Risk Management Proposal: 
 
Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption, 
(Vitis vinifera  L.) 
 
from Peru 
 
 
 
 
 
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date December 2011 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 2 
 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry  
Pastoral House 
25 The Terrace 
PO Box 2526 
Wellington 6140 
New Zealand 
 
 
Tel: 64 4 894 0100 
Fax: 64 4 894 0662 
 
 
 
Import and Export Standards 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 
 
 
 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru 
 
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION 
 
 
 
Date xxxxx 
 
 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 3Contents 
 
Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 4  
Background ............................................................................................................................................ 4  
Commodity description ....................................................................................................................................... 4  
Source information used for the risk management proposal ............................................................................... 4  
Objective ................................................................................................................................................ 5  
Risk assessment ................................................................................................................................... 5  
Identified risk organism groups ........................................................................................................................... 5  
Risk management ................................................................................................................................. 7  
Summary of proposed risk management measures ........................................................................................... 7  
Specific risk management measures proposed .................................................................................................. 7  
Phytosanitary inspection and certification by SENASA ................................................................ 10  
Verification inspection on arrival in New Zealand .......................................................................... 10  
Auditing ............................................................................................................................... ................. 10  
Summary of the table grape export pathway from Peru ............................................................... 11  
Proposed import health standard requirements ............................................................................. 12  
Pre-shipment requirements .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 
Phytosanitary measures ............................................................................................................................... .... 12 
Inspection of the consignment .......................................................................................................................... 12  
Transit requirements ............................................................................................................................... .......... 12  
Documentation ............................................................................................................................... ................... 12  
References ............................................................................................................................... ........... 14  
Appendix 1: The end to end phytosanitary export process with Critical Control Points .......... 17  
Appendix 2: Risk organisms ............................................................................................................. 20  
 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 4 
Purpose 
The purpose of this document is to: 
 Provide a summary of the risks associated with the import of fresh table grapes ( Vitis 
vinifera  L) for human consumption from Peru 
 Provide a rationale for the pr eferred phytosanitary measur es considered for managing 
the risks 
 Seek stakeholder feedback on the proposed  phytosanitary measures in this risk 
management proposal (RMP) for the importing requirements for fresh table grapes 
(Vitis vinifera  L) for human consumption from Peru to New Zealand. 
Background 
New Zealand is responding to a market access request for fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L) 
for human consumption from Peru. This path way has the potential to introduce regulated 
organisms to New Zealand and therefore a ri sk assessment was conducted to determine the 
appropriate phytosanitary measures  proposed in this document. 
Commodity description 
The commodity description “table grapes ” for human consumption is defined as 
commercially produced grapes (berries) with pedicel and peduncle, but without tendrils, 
stems, leaves, roots or any other plant parts. 
Source information used for the risk management proposal 
The assessment of the risks and appropriate measures draws on th e significant body of 
information that already exists for this commodity and country. The following documents 
were used to identify risk organism gr oups on the table grape export pathway to New 
Zealand from Peru and appropriate measures to mitigate their risk of entry and establishment in New Zealand; 
 The New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) import risk analysis 
(IRA) for the importation of table grapes from China (MAFBNZ 2009a); 
 The United States Department of Agriculture IRA for table grapes from the Republic 
of Korea into the USA (Hanken 2000, revised 2002); 
 Biosecurity Australia’s IRA for Table Grapes  from Chile into Australia (Biosecurity 
Australia 2005); 
 Organism specific information from the MA F IRAs for the importation of Pears from 
China (MAFBNZ 2009c), the importation of  Litchi from Taiwan (MAFBNZ 2007), 
the importation of Citrus fruit from Samoa (MAFBNZ 2008a), the importation of 
stonefruit from the Pacific NorthWest (M AFBNZ 2009d) and spider s associated with 
table grapes from the USA (Reed & Newland 2002); 
 Current MAF import health standards (IHSs) for table grapes from Chile, Australia, 
Italy, China, USA and Mexico (MAF IHS 152-02) and historic trade information; 
 MAF interception database records (QuanCar go) of organisms intercepted at the New 
Zealand border on imported table grapes (MAFBNZ 2009b); 
 Phytosanitary Information of Fresh Grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L) Cultivation in Peru, 2010 
and additional information May 2011. SENASA; Organism, commodity and pathway information.  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 5 A pathway assessment for table grapes  conducted by MAF in November 2011 in 
Peru. Table grape production sites and packhouses were in cluded in this assessment. 
 A general literature a nd internet search. 
Objective 
The objective of phytosanitary m easures is to effectively ma nage known risks associated 
with the importation of fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L) for human consumption from 
Peru, in a way that is consistent with New Zealand’s domestic legisl ation and international 
obligations under Article 3.1 of the WTO Agr eement on the Application of Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary Measures (the  SPS Agreement) (WTO 1995)]. 
Risk assessment 
Identified risk organism groups 
Risk organisms identified as being associated with table grapes from Peru were grouped 
according to life cycle traits (f or example internal or extern al fruit feeders) and physical 
characteristics of the organism. Within each gr oup, there are organisms which have been the 
subject of previous risk assessments conducted by MAF. These risk assessments were 
conducted for different pathways (for exam ple table grapes from China). Detailed 
information on specific organisms can be found in  the documents referred to in the section 
Source information . 
The risk organisms are allocated into one of three groups as depicted in Table 1. 
Criteria for risk organisms to  New Zealand (Appendix 2); 
1. present in Peru and absent from New Zealand (or under official control), and  
2. likely to be present on the path way if risk was unmitigated, and 
3. known to be associated with fruit (a s per previous risk analyses), and 
4. their hosts included species present in New Zealand, and 
5. climatically able to estab lish in New Zealand, and/or  
6. likely to cause high economic impact to New Zealand (e.g. fruit fly). 
Tephritidae fruit flies are assessed  as high risk organisms as any incursions of fruit fly would 
disrupt trade and potentially mean large economic  losses for New Zealand exporters of fruit 
fly host material. 
Table 1:  Risk organism groups associated with table grapes from Peru.  
Risk organism group Risk  organisms ( which require specific measures) 
External arthropods 
- Cryptic, mobile organisms 
- Cryptic, non- mobile organisms Ferrisia virgata 
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi 
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 
Internal arthropods Ceratitis capitata 
Anastrepha fraterculus 
Hitchhikers Latrodectus geometricus 
Latrodectus mactans  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 6External arthropods  
1. Cryptic and/or small mobile organisms 
The organisms in this group are small, not hi ghly conspicuous and detection may require 
optical enhancement. The main life stage that is  associated with table grapes is mobile and 
is capable of moving between fruit and moving off fruit by its own means, however the 
distance travelled by these organism s is often relatively small. 
The risk for F. virgata was assessed on litchi from Taiwan and citrus from Samoa 
(MAFBNZ 2007; MAFBNZ 2008a) and the likelihood of entry of F. virgata was 
considered moderate to high. The likelihood an d economic consequences of establishment 
are considered moderate. This organism is pr esent in Peru and is monitored for in other 
production systems (Medina, 2008). 
2. Cryptic and/or small non-mobile organisms 
The organisms in this group are small, not very conspicuous and detection may require 
optical enhancement. The main life stage that is  associated with table grapes is non-mobile. 
When fruit is disposed of, the risk organism is not capable of moving from the fruit, unless 
it develops into the mobile life stage (only capable of moving relatively small distances), 
which means the fruit needs to stay in a c ondition that allows further development. 
A full assessment of the risks of the followi ng organisms have been conducted previously; C. 
dictyospermi  on pears from China and P. pentagona  on citrus from Samoa  (MAFBNZ 2009c; 
MAFBNZ 2009d). The likelihoods of entry were  considered to be low (based on low 
population levels) and the like lihoods of establishment we re considered moderate.  The 
potential economic consequen ces of establishment of C. dictyospermi  or P. pentagona  in New 
Zealand were considered moderate (MAF BNZ 2009c; MAFBNZ 2009d). These organisms 
are present in Peru and are monitored for in  other production systems (CPC, 2010; Medina, 
2008; Meneses, 2007; Watson, 2006).  
Internal arthropods 
The life stages of this group, that are associated  with the fruit, feed within the fruit, and 
therefore can only move limited di stances. Detection of organisms in this group is limited, but 
often frass, external damage or secondary in fections are more obvious signs of infestation. 
The larvae inside the fruit need to develop into adults for dispersal. After the fruit has been 
discarded it needs to stay in a condition that allows the further development of larvae into 
adults. Some larvae are capable of very limited dispersal if the fruit becomes unsuitable.  
The two Tephritidae fruit fly family species in  Peru of major phytosan itary concern to New 
Zealand (Genera: Anastrepha, Ceratitis ) have not been assessed by MAF for table grapes 
previously, but other fruit flie s of phytosanitary concern with  similar biology and expected 
economic consequences have been assessed. For instance, Bactrocera dorsalis  was assessed 
on table grapes from China (MAFBNZ 2009a). The likelihood of entry was considered 
moderate on that pathway and the likelihood of establishment was also considered moderate. 
The economic consequence of establishment of B. dorsalis in New Zealand was considered 
high (MAFBNZ 2009a). Bactrocera kirki  and Bactrocera xanthodes are considered risk 
organisms on citrus from Samoa. The likelihoo d of establishment is high and the economic 
consequences are considered hi gh (MAFBNZ 2008a). In general,  the entry and establishment 
of Tephritidae fruit flies is considered to have high to severe economic consequences. 
 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 7Hitchhikers 
There is evidence of an opportunistic associ ation between table gr apes and hitchhiker 
organisms including spiders. There were 10 border interceptions and 47 post-border 
detections of spiders, spiderlings or eggs fr om imported table grapes to New Zealand during 
the period 2000–2001 (MAFBNZ, 2009b).  
A MAF pest risk assessment identified spiders as hitchhiker species on table grapes (Reed & 
Newland, 2002). Latrodectus spp. were intercepted or dete cted 12 times during the 2000–
2001 season with Latrodectus mactans being intercepted four times (Reed & Newland, 2002).  
L. mactans has been recorded on grapevines associat ed with the berries although it does not 
feed on the berries. An assessment on table grapes from China identified this spider as a risk 
organism (MAFBNZ 2009a). The likelihood of entr y was considered to be low to moderate. 
The likelihood of establishment was consider ed to be moderate to high. The potential 
economic consequences are considered to be  low, while the potential environmental 
consequences are considered to be moderate. The potential human health consequences of 
establishment are considered to be high. 
Risk management  
Summary of proposed risk management measures 
This RMP outlines a combination of phytosanitary measures, including mandatory measures 
such as phytosanitary inspection, for regulated  organisms to New Zealand. The phytosanitary 
measures proposed below are aligned with cu rrent standards and the pre and post harvest 
practices in the exporting c ountry, where this a lignment is possible without compromising 
New Zealand’s biosecurity. 
pest free area  or a systems approach  (vineyard and packhouse registration, pest 
management and monitoring, packing manage ment, visual inspection and remedial 
action) and cold disinfestation for fruit flies   
AND 
a systems approach  (including field inspection a nd inspection in line by SENASA) 
for hitchhiker organisms including spiders  
AND
 a systems approach  for Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Ferrisia virgata and  
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona  
AND 
 pre-export phytosanitary inspection and certification . SENASA to have in place a 
supporting operational system to maintain and verify the phytosanitary status of 
consignments  
Note: Only table grapes produced in accordan ce with the official assurance programme 
(OAP) and import health standard  (IHS) and certified with a phyt osanitary certificate may be 
imported into New Zealand from Peru and MAF will verify this with inspection on arrival. 
The essential critical control po ints (CCPs) of the proposed phytosanitary measures across 
the pathway are described in the “proposed pa thway description” (Figure 1) and in the 
accompanying monitoring and verification procedures (Appendix 1). These CCPs will form the basis of the OAP between Peru and New Zealand. 
Specific risk management measures proposed 
Pest free area  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 8Methods and procedures to verify any establis hed pest free area for fruit flies must be in 
accordance with ISPM 26 (IPPC 2006) and will  be in the OAP. The procedures should 
include monitoring for fruit flies, outbreak crit eria, emergency pest control measures and re-
instatement criteria. 
For all risk organisms, pest free area will be ba sed on research data to establish that table 
grape growing areas are free of  the risk organism. The progr amme should include trapping, 
monitoring and methods for specimen identifica tion. The establishment of pest free areas 
should be in alignment with th e international standards ISPM  4 (IPPC 1996) and/or ISPM 10 
(IPPC 1999). 
A systems approach 
A systems approach requires two or more phyt osanitary measures that are independent of 
each other. In principle, systems approaches should be composed of a combination of 
phytosanitary measures that are possible to implement within the exporting country. The 
combination of these phytosanitary measures re duces the risk to an acceptable level. The 
systems approach should be in accordance with ISPM 14 (IPPC 2002). 
The essential critical control po ints (CCPs) of the proposed sy stems approach are described 
below and identified in the “proposed pathwa y description” (Figure 1) and accompanying 
monitoring and verification procedures (Appendix 1).  
 Vineyard registration 
SENASA, as the designated National Plant Pr otection Organisation (NPPO) for Peru will 
register all commercial  vineyards producing table grapes for export to New Zealand prior to 
the commencement of the growing season. Only commercially produced table grapes may be 
imported into New Zealand. SENASA will verify vineyards are complying with the export programme/workplan agreed betw een Peru and New Zealand pr ior to the export season and 
during the export season. Registra tion is required to ensure approved production procedures 
are followed and provide product trac eability along the export pathway.
  
 Packhouse/Cold storage/Treatm ent facility registration 
SENASA will register all packi ng, cold storage and treatmen t facilities processing table 
grapes for export to New Zealand prior to the commencement of the growing season.  
SENASA will verify packing and cold storag e facilities are comp liant with packhouse 
operations, and sanitation procedures are co mpliant with the export programme/workplan 
agreed upon between Peru and New Zealand. Pac khouse, cold storage an d treatment facility 
registration is expected to limit the presence of  attracted and packhouse associated hitchhikers 
and allow trace-back information in the event of non-compliance. 
 Integrated pest management 
All registered vineyards will implement pest control activities and an integrated pest 
management (IPM) and monitoring pr ogramme as outlined in the export 
programme/workplan agreed upon between Peru and New Zealand. Chemic al, biological and 
cultural control measures are applied when n eeded and may be dependent on the results of 
the pest and disease monitoring. Record s of control measures are retained. 
All diseased and infected plants /plant parts will be removed and destroyed. Vineyards are to 
have programmes in place for weed control and pruning. The use of pesticide treatments is 
limited to prevent the development of pesticide re sistance. This general approach is expected 
to limit the presence of all risk organism groups. 
 Monitoring and surveillance activities  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 9Vineyards must be monitored by a SENASA accr edited person from the start of fruit 
formation for the presence of F. virgata, C. dictyospermi , P. pentagona, C. capitata , A. 
fraterculus  and other Tephritidae fruit flies of concern ( Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera  spp., 
Ceratitis  spp. and Rhagoletis  spp.) and surveillance for a ll Tephritidae fruit flies. The 
inspection rates must be increased when pest populations increase due to climatic conditions 
or a decrease in natural predat or populations. When required, chemical controls must be 
applied according to a SENASA approved integrat ed pest control programme. This step is 
considered to verify very low to neglig ible prevalence of high risk organisms. 
 Visual inspection 
Visual inspection of fruit occurs at several points during the r outine production and post-
harvest pathway for table grapes from Peru. These include:  
 In-field monitoring durin g the growing season; 
 Harvesting; 
 Sorting and grading; 
 Packaging of fruit for export; 
 Visual phytosanitary inspection. 
NB: The visual phytosanitary inspection is requi red to verify the efficacy of any treatments 
before export for the purpose of official assurance. 
All export consignments must be inspected during grading and p acking by SENASA staff 
using appropriate optical enhancement (for example 10x magnification with illumination). 
Technical staff must be trained to recognise regulated organism s and diseases of concern to 
New Zealand as depicted in Appendix 2. Fruit must be visually examined for signs of 
damage to the skin or risk organism infest ations and to remove any contamination during 
grading at the packhouse. Any associated extrane ous plant material, weed  seeds or trash must 
also be removed during the inspection/packaging grading processes. Fallen fruit or any fruit 
showing indications of pests or diseases, fo r example deformity, damaged or broken skin, 
frass, infestation or infection are not eligible for export to New Zealand. This includes signs 
of infection or infestation on the pedicel or peduncle. 
 Packaging 
Table grapes from Peru to be packed in new unused boxes with each box labelled identifying vineyard, lot, date and size (SENASA 2011). The packaging used should prevent reinfestation 
of the table grape bunches. This step is cons idered necessary to pr event reinfestation and 
provide traceability if needed for non-compliances. 
Cold disinfestation for fruit fly 
Ceratitis capitata  and Anastrepha fraterculus are Tephritidae fruit f lies of concern on table 
grapes from Peru (SENASA 2010). C. capitata  is also present in Australia, and the current 
import requirements for table grapes from Austra lia are as follows: The core temperature of 
the fruit pulp to be held continuously at one of the following temperature/time combinations 
immediately before export or in transit, 0ºC or below for 13 days or 1ºC for 16 days.   
The USA requires table grapes from Peru to be cold treated in transit against C .capitata  and 
A. fraterculus  at the upper limit of 1.67ºC for 17 days.  
To mitigate the risks of C. capitata  and A. fraterculus table grapes from Peru must be treated 
according to the schedule as follows. The core temperature of the fruit pulp needs to be held continuously at one of the following temperature/time combinations during transit to New Zealand:  
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 10<1.11ºC 15 days 
<1.67ºC 17 days 
Phytosanitary inspection and certification by SENASA 
All consignments must be sampled and visually  inspected for regulated organisms prior to 
phytosanitary certification by the exporting NPPO . Where a regulated organism is detected, 
appropriate management action will be conducte d, or the fruit will not be exported to New 
Zealand. In the event that no regulated organisms are found and all re quirements of the IHS 
and OAP have been met, a phytosanitary cer tificate will be issued, which should be in 
accordance with the IHS and ISPM 7 (IPPC 2011). 
Verification inspection on arrival in New Zealand 
MAF may inspect a sample taken from each lot on arrival in New Zealand to verify efficacy 
of pest management actions undertaken. The sampling procedure will be in accordance with section 4.4 of the MAF IHS 152-02 for the impor tation and clearance of fresh fruit and 
vegetables into New Zealand. If a treatment ha s failed, or regulated organisms, extraneous 
plant material, weed seeds or trash are intercep ted, one or more of the following actions will 
be undertaken: re-sorting of the consignment, treatment where an efficacious treatment is 
available, re-shipment or dest ruction of the consignment and/ or the temporary suspension of 
the pathway on the detection of risk organism s for which pre-export phytosanitary measures 
are required. The suspension will continue un til the cause of the non-compliance has been 
identified and corrective actions have been implemented and approved by MAF. 
Note: Independent of the measures, phytosanitary sample inspection by the NPPO of Peru and verification inspection upon arrival in New Zealand by MAF will take place. 
Auditing 
MAF will monitor interceptions of regulat ed pests including hitchhikers and the 
appropriateness/effectiveness of phytosanitary measures on the commencement of trade. 
Hitchhiker pests have their regu latory status classified on the MAF Biosecurity Organisms 
Register for Imported Commodities (BORIC ) (http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests-
diseases/registers-lists/boric/).   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1: Proposed export pathway 1 3 
5 
Table grapes 
transported to New 
Zealand under cold 
disinfestation Table grapes grown under IPM in export 
SENASA registered 
vineyards in Peru Table grapes are graded and 
inspected – damaged and infested grapes are removed 
treatment
2 4 6 7 
Table grapes are inspected on arrival at 
the New Zealand 
border 
8 Table grapes harvested 
and transported to 
SENASA registered 
packhouses Table grapes are inspected 
by Peru NPPO and if no 
regulated pests are found a 
phytosanitary certificate will be issued Table grapes not meeting IHS 
requirements are 
treated, reshipped or 
destroyed 
If IHS requirements 
are met table grapes 
are given biosecurity 
clearance and distributed in New Zealand  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 11Summary of the table grape export pathway from Peru 
Pathway description 
Peru’s Ministry of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Health Service (SENASA) has 
provided MAF with information regarding th e table grapes commodity, production system, 
and pests and diseases. This information, togeth er with standard practices, was used to 
compile the proposed pathway description (see Figure 1). The proposed phytosanitary export 
process outlining the critical control points in  the proposed pathway is  described in Appendix 
1. 
1. Table grape vineyards are required to be registered  with SENASA and meet 
SENASA export programme standards before the season starts to be approved for 
export. For in-field pest and disease cont rol, only agricultural chemicals registered 
with SENASA are used, providing they meet  New Zealand’s import standards. Where 
pest free area is the management measure being used, monitoring records are to be 
available as evidence to support the pest free status of that area. 
2. Table grapes are harvested from October to March. Each bunch is inspected at harvest 
before being transported to the packhouse. The table grapes are transported to the 
fumigation chambers to be treated for botrytis with 500g SO 2 at 22oC for 11 mins. 
Packhouses receive table grapes  from registered growers and lots are identified by 
vineyard/production unit c ode/variety/date of harvest for traceability. 
3. The table grapes are packed in SENASA -registered packing houses, damaged or 
infested/infected fruits are removed a nd destroyed. SENASA inspectors inspect 
bunches for the presence of spiders at this stage. The table grapes are packed into 
carton boxes in different packaging de pendent on the market. Cartons have SO 2 pads 
added and are monitored to prevent infest ation by contaminating organisms. Cartons 
exhibit traceability labels identifying vine yard/production unit c ode/variety/date of 
harvest. The table grapes are pre-cooled  for 8 hours and then stored at a pulp 
temperature of 1°C to 1.5°C. The cold di sinfestation for fruit fly is undertaken in 
transit. 
4. SENASA performs the phytosanitary inspecti on of the table grapes in the coldroom. 
If no pests/diseases are found, the refrigerat ed container is closed and sealed and 
SENASA issues the phytosanitary certificat e and the table grapes are cleared for 
export to New Zealand. 
5. Export documents including the phytosanitary  certificate specif ying any treatment 
and accompany each consignment that is either air or sea freighted. Cold 
disinfestation is performed in transit a nd SENASA verifies that the temperature 
probes are calibrated, placed correctly in frui t pulp and the temperature recorder is 
working. 
6. Fruit and relevant export documents are examined in New Zealand by MAF 
inspectors to ensure comp liance with New Zealand’s phytosanitary requirements. 
7. Any consignment not complying with New Zealand’s phytosanitary requirements is 
treated, resorted, re-shipped or destroyed. The exporting country is notified of the non-compliance. 
8. Fruit receiving biosecurity clearance is able to be distributed by the importer 
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 12Proposed import health standard requirements 
Phytosanitary measures to manage the risk of  regulated organisms on the table grape import 
pathway are the use of pest free areas, a systems approach with critical control points for high 
risk regulated organisms and hitchhiker organi sms including spiders and a systems approach 
and cold disinfestation treatment for fruit flies.  
The measures directed against the high risk regulated organisms are considered to also 
manage the risk posed by other potential ri sk organisms on the pathway. If (part of) the 
critical control points of the systems approach are not performed or if equivalent measures are 
preferred, specific risks can be managed by e quivalent measures following assessment and 
approval by MAF. Other risk management measures  will be assessed as equivalent measures, 
when supporting evidence is provided in accordance with ISPM 24 (IPPC 2005). 
Based on the evaluation of th e phytosanitary measures proposed for the management of 
regulated organisms and regulated organism groups, the following specific import conditions 
for table grapes (Commodity Sub-Class: Fresh Fruit/ Vegetables) from Peru are 
recommended including additional declarati ons to be included on the phytosanitary 
certificate: 
Pre-shipment requirements  
Only table grapes commercially produced in accordance with the OAP and IHS and certified on a phytosanitary certificate may be imported into New Zealand from Peru. 
Phytosanitary measures 
MAF requires the NPPO of Peru to undertake pest control activities that  are effective against 
high risk regulated organisms prior to th e commodity arriving in New Zealand and 
phytosanitary certification will need to attest to this accordingly. The high risk regulated 
organisms are: Anastrepha fraterculus , Ceratitis capitata , Chrysomphalus dictyospermi , 
Ferrisia virgata , Latrodectus geometricus, Latrodectus mactans  and Pseudaulacaspis 
pentagona . 
Inspection of the consignment  
MAF requires the NPPO of Peru to sample and visually inspect the consignment according to 
official procedures for all the regulated or ganisms specified by MAF. A phytosanitary 
certificate should not be issued if live regulat ed organism(s) or “unlisted” organism(s) are 
detected, unless the consignment is effectively treated.  
Transit requirements  
The NPPO of Peru must ensure that the consignment (prior to export) is held and transported 
in a manner to ensure that infestation or re infestation does not occur following phytosanitary 
certification.  
Documentation 
Official Assurance Programme: Table grapes may only be imported into New Zealand 
from Peru under the terms of the OAP between New Zealand and Peru. 
Phytosanitary certificate:  Required and issued by the NPPO of Peru when satisfied that the 
phytosanitary activities required by MAF have been met. 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 13Additional declarations to the phytosanitary certificate  
(i) “The table grapes in this consignm ent have undergone pest control activities 
effective against Anastrepha fraterculus, Cerati tis capitata, Chrysomphalus 
dictyospermi, Ferrisia virgata, Latrodectus geometricus, Latrodectus mactans and 
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona  in accordance with the Official Assurance 
Programme” 
AND 
(ii) “The table grapes in this consignment have been treated in accordance with 
Section 3.1 of the Official Assuranc e Programme between the New Zealand 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Peruvian Ministerio de Agricultura 
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, c oncerning the access of host material of 
economically significant fruit fly spec ies from Peru to New Zealand.” 
 
Note: Full details of the treatments must be included in the “disinfestation and/or di sinfection treatment” area of 
the phytosanitary certificate or as an endorsed attachment to the phytosanitary certificat e. Details of the treatment 
duration and/or temperature must be recorded. For any cold disinfestation completed in-transit; printouts of all 
temperature sensors or direct electroni c downloads must be made available to  MAF at the port of arrival in New 
Zealand for final phytosanitary  clearance of the container.  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 14 
References 
AQIS (1999) Draft Import Risk Analysis for the Im portation of Fresh Table Grapes [Vitis vinifera 
L.] From California (USA) March 1999. 
Ben-Dov, Y; Miller, D R; Gi bson, G A P (2006) ScaleNet. 
http://www.sel.barc.usda .gov/scalenet/query.htm .  
Biosecurity Australia (2005) Final Report for the Import Risk Analysis for Table Grapes from 
Chile. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra, Australia. 
Charles, J.G., Henderson, R.C. (2002) Catalogue of the Exotic Armoured Scale Insects 
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 17________________________________________________________________________________________________ Appendix 1: The end to end phytosanitary export process with Critical Control Points1  
This summary identifies points, steps and/or procedures where control can be applied to prevent or minimise risk to an acceptab le level. Critical control points2 that are 
required by MAF as part of the Official  Assurance Programme (OAP) agreed with Peru are mentioned in the last column. 
Pathway Step Description of 
Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) Related Documentation 
Standards/Agreements 
Production (1) 
 
In-field pest control IPM strategies used for 
the control of pests 
(briefly described above) 
 
Specific control 
programmes for fruit fly, weevils, scales, mealybugs, Lepidoptera and fungal pathogens 
 External arthropods 
Cryptic, mobile organisms 
Cryptic, non- mobile 
organisms 
Internal organisms 
Hitchhikers Low infestation/ 
infection of fruit Technical specialists visit and advise growers of 
pest control measures 
during growing season. SENASA verification procedures e.g. checks of 
grower records, spray 
diaries, grower training records etc.  SENASA standard for pest 
management 
 SENASA grower export 
approval 
 Valid orchard registration 
number 
 Export programme/workplan 
 
Production (1) 
 
Specific monitoring 
activities Specific monitoring activities for the high risk organisms of concern A. fraterculus 
C. capitata 
C. dictyospermi 
F. virgata 
Hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
P. pentagona 
Other Tephritidae fruit flies Validation of pest freedom areas and/or low infestation rates Vineyards are monitored on a regular basis by technical staff for the presence of the high risk organisms. SENASA verification procedures e.g. grower records, in-season grower audits  Export programme/workplan 
Harvest & transport (2) 
 
To pack house  Registered and export approved growers transport fruit to approved pack houses   Fruit from registered 
growers accepted by approved pack houses. Pack house staff check grower export registration on arrival of fruit at pack house SENASA verification procedures e.g. SENASA vineyard and pack house approvals  Register of growers/orchards eligible to export to NZ 
 SENASA registered pack 
house export approval 
 Export programme/workplan 
Pack House Processing 
(3) 
 
SENASA inspection or Sulphur dioxide/CO
2 
fumigation Fruit inspected by SENASA or treated with sulphur dioxide/CO
2 
fumigation upon entering the pack house Hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
External arthropods Extremely low to negligible presence of spiders on fruit Pack house staff ensure all incoming grapes are treated according to schedule Packhouse procedures 
SENASA verification procedures.  Packhouse procedures 
 Export programme/workplan 
                                                 
 
1 Critical control points – points in the production and/or post -production chain where it is essential (and a requirement by MAF) to control or remove risk organisms  
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 18Pathway Step Description of 
Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) Related Documentation 
Standards/Agreements 
Pack House Processing (3) 
 
Sorting/Grading Infected/infested fruit removed External arthropods 
Hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
 Removal of all visually detectable/symptomatic 
infected/infested fruit Pack house staff remove 
infected/infested fruit by 
hand, segregate it and 
clearly label for disposal SENASA verification procedures 
e.g. checks of segregation of non-compliant fruit 
 
MAF conducts pre-export and periodic verification  Documented pack house 
procedures 
 Export programme/workplan 
Pack House Processing 
(3) 
 
Visual inspection Visual inspection by technical packhouse staff using optical enhancement External arthropods 
Cryptic, mobile organisms 
Cryptic sessile organisms 
Internal organisms 
Hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
 Removal of all infested fruit or fruit showing signs of deformity or infestations Pack house staff remove any fruit showing signs of infestation, infection or damage. SENASA verification procedures e.g. checks of segregation of non-compliant fruit, records of pests and pathogens found.  
Facility cleaned and secured against pest introduction  Documented pack house procedures 
 Export programme/workplan 
Pack House Processing (3) 
 
Packaging & Labelling Only graded and visually inspected fruit is packed into clean cartons in a way that prevents infestation by 
contaminating 
organisms. Cartons show relevant, accurate traceability information. [Reinfesting] internal and external arthropods and fruit pathogens No reinfestation of packaged fruit can occur 
 
Traceability information 
allows product to be 
traced back and traced forward Pack house staff only pack graded and visually inspected fruit into clean cartons 
 
Pack house staff use insect-proof cartons, add SO
2 pads and clearly label 
cartons with traceability information. SENASA check that cartons have been insect-proofed and correctly labelled.  Export programme/workplan 
Phytosanitary inspection 
(4) 
 A visual phytosanitary inspection of the 
appropriate sample size to verify that the measures at the above critical control points have been applied effectively External arthropods 
Cryptic mobile organisms 
Cryptic sessile organisms 
Internal arthropods 
Hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
 Fruit is free of 
detectable fruit pests 
and pathogens, traceability information is correct and cartons are pest proof. SENASA staff visually 
inspect fruit for pests & 
pathogens and check traceability information prior to transport to NZ. 
 
Fruit is rejected/resorted/ treated if requirements are not met. SENASA verify that all 
fruit has undergone above 
critical control point measures and that traceability information is correct.  Export programme/workplan  
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 19Pathway Step Description of 
Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) Related Documentation 
Standards/Agreements 
Post-certification product security (4) Fruit is secured against reinfestation [Reinfesting] internal and 
external arthropods, 
hitchhikers including  L. 
geometricus and L. mactans 
and fruit pathogens  No reinfestation or substitution of product Storage facility staff ensure that product is 
segregated and secured 
against reinfestation/ re-infection/ substitution prior to export Phytosanitary certificate issued when all IHS and 
OAP requirements have 
been verified as being met 
 
All additional declarations met and treatment specifications noted on phytosanitary certificate  MAF IHS 
 Export programme/workplan 
Transport to NZ (5) Export fruit [+ accompanying documentation] is freighted to New Zealand in sealed containers [Reinfesting] internal and external arthropods and fruit pathogens No reinfestation, re-infection or substitution of product SENASA seals containers and records seal number on phytosanitary certificate Seal number on container matches phytosanitary certificate  SENASA phytosanitary procedures 
 ISPMs 
 Export programme/workplan 
Transport to NZ (5) 
 
In transit cold disinfestation * 
 Fruit is cold treated according to appropriate schedule A. fraterculus  
C. capitata 
External arthropods 
 Mitigation of the risk posed by the Tephritidae fruit flies Pack house staff place probes and verifies thermal recorder SENASA inspects effective placing of probes and thermal recorder. If performed pre-export, SENASA keeps record of read-outs  MAF IHS 
 Phytosanitary certificate 
 Export programme/workplan 
Verification Inspection  
(6) and (7) 
 
MAF inspection upon 
arrival in NZ Documentation, seal(s), 
thermal read-outs and fruit is inspected before being cleared, treated, reshipped or destroyed. 
 
Note: this is not a measure but a verification inspection  No substitution has 
occurred and phytosanitary certificate matches consignment 
 
Consignment subject to treat, reship or destroy if non-compliance found. Pathway may be suspended dependent on regulated organism detected. Documentation checked to ensure IHS and OAP requirements have been met. 
 
 A MAF biosecurity inspector checks accompanying export documentation (e.g. seal number, treatment 
information and additional 
declarations) and inspects sample of fruit for presence of risk organisms  MAF Border Clearance Procedures 
 Phytosanitary certificate 
 IHS 
Distribution (8)  
Cleared product available for distribution throughout NZ 
 
 
* The phytosanitary certificate will specify in-transit cold disinfestation.  Table grapes cold disinfested in-transit must be presented with appropriate temperature records for phytosanitary inspection. 
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 20Appendix 2: Risk organisms 
The list below has been generated from the different information sources described in the Source information section. 
Exclusions from the list include: 
1. all non-regulated organisms/present in New Zealand and not considered  a vector or potential vector. 
2. organisms unlikely to follow the pathway, including: 
a. organisms not associated with fruit (e.g. Naupactus leucoloma , adults feed at the bases of leaf margins, leaving characteri stic “notching”; larvae attack the tap roots and the basal parts of stems and are 
therefore unlikely to follow the pathway). 
b. organisms not expected to remain with the fruit during ha rvest because of size, mobility or harvesting methods (e.g. Apis indica  and Theretra oldenlandiae ) but including hitchhikers 
3. organisms identified previously not to be a risk on table grapes (e.g. Oraesia emarginata, Peridroma saucia  and Calyptra lata . MAFBNZ 2009a) 
4. organisms identified at genus level onl y, as a genera may contain species th at are not a risk on the commodity 
5. organisms where insufficient evidence exists that they are present in Peru. 
Note: organisms not added to the risk organism list remain ‘regulated organisms’ that  warrant action upon interception. 
Organism Authority Taxonomy Present in NZ Brief assessment Phytosanitary measures to 
mitigate risk of entry and 
establishment 
Arthropods     
Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera:Tephritidae N (PPIN 2010) 
 This Tephritidae fruit fly is present on table grape bunches in Peru (SENASA 2010). It 
is not present in New Zealand. Tephritidae fruit flies are high priority risk organisms, 
establishment would lead to severe economic consequences. PFA or Systems Approach 
and Cold Disinfestation 
Argyrotaenia sphaleropa Lepidoptera:Tortricidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, PPIN 2009) This organism is present on grape bunches (Morandi Filho et al., 2007) and is present 
in Peru (Combe Loere, 1958). The larvae feed on young fruit, resulting in fruit drop. 
Large larvae feed among clusters of ripening fruits and attach with silken thread webs 
(Meneguim & Hohmann 2007). Systems Approach  
Aspidiotus destructor  Hemiptera:Diaspididae N (Charles & Henderson 2002, PPIN 2009) A risk analysis on citrus from Samoa identified this organism as a risk on that 
pathway. The New Zealand climate is considered suitable for establishment (MAFBNZ 
2008a). The organism is present on table grape bunches (Watson 2006) and present 
in Peru (UK CAB International 1966). Systems Approach  
Ceratitis capitata Diptera:Tephritidae N (MAF 2007; PPIN 2010) This organism is present on table grape bunches (Ye et al., 2007). It is present in Peru 
(SENASA 2010). It is not present in New Z ealand. Tephritidae fruit flies are high 
priority risk organisms and establishment would lead to severe economic 
consequences. PFA or Systems Approach 
and Cold Disinfestation 
Ceroplastes rusci Hemiptera:Coccidae N (PPIN 2009) This organism is present in Peru (Marín–Loayza & Cisneros–Vera, 1994). This 
organism is present on grape bunches and considered a risk organism on table 
grapes from Italy (MAF 152-02). Systems Approach  
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  Hemiptera:Diaspididae N (Charles & Henderson 2002, PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on Pyrus  from China identified this organism as a risk on that 
pathway. The New Zealand climate is consi dered to be suitable for establishment and 
economic consequences are considered to be moderate (MAFBNZ 2009c). This 
organism is known to be present on table grape bunches (CPC, 2010) and present in 
Peru (Medina 2008). Systems Approach  
Eriopis connexa Coleoptera:Coccinellidae N (Scott and Emberson, 1999; PPIN, 2009) This organism is present in Peru (Navarrete & Landa 2006). The organism has an 
indirect association with table grape bunches (Curkovic et al., 1995). A risk 
assessment on table grapes from China identified organisms with a similar biology as 
a risk on table grape bunches (MAFBNZ 2009a). Systems Approach  
Ferrisia virgata Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae N (Spiller & Wise 1982; Scott & Emberson 1999; PPIN 
2010) This organism is present on table grape bunches and is known to be present in Peru 
(Medina, 2008). A risk analysis on citrus from Samoa identified this organism as a risk 
on that pathway. The New Zealand climate is considered suitable for establishment 
(MAFBNZ 2008a). Systems Approach  
Heliothis virescens Lepidoptera:Noctuidae N (PPIN 2010) This organism is pr esent on bunches in Peru (SEN ASA 2010). All stages tend to feed 
on flowers, tender new leaves and fruit. Later larval stages tunnel 5-15 cm into the 
soil. Frass is visible on fruit (CPC, 2010). Systems Approach   
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from Peru – Draft December 2011 
 21Organism Authority Taxonomy Present in NZ Brief assessment Phytosanitary measures to 
mitigate risk of entry and 
establishment 
Hippodamia convergens Coleoptera:Coccinellidae N (PPIN 2009) This organism is present in Peru (Yabar et al., 2002). Ladybirds do not feed on plants, 
but rather on phytophagous arthropods. They may be present on any part of the plant 
that their prey is present on (MAFBNZ 2009d). The likelihood of entry via stonefruit 
from the Pacific Northwest was considered low and thorough inspections are 
considered likely to detect them (MAFBNZ 2009d). Systems Approach  
Latrodectus geometricus Araneae:Theridiidae N (Forster & Forster 1999; PPIN 2009) A MAF risk assessment on table grapes from China identified this organism as a risk 
on table grape bunches (MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in Peru (Woll et 
al., 2003). Systems Approach  
 
Latrodectus mactans Araneae:Theridiidae N (Forster & Forster 1999; PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from Chin a identified this organism as a risk on 
table grape bunches (MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in Peru (Esquerre de 
Ramirez et al., 1971). Systems Approach  
 
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Hemiptera:Diaspididae N (Charles & Henderson 2 002: previously recorded 
erroneously as present; PPIN 2010) A risk assessment on stonefruit from the Pa cific Northwest identified this organism as 
a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand c limate is considered to be suitable for 
establishment and economic consequences were considered to be moderate 
(MAFBNZ 2009d). This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches 
(Watson, 2006) and present in Peru (Meneses 2007). Systems Approach  
Pseudococcus maritimus Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae N (Cox, 1977; PPIN, 2009; Ben-Dov et al, 2006). This organism is present in Peru (Smith et al., 1996). A risk assessment on table 
grapes from China considered this organism  a risk on that pathway (MAFBNZ 2009a). 
The New Zealand climate is considered to be suitable for establishment. Systems Approach  
Scirtothrips citri Thysanoptera:Thripidae N (PPIN 2009) This organism is present in Peru (Meca et al., 2009). It is also present on table grape 
bunches (AQIS 1999). This organism is considered a risk on table grapes from the 
California (MAFBNZ 152-02). Systems Approach  
Selenaspidus articulatus Hemiptera:Diaspididae N (PPIN 2010) This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches in Peru (SENASA 
2010). This is a tropicopolitan species and a minor pest on most hosts. It is the most 
important citrus pest in Peru and integrat ed control is used with good effect (CPC, 
2010). Systems Approach