comparison with 1994 data (see initial document) reveals that
(a) reliance on commercial presence has further increased and (b) Europe has become even more
important on the export and, in particular, the import side.
Table 5:  U.S. trade in insurance services, 1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe  America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts) 6133 996 2568 1391 484 117 577
MOFAs sales 47240 4457 17249 8573 8984 465 7512
BOP imports (payments) 15233 1094 6877 6709 260 189 104
MOUSAs sales 58958 9761 48144 178 622 (a) (a)
(a)  Confidential
Note: Values refer to gross premiums.
Source: Survey of Current Business (1999, October)S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 14
The picture for computer and data processing services, a sub-sector of business services, is
basically the same:  commercial presence is the dominant mode of supply and Europe the focal
trading partner (Table 6).11  There are no conspicuous differences compared to 1994.
Table 6:  U.S. trade in computer and data processing services, 1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe  America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts)
  Computer and data processing services 2065 224 892 210 290 118 331
  Data base and other information services 1467 150 703 149 110 76 279  Total of above 3532 374 1595 359 400 194 610
MOFAs sales (a) 1465 (a) (a) 2591 2036 (a)
BOP imports (payments)
  Computer and data processing services 276 71 104 9 20 11 61  Data base and other information services 141 2 100 3 16 1 19Total of above 417 73 204 12 36 12 80
MOUSAs sales 2669 7 2523 0 134 3 2
(a) Confidential
Source:  Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
Table 7 presents U.S. BOP receipts and payments in various professional services
(management, consulting and pubic relations services;  accounting, auditing and bookkeeping
services;  and research, development and testing) as well as FAT sales in accounting, research,
management and related services.  (The comparison between these statistical sources and, thus,
between commercial presence and other modes of supply is not only hampered by the lack of
concordance between BOP and FAT classifications, but also by data gaps.)  Although the three BOPcategories combined are broader in coverage than the FAT classification, transactions under the latter
classification, i.e. sales by foreign affiliates, are far more economically important.  In turn, this
implies that commercial presence is the dominant m ode of supply for the United States in these
services;  Europe is the dominant trading partner, and there have been no significant changes since
1994.
                                                     
11 In BOP classifications, "packaged" software are excluded from computer and related services and
recorded in goods trade.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 15
Table 7: U.S. trade in accounting, management and related services, 1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts)
  Management, consulting & public relations services 1596 173 604 223 126 48 422
  Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services 331 … … … … … …  Research, development and testing 896 64 362 30 239 30 171
  Total of above 2823 … … … … … …
MOFAs sales  Accounting, research, management & related services 8529 895 5545 414 310 380 985
BOP imports (payments)
  Management, consulting & public related services 731 95 274 88 31 24 219
  Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping services 280 … … … … … …
  Research, development and testing 568 52 322 32 24 9 129  Total of above 1579 … … … … … …MOUSAs sales  Accounting, research, management & related services 459 (a) 244 61 (a) 0 (a)
(a) Confidential
Source:  Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
Table 8 corroborates the above observations for advertising services, which are classified as a
distinct professional services in U.S. statistics.
Table 8: U.S. trade in advertising services, 1997
(Million dollars)
Latin
Total Canada Europe America Japan Australia Other
BOP exports (receipts) 624 115 269 113 54 22 51
MOFAs sales (a) 380 4012 482 171 210 (a)
BOP imports (payments) 859 53 342 48 291 23 102
MOUSAs sales 3976 11 3863 0 (a) 0 (a)
(a) Confidential
Source: Survey of Current Business (1999, October)S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 16
Table 9 shows recent growth rates of BOP trade and Foreign Affiliates Trade in various
services sectors of the U.S. economy.  It is difficult, however, to draw any conclusions;  comparisons
with a similar table in the initial note suffer from various confidentiality-related data gaps.
Table 9: Growth of U.S. BOP and Foreign Affiliates Trade, 1996-97
(Percentage)
Sectors Growth rates 1996-97
BOP exports MOFAs sales BOP imports MOUSAs sales
Telecommunications & communications 19.6 38.7 0.7 (a)
Transport 2.8 4.1 9.0 13.0
Insurance 3.4 15.2 4.9 3.8
Accounting, management and related services 19.5 10.2 44.3 (a)
Advertising 14.9 (a) -11.5 8.9
Computer and data processing services 27.7 (a) 0.0 -19.1
(a) Confidential
Source: Survey of Current Business (1999, October)
IV. ESTIMATING TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESENCE OF NATURAL
PERSONS
A noted in previous Secretariat papers (e.g . document S/C/W/75, 8 December 1998) there are
no comprehensive statistics capturing trade taking place through mode 4, the presence of natural
persons.12  According to BOP conventions, service suppliers who are present for less than a year in
foreign markets are considered non-residents.  Their commercial activities are captured in the relevant
services categories of BOP statistics - but not recorded separately from cross-border sales.  Employeesof service suppliers are also covered by the relevant definition in Article I:2 of the GATS.  Their
earnings are an unidentifiable ingredient of the BOP category "compensation of employees", which
records the earnings of all natural persons established abroad for less than one year, regardless of
whether they work in goods or services sectors.
Table 10 presents these data, nevertheless, given the absence of a better indicator of mode 4
trade at global level.  The Philippines have remained the largest creditor, i.e. recipient of
compensation of employees abroad, and the United States the largest debtor.  A comparison with the
previous note indicates very signficant data revisions for the United States;  the revised 1994 figures
(US$5952 million) are now 4½ times higher than before.  As already indicated, the earnings of naturalpersons residing abroad for more than one year are not covered by BOP statistics, but only their
transfers ("workers' remittances").
                                                     
12 It may be added that, in addition to data problems, there may be uncertainties concerning the "true"
scope of mode 4 commitments, including their precise demarcation with mode 3.  For example, it might beargued that movements of persons directly related to the exercise of rights conferred under mode 3(e.g. temporary presence of CEOs to recruit and instruct the local management) would not fall under mode 4trade.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 17
Table 10: Compensation of employees in 1994-1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Percentage
changePercentage
change
Rank Credit 1994 1997 1998 98/97 Rank Debit 1994 1997 1998 98/97
1 Philippines 3009 5742 4926 -14.2 1 United States 5952 6756 7106 5.2
2 Belgium-Luxembourg 3524 3983 3898 -2.1 2 Switzerland 6078 5565 5528 -0.73 Germany 4394 3831 3879 1.3 3 Germany 4199 4787 4822 0.7
4 France 2336 2365 2493 5.4 4 Belgium-Luxembourg 1712 2508 2712 8.1
5 United States 1543 1802 1857 3.1 5 Israel 919 2116 2304 8.86 Italy 1901 1844 1745 -5.4 6 Italy 1905 1698 1822 7.47 Thailand 1281 1658 1424 -14.1 7 United Kingdom 1306 1513 1409 -6.98 United Kingdom 1045 1649 1392 -15.6 8 France 1445 1146 1171 2.29 Switzerland 1060 1064 1038 -2.4 9 Netherlands 760 962 986 2.4
10 Austria 845 915 937 2.4 10 Sweden 202 356 541 52.1
11 Mexico 647 681 876 28.6 11 Norway 475 526 502 -4.612 Denmark 439 852 765 -10.2 12 Australia 235 447 498 11.413 Netherlands 511 660 630 -4.6 13 Russia 221 568 465 -18.114 Australia 387 527 490 -4.6 14 South Africa 572 492 419 -14.815 Korea 785 706 446 -7.1 15 Austria 292 343 374 9.1
16 Finland 67 235 375 -36.8 16 Czech Republic 55 340 350 2.8
17 Japan 874 353 331 59.6 17 Denmark 200 370 346 -6.318 Spain 104 240 310 -6.1 18 Japan 1583 341 313 -8.319 Russia 108 227 301 29.1 19 Spain 101 243 307 26.620 Lesotho 320 378 293 32.6 20 Brazil 190 203 177 -12.8
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
This paper has updated a variety of services-related statistics compiled by the Secretariat in
late 1997.  As noted, these statistics suffer from a variety of shortcomings, including high levels of
aggregation, inconsistencies between sources, gaps  in country and sector coverage, methodological
problems and data breaks.  However, improvements in data collection and processing are in sight.  An
increasing number of countries is reporting in accordance with the more disaggregated classificationintroduced in the 5th edition of the IMF's BOP Manual;  several – mainly – OECD members have
started work on Foreign Affiliates Trade statistics;  and, finally, the Inter-Agency Task Force on
Trade in Services Statistics is in the process of developing a common manual that seeks to improve
coverage and accuracy, at a more detailed level, of services statistics.
13  However, changes in statistics
need time and resources;  they can result only from a long-term process that depends on both theavailability of professional expertise in as many countries as possible and governments' willingness to
provide for adequate funding.  Nevertheless, even in the best of all circumstances, it will never be
possible to attain a level of reporting in services that is comparable in breadth, depth and accuracy to
current statistics in merchandise trade.  But this may not in any event be an appropriate objective to
aim at in services.
Some methodological problems may prove insurmountable in the foreseeable future.  This
includes not least the distinction between price and volume data in services production and trade.  For
instance, if trade values in a particular services sector increase over time, to what extent is this due to:
(i) changing market conditions (i.e. changes in relative prices);  (ii) macro economic factors
(including exchange rate movements and inflation);  (iii) improvements in product quality;
(iv) changing product composition within the sector;  or (v) increased trade volumes?  In turn, this
                                                     
13  The Task Force is convened by OECD and brings together member of the Statistical Office of the
European Communities (Eurostat),the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations Statistics Division,UNCTAD, the Word Bank, and the WTO Secretariat.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 18
implies that it is even more important in services  than in merchandise trade to assess the significance
of empirical information in the wider context of potentially relevant market and policy developments.
Despite the qualifications noted above, trade statistics are of course an important instrument
for monitoring market developments in services - if they are used with care and in recognition of their
limitations.  As serious as such limitations may be, nevertheless, they should not be exaggerated from
a negotiating perspective.  Trade negotiations are not essentially about analysing and, possibly,
balancing trade flows in individual sectors, but achieving a - progressively more liberal and mutually
beneficial - balance of rights and obligations under relevant agreements.  From an economic
perspective it does not really matter whether the results translate into import and/or export expansion
in specified areas, but whether they contribute to removing distortions to the allocation of resources
between and within countries and, thus, to promoting sustainable development.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 19
ANNEX A
Table A1:  Share of goods and commercial services in total trade of selected regions and economies, 1999
(Billion dollars and percentage, base d on balance of payments data)
Exports Imports
Value Percentage share Value Percentage share
Total Goods Commercial
servicesTotal Goods Commercial
services
World 6890 80.4 19.6 6870 80.4 19.6
North America 1216 76.3 23.7 1469 85.1 14.9
 Canada 277 87.7 12.3 259 85.1 14.9
 United States 939 73.0 27.0 1211 85.1 14.9
Latin America 358 85.1 14.9 386 83.8 16.2
 A r g e n t i n a 2 88 4 . 51 5 . 5 3 27 4 . 72 5 . 3
 Brazil 55 87.7 12.3 61 80.5 19.5
 C h i l e 1 98 0 . 81 9 . 2 1 87 7 . 92 2 . 1
 Colombia 14 86.7 13.3 14 76.2 23.8
 Mexico 149 92.0 8.0 156 91.1 8.9
 Venezuela 20 93.4 6.6 19 76.3 23.7
Western Europe 2934 78.2 21.8 2822 78.4 21.6
 A u s t r i a 9 46 7 . 63 2 . 4 9 67 0 . 42 9 . 6
 Belgium-Luxembourg 192 79.6 20.4 182 79.9 20.1
 D e n m a r k 6 57 5 . 82 4 . 2 5 87 3 . 92 6 . 1
 F i n l a n d 4 88 6 . 41 3 . 6 3 88 0 . 02 0 . 0
 France 381 78.3 21.7 341 81.5 18.5
 Germany 619 87.2 12.8 602 77.9 22.1
 G r e e c e 1 53 4 . 56 5 . 5 2 68 0 . 51 9 . 5
 I r e l a n d 8 18 2 . 71 7 . 3 6 96 2 . 23 7 . 8
 Italy 292 79.0 21.0 269 78.3 21.7
 Netherlands 222 75.6 24.4 199 76.2 23.8
 Norway 61 74.8 25.2 56 68.6 31.4
 Portugal 34 75.6 24.4 46 85.9 14.1
 Spain 164 67.7 32.3 170 82.4 17.6
 Sweden 104 82.2 17.8 92 75.0 25.0
 Switzerland 122 78.4 21.6 109 85.2 14.8
 Turkey 45 64.7 35.3 48 82.6 17.4
 United Kingdom 369 72.5 27.5 392 79.2 20.8
Africa 147 80.1 19.9 158 77.7 22.3
 E g y p t 1 53 6 . 16 3 . 9 2 17 1 . 82 8 . 2
 Morocco 10 72.4 27.6 11 86.6 13.4
 Nigeria 14 92.9 7.1 12 72.2 27.8
 South Africa 33 85.6 14.4 30 82.5 17.5
 Tunisia 9 68.0 32.0 9 87.9 12.1
Asia 1788 85.3 14.7 1616 79.2 20.8
 A u s t r a l i a 7 37 6 . 52 3 . 5 8 47 8 . 62 1 . 4
 China 218 89.2 10.8 189 83.8 16.2
 Hong Kong, China (a) 210 83.4 16.6 202 87.9 12.1
 I n d i a 5 17 2 . 92 7 . 1 6 37 2 . 62 7 . 4
 Indonesia 53 91.3 8.7 41 72.5 27.5
 Japan 464 87.0 13.0 395 71.1 28.9
 Korea, Rep. of 170 85.4 14.6 143 81.7 18.3
 Malaysia 96 87.5 12.5 76 81.1 18.9
 N e w  Z e a l a n d 1 77 4 . 82 5 . 2 1 87 4 . 32 5 . 7
 P h i l i p p i n e s 3 98 7 . 71 2 . 3 3 77 9 . 62 0 . 4
 Singapore 139 83.0 17.0 123 84.8 15.2
 Taipei, Chinese 136 89.3 10.7 129 81.8 18.2
 Thailand 71 80.0 20.0 57 75.6 24.4
Memorandum item:
 European Union (15) 2680 78.6 21.4 2579 78.2 21.8
(a) The shares are affected by very large amounts of imports of goods for re-export. For example, excluding the re-
exports of goods, commercial services exports exceed domestic exports of goods in the case of Hong Kong, China.
Source: WTO Annual Report 2000 (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 20
Table A2:  World exports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-99
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1999 1985 1990 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999
World 1350 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 4 1 1
North America 288 19.0 19.2 21.3 1 9 3 6
  United States 253 16.6 16.9 18.8 1 9 2 6
Latin America 53 4.7 3.8 4.0 6 7 7 0
  Mexico  (a) 12 1.1 0.9 0.9 2 5 6 -1
  Brazil  (a) 7 0.5 0.5 0.5 -2 23 29 -5
Western Europe 640 50.7 53.1 47.4 -5 2 7 -1
  European Union (15) 574 44.7 47.3 42.6 -5 1 7 0
Africa 29 3.0 2.4 2.2 1 0 -3 8
  Egypt 9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0 0 -14 18
  South Africa 5 0.5 0.4 0.4 -2 7 -1 -6
Asia  (b) 264 16.1 16.8 19.5 14 5 -15 3
  Japan 60 5.4 5.3 4.5 8 3 -9 -2
(a) Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.
(b) Excludes the Middle East.
Note: Growth rates are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross -country
comparability.
Source: WTO Annual Report 2000 (forthcoming).
Table A3:  World imports of commercial services by selected region, 1985-99(Billion dollars and percentage)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1999 1985 1990 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999
World 1345 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 3 2 2
North America 219 17.4 15.4 16.3 6 10 6 8
  United States 180 14.3 12.1 13.4 7 11 8 9
Latin America 62 5.5 4.3 4.6 11 13 5 -6
  Mexico 14 1.3 1.2 1.0 1 19 7 9
  Brazil  (a) 12 0.9 0.8 0.9 39 18 9 -24
Western Europe 609 41.3 48.2 45.3 -6 1 9 1
  European Union (15) 561 37.0 43.0 41.7 -6 0 9 0
Africa 35 5.2 3.3 2.6 5 2 -1 -2
  South Africa 6 0.6 0.4 0.4 5 23 1 1
  Egypt 5 0.7 0.5 0.4 11 6 -9 -1
Asia  (b) 336 20.4 22.0 25.0 9 2 -11 5
  Japan 114 8.7 10.4 8.5 3 -5 -9 3
(a) Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.
(b) Excludes the Middle East.
Note: Growth rates are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross- country
comparability.
Source: WTO Annual Report 2000 (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 21
Table A4:  World trade in commercial services by category, 1990-99
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Value Share Annual percentage change
1999 1990 1999 1996 1997 1998
Exports
All commercial services 1,350 100.0 100.0 7 4 1
Transportation 310 28.5 23.0 2 2 -1
Travel 440 33.8 32.8 7 0 0
Other commercial services 600 37.7 44.2 9 8 2
Imports
All commercial services 1,345 100.0 100.0 6 3 2
Transportation 373 32.1 27.7 2 2 -1
Travel 412 32.0 30.6 6 1 1
Other commercial services 561 35.9 41.7 8 5 5
Note: Growth rates and shares are affected by continui ty breaks in the series.  Exports of transportation
services are significantly under-reported.
Source: WTO Annual Report on International Trade Statistics, 2000 (forthcoming).
Table A5: World trade in "other commercial services" by category, 1996-98.
(Percentage)
Share
1996 1997 1998
Other commercial services 100 100 100
Communications 5 5 5
Construction 7 7 7
I n s u r a n c e 555
Financial 9 9 10
Computer and information 3 3 5
Royalties and licence fees 11 11 12
Other businesses 59 59 55
Personal, cultural and recreational 2 2 3
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 22
Table A6:  Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 1999
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Rank Exporters Value Share Annual
percentage
changeRank Importers Value Share Annual
percentage
change
1 United States 253.4 18.8 6 1 United States 180.4 13.4 9
2 United Kingdom 101.5 7.5 3 2 Germany 132.8 9.9 3
3 France 82.6 6.1 -2 3 Japan 114.2 8.5 3
4 Germany 79.3 5.9 0 4 United Kingdom 81.4 6 4
5 Italy 61.2 4.5 -8 5 France 63.1 4.7 -4
6 Japan 60.3 4.5 -2 6 Italy 58.4 4.3 -7
7 Netherlands 54.2 4 3 7 Netherlands 47.5 3.5 1
8 Spain 53 3.9 8 8 Canada 38.5 2.9 3
9B e l g i u m -
Luxembourg39 2.9 6 9 Belgium-Luxembourg 36.6 2.7 7
10 Hong Kong, China 34.9 2.6 4 10 China 30.7 2.3 16
11 Canada 34.2 2.5 6 11 Spain 30 2.2 11
12 Austria 30.5 2.3 -4 12 Austria 28.3 2.1 -6
13 Switzerland 26.3 1.9 2 13 Korea, Rep. of 26.1 1.9 11
14 Korea, Rep. of 24.8 1.8 4 14 Ireland 26.1 1.9 -9
15 China 23.7 1.8 -1 15 Hong Kong, China 24.5 1.8 -2
16 Singapore 23.6 1.7 25 16 Taipei, Chinese 23.5 1.7 1
17 Sweden 18.4 1.4 4 17 Sweden 23 1.7 6
18 Australia 17.2 1.3 9 18 Singapore 18.8 1.4 8
19 Turkey  a 16 1.2 … 19 Australia 17.9 1.3 6
20 Denmark 15.8 1.2 4 20 Norway 17.7 1.3 16
21 Norway 15.4 1.1 10 21 India 17.2 1.3 21
22 Taipei, Chinese 14.5 1.1 -13 22 Switzerland 16.1 1.2 5
23 Thailand 14.1 1 8 23 Denmark 15.2 1.1 -4
24 Ireland 14 1 -12 24 Malaysia (a) 14.3 1.1 …
25 India 13.9 1 26 25 Thailand 14 1 18
26 Malaysia  (a) 12 0.9 … 26 Mexico 13.8 1 9
27 Mexico 11.8 0.9 -1 27 Russian Fed. 12.4 0.9 -23
28 Israel 10.3 0.8 15 28 Brazil 11.9 0.9 -24
29 Greece  (a) 10.1 0.7 … 29 Indonesia 11.3 0.8 -4
30 Poland 10 0.7 -9 30 Israel 10.8 0.8 12
31 Egypt 9.3 0.7 18 31 Saudi Arabia 9.5 0.7 9
32 Russian Fed. 9.1 0.7 -27 32 Turkey (a) 8.4 0.6 …
33 Portugal 8.3 0.6 -3 33 Argentina 8.2 0.6 -7
34 Czech Rep. 6.8 0.5 -8 34 Poland 7.6 0.6 16
35 Brazil 6.8 0.5 -5 35 Finland 7.6 0.6 -2
36 Finland 6.6 0.5 -2 36 Philippines 7.5 0.6 …
37 Hungary 5.6 0.4 -5 37 Portugal 6.5 0.5 -3
38 Saudi Arabia 5.2 0.4 9 38 Egypt 6 0.4 1
39 South Africa 4.8 0.4 -6 39 Czech Rep. 5.6 0.4 -1
40 Philippines 4.8 0.4 … 40 United Arab Emirates (a) 5.3 0.4 …
Total of above 1240 91.7 - Total of above 1225 90.9 -
World 1350 100 1 World 1345 100 2
(a) WTO Secretariat estimates.
Source: WTO Annual Report on International Trade Statistics, 2000 (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 23Table A7: Share of top 5 and top 10 exporters and importers of commercial services in 1998
(Percentage)
Service sector Share of top 5
exporters in total
reportedShare of top 10
exporters in total
reportedEstimated share
of reporting
countries in
world exports of
commercial
servicesNumber of
countriesreportingShare of top 5
importers in total
reportedShare of top 10
importers in total
reportedEstimated share
of reporting
countries in
world imports of
commercial
servicesNumber of
countriesreporting
Transportation 45 66 99 122 44 60 100 125
Travel 49 63 100 122 51 67 99 123
Communications 42 61 92 95 57 74 92 96
C o n s t r u c t i o n 6 98 98 55 97 08 58 06 3
I n s u r a n c e 5 37 39 49 24 76 69 6 1 1 1
F i n a n c i a l 7 48 98 97 05 47 88 97 7
C o m p u t e r  a n d  i n f o r m a t i o n 6 48 78 35 55 87 98 36 2
Royalties & licence fees 87 96 89 62 62 81 90 79
Other business services 44 65 100 117 40 60 100 122
P e r s o n a l ,  c u l t u r a l 7 38 88 65 15 88 48 46 0
& recreational services
Source: Estimated by the WTO Secretariat from IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 24
Table A8:  Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 1999
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Value Share in world
exports/importsAnnual percentage change
1999 1990 1999 1990-99 1997 1998 1999
Exporters
United States 48.4 16.7 15.6 3 3 -5 6
Japan 22.9 7.9 7.4 3 1 -3 8
Netherlands 20.4 5.8 6.6 5 4 1 -3
Germany 20 6.6 6.5 3 -3 5 -2
France 20 7.3 6.4 2 -4 6 -2
United Kingdom 18.8 6.1 6.1 4 8 4 -1
Hong Kong, China 11.4 3.1 3.7 6 1 -14 0
Korea, Rep. of 11.2 1.4 3.6 15 26 -7 10
Belgium-
Luxembourg9.9 3.3 3.2 3 1 3 0
Italy  (a) 9.8 4.6 3.1 0 -2 0 …
Norway 9.5 3.8 3.1 1 2 -4 12
Spain 7.5 2.1 2.4 5 1 7 2
Denmark 6.9 1.8 2.2 6 -2 4 -6
C a n a d a 6 . 3 1 . 9255 - 16
Singapore 4.6 1 1.5 8 -1 -14 3
Above 15 230 73.5 73.3 4 2 -1 2
Importers
United States 55.8 13.6 15 5 9 7 11
Japan 30.6 10.2 8.2 2 -7 -9 8
Germany 24.4 6.6 6.6 4 -3 7 -3
United Kingdom 23.5 5.7 6.3 5 17 5 3
France 19.6 6.7 5.3 1 -5 1 -2
Netherlands 14.3 4.2 3.8 3 0 9 -3
Italy  (a) 12.6 4.2 3.4 2 -1 0 …
Korea, Rep. of 10.1 1.5 2.7 11 1 -13 12
Canada 8.1 2.2 2.2 4 7 -5 3
China 7.9 1.2 2.1 10 -4 -32 17
Spain 7.7 1.8 2.1 6 2 9 8
Belgium-
Luxembourg7.2 2.3 1.9 2 1 -2 -3
India 7 1.3 1.9 8 6 4 -2
Norway 6.5 2.1 1.8 2 5 -4 27
Denmark 6.4 1.5 1.7 6 4 2 -8
Above 15 240 65.3 65 4 2 0 4
(a) Includes Secretariat estimates.
Source: WTO Annual Report on International Trade Statistics, 2000 (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 25
Table A9: World sea-borne trade for the years 1970, 1995, 1997-1998 and 1999-2000 
(estimates) by types of cargo and country groups(a)
Country group Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded
Oil Dry Total Oil Dry Total
Crude Products Cargo goods Crude Products Cargo goods
(Million tonnes)
World total 1970 1110 332 1124 2566 1101 298 1091 2490
1995 1532 518 2601 4651 1550 508 2685 4743
1997 1626 546 2781 4953 1625 522 2890 5037
1998 1633 548 2884 5064 1631 525 2993 5149
1999 1663 560 2950 5173 1658 536 3062 5256
2000 1681 575 3099 5355 1676 550 3216 5442
(Percentage share of each category of goods in total cargo)
World total 1970 43.3 12.9 43.8 100.0 44.2 12.0 43.8 100.0
1995 33.0 11.1 55.9 100.0 32.7 10.7 56.6 100.0
1997 32.8 11.0 56.1 100.0 32.3 10.4 57.4 100.0
1998 32.2 10.8 56.9 100.0 31.4 10.2 58.4 100.0
1999 32.1 10.8 57.0 100.0 31.6 10.2 58.3 100.0
2000 31.4 10.7 57.9 100.0 30.8 10.1 59.1 100.0
(Percentage share of each region in world total)
Developed market- 1970 1.5 26.7 58.5 29.7 79.9 80.6 78.0 79.1
economy countries 1995 14.0 33.8 63.3 43.8 73.5 82.3 61.9 67.9
1997 11.9 33.7 63.2 43.1 71.6 76.7 61.9 66.9
1998 11.6 33.0 63.3 43.4 71.4 75.3 61.7 66.1
1999 11.6 33.7 63.0 43.3 71.6 75.7 61.8 66.3
2000 11.6 33.7 63.1 43.8 71.7 75.7 61.8 66.2
Countries of 1970 3.4 7.9 7.2 5.7 1.2 1.0 3.8 2.3
Central and 1995 2.6 8.5 3.0 3.5 1.3 0.2 4.6 3.0
Eastern Europe 1997 2.8 9.4 3.2 3.7 1.3 0.2 4.6 3.1
(including the 1998 2.8 9.5 3.2 3.7 1.4 0.2 4.6 3.1
former USSR) 1999 2.9 9.5 3.2 3.8 1.4 0.2 4.6 3.1
2000 2.9 9.5 3.2 3.8 1.4 0.2 4.6 3.2
Developing 1970 95.0 65.4 33.2 64.1 18.4 18.3 16.0 17.3
countries 1995 83.4 57.7 33.7 52.7 25.2 17.5 33.5 29.1
1997 83.7 56.0 31.3 51.2 26.0 20.8 29.9 27.7
1998 84.1 56.6 31.2 51.0 24.8 21.9 30.2 27.6
1999 84.0 55.9 31.5 51.0 24.6 21.7 30.0 27.5
2000 84.0 55.9 31.4 50.6 24.6 21.7 30.1 27.6
(a) Including international cargoes loaded at ports of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence system for unloading at ports of the sam e
system.
Source: UNCTAD (1996 and 1999).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 26
Table A10: Structure of the merchant fleet s of the main country groups, as at
31 December 1998(a)
(Millions of dwt and percentage shares)
World Developed market-
economy countriesMajor open-
registry
countriesCentral and
Eastern Europe
(including
former USSR)Developing
countries
Total fleet 788.7 100.0 202.7 100.0 376.9 100.0 20.8 100.0 150.8 100.0
of which:
Oil tankers 280.6 35.6 83.5 41.2 143.7 38.1 3.5 16.8 44.6 29.6
Bulk carriers 275.5 34.9 49.9 24.6 147.4 39.1 6.1 29.3 55.4 36.7
General cargo 103.4 13.1 20.3 10.0 38.3 10.2 7.5 36.1 27.6 18.3
Containerships 61.2 7.8 22.7 11.2 23.6 6.3 0.4 1.9 10.6 7.0
Other ships 68.0 8.6 26.3 13.0 23.9 6.3 3.3 15.9 12.6 8.4
(a) Ships of 100 grt and over, excluding the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian Great
Lakes fleets.
Source: UNCTAD (1999).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 27
Table A11:  35 most important maritime countries by ownership of vessels, as at 31 December 1998a
Rank Country or territory
of domicilebNumber of vessels Deadweight tonnage
(Million tonnes)Percentage shares
National Foreign Total National Foreign Total Foreign flag Country total as
flagcflag flag flag as percentage percentage of
of country total world total
1 Greece 800 2353 3153 42.78 87.06 129.84 67.05 17.90
2 Japan 854 2107 2961 19.26 75.55 94.79 79.71 13.07
3 Norway 893 732 1625 29.16 24.96 54.11 46.12 7.46
4 United States 472 818 1290 11.26 34.36 45.62 75.31 6.29
5 China 1592 472 2064 21.98 16.37 38.35 42.68 5.29
6 Hong Kong, China 106 467 573 5.76 26.88 32.65 82.31 4.50
7 Germany 599 1193 1792 9.37 17.63 27.00 65.30 3.72
8 Korea, Rep. of 436 428 864 7.10 18.06 25.17 71.77 3.47
9 Sweden 159 244 403 1.33 19.50 20.79 93.60 2.87
10 United Kingdom 388 457 845 6.09 13.80 19.89 69.37 2.74
11 Singapore 454 286 740 11.23 7.82 19.05 41.06 2.63
12 Taipei, Chinese 167 313 480 7.62 10.37 17.99 57.65 2.48
13 Russian Fed. 2198 314 2512 8.97 6.97 15.94 43.71 2.20
14 Denmark 409 268 677 6.63 7.11 13.74 51.75 1.89
15 India 363 66 429 10.68 1.45 12.13 11.98 1.67
16 Italy 451 134 585 7.36 4.63 11.98 38.64 1.65
17 Saudi Arabia 59 67 126 1.03 10.20 11.23 90.85 1.55
18 Turkey 434 56 490 8.60 0.71 9.30 7.60 1.28
19 Brazil 171 24 195 6.06 2.55 8.61 29.56 1.19
20 Belgium 23 136 159 .10 7.60 7.69 98.73 1.06
21 Switzerland 14 213 227 .70 5.55 6.26 88.87 0.86
22 Malaysia 239 51 290 5.16 0.99 6.15 16.12 0.85
23 Iran 148 2 150 5.67 0.08 5.76 1.43 0.79
24 Philippines 356 18 374 5.08 0.36 5.44 6.62 0.75
25 Netherlands 525 177 702 3.07 2.34 5.41 43.31 0.75
26 France 175 103 278 2.37 2.30 4.66 49.34 0.64
27 Indonesia 491 99 590 3.24 1.11 4.35 25.45 0.60
28 Romania 171 28 199 2.45 1.45 3.91 37.19 0.54
29 Kuwait 32 5 37 3.39 0.33 3.72 8.90 0.51
30 Spain 116 183 299 0.33 3.28 3.62 90.76 0.50
31 Finland 117 48 165 1.15 2.26 3.41 66.22 0.47
32 Ukraine 420 93 513 1.61 1.79 3.40 52.54 0.47
33 Australia 59 30 89 2.31 1.08 3.39 31.97 0.47
34 Canada 159 67 226 0.75 2.46 3.22 76.56 0.44
35 United Arab Emirates 35 109 144 0.74 2.23 2.98 75.00 0.41
(a) Vessels of 1,000 grt and above, excluding the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canada Great Lakes fleet s.
(b) The country of domicile indicates where the controlling interest of the fleet is located, in terms of the parent company.  I n several
cases, this has required certain judgements to be made.  Thus, for instance, Greece is shown as the country of domicile withrespect to vessels owned by a Greek owner with representative offices in New York, London and Piraeus, although the owner
may be domiciled in the United States.
(c) Including vessels flying the national flag but registered in territorial dependencies or associated self-governing territori es.  For
the United Kingdom, British flag vessels are included under the national flag, except for Bermuda (listed in table 17 [of the
UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport, 1999] as an open-registry country).
Source: UNCTAD (1999).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 28
Table A12: Passengers carried on scheduled fl ights in 1998, total and international operations
(Thousands)
Total operations International operations
Country Rank Passengers carried Country Rank Passengers carried
United States 1 588,684 United States 1 61,849
Japan 2 101,701 United Kingdom 2 45,384
United Kingdom 3 62,031 Germany 3 31,281
China ¹ 4 53,481 France 4 18,923
Germany 5 49,417 Netherlands 5 18,335
France 6 44,938 Japan 6 16,388
Spain 7 31,594 Singapore 7 13,316
Australia 8 30,180 Switzerland 8 12,868
Brazil 9 29,137 Hong Kong, China 9 12,203
Italy 10 28,037 Canada 10 11,382
Republic of Korea 11 27,109 Italy 11 11,113
Canada 12 24,653 Ireland 12 9,917
Russian Federation 13 18,774 Thailand 13 9,147
Mexico 14 18,685 Republic of Korea 14 8,973
Netherlands 15 18,676 Spain 15 8,971
India 16 16,454 Belgium 16 8,748
Thailand 17 15,015 Australia 17 6,894
Switzerland 18 14,299 Malaysia 18 6,105
Norway 19 14,279 Russian Federation 19 5,998
Malaysia 20 13,654 Sweden 20 5,571
(1) The ranking of China is provisional
Source: ICAO (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 29
Table A13: Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights in 1999(1)
(Million passenger-kilometres performed)
Country Rank Total Operations Rank International Operation
United States 1 1044868 1 288051
Japan 2 162798 4 91463
United Kingdom 3 160362 2 153144
Germany 4 105221 3 97013
France 5 102152 6 67956
China 6 80575 19 19877
Australia 7 75742 9 47436
Netherlands 8 71282 5 71173
Canada 9 65313 11 43728
Singapore 10 64765 7 64765
Korea, Rep. of 11 55711 8 48538
Russian Fed. 12 45863 23 16862
Spain 13 44217 16 29059
Hong Kong, China 14 43907 10 43907
Brazil 15 41866 18 21421
Italy 16 40143 14 30470
Thailand 17 38345 12 35057
Malaysia 18 34067 15 29253
Switzerland 19 33562 13 33279
Mexico 20 29149 27 13188
(1) Most 1999 data are estimates, thus the ranking and the rate of increase or decrease may change when final data become availa ble.
Source: ICAO (forthcoming).
Table A14: Freight carried on scheduled flights in 1999(1)
(Million tonne-kilometres performed)
Country Rank Total operations Rank International operations
United States 1 30607 1 17570
Japan 2 8605 3 7641
Korea, Rep. of 3 8195 2 8057
Germany 4 6780 4 6705
Singapore 5 5554 5 5554
France 6 5151 7 4839
United Kingdom 7 5078 6 5068
Hong Kong, China 8 4592 8 4592
Netherlands 9 4202 9 4201
China 10 3381 11 1964
Luxembourg 11 2506 10 2506
Canada 12 2003 14 1632
Australia 13 1893 15 1626
Switzerland 14 1840 12 1838
Thailand 15 1727 13 1694
Italy 16 1639 16 1624
Brazil 17 1532 20 1054
Malaysia 18 1432 17 1376
Gulf States 19 1360 18 1359
Chile 20 1146 19 1095
(1) Most 1999 data are estimates, thus the ranking and the rate of increase or decrease may change when final data become availa ble.
Source: ICAO (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 30
Table A15:  Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 1999
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Share in world
Value exports/imports Annual percentage change
1999 1990 1999 1990-99 1997 1998 1999
Exporters
United States 87.1 18.8 19.7 6 5 -1 4
Spain 32.4 7 7.3 6 -3 12 8
France 31.4 7.7 7.1 5 -2 7 5
Italy (a) 27.4 6.2 6.2 6 -1 0 …
United Kingdom 23.1 5.9 5.2 4 5 5 -2
Germany 16.7 5.4 3.8 2 -6 1 -1
China 14.1 0.7 3.2 26 18 4 12
Austria 11.1 5.1 2.5 -2 -14 1 -1
Canada 10.2 2.4 2.3 5 2 6 8
Australia 8.2 1.6 1.8 8 -3 -17 12
Switzerland 7.6 2.8 1.7 0 -11 -1 -2
Mexico 7.6 2.1 1.7 4 10 4 -4
Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3 1.4 1.6 8 8 3 34
Thailand 7.1 1.6 1.6 6 -16 -19 15
Netherlands 7 1.6 1.6 6 -4 8 3
Above 15 300 70.2 67.4 5 0 2 3
Importers
United States 62 14.7 15.1 6 8 8 7
Germany 48.4 13 11.7 4 -10 2 -1
United Kingdom 36.4 7.1 8.8 8 9 17 9
Japan 32.8 9.6 8 3 -11 -13 14
France 18.6 4.7 4.5 5 -7 8 4
Italy (a) 16.3 4 4 5 5 6 …
Hong Kong, China 13.2 1.8 3.2 12 11 6 -2
Canada 11.3 4.2 2.8 0 2 -6 5
Netherlands 11.2 2.8 2.7 5 -11 6 3
C h i n a 1 0 . 9 0 . 2 2 . 64 2 8 21 31 8
Belgium-Luxembourg 10.5 2.1 2.5 7 -3 6 19
Austria 9.1 3 2.2 2 -9 -5 -4
Sweden 8.1 2.4 2 3 4 18 5
Taipei, Chinese 7.4 1.9 1.8 4 1 -11 1
Switzerland 7.2 2.3 1.7 2 -8 2 1
Above 15 305 73.8 73.7 5 0 4 5
(a)  Includes Secretariat estimates.
Source: WTO Annual Report on International Trade Statistics, 2000 (forthcoming).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 31
Table A16: Top 20 tourism destinations in 1980 and 1997
(Thousands and percentage)
Tourist arrivals Share of arrivals world-wide Average annual
growth rate
Rank
(1997) Country 1997 1980 1997 1980 1980-1997
1 France 66864 30100 10.95 10.5 4.8
2 United States 47754 22500 7.82 7.9 4.5
3 Spain 43403 22388 7.11 7.9 4.0
4 Italy 34087 22087 5.58 7.7 2.6
5 United Kingdom 25515 12420 4.18 4.3 4.3
6 China 23770 3500 3.89 1.2 11.9
7 Poland 19520 5664 3.20 2.0 7.6
8 Mexico 19351 11945 3.17 4.2 2.9
9 Canada 17285 12876 2.83 4.5 1.8
10 Hungary 17248 9413 2.82 3.3 3.6
11 Czech Rep. 16830 - 2.76 - -
12 Austria 16647 13879 2.73 4.9 1.1
13 Germany 15837 11122 2.59 3.9 2.1
14 Russian Federation 15350 - 2.51 - -
15 Switzerland 10600 8873 1.74 3.1 1.1
16 Hong Kong, China 10406 1748 1.70 0.6 11.1
17 Portugal 10172 2730 1.67 1.0 8.0
18 Greece 10070 4796 1.65 1.7 4.5
19 Turkey 9040 921 1.48 0.3 14.4
20 Thailand 7221 1859 1.18 0.7 8.3
Source: World Tourism Organisation (1999).
Table A17: Top 20 exporters and importers of communication services in 1998.(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share Importers Value Share
of total of total
United States 3936 15.4 United States 8636 28.5
United Kingdom 2000 7.8 Germany 2913 9.6
Germany 1786 7.0 United Kingdom 2443 8.1
Canada 1503 5.9 Japan 1594 5.3
Belgium-Luxembourg 1469 5.7 Canada 1577 5.2
Japan 1163 4.5 Italy 1429 4.7
Mexico 1043 4.1 Korea, Rep. of 1133 3.7
France 887 3.5 Australia 940 3.1
Netherlands 882 3.4 France 901 3.0
China 819 3.2 Netherlands 897 3.0
Australia 814 3.2 Switzerland 775 2.6
Italy 674 2.6 Sweden 728 2.4
Korea, Rep. of 656 2.6 Belgium-Luxembourg 573 1.9
Switzerland 623 2.4 Spain 541 1.8
Russian Fed. 552 2.2 Austria 491 1.6
Spain 532 2.1 Mexico 361 1.2
Sweden 490 1.9 Poland 354 1.2
Poland 431 1.7 Russian Fed. 353 1.2
Austria 422 1.6 Brazil 230 0.8
Ireland 321 1.3 Ireland 230 0.8
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 32
Table A18: Total telecommunication services revenue and main telephone lines for the top 20 countries in 1998
Countries Total revenue
(million dollars)Share of
world revenue (%)Countries Number of main
telephone linesShare of total (%)
 United States 284515 35.49  United States 179,822,128 21.32
 Japan 105886 13.21  China 87,420,936 10.36
 United Kingdom 52891 6.60  Japan 62,550,000 7.41 Germany 49497 6.17  Germany 46,530,000 5.52
 France 29929 3.73  France 34,098,848 4.04
 Italy 26026 3.25  United Kingdom 32,829,000 3.89 China 20534 2.56  Russia 29,031,292 3.44
 Brazil 20168 2.52  Italy 25,986,120 3.08
 Canada 19207 2.40  India 21,593,686 2.56 Australia 12941 1.61  Korea (Rep. of) 20,088,544 2.38
 Spain 11061 1.38  Brazil 19,986,556 2.37
 Korea (Rep. of) 11008 1.37  Canada 19,293,716 2.29 Mexico 9005 1.12  Turkey 16,959,500 2.01
 Netherlands 8825 1.10  Spain 16,288,605 1.93
 Switzerland 7669 0.96  Taiwan, China 11,500,361 1.36
 Sweden 7393 0.92  Mexico 9,926,879 1.18
 Taiwan 7033 0.88  Australia 9,843,850 1.17 Argentina 6611 0.82  Ukraine 9,698,200 1.15
 Hong Kong, China 6565 0.82  Netherlands 9,337,000 1.11
 Russia 5987 0.75  Poland 8,812,342 1.04
Source: ITU (2000).
Table A19: International telephone traffic for the top 20 countries in 1998
Counties Outgoing traffic
(Millions of minutes)Counties Incoming traffic
(Millions of minutes)
 United States 25942  United States 10796
 Germany 5900  United Kingdom 6400 United Kingdom 5821  Germany 6036
 Canada 4805  France 3900
 France 3400  Mexico 2970 Italy 2705  China 2520
 Switzerland 2034  Spain 1901
 Hong Kong, China 1880  Hong Kong, China 1833 Netherlands 1805  Switzerland 1779
 Spain 1803  India 1499
 China 1712  Japan 1435 Japan 1676  Poland 1144
 Belgium 1460  Russia 1030
 Mexico 1316  Australia 1017 Sweden 1266  Austria 1011
 Austria 1250  Turkey 956
 Singapore 1235  Brazil 807 Russia 1038  Taiwan 778
 Australia 979  Korea (Rep. of) 724
 Saudi Arabia 933  Portugal 712
Source: ITU (2000).S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 33
Table A20: Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services in 1998.
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share Importers Value Share
of total of total
Japan 7736 20.5 Germany 6127 25.3
France 4926 13.1 Japan 5527 22.8
Germany 4703 12.5 France 2668 11.0
Italy 4493 11.9 Italy 1405 5.8
United States 4053 10.8 China 1120 4.6
Netherlands 2808 7.5 Netherlands 1120 4.6
Turkey 2504 6.7 Belgium-Luxembourg 860 3.5
Belgium-Luxembourg 895 2.4 United States 700 2.9
Sweden 757 2.0 Russian Fed. 525 2.2
Austria 738 2.0 Sweden 471 1.9
China 594 1.6 Austria 464 1.9
Spain 540 1.4 Spain 297 1.2
United Kingdom 495 1.3 Czech Rep. 295 1.2
Poland 358 1.0 Poland 273 1.1
Czech Rep. 266 0.7 Philippines 218 0.9
Canada 207 0.5 Ukraine 196 0.8
Portugal 189 0.5 Turkey 194 0.8
Russian Fed. 142 0.4 United Kingdom 184 0.8
Israel 134 0.4 Bahamas 146 0.6
Finland 123 0.3 Azerbaijan 138 0.6
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.
Table A21: Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services in 1998.
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share of total Importers Value Share of total
United States 13698 25.5 United States 3771 14.4
United Kingdom 10671 19.9 Belgium-Luxembourg 3616 13.8
Switzerland 6880 12.8 Italy 3099 11.8
Belgium-Luxembourg 5353 10.0 Japan 2152 8.2
Germany 3345 6.2 Germany 1639 6.3
Italy 2261 4.2 France 1607 6.1
Japan 1608 3.0 Canada 1436 5.5
France 1502 2.8 Ireland 1360 5.2
Spain 1330 2.5 Spain 1013 3.9
Ireland 1288 2.4 Austria 710 2.7
Canada 794 1.5 Netherlands 680 2.6
Austria 757 1.4 Switzerland 506 1.9
Netherlands 519 1.0 Turkey 494 1.9
Turkey 513 1.0 Brazil 348 1.3
Australia 447 0.8 Sweden 294 1.1
Sweden 376 0.7 Australia 284 1.1
Brazil 323 0.6 United Kingdom 280 1.1
Czech Rep. 224 0.4 Czech Rep. 280 1.1
Portugal 176 0.3 Hungary 264 1.0
Poland 172 0.3 Poland 247 0.9
Note: Luxembourg exported 2786.3 million dollars and imported 4784.1 million dollars of financial services in 1998.
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 34
Table A22: Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services in 1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share Importers Value Share
of total of total
United Kingdom 5337 20.0 United States 6908 17.1
United States 2842 10.7 Mexico 4748 11.8
Canada 2776 10.4 Canada 3236 8.0
Ireland 1666 6.3 Japan 2369 5.9
Switzerland 1571 5.9 Germany 1829 4.5
Poland 1343 5.0 Italy 1818 4.5
Italy 1299 4.9 China 1758 4.4
France 963 3.6 Ireland 1537 3.8
Belgium-Luxembourg 898 3.4 France 1368 3.4
Mexico 840 3.2 United Kingdom 969 2.4
Austria 799 3.0 Poland 963 2.4
Germany 764 2.9 Austria 936 2.3
Spain 733 2.8 Spain 930 2.3
South Africa 543 2.0 Belgium-Luxembourg 769 1.9
Singapore 537 2.0 Singapore 733 1.8
Australia 535 2.0 Norway 717 1.8
Norway 454 1.7 Netherlands 647 1.6
Sweden 386 1.4 India 628 1.6
China 384 1.4 Thailand 592 1.5
Peru 304 1.1 Australia 578 1.4
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.
Table A23: Top 20 exporters and importers of computer and information services in 1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share Importers Value Share
of total of total
Ireland 4699 18.9 Germany 3614 20.6
United States 3992 16.1 Japan 3532 20.1
Germany 2833 11.4 Belgium-Luxembourg 1076 6.1
United Kingdom 2626 10.6 Spain 1021 5.8
Spain 1720 6.9 Sweden 911 5.2
Belgium-Luxembourg 1407 5.7 Netherlands 798 4.5
Japan 1338 5.4 Italy 783 4.5
Finland 1051 4.2 Canada 755 4.3
Canada 1047 4.2 United Kingdom 747 4.3
Sweden 986 4.0 Finland 649 3.7
Netherlands 972 3.9 France 628 3.6
France 769 3.1 United States 505 2.9
Australia 375 1.5 Ireland 346 2.0
Italy 288 1.2 China 333 1.9
China 134 0.5 Brazil 310 1.8
Austria 85 0.3 Australia 244 1.4
Norway 59 0.2 Austria 230 1.3
Hungary 59 0.2 Norway 185 1.1
Czech Rep. 57 0.2 Portugal 138 0.8
New Zealand 55 0.2 Poland 124 0.7
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 35
Table A24: Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services in 1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Value Share Value Share Exporters
of totalImporters
of total
United States 41571 13.8 Germany 31090 10.3
United Kingdom 26914 8.9 Japan 28132 9.3
Germany 25099 8.3 United States 25859 8.6
France 21454 7.1 Italy 20727 6.9
Japan 17078 5.7 France 16012 5.3
Netherlands 16404 5.4 Austria 13519 4.5
Italy 16247 5.4 Netherlands 13467 4.5
Austria 13035 4.3 Ireland 11553 3.8
Belgium-Luxembourg 9959 3.3 United Kingdom 10241 3.4
Singapore 8924 3.0 Belgium-Luxembourg 9013 3.0
Canada 8404 2.8 Spain 7883 2.6
China 6941 2.3 Canada 7831 2.6
Korea, Rep. of 6575 2.2 Korea, Rep. of 7705 2.6
Turkey 6234 2.1 China 6459 2.1
Spain 6204 2.1 Singapore 6269 2.1
India 6096 2.0 Saudi Arabia 6181 2.1
Switzerland 5909 2.0 Sweden 6141 2.0
Philippines 5662 1.9 Philippines 5823 1.9
Saudi Arabia 4730 1.6 Indonesia 5537 1.8
Denmark 4676 1.5 India 4557 1.5
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.
Table A25: Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees in 1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share Importers Value Share
of total of total
United States 36808 56.3 United States 11292 17.8
Japan 7388 11.3 Japan 8947 14.1
United Kingdom 6952 10.6 Ireland 7794 12.3
Germany 3330 5.1 United Kingdom 6375 10.0
Netherlands 2506 3.8 Germany 5004 7.9
France 2336 3.6 Netherlands 3028 4.8
Canada 1135 1.7 France 2717 4.3
Sweden 1114 1.7 Canada 2380 3.7
Belgium-Luxembourg 703 1.1 Korea, Rep. of 2369 3.7
Italy 477 0.7 Spain 1877 3.0
Australia 275 0.4 Italy 1155 1.8
Korea, Rep. of 260 0.4 Belgium-Luxembourg 1150 1.8
Spain 242 0.4 Brazil 1075 1.7
Ireland 225 0.3 Australia 1010 1.6
Israel 218 0.3 Sweden 939 1.5
Paraguay 185 0.3 Austria 811 1.3
Brazil 142 0.2 Argentina 514 0.8
Mexico 139 0.2 Thailand 514 0.8
Finland 106 0.2 Mexico 454 0.7
Austria 99 0.2 China 420 0.7
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 36
Table A26: Top 20 exporters and importers of p ersonal, cultural and recreational services in 1998
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exporters Value Share  Importers Value Share
of total of total
United States 4159 26.2 Turkey 3258 18.7
Turkey 3578 22.5 Germany 2479 14.2
France 1428 9.0 France 1800 10.3
United Kingdom 1325 8.3 Spain 1272 7.3
Canada 1032 6.5 Italy 1265 7.2
Belgium-Luxembourg 652 4.1 Japan 1261 7.2
Netherlands 469 3.0 Canada 1179 6.8
Spain 439 2.8 Belgium-Luxembourg 789 4.5
Italy 433 2.7 United Kingdom 787 4.5
Japan 429 2.7 Netherlands 497 2.8
Czech Rep. 284 1.8 Australia 464 2.7
Australia 248 1.6 Brazil 334 1.9
Austria 210 1.3 Czech Rep. 286 1.6
Portugal 143 0.9 Norway 277 1.6
Germany 125 0.8 Portugal 244 1.4
Brazil 116 0.7 Austria 227 1.3
Sweden 102 0.6 Argentina 155 0.9
Argentina 101 0.6 Korea, Rep. of 92 0.5
Poland 92 0.6 United States 82 0.5
Norway 91 0.6 Sweden 81 0.5
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 37
ANNEX B
Table B1: Exports of services in 1998 (Millio n dollars): all countries, 10 main sectors
Total Transport TravelCommuni
-cationsConstruct
-ionInsurance FinancialComputer
and info.Royalties
and lic.
FeesOther
bus.Personal
cult. &
recr.
Albania 83 13 54 14 1 1
Argentina 4532 1075 3025 193 22 56 1 17 43 101
Armenia 118 53 24 26 2 1 7 7
Aruba 877 63 741 5 8 9 2 0 49
Australia 15827 4329 7293 814 9 535 447 375 275 1502 248
Austria 31817 4523 11151 422 738 799 757 85 99 13035 210
Azerbaijan 320 129 125 16 14 3 1 33
Bahamas 1517 58 1354 105
Bahrain 725 259 366 99
Bangladesh 252 92 52 28 0 3 11 1 62 1
Barbados 995 21 712 27 2 68 64 24 0 76 0
Belarus 870 495 22 43 69 2 11 6 1 220
Belgium-Luxembourg36688 9909 5443 1469 895 898 5353 1407 703 9959 652
Belize 122 7 99 5 1 9
Bolivia 238 80 69 53 22 4 10
B o t s w a n a 2 4 1 4 4 1 7 5013300 1 4
Brazil 7083 1862 1317 157 323 6 142 3160 116
Bulgaria 1766 452 966 28 74 10 33 203
Cambodia 99 38 44 17
Canada 32272 5982 9391 1503 207 2776 794 1047 1135 8404 1032
C a p e  V e r d e 7 4 4 5 2 05200002
Chile 4030 1614 1158 192 138 91 837
China 23879 2300 12602 819 594 384 27 134 63 6941 15
Colombia 1999 604 928 314 95 4 4 44 6
Costa Rica 1315 198 902 93 8 2 113
Côte d'Ivoire 461 118 108 235
Croatia 3964 566 2733 665
Cyprus 2657 369 1715 37 536
Czech Rep. 7366 1390 3742 71 266 31 224 57 57 1243 284
Denmark 15212 7300 3236 4676
Dominica 72 7 38 17 3 8
Dominican Republic 2421 62 2153 145 61
Ecuador 761 278 291 88 83 4 17
Egypt 7832 2494 2565 216 49 38 55 10 56 2337 12
El Salvador 277 42 84 78 6 16 38 0 3 10
Estonia 1476 708 539 14 58 2 13 8 1 133 1
Ethiopia 348 180 37 38 8 6 3 0 74 2
Fiji 475 120 270 3 17 65
Finland 6693 2055 1630 163 123 13 32 1051 106 1519
France 84627 20400 29963 887 4926 963 1502 769 2336 21454 1428
Georgia 278 69 188 16 5
Germany 79281 20517 16779 1786 4703 764 3345 2833 3330 25099 125
Ghana 162 91 19 5 48
Guatemala 581 89 314 1 23 8 4 142
Guinea 66 49 1 10 4 0 2
Haiti 178 4 113 61
Honduras 361 73 164 86 7 1 30
Hungary 5881 648 3516 49 108 28 159 59 46 1179 89
Iceland 840 441 205 19 6 5 17 141 6
India 11067 1773 2949 230 19 6096
Indonesia 4340 4255 85
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 902 419 12 45 22 404
Ireland 15889 1636 3297 321 1666 1288 4699 225 2757
Israel 8980 2092 2657 193 134 17 218 3670
Italy 66621 10641 29809 674 4493 1299 2261 288 477 16247 433
Jamaica 1727 260 1197 185 1 6 9 37 7 16 10
Japan 61795 21270 3743 1163 7736 42 1608 1338 7388 17078 429
Jordan 1810 310 853 2 645
Kazakstan 904 388 407 45 9 1 27 27
Kenya 638 306 290 27 13 1 2
Korea, Rep. of 23843 10204 5933 656 52 145 5 260 6575 14
Kuwait 1496 1198 207 72 20
Kyrgyz Rep. 58 19 8 10 7 1 1 0 11 1S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 38
Total Transport TravelCommuni
-cationsConstruct
-ionInsurance FinancialComputer
and info.Royalties
and lic.
FeesOther
bus.Personal
cult. &
recr.
Lao People's Dem.
Rep.116 19 95 1 1
Latvia 1103 728 182 30 6 39 10 2 107 1
Lesotho 46 1 24 20 0
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya37 25 9 3
Lithuania 1096 434 460 27 42 20 6 7 0 98 3
Madagascar 264 61 92 8 22 5 1 1 75
Maldives 327 22 303 1 1
Malta 1217 317 656 15 55 1 173
Mauritania 24 1 20 4
Mauritius 911 200 496 0 215
Mexico 11937 1432 7899 1043 840 139 580 4
M o l d o v a ,  R e p .  o f 1 1 7 6 0 3 2641310 1 1
Mongolia 75 32 35 7 0
Morocco 2558 446 1744 85 27 7 248
Mozambique 286 58 228
Myanmar 529 33 170 326
N a m i b i a 3 1 5 2 8 86114069
Nepal 433 59 189 184
Netherlands 52484 20992 6815 882 2808 118 519 972 2506 16404 469
New Zealand 3684 1119 1861 188 1 12 38 55 50 329 32
Nicaragua 220 25 100 24 2 69
Nigeria 884 113 47 4 719
Norway 13953 8537 2088 188 31 454 59 59 90 2355 91
Oman 18 18
Panama 1563 880 379 48 19 140 97
Papua New Guinea 318 11 15 7 284
Paraguay 469 65 112 10 9 3 1 185 80 4
Peru 1653 309 857 131 304 8 44
Philippines 7465 324 1418 37 24 5662
Poland 10890 2874 4292 431 358 1343 172 29 22 1277 92
Portugal 8512 1533 5334 226 189 84 176 52 41 732 143
Romania 1192 504 260 97 40 29 39 10 3 145 65
Russian Fed. 12373 3170 6509 552 142 97 28 1875
Rwanda 31 9 19 0 3
Samoa 58 2 39 0 17
Saudi Arabia 4730 4730
Singapore 18829 4451 4916 537 8924
Slovak Rep. 2275 766 488 37 106 13 52 24 14 712 61
Slovenia 2045 537 1117 26 72 1 8 48 7 217 12
Solomon Islands 52 2 7 2 0 0 11 0 0 28 1
South Africa 5109 1084 2738 74 543 72 599
Spain 48977 7332 29905 532 540 733 1330 1720 242 6204 439
Sri Lanka 888 400 230 34 224
S u d a n 1 46220 04
Swaziland 102 19 37 2 0 1 0 43
Sweden 17675 4779 4188 490 757 386 376 986 1114 4495 102
Switzerland 25795 2970 7832 623 1571 6880 5909 10
Syrian Arab
Republic1551 221 1190 140
Tanzania, United
Rep.534 60 399 17 14 0 22 0 1 18 3
TFYR Macedonia 130 61 15 18 4 2 3 0 1 23 2
Thailand 13074 2671 6174 159 94 51 7 3919
Togo 65 11 11 3 2 1 37 1
Trinidad and Tobago 574 202 201 97 30 44
Tunisia 2607 635 1657 16 19 18 34 4 11 212 2
Turkey 23161 3120 7177 2504 35 513 6234 3578
Ukraine 3922 3222 315 102 41 23 219
United Kingdom 99007 18998 23689 2000 495 5337 10671 2626 6952 26914 1325
United States 239957 45514 83384 3936 4053 2842 13698 3992 36808 41571 4159
Uruguay 1309 253 695 50 41 85 185 0
V a n u a t u 1 1 0 2 4 5 13017 2 4
Venezuela 1297 278 961 12 2 44
Yemen 166 36 64 66
Source: IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 39
Table B2: Imports of services in 1998 (Millio n dollars): all countries, 10 main sectors
Total Transport Travel Communi
-cationsConstruct
-ionInsurance Financial Computer
and info.Royalties
and lic.
FeesOther
bus.Personal
cult. &
recr.
Albania 119 75 5 13 26 1 0
Argentina 8795 2737 4231 173 3 296 207 1 514 479 155
Armenia 175 110 41 5 11 2 3 4
Aruba 528 164 135 17 45 27 6 3 130
Australia 16880 5937 5417 940 578 284 244 1010 2007 464
Austria 30035 3138 9509 491 464 936 710 230 811 13519 227
Azerbaijan 692 194 170 6 138 7 0 177
Bahamas 939 205 256 1 146 60 9 260 2
Bahrain 652 426 142 27 57
Bangladesh 1164 846 151 13 12 79 21 1 5 35
Barbados 409 147 82 5 2 96 4 5 22 46 0
Belarus 431 133 124 32 14 10 7 8 1 102
Belgium-
Luxembourg34095 7455 8794 573 860 769 3616 1076 1150 9013 789
Belize 94 45 21 0 9 1 0 19
Bolivia 423 270 60 19 37 5 5 21 6
Botswana 517 218 126 3 2 16 3 0 9 140
Brazil 15743 5090 5385 230 -198 348 310 1075 3169 334
Bulgaria 1398 530 519 61 22 24 39 202
Cambodia 185 99 7 11 38 10 22
Canada 37201 7907 10792 1577 108 3236 1436 755 2380 7831 1179
C a p e  V e r d e 8 5 4 0 2 4112050 1 20
Chile 4077 2172 943 175 120 56 611
China 26467 6763 9205 207 1120 1758 163 333 420 6459 39
Colombia 3472 1256 1120 152 358 138 30 63 340 15
Costa Rica 1168 498 409 59 54 -1 1 22 125 2
Côte d'Ivoire 1341 568 237 537
Croatia 1890 338 600 951
Cyprus 1119 561 408 23 66 19 42
Czech Rep. 5665 700 1882 150 295 117 280 68 113 1775 286
Denmark 15779 7024 4577 4178
Dominica 45 19 8 10 4 0 3
Dominican Republic 1300 781 254 45 166 6 25 22
Ecuador 1498 638 241 52 163 68 308 28
Egypt 5886 2033 1153 29 430 24 11 392 1792 22
El Salvador 539 256 116 5 4 24 76 1 7 43 6
Estonia 814 409 155 18 31 16 15 10 7 150 2
Ethiopia 405 227 46 5 33 20 0 3 71 0
Fiji 320 141 51 2 25 101
Finland 7677 2072 2062 203 7 106 38 649 411 2113 16
France 65420 19909 17810 901 2668 1368 1607 628 2717 16012 1800
Georgia 335 80 226 6 18 5
Germany 128819 25207 48917 2913 6127 1829 1639 3614 5004 31090 2479
Ghana 433 268 24 30 110
Guatemala 759 419 157 3 1 27 13 5 134 0
G u i n e a 2 7 4 1 5 0 2 7959030 7 21
Haiti 370 326 37 8
Honduras 396 248 61 24 9 3 4 1 5 37 4
Hungary 4082 452 1115 38 123 87 264 96 215 1644 48
Iceland 947 321 396 21 22 13 2 1 159 12
India 14192 7093 1713 628 201 4557
Indonesia 11744 3731 2102 40 334 5537
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 2392 1304 153 230 24 681
Ireland 28790 2970 3000 230 1537 1360 346 7794 11553
Israel 9626 3941 2376 209 32 279 210 2578
Italy 62887 13627 17579 1429 1405 1818 3099 783 1155 20727 1265
Jamaica 1233 529 198 40 6 72 3 5 30 346 4
Japan 110705 28385 28806 1594 5527 2369 2152 3532 8947 28132 1261
Jordan 1588 600 451 81 457
Kazakstan 1154 418 498 17 44 21 127 30
Kenya 603 309 147 7 67 11 2 40 22
Korea, Rep. of 23523 8983 2898 1133 143 109 90 2369 7705 92
Kuwait 4243 1624 2517 69 33
Kyrgyz Rep. 177 93 3 8 10 11 2 2 47 0
Lao People's Dem.
Rep.92 38 23 1 26 5
Latvia 717 221 305 26 8 59 17 7 7 68 0
Lesotho 50 37 13 -1 1 0S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 40
Total Transport Travel Communi
-cationsConstruct
-ionInsurance Financial Computer
and info.Royalties
and lic.
FeesOther
bus.Personal
cult. &
recr.
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya915 459 334 122
Lithuania 816 266 292 29 110 23 4 3 6 78 6
Madagascar 326 142 119 3 19 5 0 10 28 0
Maldives 97 46 42 4 6
Malta 817 366 193 10 113 2 12 116 5
Mauritania 130 48 42 39
Mauritius 706 244 185 26 251
Mexico 12621 1604 4267 361 4748 127 454 1056 4
M o l d o v a ,  R e p .  o f 1 9 1 8 9 5 4471540 2 7
Mongolia 142 81 45 6 3 7
Morocco 1414 567 423 36 35 171 181
Mozambique 396 107 8 281
Myanmar 429 141 27 262
Namibia 449 150 88 0 12 54 2 9 3 132
Nepal 189 56 78 55
Netherlands 46797 14777 10886 897 1120 647 680 798 3028 13467 497
New Zealand 4451 1468 1438 171 1 146 22 96 293 803 13
Nicaragua 264 97 70 3 8 85
Nigeria 4054 704 1567 85 1697
Norway 15211 5161 4564 157 97 717 109 185 341 3603 277
Oman 1303 548 47 61 648
Panama 1129 654 176 1 79 102 18 100
Papua New Guinea 794 161 52 49 532
P a r a g u a y 5 3 5 3 2 4 1 4 3 6 012105
Peru 2191 943 429 58 151 60 80 470
Philippines 10087 1983 1950 218 43 70 5823
Poland 6559 1663 773 354 273 963 247 124 195 1901 66
Portugal 6708 1905 2426 204 109 92 145 138 290 1155 244
Romania 1838 633 458 44 20 45 49 20 21 475 73
Russian Fed. 16219 2649 8677 353 525 238 2 3775
Rwanda 115 70 17 1 28
Samoa 29 21 4 1 1 0 2
Saudi Arabia 8659 2230 248 6181
Singapore 17377 5828 4548 733 6269
Slovak Rep. 2272 444 475 36 123 23 63 62 55 931 60
Slovenia 1520 405 575 30 43 1 23 46 39 327 31
Solomon Islands 54 9 6 5 0 1 9 2 0 22
South Africa 5278 2247 1842 106 403 165 515
Spain 27038 7187 5016 541 297 930 1013 1021 1877 7883 1272
Sri Lanka 1325 793 202 77 253
S u d a n 2 0 0 1 6 1 2 96 00 04
Swaziland 185 20 42 1 4 8 0 1 39 69
Sweden 21620 4154 7719 728 471 181 294 911 939 6141 81
Switzerland 15273 3645 7111 775 211 506 2956 71
Syrian Arab
Republic1297 631 580 86
Tanzania, United
Rep.885 209 493 9 0 23 21 2 5 122 0
T F Y R  M a c e d o n i a 2 9 7 1 4 4 3 156 4 8312 5 42
Thailand 11874 4604 1960 54 124 592 514 4026
T o g o 1 4 9 1 0 7332 1 761090
Trinidad and Tobago 235 124 67 5 0 0 38
Tunisia 1121 591 235 5 11 68 40 3 3 151 14
Turkey 9441 2601 1754 194 65 494 1075 3258
Ukraine 2545 487 340 131 196 90 1301
United Kingdom 78231 22754 33452 2443 184 969 280 747 6375 10241 787
United States 165827 50257 57817 8636 700 6908 3771 505 11292 25859 82
Uruguay 831 362 265 40 43 22 9 65 26
V a n u a t u 4 1 2 081020 1 1
Venezuela 4824 1492 2451 50 73 43 697 18
Yemen 510 284 83 143
Source: IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 41Table B3: Exports of services in 1998: 35 countries, all sectors
Countries Argentina Aruba Australia Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belg.-
Lux.Botswana Brazil Canada China Colombia Czech
Rep.Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Germany
Total services 4532 877 15827 252 995 870 36688 241 7083 32272 23879 1999 7366 7832 1476 348 6693 84627 79281
Transport 1075 63 4329 92 21 495 9909 44 1862 5982 2300 604 1390 2494 708 180 2055 20400 20517
  Sea 308 10 77 4 3978 307 1422 949 137 128 326 14 1303 3208 6602
    Passenger 7 0 4 6 -10 9 47 1 96 330 166 56
    Freight 25 1 5 3258 309 553 902 71 127 151 14 725 1899 5593
    Other 276 9 72 713 8 860 66 79 248 1143 953
  Air 603 53 13 3 16 2356 32 2530 554 430 379 43 160 613 9380 9938
    Passenger 306 45 1 12 1329 91 1611 315 288 376 28 116 411 5727 7002
    Freight 15 0 9 3 693 -71 239 51 3 3 30 71 1237 1253
     Other 282 8 5 3 334 12 920 91 12 14 131 2415 1682
  Other 164 2 14 480 3575 1523 2031 797 38 1390 1987 340 6 139 7812 3977
     Passenger 15 5 7 101 15 265 5 411 386
     Freight 145 1 5 448 2966 233 2015 82 37 200 137 2030 2737
     Other 4 1 5 26 507 1290 450 1 1390 1987 134 6 2 5371 854
Travel 3025 741 7293 52 712 22 5443 175 1317 9391 12602 928 3742 2565 539 37 1630 29963 16779
    Business 622 1 3 3 1115 34 25 1854 211 10 726
    Personal 741 6670 52 709 20 4328 141 1292 7537 3742 328 27 905
        Health 1 0 102 1 7 60
        Education 8 1872 2 5 24 2 3 623 0
        Other 732 4798 50 703 20 4203 139 1282 6854 3742 27
Communications 193 5 814 28 27 43 1469 0 157 1503 819 314 71 216 14 38 163 887 1786
Construction 22 8 9 0 2 69 895 1 207 594 266 49 58 8 123 4926 4703
Insurance 9 535 3 68 2 898 3 2776 384 31 38 2 6 13 963 764
Financial 56 2 447 11 64 11 5353 3 323 794 27 95 224 55 13 3 32 1502 3345
Computer & information 1 0 375 1 24 6 1407 0 6 1047 134 4 57 10 8 0 1051 769 2833
Royalties & licence fees 17 275 0 1 703 0 142 1135 63 4 57 56 1 106 2336 3330
Other business 43 49 1502 62 76 220 9959 14 3160 8404 6941 44 1243 2337 133 74 1519 21454 25099
Merchant. & trade 7 316 2 26 1648 360 423 6212 22 42 55 559 5375 7641
Operat. leasing 4 2 5 0 14 241 0 16 144 1 33 11 2 72 609 748
Msc. bs, prof & tech 32 47 1181 60 50 206 8069 14 2784 7836 729 22 1168 2337 122 17 887 15470 16711
Legal, acc, manag., consult.
& pub. rels.39 214 13 917 0 1491 163 75 0 2895
Adver., mark res. & public 
polls62 1020 0 131 206 211 20 88 7 0 106 1007 1204
Research and devel. 105 1054 1 1715 518 39 2 34 6464 4512
Arch., eng. & tech 274 759 7 1157 2241 2 89 0 2579
Agr., min. & on-S 22 68 1 19 2 32
Other 9 67 37 206 235 4 1496 2183 769 2255 13 655 4616 3687
Personal, cultural & recr. 101 248 1 0 652 116 1032 15 6 284 12 1 2 1428 125
    Audiovisual 9 89 0 508 923 15 6 59 2 951 125
    Oth. pers., cult. & recr. 92 159 1 0 145 116 109 226 12 477S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 42Table B3 Cont'd.
Countries Germany Italy Japan Latvia Lithu-
aniaMoldova,
Rep. ofNether-
landsNorway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak
Rep.Slovenia Spain Sweden Macedonia
TFYRTogo United
KingdomUnited
StatesUruguay
Total services 79281 66621 61795 1103 1096 117 52484 13953 10890 8512 1192 2275 2045 48977 17675 130 65 99007 239957 1309
Transport 20517 10641 21270 728 434 60 20992 8537 2874 1533 504 766 537 7332 4779 61 11 18998 45514 253
  Sea 6602 4682 14226 327 144 5244 6782 1161 221 69 6 77 1788 2888 4 4 6617 4091 149
    Passenger 56 41 13 1 3 15 179 9 1 0 52 141 765 306 61
    Freight 5593 1906 11818 96 81 5229 5074 1043 116 40 6 30 1254 2522 3 4147 3785 44
    Other 953 2735 2395 230 60 1529 109 104 29 47 482 224 2 4 1704 44
  Air 9938 3564 7027 55 47 27 7938 321 464 1069 103 20 44 4132 730 26 2 10982 24447 69
    Passenger 7002 1361 1906 35 31 24 6453 190 338 854 88 2 39 2394 634 12 1 7323 19690 37
    Freight 1253 278 1781 1 2 2 1485 48 31 45 3 17 4 171 79 0 0 676 4757 2
     Other 1682 1924 3340 19 14 1 84 95 170 12 1 1567 18 14 0 2983 29
  Other 3977 2396 18 345 243 33 7810 1433 1249 243 332 741 416 1411 1161 31 6 1400 16976 36
     Passenger 386 123 2 4 10 3 32 10 28 4 3 3 7 30 34 1 3 179 5
     Freight 2737 1173 13 172 222 27 3692 753 919 188 307 729 262 1346 740 30 3 1221 2636 29
     Other 854 1100 3 170 11 3 4086 670 302 51 22 9 148 36 387 0 14340 2
Travel 16779 29809 3743 182 460 32 6815 2088 4292 5334 260 488 1117 29905 4188 15 11 23689 83384 695
    Business 7568 1027 42 77 13 68 1 6608 1965
    Personal 22241 2716 140 382 19 2088 4224 260 488 1117 15 10 17081 81419 695
        Health 8 9 6 8 0 1 1205
        Education 1 26 26 2 0 0 8964
        Other 22241 382 10 4189 228 1107 15 9 71250 695
Communications 1786 674 1163 30 27 6 882 188 431 226 97 37 26 532 490 18 3 2000 3936 50
Construction 4703 4493 7736 6 42 4 2808 31 358 189 40 106 72 540 757 4 495 4053
Insurance 764 1299 42 20 1 118 454 1343 84 29 13 1 733 386 2 2 5337 2842 41
Financial 3345 2261 1608 39 6 3 519 59 172 176 39 52 8 1330 376 3 1 10671 13698 85
Computer &
information2833 288 1338 10 7 1 972 59 29 52 10 24 48 1720 986 0 2626 3992
Royalties & licence fees 3330 477 7388 2 0 0 2506 90 22 41 3 14 7 242 1114 1 6952 36808
Other business 25099 16247 17078 107 98 11 16404 2355 1277 732 145 712 217 6204 4495 23 37 26914 41571 185
  Merchant. & trade 7641 5691 6510 35 9 4727 295 894 207 3 165 94 772 881 15 1969
  Operat. leasing 748 756 974 4 5 846 322 11 34 1 11 146 258 1 66
  Msc. bs, prof & tech 16711 9800 9593 68 85 11 10830 1738 372 492 141 547 112 5287 3356 22 22 24879 41571 185
Legal, acc, manag., 
consult. & pub. rels.2895 697 4 82 154 109 20 34 12 630 425
Adver., mark res. & 
public polls1204 934 10 51 56 89 11 19 48 760 386 1 0
  Research and devel. 4512 572 96 17 27 2 7 12 679 334
  Arch., eng. & tech 2579 8 3 4110 485 107 90 5 67 18 687 1065
  Agr., min. & on-S 32 0 105 38 36 3 3 1 22 45
  Other 3687 7588 68 11 3197 919 113 100 417 22 1682 1100 20 22 185
Personal, cultural &
recr.125 433 429 1 3 469 91 92 143 65 61 12 439 102 2 1 1325 4159 0
    Audiovisual 125 209 322 178 28 58 19 5 18 4 151 79 1 1029 4159
    Oth. pers., cult. & recr. 224 107 1 3 291 63 34 124 60 43 8 288 23 2 297 0
Source: IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 43Table B4: Imports of services in 1998:  51 countries, all sectors
Countries Argentina Aruba Australia Bahamas Bangla-
deshBarbados Belarus Belg.-
Lux.Bolivia Bots-
wanaBrazil Canada Cape
VerdeChina Colombia Costa
RicaCzech
RepEcuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Finland
Total services 8795 528 16880 939 1164 409 431 34095 423 517 15743 37201 85 26467 3472 1168 5665 1498 5886 814 405 7677
Transport 2737 164 5937 205 846 147 133 7455 270 218 5090 7907 40 6763 1256 498 700 638 2033 409 227 2072
  Sea transport 1050 152 103 690 82 3180 210 2281 2663 23 4050 664 409 485 1828 174 11 1533
        Passenger transport on sea 57 1 1 0 7 1 59 135 1 30 224
        Freight transport on sea 981 150 99 688 81 2929 179 1539 2257 18 3915 537 409 485 1826 102 1025
        Supporting, auxiliary and 
other services12 2 2 2 1 245 31 741 346 4 127 1 42 11 284
  Air transport 1520 12 103 156 65 16 1902 55 741 3595 17 1012 552 87 100 187 22 109 444
        Passenger transport by air 984 5 53 143 44 13 1024 35 633 2421 8 506 336 29 84 117 9 5 279
        Freight transport by air 279 3 25 20 3 496 -72 1174 0 506 82 1 4 80
        Supporting, auxiliary and 
other services257 4 25 12 0 383 20 180 10 134 58 16 69 9 104 86
  Other transportation 167 0 118 2372 5 2068 1649 1701 40 2 700 53 18 214 3 95
        Passenger 19 1 100 3 54 97 2
        Freight 147 0 95 2195 2 668 1595 1101 40 18 197 69
        Other transportation services 1 22 78 0 1400 503 2 700 53 14 3 25
Travel 4231 135 5417 256 151 82 124 8794 60 126 5385 10792 24 9205 1120 409 1882 241 1153 155 46 2062
    Business travel 1398 37 20 31 83 2328 22 30 202 2650 3 4 192 110 68 24 640
    Personal travel 135 4018 219 131 52 41 6466 38 96 5183 8142 21 404 1882 49 1043 87 21 1421
        Health-related expenditure 10 16 1 3 36 5 11 177 1 0
        Education-related 
expenditure14 338 81 21 15 37 27 29 526 6 25 1
        Other personal travel 111 3680 122 110 33 41 6393 38 64 5143 7439 15 404 1882 49 1018 20
Communications services 173 17 940 1 13 5 32 573 19 3 230 1577 1 207 152 59 150 52 29 18 5 203
Construction services 3 45 146 12 2 14 860 2 108 1 1120 295 31 33 7
Insurance services 296 27 578 60 79 96 10 769 37 16 -198 3236 2 1758 358 54 117 163 430 16 20 106
Financial services 207 6 284 21 4 7 3616 3 348 1436 0 163 138 -1 280 24 15 0 38
Computer and information 
services1 3 244 1 5 8 1076 5 0 310 755 5 333 30 1 68 11 10 3 649
Royalties and licence fees 514 1010 9 5 22 1 1150 5 9 1075 2380 0 420 63 22 113 68 392 7 411
Other business services 479 130 2007 260 35 46 102 9013 21 140 3169 7831 12 6459 340 125 1775 308 1792 150 71 2113
  Merchanting and other trade-
related services31 238 0 12 1279 440 392 5436 19 52 35 9 630
  Operational leasing 14 16 651 0 22 394 11 4 690 316 6 10 35 44 4 54 5 226
  Miscellaneous business, 
professional and technical services434 114 1118 260 35 35 80 7339 10 136 2039 7123 6 1023 311 38 1695 304 1792 97 57 1256
  Legal, accounting, 
management, consulting and public  relations services85 101 38 11 942 10 9 2568 7 273 0
  Advertising, market research 
and public opinion polling services101 10 734 3 77 321 265 66 104 5 292
  Research and development 
services79 633 0 711 758 17 169
  Architectural, engineering and 
other technical services210 789 91 1013 928 238 220 300 13
  Agricultural, mining and on-site 
processing services57 53 0 50 0
  Other services 29 128 212 24 80 461 33 949 2596 6 38 1032 4 1792 38 466
Personal, cultural and
recreational services155 464 2 0 789 6 334 1179 0 39 15 2 286 28 22 2 0 16
    Audio-visual and related 
services136 385 2 658 6 68 1080 0 39 13 1 152 17 0 16
    Other personal, cultural and 
recreational19 79 0 131 266 99 2 1 134 11 22S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 44Table B4 Cont'd.
Countries France Germany Guatemala Guinea Italy Japan Kyrgyz
Rep.Latvia Lithuania Madagascar Moldova,
Rep. ofNetherlands New
ZealandNorway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak
Rep.
Total services 65420 128819 759 274 62887 110705 177 717 816 326 191 46797 4451 15211 6559 6708 1838 2272
Transport 19909 25207 419 150 13627 28385 93 221 266 142 89 14777 1468 5161 1663 1905 633 444
  Sea 4551 7512 242 135 5997 19727 22 57 110 7224 4095 649 876 132 15
    Passenger 59 73 18 86 38 3 1
    Freight 3367 4433 241 128 2825 14521 18 33 110 7138 518 209 830 122 15
    Other 1124 3078 0 7 3100 5189 4 24 3539 437 45 10
  Air 9392 7965 50 13 4790 8583 8 65 34 32 11 3366 746 308 610 107 53
    Passenger 3924 5547 32 7 2770 6503 8 49 8 21 6 2982 295 75 415 40 49
    Freight 1641 478 18 5 139 1153 7 9 5 384 42 12 121 34 5
     Other 3826 1940 1 1882 926 9 18 11 0 409 221 74 33
  Other 5966 9730 127 1 2839 74 85 135 175 78 4187 320 706 419 394 375
     Passenger 215 573 1 99 6 0 5 5 92 13 16 7 6 3
     Freight 548 7224 122 1 1548 30 78 58 105 68 2655 271 460 406 380 369
     Other 5203 1933 4 1192 37 7 76 65 5 1440 37 230 6 8 4
Travel 17810 48917 157 27 17579 28806 3 305 292 119 54 10886 1438 4564 773 2426 458 475
    Business 2 13 6769 5747 67 49 13 28 510 1506 401 180 108
    Personal 155 14 10810 23059 3 239 243 105 26 929 3058 372 278 367
        Health 0 1 180 10 22 2
        Education 2 2 24 8 48 8
        Other 153 11 10630 3 243 82 8 302 268
Communications 901 2913 3 9 1429 1594 8 26 29 3 4 897 171 157 354 204 44 36
Construction 2668 6127 1 5 1405 5527 10 8 110 19 7 1120 1 97 273 109 20 123
Insurance 1368 1829 27 9 1818 2369 11 59 23 5 1 647 146 717 963 92 45 23
Financial 1607 1639 13 0 3099 2152 2 17 4 0 5 680 22 109 247 145 49 63
Computer & 
information628 3614 5 3 783 3532 2 7 3 4 798 96 185 124 138 20 62
Royalties & licence 
fees2717 5004 0 1155 8947 7 6 10 0 3028 293 341 195 290 21 55
Other business 16012 31090 134 72 20727 28132 47 68 78 28 27 13467 803 3603 1901 1155 475 931
  Merchant. & trade 3112 8015 15 7190 8177 5 21 4 2221 52 237 1204 175 15 302
  Operat. leasing 753 532 9 1 1364 958 2 9 20 16 695 333 150 142 164 29
  Msc. bs, prof & 
tech12147 22542 111 70 12174 18996 45 54 36 8 27 10552 419 3216 555 816 431 629
  Legal, acc, manag., 
consult. & pub. rels.6711 12 849 20 16 1 80 117 226 163 65 77
  Adver., mark res. &
public polls1133 3590 0 1351 5 74 51 58 101 14 34
  Research and devel. 5061 4064 661 9 105 24 21 2 6
  Arch., eng. & tech 3402 8 3 8 3264 35 500 239 319 32 155
  Agr., min. & on-S 107 22 0 2 1233 8 58 4 4
  Other 3901 870 111 36 9305 22 7 8 27 4037 219 1210 82 314 352
Personal, cultural 
& recr.1800 2479 0 1 1265 1261 0 0 6 0 497 13 277 66 244 73 60
    Audiovisual 1398 2479 874 770 0 160 12 84 44 69 15 7
    Oth. pers., cult. & 
recr.402 0 1 391 491 0 0 6 0 338 1 193 22 175 58 52S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 45Table B4 Cont'd.
Countries Slovenia Spain Swaziland Sweden Macedonia TFYR Togo Tunisia United Kingdom United
StatesUruguay Venezuela
Total services 1520 27038 185 21620 297 149 1121 78231 165827 831 4824
Transport 405 7187 20 4154 144 107 591 22754 50257 362 1492
  Sea 34 3032 7 2689 17 84 7789 14051 197 1322
    Passenger 2 55 45 854 399 0 13
    Freight 23 2771 7 1911 8 84 4765 13652 150 1239
    Other 9 207 733 9 1 2169 47 70
  Air 41 2747 13 977 14 22 13501 23022 134 170
    Passenger 33 1766 2 791 6 13 6951 19398 110 147
    Freight 6 137 0 34 3 9 966 3624 7
     Other 3 843 11 152 5 0 5584 17 23
  Other 330 1407 488 114 1465 13184 38
     Passenger 4 11 36 1 200 3
     Freight 228 1322 103 98 1264 2136 23
     Other 99 75 349 15 11048 12
Travel 575 5016 42 7719 31 3 235 33452 57817 265 2451
    Business 59 8 2907 20 3 47 7208 173 491
    Personal 515 34 4812 11 0 189 26243 57644 265 1960
        Health 4 5 8 17
        Education 7 1 38 1539 156
        Other 504 34 5 0 143 56105 265 1787
Communications 30 541 1 728 5 3 5 2443 8636 40 50
Construction 43 297 4 471 6 2 11 184 700
Insurance 1 930 8 181 48 17 68 969 6908 43 73
Financial 23 1013 0 294 3 6 40 280 3771 22 43
Computer & information 46 1021 1 911 1 1 3 747 505
Royalties & licence fees 39 1877 39 939 2 0 3 6375 11292 9
Other business 327 7883 69 6141 54 9 151 10241 25859 65 697
  Merchant. & trade 85 978 20 727 1 58 949
  Operat. leasing 28 604 3 161 1 320 115
  Msc. bs, prof & tech 215 6302 45 5252 53 8 93 8973 25859 65 582
  Legal, acc, manag., consult. & pub. rels. 57 490 6 817
  Adver., mark res. & public polls 73 724 5 885 1 0
  Research and devel. 22 237 539
  Arch., eng. & tech 28 554 1656 86 582
  Agr., min. & on-S 3 42 86
  Other 33 2916 35 1270 52 8 65
Personal, cultural & recr. 31 1272 81 2 0 14 787 82 26 18
    Audiovisual 15 797 63 0 14 722 82 7
    Oth. pers., cult. & recr. 16 476 18 2 14 65 26 11
Source: IMF Balance-of-Payments Statistics.S/C/W/27/Add.1
Page 46
STATISTICAL SOURCES
International Civil Aviation Organisation, Civil Av iation Statistics of the World, ICAO, Montreal,
Quebec.
International Monetary Fund, Balance-of-Payments Statistics, Washington.International Telecommunication Union, Direction of Traffic, Trends in International Telephone
Traffic, ITU, Geneva.
International Telecommunication Union, World Te lecommunication Development Report, Trade in
Telecommunications, ITU, Geneva.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Insurance Statistical Yearbook, OECD,
Paris.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Review of Maritime Transport, United
Nations, New York and Geneva.
U.S. Department of Commerce,  Survey of Current Business.
World Tourism Organisation, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, World Tourism Organisation, Madrid,
Spain.
World Trade Organisation, Annual Report, Geneva.
__________