RESTRICTED  WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
11 July 2006 
 (06-3327) 
Council for Trade in Services  
 
  
  
A REVIEW OF STATISTICS ON TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES  
 
Note by the Secretariat
1 
 
Addendum  
   This document responds to a request expressed by the Council for Trade in Services meeting 
in Special Session on 7 April 2006.  Updatin g and expanding previous Notes issued in 
November 1997 and October 2000, it provides an overview of recent conceptual achievements and 
progress made with respect to the measurement of trade in services.  On the basis of statistics 
currently available the Note also discusses globa l developments in trade in services and the 
performance of individual economies and regions.  To facilitate comparison, a number of the tables in 
the Annex are organized in the same way as the corresponding tables in the initial Notes (S/C/W/27 
and S/C/W/27/Add.1).  
  One of the most important achievements since the last Note was prepared is the release of the 
Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services  in 2002.  It was developed jointly by Eurostat, 
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organi zation for Economic Cooperation and Development 
(OECD), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations 
Statistics Division (UNSD) and the WTO Secretariat.  This Manual provides an internationally agreed 
framework for compiling statistics of internati onal trade in services, responding to the growing 
information needs of trade negotiators, analysts and other users.  Since its release, much progress has 
been achieved with respect to the level of sect oral detail available and the collection of new 
information related to the local delivery of services through commercial presence. 
 
 The following presentation is organised in fi ve Sections.  A brief introduction into recent 
developments in the measurement of trade in ser vices (Section I) is followed by a description of 
recent developments in trade in services at an aggreg ate, sectoral and bilateral level on the basis of 
balance of payments statistics (Section II).  Sec tion III contains information on Foreign Affiliates 
Trade in Services (FATS) statistics for a number of Members.  Section IV presents indicators with 
respect to individual modes of supply, with a particular focus on the presence of natural persons.  Section V provides a few concluding remarks and discusses prospects for the measurement of international trade in services. 
                                                     
 
1 This document has been prepared under the Secret ariat's own responsibility and without prejudice to 
the positions of Members and to their rights and obligations under the WTO. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 2  
 
  TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
I.
 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... .4 
II. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTOR S BASED ON BOP STATISTICS ..................5  
A. THE EXTENDED BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SERVICES CLASSIFICATION .......................................5  
B. RECENT TRENDS AND SECTORAL ANALYSIS ...............................................................................8  
1. Total commercial services trade ..............................................................................................9  
2. Transportation ................................................................................................................. .........9  
3. Travel ......................................................................................................................... ..............11  
4. Other commercial services.....................................................................................................1 2 
C. STATISTICS BY TRADING PARTNER ...........................................................................................15  
III. FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SE RVICES (FATS) STATISTICS .......................19  
A. FATS  DATA AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................................19  
B. DATA FOR SELECTED MEMBERS ...............................................................................................21  
1. Overall analysis based on available information .................................................................21  
2. Experiences in the dissemination of FATS statistics............................................................22  
(a) Australia...................................................................................................................... ..............23  
(b) France......................................................................................................................... ...............25  
(c) United States .................................................................................................................. ...........26  
C. FDI  STATISTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE .......................................................................................28  
IV. ASSESSING TRADE IN SERVICES BY MODE OF SUPPLY ........................................29  
A. MODE 4 .............................................................................................................................. .......29  
B. ALL MODES OF SUPPLY .............................................................................................................30  
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................31  
VI. LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND BOXES .......................................................................33  
 
ANNEX 
 
Table A1:  World trade in commercial services by major category, 2005.................................34  
Table A2:  Twenty leading exporters and import ers in world trade in commercial 
services, 2005 ................................................................................................................3 4 
Table A3:  Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 2005.........................35  
Table A4:  Structure of transportation services exports in selected economies, 2003 ..............36  
Table A5:  Structure of the merchant fleets of main economy groups, 1 January 2005 ..........36  
Table A6:  World sea-borne trade for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2003-2004 
(estimates) by types of cargo and economy groups ...................................................37  
Table A7:  Thirty-five most important maritime  economies by ownership of vessels, 
1 January 2005 .............................................................................................................38   S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 3 
 
 
  Table A8:  Passengers carried on scheduled flights, total and international 
operations, 2005............................................................................................................39  
Table A9:  Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights, 2005 ...................................39  
Table A10:  Freight carried on scheduled flights, 2005.................................................................40  
Table A11:  Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 2005........................................41  
Table A12:  Structure of travel exports in  selected economies, 2003 ...........................................42  
Table A13:  Top 20 tourism destinations, 2004 ..............................................................................42  
Table A14:  Top 20 exporters and importers of communications services, 2003........................43  
Table A15:  Structure of communications services exports in selected economies, 2003...........43  
Table A16:  Leading economies for total teleco mmunication services revenue, main 
telephone lines, cellular mobile subs cribers and international Internet 
Bandwidth, 2003...........................................................................................................44  
Table A17:  International telephone traffic for the leading 20 economies, 2003.........................44  
Table A18:  Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services, 2003 ..............................45  
Table A19:  Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services, 2003 ...................................45  
Table A20:  Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services, 2003.....................................46  
Table A21:  Top 20 exporters and importers of co mputer and information services, 
2003........................................................................................................................... .....46  
Table A22:  Structure of exports of computer and information services, selected 
economies, 2003 ............................................................................................................47  
Table A23:  Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees, 2003........................47  
Table A24:  Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services, 2003 ...........................48  
Table A25:  Structure of exports of selected other business services in selected economies, 2003 ............................................................................................................48
 
Table A26:  Top 20 exporters and importers of personal, cultural, recreational services, 2003 ................................................................................................................4 9
 
Table A27:  Structure of personal, cultural and recreational services  exports in 
selected economies, 2003..............................................................................................49  
Table A28:  Exports of commercial services by  economy and category, 2003 ............................50  
Table A29:  Imports of commercial services by  economy and category, 2003 ............................53  
Table A30:  Top seven trading partners in commercial services, selected reporters, 
2003........................................................................................................................... .....56  
 
 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 4  
 
   
I. INTRODUCTION 
1. At the Special Session of the Council for Trade in  Services, in April 2006, the Secretariat was 
requested to update its previous Notes on services trade flows.  Like the initial document (S/C/W/27) and the addendum (S/C/W/27/Add.1), this paper draw s on a variety of sources to provide a general 
overview of data availability and of trade fl ows in services under the four modes of supply. 
2. The sectoral and modal structure of commitments under the GATS does not coincide with the 
existing structure of trade statistics.  The scope of  the Agreement is far wider than what statistics 
conventionally measure (i.e., trade between residents and non-residents in balance of payments (BOP) 
statistics).  The activities of foreign-owned comp anies in their host economy markets – covered by 
commitments on commercial presence (mode 3) – are not reflected in these conventional statistics.  Moreover, the IMF Balance of Payments Manual serv ices classification, on which the majority of 
global trade statistics in services are based, is far less detailed than the UN Central Product 
Classification (CPC) which, in turn, has served as a building stone for the Services Sectoral 
Classification list widely used by Members for scheduling purposes (MTN.GNS/W/120).  However, 
many conceptual improvements have recently been achieved to increase linkages between statistical 
frameworks and information required in the cont ext of the GATS and other trade agreements. 
3. As noted above, trade negotiators and analysts require statistics by services sector and mode 
of supply.  As a first step to respond to these needs, the Interagency Task Force on Statistics of 
International Trade in Services
2 jointly produced and published the Manual on Statistics of 
International Trade in Services (MSITS) in 2002. 
4. Building upon internationally agreed standards, notably the Fifth Edition of the IMF's Balance 
of Payments Manual (BPM5) and the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93), MSITS provides 
guidelines and recommendations on how to use and develop sources to measure trade in services.  
Two building blocks are identified:  
• Balance of payments statistics , which conform to BPM5.  The BOP's current account 
covers trade in services  between residents and non-residents of an economy according to 
10 major commercial services items3.  MSITS proposes further breakdowns of these 
items to respond to needs for more detaile d information.  Table 1 shows the data 
availability for this new more detailed classi fication.  Although BOP statistics do not 
allow a comprehensive measurement of services delivered through modes 3 and 4, they support the measurement of supplementary indicators.  For example, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can be instructive concerning mode 3.  
• MSITS expands the statistical definition of international trade in services by 
recommending the measurement of services supplie d by foreign affiliates, within the new 
framework of Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics .  This framework 
provides for the compilation of a number of i ndicators aimed at describing the operations 
                                                     
 
2 The Interagency Task Force on Statistics of Interna tional Trade in Services is mandated by the United 
Nations Statistical Commission.  Seven agencies participate in this Task Force: Eurostat, International Monetary 
Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Conference on 
Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), World Tourism Organization 
(UNWTO) and the WTO Secretariat.  Th e Task Force also benefits from the expertise of national consultants, 
currently from the following countries: Germany, Japan, Philippines and United States. 
3 The 10 BPM5 standard commercial services items are the following: transportation; travel; 
communications services; construction services; insu rance services; financial services; computer and 
information services; royalties and license fees; other bu siness services; and personal, cultural and recreational 
services.  Note that there is no one-to-one correspondence between the items of this classification (or its 
breakdown) with the services sectors identified in classi fication lists such as MTN.GN S/W/120.  See Section II 
for further information.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 5 
 
 
  of foreign affiliates (turnover, exports a nd imports of goods and services, number of 
enterprises, etc.) with a particular – but not  exclusive – focus on services.  Section III 
provides insights into the current compilation and publication of this type of information. 
5. Based on these two building blocks, MSITS includes a number of guidelines and 
recommendations to improve the coverage and intern ational comparability of information on trade in 
services.  The guidelines are implemented by an increasing number of economies resulting in more 
comprehensive data sets.  That enables a pertinen t and more meaningful statistical and economical 
analyses in relation to the GATS.  However, many Members are still at the beginning of the 
implementation process of these recommendations and much remains to be done (e.g. at the time of writing only 20-30 economies, mainly OECD memb ers, have begun compiling FATS statistics). 
6. For negotiations as well as for analytical purposes, there is also a need for detailed statistics 
by trading partner.  Up to recently not much bila teral trade in services information was available.  
However, the number of economies reporting this  information or providing additional detail to 
international bodies has considerably increased.  The MSITS recommends the compilation of trade in 
services data by partner economy and encourages econom ies to do so for both statistical frameworks 
used for assessing trade in services (bal ance of payments and FATS statistics). 
7. As shown in Section IV of this note, MSITS also identifies needs for further methodological 
work on measuring trade in services by mode of suppl y and, more specifically, mode 4 (presence of 
natural persons).  While a satisfactory link of sta tistics with GATS modes of supply is not feasible at 
present, MSITS proposes a simplified approach, based on the overall good correspondence between 
(i) FATS statistics and mode 3, and (ii) BOP services  statistics and the three other modes of supply.  
Based on this simplified approach a small number of  economies have produced estimates with respect 
to modes of supply.  The Secretariat has provided an overall estimate of trade in services by mode of 
supply combining available information
4.  These estimates indicate that sales of services through 
mode 3 commercial presence are more important than  trade across borders as recorded in the balance 
of payments. 
8. The supply of services through mode 4 is curren tly not well covered by existing statistics and 
MSITS opens the way to the creation of a statistical  framework.  Since the publication of MSITS in 
2002, a Sub-group of the Task Force5, was created in order to deve lop a full-fledged statistical 
framework for the measurement of mode 4 and more generally for the movement of persons. 
 
II. TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES SECTOR S BASED ON BOP STATISTICS 
9. This Section will first provide information with respect to the recent progress in the 
compilation and publication of detailed trade in se rvices statistics by examining the Extended Balance 
of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS).  Sub-section B describes recent trends in commercial services trade while Sub-section C presents bilateral trade in services statistics. 
A. T
HE EXTENDED BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SERVICES CLASSIFICATION  
10. EBOPS is (primarily) a product-based classificat ion, which, building upon the standard 
BPM5 classification, disaggregates the 10 main comm ercial services components further into standard 
and supplementary, more detailed sub-items.  Ta ble 1 reproduces the BPM5/EBOPS classification in 
full, with EBOPS supplementary items shaded.   
                                                      
4 WTO, International Trade Statistics, 2005, p.8 
5 The Technical Sub-group on the Movement of Persons – Mode 4 is convened by UNSD and was 
established in 2003.  It brings together balance of payments, migration and labour statistical experts from various organizations and national institutions. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 6  
 
  11. Overall, EBOPS has added more than 5 0 new categories of services transactions.  For example, 
under transportation , it is now possible to distinguish between eight distinct modes of transportation – sea, 
air, space, rail, road, internal waterway, pipeline, and other supporting and auxiliary transportation 
services, and several types of transportation service (passenger; freight, other).  Computer and information 
services , which used to be grouped in the same category, are now subdivided into computer services  
(hardware and software related services and data processing services), news agency services  (provision of 
news, photographs, and feature articles to the media), and other information provision services (database 
services and web search portals). 
12. A category that has benefited highly from this expanded classification is other business services,   
where the item miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services  has been disaggregated into 
detailed sub-items including legal services; accounting, auditing; business and management consulting 
and public relations services;  etc. 
13. Such a detailed breakdown of services transactions can be particularly useful in the context of 
GATS negotiations, where economies negotiate and make commitments at a sectoral level.  The MISTS contains a table of correspondence between the EBOPS classification and the Services Sectoral 
Classification used in the context of GATS (MTN.GNS/W/120). 
14. The collection of statistics on trade in services according to BPM5 is relatively well established 
and widespread.  For example, between 129 and 142 economies have reported their transactions to the IMF on transportation, travel, communications services, insurance services,  and other business services  for the 
year 2003 .  Between 96 and 112 economies have reported export data for construction services, financial 
services, computer and information services, and royalties and licence fees.  
15. Reporting to IMF according to EBOPS is voluntary.  Although the disaggregation of services 
transactions into detailed components requires importa nt resources by economies, compared to a few years 
earlier, reporting has increased significantly, especially by developing and least-developed economies.  
16. In general, EBOPS reporting has often doubled in many sectors, and even tripled for some.  For 
example, the number of economies reporting their computer services transactions for 1995 is limited to 15, 
but it has increased to 61 for 2003.  Much of this  increase is due to a higher number of reporting 
developing economies which have risen from 4 in 1995 to 32 reporters in 2003.  Among them, ten are LDCs.   
17. A significant change has also occurred in trade in telecommunication services where reporting has 
risen from 28 to 85 economies, of which 17 are LDCs.  As for computer services, a large number of new reporters are to be found in Africa where they have increased from 3 to 19.  Reporting of services relating 
to pipeline transport and electricity transmission rose by  400 per cent, from 4 reporters in 1995 to 20 for 
2003.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 7 
 
 
   
Table 1:  Number of economies reporting EBOPS trade data by service category to IMF, 1995 and 2003 
Code Service description 1995 2003 
 
Commercial services (Services excl.  government  services) 155 143
205 Transportation 154 142
206  Sea transport  88 107
207   Passenger transport on sea 25 42
208   Freight transport on sea 69 101
209   Supporting, auxiliary and other services 53 67
210  Air transport  88 111
211   Passenger transport by air 74 101
212   Freight transport by air 51 83
213   Supporting, auxiliary and other services 50 77
214  Other transportation  52 79
215   Passenger 30 45
216   Freight 36 68
217   Other transportation services 35 54
 Alternative breakdown of other transportation  
218   Space transport 1 2
219   Rail transport 12 33
220    Passenger on rail 10 25
221    Freight on rail 9 28
222    Supporting, auxiliary and other rail transport services 4 25
223   Road transport 15 48
224    Passenger on road 8 33
225    Freight on road 12 44
226    Supporting, auxiliary and other road transport services 6 27
227   Inland waterway transport 3 8
228    Passenger on inland waterway - 1
229    Freight on inland waterway 2 5
230    Supp., auxiliary, other inland waterway transport services 1 5
231   Pipeline transport and electricity transmission 4 21
232   Other supporting and auxiliary transport services 7 17
236 Travel 153 140
237  Business travel  63 91
238   Expenditure by seasonal and border workers 3 12
239   Other business travel 15 61
240  Personal travel  82 111
241   Health-related expenditure 26 54
242   Education-related expenditure 39 64
243   Other personal travel 62 92
245 Communications services 91 129
246  Postal and courier services 16 51
247  Telecommunication services 28 85
249 Construction services 63 96
250  Construction abroad 7 18
251  Construction in the compiling economy 16 55
253 Insurance services 142 136
254  Life insurance and pension funding 14 26
255  Freight insurance 41 71
256  Other direct insurance 30 57
257  Reinsurance 23 54
258  Auxiliary services 6 23
260 Financial services 68 112S/C/W/27/Add.2 
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Code Service description 1995 2003
262 Computer and information services 46 106
263  Computer services 15 61
264  Information services 11 39
889   News agency services 1 4
890   Other information provision services 1 12
266 Royalties and licence fees 85 112
891  Franchises and similar rights 3 23
892  Other royalties and license fees 3 31
268 Other business services 153 140
269  Merchanting and other trade-related services  47 71
270   Merchanting 9 25
271   Other trade related 18 33
272  Operational leasing  45 68
273  Miscellaneous business, prof essional and technical services  103 112
274   Legal, accounting, management, consulting and public relations services 38 64
275    Legal services 6 23
276    Accounting, auditing, book-keeping and tax consulting services 6 27
277    Business and management consultancy, public relations services 19 31
278   Advertising, market research  and public opinion polling services 26 62
279   Research and development services 18 39
280   Architectural, engineering and other technical services 21 45
281   Agricultural, mining and on-site processing services 13 33
282    Waste treatment and depolution 1 10
283    Other agricultural, mining and onsite processing  5 19
284   Other miscellaneous business, pr ofessional and technical services 63 90
285  Services between affiliated enterprises, n.i.e.  12 23
287 Personal, cultural and recreational services 53 97
288  Audio-visual and related services  32 62
289  Other personal, cultural and recreational services  34 64
894   Education services - 5
895   Health services - 5
896   Other 2 21
Source : Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from Balance of Payments Statistics , IMF, February 2006. 
 
18. Across all regions, Africa accounts for the largest  share of new reporters.  As shown in 
Table 2, for example, for health-related personal trav el, reporters have grown from 7 to 20 economies, 
or for computer services from 1 to 12 between 1995 and 2003.  
Table 2:  Reporting of selected EBOPS categories by African economies 
 1995 2003 
Health-related expenditure (Personal travel) 7 20
Telecommunication services 3 19
Advertising, market research and public opinion polling 2 13
Computer services 1 12
Source : Compiled by the WTO Secretariat from Balance of Payments statistics , IMF, February 2006. 
  
 
B. RECENT TRENDS AND SECTORAL ANALYSIS  
19. The balance of payments data presented in this Section and corresponding Tables in the Annex are  
sourced from the February 2006 IMF Balance of Paym ents CD-ROM and complemented with Secretariat 
estimates.  This Section also presents a numbe r of additional Tables  from the International 
Telecommunications Union, World Tourism Organization, UNCTAD and the International Civil Aviation  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 9 
 
 
  Organization.  Sudden changes in data and rankings should not only be viewed in the context of possible 
macroeconomic disturbances, but also of a variety of te chnical/statistical constraints, including gaps in data 
availability.  Especially at the detailed sectoral level, di fferences in reporting, reliability, definitions 
and collection methods must be taken into account.  Due to data availability, the years covered are 
2005 for the main BOP services aggregates (total, transportation, travel, and other commercial 
services) and 2003 for more detailed items.  For the non-BOP indicators the latest year available is 
shown. 
1. Total commercial services trade 
20. In 2005, the value of commercial services exports is estimated to have increased by 11 per cent to 
US$2.4 trillion (15 per cent in 2003 and 19 per cent in 2004).  Among the broad commercial services categories (transportation, travel, and other commercial se rvices) growth rates were rather similar in 2005, 
ranging from 10 per cent for travel to  11 per cent for transportation services.  For commercial services 
trade, the performance of the leading exporters ranged from a minor 
decline  in the exports of the United 
Kingdom to very high increases in the services exports (and imports) of China and India (see Annex Table 
A2).  Unfortunately, the official da ta available for China cover only the first six months of 2005, while for 
India the continuity in time series seems to be af fected by an improved coverage of transactions.  
Nevertheless, it is certain that India considerably improved its position in the ranking of services exporters.
6 While there is no change in the ranking of the top five commercial services exporters and 
importers, China is estimated to have improved its position slightly on both exports and imports, becoming 
the world’s eighth largest exporter and seventh largest import er. 
2. Transportation 
21. In BOP statistics, "transportation" covers all transportation services provided by residents of 
an economy to non-residents and vice-versa.  It invol ves the carriage of passe ngers or freight, whether 
by sea, air, or other transportation modes, as we ll as transport-related supporting and auxiliary 
services.   
22. The WTO estimates world transport exports to have reached b illion US$565 in 2005, 
increasing 11 per cent compared to the previous year (see Annex Table A1).  On average, this sector 
has increased by 10 per cent between 2000 and 2005  with peaks of around 16 per cent for the CIS 
economies.  According to first estimates for 2005 th e leading world exporters of transport services are 
the United States, with US$63 billion, followed by  Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom (see 
Annex Table A3).  These economies combined accounted  for 29 per cent of world exports in transport 
and were also the largest transportation services importers in 2005. 
                                                      
6 Since these estimates were produced in March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India has revised its 
estimates for BOP services trade.  According to this new information, Indian trade in services exports for 2005 
account for approximatel y US$56 billion and imports for US$50 billion. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 10  
 
   
Table 3:  World trade of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2005 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
   Exports Imports 
 Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change 
  2005 2000-05 2003 2004 2005 2005 2000-05 2003 2004 2005 
World 2415 10 15 19 11 2361 10 14 18 11 
North America 420 5 5 11 10 373 7 8 15 10 
United States 353 5 5 11 10 289 7 8 15 10 
Canada 51 5 7 11 9 62 7 14 13 10 
Mexico 16 3 0 12 12 22 5 3 10 12 
South and Central Americaa 68 8 10 16 20 70 5 4 14 22 
Brazil 15 11 9 21 28 22 7 6 12 38 
Othera 53 7 10 14 17 48 4 3 15 15 
Europe 1233 11 19 19 7 1119 11 19 16 8 
European Communities (25 )1104 11 19 19 7 1034 10 19 16 7 
United Kingdom 183 9 15 23 -1 150 9 13 20 4 
Germany 143 12 20 15 7 199 8 19 13 4 
France 114 7 15 12 4 103 11 20 18 7 
Italy 93 11 19 17 13 92 11 20 10 15 
Other Western Europeb 77 11 16 23 12 57 13 15 23 14 
Switzerland 45 10 15 24 9 25 10 11 25 7 
South-East Europeb 52 12 35 23 15 29 13 27 30 19 
CIS 40 18 16 23 20 58 20 17 24 18 
Russian Federation 24 20 20 25 20 38 18 16 23 15 
Africa 57 13 26 20 12 66 12 16 19 15 
South Africa 10 16 69 14 17 12 16 52 26 19 
Middle East 54 11 27 14 12 80 11 19 20 11 
Asia 543 12 10 26 19 595 10 10 25 15 
Japan 107 8 8 25 12 136 3 3 22 1 
China 81 ... 18 34 ... 85 ... 19 31 ... 
India 68 ... 21 ... ... 67 ... 23 ... ... 
Four East Asian tradersc 175 8 9 18 9 165 8 8 21 10 
           
Memorandum items:           
MERCOSUR (4) 23 8 13 21 25 31 4 8 15 32 
ASEAN (10) 104 8 2 22 10 132 9 9 21 14 
                      
a Includes the Caribbean. 
b For composition of the group see the Technical No tes of WTO, Internationa l Trade Statistics, 2005. 
c Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, China, Republic of Korea, and Singapore. 
Source : International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006). 
 
23. Data limitations affect the estimation of world transport trade by mode of transportation.  
However, the breakdown available for the five major exporting economies shows that, in 2005, air 
transport held the largest share (41 per cent), fo llowed by sea transport (37 per cent), as shown in 
Chart 1.  It is worth noting that the share of sea transport for these five economies has grown on 
average by seven percentage points since 2000. 
24. Table A4 in the Annex presents a similar brea kdown for additional economies.  In addition, 
the component "other transportation" is further broken down into rail, road, inland waterway and 
pipeline transport.  Although not covered by this note, a number of economies also provide to the IMF 
details (as relevant) for each mode of transpor t for passenger, freight and other supporting and 
auxiliary transportation services.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 11 
 
 
   
Chart 1:  Structure of transport exports in the five leading world exporters, 2005 
(Percentage)  
 
Other 
transport
22%Sea transport
37%
Air transport
41%
 
 
 
Source : Balance of Payments Statistics , IMF (2006). 
25. To complement the BOP-based information, the Annex contains statistics on maritime 
transport (Tables A5, A6 and A7) and air transporta tion (Tables A8, A9 and A10).  Data are provided, 
respectively, on world sea-borne trade, structure of merchant fleets, leading economies by ownership 
of vessels, and leading exporters of air transportation services. 
3. Travel 
26. The BOP travel component covers all expenditure of travellers while abroad.  In other words 
this item includes all goods and services acquired/cons umed by travellers.  However the international 
transportation of the travellers is covered under tr ansportation.  The travel item is often used as a 
rough estimate for mode 2. 
27. In 2005, world travel exports have grown by 10 per cent to US$700 billion (see Annex table 
A1)7 Although their value has increased on average by 8 per cent in the period 2000-2005, the relative 
importance has progressively decreased over the last few years and now accounts for 29 per cent of 
total world commercial services exports.  For Cent ral and South American economies, the Caribbean 
as well as for Africa, however, travel receipts are th e most important services sector, with shares, on 
average, of around 50 per cent. 
28. The United States, with US$105 billion is the world top exporter of travel, followed by three 
European economies, Spain, France, and Italy (T able A11).  According to the World Tourism 
Organization, in 2005, more than the half of th e international travellers, estimated at 808 million 
individuals, visited European destinations.8  However, their share is declining in favour of other 
regions such as Asia which increased from 16 to 19 per cent.  In terms of international tourist arrivals, 
the Middle East has shown the strongest average annua l increase in the last five years (9 per cent). 
29. EBOPS provides for a further breakdown of the BOP travel item by purpose of trip: business 
travel and personal travel, the latter being further broken down into education -related, health-related9 
                                                      
7  WTO estimates of April 2006. 
8  World Tourism Barometer , UNWTO (January 2006).  
9 Total expenditure for goods and services by students while studying abroad or by tourists travelling 
for medical reasons. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 12  
 
  and other travel expenditure.  Export data for econo mies which have provided this information to the 
IMF are shown in Table A12.  This Table confirms  the importance of these exports for a number of 
Members, e.g. United States (education: US$13.3 billion, health: US$1.6 billion) or Australia 
(education: US$3.9 billion). 
Chart 2:  Travel exports by region, 2005 
(Percentage)  
Asia
20%
Europe
48%North America
19%
Middle East
3%
Africa
4%
CIS
1%Central & South 
America
5%§
 
Source : International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006). 
4. Other commercial services 
30. This category covers communications services;  construction services; insurance services; 
financial services; computer and information ser vices; royalties and licence fees; other business 
services; and, personal, cultural and recreational services.  Box 1 provides more information on the 
coverage of each of these service sectors.  Refere nces to corresponding statistical tables shown in the 
Annex are also included in the Box. 
31. Accounting for approximately 48 per cent of to tal commercial services exports in 2005 for a 
total of US$1154 billion, "other commercial services " has been the most dynamic service category, 
increasing on average by 12 per cent per year  in the last five years.10  More than half of these exports 
originated from European economies.  According to  WTO preliminary estimates, in 2005, the leading 
exporters of other commercial services were the Un ited States (16 per cent of world exports of other 
commercial services, down by 3.5 per cent compared to 2000), the United Kingdom (11 per cent), 
Germany (7 per cent), and Japan (5 per cent).  Th e leading importers of other commercial services are 
United States, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom and Japan. 
32. As shown in Section II.A, reporting of BOP/EBOPS has increased significantly in the last few 
years.  Although breaks in series and/or methodological changes occasionally affect the continuity of time series, larger availability of data has made it possible to estimate the structure of world exports of 
"other commercial services" by specific service sectors. 
                                                     
 
10 WTO estimates (April 2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 13 
 
 
   
Box 1:  Composition of other commercial services 
BOP/EBOPS services item Tables in 
Annex 
Communications services  includes postal, courier and telecommunication services. 
ITU communication data are also shown in the Annex. 
 A14-15 
A16-17 
Construction services  covers work performed on construction projects and installation by 
employees of an enterprise in locations outside the territory of an enterprise.  The BOP one-
year rule of minimum local presence, used for determining the residency status of an entity, 
is applied flexibly for this item and many s ituations of temporary commercial presence are 
thus captured.  In addition goods imported by construction companies for their projects are 
included in BPM5 which implies that the "true" services component tends to be 
overestimated.  A18 
Insurance services  covers the provision of various types of insurance to non residents by 
resident insurance enterprises, and vice versa.  The service charge is often estimated using 
data on gross premiums and gross claims.  In EBOPS insurance services are further 
subdivided into five more detailed components.   
 A19 
Financial services  covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services provided by banks, 
stock exchanges, factoring enterprises, cred it card enterprises, and other enterprises. 
 A20 
Computer and information services  is subdivided into comput er services (hardware and 
software related services and data processing se rvices), news agency se rvices (provision of 
news, photographs, and feature articles to the media), and other information provision 
services (database services and web search portals). 
 A21-22 
Royalties and license fees  is far wider than the category "franchising" used in the 
MTN.GNS/W/120.  In the MTN.GNS/W/120 franchising is classified under distribution 
services, defined according to the CPC provisional version item 8929 Other non-financial 
intangible assets, which is defined as follows: "Royalties for the right to use (...) exclusive rights (...), not elsewhere classified, owned by other economic agents." It is not entirely 
clear why such royalties have been listed in W/120, while payments for the use of patents, 
copyrights or trademarks have not been included.  The balance of payments item royalties 
and license fees  includes franchises and similar rights  and other royalties and license fees.  
The former comprises international payments and receipts of franchising fees and the 
royalties paid for the use of registered trademarks.  Other royalties and license fees include 
transactions for the authorised use of patents, copyrights, and industrial processes and 
designs and the use, through licenses of produced originals or prototypes (such as manuscripts and computer programs). 
 A23 
Other business services  is an important and growing item as it covers a grouping of 
heterogonous products.  It includes merchanting; other trade-related services; operational leasing services; and miscellaneous business, pr ofessional, and technical services, including 
legal services; accounting, auditing; busi ness and management consulting and public 
relations services; etc.  A24-25 
Personal, cultural, and recreational services  comprises audiovisual and related services and 
other personal, cultural, and recreational services.  The first component includes services 
and fees related to the production of motion pictures, radio and television programmes, and musical recordings.  Other personal, cultural,  and recreational services includes services 
such as those associated with museums, librari es, archives, and other cultural, sporting, and 
recreational activities.  EBOPS provides for th e production of additional information within 
the latter item among two separate sub-components: education services and health services 
(i.e. not travel related). 
 A26-27 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 14  
 
  33. According to WTO estimates, in 2003, the he terogeneous group "other business services" 
accounted for half of world exports in  other commercial services (Chart 3).
11 Unfortunately, it is not 
yet possible to ascertain within this category th e relative importance of numerous subcomponents, 
such as merchanting, legal services, or operati onal leasing.  Table A25 provides a breakdown of 
selected components of "other business services" fo r selected economies.  Royalties and licence fees 
represented 13 per cent, followed by financial servi ces (11 per cent), and computer and information 
services (8 per cent).12  Personal, cultural and recreationa l services (which include audiovisual 
services) appear to be the least important export services sector at the world level (only 3 per cent).  With the exception of North America (5 per cent), which hosts the world top exporter, the share is 
even lower in all other regions.   
34. The high number of reporters has allowed for a similar breakdown also for selected regions.  
Mirroring trade patterns at the world level, the category other business services  represents between 40 
to 60 per cent of the estimated exports of other comm ercial services, depending on the regions.  In the 
case of individual service sectors, however, peculiarities have been detected.   
35. For example, in the case of North America, receipts from royalties and licences account for 
28 per cent of "other commercial services".  As a matter of fact, the United States, with US$48 billion, 
is the leading exporter of royalties and licences, accoun ting alone for half of estimated world trade in 
this sector (Table A23).
13  
36. In European economies, the largest sub-categor y is financial services (14 per cent).  This 
region hosts four of the top five exporters of financ ial services in the world.  The same considerations 
apply to insurance services, which also are an importa nt source of receipts for the region (9 per cent).  
The major world exporter of both financial servi ces and insurance services in 2003 was the United 
Kingdom with respectively US$22 and US$11 billion (T ables A20 and A19). It should be noted that 
the United Kingdom alone accounted for 22 per cent of the estimated world trade in financial services. 
37. The CIS economies offer a somewhat different structure.  The leading individual sector is 
represented by construction services, for which th e Russian Federation is estimated to rank 10th in 
world exports (Table A18).  Construction accounts for 17 per cent of the exports of "other commercial 
services" of this economic group.  This is in contr ast with the importance of this sector both at the 
world and at the regional level, where it does not exceed 6 per cent.   
38. In Asia, the breakdown of "other commercial services" does not display the prevalence of a 
specific service sector, but a more regular pattern  with three leading sectors, royalties and licence 
fees, computer and information services, and financial services, with shares respectively of 9, 8, and 
7 per cent.  Japan with US$12 billion is the second la rgest exporter of royalties and licence fees in the 
world.  Available IMF BOP statistics present India as the second largest exporter of computer and 
information services with US$11 billion (Table A21) .  However, according to national sources, this 
figure actually refers to "software exports" which, inter alia,  comprise in addition to computer 
services exports as defined in BPM5, IT-enabl ed services and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO).14   
IT-enabled services and BPO are often classified  by other economies under "other business services" 
rather than as computer services.  Finally, with resp ect to financial services, the third largest sector in 
Asia, Hong Kong, China ranks 7th with 4 per cent of world trade in this sector. 
                                                      
11 Excluding intra-EC (15) trade. 
12 WTO estimates (2005).   
13 See Box 1 for coverage of item Royalties and license fees . 
14 The Reserve Bank of India published in September 2005 a report entitled "Computer Services 
Exports from India: 2002-03".  In this report it is reported that in fiscal year 2002-2003 (April 2002 to March 
2003), computer services exports accounted for US$6.4 billion, compared to US$9.6 billion for software services exports reported in the Indian balance of payments.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 15 
 
 
  39. More statistical information on services sectors can be found in tables A28 and 29.15 
C. STATISTICS BY TRADING PARTNER  
40. One of the core recommendations of MSI TS is that economies compile statistics on 
international trade in services on an individual tradin g partner basis, at least for total services trade 
and for the 10 main components of the BPM5 classification of commercial services.  Where possible, 
this should be done at the more detailed EBOPS level.  Such statistics may prove useful for 
negotiating and analytical purposes.   
41. However, not all economies have the necessary financial and/or human resources to develop 
bilateral statistics on trade in services.  Thus, as a starting point, the MSITS suggests that economies start compiling these statistics at least for their main partners and most important services sectors.  It 
is also recommended that, to the extent possible, compilers use an identical geographical basis for all 
related sets of international trade in services statistics (including FATS statistics). 
42. At present only few economies in the world, mainly developed economies, compile these 
statistics.  Data by trading partner are collected by  the OECD, Eurostat, and, since recently, the United 
Nations.  The OECD disseminates data for its members, EC (15), euro zone, as well as for Hong 
Kong, China, and the Russian Federation (see Tabl e 4).  Bilateral trade statistics are available 
respectively on total services, transport, travel, other commercial services and government services.  
At present the latest available year is 2003.  Th e OECD is investigating possibilities to expand the 
coverage of its tradi ng partner data to additional BOP services items. 
43. The collection of bilateral statistics on trade in services by EC members is mandatory.
16  The 
Eurostat New Cronos  database includes very detailed bilate ral data on total trade in services for 
individual EC (25) members (up to 285 partner eco nomies and regions) since 2002, and for the EC as 
a whole.17  Currently, no bilateral statistics on trade is  services are available for EC candidates.  The 
number of partner economies is inve rsely proportional to the detail of services categories.  Thus, at a 
very disaggregated level of BOP/EBOPS service items bilateral statistics are available only for a very 
limited number of partners. 
44. Recently, the United Nations started collecting bilateral trade data on services for economies 
not already covered by the OECD or Eurostat.  At present, statistics are available for Belarus, 
Ukraine, and the Kyrgyz Republic by main service cat egory.  It is expected that data for a larger 
number of economies will become available in the future. 
45. Table 4, which provides the number of partners for which statistics on trade in services are 
available to the OECD, shows that data availa bility by partner varies considerably between 
economies.  It ranges from no partner detail as in the case of Iceland and Switzerland up to 
65 economies as for example for the Czech Republic and Sweden. 
46. Thanks to a larger availability of bilateral trade statistics, and to the use of "mirror statistics", 
the OECD has recently estimated the composition of to tal world services flows by region (Chart 4).   
                                                      
15 Many countries compile detailed trade in services statistics accord ing to EBOPS but do not report 
them to IMF. 
16 A regulation was adopted in June 2004 by the European Parliament and the Council of Community 
Statistics.  It covers BOP statistics - trade in services and FDI, which embodies the EBOPS classification.  
EBOPS has thus become binding for EC member states. 
17 In addition to the countries listed in Table 4, the Eurostat New Cronos  database includes bilateral 
data for Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 16  
 
  Chart 3:  World exports of other commercial serv ices by component and selected region, 2003 
(Percentage) 
 
 
6%
5%11% 8%
13%
49%5%
3%Communications services
Construction services
Insurance services
Financial services
Computer and information
services
Royalties and license fees
Personal, cultural, andrecreational services
Other business services
 
Note:  Excluding intra-EC (15) trade. 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Source
: International Trade Statistics 2005 , WTO (2005) 
 3%9%6%8%
47%4%14%
9%
5%28%
2%4%
42%4%10%
5%
2%7%
4%
63%8%
5%9%
2%3%3%
11%
58%3%17%
3%
2%North America Euro pe
Asia Commonwealth of Inde pendent States (CIS)World
Note:  Excluding intra-EC(15) trade. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 17 
 
 
  Table 4:  Availability of partner economy statistics for to tal trade in services in the OECD database 
Reporters Partners Reporters Partners 
Australia 33 Mexicoa 2 
Austria 64 Netherlands 4 
Belgium 64 New Zealandb 52 
Canada 58 Norway 31 
Czech Republic 65 Poland 0 
Denmark 63 Portugal 64 
Finland 64 Slovak Republic 64 
France 64 Spain 23 
Germany  44 Sweden 65 
Greece 64 Switzerland 0 
Hungary 64 Turkeya 26 
Iceland 0 United Kingdom 60 
Ireland 60 United States 32 
Italy 64 EC (15) 40 
Japan 32 Hong Kong, China 55 
Korea, Republic of 3 Russian Federation 54 
Luxembourg 64   
a Refers to travel (in 2002 for Mexico). 
b Refers to other commercial services an d transportation, excluding insurance. 
Source : OECD Statistics on International Trade in Servi ces, Volume II: Detailed Tables by Partner Country , OECD  (2006). 
 
47. According to the OECD, in 2003, 50 per cent of world exports of services went to Europe, 
followed by Asian and American economies with, respectively, 24 per cent and 23 per cent.18  It is 
estimated that 2 per cent of world exports in total services were destined to Africa. Chart 4 shows that 
most of trade in services is intra-regional, with the exception of Africa where it is estimated that the 
majority of its exports is destined to Europe. 
Chart 4:  Estimated composition of tota l world services flows by region, 2003 
(Percentage) 
0%20%40%60%80%100%
World Europe Africa* America Asia &
Oceania*Africa America Asia and Oceania Europe
 
* Estimates mainly (entirely for Africa)  based on reported "mirror data", therefore subject to greater uncertainty. 
Note:  Includes government services n.i.e.  Definitions of OECD groupings are different from those used by WTO. 
Source : OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume II: De tailed Tables by Partner Country , OECD  (2006).  
 
48. With respect to individual economies, the OECD provides a breakdown of trade in commercial 
services by selected economies.  Chart 5 shows that, in 2003, the United States and the EC (15) were, 
in general, the largest commercial services partners  for many economies, with shares accounting each 
up to one third of economies' total exports.  In the ca se of Canada, the share of exports destined to the 
United States reaches 60 per cent.   
                                                      
18 Including intra-EC trade. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 18  
 
  Chart 5:  Commercial services exports of sel ected economies by major destinations, 2003 
(Percentage) 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
*   Gulf Arabian countries: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman , Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Unit ed Arab Emirates, Yemen. 
Source :   OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volu me II: Detailed Tables by Partner Country , OECD  (2006).  Japan
5%Norway
4%
United 
States
32%Other
39%Gulf 
Arabian 
countries *
3%
Switzerland
13%Canada
2%
China
2%EC (15) 
Singapore
2%Switzerland
3%
Japan
10%Rep. of 
Korea
3%
Other
33%
EC (15)
34%Mexico
6%
Canada
9%United States
Hong 
Kong, 
China
4%Singapore
5%
EC (15)
22%Rep. of 
Korea
5%
Other
22%
United 
States
32%China
5%Chinese 
Taipei
5%Japan
EC (15)
14%Japan
7%
China
28%Other
17%Chinese 
Taipei
7%
United 
States
21%Singapore
3%
Rep. of 
Korea
3%Hong Kong, China 
Rep. of 
Korea
2%Turkey
2%
United 
States
8%Japan
2%
Other
49%EC (15)
32%China
2%Switzerland
3%Russian Federation Note: Excluding intra-EC (15) trade. 
Canada 
Bermuda 
2%Japan
2%
United 
States
59%Other
15%Barbados 
2%
EC (15)
17%Switzerland
2%
Australia
1% S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 19 
 
 
  49. China, with 28 per cent was the main tradi ng partner in services for Hong Kong, China.  
Other important export destinations were Switzer land, accounting, for example, for 13 per cent of 
EC (15) exports, and Japan (10 per cent of the U. S. exports).  Table A30 provides more details on 
commercial services trade by partner economy for th e 7 main partners of OECD economies reporting 
such information as well as for Hong Kong,  China, and the Russian Federation. 
III. FOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICES (FATS) STATISTICS 
50. FATS statistics are useful for assessing the importance of GATS mode 3 (commercial 
presence) and, more generally, the phenomenon of globa lisation.  The concepts and definitions of this 
new statistical framework are developed in a consis tent way both in MSITS (with a particular focus 
on services) and in the recently published  OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators .  
The relative importance of trade under different mod es varies widely between sectors.  This may be 
due either to technology-related c onstraints, impinging in turn on transmission cost, or to policy-
induced restrictions.  A relatively high degree of affiliates trade in a particular service sector might thus imply that cross-border supplies are not technically feasible or that they are not allowed in the jurisdiction concerned. 
A. FATS
 DATA AVAILABILITY  
51. FATS statistical compilation is at an early stage of  development, especially if compared to the 
more conventional balance of payments framework, which was described above.  Up to recently the 
United States was the only economy which had been publishing FATS statistics.19 Since the previous 
issue of this Note, other economies (mainly OECD me mbers) have been collecting such statistics, and 
their dissemination is taking an increasing importance.  Most of the data have been published in the 
OECD publication Measuring Globalisation: The Role of  Multinationals in OECD Economies, 2001 
Edition  as well by Eurostat in the New Cronos database.  This information has also been used in 
UNCTAD's World Investment Report .  A number of national statistical  offices have released relevant 
information on their respective sites.  Finally, the OECD publication Measuring Globalisation: 
OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators , published for the first time in 2005, draws on various 
databases in order to analyse the phenomenon of globalisation.20 
52. As presented in Table 5, in only a few years a relatively good set of FATS statistics has been 
developed.  25 Members compile FATS statistics, of which 23 on the inward side (statistics on 
affiliates operating in the compiling economy) but only  13 on the outward side (data collected on the 
affiliates operating abroad of mother companies of  the compiling economy).  It is indeed easier for 
national agencies to collect information on inwa rd FATS than to collect statistics on operations 
performed outside an economy's territory or jurisd iction (outward FATS).  Nevertheless, an increasing 
number of Members have begun compiling such statistics or are envisaging to do so.21 
53. As recommended by international guidelines, FATS statistics are in general compiled for 
majority-owned foreign affiliates (i.e. the direct investor owns more than 50 per cent of shares or 
voting power).  The manuals also recommend the compilation of a number of variables of interest for 
assessing the delivery of services through mode 3 and mo re generally globalisation, such as the value 
of sales of goods and services, value added, e xports/imports, number of employees and number of 
                                                      
19 Detailed information has been published for over 15 years in the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis' 
Survey of Current Business  (October issue, latest article: U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 
2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003 ). 
20 The objective of these indicators is to  gauge the intensity and magnitude of the globalisation process 
(including the trade dimension). 
21 At the time of writing, the Secretariat was info rmed that in addition to the 25 Members listed in 
Table 5, the Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel recently  published results of a survey on activities of affiliates. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 20  
 
  enterprises.  Other variables may also be compiled depending on the needs of the compiling economy 
(for instance, Australia published the purchases of goods and services of its affiliates abroad).   
54. These variables are in general broken down by partner (origin or destination of investment) 
and by industry/product.  However, due to confid entiality constraints, it is often not possible for 
economies to publish very detailed data  broken down by both partners and industry.  With respect to 
the breakdown by partner, in principle the variab les are classified according to the economy of the 
ultimate beneficial owner as a priority for inward  FATS and of the economy of the affiliate whose 
operations are described by the variables on the outwa rd side.  MSITS recommends on a first priority 
to break down variables according to the primary ac tivity of the producers.  If possible, economies are 
encouraged at a future stage to break down this information by pr oduct (at least differentiating goods 
and services).  At the time of writing, all Members compiling FATS data do so according to the 
primary activity of the affiliates.   
55. As shown in Table 5, all economies publishi ng FATS data compile data for turnover/sales 
which is the variable that relates directly to co mmitments made under GATS mode 3.  Other variables 
such as the number of employees or value added (a t least on the inward side) are also widely 
compiled by these members.  This information may pr ove useful for a broader analysis of the delivery 
of services through this mode of supply.  To th e knowledge of the Secretariat the United States, 
Canada and Australia have furthe r broken down the variable "sales" into sales of goods and sales of 
services for each industry.  This information is pa rticularly useful as it enab les the inclusion in the 
total of a significant share of sales of services that are accounted for by affiliates whose primary 
activity is manufacturing or another goods produc ing industry.  Australia also breaks down its 
outward sales of services into services products (at the level of all industries and at the world level). 
Table 5:  Availability of inward and outward FATS statistics 
 Inward Outward 
 Number 
of 
employees Sales/ 
turnover Value 
added Exports 
Imports Number 
of 
employees Sales/ 
turnover Value 
added Exports 
Imports 
Australia x  x x x  
Austria x x x x x  x
Belgium x x x x  
Canada   x x 
Czech Re p. x x x x  
Denmar k xx  x  
Finland x x x x x x  
France x x x x x  
German y x x x x x x 
Greece x x x x  
Hun gary x x x  
Ireland x x x  
Italy x x x x x  
Japan x x x x x x x x
Luxembour g x x  
Netherlands x x x x  
Norwa y x x  
Poland x x x  
Portu gal x x x x x x x x
Spain x x x  
Sweden x x x x x  
Switzerland   x  
Turke y x x x  
United x x x  
United States x x x x x x x x
Source : Measuring Globalisation: The Role of Multinationals in OECD countries , OECD (2002) and national authorities.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 21 
 
 
  56. It is important to bear in mind that balanc e of payments and FATS data are not directly 
comparable, the former being classified by services product, whereas the latter are broken down according to the primary industry of the affiliate.  There is generally no direct concordance between 
these two classifications.  Moreover, minority-owned foreign affiliates escaping registration, FATS 
statistics may underestimate the commercial presence mode of supply insofar as minority-owned 
foreign affiliates are controlled by the foreign parent company. 
57. FATS statistics being relatively new, the way st atisticians compile these statistics may vary 
widely between economies: economies may choose di fferent target populations, the identification of 
foreign control may differ as well as the choice of the statistical unit, the way the parent company and/or the investor or unit of ultimate control is  defined, the choice of the industrial or product 
breakdown (and which classification) etc.  It is therefore important to refer to the methodological 
information that accompanies the data.   
B. D
ATA FOR SELECTED MEMBERS  
58. As outlined above, it is not possible to revi ew services supplied through commercial presence 
abroad as comprehensively as trade between resident s and non-residents (as shown in Section II).  
This Section will therefore first examine overall sales/ turnover of majority-owned foreign affiliates of 
WTO Members for which such statistics are availa ble, showing the importance of the value of 
services delivered through the establishment of affili ates abroad.  More detail ed sales/turnover data 
for a number of selected Members are then presented (Australia, France and United States) in order to 
illustrate the level of detail currently available.   
Chart 6:  U.S. international sales of services through cross-border trade and  
through foreign affiliates, 1990-2003 
(Billion dollars) 
0100200300400500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999* 2000 2001 2002 2003Exports of services
Sales of services to foreign persons by  foreign affiliates of U.S. companies
 
* Break in series: beginning in 1999, sales of services by affiliates were redefined foll owing a change in reference 
activity classification.  This resulted in a net shift of sales from goods to services. 
Source : "U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Tr ade in 2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003" , Survey of 
Current Business , U.S. BEA (2005). 
 
1. Overall analysis based on available information 
59. Data produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) show the growing 
importance of sales of services of non-bank majority U.S. owned affiliates outside the U.S. compared to conventional services exports (balance of payments  basis).  While exports of services have long S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 22  
 
  been higher than sales of affiliates of U.S. fi rms abroad, these two forms of delivering services 
internationally reached comparable levels in 1996 (about US$220 billion).  In 2003 the sales of 
services of U.S. majority-owned foreign affilia tes (US$478 billion) now largely exceed exports of 
services (US$292 billion).  Similar conclusions can be  drawn with respect to U.S. imports of services 
and sales to U.S persons by U.S. non-bank majority-o wned affiliates of foreign companies: since 1990 
the latter have been higher and reached in 2003 US$381 billion compared to US$225 billion.  The 
limited available data suggest that in terms of th e value of services provided, this mode of delivery 
has become in recent years at least as high as the value of services traded on a BOP basis (broadly 
covering modes 1, 2 and 4). 
Chart 7:  Outward services sales of majority-own ed foreign affiliates, selected economies, 2002 
(Billion dollars) 
 
218
179
78
3623 14 6 4 3 0424
0100200300400500
United States
France (2001)
GermanyCanada
Australia (2002-03)Belgium
Finland
Portugal
Austria
Greece
Czech Republic
 
Source :  Eurostat New Cronos  database (2006) and national statistics. 
 
60. Chart 7 presents estimated values of sales of ser vices abroad through majority-owned foreign 
affiliates for a selection of Members.  Readers shoul d be cautious when interpreting the data as there 
may be differences in the coverage  of data and of the methodology used.  This Chart nevertheless 
illustrates the relative (approximate) size of overall outward services sales through commercial presence.  U.S. data refer to the sales of services by non-bank majority-owned foreign affiliates and 
Australian data to the sales of services of all majo rity-owned foreign affiliates (fiscal year 2002-03).  
For Canada and the individual European Communiti es members included in the Chart the total sales 
of majority-owned foreign affiliates engaged in  services activities (excluding wholesale and retail 
trade activities) was used as an approximation.
22  
61. According to information included in this gr aph, in 2002 U.S. sales of services through 
majority-owned foreign affiliates accounted for mo re than US$424 billion which is twice as much as 
the sales accounted for by France (US$218 billi on, 2001 data) or Germany (US$179 billion).  
Canadian affiliated service providers abroad reali sed a total turnover of approximately US$78 billion, 
followed by Australian foreign affiliates abroad  (around US$36 billion in 2002-03) and Belgium 
(US$23 billion). 
2. Experiences in the dissemination of FATS statistics 
62. This Section briefly presents a number of examples for individual economies in order to 
illustrate recent progress made in the compilation a nd dissemination of FATS da ta (both in terms of 
industry/product and partner breakdow ns).  Due to the cross classification of activity and the list of 
partners in a number of tables presented below, many cells are empty due to confidentiality or lack of 
                                                      
22 Sales of foreign affiliates engaged in wholesale and retail trading activities were excluded as the 
largest share of the value of sales of these aff iliates is deemed to be the value of the goods.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 23 
 
 
  detailed information.  In addition as stated above, the methodology used to compile FATS 
information differs between economies, which is w hy data are presented separately for this selection 
of Members. 
(a) Australia 
63. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) publis hed in the course of 2004 data for inward 
FATS based on existing surveys and the first experime ntal results of the survey established for the 
collection of information on the outward side.  
64. On the inward side, the main results for the va riable total operating income are shown below.  
They are broken down by economy of ultimate benefi cial owner (as far as possible) and by type of 
primary activity (according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification 
1993 ) of the management unit which is surveyed.  For the finance and insurance industry, of the 
US$17 billion operating income of majority-owned  foreign affiliates operating in Australia, the 
European Communities represented almost one-half and the United States one-third.  U.S. majority-
owned foreign affiliates operating in  Australia represented more than  50 per cent of the total operating 
income of foreign affiliates whose primary activ ity is within the property and business services 
industry. 
Table 6:  Australian inward FATS: operating income of affiliates by services industries, 2000-01 
 (Million dollars) 
Total  EC (15) Japan New 
Zealand Singapore United 
States 
Accommodation, cafes and restaurants 1330 466 179 - 72 325
Transport, storage and communication 9998 5306 153 2431 - 1225
Finance and insurance 17113 8353 - - - 6108
Property and business services 11964 3034 1036 - - 6679Private community services 548 215 - - - 213
Cultural, recreational, personal, other serv. 1756 432 - - - 1139
Note : Figures in italics should be used with caution.   
Source :  Economic Activity of Foreign Owned Businesses in Australia , ABS (2004). 
 
65. The ABS report includes results for other variables such as the number of operating 
businesses, the number of employees or the industry value added.  ABS also  conducted comparison 
studies between these inward results and similar data  published by some of its counterparts.  For 
instance, ABS has estimated that  U.S.-owned businesses contributed 9 per cent of industry value-
added, while the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis counterparty estimate was 9.8 per cent.   
66. On the outward side, ABS published the results of the new Survey of Outward Foreign 
Affiliates Trade (SOFAT) .  The data cover all activities and are broken down by industry and by 
economy of establishment of affiliates.  In addition,  the Australian Bureau of Statistics further broke 
down the sales by foreign affiliates into t ype of goods and type of services sold.23  The aim of the 
survey is to capture the economic activity of th e majority-owned affiliates abroad of Australian 
resident enterprises24.  The breakdown by industry was done according to the Australian and New 
Zealand Standard Industrial Classification 1993  (business units classified according to their primary 
                                                      
23 To the knowledge of the WTO Secretariat Australia is the only economy that published such 
information.  Other economies in general only publish total sales data broken down by type of primary industry 
of affiliates, or by type of products for total goods and total services sales. 
24 This means that Australian outward FATS statistic s cover affiliates abroad of both Australian-owned 
and foreign-owned parent companies established in Australia .  However, the majority of sales of services abroad 
takes place through the affiliates of Australian-owned mother companies (9 5 per cent).  This may explain 
differences between Australian data presented in the pr evious section as not all information published by ABS 
separately identifies these two "types" of foreign affiliates. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 24  
 
  activity) and the breakdown by product according to the main services items of the EBOPS 
classification.   
67. The report published by ABS estimates Australia's sales of services through commercial 
presence at approximately US$38 billion.  As presen ted in Chart 8 the United States was the largest 
market for Australia in terms of services sold  through Australian foreign affiliates abroad 
(US$15 billion), followed by the United Kingdom  and New Zealand (US$6.5 and US$6 billion 
respectively). 
Chart 8:  Sales of services by Australian affiliates abroad by main partner, 2002-03 
(Percentage) 
 
New Zealand
17%United Kingdom
18%United States
39%
Other countries
15%
Indonesia
2%
China
2%Hong Kong, 
China
3%Singapore
4%
 
 
Source : Australian Outward Foreign Affiliates Trade , ABS (2004). 
 
68. Major services sold by Australian foreign aff iliates established abroad were finance and 
insurance services (US$15 billion, approximately 40 per cent of total services sales), followed by 
legal, accounting, management consulting, and pu blic relations services (US$1.1 billion), other 
business services (US$1 billion) and Architectural engineering and other technical services (US$0.6 
billion).  Note that a large part of the services could not be allocated to the separate services 
categories. 
Table 7:  Sales of services by Australian aff iliates abroad by main services items 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Sectors Value Share 
Trans portation 443 1.2
Travel - -
Communications services - -
Financial and insurance services 14791 38.9
Computer and information services 464 1.2
Royalties and license fees 61 0.2
Merchantin g and other trade related services 54 0.1
Operational leasin g services 88 0.2
Legal, accountin g, mana gement consultin g and public relations services 1093 2.9
Advertisin g, market research and public opinion pollin g services 164 0.4
Architectural en gineerin g and other technical services 652 1.7
Agricultural, minin g and onsite processin g services 387 1.0
Other business services 956 2.5
Othe ra 18868 49.6
Total 38019 100.0 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 25 
 
 
  a   Travel, construction, research, development, and personal, cultural, recreational services as well as confidential data. 
Source : Australian outward foreign affiliates trade , ABS (2004). 
 
 
(b) France 
69. France has been producing FATS statistics since 1995 for outward and 1999 for inward 
FATS.  This information is published in the Eurostat New Cronos  database.25 Sales data (as well as 
many other variables) are published for both in ward and outward FATS, broken down according to 
the primary activity26 of affiliates and by "origin/destination" economy.   
70. Table 8 presents 2001 data for inward FATS sale s of foreign affiliates operating in France for 
a number of services industries (as a primary activity).   For France, EC (15) is the first partner in 
terms of sales by affiliates primarily engaged in  services activities, particularly for financial 
intermediation and transport, storage and communica tion.  For other services activities, Switzerland 
and the United States are also important players, as well as Lebanon in the transportation, storage and 
communication industry. 
Table 8:  Inward FATS in France:  total sales of affi liates by selected services industries, 2001 
 (Million dollars) 
 Total 
foreignAustralia Canada EC (15) Japan Lebanon Switzer
-land United 
States 
Hotels and restaurants 3438 - - 2281 31 - 126 851
Transport, storage and communication 16448 - 459 10719 - 2054 740 2176
Financial intermediation 53497 - 83 45789 - - 3654 3868Real estate, renting, business activities 51672 243 190 26963 318 31 6632 16846
Real estate activities 3036 - - 1499 - - 107 1383
Renting, etc. 5928 - - - - - 123 -Computer and related activities 7781 - 60 5005 44 - 101 2528
Research and development 1294 - 42 - - - 18 -
Other business activities 33633 36 78 15698 247 - 6283 -
Source :  New Cronos database, Eurostat (2006). 
 
71. Table 9 which includes selected data on the turn over of majority-owned French affiliates 
engaged in services activities established abroad, show s that the U.S. and the European Communities 
(15) are major markets for the services industries shown in the table (mainly affiliates engaged in other business activities such as legal, accounting, management, consulting services etc., and financial 
intermediation). They are followed by  Brazil, Canada and Switzerland. 
72. Again it should be stressed that the methodolog y adopted by individual economies, including 
within the European Communities, may differ.  At  the time of writing, Eurostat was preparing a 
regulation on FATS statistics using MSITS, the OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation 
Indicators  as well as individual experiences as benchmarks in order to improve the coverage and data 
comparability of FATS statistics.  This regul ation would cover compilation issues and a 
"Recommendations manual on the production of forei gn affiliates statistics (FATS)" which is being 
developed by the Eurostat "Joint Worki ng Group on Foreign Affiliates Statistics. 
                                                     
 
25 This information is available in a similar format for other EC members compiling this data.  It may 
also be published separately by individual national authorities. 
26 According to the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Rev.  
1.1 (NACE Rev.  1.1). S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 26  
 
   
Table 9:  Outward FATS: total sales of French affiliates abroad by selected se rvices industries, 2001 
 (Million dollars) 
 Total Argen-
tina Brazil Canada EC (15)Singa-
pore Switzer
-land United 
States 
Transport, storage and communication 3874 - - 55 2083 - 35 653
Financial intermediation 60245 - 5737 1128 22622 277 625 18479
Real estate and business activities 146764 936 2546 1428 60002 - 1762 61032
Computer activities 2115 - - 18 1107 - 33 435
Other business activities 143009 - - 1410 57493 - 1706 60451
Other services - 0 - 40 - - - -
Source :  New Cronos database, Eurostat (2006). 
 
(c) United States 
73. The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis  has been compiling and publishing detailed 
FATS data (sales of services by foreign affiliates)  for over 15 years, alongside its results for more 
traditional trade in services according to balance of paym ents principles.  This data is actually part of 
a much broader set of detailed operating and fi nancial information on enterprises which have 
established an affiliate abroad.27 
74. Available data for the United States capture,  on the one hand, sales of services to foreign 
persons by non-bank Majority-Owned Foreign Aff iliates (MOFAs) of U.S. companies and, on the 
other hand, sales of services by non-bank Majority- Owned Affiliates of Foreign companies in the U.S. 
(MOUSAs).  MOFAs data are broken down by economy of affiliate while MOUSAs are structured by 
economy of Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO).  Char t 6 in Section III.B presen ts time series for BOP 
and foreign affiliates trade for the period 1990 to 2003.   Table 10 shows recent trends of U.S. sales of 
services to foreign markets and of purchases of ser vices by U.S. persons from foreigners.  In 2003, 
sales of services abroad though foreign affiliates in creased by 13 per cent while exports of services 
increased by 4 per cent.  BOP imports of services grew at a higher pace than purchases of services 
from foreign affiliates established in the United States. 
Table 10:  Total commercial services trade of the United States 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 2000 2002 2003 Annual 
change Annual 
change 
2000-03 2003 
BOP (exports) 284.0 279.2 291.5 1 4 
MOFAs 413.5 423.5 477.5 5 13 
     
BOP (imports) 207.4 209.2 224.6 3 7 
MOUSAs 344.4 367.6 381.4 3 4 
MOFA: Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliate 
MOUSA:  Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliate 
Source :  "U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003" , Survey of 
Current Business , U.S. BEA (2005). 
 
75. The U.S. data are useful for comparisons between BOP- and FATS-related sales (i.e. of 
services), given that (i) they are available at a ve ry disaggregated level for several service industries28 
and broken down by partner;  (ii) FATS sales do not include exports to the economy of origin, which 
                                                      
27 More information on this data can be found at http://www.bea.gov,choose Direct investment. 
28 As noted above users need to be cautious when comparing BOP and FATS data.  Also data gaps may 
hamper the comparison.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 27 
 
 
  prevents an overlap with BOP data;  and (iii) sectoral BOP statistics are available for unaffiliated 
partners only, which prevents double counting in cer tain instances.  However, the non-inclusion of 
intra-firm transactions is likely to lead to s ubstantial underreporting of BOP transactions for certain 
sectors. 
76. Tables 11 and 12 present foreign affiliates sales of services for the United States for a 
selection of services industries in 2003.29 The data were extracted from  more detailed tables published 
in the Survey of Current Business . 
Table 11:  Sales of services to foreign persons throug h nonbank MOFAs, selected industries, 2003 
 (Million dollars) 
 Total 
foreign Canada Europe Latin 
America Australia Japan 
All industries 477455 41703 267219 56415 18706 43697
Information 84659 4145 59053 10729 2843 4472
Telecommunications - 522 - 7375 618 599
Finance (excl.  depository  institutions), insurance 122172 10301 49307 16335 3420 24631
Insurance 80435 7584 25583 12588 1330 17985
Real estate and rental and leasing 15790 1635 10789 1174 842 889
Professional, scientific, and technical services - 4032 47113 4264 - -
Architectural, engineering, and related services 11776 1111 8044 700 452 57
Computer systems design and related services - 1177 17501 1357 - -Management, scientific, technical consulting 11113 709 7452 1310 473 325
Other 18482 1035 14115 897 422 673
Legal services 1118 10 862 3 19 60Accounting, tax preparation, etc. 740 339 296 27 21 31
Specialized design services 62 0 16 6 - 0
Scientific research and development services 2223 28 1813 37 32 -Advertising and related services 10686 521 8421 654 257 -
Other professional, scientific, technical serv. 3654 136 2707 170 - 108
Other industries - 17690 73140 20732 - -
Transportation and warehousing 27401 2699 12908 3812 1003 1242
Source :  "U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003" , Survey of 
Current Business , U.S. BEA (2005).  
 
77. In 2003 the largest share of U.S. sales of services through affiliates abroad took place in 
Europe, representing more than half of total forei gn sales of services.  Latin America accounted for 
12 per cent of the market.  Japan, Canada and Austra lia represented respectively 9, 9 and 4 per cent of 
the total.  In terms of sales broken down by type of primary industry of the affiliate, the information 
industry as well as insurance carriers and related ac tivities represented a large share of total sales 
(respectively 18 per cent and 17 per cent), the primary ma rkets for these industries being Europe.  It is 
also interesting to note that U.S. affiliates whose primary activity is within the computer systems and 
design-related services sector sold services for over US$17 billion in Europe.  Although no aggregate 
figure is available for this category, professional, scientific and technical services seem to be an 
important component of sales of services in forei gn markets (mainly architectural, engineering, and 
related services; management, scientific, technical consulting; and advertis ing and related services). 
                                                      
29 The industry classification used for foreign af filiates data is the North American Industrial 
Classification (NAICS). S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 28  
 
   
Table 12:  Sales of services to U.S. persons through nonbank MOUSAs, selected industries, 2003 
 (Million dollars) 
 Total 
foreign Canada Europe Latin 
America Australia Japan 
All industries 381389 40483 263455 33021 11019 22652
Information 55066 5646 35251 3717 - 932
Telecommunications 15863 - 11229 3649 6 -
Finance (excl.  depository  institutions), insurance 107864 15579 78918 7787 524 3411
Insurance 83334 14216 59162 7722 - 849
Real estate and rental and leasing 16168 1571 7952 609 - 2766
Professional, scientific, and technical services 43922 1748 32530 - 13 1038
Architectural, engineering, and related services 4050 171 3115 -   -Computer systems design and related services 5077 510 3180 23 5 492
Management, scientific, technical consulting 8156 36 - - - 33
Other 26639 1031 - 11 - -
Legal services 24 - -      
Accounting, tax preparation, etc. 33 - 10     3
Specialized design services 45 2 25   - 8Scientific research and development services 601 - 223 1   228
Advertising and related services 21220 508 20395 9   -
Other professional, scientific, technical serv. 4717 - - 2   70
Other industries 115546 14490 81708 8479 - -
Transportation and warehousing 30213 6382 19159 446 - 2681
Source :  "U.S. International Services: Cross-Border Trade in 2004 and Sales Through Affiliates in 2003" , Survey of 
Current Business , U.S. BEA (2005). 
 
78. Europe accounts for the largest share of services sold to U.S. persons though foreign affiliates 
established in the U.S. (70 per cent).  Latin Ameri ca represents 9 per cent.  The sector focus is on the 
insurance industry (22 per cent), followed by the information industry, transportation and 
warehousing, and advertising and related services.  Th e sales of services of foreign affiliates active in 
the latter industry were almost exclusively origin ating from affiliates majority-owned by European 
mother companies. 
C. FDI  STATISTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE  
79. In the absence of FATS data, FDI statistics can provide an alternative interim indicator of 
commercial presence.  The state of implementation regarding the collection of FDI statistics by activity of the ISIC Rev.3 and by origin and destin ation is well described in periodic reports of the 
joint OECD/IMF Survey of Implementation of Me thodological Standards for Direct Investment 
(SIMSDI).  The report of the 2001 SIMSDI update  showed a significant improvement of data 
availability for the 61 economies which pa rticipated in the update exercise.
30  Fifty-three economies 
collect data on inward flows with geographic br eakdowns (43 economies for outward flows) and 49 
collect inward flows with an activity breakdown (36 for outward flows).  Corresponding figures for 
FDI income flows and FDI positions are lower.  More  than 90 per cent of OECD members were able 
to provide geographic disaggregations of FDI fi nancial flows, and disa ggregations by economic 
activity were almost as commonly available.  Around 80 per cent of non-OECD economies participating in the update exercise were also able to provide geogra phic and activity related 
disaggregations.   
80. The main collectors and disseminators of FD I data are Eurostat, the IMF, OECD, and 
UNCTAD.  Eurostat and OECD use a common ques tionnaire to collect FDI inward and outward 
stocks, flows and income data, br oken down by industry and by economy of origin or destination.  
                                                     
 
30 Thirty OECD members plus 31 of the 84 non-OECD economies participating in the 1997 SIMSDI.  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 29 
 
 
  The IMF collects FDI positions, flow s and income according to the components set out in BPM5, but 
without any industry and partner breakdowns .  Data can be found in Eurostat’s New Cronos  reference 
database, the OECD’s International Direct Investment Statistics , the IMF’s Balance of Payments 
Statistics and UNCTAD’s Foreign Direct Investment Database . 
 
IV. ASSESSING TRADE IN SERVICES BY MODE OF SUPPLY 
81. This Section will briefly discuss issues related to the measurement of trade in services from a 
mode of supply perspective.  More particularly , it will present recent work on the development of a 
statistical framework for assessing mode 4 (presenc e of natural persons).  MSITS acknowledges that a 
satisfactory linkage of statistics with GATS modes of supply is not feasible at present.  As a first step, 
MSITS proposes a simplified approach, based on the overall good correspondence between (i) FATS 
statistics and mode 3, and (ii) BOP services statis tics and the three other modes of supply.  With 
respect to mode 4, MSITS acknowledges that this mode of supply is not well identified in existing 
statistics.  However, the MSITS, in an annex on the movement of natural persons supplying services 
under GATS, opens the way to the creation of a stat istical framework, and wo rk is underway within 
the international statistical community to develop such a framework. 
A. MODE 4 
82. As noted in previous Secretariat papers (e.g. WTO document S/C/W/75, 8 December 1998), 
there are no comprehensive statistics capturing trad e taking place through mode 4.  MSITS recognises 
that a comprehensive statistical  framework for the measurement of mode 4 still needs to be 
developed.  As a first step, an annex on the measu rement of the movement of natural persons was 
included in the MSITS.  Progress has been made sinc e through the work of the Sub-group of the Task 
Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services: the UN Technical Sub-group on the Movement of Persons – Mode 4.
31 
83. In current discussions of the Sub-group two t ypes of information needs were identified in 
order to assess mode 4: the value of the service provi ded and the number of natural persons moving 
(flows) and temporarily present (stocks) in the context of the supply of a service.32 For statistical 
purposes, main types of contracts/categories of natu ral persons are identified as follows: contractual 
service suppliers, independent pr ofessionals, foreign employees of services foreign affiliates 
(including intra-corporate transferees), and busin ess visitors.  For the sake of simplification other 
categories such as graduate trainees, installers and servicers, or personalities of international 
recognized reputation are considered in the statisti cal framework as sub-categor ies of either of these 
major groups. 
84. Information on the value of services supplied unde r mode 4 is mainly needed for contractual 
service suppliers and i ndependent professionals.33 From a statistical point of view, the value of the 
service export is difficult to measure, regardless of whether the person is self-employed or employed by a foreign service supplier.  The problem lies in  identifying in existing BOP services transactions 
the share of trade delivered by them through mode 4.  To the knowledge of the WTO Secretariat, only 
a couple of economies have attempted to break down ser vice transactions into modes of supply.  This 
will be further discussed and illustrated in the following Section on modes of supply. 
                                                     
 
31 More information on current discussions may be found in the Background note on GATS mode 4 
measurement  available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/subgroup.asp. 
32 As far as possible this information will also need to  be further broken down in terms of countries of 
origin/destination, type of service supplied, duration of stay etc. 
33 From an economic/statistical persp ective, for intra-corporate transfer ees the supply of the service by 
the service supplier (i.e. the juridical person) to the consumer is taking place through mode 3.  Business visitors 
are not deemed to supply a service. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 30  
 
  85. In terms of number of persons th is information should be sought  for all categories of natural 
persons.  Although once again this type of informa tion is not separately available and conceptual 
work is underway, various sources may help for an  assessment of mode 4 such as migration/labour 
statistics/permit systems.  Additional sources were al so identified by the Sub-group in the context of 
more specific categories and/or services (border/passenger surveys, FATS statistics for intra-corporate 
transferees and sectoral statistics for certain services industries). 
B. A
LL MODES OF SUPPLY  
86. MSITS acknowledges that compilers will not be ab le to allocate each EBOPS type of service 
by GATS modes of supply in the near future .  However, as stated above, MSITS proposes a 
simplified approach, operational in the current sta tistical context, for producing approximations as a 
first step.  The purpose of this approach is more to highlight the relationshi p between modes of supply 
and services categories than to ensure full allocation. 
87. FATS sales of services represent the major part of mode 3.  BOP/EBOPS services items 
should be broken down into modes of supply.  Fo r doing so the MSITS suggests the following: based 
on the location of the supplier at the time of the service transaction, it is assumed that a given service 
category in the BOP corresponds to only one or two dominant mode(s) of supply.  According to this 
methodology, the following items, when exchanged between residents and non-residents, are deemed 
to be predominantly delivered through mode 1 (cross-border supply): transportation (except 
supporting and auxiliary services to carriers in fore ign ports, which should be allocated to mode 2), 
communications, insurance, and financial services, and royalties and license fees.  All services recorded under item travel (i.e. excluding goods) should be allocated to mode 2 (consumption 
abroad).  The picture is more complex for the remaining commercial services, which may involve 
significant elements of two modes of supply.  Computer and information services;  other business 
services;  and personal, cultural, and recreationa l services may be delivered through mode 1 and 
mode 4;  construction services may be provided th rough mode 3 and mode 4.  Further work of 
compilers is therefore necessary to determine an allocation of these statistics to modes of supply. 
Chart 9:  Australia, exports of services broken down by mode of supply, 2002-03 
(Percentage) 
Mode 2
17%Mode 3
64%
Mode 1+4
19%
 
Source :  Trade in Services, Australia ,  
Australian Department of Fore ign Affairs and Trade (2005) 
88. Recently, a few economies have started assessing the possibility of measuring their trade in 
services according to the GATS modes of supply.  For example, Australia has provided an initial 
breakdown by mode of supply.  Services transactio ns under mode 1 and mode 4 are grouped under a  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 31 
 
 
  single heading representing 19 per cent of their trade in services.34 Certainly, this preliminary 
breakdown could be refined by distinguishing speci fically transactions which are deemed to be 
provided predominantly through mode 1 followi ng MSITS' recommendations but it still provides a 
first indication of the relative sizes of modes 2 (17 per cent) and 3 (64 per cent) as well as 1 and 4 
(19 per cent). 
89. Singapore adapted the allocation of its servi ces transactions to GATS modes of supply to 
reflect the specificity of its economy.35  For instance as most exports of business management services 
and financial services are generally de livered within the territory of Singapore, these were allocated to 
mode 2 (consumption abroad).  Based on these c onsiderations services exports through mode 4 
(technical and other professional services) were est imated to represent in 2002 approximately 4 per 
cent of the total services traded through modes 1, 2, and 4.   
Table 13:  Singapore: Allocati on of BOP services transact ions to modes of supply 
 (Percentage)  
Mode of Supply BOP services category 2002 
Mode 1: Cross border 
 Transportation, Insurance, Trade-related, 
Royalties, Social 67% 
 
Mode 2: Consumption abroad 
 Travel, Financial, Business Management 29% 
Mode 4: Presence of natural persons 
 Technical and other pr ofessional services 4% 
 
Mode 1 + Mode 2 + Mode 4 All services BOP categories listed above 100% 
Source : WTO Secretariat estimates derived from Singstats, Singapore's International Trade in  Services: New Statistical 
Estimates and Analysis , March 2000 and Singapore's Balance of Payments: Me thodological Improvements and New 
Reporting Format for the Services Account , December 2003. 
 
90. Reflecting its commercial strength in the export of IT services, India  has for the first time 
collected data on computer services exports according to the four modes of supply.36 In 2002-03 
modes 1, 2, 3 and 4 represented respectively 39 per cent, 0 per cent, 48 per cent and 13 per cent of 
India's total computer services exports.37  According to the Reserve Bank of India this information 
should be improved through future surveys. 
 
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
91. The aim of this paper was twofold: (i) update the statistics included in the previous notes 
circulated in 1997 and 2000, and (ii) provide an  overview of progress made with respect to the 
compilation and publication (either nationally or by  international organizations) of statistics on 
international trade in services.  As shown throughout  this Note, the quality a nd quantity of statistics 
on international trade in services has dramatically improved over the past years.  Around 
150 economies provide aggregated service trade data according to the Balance of Payments 
                                                      
34 Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Trade in Services, Australia, 2003-2004 , May 
2005.  This publication also includes a breakdown by partners. 
35 See Singstats, Singapore's International Trade in Services: New Statistical Estimates and Analysis , 
March 2000. 
36 This follows the 2001 Indian National Statistical Commission recommendation to envisage another 
methodology to collect information on Indian software services exports.  It was recommended that this survey 
be conducted every three years and that a quarte rly representative survey be also implemented. 
37 Total Indian computer services exports represent US$6.4 billion. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 32  
 
  principles.  Some now compile this information by identifying flows with their main partners.  
Depending on respective needs, an increasing number  of economies have started breaking down this 
information into further detail according to the ex tended services classification introduced in MSITS.  
Moreover the number of economies compiling a complete  set of foreign direct investment statistics 
(including by industry and b ilateral data) is growing. 
92. Up to recently (2000), only the U.S. compiled information on the activities of foreign 
affiliates.  Now, 25 OECD members have started co mpiling and publishing this type of information.  
Given the information needs with respect to th e internationalisation of services a number of non-
OECD economies is also envisaging such a data collection exercise.  Following the release of 
international guidelines for the measurement of the ac tivities of affiliates engaged in the provision of 
services, the number of economies compiling this info rmation should gradually expand in the future.  
Given the relative novelty of this framework, th e statistics published by compiling economies point 
out the current lack of data re liability, comparability and explanatory information on the data itself 
that would help interpret these figures.  Howeve r, a number of recent national and/or regional 
initiatives such as the EC regulation on FATS statisti cs (which closely follows the recent regulation 
on Balance of Payments statistics) should improve th e situation.  Once the EC  has adopted the FATS 
regulation, the compilation of statistics will become binding for its members. 
93. Even if the recommendations of the MSITS were  fully implemented, it would only be a first 
step for providing information by mode of supply.
38 This is seen as a long-term goal in the MSITS.  
Methodological work and discussions (e.g., modes of supply, mode 4 measurement, software,  
e-commerce) are underway within the international statistical community in order to improve 
shortcomings in areas where the MSITS acknowle dges that further work  is necessary.  These 
discussions are taking place within the context of th e revision of international standards such as the 
BPM5 or SNA93 and the subsequent revision of the MSITS. 
94. To improve the availability and quality of sta tistics on international trade in services the Task 
Force aims to prepare compilation guidance, but this task will take some time.  Finally, in the 
framework of the phased approach adopted for th e implementation of the recommendations of the 
MSITS, members of the Task Force and the WTO Secretariat are engaged in a number of statistical capacity building activities.  These activities have been given additional impetus by the Hong Kong 
Ministerial Declaration.
39  Based on a training module on the measurement of trade in services 
produced by the WTO Secretariat, the Task Force or ganised or participated in a number of regional 
and national workshops and seminars  on trade in services statistics. 
                                                      
38 The Manual includes a set of 10 recommendations (5 core and 5 other recommendations) for the 
collection and compilation of  international trade in servic es statistics.  The order of these recommendations is 
quite flexible in order for countries to establish priorities according to their needs and possibilities.   
39 "Targeted technical assistance should be provided through, inter alia , the WTO Secretariat, with a 
view to enabling developing and least-developed countrie s to participate effectively in the negotiations.  In 
particular and in accordance with paragraph 51 on Technica l Cooperation of this Declar ation, targeted technical 
assistance should be given to all developing countries a llowing them to fully engage in the negotiation.  In 
addition, such assistance should be provided on, inter alia , compiling and analyzing statistical data on trade in 
services, assessing interests in and ga ins from services trade, building regulatory capacity, particularly on those 
services sectors where liberalization is being undertaken by developing countries." (Hong Kong Ministerial 
Declaration Annex C, paragraph 10).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 33 
 
 
  VI. LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND BOXES 
Tables 
Page 
 
Table 1: Number of economies reporting EBOPS trade data by service category to IMF, 
1995 and 2003 7
Table 2: Reporting of selected EBOPS categories by African economies 8
Table 3: World trade of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2005 10Table 4: Availability of partner economy st atistics for total trade in services in the 
OECD database 17
Table 5: Availability of inward and outward FATS statistics 20
Table 6: Australian inward FATS:  operating income of affiliates by services industries, 
2000-01 23
Table 7: Sales of services by Australian affiliates abroad by main services items 24
Table 8: Iward FATS in France:  total sales of  affiliates by selected services industries, 
2001 25
Table 9: Outward FATS:  total sales of Fr ench affiliates abroad by selected services 
industries, 2001 26
Table 10: Total commercial services trade of the United States 26
Table 11: Sales of services to foreign persons through nonblank MOFAs, selected 
industries, 2003 27
Table 12: Sales of services to U.S. pers ons through nonblank MOUSAs, selected 
industries, 2003 28
Table 13: Singapore:  Allocation of BOP services transactions to modes of supply 31
  
Charts 
Page 
 
Chart 1: Structure of transport exports in the five leading world exporters, 2005 11Chart 2: Travel exports by region, 2005 12Chart 3: World exports of other commercial services by component and selected region, 
2003 16
Chart 4: Estimated composition of total world services flows by region, 2003 17
Chart 5: Commercial services exports of selected economies by major destinations, 
2003 18
Chart 6: U.S. international sales of services through cross-border trade and through 
foreign affiliates, 1990-003 21
Chart 7: Outward services sales of majori ty-owned foreign affiliates, selected 
economies, 2002 22
Chart 8: Sales of services by Australian affiliates abroad by main partner, 2002-03 24
Chart 9: Australia, exports of services br oken down by mode of supply, 2002-03 30
 
 
Boxes  
Page 
 
Box 1: Composition of other commercial services 13
 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 34  
 
   
 
ANNEX 
 
Table A1:  World trade in commercial services by major category, 2005 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Share Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000-05 2004 2005 
Exports  
All commercial services 2415 100.0 100.0 10 19 11
Transportation 565 23.4 23.3 10 24 11
Travel 700 32.0 28.9 8 18 10
Other commercial services 1155 44.6 47.8 12 17 11
Imports  
All commercial services 2360 100.0 100.0 10 18 11
Transportation 665 28.4 28.1 10 23 13 
Travel 650 29.9 27.4 8 17 9
Other commercial services 1050 41.8 44.5 11 17 11
Note : Growth rates and shares are affected by continuity breaks in the series.   
Source : International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006). 
 
 
 
Table A2:  Twenty leading exporters and importers in  world trade in commercial services,  
  2005a 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
Rank Exporter Value Share Annual 
percentage
change   Ran k Importer Value Share Annual 
percentage
change  
                      
1 United States  353.3 14.6 10  1 United States  288.7 12.2 10 
2 United Kingdom  183.4 7.6 -1  2 Germany  198.6 8.4 4 
3 Germany  142.9 5.9 7  3 United Kingdom  150.1 6.4 4 
4 France  113.7 4.7 4  4 Japan  135.9 5.8 1 
5 Japan  106.6 4.4 12  5 France  102.9 4.4 7 
6 Italy  93.4 3.9 13  6 Italy  92.3 3.9 15 
7 Spain  91.2 3.8 8  7 China  85.3 3.6 ... 
8 China  81.2 3.4 ...  8 Netherlands  69.2 2.9 1 
9 Netherlands  75.0 3.1 4  9 Ireland  67.5 2.9 5 
10 India  67.6 2.8 ...  10 India  67.4 2.9 ... 
11 Hong Kong, China 60.3 2.5 11  11 Spain  65.3 2.8 15 
12 Ireland  54.7 2.3 5  12 Canada  62.3 2.6 10 
13 Austria  53.8 2.2 11  13 Korea, Republic of 58.0 2.5 17 
14 Belgium  53.4 2.2 6  14 Austria  51.7 2.2 12 
15 Canada  50.6 2.1 9  15 Belgium  51.2 2.2 6 
16 Switzerland  45.2 1.9 9  16 Singapore  44.0 1.9 9 
17 Singapore  45.1 1.9 10  17 Ru ssian Federation 37.6 1.6 15 
18 Korea, Republic of 43.5 1.8 9  18 Denmark  a 36.0 1.5 ... 
19 Sweden  42.8 1.8 12  19 Sweden  35.2 1.5 7 
20 Luxembourg  39.6 1.6 20  20 Hong Kong, China 31.6 1.3 5 
 Total of above  1795.0 74.4 -   Total of above  1730.0 73.3 - 
 World  2415.0 100.0 11   World  2360.0 100.0 11 
a Secretariat estimates.   
Note:  Figures for a number of economies and territories have  been estimated by  the Secretariat.  Annual percentage 
changes and rankings are affected by continuity br eaks in the series for a large number of economies.  
Source : International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 35 
 
 
  Table A3:  Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 2005 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Share in world 
exports/imports Annual percentage change  
 2005 2000 2005 2000-05 2003 2004 2005 
Exporter    
United States 62.7 14.5 11.1 4 2 18 12 
Germany 36.3 5.7 6.5 13 13 23 9 
Japan 35.8 7.3 6.4 7 10 21 12 
United Kingdom 30.7 5.5 5.4 10 18 35 3 
France 26.5 5.3 4.7 7 15 19 4 
Korea, Republic of 23.8 3.9 4.2 12 30 31 6 
Denmarka  23.3 4.1 4.1 ... 22 18 ... 
Netherlands 20.9 4.8 3.7 4 -6 17 8 
Hong Kong, China 19.3 3.7 3.4 9 4 24 12 
Norway 17.4 2.7 3.1 13 16 21 17 
Greece 17.3 2.3 3.1 17 35 53 4 
Chinaa 16.2 1.1 2.9 ... 38 53 ... 
Spain 15.8 2.4 2.8 13 23 18 13 
Singapore 15.5 3.4 2.7 5 5 17 6 
Italy 15.2 2.7 2.7 10 14 32 9 
        
Above 15  376.7 69.4 66.8 9 12 24 10 
        
Importer        
United States 87.8 15.6 13.2 6 12 19 13 
Japan 44.2 8.4 6.7 5 8 25 3 
Germany 41.9 6.1 6.3 10 20 15 4 
United Kingdom 36.6 5.7 5.5 9 11 22 6 
Chinaa 27.9 2.5 4.2 ... 34 35 ... 
France 27.3 4.3 4.1 9 19 23 4 
Indiaa 23.3 2.1 3.5 ... 10 44 ... 
Italy 21.5 3.1 3.2 10 22 21 10 
Korea, Republic of 20.2 2.6 3.1 13 20 32 13 
Denmarka 17.5 2.6 2.6 ... 22 16 ... 
Spain 17.4 2.4 2.6 11 22 19 12 
Singapore 17.3 3.1 2.6 6 20 22 12 
Thailand 15.3 1.6 2.3 18 19 28 41 
Canada 14.3 2.2 2.2 9 12 19 18 
Netherlands 14.1 3.1 2.1 2 -2 9 3 
        
Above 15 426.6 65.4 64.2 9 15 22 12 
a Includes Secretariat estimates. 
Source : International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006). 
 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 36  
 
  Table A4:  Structure of transportation services exports in selected economies, 2003 
(Million dollars)
 
Other  
Exporter Total Sea  Air  
Total  Space Rail  Road  Inland 
waterwa yPipeline 
Germany 26901 10767 11230 4904 ... 561 2880 100 234 
France 21882 5504 9615 6763 681 1457 ...  ... 217 
Norway 12326 9682 255 2389 ... 38 100 ... 1441 
Spain 11897 1637 6749 3511 ... 66 3408 ... 38 
Greece 10840 10149 38 6 305 ... 4 137 ... 13 
Italy 10579 5079 3021 2480 ... 240 2239 ... ... 
Belgium 9920 4717  1528 3676 ... 221 2932 ... 181 
Canada 7050 1690 2912 2447 ... 4 16 ... ... 
Sweden 6488 3 264 1638 1586 ... 68 1518 ... ... 
Poland 3995 1329 650 2016 ... 669 929 11 399 
Portugal 2359 273 1402 684 ... 13 665 ... 7 
Czech Republic 2154 43 569 1542 ... 209 1027 14 266 
Finland 1998 1164 685 149 ... ... 149 ... ... 
Romania 1205 155 21 6 834 ... 65 754 5 3 
Estonia 984 458 84 442 ... 251 167 ... 2 
Lithuania 933 223 67 642 ... 132 415 ... 43 
Latvia 892 424 66 402 ... 191 175 ... 24 
Belarus 856 1 68 78 7 ... 270 234 ... 283 
Croatia 788 315 24 7 226 ... 16 187 1 22 
Slovenia 771 80 87 60 3 ... 168 307 ... 8 
Tunisia 727 82 465 181 ... ... 74 ... 107 
Kazakhstan 713 16 131 566 ... 203 49 ... 315 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).  Figures in italics are from OECD Statistics on International Trade in 
Services, Volume I: Detailed  Tables by Service Category , OECD (2005). 
 
  
Table A5:  Structure of the merchant fleets of main economy groups, 1 January 2005a 
 (Millions of dwt and percentage shares) 
 World Developed market-
economies Open-registry 
economies Developing 
economies Central and 
Eastern Europe 
 Million 
dwt Share Million 
dwt Share Million 
dwt ShareMillion 
dwt Share Million 
dwt Share 
Total fleet 895.8 100.0 241.7 100.0 404.0 100.0 202.3 100.0 14.5 100.0
of which:    
Oil tankers 336.2 37.5 108.4 44.9 145.1 35.9 73.1 36.2 2.9 20.3
Bulk carriers 320.6 35.8 60.6 25.1 169.7 42.0 73.4 36.3 3.0 21.0
General cargo 92.0 10.3 20.4 8.5 29.8 7.4 27.2 13.5 5.7 39.8
Containerships 98.1 10.9 34.0 14.0 43.0 10.7 17.6 8.7 0.4 2.9
Other ships 49.0 5.5 18.3 7.6 16.4 4.1 10.8 5.3 2.3 16.1
a Ships of 100 grt and over, excluding the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian Great 
Lakes fleets. 
dwt: deadweight tons. 
Source :  Review of Maritime Transport , UNCTAD (2005). 
  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 37 
 
 
  Table A6:  World sea-borne trade for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2003-2004  
  (estimates) by types of cargo and economy groupsa 
 
Economic grouping Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded 
  Oil Dry Total  Oil Dry Total 
  Crude ProductsbCargo goods Crude Productsb Cargo goods 
  (Million tonnes) 
          
World total 1970 1109 232 1162 2504 1101 298 1131 2529 
 1980 1527 344 1833 3704 1530 326 1823 3679 
 1990 1287 468 2253 4008 1315 466 2365 4126 
 2000 1665 498 3821 5983 1728 542 4003 6273 
 2003 1690 533 4257 6480 1743 536 4324 6603 
 2004 1770 546 4442 6758 1773 545 4469 6787 
  (Percentage share of each categor y of goods in total cargo) 
          
World total 1970 42.6 12.7 44.7 100.0 43.5 11.9 44.6 100.0 
 1980 41.2 9.3 49.5 100.0 41.6 8.9 49.5 100.0 
 1990 32.1 11.7 56.2 100.0 31.9 10.8 57.3 100.0 
 2000 27.8 8.3 63.9 100.0 27.5 8.6 63.8 100.0 
 2003 26.1 8.2 65.7 100.0 26.4 8.1 65.5 100.0 
 2004 26.2 8.1 65.7 100.0 26.1 8.0 65.8 100.0 
  (Percentage share of each region in world total) 
          
Developed market- 1970 2.0 27.1 60.0 31.1 80.4 79.6 79.1 79.9 
economies 1980 6.3 25.5 64.7 37.0 72.0 79.5 67.8 70.5 
 1990 13.4 32.7 63.4 43.8 72.5 81.4 61.7 67.3 
 2000 5.2 22.2 60.6 42.0 68.3 52.0 60.4 61.8 
 2003 5.3 22.3 54.6 39.1 67.9 50.9 57.2 59.5 
 2004 5.1 22.7 54.4 38.9 67.6 50.9 56.4 58.9 
Economies of 1970 3.4 8.0 6.9 5.6 1.2 1.0 3.8 2.3 
Central and 1980 3.6 14.6 5.2 5.4 2.3 0.4 6.0 4.0 
Eastern Europe 1990 4.6 11.8 3.8 5.0 2.6 0.3 5.8 4.1 
(including the former 2000 5.5 8.9 4.1 4.9 0.5 0.4 1.9 1.4 
USSR for 1970-80) 2003 6.9 8.2 4.2 5.2 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.2 
 2004 7.0 8.1 4.0 5.1 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.2 
Developing 1970 94.6 64.9 31.9 62.8 17.9 19.4 15.1 16.6 
economies 1980 88.7 58.2 29.0 56.3 24.3 18.5 22.3 22.8 
 1990 79.5 54.7 30.8 49.2 24.6 18.0 29.1 26.5 
 2000 88.3 67.8 28.7 48.6 27.2 43.5 30.5 30.7 
 2003 86.7 67.2 32.7 49.6 26.6 43.0 30.9 30.8 
 2004 86.7 66.6 32.2 49.3 26.3 42.5 30.7 30.5 
a Including international cargoes loaded at ports of the Gr eat Lakes and St.  Lawrence system for unloading at ports 
of the system. 
b Includes liquefied natural gas (LNG), li quefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphta, ga soline, jet fuel, kerosene, light oil, 
heavy fuel oil, and others. 
Source :  Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2005). S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 38  
 
  Table A7:  
Thirty-five  most important maritime economies by ownership of vessels ,   
  1 January 2005a 
Number of vessels  Deadweight tonnage  Percentage shares 
Rank Economy of 
domicile b National 
flagc Foreign
flag Total National
flag Foreign
flag Total Foreign flag 
as percentage 
of economy 
total Economy 
total 
as percentage
of world total
1 Greece 739 2245 2984 50997 104147 155144 67.13 18.48
2 Japan 717 2228 2945 12611 105050 117662 89.28 14.01
3 Germany  349 2266 2615 9033 48877 57911 84.40 6.90
4 China  1695 917 2612 27110 29703 56812 52.28 6.77
5 United States 624 1009 1633 10301 36038 46338 77.77 5.52
6 Norway 768 821 1589 14344 29645 43989 67.39 5.24
7 Hong Kong, China 274 331 605 17246 23747 40993 57.93 4.88
8 Korea, Rep.of  567 372 939 10371 16887 27258 61.95 3.25
9 United Kingdom  426 459 885 10865 14978 25843 57.96 3.08
10 Chinese Taipei 112 419 531 5297 18034 23331 77.30 2.78
11 Singapore 443 297 740 12424 3309 22333 44.37 2.66
12 Denmark 300 346 646 8376 8491 16867 50.34 2.01
13 Russian Federation 1721 362 2083 6845 8405 15250 55.11 1.82
14 Italy 530 136 666 9360 4086 13446 30.39 1.60
15 India 353 33 386 11729 981 12709 7.72 1.51
16 Switzerland 17 307 324 792 10681 11474 93.10 1.37
17 Saudi Arabia 53 70 123 872 10190 11062 92.12 1.32
18 Malaysia 259 68 327 6054 3781 9835 38.44 1.17
19 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 159 13 172 9011 467 9478 4.93 1.13
20 Turkey 423 225 648 6196 2572 8768 29.33 1.04
21 Belgium 56 122 178 4429 3695 8124 45.48 0.97
22 Netherlands 519 186 705 4358 2540 6897 36.82 0.82
23 France 161 114 275 2318 4376 6694 65.37 0.80
24 Canada 216 109 325 2535 3445 5979 57.61 0.71
25 Indonesia 554 118 672 3660 2094 5754 36.39 0.69
26 Brazil 137 14 151 2955 2470 5425 45.54 0.65
27 Sweden 159 163 322 1530 3889 5419 71.77 0.65
28 Philippines 287 39 326 3952 1057 5008 21.10 0.60
29 Spain 88 231 319 248 4115 4363 94.32 0.52
30 Kuwait 36 9 45 3487 304 3791 8.02 0.45
31 Cyprus 22 54 76 459 2643 3102 85.19 0.37
32 Thailand 261 36 297 2583 399 2982 13.38 0.36
33 Ukraine 259 134 393 1002 1677 2679 62.61 0.32
34 United Arab Emirates 0 134 134 0 2658 2658 100.0 0.32
35 Australia 44 41 85 1350 1294 2644 48.95 0.31
(a) Vessels of 1,000 gross registered t ons and above, excluding the U.S. Reserve Fleet and the U.S. and Canada Great 
Lakes fleets. 
(b) The economy of domicile indicates where the controlling intere st (i.e., parent company) of the fleet is located.  In 
several cases, determining this has re quired making certain judgements.  Thus , for instance, Gree ce is shown as the 
economy of domicile for vessels owned by a Greek owne r with representative offices in New York, London and 
Piraeus, although the owner may be domiciled in the United States. 
(c) Including vessels flying the national fl ag, but registered in territorial depe ndencies or associated self-governing 
territories.  For the United Kingdom, British flag vessels are included under the national flag, except for Bermuda 
(listed in table 17 [of the UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport 2005] as an open-registry country). 
Source : Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2005).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 39 
 
 
   
Table A8:  Passengers carried on scheduled flights, total and international operations, 2005 
 (Thousands) 
Total operations  Int ernational operations  
Economy Rank Passengers 
carried  Economy Rank Passengers 
carried 
United States 1 720548 United States 1 80332
China 2 136722  United Kingdom 2 70475 
Japan 3 102279 Germany 3 69144 
United Kingdom 4 93603 Ireland 4 42873 
Germany 5 90789 France 5 30048 
France 6 52477 Netherlands 6 26057 
Spain 7 49855 Hong Kong, China 7 20230 
Canada 8 45230 Singapore 8 17744 
Australia 9 44657 Korea, Republic of 9 17198 
Ireland 10 42873 Japan 10 16484 
Brazil 11 37662 Spain 11 15911 
Italy 12 36116 Italy 12 15129 
Korea, Republic of 13 33888 Canada 13 14376 
India 14 27671 United Arab Emirates 14 13976 
Indonesia 15 26836 Scandinaviaa 15 13378 
Russian Federation 16 26522 Thailand 16 12946 
Netherlands 17 26133 China 17 11991 
Scandinaviaa 18 25015 Malaysia 18 9353 
Mexico 19 21858 Switzerland 19 9013 
Malaysia 20 20369 Australia 20 8762 
a Denmark, Norway and Sweden 
Source : ICAO (2006). 
 
 
Table A9:  Passenger-kilometres performed on scheduled flights, 2005a 
Total operations Intern ational operations 
Economy Rank  Million passenger- 
kilometres performed Rank Million passenger-
kilometres performed 
United States 1 1244694 1 337354 
Chinab 2 201961 15 44603 
 Hong Kong, Chinac   70603   70603 
 Macao, Chinad   2406   2406 
United Kingdom 3 200333 2 190543 
Germany 4 182508 3 172799 
Japan 5 153289 7 82227 
France 6 135017 4 107526 
Australia 7 99614 10 56275 
Canada 8 94680 11 55650 
Singapore 9 82904 5 82904 
Netherlands 10 82269 6 82258 
Gulf Statese 11 78481 8 77704 
Spain 12 70975 12 48008 
Korea, Republic of 13 69292 9 62896 
Russian Federation 14 63192 19 25413 
Italy 15 51127 17 39141 
Thailand 16 50809 13 47385 
Brazil 17 50689 22 22733 
Malaysia 18 49578 16 42416 
India 19 46302 18 25632 
Ireland 20 44792 14 44792 
Note : footnotes are provided in following table 
Source : ICAO (2006). 
 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 40  
 
   
Table A10:  Freight carried on scheduled flights, 2005a 
Total operations Intern ational operations 
Economy Rank  Million tonne-kilometres 
performed Rank Million tonne-kilometres 
performed 
United States 1 37358 1 20489 
Japan 2 8549 2 7755 
Germany 3 7722 3 7711 
Chinab 4 7579 11 4385 
 Hong Kong, Chinac   7764   7764 
 Macao, Chinad   170   170 
Singapore 5 7571 4 7571 
Korea, Republic of 6 7433 5 7311 
United Kingdom 7 5998 6 5996 
France 8 5802 7 5596 
Luxembourg 9 5150 8 5150 
Gulf Statese 10 5036 9 5013 
Netherlands 11 4894 10 4894 
Malaysia 12 2578 12 2527 
Australia 13 2445 13 2297 
Thailand 14 2002 14 1968 
Russian Federation 15 1541 19 1041 
Brazil 16 1531 22 985 
Canada 17 1527 17 1198 
Italy 18 1365 15 1360 
Israel 19 1213 16 1213 
Switzerland 20 1110 18 1109 
a Most 2005 data are estimates, thus  the ranking may change when final data become available. 
b For statistical purposes the data for China exclud es the traffic for the Hong Kong and Macao Special 
Administrative Regions (Hong Kong, China and Macao , China), and that of the Chinese Taipei. 
c Traffic for the Hong Kong, China. 
d Traffic for the Macao, China. 
e Three States - Bahrain, Oman and United Arab Emirates. 
Source : ICAO (2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 41 
 
 
  Table A11:  Leading exporters and importers of travel services, 2005 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 
 Value Share in world 
exports/imports Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000-05 2003 2004 2005 
Exporter    
United States 105.2 20.5 15.1 1 -2 13 12 
Spain 47.1 6.2 6.8 10 24 14 5 
France 42.2 6.5 6.0 6 13 11 4 
Italy 38.8 5.8 5.6 7 16 13 10 
Chinaa 34.4 3.4 4.9 ... -15 48 ... 
United Kingdom 30.0 4.6 4.3 7 10 24 6 
Germany 28.9 3.9 4.1 9 20 19 5 
Turkey 18.4 1.6 2.6 19 56 20 16 
Austria 16.0 2.1 2.3 10 24 11 4 
Australia 14.9 1.9 2.1 11 21 21 9 
Canada 13.6 2.3 2.0 5 -1 21 6 
Greece 13.6 1.9 1.9 8 9 18 7 
Japanb 12.3 1.8 1.8 8 1 27 10 
Mexico 11.8 1.7 1.7 7 6 15 10 
Switzerland 11.5 1.6 1.6 8 16 13 10 
        
Above 15  438.7 65.8 62.8 7 10 17 10 
        
Importer        
United States 73.7 15.2 11.4 2 -1 14 6 
Germany 73.0 12.0 11.3 7 23 9 3 
United Kingdom 59.3 8.7 9.2 9 15 18 5 
Japan 37.5 7.2 5.8 3 9 32 -2 
France 31.1 4.1 4.8 12 20 22 9 
Italy 24.1 3.5 3.7 9 22 -1 18 
Chinaa 22.6 3.0 3.5 ... -1 26 ... 
Canada 18.1 2.8 2.8 8 15 19 13 
Russian Federation 17.5 2.0 2.7 15 14 22 11 
Netherlands 16.1 2.8 2.5 6 12 12 -1 
Spain 15.3 1.3 2.4 21 24 34 26 
Korea, Republic of 14.9 1.6 2.3 16 -3 19 24 
Belgium 14.8 - 2.3 - 20 14 6 
Hong Kong, China 13.5 2.8 2.1 2 -8 16 2 
Australia  11.5 1.4 1.8 13 20 41 12 
        
Above 15  443.0 - 68.6 - 11 17  7 
a Includes WTO Secretariat estimates. 
b Secretariat es timates for exports prior to 2003 are based on a new methodology applied by the Bank of Japan. 
Source :  International Trade Statistics  database, WTO (April 2006). S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 42  
 
  Table A12:  Structure of travel exports in selected economies, 2003 
 (Million dollars) 
Personal travel 
Exporter Total Business 
travel Total Health-related 
expenditure Education-related 
expenditure 
United States 83254 4075 79180 1571 13261
Italy 31247 6796 24451 179 1412
Turke y 13203 1151 12052 169 66
Australia 11301 830 10471 ... 3925
Canada 10602 1703 8899 74 1014
Greece 10766 1034 9732 59 293
Mexico 9362 439 8922 172 30
Belgium 8186 1467 6719 366 50
Croatia 6311 297 6013 67 15
New Zealand 3976 484 3491 6 789
Czech Republic 3566 831 2735 118 114
Dominican Republic 3128 21 3107 ... 53
Brazil 2479 46 2433 8 7
Cyprus 2097 105 1993 2 42
Bulgaria 1658 176 1482 4 24
Tunisia 1583 30 1553 22 12
Costa Rica 1293 1 1292 3 64
Barbados 758 3 755 1 7
Estonia 669 180 489 3 7
Guatemala 621 132 488 1 2
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).   
 
 
Table A13:  Top 20 tourism destinations, 2004 
 (Million and percentage) 
Rank International tourist 
arrivals Annual 
 growth rate Share of world 
arrivals Destination 
2004 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 
France 1 75.1 75.0 0.1 -2.6 9.8 
Spain 2 53.6 51.8 3.4 -0.9 7.0 
United States 3 46.1 41.2 11.8 -5.4 6.0 
China 4 41.8 33.0 26.7 -10.4 5.5 
Italy 5 37.1 39.6 -6.4 -0.5 4.9 
United Kingdom 6 27.8 24.7 12.3 2.2 3.6 
Hong Kong, China 7 21.8 15.5 40.4 -6.2 2.9 
Mexico 8 20.6 18.7 10.5 -5.1 2.7 
Germany 9 20.1 18.4 9.5 2.4 2.6 
Austria 10 19.4 19.1 1.5 2.5 2.5 
Canada 11 19.2 17.5 9.2 -12.6 2.5 
Turkey 12 16.8 13.3 26.1 4.3 2.2 
Malaysia 13 15.7 10.6 48.5 -20.4 2.1 
Ukraine 14 15.6 12.5 24.9 19.0 2.0 
Poland 15 14.3 13.7 4.2 -1.9 1.9 
Greece 16 ... 14.0 ... -1.5 ... 
Hungary 17 12.2 ... ... ... 1.6 
Thailand 18 11.7 10.0 16.5 -8.0 1.5 
Portugal 19 11.6 11.7 -0.8 0.5 1.5 
Netherlands 20 9.6 9.2 5.1 -4.3 1.3 
Source :  World Tourism Organization (2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 43 
 
 
  Table A14:  Top 20 exporters and importers of  communications services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United States 4755 11.2 United States 4704 11.2 
United Kingdom 3396 8.0 Germany 4087 9.8 
Germany 2665 6.3 United Kingdom 3428 8.2 
Netherlands 2588 6.1 Italy 3235 7.7 
France 2500 5.9 Netherlands 2498 6.0 
Italy 1894 4.5 France 1982 4.7 
Belgium 1857 4.4 Canada 1624 3.9 
Canada 1776 4.2 Belgium 1453 3.5 
India 1066 2.5 Spain 1239 3.0 
Spain 1048 2.5 Sweden 979 2.3 
Switzerland 974 2.3 Switzerland 971 2.3 
Luxembourg 826 1.9 Hong Kong, China 941 2.2 
Sweden 815 1.9 Ireland 860 2.1 
Hong Kong, China 756 1.8 Japan 796 1.9 
Ireland 705 1.7 Australia 705 1.7 
Austria 684 1.6 Korea, Republic of 693 1.7 
Japan 662 1.6 India 610 1.5 
China 638 1.5 Luxembourg 582 1.4 
Australia 611 1.4 Russian Federation 555 1.3 
Brazil 449 1.1 Austria 497 1.2 
  Above 20 30665 72.3 Above 20  32438 77.4 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).   
 
Table A15:  Structure of communications services exports in selected economies, 2003 
(Million dollars) 
Exporter Total Postal and couri er serv. Telecommunication serv. 
United States 4756 242 4514 
Germany 2665 644 2021 
Brazil 449 10 440 
Russian Federation 443 29 414 
Greece 322 43 279 
Norway 300 56 244 
Croatia 213 3 210 
Pakistan 190 1 189 
Argentina 150 25 125 
Dominican Republic 114 2 112 
Czech Republic 104 14 89 
Honduras 83 1 82 
Bangladesh 72 2 69 
Slovenia 70 4 66 
South Africa 56 5 51 
Albania 48 0 48 
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 48 11 37 
Cambodia 39 7 32 
Estonia 39 2 37 
Latvia 37 7 29 
Bolivia 27 1 26 
Moldova 24 1 23 
Ethiopia 21 1 21 
Mauritius 21 1 19 
Armenia 17 1 16 
Uganda 17 2 14 
Belize 6 1 6 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 44  
 
   
Table A16:  Leading economies for total telecommunica tion services revenue, main telephone 
lines, cellular mobile subscribers and in ternational Internet Bandwidth, 2003a 
Total revenue 
(Million dollars)  Number of main 
telephone lines 
(Millions)  Number of cellular 
mobile subscribers 
(Millions)  International Internet  
Bandwidth   
(Mbps)  
United States 291122 China 263 China 270 United States 708599 
Japan 169400 United States 183 United States 159 United Kingdom 534814 
United Kingdom (02) 72836 Japan 60 Japan 87 Germany 384848 
Germany 72135 Germany 54 Germany 65 Netherlands 253831 
China 55527 India 42 Italy 57 France 200000 
France 39708 Brazil 39 United Kingdom 54 Canada 172529 
Spain 38619 Russian Federation 37 Brazil 46 Italy 119794 
Italy 36517 France 34 France 42 Denmark 118559 
Korea, Rep. of 24433 United Kingdom 34 Spain 37 Sweden (2002) 94896 
Canada 23284 Italy 27 Russian Fed. 37 Belgium 84099 
Brazil (2001) 20428 Korea, Rep. of 26 Korea, Rep. of 34 Spain 81413 
Australia 19340 Canada 21 Mexico 30 Japan 75946 
Mexico 16933 Turkey 19 Turkey 28 Switzerland (2002) 65827 
Netherlands (2001) 13138 Spain 18 India 26 Chinese Taipei 44923 
Switzerland 11368 Mexico 16 Chinese Taipei 26 Korea, Rep. of 42000 
Chinese Taipei 10308 Iran (Islamic Rep.  of) 15 Thailand 25 Austria (2002) 36076 
Turkey 9983 Chinese Taipei 13 Philippines 23 Norway 33930 
South Africa 8917 Poland 12 Indonesia 19 Hong Kong, China 28737 
Greece 8551 Ukraine 11 Poland 17 China 27216 
Belgium 8196 Australia 11 South Africa 17 Czech Republic (2002) 22206 
a Or latest available year. 
Source : World Telecommunication Indicators , ITU (2006). 
 
Table A17:  International telephone traffic for the leading 20 economies, 2003a 
Economy Outgoing traffic 
(Million minutes)   Economy Incoming traffic 
(Million minutes) 
United States 42664  United States 15674 
Germany 9544  United Kingdom (2001) 7665 
Canada 8670  Italy 7607 
United Kingdom 6363  France (2002) 7541 
Italy 5986  China 6510 
France (2002) 4703  Mexico 6303 
Hong Kong, China 4400  Chinese Taipei 2608 
Korea, Rep. of 3672  India (2002) 2440 
Spain 3256  Philippines 2128 
Chinese Taipei 3077  Japan 1966 
Japan 2668  Australia (2001) 1900 
Switzerland 2472  Korea, Rep. of 1865 
United Arab Emirates 2252  Dominican Rep. (2001) 1715 
Australia (2001) 2250  Hong Kong, China 1692 
Mexico 2120  Spain 1651 
Netherlands 2072  Colombia 1609 
Singapore (2002) 1965  Peru 1562 
Saudi Arabia (2002) 1916  Pakistan 1530 
China 1670  Poland 1452 
Belgium 1515  El Salvador 1398 
a Or latest available year. 
Source : World Telecommunication Indicators , ITU (2006).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 45 
 
 
   
Table A18:  Top 20 exporters and importers of construction services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
Germany 7071 18.8 Germany 5447 16.6 
Japan 4550 12.1 Japan 3379 10.3 
France 2798 7.5 Russian Federation 2459 7.5 
United States 2646 7.1 Italy 2457 7.5 
Netherlands 2144 5.7 France 1348 4.1 
Italy 2086 5.6 India 1209 3.7 
Belgium 1950 5.2 China 1183 3.6 
China 1290 3.4 Azerbaijan 1023 3.1 
Spain 1060 2.8 Netherlands 1002 3.1 
Russian Federation 1050 2.8 Belgium 983 3.0 
Austria 1043 2.8 Austria 942 2.9 
Turkey 743 2.0 K azakhstan 813 2.5 
Poland 731 1.9 Poland 791 2.4 
Hong Kong, China 510 1.4 United States 661 2.0 
Croatia 444 1.2 Sweden 608 1.9 
Sweden 428 1.1 Chinese Taipei 457 1.4 
Finland 411 1.1 Spain 412 1.3 
United Kingdom 334 0.9 Malaysia 410 1.2 
Singapore 323 0.9 Hong Kong, China 399 1.2 
Portugal 309 0.8 Finland 294 0.9 
      
Above 20 31919 85.1 Above 20 26279 80.1 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006) and national statistics. 
 
 
 
Table A19:  Top 20 exporters and importers of insurance services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United Kingdom  10966 18.9 United States 26560 29.5 
Ireland 8731 15.1 Mexico 6755 7.5 
Germany 6763 11.7 Ireland 6301 7.0 
United States 5879 10.2 Canada 4859 5.4 
Switzerland 3539 6.1 China 4564 5.1 
Canada 3414 5.9 Japan 3544 3.9 
France 2074 3.6 Germany 3463 3.9 
Austria 1739 3.0 France 2390 2.7 
Luxembourg 1294 2.2 Singapore 1793 2.0 
Singapore 1187 2.1 Italy 1787 2.0 
Mexico 1163 2.0 Austria 1720 1.9 
Italy 1157 2.0 United Kingdom 1270 1.4 
Belgium 743 1.3 Chinese Taipei 1236 1.4 
Sweden 732 1.3 India 1169 1.3 
Spain 475 0.8 Thailand 1125 1.3 
Chinese Taipei 451 0.8 Netherlands 1011 1.1 
Australia 441 0.8 Spain 880 1.0 
India 409 0.7 Luxembourg 839 0.9 
Hong Kong, China 394 0.7 Russian Federation 774 0.9 
Netherlands 380 0.7 Lebanon 755 0.8 
      
Above 20  51931 89.7 Above 20  72793 81.0 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006) and national statistics. 
 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 46  
 
  Table A20:  Top 20 exporters and importers of financial services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United Kingdom 22065 21.6 Luxembourg 7529 15.4 
United States 19081 18.7 United Kingdom 5821 11.9 
Luxembourg 14481 14.2 United States 4232 8.7 
Switzerland 8391 8.2 Belgium 2693 5.5 
Germany 4253 4.2 Germany 2419 4.9 
Ireland 3817 3.7 Japan 2182 4.5 
Hong Kong, China 3763 3.7 Ireland 2052 4.2 
Japan 3471 3.4 France 1927 3.9 
Belgium 2545 2.5 Canada 1839 3.8 
Spain 1902 1.9 Spain 1695 3.5 
Singapore 1864 1.8 Chinese Taipei 1112 2.3 
France 1071 1.0 Netherlands 887 1.8 
Canada 1038 1.0 Hong Kong, China 878 1.8 
Austria 938 0.9 Italy 807 1.7 
Italy 893 0.9 Austria 762 1.6 
Sweden 886 0.9 Brazil 745 1.5 
Chinese Taipei 863 0.8 Switzerland 668 1.4 
Netherlands 738 0.7 Sweden 623 1.3 
Korea, Republic of 699 0.7 Czech Republic 555 1.1 
Australia 645 0.6 Singapore 496 1.0 
      
Above 20 93404 91.5 Above 20 39922 81.7 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006)  and national statistics. 
 
 
 
Table A21:  Top 20 exporters and importers of co mputer and information services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
Ireland 14238 18.5 Germany 7269 19.4 
Indiaa 11366 14.7 United Kingdom 2807 7.5 
United Kingdom 7893 10.2 Netherlands 2352 6.3 
Germany 6680 8.7 United States 2206 5.9 
United States 6404 8.3 Japan 2109 5.6 
Israel 3657 4.7 Spain 1672 4.5 
Spain 2913 3.8 Belgium 1605 4.3 
Netherlands 2884 3.7 France 1238 3.3 
Canada 2788 3.6 Sweden 1179 3.1 
Belgium 2105 2.7 Canada 1148 3.1 
Sweden 1993 2.6 Brazil 1063 2.8 
France 1256 1.6 Italy 1055 2.8 
Luxembourg 1209 1.6 China 1036 2.8 
China 1102 1.4 India 659 1.8 
Japan 1076 1.4 Australia 653 1.7 
Australia 720 0.9 Norway 507 1.4 
Finland 565 0.7 Finland 484 1.3 
Italy 501 0.6 Russian Federation 458 1.2 
Norway 373 0.5 Austria 377 1.0 
Singapore 334 0.4 Ireland 371 1.0 
      
Above 20  70057 90.9 Above 20 30246 80.6 
a Includes IT enabled services and Business Process Outsourcing. 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006). 
  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 47 
 
 
  Table A22:  Structure of exports of computer and in formation services, selected economies, 2003 
(Million dollars) 
Information 
services Exporter Total Computer 
services 
Total News agency serv. Other  
Ireland 14238 14238 ... ... ... 
Indiaa 11366 11282 84 ... ... 
United States 6404  3397 3007 ... ... 
Spain 2913 722 2191 ... ... 
Belgium 2105 2040 66 ... ... 
Sweden 1993 1857 136 ... ... 
Finland 565 556 9 ... ... 
Italy 501 456 45 19 26 
Russian Federati on 175 135 40 ... ... 
Costa Rica 167 167 0 ... ... 
Greece 135 119 16 ... ... 
Poland 134 106 28 ... ... 
Portugal 109 102 7 5 2 
Czech Republic 77 71 6 ... ... 
Pakistan 34 26 8 ... ... 
Latvia 33 31 1 ... ... 
Estonia 31 27 4 ... ... 
Brazil 29 23 6 ... ... 
Lithuania 29 19 9 ... ... 
Belarus 17 16 2 ... ... 
Colombia 17 14 2 ... ... 
Bangladesh 5 5 0 ... ... 
a Includes IT enabled services and Business Process Outsourcing. 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).   
 
 
Table A23:  Top 20 exporters and importers of royalties and licence fees, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United States 48137 48.1 United States 19390 17.1 
Japan 12271 12.3 Ireland 16077 14.2 
United Kingdom 10245 10.2 Japan 11003 9.7 
Germany 4453 4.5 United Kingdom 7861 6.9 
France 4066 4.1 Germany 5289 4.7 
Netherlands 2930 2.9 Canada 5127 4.5 
Canada 2854 2.9 Singapore 4809 4.2 
Sweden 2336 2.3 Korea, Republic of 3570 3.1 
Korea, Republic of 1311 1.3 China 3548 3.1 
Belgium 883 0.9 Netherlands 3360 3.0 
Spain 528 0.5 Spain 2520 2.2 
Italy 525 0.5 France 2427 2.1 
Finland 502 0.5 Italy 1698 1.5 
Israel 425 0.4 Chinese Taipei 1689 1.5 
Australia 401 0.4 Sweden 1277 1.1 
Hong Kong, China 341 0.3 Thailand 1268 1.1 
Hungary 313 0.3 Australia 1267 1.1 
Chinese Taipei 215 0.2 Brazil 1228 1.1 
Ireland 211 0.2 Austria 1118 1.0 
Norway 195 0.2 Belgium 985 0.9 
      
Above 20 93141 93.1 Above 20 95511 84.1 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006) and national statistics. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 48  
 
  Table A24:  Top 20 exporters and importers of other business services, 2003 
 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United States 65002 14.6 United States 44051 10.4 
United Kingdom 47322 10.6 Germany 39716 9.4 
Germany 33120 7.4 Italy 24249 5.7 
France 24133 5.4 Netherlands 23645 5.6 
Netherlands 23601 5.3 France 23457 5.5 
Italy 21000 4.7 Japan 23149 5.5 
Hong Kong, China 19382 4.4 United Kingdom 22478 5.3 
Japan 18042 4.1 Ireland 22038 5.2 
China 17427 3.9 Austria 19065 4.5 
Austria 16018 3.6 Spain 15282 3.6 
Belgium 14734 3.3 Belgium 12233 2.9 
Singapore 14266 3.2 Korea, Republic of 11049 2.6 
Chinese Taipei 13529 3.0 Sweden 10648 2.5 
Spain 13407 3.0 China 10371 2.4 
Sweden 11148 2.5 Canada 9903 2.3 
Canada 10336 2.3 Indonesia 8834 2.1 
Ireland 7862 1.8 India 8088 1.9 
Switzerland 7744 1.7 Singapore 7241 1.7 
Korea, Republic of 6687 1.5 Chinese Taipei 6201 1.5 
Norway 4529  1.0 Russian Federation 5046 1.2 
Above 20 389288  87.3 Above 20 346743 81.8 
Note :  For a number of economies this item may include ot her services categories not  separately available. 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006) and national statistics. 
 
Table A25:  Structure of exports of selected other business services in selected economies, 2003 
(Million dollars) 
Legal, accounting, management and 
public relations services Agricultural, mining, 
and on-site processing  
Exporter Total  
other 
business 
services Total Legal 
services Account-
ing, au-
diting, 
book-
keeping 
and tax 
consulting Business and 
management 
consultancy, 
public rela-
tions ser-
vices Advertising 
market 
research 
and public 
opinion 
polling Research 
and devel-
opment 
services Architectural, 
engineering 
and other 
technical 
consultancy Total Waste 
treatment 
and de-
pollution Other
U.S.a 55995 7998 3376 436 4186 511 6801 1723 521 53 468
U.K. 44737 9053 3099 1187 4768 3132 5532 8117 41 ... ...
Germany 33120 6392 ... ... 6392 1550 4947 6917 78 ... ...
France 24037 4816 927 555 3334 1017 3966 2697 1379 ... ...
Italy 21000 1293 188 160 945 1073 952 1765 20 18 1
Belgium 14734 1519 ... ... ... 2613 928 1009 151 113 38
Sweden 11148 890 191 700 ... 566 2191 896 36 34 2
Norway 4529 171 69 51 50 84 150 830 959 ... ...
Brazil 4133 43 43 ... ... 102 ... 1509 ... ... ...
Russian Fed. 3177 387 50 58 279 856 298 904 72 ... 72
Australia 2302 354 197 107 50 79 205 358 64 ... ...
Czech Rep. 1406 148 120 5 24 44 11 56 19 9 10
Cyprus 1173 800 275 236 289 22 19 7 3 0 3
Argentina 695 210 210 ... ... 25 34 41 ... ... ...
NL Antilles 637 230 75 14 140 0 ... 4 196 ... 196
Pakistan 247 19 6 2 11 9 ... 25 ... ... ...
Latvia 162 26 4 4 18 61 7 7 1 1 0
Bangladesh 153 6 4 0 2 8 5 4 0 ... 0
FYR Maced. 65 5 ... 5 ... 11 6 13 0 ... ...
Botswana 43 3 ... ... 3 1 3 2 13 ... 13
a The t otal differs from table A24 as a number  of affiliated transactions have been classified under other services categories.  
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006).  Figures in italics are from OECD Statistics on International Trade in 
Services, Volume I: Detailed  Tables by Service Category , OECD (2005).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 49 
 
 
  Table A26:  Top 20 exporters and importers of persona l, cultural, recreational services, 2003
  (Million dollars and percentage)  
Exporter Value Share of world 
exports Importer Value Share of world 
imports 
United States 7153 27.8 Germany 2955 12.1 
United Kingdom 2750 10.7 Malaysia 2922 12.0 
France 1868 7.3 France 2332 9.6 
Malaysia 1835 7.1 Canada 1819 7.5 
Canada 1614 6.3 Spain 1699 7.0 
Germany 1004 3.9 United Kingdom 1113 4.6 
Hungary 845 3.3 Italy 1034 4.2 
Spain 814 3.2 Japan 946 3.9 
Turkey 781 3.0 Hungary 845 3.5 
Italy 720 2.8 Netherlands 746 3.1 
Netherlands 618 2.4 Australia 563 2.3 
Ireland 400 1.6 Belgium 443 1.8 
Australia 376 1.5 Luxembourg 418 1.7 
Belgium 367 1.4 Brazil 337 1.4 
Greece 332 1.3 No rway 304 1.2 
Mexico 293 1.1 Austria 292 1.2 
Austria 266 1.0 Portugal 264 1.1 
Norway 210 0.8 Korea, Republic of 261 1.1 
Sweden 208 0.8 Mexico 221 0.9 
Luxembourg 171 0.7 United States 209 0.9 
      
Above 20 22626 87.8 Above 20 19722 81.0 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006) and national statistics. 
 
Table A27:  Structure of personal, cultural and recrea tional services  exports in selected  
  economies, 2003 (Million dollars)  
Other personal, 
cultural and recreational services Exporter Total Audio-visual 
and related 
services Total Education serv. Health services
United Kingdom 2750  1681 1069 ... ... 
France 1868 1287 582 ... ... 
Canada 1614 1458 156 ... ... 
Hungary 845 803 42 ... ... 
Spain 814 309 506 ... ... 
Italy 720 180 541 148 73 
Australia 377 108 269 189 8 
Greece 332 262 70 ... ... 
Sweden 208 145 63 ... ... 
Japan 140 84 57 ... ... 
Portugal 135 23 112 15 7 
Romania 118 23 95 ... ... 
Argentina 112 107 4 ... ... 
Czech Republic 111 20 91 13 31 
Korea, Republic of 76 28 48 ... ... 
Poland 58 29 29 ... ... 
Brazil 54 29 25 ... ... 
Colombia 31 21 11 ... ... 
Lithuania 18 11 7 ... ... 
Cyprus 10 1 9 1 0 
Mauritius 5 0 5 ... ... 
Albania 5 0 5 2 1 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006). Figures in italics are from OECD Statistics on International Trade in 
Services, Volume I: Detailed  Tables by Service Category , OECD (2005).  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 50  
 
  Table A28:  Exports of commercial services by  economy and category, 2003 
 (Million dollars) 
 
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Albania 695 69 522 48 3 3 21 1 5 18 5
Algeria 1287 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 201 16 49 ... ... 0 ... ... ... 135 1
Anguilla 67 1 60 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Antigua and Barbuda 416 80 300 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Argentina 4144 939 2006 149 41 ... 1 153 49 695 111
Armenia 199 73 73 17 8 7 2 11 ... 7 2
Aruba 1031 37 861 12 0 0 3 0 ... 117 ...
Australia 21617 4769 11301 611 50 441 645 720 401 2302 376
Austria 42269 7394 13842 684 1043 1739 938 188 158 16018 266
Azerbaijan 392 198 58 22 4 5 ... ... ... 102 2
Bahamas 2028 57 1757 ... ... ... ... ... ... 214 ...
Bahrain 1260 486 720 ... ... ... ... ... ... 54 ...
Bangladesh 398 72 57 71 3 4 28 5 0 153 4
Barbados 1124 23 758 32 4 90 74 18 1 124 1
Belarus 1477 856 267 70 60 1 2 17 1 200 2
Belgium 43291 9920 8186 1857 1950 743 2545 2105 883 14734 367
Belize 163 22 117 6 ... ... ... ... ... 17 ...
Benin 163 14 106 4 ... 0 1 ... 0 37 ...
Bhutan 25 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bol. Rep. of Venezuela 791 307 331 48 ... 2 ... 6 ... 92 5
Bolivia 348 101 166 27 0 38 6 0 2 7 1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 680 30 372 87 112 2 9 ... ... 68 ...
Botswana 647 69 457 8 9 34 2 1 3 43 21
Brazil 9570 1822 2479 449 10 124 363 29 108 4133 54
Brunei Darussalam 437 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bulgaria 3126 945 1658 45 78 18 18 15 5 307 37
Burkina Faso 44 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 2 1 1 ... ... 0 ... ... ... 1 ...
Cambodia 518 83 389 39 ... ... ... ... ... 7 1
Cameroon 524 230 146 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Canada 41597 7049 10602 1776 126 3414 1038 2788 2854 10336 1614
Cape Verde 211 106 85 15 0 1 0 0 0 4 0
Central African Rep. 6 ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad 48 1 31 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chile 4870 2647 859 133 ... 145 28 81 45 864 68
China 46375 7906 17406 638 1290 313 152 1102 107 17427 33
Colombia 1855 623 893 136 ... ... 36 16 6 113 31
Comoros 33 7 20 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo 137 ... 34 5 ... 1 ... ... ... 91 ...
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 144 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Costa Rica 1996 247 1293 23 ... ... 5 167 0 261 0
Côte d'Ivoire 560 114 69 71 11 38 47 2 ... 208 0
Croatia 8568 788 6310 213 444 20 48 62 35 615 33
Cuba 3200 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cyprus 5013 1246 2097 51 153 34 147 86 16 1173 10
Czech Republic 7754 2154 3566 104 112 1 174 77 50 1406 111
Denmarka 31672 18054 5271 ... ... ... ... ... ... 8347 ...
Djibouti 87 68 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Dominica 80 5 55 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Dominican Republic 3401 98 3128 114 ... ... 3 18 ... 41 ...
Ecuador 814 269 406 103 ... 2 ... ... ... ... 34
Egypt 10837 3299 4584 309 222 37 80 23 121 2092 72
El Salvador 811 330 288 123 10 31 3 0 0 25 ...
Equatorial Guinea 24 ... 19 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Estonia 2199 984 669 39 86 15 16 31 5 352 2
Ethiopia 588 298 114 21 ... 1 5 0 ... 148 1
Faeroe Islands 77 34 31 2 5 3 0 0 0 1 1
Fiji 629 205 340 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Finland 7807 1998 1870 226 411 50 36 565 502 2118 32
France 97968 21585 36617 2500 2798 2074 1071 1256 4066 24133 1868
French Polynesia 809 186 480 4 2 2 1 ... 1 125 8
FYR Macedonia 306 93 57 41 35 2 3 5 2 65 4
Gabon 167 85 15 ... ... 51 ... 2 ... 14 ...
Gambia 61 ... 48 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Georgia 403 198 147 24 ... 10 10 ... 6 7 0
Germany 116033 26901 23125 2665 7071 6763 4253 6680 4453 33120 1004
Ghana 612 124 414 ... ... 7 ... ... ... 67 ... S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 51 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Greece 24202 10840 10766 322 195 199 85 135 18 1310 332
Grenada 137 9 107 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guatemala 954 84 621 9 18 59 5 2 ... 156 1
Guinea 55 7 ... 0 42 0 ... ... 0 6 ...
Guinea-Bissau 5 1 2 0 ... 0 1 ... ... 2 ...
Guyana 157 7 26 26 ... 6 8 4 32 48 ...
Haiti 116 ... 93 23 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Honduras 537 65 350 83 ... 18 ... ... ... 22 ...
Hong Kong, China 46500 13832 7141 756 510 394 3763 245 341 19382 137
Hungary 8621 1020 4061 208 198 33 191 244 313 1508 845
Iceland 1279 656 319 8 14 7 1 43 ... 227 4
Indiab 23092 3062 3887 1066 284 409 392 11366 25 2601 ...
Indonesia 5143 856 4037 248 ... 3 ... ... ... ... ...
Ireland 41785 1932 3862 705 27 8731 3817 14238 211 7862 400
Israel 12628 2599 2067 171 249 16 ... 3657 425 3445 ...
Italy 70602 10579 31247 1894 2086 1157 893 501 525 21000 720
Jamaica 2103 474 1355 145 ... 8 26 36 12 26 20
Japan 75933 26502 8848 662 4550 373 3471 1076 12271 18042 140
Jordan 1708 303 1062 ... ... ... ... ... ... 344 ...
Kazakhstan 1528 713 564 61 19 2 14 1 0 154 0
Kenya 832 454 339 15 ... 11 ... 0 12 ... 0
Korea, Republic of 31753 17180 5358 341 37 34 699 30 1311 6687 76
Kuwait 1765 1517 117 ... ... 84 ... ... ... 47 ...
Kyrgyz Republic 134 42 48 9 6 1 1 1 2 19 5
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 121 25 84 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Latvia 1487 892 222 36 32 10 93 33 4 162 3
Lebanon 9445 408 6374 163 0 124 0 0 ... 2377 ...
Lesotho 43 1 28 ... ... 0 ... ... 15 0 ...
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 329 58 205 11 ... 55 ... ... ... ... ...
Lithuania 1864 933 638 60 24 0 7 29 1 155 18
Luxembourg 25205 1686 2995 826 68 1294 14481 1209 128 2347 171
Macao, China 5605 241 5155 45 ... 19 23 ... ... 122 ...
Madagascar 202 58 76 6 32 1 2 1 1 25 0
Malawi 40 16 23 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malaysia 13459 2767 5901 201 262 223 109 216 20 1924 1835
Maldives 429 20 402 ... ... 0 ... ... 6 1 ...
Mali 208 43 128 12 6 1 2 ... ... 16 0
Malta 1312 329 696 32 ... 20 ... 5 1 229 ...
Mauritius 1274 335 697 21 3 9 13 9 ... 182 5
Mexico 12477 1113 9362 423 ... 1163 ... ... 84 41 293
Moldova 235 127 58 24 1 2 2 1 1 18 1
Mongolia 203 41 143 5 ... 1 1 2 ... 11 0
Montserrat 12 1 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco 5126 910 3221 250 ... 76 ... ... 26 643 ...
Mozambique 300 90 98 7 12 1 4 0 15 73 0
Myanmar 228 72 56 ... ... ... ... ... ... 99 0
Namibia 404 60 333 9 ... 0 0 0 ... 3 ...
Nepal 302 36 199 17 ... 1 ... ... ... 49 ...
Netherlands 61702 16654 9164 2588 2144 380 738 2884 2930 23601 618
Netherlands Antilles 1653 138 845 9 18 ... 3 1 1 637 1
New Caledonia 334 66 196 5 27 1 0 0 0 35 2
New Zealand 6370 1342 3975 180 31 41 20 98 118 494 69
Nicaragua 222 33 160 26 ... 2 ... ... ... ... ...
Niger 57 5 27 16 ... 1 0 0 ... 7 0
Nigeria 3473 361 30 ... ... 4 ... ... ... 3078 ...
Norway 21465 12326 2506 300 116 359 552 373 195 4529 210
Oman 646 240 385 18 ... 3 ... ... ... ... ...
Pakistan 1476 836 122 190 4 22 12 34 8 247 1
Panama 2464 1354 585 47 ... 19 293 ... ... 168 ...
Papua New Guinea 232 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Paraguay 559 85 64 13 ... 20 6 0 193 178 ...
Peru 1576 309 940 79 ... 88 ... ... 2 157 ...
Philippines 3299 935 1545 433 48 12 38 28 4 247 9
Poland 11170 3995 4069 243 731 219 161 134 28 1532 58
Portugala 11387 2359 6580 361 309 94 160 109 36 1244 135
Romania 3000 1205 449 238 106 48 51 108 3 674 118
Russian Federation 16088 6119 4502 443 1050 148 176 175 174 3177 125
Rwanda 54 18 30 ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ...
Saint Kitts and Nevis 103 9 74 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saint Lucia 326 17 288 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 52  
 
   
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
St Vincent and Grenadines 129 10 83 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saudi Arabia 5713 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 488 77 209 78 36 4 6 0 ... 79 0
Serbia and Montenegro 1130 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Seychelles 311 125 171 10 ... 2 ... ... ... 3 ...
Sierra Leone 66 3 60 3 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ...
Singapore 34482 12501 3790 ... 323 1187 1864 334 191 14266 25
Slovak Republic 3270 1413 865 76 86 18 58 84 50 552 69
Slovenia 2786 771 1342 70 81 8 19 88 11 375 21
Solomon Islands 25 2 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 7722 1261 5571 56 ... 323 ... ... 49 461 ...
Spain 73679 11897 39634 1048 1060 475 1902 2913 528 13407 814
Sri Lanka 1389 562 441 53 38 48 ... 65 ... 182 ...
Sudan 31 9 17 3 1 ... 1 ... ... 0 0
Suriname 52 26 4 ... ... 0 ... ... ... 22 ...
Swaziland 251 21 101 2 0 0 98 1 0 28 0
Sweden 30337 6488 5304 815 428 732 886 1993 2336 11148 208
Switzerland 33484 3665 9169 974 ... 3539 8391 ... ... 7744 4
Syrian Arab Rep. 1181 198 773 40 2 1 22 50 ... 95 ...
Chinese Taipei 23028 4387 2977 338 118 451 863 110 215 13529 40
Tajikistan 66 49 2 10 0 ... 2 0 1 2 ...
Tanzania 658 75 461 26 ... 20 4 0 ... 70 1
Thailand 15694 3503 7856 148 188 134 ... ... 7 3858 ...
Togo 72 21 15 9 3 0 0 1 ... 23 ...
Tonga 24 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trinidad and Tobago 672 247 249 40 ... 108 ... ... ... 29 ...
Tunisia 2842 727 1583 9 122 20 55 19 18 283 5
Turkey 18989 2184 13203 224 743 211 291 ... ... 1352 781
Uganda 284 43 184 17 ... 3 15 4 4 14 ...
Ukraine 5013 3514 935 83 51 14 20 17 14 361 4
United Kingdom 149827 22190 22668 3396 334 10966 22065 7893 10245 47322 2750
United States 289334 47022 83254 4755 2646 5879 19081 6404 48137 65002 7153
Uruguay 777 259 345 23 ... 2 58 12 ... 79 0
Uzbekistan 536 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Vanuatu 92 22 52 3 ... ... 9 ... ... 6 ...
Yemen 244 52 139 43 ... ... ... ... ... 10 ...
Zambia 165 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zimbabwe 189 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
a Includes WTO Secretariat estimates. 
b Computer and information services includes IT enabled services and Business Process Outsourcing. 
 Source
: Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006), national statistics and WTO Secretariat estimates. 
 
  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 53 
 
 
  Table A29:  Imports of commercial services by economy and category, 2003 
 (Million dollars) 
 
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Albania 734 156 489 21 2 21 5 2 8 21 8
Algeria 1510 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 3260 759 12 9 150 157 9 2 ... 2151 11
Anguilla 40 11 9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Antigua and Barbuda 178 61 35 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Argentina 5391 1146 2511 231 37 149 112 122 374 603 106
Armenia 264 151 67 11 3 15 1 1 ... 9 5
Aruba 692 264 190 25 21 0 6 8 ... 176 ...
Australia 20979 7155 7295 705 ... 563 382 653 1267 2396 563
Austria 41168 4640 11757 497 942 1720 762 377 1118 19065 292
Azerbaijan 2027 190 111 13 1023 24 0 ... 0 660 5
Bahamas 1009 244 305 1 38 106 ... ... 15 299 2
Bahrain 886 424 372 ... ... 34 ... ... ... 56 ...
Bangladesh 1595 1203 165 10 7 114 8 1 4 83 0
Barbados 492 170 104 11 3 123 5 7 25 43 0
Belarus 894 191 473 64 28 2 5 7 6 113 5
Belgium 42267 9022 12208 1453 983 643 2693 1605 985 12233 443
Belize 130 39 44 1 ... 17 6 1 0 21 0
Benin 244 171 21 7 ... 30 3 1 2 9 0
Bhutan 42 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bol.  Rep. of Venezuela 3261 1268 859 58 ... 118 157 58 183 508 52
Bolivia 534 188 138 13 5 106 2 8 8 62 4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 393 171 124 43 9 39 6 ... ... ... ...
Botswana 652 248 230 14 8 22 6 6 12 106 ...
Brazil 14350 3412 2261 366 0 560 745 1063 1228 4379 337
Brunei Darussalam 1032 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bulgaria 2550 1158 750 36 29 77 19 18 24 422 17
Burkina Faso 225 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 38 20 15 1 1 2 ... ... ... 0 ...
Cambodia 383 231 36 33 16 19 ... ... 6 39 3
Cameroon 1062 433 199 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Canada 50053 10259 13393 1624 83 4859 1839 1148 5127 9903 1819
Cape Verde 198 99 71 3 ... 6 10 3 0 6 0
Central African Rep. 90 ... 32 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad 533 236 106 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chile 5437 2514 775 111 ... 441 257 46 257 998 39
China 54852 18233 15187 427 1183 4564 233 1036 3548 10371 70
Colombia 3306 1260 1062 116 ... 238 101 72 76 354 29
Comoros 36 27 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo 925 116 91 22 ... 75 ... ... ... 622 ...
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 398 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Costa Rica 1175 454 353 49 ... 64 2 10 64 178 0
Côte d'Ivoire 1657 703 387 67 2 46 110 11 11 320 1
Croatia 2950 503 672 73 279 45 142 108 131 953 41
Cuba 650 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cyprus 2073 1078 611 66 14 46 46 19 41 130 22
Czech Republic 7240 1200 1934 302 275 147 555 150 176 2347 155
Denmarka 28254 13962 6659 ... ... ... ... ... ... 7633 ...
Djibouti 60 39 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Dominica 40 19 9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Dominican Republic 1179 689 272 20 ... 90 38 7 30 34 ...
Ecuador 1540 658 354 5 ... 91 6 ... 43 289 92
Egypt 6038 2013 1321 148 108 423 26 27 165 1793 15
El Salvador 1018 481 196 37 6 114 20 3 22 137 1
Equatorial Guinea 994 ... 22 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Estonia 1357 514 319 46 93 2 20 21 14 327 2
Ethiopia 689 411 50 10 67 38 5 2 0 107 0
Faeroe Islands 146 39 57 3 19 7 0 5 3 10 1
Fiji 442 202 69 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Finland 9925 2791 2435 262 294 72 32 484 615 2914 27
France 81783 21289 23396 1982 1348 2390 1927 1238 2427 23457 2332
French Polynesia 598 180 236 4 10 20 1 0 2 138 7
FYR Macedonia 320 132 48 8 4 11 3 13 7 88 6
Gabon 821 265 194 ... ... 47 ... 11 ... 305 ...
Gambia 61 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Georgia 347 133 130 16 14 27 1 1 10 16 ...
Germany 170388 35114 64629 4087 5447 3463 2419 7269 5289 39716 2955
Ghana 734 326 138 ... ... 36 ... ... ... 234 ...S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 54  
 
   
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Greece 10729 5578 2431 336 108 501 82 188 335 988 184
Grenada 79 39 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guatemala 1085 560 312 6 3 128 14 1 ... 60 0
Guinea 188 54 26 5 28 19 ... 0 1 55 0
Guinea-Bissau 36 21 13 0 ... 0 0 ... ... 1 ...
Guyana 172 51 26 18 ... 19 8 3 18 30 ...
Haiti 244 238 ... 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Honduras 662 309 200 8 40 ... ... ... 17 83 6
Hong Kong, China 25994 6719 11448 941 399 622 878 282 864 3772 68
Hungary 9022 1397 2594 181 203 211 277 267 464 2582 845
Iceland 1479 518 521 45 24 24 11 14 2 309 11
India 25511 9356 3510 610 1209 1169 488 659 421 8088 ...
Indonesia 17171 4824 3082 131 ... 300 ... ... ... 8834 ...
Ireland 54520 1950 4736 860 47 6301 2052 371 16077 22038 87
Israel 10966 3718 2550 204 ... 435 ... ... 434 3626 ...
Italy 73107 16196 20589 3235 2457 1787 807 1055 1698 24249 1034
Jamaica 1538 618 252 46 5 97 16 20 11 470 2
Japan 110263 34196 28959 796 3379 3544 2182 2109 11003 23149 946
Jordan 1690 826 452 ... ... 114 ... ... ... 298 ...
Kazakhstan 3712 583 669 61 813 89 21 21 20 1423 12
Kenya 568 250 127 6 ... 33 32 2 39 76 2
Korea, Republic of 39928 13613 10103 693 14 390 101 134 3570 11049 261
Kuwait 5537 2027 3349 ... ... 87 ... ... ... 74 ...
Kyrgyz Republic 149 52 17 8 3 14 4 3 3 40 3
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 45 5 14 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Latvia 918 301 328 22 17 51 25 23 10 134 7
Lebanon 6487 376 2943 97 ... 755 0 0 ... 2316 ...
Lesotho 69 44 26 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0 ...
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1528 661 557 13 168 59 10 12 ... 39 9
Lithuania 1215 510 471 50 8 12 4 16 18 126 1
Luxembourg 15377 702 2423 582 252 839 7529 366 109 2158 418
Macao, China 1147 125 291 38 ... 73 10 17 2 592 ...
Madagascar 405 237 64 -6 1 10 5 2 13 80 0
Malawi 197 115 48 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malaysia 17323 6260 2846 252 410 480 117 197 782 3057 2922
Maldives 119 59 46 ... ... 5 ... ... ... 10 ...
Mali 478 312 48 10 22 19 8 2 1 56 0
Malta 818 354 215 13 ... 64 ... 4 14 146 8
Mauritius 875 400 216 23 7 40 6 8 2 160 14
Mexico 17571 1930 6253 310 ... 6755 400 ... 608 1094 221
Moldova 273 100 105 19 2 2 3 3 3 36 1
Mongolia 249 44 138 7 1 1 3 1 ... 54 0
Montserrat 12 5 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco 2350 1127 548 22 ... 57 ... ... 29 567 ...
Mozambique 553 190 140 11 61 4 3 0 1 142 0
Myanmar 403 216 32 ... ... ... ... ... ... 150 6
Namibia 242 61 74 0 3 17 5 12 4 65 ...
Nepal 258 115 81 5 ... 17 ... ... ... 39 ...
Netherlands 62664 12572 14593 2498 1002 1011 887 2352 3360 23645 746
Netherlands Antilles 801 78 322 23 16 9 6 9 5 332 2
New Caledonia 538 151 128 8 33 22 2 6 3 177 8
New Zealand 5494 1957 1782 168 3 165 48 96 436 794 47
Nicaragua 340 185 75 4 ... 13 ... ... ... 63 ...
Niger 175 135 22 4 0 3 0 6 0 4 0
Nigeria 5715 1284 1795 ... ... ... ... ... 50 2587 ...
Norway 19784 7093 6605 263 38 550 241 507 394 3789 304
Oman 2174 820 579 29 ... 221 ... ... ... 525 ...
Pakistan 3102 1585 925 45 12 73 73 6 36 347 ...
Panama 1247 612 208 21 ... 61 169 ... 42 134 ...
Papua New Guinea 866 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Paraguay 322 180 67 0 ... 46 4 1 5 18 ...
Peru 2424 922 598 60 ... 263 23 ... 66 492 ...
Philippines 4841 2316 1206 81 64 183 54 46 278 598 15
Poland 10526 2296 2801 245 791 412 286 351 745 2471 128
Portugala 7642 2481 2409 270 160 173 180 231 306 1666 264
Romania 2913 1133 479 86 32 124 83 45 80 750 101
Russian Federation 26487 3103 12880 555 2459 774 314 458 711 5046 188
Rwanda 118 76 26 ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 ...
Saint Kitts and Nevis 75 33 8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saint Lucia 132 54 35 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 55 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port Travel Commu-
nicationsConstruc
tion Insur-
ance FinancialCom-
puter and 
info. Royalties 
and lic.  
fees Other 
bus. Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
St Vincent and Grenadines 62 29 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Saudi Arabia 7936 2743 ... ... ... 305 ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 567 322 55 20 0 57 6 7 1 99 0
Serbia and Montenegro 795 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Seychelles 211 84 34 ... 17 17 ... ... 1 59 ...
Sierra Leone 89 36 37 5 ... 7 0 1 0 3 ...
Singapore 32995 12654 5470 ... 124 1793 496 348 4809 7241 60
Slovak Republic 3012 898 573 67 69 102 161 123 91 829 98
Slovenia 2161 476 752 107 82 18 33 101 90 453 50
Solomon Islands 52 3 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 8024 3400 2889 86 ... 650 ... ... 482 517 ...
Spain 47607 13138 9071 1239 412 880 1695 1672 2520 15282 1699
Sri Lanka 1646 962 279 8 4 96 ... ... ... 299 ...
Sudan 805 682 119 2 1 ... 0 1 ... 0 0
Suriname 188 110 6 ... ... 4 ... ... ... 69 ...
Swaziland 293 51 43 4 1 1 35 1 114 42 0
Sweden 28647 4611 8296 979 608 311 623 1179 1277 10648 116
Switzerland 18899 4611 7462 971 ... 265 668 ... ... 4832 90
Syrian Arab Republic 1697 813 700 5 ... 15 18 110 10 26 ...
Chinese Taipei 24803 6714 6480 460 457 1236 1112 248 1689 6201 206
Tajikistan 120 95 2 4 5 7 2 0 0 4 ...
Tanzania 751 220 362 69 3 36 7 1 1 51 1
Thailand 17999 8484 2921 180 152 1125 ... ... 1268 3870 ...
Togo 204 149 7 8 4 22 2 1 1 11 ...
Tonga 37 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Trinidad and Tobago 335 161 107 4 ... 0 ... ... ... 63 ...
Tunisia 1510 766 300 14 160 75 35 7 6 142 4
Turkey 7769 2707 2113 231 61 622 374 ... 167 1377 117
Uganda 509 223 ... 10 ... 30 20 8 4 213 ...
Ukraine 3979 1358 789 79 124 579 62 67 292 611 18
United Kingdom 121012 28218 47853 3428 162 1270 5821 2807 7861 22478 1113
United States 228645 65662 60970 4704 661 26560 4232 2206 19390 44051 209
Uruguay 601 265 169 18 ... 19 18 2 14 87 10
Uzbekistan 302 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Vanuatu 49 25 12 1 ... 1 1 1 0 7 ...
Yemen 947 462 77 7 34 81 ... ... ... 286 ...
Zambia 388 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zimbabwe 492 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
a  Includes Secretariat estimates. 
Source : Balance of Paym ents Statistics , IMF (2006), national statistics and WTO Secretariat estimates. S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 56  
 
  Table A30:  Top seven trading partners in comme rcial services, selected reporters, 2003 
 (Percentage) 
Commercial services exports  Commercial services imports Reporting 
economy Partner Rank Share Partner Rank Share 
EC (15) 1 20.7    EC (15) 1 23.3 
United States 2 14.4    United States 2 18.4 
Japan 3 9.9    Singapore 3 7.4 
New Zealand 4 7.6    Japan 4 5.7 
Singapore 5 6.6    New Zealand 5 5.6 
Hong Kong, China 6 3.9    Hong Kong, China 6 4.6 
China 7 3.1    Switzerland 7 2.8 Australia 
EC (15) 1 73.0    EC (15) 1 65.3 
Switzerland 2 6.9    United States 2 7.3 
United States 3 4.6    Switzerland 3 6.5 
Hungary 4 3.2    Hungary 4 3.1 
Poland 5 2.7    Czech Republic 5 2.5 
Czech Republic 6 2.0    Croatia 6 2.3 
Slovak Republic 7 1.4    Poland 7 2.2 Austria 
EC (15) 1 71.8    EC (15) 1 73.0 
United States 2 16.1    United States 2 11.6 
Switzerland 3 3.9    Switzerland 3 3.6 
Japan 4 1.1    Norway 4 0.9 
Norway 5 0.9    Japan 5 0.7 
Hong Kong, China 6 0.3    Hong Kong, China 6 0.6 
Singapore 7 0.3    South Africa 7 0.5 Belgium 
United States 1 59.0    United States 1 58.7 
EC (15) 2 17.0    EC (15) 2 15.9 
Bermuda  3 2.1    Japan 3 3.8 
Japan 4 2.1    Barbados 4 2.5 
Barbados  5 1.9    Hong Kong, China 5 1.7 
Switzerland 6 1.7    Mexico 6 1.6 
Australia 7 1.4    Bermuda 7 1.5 Canadaa 
EC (15) 1 51.9    EC (15) 1 55.3 
United States 2 7.7    United States 2 14.9 
Russian Federation 3 4.3    Russian Federation 3 4.4 
Switzerland 4 2.6    Japan 4 1.9 
Norway 5 1.2    Switzerland 5 1.9 
Israel 6 1.2    China 6 1.2 
Latvia 7 0.4    Israel 7 1.1 Cyprus 
EC (15) 1 54.4    EC (15) 1 44.4 
Slovak Republic 2 7.7    Slovak Republic 2 8.1 
United States 3 4.9    United States 3 5.0 
Russian Federation 4 4.2    Poland 4 4.1 
Poland 5 3.5    Switzerland 5 3.1 
Israel 6 1.6    Croatia 6 2.0 
Switzerland 7 1.5    Cyprus 7 0.9 Czech Republic 
EC (15) 1 47.9    EC (15) 1 48.3 
United States 2 8.7    United States 2 8.1 
Norway 3 6.3    Norway 3 7.1 
Japan 4 3.1    China 4 2.4 
China 5 2.8    Japan 5 1.9 
Hong Kong, China 6 1.7    Hong Kong, China 6 1.2 Denmark 
Switzerland 7 1.4    Australia 7 1.2 
EC (15) 1 58.0    EC (15) 1 61.0 
Russian Federation 2 9.2    Russian Federation 2 9.2 
United States 3 5.0    Latvia 3 4.9 
Latvia 4 4.8    Cyprus 4 3.9 
Switzerland 5 3.8    United States 5 3.8 
Lithuania 6 2.0    Lithuania 6 2.3 
Norway 7 1.6    Norway 7 2.1 Estonia  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 57 
 
 
   
Commercial services exports  Commercial services imports Reporting 
economy Partner Rank Share Partner Rank Share 
United States 1 32.1    United States 1 32.1 
Switzerland 2 12.9    Switzerland 2 10.5 
Japan 3 4.9    Japan 3 3.2 
Norway 4 3.7    Norway 4 2.9 
Gulf Arabian countries * 5 2.7    Turkey 5 2.5 
Canada 6 2.1    Maghreb countries ** 6 2.3 
China 7 1.8    Canada 7 2.2 European 
Communities (15) 
extra-EC (15) trade 
EC (15) 1 57.8    EC (15) 1 58.8 
Russian Federation 2 9.8    United States 2 11.1 
United States 3 5.4    Russian Federation 3 6.5 
Switzerland 4 4.8    Estonia 4 5.3 
China 5 3.4    Norway 5 2.3 
Estonia 6 3.0    Switzerland 6 1.9 
Norway 7 2.5    Canada 7 1.3 Finland 
EC (15) 1 47.9    EC (15) 1 53.4 
United States 2 16.8    United States 2 11.0 
Switzerland 3 6.4    Switzerland 3 6.6 
Maghreb countries ** 4 3.2    Maghreb countries ** 4 3.7 
Japan 5 2.3    Canada 5 1.3 
China 6 1.3    Egypt 6 1.3 
Canada 7 1.1    Japan 7 1.2 France 
EC (15) 1 50.1    EC (15) 1 54.5 
United States 2 14.1    United States 2 11.7 
Switzerland 3 9.6    Switzerland 3 5.7 
China 4 1.4    Turkey 4 2.3 
Gulf Arabian countries * 5 1.2    Poland 5 2.0 
Poland 6 1.1    Japan 6 1.5 
Korea, Republic of 7 1.1    Czech Republic 7 1.4 Germany 
EC (15) 1 50.8    EC (15) 1 45.9 
United States 2 22.7    United States 2 23.1 
Switzerland 3 6.0    Albania  3 3.8 
Cyprus  4 2.1    Switzerland 4 3.4 
Norway 5 1.2    Cyprus  5 3.1 
Bulgaria 6 0.8    Russian Federation 6 1.1 
Canada 7 0.8    Turkey 7 1.1 Greece 
China 1 28.3    China 1 28.7 
United States 2 20.5    United States 2 16.2 
EC (15) 3 14.0    EC (15) 3 11.7 
Japan 4 7.0    Japan 4 7.7 
Chinese Taipei 5 7.0    Australia 5 6.2 
Singapore 6 2.9    Chinese Taipei 6 3.7 
Korea, Republic of 7 2.8    Singapore 7 3.5 Hong Kong,  
China  
EC(15) 1 62.1 EC (15) 1 58.9
United States 2 21.7 United States 2 25.3
Switzerland 3 1.9 Switzerland 3 2.7
Japan 4 1.2 Slovak Re public 4 0.9
Czech Re public 5 1.0 Canada 5 0.9
Poland 6 0.6 Ja pan 6 0.7
Korea, Re public of 7 0.6 Czech Re public 7 0.6Hungaryb 
EC(15) 1 62.9 EC (15) 1 51.5
United States 2 13.5 United States 2 32.6
Switzerland 3 2.6 Ja pan 3 1.0
Japan 4 1.0 Switzerland 4 0.9
South Africa 5 0.8 C yprus 5 0.6
Norwa y 6 0.6 Canada 6 0.3
Canada 7 0.5 South Africa 7 0.3Ireland 
EC (15) 1 65.1    EC (15) 1 61.2 
United States 2 8.1    United States 2 9.9 
Switzerland 3 6.2    Switzerland 3 5.1 
Japan 4 2.0    Maghreb countrie **s 4 1.4 
Russian Federation 5 1.2    Turkey 5 1.2 
Slovenia  6 1.2    Gulf Arabian countries * 6 1.0 Italy 
Croatia 7 1.1    Romania  7 1.0 S/C/W/27/Add.2 
Page 58  
 
   
Commercial services exports  Commercial services imports Reporting 
economy Partner Rank Share Partner Rank Share 
United States 1 30.7    United States 1 29.2 
EC (15) 2 21.8    EC (15) 2 21.5 
Chinese Taipei 3 5.5    Korea, Republic of 3 4.9 
China 4 5.4    Singapore 4 4.5 
Korea, Republic of 5 5.2    China 5 4.3 
Singapore 6 5.1    Hong Kong, China 6 4.3 
Hong Kong, China 7 3.9    Australia 7 2.7 Japan  
United States 1 26.1    United States 1 31.3 
Japan 2 16.3    EC (15) 2 17.9 
EC (15) 3 13.4    Japan 3 12.5 
China 4 11.4    China 4 9.4 Korea, Republic of 
EC (15) 1 37.2    EC (15) 1 37.7 
United States 2 11.1    Russian Federation 2 11.3 
Russian Federation 3 10.8    Lithuania 3 8.2 
Switzerland 4 6.9    United States 4 6.1 
Lithuania 5 4.0    Estonia 5 5.2 
Estonia 6 3.2    Poland 6 2.3 
Belarus 7 3.2    Turkey 7 1.9 Latvia 
EC (15) 1 34.0    EC (15) 1 43.8 
Russian Federation 2 29.8    Russian Federation 2 16.4 
Belarus 3 9.2    Poland 3 9.2 
Latvia 4 7.8    Belarus 4 6.4 
United States 5 4.6    Latvia 5 5.6 
Poland 6 3.1    United States 6 5.4 
Ukraine 7 2.0    Norway 7 2.7 Lithuania 
EC (15) 1 73.2    EC (15) 1 74.8 
Switzerland 2 12.8    Switzerland 2 11.4 
United States 3 5.0    United States 3 6.5 
Japan 4 2.4    Japan 4 1.4 
Hong Kong, China 5 1.1    Hong Kong, China 5 0.6 
Chinese Taipei 6 0.7    Chinese Taipei 6 0.3 
Singapore 7 0.4    Singapore 7 0.3 Luxembourg 
United States 1 86.5    United States 1 91.8 
Canada 2 2.8    Canada 2 0.3 Mexicoc, d 
EC (15) 1 56.2    EC (15) 1 61.8 
United States 2 12.3    United States 2 12.9 
Switzerland 3 3.5    Switzerland 3 4.0 
Japan 4 2.1    Japan 4 1.6 
Canada 5 0.8    Canada 5 0.7 Netherlands 
EC(15) 1 59.7 EC (15) 1 75.8
United States 2 26.2 United States 2 10.6
Switzerland 3 2.2 Switzerland 3 2.4
Canada 4 2.1 Ja pan 4 1.2
Japan 5 1.9 Canada 5 0.6
Cyprus  6 0.2 Poland 6 0.2Norway 
Poland 7 0.2 C yprus 7 0.1
 
EC (15) 1 74.6    EC (15) 1 74.3 
United States 2 6.2    United States 2 6.9 
Switzerland 3 4.3    Brazil 3 4.2 
Brazil 4 2.9    Switzerland 4 3.8 
Canada 5 1.8    Canada 5 1.0 
Japan 6 0.8    Japan 6 0.5 
Norway 7 0.5    Maghreb countries ** 7 0.4 Portugal 
EC (15) 1 32.0    EC (15) 1 30.3 
United States 2 7.6    United States 2 8.6 
Switzerland 3 3.0    Turkey 3 7.4 
China 4 2.4    China 4 2.9 
Japan 5 2.2    Switzerland 5 2.7 
Turkey 6 2.1    Poland 6 1.0 
Korea, Republic of 7 1.6    Japan 7 0.8 Russian 
Federationa  S/C/W/27/Add.2 
 Page 59 
 
 
   
Commercial services exports  Commercial services imports Reporting 
economy Partner Rank Share Partner Rank Share 
EC (15) 1 40.1    EC (15) 1 45.7 
Czech Republic 2 19.4    Czech Republic 2 23.7 
Russian Federation 3 18.1    United States 3 7.4 
United States 4 6.9    Ukraine 4 5.6 
Switzerland 5 3.6    Switzerland 5 2.6 
China 6 3.0    Hungary 6 2.2 
Hungary 7 2.5    Serbia and Montenegro 7 2.1 Slovak Republic 
EC (15) 1 65.8    EC (15) 1 51.7 
Croatia 2 13.0    Croatia 2 22.3 
Switzerland 3 3.3    United States 3 5.2 
United States 4 2.7    Switzerland 4 3.1 
Hungary 5 2.1    Serbia and Montenegro 5 2.2 
Serbia and Montenegro 6 1.7    Hungary 6 2.2 
Czech Republic 7 1.3    Russian Federation 7 1.5 Slovenia 
EC (15) 1 74.9    EC (15) 1 64.4 
United States 2 7.7    United States 2 12.2 
Switzerland 3 6.1    Switzerland 3 6.5 
Mexico 4 1.3    Maghreb countries ** 4 1.3 
Norway 5 1.2    Japan 5 1.0 
Canada 6 0.6    Canada 6 0.9 
Japan 7 0.5    Mexico 7 0.8 Spaina 
EC (15) 1 50.1    EC (15) 1 55.7 
United States 2 14.3    United States 2 15.6 
Norway 3 11.4    Norway 3 6.0 
Switzerland 4 4.6    Switzerland 4 3.1 
Japan 5 2.1    Canada 5 1.4 
Russian Federation 6 0.9    Japan 6 1.3 
Czech Republic 7 0.7    Singapore 7 1.3 Sweden 
EC (15) 1 45.7    ... 1 ... 
Russian Federation 2 6.3    ... 2 ... 
Bulgaria 3 2.3    ... 3 ... 
United States 4 1.5    ... 4 ... 
Israel 5 1.2    ... 5 ... 
Switzerland 6 1.1    ... 6 ... 
Iran 7 1.0    ... 7 ... Turkeyd 
EC (15) 1 38.6    EC (15) 1 52.4 
United States 2 24.5    United States 2 17.3 
Switzerland 3 3.9    Switzerland 3 2.2 
Japan 4 3.6    Japan 4 2.2 
Gulf Arabian countries * 5 3.6    Australia 5 2.0 
Australia 6 2.1    Gulf Arabian countries * 6 2.0 
Norway 7 1.8    Canada 7 1.2 United Kingdom 
EC(15) 1 34.4 EC (15) 1 37.6
Japan 2 10.1 Canada 2 8.4
Canada 3 9.1 Ja pan 3 7.6
Mexico 4 5.6 Bermuda 4 7.2
Korea, Re public of  5 2.9 Mexico 5 5.1
Switzerland  6 2.7 Switzerland 6 3.7
Singapore  7 2.4 Chinese Tai pei 7 2.2United States  
a Includes government services n.i.e. 
b Excluding travel. 
c 2002.  
d Refers to travel. 
* Gulf Arabian countries: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United  Arab Emirates, Yemen. 
** Maghreb countries: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.  
Source: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Servic es, Volume II: Detailed Tables by Partner Country ,  
OECD (2006) and New Cronos database , Eurostat (2006) 
 
 
__________