WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/REG170/2 
17 June 2005 
 
 (05-2569) 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Original:   English 
  
 
  
ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 
 
ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA,  
THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE  
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY,  
THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, THE REPUBLIC  
OF POLAND, THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA  
AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 
 
GOODS ASPECTS
 
 
Communication from the European Communities  
  
 The following communication, dated 13 June 2005,  is being circulated at the request of the 
delegation of the European Communities. 
 
_______________ 
  
I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE AGREEMENT 
1. Membership and dates of signature, ratification and entry into force. 
 At the European Council in Copenhagen, in  December 2002, EU accession negotiations with 
Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Re public of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the 
Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, th e Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the 
Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic were complete d.  Subsequently, on 16 April 2004 these 
countries signed the Treaty of Accession.  It entere d into force on 1 May 2004, whereby the countries 
acceded to the European Union.  
2. Type of agreement 
 Enlargement of existing Customs Union. 
 
3. Scope 
 According to Article 5 of the Act of Accession, the new Member States accede to the 
decisions and arrangements previously adopted within the EU Council of Ministers and they 
undertake to accede to all other agreements conclude d by the present Member States relating to the 
functioning of the European Union or connected wi th the activities thereof.  Thereby, as of 1 May 
2004 the EC’s common commercial policy and the intern al market was fully extended to cover also 
the territories of the ten new Member States, in cluding the common External Tariff and other trade 
policy arrangements.   WT/REG170/2 
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  Article 54 of the Act of Accession further provides that the new Member States shall put into effect the measures necessary for them to comply, from the date of accession, with the provisions of 
Directives and Decisions within the meaning of Article 249 of the EC Treaty, unless another 
time-limit is provided for in the Annexes referred to in Article 24 of the Act or in the annexes to the 
Act.   
 
4. Trade data 
 The new Member States’ Imports increased from € 101,014 million (9.8% of EU total 
imports) in 2001 to € 122,783 milli on 11.3% EU total imports) in 200 4.  In the same period the 
new Member States’ exports went from € 117,994 million (12% of EU total exports) to € 138,383 
million (13% of EU total exports).  
II. TRADE PROVISIONS 
1. Import restrictions 
 In accordance with the applicable  rules concerning the internal market and the free circulation 
of goods within the Customs Union as established by  the Treaty, there are no restrictions in place 
between the Members of the European Union.     1.1 Duties and charges  
 None 
  1.2 Quantitative restrictions   None  
 
 1.3 Common External Tariff   The rules and regulations governing the customs union apply to all Member States.
1  Pending 
the finalization of the negotiations provided for in GATT Article XXIV.6, the duties and charges 
under the existing Common External Tariff of the EC-15 have been extended to the new Member 
States as of 1 May 2004, upon their accession to the Eur opean Union, in line with the EC notification 
on 19 January 2004 pursuant to GATT Article XXIV.7 (a).     No permanent exceptions to the Common Extern al Tariff have been granted to the ten new 
Member States.  Only two transitional arrangeme nts exist.  The Republic of Hungary may open a 
temporary yearly tariff quota for non-alloyed al uminium (CN Code 7601 10 00) which is to be 
progressively and fully phased out in Dece mber 2007.  The republic of Malta may
2 open yearly tariff 
quotas for woven fabrics of combed wool or of combed fine animal hair (CN Code 5112 11 10), 
denim (CN Code 5209 42 00), woven fabrics of artif icial filament yarn (CN Code 5408 22 10) and 
other made-up clothing accessories (CN Code 6217 10 00) which are to be progressively and fully 
phased out in December 2008.   
 
                                                      
1 The Customs Code of the European Communities is implemented by Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93, 
2 July 1993.   
2 By way of derogation from Article 5(1) of Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff 
and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff (OJ L 256, 7.9.1987, p.1), as last amended by 32002 R 0969:  Commission Regulation (EC) No 969/2002 of 6.6.2002 (OJ L 149, 7.6.2002, p.20). 
  WT/REG170/2 
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2. Export restrictions 
 There are no duties or other quantitative restrictions on exports within the European Union.   
 
3. Rules of origin 
 The customs union allows the free circulation of products originating in Member States and 
of products coming from third countries which are in  free circulation in Member States after having 
entered in one of the Members of the union.  
4. Standards 
 According to Article 54 of the Act of Accession the new Member States shall put into effect 
the measures necessary for them to  comply, from the date of accession, with the provisions of 
directives and decisions within the meaning of Art.  249 of the EC Treaty, unless another time-limit is 
provided for in the Annexes referred to in Article 24 of the Act or in the annexes to the Act.   
  4.1 Technical barriers to trade 
 
 Products meeting the requirements of one c ountry within the EC can freely move between 
countries, unless specifically exempted by recourse to Articles 28-30 of the EC Treaty.  Standards are implemented through harmonisation as well as mutual recognition arrangements.   
  4.2 Sanitary and phytosanitary measures 
 
 Products meeting the requirements of one c ountry within the EC can freely move between 
countries, unless specifically exempted by recourse to Articles 28-30 of the EC Treaty or the Act of Accession and its annexes.  Standards are implemented through harmonisation as well as mutual recognition arrangements.   
 
5. Safeguards 
 There are no safeguard measures applicable on intr a-trade.  However, Article 37 of the Act of 
Accession establishes a general economic safeguard-clause, while Article 38 of the Act of Accession establishes an internal market saf eguard clause.  Nevertheless, Article 40 of the Act of Accession 
establishes that in order not to hamper the functioni ng of the internal market, the enforcement of the 
new Member States’ national rules during the transiti onal periods referred to in Annexes of the Act 
shall not lead to border controls between Member States.     The common safeguard regime to imports from third countries, as established in Council 
Regulation (EC) No.  519/94 of 7 March 1994,  Council Regulation (EC) No.  3285/94 of 
22 December 1994, Council Regulation (EC) No.  452/2003 of 6 March 2003
3and Council Regulation 
(EC) No.  427/2003 of 3 March 20034, apply to the ten new Member States as of 1 May 2004.     
 
6. Anti-dumping and countervailing measures 
 There are no anti-dumping and countervailing measures applicable on intra-trade.   
 
 Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 19955, Council Regulation 
(EC) No 2026/97 of 6 October 19976  as subsequently amended is the framework for the common 
                                                      
3 Official Journal of the EU L 69, 13.3.2003, p.8, notified under G/SG/N/1/EEC/1/suppl.1 
4 Official Journal of the EU L 65, 8.3.2003, p.1 
5 Official Journal of the EU L 56, 6.3.1996, p.1, notified under G/ADP/N/1/EEC/2 of 2 July 1996 WT/REG170/2 
Page 4  
 
regimes on anti-dumping and countervailing measures r espectively with regard to imports from third 
countries and Council Regulation (EC) No 452/2003 of 6 March 2003
7 apply to the ten new 
Member States as of 1 May 2004.  
7. Subsidies and State-aid 
 According to Article 87 (1) of the EC Treaty any aid granted by a Member State or through 
State resources in any form whatsoever which distor ts or threatens to distort competition by favouring 
certain undertakings or the production of certain goods  shall, in so far as it affects trade between 
Member States, be incompatible with the common ma rket.  According to the EC Treaty Article 88 (1) 
the Commission shall, in cooperation with Member Stat es, keep under constant review all systems of 
aid existing in those States.  Paragraph (2) of Article 88 further establishes that the Commission shall 
propose to Member States any appropriate measures required by the progressive development or by the functioning of the common market.  If the State concerned does not comply with this decision 
within the prescribed time, the Commission or any ot her interested State may, in derogation from the 
provisions of Articles 226 and 227, refer the matter to the Court of Justice direct. 
 
8. Sector-specific provisions 
 There are no sector-specific provisions applicable to intra-trade.   
 
9. Other 
 Pursuant to the Act of Accession Article 6 (5) the new Member States have acceded, under 
the conditions laid down in the Act, to the Agre ement establishing the European Economic Area, in 
accordance with Article 128 of that Agreement.    
III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT 
1. Exceptions and reservations  
 There are no exceptions contained in the Act of Accession.   
 
2. Accession 
 Art. 49 of the Treaty on the European Uni on establishes that any European State which 
respects the principles set out in Article 6 (1) of the Treaty may apply to become a Member of the 
Union.   
 
3. Dispute settlement procedures 
 According to Article 220 of the EC Treaty, The Court of Justice and the Court of First 
Instance, each within its jurisdiction, shall ensure that in the interpretation and application of this 
Treaty the law is observed.  According to Article 230  any natural or legal person may, under the same 
conditions, institute proceedings against a decision  addressed to that person or against a decision 
which, although in the form of a regulation or a d ecision addressed to another pe rson, is of direct and 
individual concern to the former. 
                                                                                                                                                                    
 
6 Official Journal of the EU L 288, 21.10.1997, p.1, notified under G/SCM/N/1/EEC/2 of 
19 January 1998 
 
7 Official Journal of the EU L 69, 13.3.2003, p.8, notified under g/ADP/N/1/EEC/2/Suppl.4 and 
G/SCM/N/1/EEC/2/Suppl.4 
  WT/REG170/2 
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4. Relation with other trade agreements 
 According to Article 6 of the Act of Accessi on the agreements or conventions concluded or 
provisionally applied by the Community or in acco rdance with Articles 24 or 38 of the EU Treaty, 
with one or more third states, with an internationa l organisation or with a national of a third state, 
shall, under the conditions laid down in the orig inal Treaties and the Act, be binding on the new 
Member States.     The European Communities and its Member Stat es are further bound by bilateral, plurilateral 
as well as multilateral agreements.  These arrangement s and agreements are binding on the European 
Communities and its Member States, including the newly acceded Members.   
 
5. Institutional framework 
 The ten new Member States have become part of the institutional framework of the EC with 
adjustments to the Treaties as set out in Part two of  the Act of Accession.  The institutional framework 
is established by the EC Treaty Part five, title 1.   
  The legal framework for the EC’s Comm on Commercial Policy is laid down in the 
EC Treaty, in particular in Title IX thereof.  Art 133 of the Treaty provides that the common commercial policy shall be based on uniform principles,  particularly in regard to changes in tariff 
rates, the conclusion of tariff and trade agreemen ts, the achievement of uniformity in measures of 
liberalisation, export policy and measures to protect tr ade such as those to be  taken in the event of 
dumping or subsidies.  
IV. OTHER 
 The Treaty of Accession is published in the Offi cial Journal of the European Union L 236 of 
23 September 2003. A version subject to  a legal disclaimer is published at:  
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/ne gotiations/treaty_of_accession_2003/index.htm. 
 WT/REG170/2 
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ANNEX 
 
Trade Data
 
 Note: The following tables show the developmen t of trade between the EC15 and the EC new 
Members States over the period 2001-2004.  For ease of comparison, figures are also given 
for the development of EC trade with all third countries. 
 
Table 1 
 
Share of New Member States in Total EU Trade 2001-2004
 
(Million EUR) 
 
 
Extra-EU New Member States  Year 
Exports Imports Total Exports Imports Total 
2001 985,754 1,028,403 2,014,157 117,994 101,014 219,009 
2002 997,237 989,244 1,986,481 124,737 107,092 231,829 
2003 979,842 992,825 1,972,667 130,379 116,835 247,214 
2004 1,062,459 1,088,524 2,150,983 138,383 122,783 261,166 
 
 
Table 2 
 
Share of New Member States in Total EU Trade 2001-2004  
(Percentage) 
 
Extra-EU New Member States  Year 
Exports Imports Total Exports Imports Total 
2001 48.9 51.1 100.0 12.0 9.8 10.9 
2002 50.2 49.8 100.0 12.5 10.8 11.7 
2003 49.7 50.3 100.0 13.3 11.8 12.5 
2004 49.4 50.6 100.0 13.0 11.3 12.1   WT/REG170/2
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 EU15 trade 2001-2004 with EU New Members (million €) EU New Members 
 imports 
 exports 
 balance 
 total trade 
HS Section 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
 2001 2002 2003 2004  
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
                     
Total  101,014 107,092 116,835 122,783
 117,994 124,737 130,379 138,383 
 16,980 17,644 13,544 15,600
 219,009 231,829 247,214 261,166 
of which: 
  
  
   
I. Live animals; animal products 
 1,477 1,394 1,635 1,928
 739 827 764 1,185 
 -738 -566 -871 -743
 2,217 2,221 2,400 3,113 
II. Vegetable products 
 1,258 1,451 1,473 1,477
 1,779 1,762 1,752 1,902 
 522 312 278 424
 3,037 3,213 3,225 3,379 
III. Animal or vegetable fats and oils 
 16 19 35 57
 328 398 411 436 
 311 379 375 379
 344 417 446 493 
IV. Prep foodstuffs; beverages, tobacco 
 1,342 1,489 1,702 1,938
 2,943 3,094 3,055 3,436 
 1,602 1,605 1,353 1,498
 4,285 4,583 4,757 5,374 
V. Mineral Products 
 4,347 4,214 3,871 5,444
 2,481 2,458 2,381 2,511 
 -1,866 -1,755 -1,490 -2,933
 6,828 6,672 6,252 7,954 
VI. Products of the chemical 
 3,392 3,531 3,715 3,511
 10,617 11,699 11,778 12,064 
 7,225 8,168 8,062 8,553
 14,009 15,230 15,493 15,576 
VII. Plastics; rubber 
 4,122 4,613 5,154 5,115
 7,855 8,629 9,417 9,953 
 3,733 4,016 4,262 4,838
 11,977 13,242 14,571 15,069 
VIII. Raw hides and skins, leather 
 675 656 623 487
 1,300 1,396 1,372 1,165 
 625 740 749 678
 1,974 2,053 1,995 1,652 
IX. Wood and articles of wood; cork 
 3,794 3,986 4,300 3,670
 913 1,033 1,081 1,125 
 -2,881 -2,953 -3,219 -2,545
 4,707 5,019 5,380 4,796 
X. Paper or paperboard 
 2,275 2,564 2,757 2,438
 4,221 4,583 4,685 4,719 
 1,946 2,019 1,928 2,281
 6,496 7,146 7,442 7,157 
XI. Textiles and textile articles 
 8,348 8,104 7,703 6,542
 8,043 8,139 7,944 7,287 
 -305 35 241 745
 16,392 16,244 15,647 13,829 
XII. Footwear 
 1,117 1,086 1,032 778
 758 779 718 694 
 -359 -307 -314 -84
 1,875 1,866 1,750 1,472 
XIII. Art of stone plaster cement 
 1,973 2,027 2,180 1,897
 2,128 2,298 2,367 2,345 
 154 271 187 447
 4,101 4,325 4,546 4,242 
XIV. Pearls; precious stones and metals 
 516 388 359 318
 308 250 254 253 
 -208 -138 -105 -66
 825 639 612 571 
XV. Iron and steel, base metals and art 
 9,731 9,861 10,660 10,969
 9,856 10,563 11,778 12,868 
 126 702 1,118 1,899
 19,587 20,425 22,439 23,837 
XVI. Mach., elect. equip. 
 32,637 35,171 39,450 40,912
 39,263 39,546 41,072 44,316 
 6,626 4,375 1,621 3,404
 71,900 74,717 80,522 85,228 
XVII. Transport equip., aircraft, ship 
 15,454 16,930 19,985 20,138
 16,368 19,215 21,069 20,057 
 914 2,285 1,083 -81
 31,822 36,146 41,054 40,194 
XVIII. Optic photo cine precision instr. 
 1,522 1,771 1,979 2,117
 2,957 3,103 3,352 3,544 
 1,435 1,332 1,373 1,427
 4,479 4,874 5,330 5,662 
XIX. Arms and ammunition 
 22 25 21 20
 67 47 43 40 
 45 22 22 20
 89 71 64 59 
XX. Miscellaneous manufactured articles
 6,042 6,949 7,277 6,653
 2,541 2,679 2,726 2,573 
 -3,501 -4,270 -4,551 -4,080
 8,584 9,628 10,003 9,226 
XXI. Works of art, collectors’ pieces 
 56 28 21 12
 56 24 19 28 
 0- 4- 2 1 5
 113 52 40 40 
other 
 898 835 901 6,360
 2,472 2,212 2,344 5,884 
 1,574 1,377 1,443 -476
 3,369 3,047 3,245 12,243 
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4) 
 
  WT/REG170/2 
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 EU15 trade 2001-2004 with EXTRA-EU (million €) EXTRA-EUR 
 imports  exports  balance  total trade 
HS Section 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
 2001 2002 2003 2004 
                     
Total  1,028,403 989,244 992,825 1,088,524 985,754 997,237 979,842 1,062,459  -42,649 7,993 -12,983 -26,066 2,014,157 1,986,481 1,972,667 2,150,983 
of which: 
       
I. Live animals; animal products 
 17,057 16,170 16,265 16,505 11,886 11,532 10,814 12,270  -5,171 -4,638 -5,451 -4,235 28,942 27,702 27,079 28,775 
II. Vegetable products 
 26,158 26,298 25,595 26,391 11,240 11,926 11,840 11,035  -14,918 -14,371 -13,755 -15,357 37,398 38,224 37,435 37,426 
III. Animal or vegetable fats and oils 
 2,382 2,800 2,927 3,389 2,470 2,833 2,685 2,799  88 33 -242 -591 4,852 5,632 5,611 6,188 
IV. Prep foodstuffs; beverages, tobacco
 24,227 25,012 24,904 25,861 32,064 32,981 32,028 32,440  7,837 7,969 7,124 6,579 56,292 57,993 56,932 58,302 
V. Mineral Products 
 158,761 150,740 157,423 187,256 29,650 29,835 30,129 34,865  -129,111 -120,905 -127,294 -152,390 188,412 180,574 187,552 222,121 
VI. Products of the chemical 
 70,325 73,879 73,040 80,095 126,963 138,882 138,030 145,131  56,638 65,004 64,991 65,036 197,288 212,761 211,070 225,227 
VII. Plastics; rubber 
 26,619 26,709 27,777 29,457 36,566 38,666 39,829 44,202  9,947 11,957 12,053 14,746 63,185 65,376 67,606 73,659 
VIII. Raw hides and skins, leather 
 11,253 10,538 9,668 9,553 10,008 9,674 9,269 9,493  -1,246 -864 -398 -60 21,261 20,212 18,937 19,046 
IX. Wood and articles of wood; cork 
 13,893 13,572 13,737 13,777 7,067 7,715 7,392 7,998  -6,826 -5,857 -6,345 -5,779 20,959 21,287 21,130 21,775 
X. Paper or paperboard 
 16,406 15,570 14,850 14,808 24,748 25,537 25,510 26,903  8,343 9,967 10,660 12,096 41,154 41,107 40,361 41,711 
XI. Textiles and textile articles 
 72,488 71,406 70,456 72,986 43,589 43,508 41,868 41,777  -28,898 -27,897 -28,588 -31,208 116,077 114,914 112,325 114,763 
XII. Footwear 
 11,979 12,079 12,250 12,689 7,408 7,191 6,402 6,410  -4,571 -4,888 -5,848 -6,278 19,386 19,270 18,651 19,099 
XIII. Art of stone plaster cement 
 8,434 8,019 8,193 8,666 15,807 15,845 15,183 15,792  7,373 7,825 6,990 7,126 24,241 23,864 23,376 24,458 
XIV. Pearls; preci ous stones and metals
 35,480 34,852 30,392 29,254 28,791 27,844 22,631 24,943  -6,689 -7,008 -7,761 -4,310 64,271 62,696 53,022 54,197 
XV. Iron and steel, base metals and art 
 56,390 52,461 54,924 69,168 55,297 56,323 58,466 68,903  -1,093 3,862 3,542 -265 111,687 108,784 113,390 138,071 
XVI. Mach., elect. equip. 
 284,392 259,755 259,002 285,274 310,694 296,109 291,711 322,462  26,302 36,354 32,709 37,188 595,087 555,864 550,713 607,736 
XVII. Transport equip, aircraft, ship 
 93,880 95,124 99,277 102,388 150,595 156,128 153,976 159,611  56,715 61,003 54,699 57,223 244,474 251,252 253,253 261,999 
XVIII. Optic photo cine precision instr.
 44,917 42,046 40,336 42,045 43,734 45,414 45,385 51,291  -1,183 3,368 5,049 9,246 88,650 87,459 85,721 93,336 
XIX. Arms and ammunition 
 609 1,033 645 488 1,425 1,294 1,175 1,254  816 262 531 766 2,034 2,327 1,820 1,742 
XX. Miscellaneous manufactured articles 
 27,446 29,272 30,029 31,115 19,274 19,275 18,372 18,560  -8,171 -9,997 -11,657 -12,555 46,720 48,548 48,402 49,675 
XXI. Works of art, collectors’ pieces 
 3,078 3,089 2,216 2,511 4,147 4,257 3,876 4,178  1,069 1,168 1,660 1,666 7,225 7,346 6,092 6,689 
other 
 22,230 18,820 18,920 24,849 12,331 14,467 13,268 20,141  -9,899 -4,353 -5,651 -4,708 34,561 33,288 32,188 44,990 
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4)  
 
   WT/REG170/2
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 EU15 trade 2004 with EU New Members 
 EU15 trade 2004 with EXTRA-EUR 
 EU New Members EU New Members/Total 
 imports exports balance  imports exports balance  market share 
HS Section 
 M€ % 
Total M€ % 
Total M€ 
 M€ % 
Total M€ % 
Total M€ 
 imports exports Exp-
Imp 
ratio 
                 
Total  122,783 100% 138,383 100% 15,600 
 1,088,524 100% 1,062,459 100% -26,066 
 11.3% 13.0% 0.89 
of which: 
      
      
    
I. Live animals; animal products 
 1,928 1.6% 1,185 0.9% -743 
 16,505 1.5% 12,270 1.2% -4,235 
 11.7% 9.7% 1.63 
II. Vegetable products 
 1,477 1.2% 1,902 1.4% 424 
 26,391 2.4% 11,035 1.0% -15,357 
 5.6% 17.2% 0.78 
III. Animal or vegetable fats and oils 
 57 0.0% 436 0.3% 379 
 3,389 0.3% 2,799 0.3% -591 
 1.7% 15.6% 0.13 
IV. Prep foodstuffs; beverages, tobacco 
 1,938 1.6% 3,436 2.5% 1,498 
 25,861 2.4% 32,440 3.1% 6,579 
 7.5% 10.6% 0.56 
V. Mineral Products 
 5,444 4.4% 2,511 1.8% -2,933 
 187,256 17.2% 34,865 3.3% -152,390 
 2.9% 7.2% 2.17 
VI. Products of the chemical 
 3,511 2.9% 12,064 8.7% 8,553 
 80,095 7.4% 145,131 13.7% 65,036 
 4.4% 8.3% 0.29 
VII. Plastics; rubber 
 5,115 4.2% 9,953 7.2% 4,838 
 29,457 2.7% 44,202 4.2% 14,746 
 17.4% 22.5% 0.51 
VIII. Raw hides and skins, leather 
 487 0.4% 1,165 0.8% 678 
 9,553 0.9% 9,493 0.9% -60 
 5.1% 12.3% 0.42 
IX. Wood and articles of wood; cork 
 3,670 3.0% 1,125 0.8% -2,545 
 13,777 1.3% 7,998 0.8% -5,779 
 26.6% 14.1% 3.26 
X. Paper or paperboard 
 2,438 2.0% 4,719 3.4% 2,281 
 14,808 1.4% 26,903 2.5% 12,096 
 16.5% 17.5% 0.52 
XI. Textiles and textile articles 
 6,542 5.3% 7,287 5.3% 745 
 72,986 6.7% 41,777 3.9% -31,208 
 9.0% 17.4% 0.90 
XII. Footwear 
 778 0.6% 694 0.5% -84 
 12,689 1.2% 6,410 0.6% -6,278 
 6.1% 10.8% 1.12 
XIII. art of stone plaster cement 
 1,897 1.5% 2,345 1.7% 447 
 8,666 0.8% 15,792 1.5% 7,126 
 21.9% 14.8% 0.81 
XIV. Pearls; precious  stones and metals 
 318 0.3% 253 0.2% -66 
 29,254 2.7% 24,943 2.3% -4,310 
 1.1% 1.0% 1.26 
XV. Iron and steel, base metals and art 
 10,969 8.9% 12,868 9.3% 1,899 
 69,168 6.4% 68,903 6.5% -265 
 15.9% 18.7% 0.85 
XVI. Mach., elect.equip 
 40,912 33.3% 44,316 32.0% 3,404 
 285,274 26.2% 322,462 30.4% 37,188 
 14.3% 13.7% 0.92 
XVII. Transport equip, aircraft, ship 
 20,138 16.4% 20,057 14.5% -81 
 102,388 9.4% 159,611 15.0% 57,223 
 19.7% 12.6% 1.00 
XVIII. Optic photo cine precision instr. 
 2,117 1.7% 3,544 2.6% 1,427 
 42,045 3.9% 51,291 4.8% 9,246 
 5.0% 6.9% 0.60 
XIX. Arms and ammunition 
 20 0.0% 40 0.0% 20 
 488 0.0% 1,254 0.1% 766 
 4.1% 3.2% 0.50 
XX. Miscellaneous manufactured articles 
 6,653 5.4% 2,573 1.9% -4,080 
 31,115 2.9% 18,560 1.7% -12,555 
 21.4% 13.9% 2.59 
XXI. Works of art, collectors’ pieces 
 12 0.0% 28 0.0% 15 
 2,511 0.2% 4,178 0.4% 1,666 
 0.5% 0.7% 0.45 
other 
 6,360 5.2% 5,884 4.3% -476 
 24,849 2.3% 20,141 1.9% -4,708 
 25.6% 29.2% 1.08 
Source: EUROSTAT (Comext, Statistical regime 4)  
 
 
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