WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
12 December 2005 
 (05-5861) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects 
of Intellectual Property Rights Original:   English 
 
 
 
REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 
OF THE TRIPS  AGREEMENT 
 
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
Addendum  
  
 The following communication, dated 10 October 2005, from the Delegation of the European 
Commission is being circulated pursuant to para graph 1 of the Decision on Implementation of 
Article 66.2 of the TRIPS  Agreement.  It was circ ulated as an advance copy for the Council's meeting 
in October 2005.  
_______________ 
 
 I. GENERAL REMARKS 
 This document is circulated in accordance w ith the Decision of the Council for TRIPS  of 
19 February 2003, according to which developed co untry Members shall submit annually reports on 
actions taken or planned in pursuance of their co mmitments under Article 66.2 (incentives provided to 
their enterprises or institutions for the purpose of promoting and encouraging technology transfer to 
least-developed country Members).   As agreed in the Council for TRIPS, this doc ument complements the detailed report that was 
submitted on 7 January 2005 by the EC and its member States (IP/C/W/431/Add. 3).  
 
 This cover note is followed by a series of de tailed sheets presenting the existing incentives to 
technology transfer.  The first set of sheets deals with incentives given by th e European Communities; 
the second set covers incentives given by individua l member States (the Cz ech Republic, Denmark, 
Finland, France, Germany, the Slovak Republic, Spai n, Sweden, the United Kingdom).  It is intended 
to update this notification upon availability of additional inform ation from other member States. 
 
II. SCOPE AND NATURE OF INFORMATION PROVIDED 
 Technology transfer refers here to the ways and means through which companies and 
organizations acquire technology from foreign sourc es.  There are several types of technologies as 
well as several channels of transmission.  Indeed , the acquisition by least-developed countries (LDCs) 
of a sound and viable technological base does not depend solely on the provision of physical objects 
or equipment, but also on the acquisition of k now-how, on management and production skills, on 
improved access to knowledge sources as well as on adapta tion to local economic, social and cultural 
conditions.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 2  
 
 It is clear that the private - and particularly the commercial sector is nowadays the main source of technologies and, in this context, techno logy transfer is often one component of a more 
complex project, rather than a stand alone activity.    A privileged channel for technology transfer, including transfer of know-how, is foreign 
direct investment (FDI); Joint research projects be tween private and/or public partners are also 
important in helping LDCs to benefit from technol ogies and adapt them to their specific needs;  
access to the right partners, to information and to expertise are key at all stages. 
  In their efforts to encourage and prom ote technology transfer, developed country 
governments are usually limited by two factors: 1)  they do not own the vast majority of such 
technologies;  2) they can not force the private-sector to transfer its technologies.   Incentives can therefore only take the form of  encouragement, promotion and facilitation of 
the (potentially) most fruitful projects.  They shall be part of a global and comprehensive approach of 
development.  
  Against this background, the EC consider th at relevant incentives can be identified as those 
that:   
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc. 
  Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
  Objective 3
: support joint research projects; 
 
 Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods; 
  Objective 5
: more indirectly, improve the absorption capacity of LDCs (capacity 
building); 
 
 Objective 6 : encourage trade in technological goods. 
   The attached sheets illustrate  the efforts made by the EC to promote and encourage 
technology transfer. They describe only incentives that have a strong link with at least one of the aforementioned objectives and, with a few exceptions , which concentrate on European enterprises and 
institutions. 
  In addition, most countries and regions benefit from allocations for private-sector 
development included in their nationa l or regional cooperation programs. 
  Finally, it should be borne in mind that no technology transfer program is specifically 
dedicated to least-developed countries as such.  EC initiatives are usually specific to countries/groups 
of countries/regions, since the EC strongly suppo rt regional integration, which fosters better 
understanding and political and econom ic links between neighbouring c ountries.  However, the EC's 
approach to the allocation of aid and incentives pays  particular attention to the situation of the  
least-developed and other low income countries. 
 
  
 
   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 3 
 
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  INCO (RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT )  
General description: 
 
 International cooperation in the field of r esearch and technological development (RTD) is 
pursued under the Eu ropean Communities Framework Programme for research, technological 
development and demonstration , through two complementary routes: 
 
- an international cooperation dimension in tegral to each specific programme, which 
allows the participation of the third country's partners in the projects; 
- INCO, a dedicated cooperation programme  which focuses on specific RTD activities 
relevant to certain third countries or re gions and not addressed by other programmes 
of the Framework Programme; 
 
-  the opening of the EU mobility programme s to third countries bringing researchers 
from developing countries for training to Eu rope while offering them a substantial 
return package. 
  One of the objectives of the International Cooperation Programme (INCO) is to enable 
developing countries, including the least-developed ones, to be associated with the generation of knowledge and innovative and appropri ate technologies needed to solve their specific problems and to 
attain sustainable economic development. 
  The programme brings together North-South c onsortia of scientists from several countries (at 
least 2+2) to develop new knowledge and tools as well as policy formulations addressing underlying 
causes of problems in the fields of health, agri culture, environmental management, conservation of 
natural resources, etc. 
  The programme's major asset is the added va lue and cost-effectiveness that joint research 
projects can generate by exploiting the resources a nd scientific excellence of the partners, funding 
new research, exchanging know-how and transferri ng technologies, providing on-the-job-training and 
work experience.  It also focuses on how internati onal research cooperation can help stimulate socio-
economic development and global competitiveness.  Th e research consortia are entitled to generate 
jointly new intellectual property and share under equal terms applications.  Many patent applications 
associate partners from North and South.   INCO projects also provide training for young scientists from developing countries.   Beneficiary countries:  
 ACP Countries (African, Caribbean, Pacific), As ia and Latin America, a complete list is 
published as annex to the Council Decision. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1
: promote joint sharing of R&D costs,  and to support prospective activities 
and the identification of partners (w orkshops, meetings, travel grants in 
contracts); 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 4  
 
 Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes (this 
includes in particular: better access to  legal and technological information 
sources and training in the state of the art); 
 Objective 3
: support joint research projects between private and/or public partners; 
 
Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods, 
especially in the agricultural field; 
 Objective 5
: capacity building. 
 Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 All legally established institutions for R&D and higher education in third countries. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 The current INCO Programme aims particularly at global development, such as stemming 
desertification, enabling food security, reducing the impact of food production practices on land and 
water environments, fighting important diseases and promoting better health (reproductive health) and 
health care for all.  The research priorities cove r knowledge, technologies and policy for sustainable 
development.  Specific themes include safe water for all, protection of vegetation and waterways, 
integrated management of water resources, livestoc k health, food security, sustainable agricultural 
production and fighting neglected infectious di seases (e.g. sleeping sickness).  A new call for 
proposals with a budget of €36 million has been published and several hundred submissions are currently under review.   
 
In addition to INCO efforts, the European Communities launched a major effort on clinical 
trials for new interventions against malaria, t uberculosis and AIDS, a to tal budget of €600 million is 
targeted.   Successive programmes have encouraged scientis ts to set up networks within and between 
continents and thus place their collaboration on a perm anent and equal footing.  The results have been 
tangible for developing countries.  They have also added value to the Community research base, while 
European research is now more appreciated and more accessible in developing countries. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 INCO is based on the principle of mutual benefit and mutual respect, with all activities underpinned by two basic rules:  
- constructive dialogue between the EU and its partner countries and regions as 
essential in identifying priority areas.  A pre-condition for this is a basic recognition 
of the value of each partner country and its approaches; 
 
- close cooperation and equitable distribution of research responsibilities as a key to 
successful research. 
 
 Call for proposals are issued and available on the website www.cordis.lu
; they are evaluated 
by external reviewers and funding is made available on the basis of grant contracts.     IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 5 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Fighting parasitic disease: Schistosomiasis or b ilharzia is a parasitic disease affecting about 
200 million people in tropical and sub-tropical countries.  Treatment is almost solely via a single drug 
called Praziquantel.  INCO funded six European and nine African sci entific and medical organizations 
to examine various issues relating to the use of th e drug and the disease's resistance to it.  Reference 
centres have been set up in Africa wh ere staff has been trained to mon itor drug resistance.  The broad 
range of data collected - from dosages to side-eff ects - is helping national health authorities to use 
Praziquantel more effectively and efficiently. 
 
Improving the quality and nutritional status of "g ari" through the use of starter cultures and 
fortification with soybean, palm oil and coconut milk (September 2002 - August 2005): Gari is a 
traditional fermented cassava-based staple food pro duced by natural solid-state fermentation (SSF) 
and it is the main energy source for many people in West Africa.  However, cassava contains very low 
levels of protein.  The objective of this project  is to improve the nutritional quality of gari by 
fortification with soybeans and palm oil (in West A frica) and coconut milk (in East Africa), using a 
specially formulated starter culture.  The technol ogy developed will be diss eminated through women's 
production networks, assisted with  business development support.  
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects:  
  INCO specific activities for developing count ries are endowed with circa €140 million over 
the period 2002-2006, equivalent to 20% of the tota l funding allocated to International Scientific and 
Technological Cooperation in the sixth Framewor k Programme.  Non earmarked component of 
€285 million is at the disposal of developing countries researchers to integrate EC-based integrated research projects and networks of excellence. 
 
 Number of supported projects: some 40 projects are supported as per each call for proposals published. 
 
Contact:   
  Point of contact in the European Co mmission's Research DG for INCO is:  
  philippe.vialatte@cec.eu.int
 
  Further information, news and details of pr ojects can be found at the following INCO pages 
on the European Commission's Communit y Research and Development website. 
  INCO 1 (1994-1998): http://www.cordis.lu/inco/home.html
 
 INCO 2 (1998-2002): http://www.cordis.lu/inco2/home.html  
 INCO3: under construction on www.cordis.lu   also www.europa.eu.int/research/inco  
 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 6  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
  
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  PRO €INVEST  
 
General description: 
 
 PRO€INVEST is an EU-ACP (Africa, Cari bbean and Pacific) partnership programme 
developed and undertaken by the European Commissi on on behalf of the ACP countries.  Its objective 
is to promote investment and technology flows to  enterprises operating in key sectors in the ACP 
States.   
 Indeed, private-sector enterprises and intermed iary organizations in the ACP countries are 
working together in a difficult context, worsened by  the remoteness of the main markets and a lack of 
technical know-how.  Continuing uncertainty or in stability in their legal, economic, technical, 
financial and social environments adds to the difficulties experienced by these countries in their 
attempts to attract investors and therefore revita lise their economies and enterprises.  In order to 
overcome these obstacles and also to reinforce ex isting initiatives, it is necessary both to improve the 
investment environment and to strengthen those in termediary organizations that provide advice, 
information and support to ACP enterprises in many ar eas and at different stages of their business life. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 ACP Countries (excluding SADC members).  
Objective(s) and types of incentives given: 
  The specific objectives of the programme are: 
 
-  promote, on a regional basis, sustainable and environmentally friendly Investment 
and Inter-enterprise Co-operation Agreements  (I&ICAs) in key sectors with economic 
potential, to increase the comp etitiveness of ACP economies; 
-   strengthen the role of Investment Promotion Agencies, intermediary private 
organizations, and providers of invest ment-related business development services 
(BDS) both in advocacy/policy dialogue and in provision of support services to investors; 
 
- support those sectors and I&ICAs which w ill contribute to the attainment of wider 
social objectives of the ACP countries. 
This corresponds to:  
 
Objective 1 :  promote direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-contracting, and other 
partnership agreements - through s upport to firms looking for potential 
partners (partnership meetings); 
  Objective 5
:  capacity building (support to intermediary organizations). 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  Intermediary organizations (Investment Pr omotion Agencies, Chambers of commerce, 
professional associations), financial institu tions and consultants' associations. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 7 
 
 
 Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Manufacturing and service technologies in key growth sectors. 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 
 PRO€INVEST has a budget  of €110 million over a period of seven years (2002-2009).  It is 
financed by the 8th European Development Fund (EDF).  It s approach is two-dimensional: to support 
intermediary organizations and professional associati ons and to develop inter-e nterprise partnerships. 
 
Strengthening the investment environment for enterprises: 
 PRO€INVEST supports and strengthens the work of professional organizations (namely 
chambers of commerce and industry, employers' federations), investment promotion agencies, 
financial institutions and consultant s' associations whose primary objective is the improvement of the 
investment environment and the development of enterprises. 
 
 On a cost-sharing basis, these organizations  may apply for assistance from PRO€INVEST to 
develop and optimise their capacities.  In partic ular, the proposed programme activities intended for 
intermediary organizations include:   -  assessing needs of pre-identified intermediary organizations; 
 
- prompting or supporting the establishment of  dialogue between the private-sector and 
the national and regional authorities on the elaboration and implementation of 
measures to promote investment; 
 
 - developing and proposing services adapted to  the needs of enterprises in respect of 
investment promotion; 
 
- providing technical assistance and funding to  support the organization of investment 
promotion and partnership initiatives; 
 
- facilitating access to, and providing training on, the latest information technology; 
and 
 - implementing information management systems for the administration of projects and 
business events. 
 
Supporting key sectors: 
 The programme facilitates the promotion of i nvestments and the conclusion of partnership 
agreements between North-South and South-South enterprises in key growth economic sectors. 
   PRO€INVEST devotes resources to the identifica tion of those sectors with the best potential 
for ACP development and the creation of partnershi ps; through various initiatives it brings potential 
partners together and provides follow- up support to individual enterprises. 
  In the field of investment promotion, PRO€INVEST activities include:  
- conducting regional strategic surveys to iden tify key sectors.  These surveys will give 
an overview of the business environment, th e comparative advantages of key sectors, IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 8  
 
 the legal, economic, technical, social and financial constraints on investment and 
strategies to overcome or reduce the impact of such constraints; 
 
- producing sector and sub-sector surveys wh ich will help identify potential partners 
and their technological know-how; 
 
- promoting inter-enterprise cooperation th rough the organization of partnership 
meetings by sector, with the ultimate objective of having Investment and Inter-enterprise Cooperation Agreements si gned.  Proposals will be tailored to the 
specific markets; 
 
 - providing technical assistance to projects arising from PRO €INVEST partnership 
initiatives.  
 
The TRINNEX initiative: 
In 2003, PRO€INVEST set up the TRINNEX (Trade  and Investment Nexus) initiative).  This 
is a specialised instrument linked to Public-Priva te Dialogue, and is specifically aimed at assisting 
ACP private-sector organizations to take an activ e role in the Economic Partnership Agreements 
(EPAs) between the ACP and the European Union. 
 
Like all trade agreements, the EPAs will dir ectly influence the environment for direct 
investment and inter-enterprise partnership ag reements. By creating TRINNEX, PRO€INVEST is 
pro-actively involving the ACP private-sectors in shaping their future investment environment. 
 
TRINNEX started its activities in early 2004, supporting workshops aimed at informing and 
empowering the ACP private-sector to engage  in trade and investment policy matters. 
 
How to benefit from PRO€INVEST? 
 On a demand-driven and cost-sharing basis (up to 67% from PRO€INVEST). 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Wood Resources:  (Gabon) 
A two-day public/private dialogue works hop in Libreville, Gabon took place in  
November 2004.  The purpose of the workshop was to agree on a strategic action plan for the reactivating and reinforcing the pa rticipating countries where Nati onal Certification Working Groups 
(NWGs) exist.  This workshop and follow-up will enab le them to elaborate internationally recognised 
national certification systems based on African Timb er Organisation's (ATO) sustainable forestry 
management principles, criteria and indicators (PCI). 
PROFIT in the Caribbean (Jamaica) 
 
PROFIT in the Caribbean 2004 was organized betw een 5 and 8 October 2004.  Besides a very 
strong political attendance to the event a Partnershi p Meeting was held at the Ritz Carlton Hotel in 
Montego Bay (Jamaica).  Over 200 investors attended the meeting which offered a platform to discuss 
projects and to negotiate partnership agreements . The main focus of the event was one-to-one 
meetings between European and Caribbean companies.   Preliminary results from the event show that 
over 700 one-to-one meetings were held with 275 letters of intent being signed.                           
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 9 
 
 
 African Business Delegation at SIAL Paris (France) 
  
At the occasion of the SIAL Fair in Paris on 17-19 October 2004, a delegation of Tanzanian 
companies from the food sector looking for partnerships  with European investors, were presented the 
opportunities and constraints of the European market  and visited distributors and technical centres 
(logistics, distribution centres) and European potential investors participating in the Fair.  This action 
was connected with the AAFEX mission in SI AL of ACP companies exhibiting in SIAL. 
 
Contact : 
   The implementation of PRO€INVEST has been entrusted by the European Commission to a 
Management Unit put in place by the Centre for the Development of Enterprise (CDE). 
   The supervision of the programme is the res ponsibility of the Europe Aid Co-operation Office 
of the European Commission. 
 
 For operational purposes:     PRO€INVEST Management Unit-CDE   Avenue Hermann-Debroux 52   1160 Brussels-Belgium  
  Tel:  + (32 2) 6791850/1 
  Fax:  + (32 2) 6791870    E-mail:  infos@proinvest-eu.org
 
  Website:  www.proinvest-eu.org   
 
 For institutional purposes: 
   EuropeAid Co-operation Office   Directorate C (Economic and Trade Co-operation)   Unit C4: Centralized Operations for ACP Countries     Mail: European Commission – Rue de la Loi (L41, 04/5) B – 1049 Brussels IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 10  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : CDE - CENTRE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISE  
General description: 
  The CDE, a component of Europe's overall system of development aid to the private-sector, is 
an institution of the ACP Group of States and the Eur opean Union.  It operates in the framework of 
the Cotonou Agreement. Headquartered in Brusse ls, it has regional field offices, and networks 
covering the EU and ACP countries.  
 The CDE operates by providing non-financia l business development services to enterprises 
before, during and after the investment stage. Its serv ices are paid for in part by beneficiaries (1/3) and 
the balance by grants.  While the CDE does not finance investments per se , it may act as a catalyst, 
helping beneficiary enterprises find suitable financing.   In its support to SMEs, the CDE has opted for 
a decentralized, proactive, sectoral and regional progr amme-based approach.  It does so with the aim 
of maximizing the scope for synergy across sectors, countries and regions.   
  The Centre's financial resources are derived mainly from the European Development Fund but also from other European programmes or count ries that may assign it appropriations or offer  
co-funding for operations.    
 The CDE works closely with a number of financial institutions: the Investment Facility of the 
European Investment Bank, members of EDFI (European Development Finance Institutions), 
international financial instituti ons and regional and local banks. 
  It manages PRO€INVEST, a programme promoti ng investment in ACP countries planned and 
launched by the European Commission on behalf of those countries.  This programme is managed by 
the PRIMS/CDE, a management unit with substan tive autonomy within CDE, under the supervision 
of the European Commission Europe-Aid office.  PRIMS/CDE has been set up within the CDE in 
order to implement the programme and is manned by CDE staff. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
 They are the 78 ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) countries that have signed the 
Cotonou Agreement. 
 
Objective(s) and types of incentives given: 
 
 Under its sectoral programmes - or on an ad-hoc  basis for individual enterprises selected on 
the basis of rigorous criteria - the Centre provides a comprehensive range of services.  These help develop linkages between ACP enterprises in a give n sector, trade or branch of activity and their 
counterparts in the European Union.  CDE's operations meet the following objectives: 
 
Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, 
sub-contracting, through support gi ven to both ACP and EU potential 
partners (expertise, advice, contacts,  sources of technology and other); 
 Objective 2
:  improve management techniques and industrial processes through a better 
access to legal and technological information sources and training in state of 
the art expertise; 
 Objective 4
:   provide training in technology  management and production methods;  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 11 
 
 
 Objective 5 :   capacity building through suppor t to intermediary organizations, 
consultancy firms, local  financial institutions. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  
 The recipients of CDE assistance are: 
 
-  enterprises  in the formal sector which are in a start-up, expansion, diversification or 
restructuring phase, with a perspective of being profitable and viable;  with potential 
for sustainable development; with financially  and technically sound promoters;  and 
with a turnover of at least €100,000 or assets of at least  €80,000 and a workforce of 
at least five; 
 
- organizations serving the private-sector and agencies promoting investment , 
including technical and training centres specializing in development programmes for 
enterprises; 
 
- service providers , such as management consultants,  with potential for acquiring new 
methods to meet the needs of SMEs; 
 
- development finance institutions  seeking assistance in the identification, evaluation 
and supervision of private-sector projects.  
  While CDE provides non financial business deve lopment services to private enterprises and 
intermediary organizations, it often tries to help  enterprises locate appropriate sources of funding 
thanks to its network of financial correspondents.  
 
 An enterprise seeking assistance has to make a formal application  to the CDE, or to one of 
its regional field offices, decentralized management units, outposts or correspondents in the European 
Union and ACP countries, giving details of its stat us, the precise nature of its business and the 
assistance being sought.  Type of technology transferred:  
 Support provided through CDE facilities  
  
CDE development facility 
 Supporting the start-up, expansion or development of an enterprise, this facility covers the 
following phases: project definition, pre-feasibilit y, feasibility and market studies, searches for 
technologies and partners, financial engineering, assistance with legal packaging, setting up of a 
project, quality and environmental studies.  
CDE assistance facility 
 This facility, the purpose of which is to sup port the long-term viability of an enterprise, 
covers start-up and technical assistance, traini ng of personnel, diagnoses and audits (technical, 
financial, management), assistance with management and marketing, assistance with restructuring, support to integration of an enterprise into national and regional networks and trade organizations and  
assistance with meeting requirements for quality and environmental protection labels and standards. 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 12  
 
 CDE CLEAN Facility 
 The CLEAN facility, designed to improve  the environment conditions and the 
competitiveness of ACP enterprises in the global market  aims at (i)  stimulating the economy in ACP 
countries; (ii)  creating new market opportunities;  (iii)  reducing operational and external costs;   
(iv) mitigating the environmental impact of enterp rises and reducing  pollution loads; (v) reinforcing 
professional capacities in the environment sect or at national or regional level, and 
increasing 
environmental awareness .  The following areas fall under the priorities of CLEAN: 
 
-  cleaner industry:  clean technologies and techniques to prevent water, air and waste 
problems;  
 -  improvement of energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy;  
 
-  environmental Impact Assessments (EIA);  and 
 -  introduction of ISO 14001 International Standards and certification of services or 
products.  
 
 Other forms of support 
 
Mobilizing ACP Consultants 
 As the CDE often relies on local consultants to carry out studies and provide assistance to 
businesses, it contributes to the reinforcement of lo cal consulting expertise.  As CDE deepens its 
decentralization effort, this trend will continue.   
 
Studies and information  
To provides advice and carry out studies, the CDE obtains the contribution of key 
professional experts in the relevant fields. 
Organization of meetings 
 The CDE is instrumental at bringing togeth er individuals or among groups: at a national or 
regional level, it organizes technical or sectoral meetings, seminars, trade fairs, missions, and 
promotional events.  
Assistance to local financial institutions 
 The CDE helps them it two ways.  First, it assi sts in training loan officers in the specific 
techniques of term lending for investment (identifi cation, feasibility, apprai sal and supervision of 
SME projects);  second, it helps entrepreneurs presen t bankable projects to financial institutions.  
 
Functioning in practice: 
   CDE interventions take the form of sectoral programmes financed by its own budget.  These 
programmes usually include technical assistance and capacity building initiatives, which are funded by CDE grants and beneficiary contributions.  The CD E is headquartered in Brussels, but continues its 
policy of decentralisation towards the ACP countri es through its regional field offices and a network 
of national correspondents.   
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 13 
 
 
  In common with other development institutions , the Centre has adopted a matrix structure 
combining a region/country approach with sectoral are as of expertise.  This structure has been adapted 
to reflect CDE's expande d terms of reference . 
 
 The CDE's field network consists of the following:  
- regional field offices : the Centre has already transferred part of its operational 
activities to CDE professionals operating from regional field offices.  Four offices are 
already operational:  Santo Domingo for the Caribbean, Gaborone for Southern 
Africa; Dakar for West Africa;  and Nairobi for Eastern Africa.  Offices in Central Africa and the Pacific will be opened in 2006; 
 
- decentralized management units  (DMUs):  there are about 20 of them.  Local 
entities closer to potential bene ficiaries, the DMUs have the authority to initiate small 
assignments and to assist beneficiaries in preparing their requests for assistance; 
 
- the traditional network of antennae and correspondents , in ACP and EU 
countries which is currently being reviewed and restructured. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
 The CDE's operational facilities are deployed through two channels:   
- most activities are organized through target ed sectoral or regional programmes.  This 
systematic approach to assisting SMEs in ACP countries is designed to bring all 
possible forms of synergy into play in one or more sectors in which the CDE is 
active, in a single country or throughout a region.  Being decentralized, proactive, 
sectoral and regional, this programme approach  is geared to fulfilling the goals of the 
Cotonou Agreement; 
 
- the CDE also assists individual formal sector enterprises that are not covered by a 
specific programme.  Such enterprises must have a significant impact in terms of wealth and employment creation as well as transfer of know-how.  
 
 Details of ongoing and forthcoming pr ogrammes can be found on the website www.cde.int
.  
These include:   
Timber: 
- three timber certification programmes (Central Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific) 
and two timber/wood working developm ent programmes in East Africa. 
 
Fruit and vegetables: 
- strengthening of organic produce enterpri ses in the Pacific region and improvement 
of their competitiveness on export markets; 
 - HACCP/quality certification in the Caribbean. 
 
Mining and building materials: 
- mining and quarrying technology and productivity in Southern Africa; 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 14  
 
 - productivity of the building materials sector in West Africa; 
- productivity and environmental management of the ceramics/aggregates sector in the 
Caribbean. 
 
Textiles: 
- cotton and textile industry in West Africa; 
 
- textiles and clothing programme in Southern Africa; 
 - fair trade cotton in West Africa. 
 
Fisheries: 
- health standards in Southern Africa; 
 - marine resources in the Pacific region;  - processing of products and regional trade among countries of the Indian Ocean 
Commission. 
 
Health: 
- medicines derived from tropical medicinal plants in ACP countries; 
 - development of medicinal plant production in the Caribbean. 
 
Leather and hides: 
- leather programme for East and Southern Africa. 
  Livestock:  
- productivity and value added in East Africa; 
 - health standards in West Africa;  - biotechnology in West Africa; 
 
- biotechnology and foodstuffs in the Caribbean. 
 Hotels and tourism: 
- four programmes promoting the hotel indus try, ecotourism and local communities, in 
Southern Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific and West Africa; 
 - classification of hotels in West Africa. 
 
Environment: 
- industrial toxic waste treatment in the Seychelles and Mauritius; 
 
- SMART programme in the Caribbean;  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 15 
 
 
  
- CEED-Kyoto Protocol in Southern Africa.  
 
Contact: 
 
Brussels headquarters:   
 CDE, Avenue Hermann Debroux 52, B1160 Brussels 
 Tel: +32 2 679 18 11  
Fax: +32 2 675 26 03  E-mail: info@cde.int
 
 Contact: Patrice Dufour – Communication and External Relations Officer  Website: www.cde.int
 
 
Regional Field Offices:   
 Dakar, (Aliou Abdoullahi)  Gaborone (Jorge Borges)   SantoDomingo (Paolo Lamin Veira)    Nairobi (Tommy Pedersen)  
 Other contacts:  
 Decentralized management units  Networks in ACP and European Union countries  Bilateral, multilateral or local financial institutions 
 (Addresses on the CDE's website) IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 16  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  ASIA IT &C PROGRAMME (PHASE I & II) 
General description: 
 
 Asia IT&C Programme was an EC Asia-wid e initiative to support mutually beneficial 
partnerships in Information Technology and Communica tion between Europe and Asia.  It finished at 
the end of 2004 but facilities for business oriented a pplications of information technology continue 
under Asia-Invest.  The separation between these tw o Asia-wide programmes does not exist anymore 
but for clarity purposes, a description of the ac tivities funded under this programme was considered 
necessary as it covers an important part of the Commission's cooperation in terms of technology 
transfer.   The programme had a budget of €45 million fro m 1999 to 2004 and provided up to 80%  
co-financing for individual projects.  Beneficiary countries:    
 Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, East Timor, Indonesia, India, Lao 
People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives,  Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, 
Thailand, Viet Nam. 
 
 * *Hong Kong, China;  Macao, China;  Singa pore and Brunei Darussalam may participate at 
their own costs. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
  The objective of the Programme was to incr ease cooperation in information technology and 
communications (IT&C) between Europe and Asia  through the co-financing of IT&C projects 
managed by European/Asian partnerships.   The overall objective was to create broad, in tense and enduring technological and economic 
relationships between Europe and Asia, in which balanced partne rships and joint innovations may 
flourish across the following areas of activity: societ y, e-commerce, education, transport, health, 
agriculture, tourism and intelligent-manufacturing.   During the first phase of the Asia IT&C Pr ogramme, value added w as achieved not only by 
the implementation of specific projects, but also by  addressing issues that are unlikely to be taken up 
by the private-sector.  Co-financed projects include those which search for compatible IT&C solutions 
between Asian and European IT&C environments , improve the transfer of IT&C know-how, and 
strengthen the mutual understanding of IT&C regul atory and/or legislative structures between the 
regions.  The contribution made by the applica tion of IT&C in these specific areas facilitates 
integration into the global information societ y, with companies as the key beneficiaries. 
 
 In Phase II emphasis was placed on encouraging th e LDC's to participate more fully, thereby 
increasing their integration into the global economy.  Calls for proposals focused on priority sectors 
and ICT applications in order to maximise the im pact of the programme.  Attention was given to 
developing ICT-based solutions in areas such as poverty alleviation, the advocacy of democracy and 
other development priorities. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 17 
 
 
 Types of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1 : promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub- 
contracting, etc., through non-financ ial incentives (support to national and 
third country firms identifying potential partners advice, contacts, etc.); 
 
Objective 2 :  improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
 Objective 4
:  provide training in technology management and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 :  capacity building; 
 Objective 6
: encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 The basic rule was that projects should be  developed by a partnership of non-profit 
organizations established between at  least two participants from diffe rent EU member States and one 
from an eligible Asian local government. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
  The Programme's objectives covered the followi ng areas of activity: information society, 
e-commerce, education, transport, health, ag riculture, tourism and intelligent-manufacturing. 
  There are six components under which propo sals were prepared, which are the main 
instruments of the Programme:  Get-in-Touch & Keep-in-Touch Activities, Short Courses (University 
Level), Information Society Interconnectivit y, Liaise with European IT&C Initiatives and 
Programmes, Understanding European & Asian Regu latory and Legislative Organization Structures 
and Practical Demonstration Projects.  
Functioning in practice: 
  Projects were selected through th e Call for Proposal mechanism.  
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
Title: e-Health & Learning (e-HL) 
Programme Component: Liaise with European IT&C Initiatives and Programmes 
Area of Activity: Health and Education. 
Duration of the Project: 15 months 
EC Co-financing (€): €319,872  (80%) 
Start date: 23 January 2003 
 
 Europe has vast experience in e-technology and this project's objective is to establish a medical network with participants from Europe a nd Asia that either play a role in the medical 
care/hospital sector, or have technological and/or organizational know-how in the field of medical 
care/hospital sector.  The Project targets Bangladesh and aims to improve cooperation between Asia 
and Europe in the identification and implementation of  ICT solutions in the health care sector.  At the 
same time it will stimulate and facilitate Asiati c health operators' contribution to technologies' 
implementation and avoid their profess ional isolation.  Participants will be the health operators from 
both continents and will be invited to join the netw ork through a Medical Portal and attend a series of IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 18  
 
 Health & Learning Seminars.  Different areas of t echnology and health know-how  will be covered, for 
a total period of 15 months. 
 
Title: OSCAR - Open Source Simple Computer for Agriculture in 
Rural Areas 
Programme Component: Get-in-Touch, Keep-in-Touch 
Area of Activity: Agriculture 
Duration of the Project: 30 months 
EC Co-financing (€): € 199.927 (44%) 
Start date: 19 December 2003 
 
  The project addresses the issue of declining agricultural productivit y in South Asia by 
proposing a tool for weed identification and control.   This tool targets farmers of the Indo-Gangetic 
Plains (IGP) at the village level.  A software fo r species identification (IDAO) was adapted to run on a 
low-cost computing device (a tropicalised Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), working with Linux – an 
Open Source Operating System) that can be shared among farmers of a local community.  A model database for graphic identification and control of th e most important weeds of the IGP was developed 
for integration with the species identification soft ware.  Perception of the tool by farmers was 
assessed in order to improve the its usage and appropriateness at farmer community level.  At the end of the project, a prototype was distributed in pilot villages.  The same device could be used for other 
applications such as veterinary or first-aid. 
  Other examples are available at the following address:   http://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/pr ojects/asia-itc/html/fundedprojects.htm
 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 More than 130 projects supported (details available on the website) 
 
Contact: 
 
 EuropeAid Co-operation Office  Asia Directorate, D2  European Commission  B-1049 Bruxelles 
 Tel : + 32 2 298 47 73 
 Fax: + 32 2 298 48 63  E-mail: europeaid-asia-itc@cec.eu.int
 
 Website:  http://www .europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/projects/asia-itc   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 19 
 
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  EU-ASIA PRO ECO PROGRAMME  
General description: 
 
 The EU-Asia Pro Eco, a demand-driven pr ogramme, aims to improve environmental 
performance in Asian economic sectors through the exchange of cleaner environmental policies, 
technologies and practices and to promote sustainable investment and trade between the EU and Asia. 
 Expected results are in particular: 
  
- an EU-Asia technology partnership with a long-term potential developing trade, 
investment, and joint venture opportunities in environmental technologies;  
 - a reinforced policy environment: im proved regulatory framework, adapted 
institutional framework, lower trade barriers , and a higher degree of transparency an 
awareness of economic and environmental policies and regulatory decisions; 
 - an improved environmental performance in economic sectors: performance-based 
management practices adopted by indus try, more environmentally friendly 
technologies available or applied.  
 
Beneficiary countries: 
  
 Asia Pro Eco is a regional assistance programme designed for the benefit of developing Asian 
countries covered by the ALA Regulation (South Asia , South East Asia, China).  Therefore, it does 
not address specific countries.  It does, however, favour the creation of partnerships in LDCs such as  
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, East Ti mor, Lao PDR, Maldives and Nepal participate. 
  In the particular case of one of Asia Pro Eco's programme components:  "Demonstration 
Projects", if the demonstration activity is taking place in a least-developed country, the project will 
benefit from an EU contribution of 20% instead  of the 15% applicable to other eligible -countries.  The 
programme has also contemplated the possibility, " if justified and necessary ", to reinforce partner 
participation in less developed regions or countries. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
Overall Objectives: 
- promote a "cleaner" Asia - the development of less-polluting and more-resource 
efficient products, processes and services in the Asia region, especially in the waste 
and water sectors, thereby positively in fluencing the global climate change; 
 - foster Asian demand for improved envir onmental solutions and to build Asia 
institutional and technical capacity th at helps to tackle such change; 
 - encourage, between Asia and the EU, the exchange and application of environmental 
policies, technologies, and practices that promote economic prosperity; to encourage tripartite cooperation among ins titutions, business and trade unions and civil society;  
to encourage cooperation between  institutions and networks. 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 20  
 
 Types of incentives given: 
  
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc., through non-fi nancial incentives (support to national 
and third country firms identifying potential partners, advice, contacts, etc.); 
 
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
 Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods; 
  
Objective 5 : capacity-building and policy reinforcement; 
  Objective 6
: encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  The basic rule is that projects should be  developed by a partnership of non-profit 
organizations established between at  least two participants from diffe rent EU member States and one 
from an eligible Asian local government. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
  The main objective of Asia Pro Eco is to  adopt policies, technologies and practices that 
promote cleaner, more resource efficient, sustaina ble solutions to environmental problems in Asia. 
Technology transfer includes among others improve d management systems and tools, design and 
planning technology, water and waste treatment technologies, efficient energy use, etc.  Functioning in practice:  
 Projects are selected through the Call for Proposal  mechanism.  Standard application form and 
other essential documentation are available on the website. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
"Integrated Management and Safe Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes in Least-developed 
Asian Countries". Location: Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand. 
 
 The objective of the project is to investigat e the feasibility of implementing an integrated 
waste management and safe disposal system as a sustainable solution to the waste problems in the least-developed Asian countries with respect to th e inherent socio-economic aspects, technological 
capability and the present needs of these countries.   EC Contribution:  €203,300.48.  Start Date: 27 April 2004, duration of 12 months. 
 
"Strengthening Maldivian Initiatives for a Long-Term Energy Strategy (SMILES)".   
  The objective of the project is to assist the Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology and the relevant players in the Mald ives to formulate energy policy strategies for 
addressing issues of immediate concern:  1) rapid grow th of electricity demand in Malé;  2) unreliable 
power supply to the rural population living in the outer islands at a cost that much higher than that charged to the urban population;  3) lack of public  transport facility on land and sea, leading to the 
individual modes of transport that is energy inte nsive, environmentally polluting and contributing to 
traffic congestion.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 21 
 
 
  EC Contribution:  €312,539.  Start Da te: 25 March 2004, duration of 18 months. 
  Other examples are available on the website.  
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
  The EC has allocated  €31.5 million to this programme for the years 2003-2007.  
 
Phase I of Asia Pro Eco was launched in 2002 with 4 deadlines in 2003 and 2 deadlines in 
2004.  Its scope was comprehensive, in order to t ackle broader urban and rural key issues, such as 
water and coastal zone management, waste manageme nt, cleaner energy and transport, air pollution 
abatement, and climate change.  Seventy-three projects were selected for funding among which most 
are still ongoing.  However, no further call fo r proposals will be launched under Phase I. 
 
   
 Asia Pro Eco II programme  
 By the end of 2004, the Asia Pro Eco II progra mme was launched with an EC allocation of   
€10 million for 2005.  This programme builds on both the Asia Pro Eco and Asia Urbs (Urban 
Regeneration) programmes and will support projects which focus on the adoption and transfer of 
technologies and practices which im prove the urban environment in eligible Asian countries.  The 
programme supports 'capacity-building' and 'partner ship' projects in the developing Asian countries 
covered by the ALA Regulation (South Asia, South E ast Asia, China).  Asia Pro Eco II will continue 
to promote the exchange of innovative approaches , policies, frameworks and technologies and to 
encourage mutual understanding between stakeholde rs and local urban communities in Europe and 
Asia.  There was one deadline for Asia Pro Eco II  on 5 April 2005.  Project proposals received are 
currently under evaluation. Contracted projects will be listed on an on-going basis. 
 
 Expected results are in particular: 
-  enhanced capacities to improve the existing urban environment, and to plan for new 
or expanding settlements in a sustainable way; 
 
-  enhanced mutual understanding and awaren ess by and between stakeholders and local 
communities in Europe and Asia on environmental matters; 
 
-  improved environmental cooperation between  the EU and Asia, particularly in the 
least developed countries; 
 
-  solutions promoted by international e nvironmental agreements implemented on the 
local urban level; 
 
-  solutions identified and provided for improving living conditions for vulnerable 
populations in urban areas; 
 
-  involvement of local populations in environmental conservation and planning; 
 
-  innovative approaches, policies, fra meworks and appropriate technologies 
implemented an EU-Asia technology part nership with a long-term potential 
developing trade, investment, and joint venture opportunities. IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 22  
 
  
Beneficiary countries:  
 Asia Pro Eco II is a regional assistance programme designed for the benefit of developing 
Asian countries covered by the ALA Regulation (South Asia, South East Asia, China).  Therefore, it 
does not address specific countries, but will fa vour the creation of partnerships in LDCs. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
- promote regional and multilateral networking  between environmental stakeholders in 
Europe and Asia; 
 
- improve the environment of towns, citi es and mega cities through the exchange of 
know-how, expertise and information be tween the European Union and Asia. 
 Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
 The basic rule is that projects should be developed by a partnership of non-profit 
organizations established between at  least two participants from diffe rent EU member States and one 
from an eligible Asian local government. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 The main objective of Asia Pro Eco II will be to  continue to promote the adoption of policies, 
technologies and practices that promote cleaner, more  resource efficient, sustainable solutions to 
specifically urban environmental problems in Asia. Technology transfer includes among others: 
improved environmental management systems a nd tools, design, planning and construction 
technology, water and waste management technologi es, efficient energy use, measures to prevent 
environmental pollution (air, noise, etc) etc.  
Functioning in practice: 
 
  Projects will be selected through the Call for Pr oposal mechanism.  Standard application form 
and other essential documentation will be available on the website.  All beneficiaries under the EU 
Asia Pro Eco II Programme have to provide co-fi nancing for the approved projects with a minimum 
of 10%  for projects targeting least-developed countries and a minimum of 25% for projects targeting 
other eligible Asian developing countries. 
  Asia Pro Eco II B – Post tsunami 
 
 The Asia Pro Eco II B will finance projects that foster the recovery and rehabilitation of the 
areas affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami.  The Post Tsunami programme focuses on the same 
environmental themes as the Asia Pro Eco - Phase II listed above.  There are two deadlines for 
submission of proposals in 2005: 24 June & 25 October.
  Contracted projects will be listed on an 
ongoing basis. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 23 
 
 
 Contact:   
 
 EuropeAid Co-operation Office 
 Asia Directorate, D2 
 European Commission 
 B-1049 Bruxelles  Tel : + 32 2 298 67 42   Fax: + 32 2 298 48 63  Website:  http://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/ projects/asia-pro-eco/index_en.htm
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 24  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  ASIA -INVEST PROGRAMME  
General description: 
  The Asia-Invest Programme is an EU in itiative that promotes and supports business 
cooperation between the EU and Asia to facilitate  trade and investment flows between the two 
regions.  The Programme provides financial assist ance to business intermediary organizations to 
facilitate mutually beneficial partnerships, opportunities for cooperation agreements between 
companies, in particular, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), and networking in the EU and 
South and South-East Asia and China. 
    Since its inception in 1997, the Programme has implemented over 250 projects; it has now 
entered a second phase of implementation from 2003-2007, with a Commission contribution of  €35 million.   
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 EU member States and 19 participating Asia n countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, 
Cambodia, China, East Timor, India, Indonesia,  Lao PDR, Malaysia, Ma ldives, Mongolia, Nepal, 
North Korea, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam.
1 
 
Objective(s) and types of incentives given: 
 
 The Programme's key objectives are:  
- raising awareness of the EU in Asia and vice versa ; 
  
- strengthening mutual trade and investment flows between the regions; 
 - facilitating opportunities for partnerships be tween companies, in particular SMEs,  
in the EU and Asia; 
  
- reinforcing institutional capacity and ne tworking of business intermediaries; 
  - enhancing Asian private-sector developmen t and the capacity for an international 
business strategy, and identifying new business development opportunities in Asia; 
  
- improving the export capabilities and foreign dir ect investment (FDI) prospects of the 
less prosperous countries in Asia;  
 - promoting integration of Asian countries into the Information Society. 
 
 As of 2005, the Asia-Invest Programme assume d the activities of the Asia IT&C Programme, 
broadening its objectives to include the fostering of economic growth and understanding between the 
EU and Asia through better awaren ess, access to, and use of IT&C and cooperation in the audiovisual 
sector.  
                                                     
 
1 Singapore; Brunei; Hong Kong , China and Macao, China undertakings may be considered as 
participants.  However organizations from these territori es should carry their own costs regarding the activities 
in which they participate .  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 25 
 
 
  Within the framework of the Commission's efforts to promote and encourage technology  
transfer, the following objectives may be indirect ly addressed by the Asia-Invest Programme as it 
supports business cooperation between the EU and Asia:   
Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc. by supporting  partnership building opportunities 
between EU and Asian companies; 
 Objective 2
:  improve access to available techni ques, standards and business processes 
through capacity-building of Asia n business intermediaries, including 
Chambers of Commerce and other business organizations in Asia; 
 Objective 4
:  provide training through technical assi stance to groups of Asian companies 
that could include technology ma nagement and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 :  more directly, to improve the abso rption capacity of LDCs through business 
missions, technical assistance and institu tional building projects with higher 
levels of co-financing. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  The Asia-Invest Programme is open to non-pr ofit business intermediary organizations from 
the EU member States and the eligible Asian countri es.  This includes chambers of commerce, trade 
and investment agencies, business and industrial asso ciations and technology,  management, standards 
and quality institutes.  Intermediaries, as key economic operators, play a significant role as 
multipliers, extending the benefits of the Pr ogramme to a wider number of companies. 
 Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Further to the Programme's overall aim to in crease trade and investment flows between the 
EU and Asia, it supports projects under the following areas of activity, which may involve the transfer 
of technological know-how: 
  
-  multilateral business to business match-making opportunities for EU and Asian 
companies to identify potential partners;  
 
-  Asian private-sector support through the tr ansfer of skills and know-how and market 
research to assist companies in internationalising their business strategy;  
 -  institutional support to enhance the capacity  of intermediary organizations, extending 
opportunities for trade and investment to a wider number of companies (personnel 
exchange, networking and dialogue on how b est to represent the needs of companies). 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 The Programme is market-driven and grants are awarded on a co-financing basis, following a 
Call for Proposals, to high-quality proposals submitted  by intermediary organizations as applicants. 
Projects are implemented in partnership between intermediaries from at least  one of the EU member 
States and at least one of the eligible Asian count ries, to help the companies they represent improve 
the prospect of building partnerships  to internationalise their business. 
  Fully funded events and market studies are initiated by the Commission through separate award procedures, provided as a service contract further to a Call for Tender. IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 26  
 
  The Programme also supports activities and pr ovides higher levels of  financial support to 
those less prosperous countries in Asia, as well in those who did not benefit from the Programme 
under the first phase, where new opportunities are developing.
2 
 
1. Business to business match-making opport unities and partnershi p building activities  
 
• Asia Venture  Small scale business missions and flexible business encounters for 
LDCs 
• Asia Interprise  Medium scale sector-specifi c and multi-sector business to  
business encounters to help EU and Asian companies to find partners 
• Asia Partenariat  Large scale multi-sector match-making business meetings in  
Asia to facilitate partnerships be tween European and Asian companies 
 
2.  Capacity building and research activities to  enhance Asia private-sector development  
 
• Asia-Invest 
Technical Assistance  Capacity building for companies in Asia to prepare for international 
cooperation, involving the transfer  of know-how, information on 
market access conditions in the EU , quality support and strengthening 
links to European companies 
• Asia-Invest Trade 
and Investment Facilitation Studies  Market research activities to provide business intermediaries and 
companies with in-depth analy ses of the business environment and 
opportunities available in Asian countries, in particular in LDCs 
 
3. Networking activities for increasing institutional capacity and dialogue  
 
• Asia-Invest 
Alliance  Capacity building and networking for intermediaries in Asia involving 
the transfer of know-how, business partners search, information linkages and personnel exchange with European counterparts 
• Asia-Invest 
Forum  Workshops and conferences involving intermediaries exchanging best 
practice and experiences with public authorities and the private-sector 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
A networking conference with seminars a nd workshops, the Asia-Invest Forum 2004 (with 
possible participation of LDCs), was held in Colombo on 5 and 6 June 2004, which served as a 
platform for networking and dialogue in th e field of business cooperation between business 
representatives from EU and Asian countries.  One hundred private and public authorities discussed strategies to promote EU-Asia private-sector pa rtnership building and co vered the themes of 
globalisation and relationship building.  The next Asia-Invest Forum will take place in Thailand on 
14-15 November 2005. 
 
Guidebooks for European Investors in Bangladesh and Nepal  providing accurate and detailed 
information to potential investors about business opportunities in each country, including sector profiles.  New studies under preparation include Economic Integration in the SAARC region and Guidebooks for EU investors in Cambodia and Indonesia. 
                                                     
 
2Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, East Timor, Lao PDR, Nepal, Indonesia and Pakistan 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 27 
 
 
 Various match-making events between EU and Asian SMEs in the ICT sector, biotechnology, 
diagnostics and laboratory technologies; toy manufacturing and food processing. 
 
Asia-Venture: Euro-Bengal Frozen Foods.  The objective of the project is to promote trade 
between Bangladesh and EU in the frozen food sector  through promotion of market potentials through 
networking and attracting increased flow of investme nt in the export oriented frozen foods sector and 
facilitate identification of suitable business partners and help execution of the partnership agreements 
among the target groups.  Start date: 9 Se ptember 2004;  EU contribution: €74,009. 
 
Asia-Venture: EbuNeP.  The project aims at  supporting the implementation of long-term 
business partnerships between European importers  and Nepalese manufacturing SMEs, providing the 
Nepalese side with steady and sound business assistan ce in exporting their products to Europe.  Start 
date: 27 July 2004;  EU contribution: €79,876. 
 
Contact: 
 
 Asia-Invest    EuropeAid Co-operation Office  Asia Directorate, D2  European Commission  1049 Brussels 
 Belgium  
 Tel:  +32 2 298 4130   / Fax:  +32 2 296 5833  Email:  europeaid-asia-invest@cec.eu.int
  
 Web site:  www.europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/projects/asia-invest   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 28  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  EC-ASEAN - ENERGY FACILITY  
General description: 
  Stimulation of regional energy projects, which have regional dimension in ASEAN and 
European added value, along the following lines:  
-  increasing the security of energy supply in ASEAN and the EU;  
-  increasing economic exchanges between th e EU and ASEAN in the energy sector; 
 -  contributing to the improvement of local and global environment;  -  facilitating the implementation of the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation 
1999-2004; 
 -  institutional development;  -  stronger linkages between the EC and ASEAN private and public energy actors;  
-  promoting to the regulatory frameworks conducive to investment in regional energy 
projects; 
 -  raising awareness of Euro pean technology solutions. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 ASEAN Countries except Myanmar  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc., through non-fi nancial incentives (support to national 
and third country firms identifying potential partners advice, contacts, etc.); 
 Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
 
Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods; 
  Objective 5
: capacity building; 
  Objective 6
: encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
 Public or private non-profit organizations or other organizations taking up the project on a 
non-profit basis.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 29 
 
 
 Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Supply of European energy technology to the ASEAN Full Scale Demonstration Projects in 
the fields of electricity, natural gas, clean coal t echnology, energy efficiency and renewable energies. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Projects are selected through the Call for Proposal mechanism. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
  First three call for proposals 2002, 2003 a nd 2004 have produced only one full scale 
demonstration project, though all other facilities in the call had favourable resu lts with 51 individual 
projects endorsed or recommended for endorsemen t for Commission financing for €13 million. 
Examples of endorsed projects are "Study Tour  and Workshop on Power Cooling in EU/Mekong" 
(main applicant Electricite du Cambodge - countri es for implementation:  Cambodia, Thailand),  
Rural Electrification - decentralised Energy options  (main applicant Innovation Energie Development, 
France - countries for implementation:  Cambodia, Vi et Nam, Lao PDR) and "Role of Regulators and 
regulatory framework in ASEAN" (main applicant: Dept of Energy, the Philippines - country of implementation:  Intra ASEAN, the Philippines).  Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects:  
 First three calls for proposals produced 51 project s endorsed by the EC.  A fourth and last call 
for proposals was launched in early 2005, 19 add itional contracts are currently being prepared. 
 
The EC allocation is €21,5 million for the years 2002-2007. 
 
Contact:  
 
 Mr Pekka Skyttä,  
 EU Co-Director of the Programme 
 Tel.   +62-21-527-9332 
 Fax.  +62-21-527-9350 
 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 30  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES  
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  STUDY TO CARRY OUT THE : 
DIAGNOSTIC OF THE IMPACT FOR A .C.P. COUNTRIES OF THE NEW EUROPEAN SPS REGULATION ON 
'OFFICIAL FEED AND FOOD CONTROLS ' 
PREPARATION OF THE REQUIRED SUPPORTS TO ADJUST THE SPS CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE A .C.P. 
COUNTRIES  
General description: 
 
 Experience has shown that the Competent Aut horities of many A.C.P. countries have often 
been encountering difficulties with the organization of  export controls of products of animal origin 
and consequently come across difficulties in proving the conformity of their export products to the 
standards set by the EC.  The "Official Feed and Food Controls' Regulation" being developed in the 
EC is therefore likely to aggravate existing diffi culties because exports from both the horticultural 
sector and the animal sector will depend on official control mechanisms placed under the 
responsibility of the local competent Authorities.  Even more so, some A.C.P. countries are only 
exporting horticultural products to the EU and th erefore do not have any Competent Authority in 
place yet.   Therefore a study is being undertaken to clarify: 
 
- what new barriers might be caused by the new regulation for the exports; 
 - what might the impact of the new Regulation be for A.C.P. countries on their exports 
of food and feed to the EU market; 
 
- what supports for legal and SPS control cap acity strengthening would be needed to 
assist the A.C.P. countries to comply with the future EU Regulation, in order to maintain and improve their access to the European markets; 
 - what adjustments will be necessary to impl ement at various leve ls of production and 
marketing of exported foodstuff; 
 - what funding should be mobilised to adju st the A.C.P. national / regional SPS control 
systems, what will the functioning recurri ng cost be and what solutions could be 
envisaged to sustainably cover these costs; 
 
- what will the possibilities be to strengt hen sanitary and phyto-sanitary control 
capabilities in the context of the on-going regional integration process. 
 
 This study will be the basis for an action plan to support A.C.P. countries in enhancing their capacity to cope with the standards in order to ma intain/improve their market share in Europe.  The 
final report is expected in September 2005. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 A.C.P. Countries.  
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 31 
 
 
 Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
 Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 : capacity building  
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 A.C.P. exporting enterprises and nationals/regional institutions. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects:  
 
 The budget for the study amounts to €180,000 for th e first phase.  Costing and mobilisation of 
EC funds for phase II of the study are being worked out. 
 
Contact:  
 
Claire Gaudot 
 European Commission 
 DG Development 
 E-mail: Claire.Gaudot@cec.eu.int  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 32  
 
 EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : COMPETITIVE GRANT SCHEMES FOR AGRICULTURAL 
RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (ARD) IN SUB -SAHARAN AFRICA  
General description: 
   The sub-regional
3 Competitive Grant Schemes are fi nancing mechanisms for research 
activities aimed at improving the performance of pr oduction systems and stimulating sustainable  
market-oriented agricultural production in Africa.  As part of this effort, the SROs (Sub-Regional 
Organizations in charge of ARD at sub-regional le vel) will promote agricultural technology exchange 
through collaboration between research organiza tions and the stakeholde rs involved (farmers, 
associations, NGOs, universities, etc.) in  their respective sub-regions.   
 
The SROs expect to reach this goal by: 
- providing grants on a competitive basis to r esearchers to work toge ther with research 
institutions, civil society partners includi ng private companies, and beneficiaries 
dedicated to technology development that shows promise for replicability and adoption; 
 
- using the experience of funded projects to  develop lessons and guidelines applicable 
to help solve the problems of technology development in the region; and 
 
- supporting projects that will make a pos itive contribution toward the region's 
economic development through investment in agricultural research. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
 Countries covered under the three Sub-Regional Organizations: 
ASARECA: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central 
Africa; 
CORAF: Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche et le Développement Agricoles; 
SADC-FANR: Southern African development Co mmunity - Food, Agriculture and Natural 
Resources. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc. 
non-financial incentives : 
support to national firms identifying pot ential partners (advice, contacts, 
etc.); 
   Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes - 
creation of information centres; 
  
Objective 5 : capacity building; 
 
                                                      
3 Western and Central Africa, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 33 
 
 
 Objective 6 : encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 EU and DCs' enterprises and institutions invol ved in agricultural research for development 
and extension. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 This is dependent on the type of partnership.  They will be related mainly to agricultural 
research and socio-economic development. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 All proposals submitted to the SROs should addr ess the research priorities identified in their 
respective strategic plan and demonstrate a collabor ative approach.  Proposals are submitted based on 
a call for proposals issued by the SROs and mu st be presented in accord ance with the Proposal 
Presentation Guide.  Proposals are considered for funding once a year (for the initial launching of the 
process).  Projects may receive funding for up to three years.  In rare cases and where projects have proved particularly successful or innovative, the Board can approve funding up to an additional two 
years.  Projects responding to a call for proposals must have a minimum value of US$50,000;  
maximum funding amounts are established in each call for proposals.  In most cases grants will not 
exceed US$300,000 over a three-year period. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
 First call for proposals was launched by CORA F in the second quarter of 2004; forty-five 
proposals were submitted. First call was launche d by ASARECA and SADC, and proposals are 
currently under scrutiny. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 Out of the 45 proposals, 7 have been selected for financing.  
 Contact : 
  CORAF 
 Internet: http://www.coraf.org/coraf_action.php
 
 ASARECA 
 Internet: http://www.asareca.org/  
 SADC-FANR 
 Keoagile Molapong  Research expert 
 Agricultural Research & Training 
 E-mail: kmolapong@sadc.int
 
 EIARD (European Initiative for ARD) 
 Internet: http://www.eiard-infosys.org  
 European Commission 
 Marc DEBOIS 
 DG Development  E-mail: Marc.Debois@cec.eu.int
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 34  
 
 MEMBER STATES 
 CZECH REPUBLIC  
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  EVALUATION OF GOLD SOURCES (EGS) 
General description: 
 
Burkina Faso - Technical-economical evaluation of gold potential in waste material after 
exploitation and processing of gold ores in selected  regions with the aim to contribute to their 
industrial development, thus minimizing their pove rty. The duration of the project is three years 
(2003-2005).  It is implemented by the Czech Ge ological Survey, under the responsibility of the 
Ministry of Environment.  
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Burkina Faso.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
  
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
access to legal and technological information sources; 
training in the state of the art;  
 
Objective 3 : provide training in technology management and production methods: 
support for joint research projects between private partners; support for joint research projects between public partners; 
 
Objective 5
: capacity building.  
  
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 The project is implemented by the Czech Geological Survey and the Czech company  Explo-Mine Jihlava Ltd., in coordination with th e Czech Ministry of Environment.  The partner 
organizations are the Ministry of Mines, Burkina Faso and the Geological Survey of Burkina Faso.   
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Technical-economical evaluation of gold potential in waste material after artisanal exploitation; proposal of feasible process of gold extraction from the waste materials. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 The project is implemented in the framework of the Official Development Assistance 
Programme of the Czech Republic, in the competence of the Ministry of the Environment (MoE).  It 
was launched in 2003; the responsible authority is  the MoE and the period of implementation is  
2003-2005. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 The sum of the project is approximately €135,000.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 35 
 
 
 Contact: 
 
Andrea Kulhavá,  
ODA co-ordinator,  Ministry of the Environment,  
Global Relations Department,  
Vr
šovická 65,  
100 00 Praha 10.   E-mail: andrea_kulhava@env.cz
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 36  
 
 CZECH REPUBLIC 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  GROUNDWATER RES OURCES INVESTIGATION (GRI) 
General description: 
 
The core aim of the project is the transfer of know-how in the field of compilation of  
hydro-geological maps and evaluation of regional hydr o-geological characteristics.  The transfer of  
know-how is focused on the development of kno wledge in hydro-geology for the staff of the 
beneficiary (the Geological Survey of Ethiopia), however, development of such a knowledge for the 
staff of various national Water Bureaus is also consid ered.  The transfer of know-how is carried out in 
the form of workshops, practical on-the-job training s in the field of hydro-geological mapping, data 
management, and data presentati ons using geographical informati on systems (GIS) and groundwater 
flow modelling.  The project plan covers an area of 75,800 km2 by hydro-geological and  
hydro-chemical maps in the period 2001-2005.  
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Ethiopia.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
  
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
access to legal and technological information sources; training in the state of the art; 
 Objective 3
: provide training in technology management and production methods: 
support for joint research projects between private partners; 
support for joint research projects between public partners; 
 Objective 5
: capacity building. 
  
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
Aquatest Corp. implements the project in coordination with the Czech Ministry of 
Environment.  The partner organizations are the Ministry of Mines of Ethiopia, the Geological Survey of Ethiopia and the Ministry of Fina nce and Economic Development of Ethiopia.  
Type of technology transferred: 
 
The transfer of know-how in the field of compilation of hydro-geological maps and 
evaluation of regional hydro-geological characteris tics focuses on the development of knowledge in 
hydro-geology for the staff of the beneficiary.  The development of such knowledge for the staff of 
various national water bureaus is also considered.  
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 The project is implemented in the framework of the Official Development Assistance 
Programme of the Czech Republic, in the competence of the Ministry of the Environment (MoE).  It 
was launched in 2001.  The responsible authority is the MoE and the period of implementation is 
2005.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 37 
 
 
  
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 The sum of the project is approximately €315,000. 
 Contact:  
Andrea Kulhavá,  
ODA co-ordinator,  Ministry of the Environment,  
Global Relations Department,  
Vr
šovická 65,  
100 00 Praha 10.   E-mail: andrea_kulhava@env.cz
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 38  
 
 DENMARK 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  THE PRIVATE -SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME  
General description: 
 
 The objective of the Private-sector Developmen t (PSD) Programme is to contribute to the 
economic and social development in a number of de veloping countries through the establishment of 
partnerships between Danish and local companies.  
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
 The PSD Programme includes all the Danida Programme countries (Bangladesh, Benin, 
Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambi que, Nepal, Nicaragua, Tanzania, 
Uganda, Viet Nam and Zambia) and South Africa.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 
Objective 1 : promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising,  
sub-contracting, etc. 
   non-financial incentives : 
  support to national firms identifying potential partners (advice, contacts, 
etc.) 
 
  financial incentives to national firms (100% or co-financing): 
financing of prospective activities in th e form of reimbursement of costs for 
study visits, feasibility studies, technical assistance, training, technology 
adaptation, environmental measures, improvements of the working 
environment, set-up costs, incentives for combating HIV/AIDS, promotion of employee and human rights, measur es for equal rights and improvement 
of the living conditions for women; 
 
Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
access to technological information sources through the Danish partner 
(know-how and technology); training in the state of the art provided by the Danish partner; 
 
Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods: 
the Danish companies provide technical assistance and training in 
connection with the implementati on of new technology and production 
techniques at the partner company in the developing country; 
 
Objective 5 : capacity building: 
in addition to on-the-job-training by the Danish partner in for example 
management skills and quality control, external courses are also supported,  
if deemed relevant; 
 
Objective 6 : encourage trade in technological goods: 
in principle the PSD Programme is open to all lines of business.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 39 
 
 
  
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 The Danish companies eligible for support mu st be registered according to Danish law, 
comply with certain financial requirements and ha ve operated a business in the field covered by the 
cooperation for at least five years.  
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 This is dependent on the type of  partnership and line of business. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 The idea is that the PSD Programme should act  as a facilitator for "new-born" partnerships 
that become commercially viable after a period of ti me and which the the partners intend to continue 
once the support has ceased. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
AVK International A/S and Tomax Ltd. in Mozambique:  
the objective of the cooperation is first of all to upgrade the skills of Tomax's employees with 
regard to technology, repair, installation, sales and marketing through training sessions in Denmark 
and Mozambique.  When the project has been complete d, the intention is to establish a joint venture 
which will also include production of valves and a te chnical training programme for people within the 
water sector in Mozambique.  
Orana A/S and Himalaya Dairy Products P/L in Nepal:  Orana A/S is specialised in supplying raw mate rials and semi-manufactured products to the 
food processing industry and has extensive experi ence in developing entirely new products or 
optimising current products.  In this case, the ove rall goal of the project was to ensure both an 
upgrading of Himalaya Dairy Products' existing business to include drinking yoghurt and long-life 
(UHT) milk as well as the successful launching of drinking yoghurt on the Nepalese market.  The 
project has been successfully completed, and, among other things, has resulted in a cooperation 
agreement between Himalaya Dairy Products and Orana concerning production, marketing and sales 
of UHT milk products and juices for the Nepalese market and local export markets. 
Metrocomia A/S and Mail-net Co mmunication Ltd. in Uganda:  
 the Danish IT business Metrocomia and th e Ugandan Mail-net Communication initiated 
cooperation to establish Metrocomia East-Africa.  Metrocomia East-Africa serves both as a supplier 
of IT solutions to the local market and as a sub- supplier for the Danish company.  The preparatory 
phase went so well that the partners quickly deci ded to extend their cooperation to cover a longer 
period of time.  The PSD Programme supported this  decision by covering the expenses of posting an 
adviser and implementing a training programme. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
  Over 600 partnerships have been supported since 1996. 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 40  
 
 Contact: 
  
 Head of PSD Secretariat,  
 Henrik Wind-Hansen,   henwin@um.dk
,  
 www.psdprogramme.dk   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 41 
 
 
 DENMARK 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  DANISH BILHARZIASIS LABORATORY (DBL) 
General description: 
 
 The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory (DBL) is a private research institute. In addition to 
conducting research and providing expertise, DBL  pursues a policy of research capacity-building among its scientific partners in the countries of the South.  DBL receives core funding from the Royal 
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
 The beneficiary countries are mainly Danida  programme countries located in sub-Saharan 
Africa and in Asia. They are developing countries, for the most part LDCs.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 
Objective 2
: training in scientific methods or techniques that are not available in a 
number of developing countries: technology, GIS, and Remote Sensing; 
Objectives 3, 5 :  support for training in scientific r esearch: training of human resources 
(PhD): 
support for research teams in the devel oping countries through partnership 
with DBL;   
support for research groups in the countries of the South with a view to 
consolidating their scientific research capacity and making it more sustainable; 
support for training:  university traini ng at Master level, methodological 
seminars, thematic networks, etc. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
Public scientific institutions (universities and rese arch institutes) and networks located in the 
countries of the South.  
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
Diagnostic techniques and equipment; remo te sensing techniques and equipment. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Great variety of projects. Projects are selected according to the qualifications of the persons 
involved and how they match the needs of the partner scientific institutions.  
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
-  transfer of equipment to partner scientific institutions; 
 
-  workshop on diagnostic tests for animal schistosomiasis in Asia (2003); 
 
-  workshop on diagnostic tests for human schistosomiasis in Tanzania (2002); IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 42  
 
  
-  support to individual students and resear ch groups involved in diagnosis of diseases 
and in the application of Remote Sensi ng and Geografic Information System (GIS) 
techniques.  
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 During 2002 - 2004 five research groups and two research networks were supported. Eight 
PhD and three Master student fellowships were provided.  
  
Contact: 
 
Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory (DBL) 
Jaegersborg Allé 1 D DK-2920 Charlottenlund 
Director, Niels Ørnbjerg:  
noc@bilharziasis.dk
 
Web: www.bilharziasis.dk   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 43 
 
 
 DENMARK 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH - FORMER 
ENHANCING RESEARCH CAPACITY (ENRECA ) PROGRAMME  
General description: 
  The Council for Development Research of the Da nish Ministry for Foreign Affairs supports 
research within all disciplines aiming at solving th e problems of the developing countries as well as 
projects aiming at the enhancement of research capac ity.  By means of joint research projects based 
on partnerships between researc hers from developing countries and researchers from Denmark, 
research is used as a means to enhance research capacity. As many of the research projects focus on 
providing technical know-how and ot her expertise for solving operati onal problems, the projects also 
involve transfer of technology and access to technologies.  
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
 Developing countries with a GDP per capita of under US$1,957, with preference given to 
Denmark's programme partner countries.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 2
:  improve access to available techniques; 
 
Objectives 3, 5 : support joint research projects and capacity building; 
 
Objective 4 : provide training in technology ma nagement and production methods:  
support for research teams in the devel oping countries through partnership 
with Danish researchers in order to integrate researchers from the south in international research networks;  
training in scientific research: training of human resources (Ph.D., further 
training, methodological seminars etc.);  
support to institutional capacity building (research management, fund 
raising, set-up of peer review m echanisms, up-dating equipment etc.);  
support to field research involving end-users such as farmers.  
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Eligible partners are public and private ins titutions, i.e. public and private universities and 
research institutes, and enterprises, from e ligible developing countries and Denmark.  
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 As projects may cover all scientific disciplines, types of technologies transferred vary. Agricultural technologies and technologies from natural sciences are prevalent. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Joint application from developing country pa rtner and Danish partner forwarded to the 
Council for Development Research upon the yearly ca ll for applications. Calls for applications are IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 44  
 
 issued and available on the website www.um.dk
. Applications are evaluated by external reviewers 
before  the Council selects projects for funding.  
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
- establishment and support to a DNA laborator y at Makerere University, Uganda, in 
collaboration with Copenhage n University, 1993-2004; 
 - support to an analytical laboratory with quality control at Prospective College of 
engineering and Technology Environmental e ngineering unit, University of Dar es 
Salaam, Tanzania in collaboration with th e Danish Pharmaceutical university, 1994-
2006; 
 - support to ecological laboratory at Legon University, Accra, Ghana in collaboration 
with Copenhagen University, 1993-2007; 
 
- support to accreditation of laboratories on food safety, at universities in Ghana, Benin 
and Burkina Faso in collaboration with the Royal Danish Veterinary and Agriculture 
University, 1991-2007; 
 - a 2-day seminar in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam in November 2003 with the title 
"Opportunities for University-Industry Coope ration in Viet Nam – with examples 
form Chemical Fields"  in collaborati on with Roskilde University, Denmark. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects:  
 On average around 60 on-going research capacity  building projects involving partnerships 
between researchers from developing countries and Da nish researchers are supported.  Approximately 
10 new projects are approved for funding each year.  
 
Contact:  
Research Secretariat 
Department for Development Policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Copenhagen  Denmark  
E-mail: ruf@um.dk
 
Website: www.um.dk    IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 45 
 
 
 DENMARK 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : DANISH SEED HEALTH CENTRE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY , COPENHAGEN , DENMARK  
General description: 
 
 It is the mission of the Seed Health Centre to alleviate poverty and improve nutritional status 
of resource-poor people in the developing world th rough improvement of health and quality of seed 
for sowing and consumption, with emphasis on farm -saved and locally produced seed. The Seed 
Health Centre's development related activities are fi nanced by a grant from the Danish Ministry of 
Foreign Affairs.  
 
Beneficiary countries: 
  
India, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Gh ana, Kenya, Nepal, Uganda, Viet Nam.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1 :  joint research projects in seed health and pathology; 
 
Objective 4 :  provide training  in technology management and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 :  capacity building: 
joint development of training curricula, exchange of teachers and 
researchers, financial support for in frastructure (laboratory upgrades and 
training facilities); 
training of scientists and technicians in conducting seed health testing and 
conducting research; 
 training of extension staff in dissemination of technologies. 
  
Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
Universities, research institutions, laboratori es, seed certification agencies in developing 
countries. 
 
Type of technology transferred:  
 
 Diagnostic methodology for pathogen identifi cation and epidemiological management. 
 Functioning in practice:  
 Collaboration develops based on contacts betw een the Seed Health Centre and partner 
institutions in developing countries. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
 
Two major capacity building projects under implem entation in cooperation with University of 
Mysore, India and Sokoine University of Agricultu re, Tanzania. The two regional centres in Asia and IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 46  
 
 Africa will cater for the regional needs for training in seed health - the Danish Centre will provide 
special expertise and quality assurance. 
 Minor capacity enhancement projects, e.g. in  Ghana in collaboration with Crops research 
Institute, Kumasi, Department of Agriculture, Kum asi  and Ghana Seed Inspection Division involving 
upgrading of laboratories, training of research and technical staff, training of extension officers, 
dissemination of solution for management of seed -borne diseases and technologies disseminated to 
farmers. 
 
Contact:  
 
 Dr Jan Torp, Head,  
Assoc. Professor,  Danish Seed Health Centre for Developing Countries,  the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,  
Copenhagen,  
Denmark Mail: shc@kvl.dk
 - jto@kvl.dk  - www.shc.kvl.dk  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 47 
 
 
 DENMARK 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME OF FOREST & LANDSCAPE , 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY UNIVERSITY ,  DENMARK  
General description: 
 
The International Programme of Forest & Land scape, Denmark is a continuation and further 
development of the former Danida Forest Seed Centre (1969-2003). The programme is supported by 
Danida through a Performance Contract with an an nual Danida contribution of DKK6 million. The 
contract provides for research and development,  capacity building and information and extension 
services in support of Danish development assistance in forestry and agro-forestry to developing 
countries.  The general objective is to contribute to improve the benefits of growing trees for the  
well-being of people in developing countries. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 
The programme covered by the contract is sp ecific for developing countries. Special emphasis 
is given to the 15 current Danida programme countries: (Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, 
Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Uganda, Viet 
Nam and Zambia)  as well as developing countries receiving special environmental assistance from 
Denmark. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
  
The programme relates to the specific objectives 3, 4 and 5: 
 
Objective 3 :  support Joint Research projects: 
support for joint research projects between private partners; support for joint research projects between public partners; 
 Objective 4
:  provide training in technology management and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 :  capacity building.   
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
No particular restrictions. Currently, most partners are public NARS and governmental  
development institutions.  
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
Focus has so far been on transfer of know-how in conservation and sustainable use of genetic 
resources of trees and shrubs.  
 
Functioning in practice:  
The programme operates as an information hou se with an overall strategy of collecting 
information and undertaking research  and development, transforming the results and knowledge into 
practical application and making it available at a global level through information service, training 
and direct support to development projects aimi ng at capacity building in developing countries.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 48  
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
-   support to development and  management of national tree seed programmes; 
 
-   in and ex situ conservation of forest genetic resources in Asia, Africa and Latin 
America; 
  -   international provenance trials of teak, gmelina, tropical pines, and dry zone species. 
 
Contact:  
 
Christian Pilegaard Hansen  International Co-ordinator Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape & Planning Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL) 
 
Mailing address: Hoersholm Kongevej 11 DK-2970 Hoersholm Denmark  
E-mail: cph@kvl.dk
  
Web: www.SL.kvl.dk   
 Tel: +45 3528 1735 Fax: +45 3528 1517 
Hp: +45 6166 2746 
   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 49 
 
 
 FINLAND 
 Foreword:   
 Technology transfer to developing countries is promoted and encouraged through various 
programmes and activities by the Government of Fi nland.  Some of these programmes are directly 
planned to encourage Finnish companies to invest in developing countries, to enter into cooperation 
with companies in these countries or to participate in other means in industrial and technological projects.  Some programmes promote technology transf er more or less indirectly, though.  The latter 
group of programmes includes, for example, contribu tions to multilateral assi stance funds within the 
framework of the United Nations, the Worl d Bank Group and the European Communities.   Finnish 
bilateral development cooperation programmes include a number of projects with components aiming 
at promotion of technology transfer to developing countries . 
 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 50  
 
 FINLAND 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : THE ECONOMICAL , INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL 
APPROPRIATION  
 
General description: 
 
 Economical, industrial and tec hnological cooperation projects are being subsidised with the 
so-called EIT appropriation (TTT in Finnish).  The EI T appropriation is administered by the Ministry 
for Foreign Affairs in Finland.  The objective is  to provide seed money for commercially viable 
business linkages between Finla nd and developing countries. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
 The scheme is open to all ODA eligible countri es.  For example, in the past years, the 
following countries have entered into contract for EIT appropriation: Afghanistan, Argentina, Brazil, 
Chile, China, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, I ndonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Namibia, 
Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tan zania, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela and  
Viet Nam.  Not specific to LDCs. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., by providing financia l facilitation in the early stages of the 
prospective activities; 
 
Objective 2 :  improve access to available techniques and industrial processes; 
 Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
 The EIT appropriation can be applied for by Fi nnish companies, institutions or associations. 
However, the applicants are in most cases expect ed to be already in close collaboration with 
companies or institutions in the partner country.  Furthermore, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs may 
grant EIT appropriations also for such studies thro ugh which Finland and a developing country seek 
to identify and develop new conc rete cooperation projects to be implemented by their respective 
companies, organizations or corporations. 
 
Type of technology transferred:  
 
 Not specified. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 As a rule, EIT appropriations are not supposed to  cover more than 50% of the total costs of 
the projects concerned.  However, in some cases th e percentage can be higher.  The remaining costs 
are to be borne by other financ ing sources, mostly by the applicants themselves and their potential 
cooperation partners in Finland and in  the developing countries in question. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 51 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Pilot production of ethanol gel (Ethiopia) 
 The idea of the project is to produce ethanol gel to be used as household fuel. If succeed, the 
project can have permanent positive effects on the environment. 
 
Feasibility study to address the transfer of water technology (Mozambique)  The project aims to transfer water purification technology to Mozambique in order to improve 
accessibility to clean drinking water. 
 
Feasibility study to address the developing road maintenance technology (Papua New Guinea)  
  The idea of the project is to improve the infrastructure in order to freshen up the economy. 
 
Contact : 
 
 Ministry for Foreign Affairs 
 Division for the Americas and Asia (co-ordination) and  desk officers in regional departments 
 Ms. Hannele Tikanvaara 
 P.O. Box 176  00161 Helsinki  tel. +358-9-160 55658  E-mail: Hannele.Tikanvaara@formin.fi
 
 
 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
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 FINLAND 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  FINNFUND INVEST MENT SCHEMES  
 
General description: 
 
Finnfund (Finnish Fund for Industrial Co-operati on Ltd.) is a state-owned investment finance 
corporation and it exists to finance enterprises in emerging countries.  Finnfund is a member of 
European Development Finance Institution, an allia nce of European development finance companies. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
  
 Not specific to LDCs. 
 
Objectives and type(s) of incentives given:  
 
Objective 1 :  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc.  Finnfund's objectiv e is to promote dynamic, developing 
and innovative private enterprises thus  encouraging technology transfer.  
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  The investment commitments by Finnfund invol ve a representative sample of Finnish high-
tech companies as well as innovative small and medium sized companies.  
Type of technology transferred:  
 
 Not specified. 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 Finnfund supports industrial cooperation and technology transfer through minority shares for Finnish investments, guarantee arrangements and l ong-term credits for Finnish companies.  In 
addition to financing it offers a wide range of fund management and advisory services. 
   Finnfund also co-finances training of pers onnel and management in developing country 
companies when being a shareholder.  Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
Privatisation and rehabilitation of a majo r port in Mozambique: type of technology 
transferred: know-how, institutional strengthening, lo gistics and equipment for operating a major port 
according to modern standards.  Functioning in prac tice: day-to-day operations, put-through traffic of 
in- and out-coming goods using the port facilities.  A special company has been created for this 
function. 
 
Telecommunication project in 12 African countri es (Chad, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Democratic 
Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone , Niger, Congo Brazzaville, Uga nda, Tanzania, Zambia, Sudan, 
Malawi).  Several independent operators intervene in this project of acquisition and operation of  
sub-Saharan African cellular systems.  Type of  technology concerned: mobile telecommunication 
infrastructure/operating of mobile telecom ne tworks, enabling national/international calling.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 53 
 
 
 Contact: 
  
 Finnfund 
 Ms Pirjo Pulakka   Ratakatu 27, 00120 Helsinki, Finland   Pirjo.Pulakka@finnfund.fi
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
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 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION BY THE MINISTRY OF 
FOREIGN AFFAIRS – DIRECTORATE -GENERAL FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT  
 
General description: 
 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Priority Solidar ity Fund Mobilization Project 2002-70:  Scientific 
and Technical Information System (SIST).  Support for the planning and development of information 
and communications systems in higher education an d research institutions in Africa and Madagascar. 
 
 Beneficiary countries: 12 countries of the Priority Solidarity Zone (Algeria, Benin,  
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gh ana, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and 
Tunisia). 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
 Objective 2 : establishment of a scientific and technical information system, a federated 
search engine (for searching multiple s ources of heterogeneous data), and a 
website including a scientific work space providing e-tools for drafting, 
sharing scientific research and disseminating results; 
 Objective 3 : incentives to launch joint research projects in agronomic research, 
educational ICT, biotechnologies etc.; 
 Objective 4 : with a view to narrowing the "scientif ic divide", establishment in the LDCs 
concerned of tools with which to br ing their research up to international 
standards provision of access to scientific content, aid for the production of electronic scientific publishing, training in techniques for searching and 
disseminating scientific and technical information on the Internet; 
 Objective 5
: training in scientific writing. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Universities, research institutes and labor atories, inter-African bodies, networks of 
researchers. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Scientific and technical information system, electronic publishing, online content manager, 
free software. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
- in each country, a guidance and decision-making committee (CODP) provides 
national guidelines for the project, appoints an operator to install and manage the 
country SIST, and decides on the country's participation in joint research 
programmes; 
 
- the project steering committee is compo sed of one representative from each CODP 
and one representative from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 55 
 
 
 - the system is designed and developed by an operator chosen by tender (CIRAD), 
using free software (SPIP-AGORA) to ensure continuity of SIST on completion of the project; 
 - the Agence universitaire de la Franc ophonie (AUF) is requested to organize 
awareness-raising and training sessions; 
 - the project operates in partnership with a number of research bodies (CIRAD, CNRS, 
IRD, INIST, Agropolis, etc.) and international agencies (FAO, AUF, INASP, eIFL.net, AAB, etc.); 
 
- the project has a scientific committee chaired by Rector Bonaventure Mve-Ondo 
(AUF); 
 - a technical assistant based at the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) 
in Accra, Ghana, is responsible for coordi nating implementation of the project in the 
beneficiary countries. 
 
The project is allocated €3 million over three years. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
- development and installation of the SIST prototype in three pilot countries (Algeria, 
Ghana, Madagascar), then in the ot her beneficiary countries in 2005; 
 - production of SIST Version 2; 
 
- publication of Cahiers du SIST  (First publication:  Guide to Scientific Writing); 
 - organization of SIST promotion and uses - training sessions;  - production or updating of institution direct ories and experts in the beneficiary 
countries. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 None available at this stage in the launching of the project.  
Contact: 
 
 Project technical assistant based at FARA, Accra:  Augustin Gaschignard. 
 agaschignard@fara-africa.org
 
 Operator:  thierry.helmer@cirad.fr  
 Information, website:  www.sist-sciencesdev.net  
 Monthly electronic bulletin. 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 56  
 
 FRANCE 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION BY THE MINISTRY OF 
FOREIGN AFFAIRS - DIRECTORATE -GENERAL FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT  
General description: 
  Ministry of Foreign Affairs regional ICT-Asia programme.  
 
Beneficiary countries:   
 
 In partnership with France, the network bri ngs together nine ASEAN countries (Cambodia, 
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam), and the following 
countries of the Far East:  China, Japan, the Repub lic of Korea.  The programme is open to other 
Asian countries such as India. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 2
:   improve access to available industrial techniques and processes by 
contributing to the integration of the least-developed countries of the region in the information society; 
 
Objective 3
: strengthen on the basis of mutual benefit, high-level collaboration with the 
emerging and developed countries of Asia; 
 Objective 4
: provide training in research through research bodies and French and region-
wide institutions of higher education. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 French diplomatic network in the region (sci entific departments of French embassies), French 
ministries responsible for research cooperation (Minis try of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of National 
Education, Higher Education and Research, Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry), French 
and Asian universities, research institutes and laboratories, networks of researchers, regional and 
multilateral bodies.  
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Information and communication sciences and technologies (basic and applied research). 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Selection and funding of integrated projects,  combining training programmes and basic and 
targeted research projects of a regional dimension, between France and at least two Asian partner 
countries. 
  Promoting synergies with other regional and multilateral programmes in the sector and region 
(EU/ASEM, ADB, AUF, etc.).   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 57 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
 
- automated processing and classification of multimedia documents; 
 - applications and uses of the new IPV02 Internet Protocol version 6, in Asia; 
 
- applications and uses of research results in virtual reality.  
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 About 30 per cent of the total number of  projects submitted have  been supported. 
 
Contact: 
 
 Information, web site:   www.ict-asia-france.org
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 58  
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : TECHNICAL COOPERATION BY THE MINISTRY OF 
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES (MAP) 
General description: 
 Funding of technical cooperation activities in the agricultural sector. 
Beneficiary countries: 
 The activities funded do not solely concern the LDCs.  Over 30 countries have benefited from 
MAP cooperation activities in 2004.  However, LDCs are eligible for this programme on the same 
basis as developing countries.  The LDCs having be nefited from the programme  in 2004 were:  Mali, 
Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Cambodi a and Viet Nam.  Regional activities were also 
conducted in Africa and South-East Asia. 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 Objective 2 : improve access to existing techniques and industrial processes:  access to 
sources of legal and technological information, prior art training; 
 Objective 3 : support joint research projects between public partners;   
 Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods. 
Eligible enterprises or institutions:   
 Any enterprise or institution, e.g.: governme nt bodies, professional organizations, private 
enterprises.   
Type of technology transferred:  
The range is very broad: 
  management of irrigation networks; 
  training of veterinary inspectors;   technical training (bakery, cereal and oilseed farming practices, etc.);   standardization/certification of fruit and vegetables;   forest management; 
  improvement of the quality of dairy products; 
  development of geographical indications.  
Functioning in practice: 
 Priorities are identified by the relevant Fren ch bodies and the MAP on the basis of demand as 
identified by the Economic Missions.  Missions are in direct, on the spot contact with local authorities 
and professionals, and are therefore in a better pos ition to determine the sectors in which French 
expertise will be most appreciated.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 59 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
- technical assistance to OAPI in order to identify some products that can rapidly 
benefit from the protection of a geographical indication (GI) – assistance in holding a ministerial seminar; 
 
- GI seminar for five countries (Morocco , Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon and Iran).  
Identification of GI projects for potential funding by the World Bank and the MAP at 
the end of 2004 and in 2005; 
 - seminar on the promotion of mountain pr oducts and the role of geographical 
indications (Kenya, Nepal, Peru); 
 - support for the implementation of the ag ricultural policies of Senegal and Mali; 
 - support for the implementation of agri-food quality policies (West Africa). 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 The programme is allocated €2.3 million per year and is implemented by some 30 MAP 
officials.  It also relies on the participation of the French Economic Missions abroad. 
Contact: 
 Service des Relations Internationales 
Direction des Politiques Economiques et Internationales Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche  3, rue Barbet de Jouy 75007 Paris 
FRANCE IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 60  
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  OPTIMA  
General description: 
 
 The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAP) set up a trust fund to support the development of business partnerships under the auspices of UNIDO.  The programme sets out to 
develop the technological capacities of French operato rs and to encourage allia nces, partnerships and 
investment opportunities with foreign companies. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
  OPTIMA focuses on the following countries:  Alge ria, Brazil, China, India, Iran, Tanzania 
and Tunisia.  LDCs other than Tanzania may be  found eligible on examination of their cases. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
  Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, 
subcontracting etc., through: 
  non-financial incentives: 
  support for national enterprises in identifying potential partners (advice, 
contacts, etc.); 
  financial incentives: 
  financing or conducting surveys of domestic companies; 
 Objective 6 : encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  Any French private enterprise wishing to devel op a partnership with an enterprise located in 
one of the target countries.  
Type of technology transferred: 
 
- primary sector (agriculture, fisheries, forestry); 
 - downstream processing and convers ion (foodstuffs, agro-industry); 
 - related activities (equipment manufac turers, laboratories, biotechnologies). 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 OPTIMA may grant financial aid of €6,0 00 to €10,000 for expert missions abroad in 
connection with partnership feasibility studies or in  the framework of inter-company cooperation (in 
the form of alliances, technological ag reements, or "guild"-type activities). 
 
 This support does not cover the first trip by the French company.  It is given in proportion to the terms of reference and direct costs of th e missions, which are prepared and evaluated in 
cooperation with the UNIDO Service in France.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 61 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects : 
 
- business plan for setting up a factory for processing coconut fibre;  - joint venture between laboratories for food inspection and certification; 
 
- transfer of technology for the production of stewed fruit and pulp for industry. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 Since 1997, 32 French and foreign enterp rises have benefited from this programme. 
 
Contact:  
 Contact "Enterprises"  Yves Darricau, Directeur Adjoint 
 Service de l'ONUDI en France  9, rue Notre-Dame-Des-Victoires  75001 Paris  FRANCE IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 62  
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : SUPPORT FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF RURAL TRAINING  
General description: 
 Organization of training in the agronomic area  (breeding of sheep, goats, cattle etc.), fish 
breeding, vegetable and fruit growing, agricultural water management, organi c farming.  Support for 
setting up rural training facilities (initial training , further training, alternating school/enterprise 
training), bringing training into line with employment.   
Beneficiary countries: 
 The jointly funded activities do not solely c oncern the LDCs.  In 2003, over 30 countries 
benefited from the cooperation activities of the Di rectorate-General for Education and Research 
(DGER), including a number of developing countries ( inter alia , Brazil, Cameroon, Cuba, Lebanon, 
Morocco, Nicaragua, Peru, South Africa, Tunisia an d Viet Nam) and the following LDCs:  Burkina 
Faso, Benin, Cambodia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal and Togo. 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and processes: 
 access to legal and technological information sources; 
 creation of information centres; 
prior art training; organization of training systems (basic and post-school training); 
 
Objective 3
:   support joint research projects: 
 between private partners; 
 between public partners;  Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods; 
Objective 5 : capacity building. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 Public or private training centres. 
Type of technology transferred: 
- agricultural water management; 
 
- development of aquaculture; 
 - training of trainers, assistance in drawing up job referentials, training and evaluation; 
 - organization of training for "agricultural technicians"; 
 
- local development by the professional organizations; 
 - environmental protection;  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 63 
 
 
  
- conversion to organic farming; 
 
- techniques for diversification of agricultural production (multi-functionality); 
 
- development of rural tourism (multiple activities); 
 
- processing and preservation of food products:  milk, meat, etc., (agri-food industries); 
 
- tropical veterinary sciences (parasitology, optimization of livestock feed, selection of 
species and adaptation to the environment, etc.). 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 Requests are gathered by the DGER's geographi cal network, groups of technical and higher 
agronomic and veterinary training establishments which cooperate on a permanent basis with the 
countries concerned. 
Examples of projects: 
 Training of aquaculture technicians in Mali and Burkina Faso;  reorientation from export 
crops towards food crops in Cuba;  restructuring of the rural training system in Guinea. 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 The projects are co-funded by the territorial communities, the French Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs and the professional agricultural organizations ( Agriculteurs  français et développement  
international  – AFDI, chambers of agriculture). 
Contact: 
Bureau de la Coopération Inte rnationale (Pierre Autissier) 
1ter av. de Lowendal 
75700 Paris 07 SP 
France fopdac.bci@educagri.fr
 
http://www.educagri.fr/reseaux/resgeo/presreseaux.htm  
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 64  
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE /IRD - DEPARTMENT OF 
SUPPORT AND TRAINING FOR SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES OF THE SOUTH (DSF) 
 
General description: 
  The Development Research Institute (IRD) is  a public science and technology research 
institute.  In addition to conducting research and providing expertise, the IRD pursues a policy of 
research capacity-building among its scientific part ners in the countries of the south.   
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 The beneficiary countries are the IRD's scientific  partner countries.  They are located in the 
inter-tropical zone.  They are for the most part LDCs in sub-Saharan Africa, the Maghreb, Andean 
America, the Caribbean and South-East Asia.  Also some emerging countries:  Brazil, Mexico, India, 
etc. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 Objective 3
: support for joint  research projects:  support for joint research projects 
between public partners; 
 
 Objective 4 :  provide training in technology management and production methods; 
  training in scientific methods or techniques that are not available in a 
number of developing countries:  biotechnology, genomics, GIS, etc.; 
 
 Objective 5 : capacity-building: 
  training in scientific research:  training of human resources (PhD, further 
training, mobility grants); 
  support for research teams in the deve loping countries through partnership 
with French research teams, with a vi ew to integrating researchers from the 
south in international research networks; 
  support for research groups in the countries of the south with a view to 
consolidating their scientific research capacity and making it more sustainable; 
  support for training:  university training, summer schools, methodological 
seminars, thematic networks, etc. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
- first and foremost, public scientific institu tions (universities and research institutes) 
located in the countries of the south; 
 
- associations conducting scientific research located in the countries of the south; 
 - all research institutions (national, regiona l or international) working on development-
related scientific matters in the countries of the south. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 65 
 
 
 Functioning in practice: 
 
 Great variety of projects:  no prior selection - projects are selected according to the 
qualifications of the persons involved and how they match the needs of the partner scientific 
institutions (LDCs and emerging countries). 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
- establishment of a network of African centres of excellence on water issues (NEPAD 
seminar in Nairobi in May 2005); 
 
- regular invitations to apply for individual fellowships;  - regular invitations to research groups to apply for support.  
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects:  
 In 2004, all support went to researchers or research teams from least-developed or emerging 
countries. 
Individual support: 
 
 194 thesis fellowships; 
  40 further training fellowships (training in methods or techniques);   78 scientific exchange fellowships to promote the integration of researchers from the south in 
the international research networks. 
 
Support for teams or institutions:  networks, summer schools, etc.  
 19 research teams associated with IRD research units;  
 37 teams received support to build up their research capabilities; 
  94 scientific partnership projects between teams from the north and teams from the 
developing countries; 
 
 8 operations aimed at supporting various effort s to structure research:  seminars, summer 
schools, etc. 
 
Contact: 
 
 dsf@ird.paris.fr
 
 www.ird.fr  
 
Département Soutien et formation des communautés scientifiques du Sud 
Institut de recherche pour le développement Director:  H. de Tricornot IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 66  
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME :  IFREMER (FRENCH RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR EXPLOITATION OF THE SEA ) 
COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNIQUES  
General description: 
 
 Technical and scientific cooperation activities in  the fisheries and marine aquaculture sector. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 LDCs:  Mauritania, Angola, Eritrea, Senegal; 
 Others:  Uruguay. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
 Objective 1 : promote projects such as direct investment, licensing or franchising 
agreements, subcontracting, etc., by providing support to third countries 
(advice, contacts, etc.); 
 
 Objective 3 : support joint research projects between public partners; 
 
 Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Institutions, states, universities. 
 Type of technology transferred:  
 Management of fisheries, aquaculture research, training and participation in seminars on the 
maritime professions.  
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Upon request, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Management of fisheries stocks (Africa). 
 
Contact: 
 
 IFREMER 
 Direction Europe et International 
 155 rue Jean Jacques Rousseau 
 92138 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex  France  Tel.:  01 46 48 21 80  Fax:  01 46 48 21 88  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 67 
 
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION DEPARTMENT 
(SPIT) 
General description: 
 
 This programme enables specialists in the prom otion and preparation of industrial projects in 
the LDCs to visit France and is aimed at suppor ting private-sector development in the African 
countries by creating industrial and technologica l partnerships between French and African 
enterprises.  The programme also includes a compon ent intended to strengthen the capacities of local 
structures, particularly investment promotion agencies.  
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Fifteen African countries are involved:  Benin, Namibia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, 
Madagascar, Senegal, Tanzania, Ghana, Algeri a, Uganda, Mozambique, Kenya, Cameroon and 
Ethiopia.  In 2005 the programme may be extended to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
and a regional programme in East Africa (East African Community).  
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
  The general objectives of the programme are to promote in the African countries selected: 
  Objective 1
: new investments in the formal private-sector; 
 
 Objective 4 : transfer of technology and know- how, in the context of industrial 
cooperation with French enterprises, by SMEs in particular, with a stronger emphasis on environmental protection; 
 
 Objective 5
: strengthening the capacity of these countries' enterprises to create value 
added and industrial employment locally, to meet the needs of domestic and sub-regional markets, and to e xport manufactured consumer goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 These activities involve hosting and superv ising "delegates", African executives seconded 
from national or regional counterpa rts and responsible, with the as sistance of the UNIDO Service in 
France, for carrying out promotional activities for the benefit of their countries.  
 The target enterprises are SMEs;  the creation of a network of small- and medium-sized 
enterprises is a prerequisite for socially and geogr aphically balanced and su stainable development. 
 
Type of technology transferred:  
 
- biotechnology;  
- new information and communications technologies (NTIC); 
 - new materials;  - creation of industrial clusters; 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 68  
 
  - the establishment of new fields of activity, etc. 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 
 The initiative combines general promotional activ ity with surveys of investors or industrial 
and technical partners, individuali zed backup of operators in their negotiations and follow-up over the 
duration of the activities undertaken.  The UNIDO Se rvice in Paris is responsible for implementation 
of the programme.  
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
- modernization and expansi on of a dairy in Cameroon; 
 - manufacture of ethyl alcohol for medical use;  
- expansion of production and pro cessing of organic fruit for export; 
 - construction of a factory for roasting green coffee beans;  - setting up a plant for producing "puffed" cereals, etc. 
 Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 The programme has been in place since 1994.  More than 300 African operators have been 
hosted and introduced to potential partners.  Two hundred French enterprises have been supported on 
the ground, as part of individual or joint missions.  In total, more than 600 partnership opportunities 
have been identified in the African countries and formulated in accordance with UNIDO methods.  To 
date, 62 partnerships have b een concluded, are being established or are operational. 
 
Contact:  
 
Ministère des Affaires Etrangères  
CID/DCT/ELO 
20 rue Monsieur 75007 PARIS 
 
or  
 
Service de l'ONUDI en France 9, rue Notre-Dame-des-Victoires 
 75002 PARIS  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 69 
 
 
 FRANCE 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME INCENTIVE :  INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIPPING  
General description: 
 The programme focuses on bringing together head s of industrial enterprises in the same sector 
of activity.  Through the coupling of north and south industrialists operating in the same field, the aim 
is to promote and initiate multifaceted inter-corpo rate partnerships based on relations between 
producers.  The programme provides chosen ente rprises with step-by-step support, from the 
identification of partners to the search for funding. 
Beneficiary countries: 
 Maghreb:  Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia;  Sub-Saharan Africa:  French-speaking countries generally with three priority countries,  
i.e. Cameroon, Madagascar and Senegal. 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 The programme funds the direct costs of an industrial partnership mission by the French 
entrepreneur and the project leader concerned to the enterprise in the south. 
For the French entrepreneur, the objectives of the mission are: 
 
- to draw up a series of technical recomme ndations concerning the production plant in 
the south; 
 - to give practical and on-the-spot advice; 
 
- to participate in the preparation of a pre-feasibility study on the activity or 
development project under consideration. 
 
 The industrial partnership missions are intende d to lead to technical, economic and trade 
partnership projects which, for their implementa tion, can call upon French and European funding for 
the benefit of the private-sector in developing countries, particularly the Brussels Corporate Development Centre (CDC) support funds for sub-Sahara Africa.  
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 The Association Enterprises et Développemen t (E&D), which created the concept and 
promotes the setting up of such partnerships, is a network of decentralized initiatives for north-south 
industrial partnership.  It is composed of public and semi-public specialized bodies in the promotion 
and support of partnerships of this type.  E&D comprises of ADECI in Marseille; ARD in the 
Nord-Pas-de-Calais;  INTERCO in Aquitaine;  IP AD in Rouen;  IRCOD in Champagne-Ardenne;  
and IRCOD in Alsace. 
 The Brussels-based Corporate Development Ce ntre Enterprise supports follow-up to the 
industrial companionship missions. 
 The enterprises eligible are SMEs in France and the countries of the south. IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 70  
 
 Type of technology transferred:  
 All industrial production and industrial ser vices sectors are covered by the programme. 
Functioning in practice:  
 A French project leader funded by the progr amme and working under the authority of the 
E&D network is placed at the disposal of each pair of entrepreneurs in each geographical area.  These 
project leaders are responsible for pre-selecting the French and African enterprises, ensuring that each 
"couple" of entrepreneurs is prepared and supporte d on the ground, and assisting them in determining 
the development plan for the operator in the south and their collaboration project. 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
- construction materials in Burkina Faso; 
 
- sheet metal, stainless steel boilers in Senegal; 
 
- leather goods in Madagascar; 
 
- wood processing in Cameroon. 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 The programme was launched 10 years ago (in 1995) and involves 250 industrial partnership 
missions. 
Contact: 
Ministère des Affaires Etrangères  
CID/DCT/ELO 20 rue Monsieur 75007 PARIS 
 
or  
 
Entreprises et Développement Immeuble CMCI 2 rue Henri Barbusse 13001 Marseille 
 
   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 71 
 
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  DEG - DEUTSCHE INVESTITIONS - UND ENTWICKLUNGS -
GESELLSCHAFT MBH  
 
General description: 
 
 DEG is a special financial institution that s upports private-sector development in developing 
and transition countries by providing financial support and advice for long-term investments of 
private enterprises. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 All developing countries (incl. LDCs) and transition countries.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
  
Objective 1 :  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, 
sub-contracting, etc., through: 
 
 non-financial incentives: 
support to national firms identifying potential partners (advice,  
contacts,   etc.); 
  f inancial incentives to national firms: 
financing or insuring of prospective activities;  
loans; 
equity and mezzanine finance; 
 
financial incentives to third country firms: 
financing or insuring of prospective activities; 
loans; 
guarantee of loans; 
equity participation; mezzanine finance. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  German and European companies, as well as companies in developing countries. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 DEG invests in every sector, from agriculture to infrastructure, including manufacturing and 
the services sector.  A focus is on investments in regional financial markets in order to facilitate 
reliable access to capital locally.  
Functioning in practice:  
  Companies submit their business and project plans. Decisions are made by credit committees 
at DEG. IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 72  
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
 Financing extensions of production facilities.    DEG portfolio in LDCs and areas of activity (as at 31 December 2002): 
 
 
Burundi:   Congo, Dem. 
Rep.:  
 Guinea:  Lesotho: 
 
Liberia:  Malawi:  Mali: 
 
Mozambique:    
 
  Rwanda:  
Senegal: 
  Somalia:  
Sudan: 
  
Development bank  Sawmill and veneer works 
 
 Commercial bank  Development bank 
 
Development bank  Development bank  Agricultural finance 
 
Agriculture Aluminium smelter Citrus fruits  Leasing 
Sugar cane 
Venture capital  Development bank  
Cement 
Phosphoric acid  Air travel  
Agricultural finance  
Tanzania:   
 
  Uganda:  
 
 Zambia:    
 
 Bangladesh:   
 
    
Cambodia: 
 Maldives:  Nepal:   
Development company Hotels Office and shopping centre 
Telecommunications 
Venture capital  Investment company Office and commercial letting 
Telecommunications 
 Agriculture Development bank Forwarding agency Venture capital 
Copper mine 
 Cement Cotton weaving mills (2) Development company 
Infusions 
Leasing Shipping company Sportswear  
Microfinance 
 Commercial bank  Hydroelectric power station 
 
 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of supported projects: 
 
 At the end of 2003 the DEG was represented in a total of 13 of the 49 LDCs.  Its financial 
commitments in respect of investments in 30 bu sinesses (including finance sector projects) totalled 
€172 million; €108 million went to 18 undertakings in 9 African countries and €64 million to  
12 undertakings in four Asian countries.  The amo unt of finance going to LDCs represented 7% of 
DEG's total business. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 73 
 
 
 Contact:  
 
DEG - Deutsche Investitions- und  Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH P. O. Box 45 03 40 
50878 Cologne, Germany 
Telephone: + 49 221 / 49 86 - 0 Fax: + 49 221 / 49 86 – 1290 E-Mail: info@deginvest.de
   
Internet: http://www.deginvest.de  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 74  
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAM /INCENTIVE :  KFW -  PUBLIC -PRIVATE -PARTNERSHIP -FACILITY  
 
General description: 
  The resources of the Federal Ministry of  Economic Co-operation and Development (BMZ) 
are used by the KfW PPP Facility to support private-sector commitments involving the purchase, building and/or operation of infrastructure project s and financial sector projects in developing 
countries, considered worthy of promotion from a development policy point of  view, and intended to 
improve the economic and social infrastructure.  Here the facility assumes part of the risk of German 
undertakings (developers and operators of projects) in respect of the costs of preparing a private-
sector commitment.   This risk sharing takes the form of refunding part of any costs incurred in respect of such 
preparations where a commitment under considerati on fails (max. €167,000) or the form of a general 
contribution to the preparation of projects (max. €100,000). 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Selected developing countries, including all LDCs.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
 Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, 
sub-contracting, etc., through financ ial incentives to national firms:  
financing or insuring of prospectiv e activities, insurance coverage of 
economic risk; 
 Objective 3
: support joint research projects betw een private and public partners. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 European enterprises.  
Type of technology transferred: 
  Technology related to infrastructure or financial sector project. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Companies apply for contributions or insu rance facility and KfW checks eligibility and 
approves if project application is in line with guidelines.  
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
 Feasibility studies 
 Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 So far (February 2001-June 2004): 16 projects supported with a total amount of €1.6 million. 
January - December 2003: 4 projects supported with a total amount of  €410,000.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 75 
 
 
 Contact:  
 
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) Palmengartenstrasse 5-9 D – 60325 Frankfurt 
Tel. +49-69-7431-4327 
Fax. +49-69-7431-2218 e-mail : Susanne.Mauve@kfw.de IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 76  
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  STIFTUNG FÜR WIRTSCHAFTLICHE ENTWICKLUNG UND 
BERUFLICHE QUALIFIZIERUNG (SEQUA ).  PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME  
 
General description: 
  
 The partnership program supports cooperati on projects between German chambers and 
associations and business membership organizati ons (BMOs) in developing countries.  The 
partnership programme supports activities for ne w and better services for small and medium 
enterprises and interest representation for a better policy environment. 
  Approximately €6.5 million per annum. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Selected developing countries, including all LDCs.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., through  incentives to third country firms:  these firms 
receive advice/training in different fiel ds relevant for technology transfer 
(i.e. intercultural training, intern ational markets, export and import, 
international contracts, technical training and advice, etc.); 
 
Objective 2 :  improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
access to legal and technological information sources; creation of information centres; training in the state of the art; 
 Objective 4
:  provide training in technology management and production methods; 
 
Objective 5 :  capacity building. 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  German chambers and associations and sim ilar business membership organizations from 
developing countries.  
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Technical training and advice (international markets, import and e xport, international 
contracts, intercultural training, etc.) 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 Business membership organizations from Ge rmany or developing countries submit proposals 
on possible cooperation activities to SEQUA.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 77 
 
 
 Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 The project portfolio consists of about 35 partnership projects between German and third 
country business membership organizations. 
 
Contact:   
Stiftung für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und berufliche Qualifizierung (SEQUA) 
Mozartstrasse 4-10 D – 53115 Bonn 
Tel. +49-228-98238-0 
Fax. +49-228-98238-19 oder –29 e-mail : info@sequa.de 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 78  
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  SCIENTIFIC -TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 
(WISSENSCHAFTLICH -TECHNISCHE ZUSAMMENARBEIT , WTZ ) 
General description: 
 General objectives are: 
 
- cooperation for the mutual benefit of both pa rtners in joint research and education 
projects; 
 
- contribution to the improvement of economic  relations with the partner countries; 
 - participation in multilateral networks of  research establishments and enterprises. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 African and Arab countries, especially Egypt, South Africa, Morocco and Tunisia, where 
special bilateral agreements exist.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentive given: 
 
Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., through support to  national and third country firms 
identifying potential partners (advice, contacts, etc.) as well as financing or 
insuring of prospective activities for na tional firms.  Financial incentives 
comprise mainly travel costs to initiate  joint projects between partners in 
Germany and partner countries; 
 Objective 3
:  support joint research projects between  private and between public partners. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  Enterprises, higher education establishments, research establishments. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 The programme covers all research areas. T echnology development is  not a condition for 
funding.  Projects are generally designed to be followed up by larger projects funded through other 
sources.  
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Applications are decided directly by the Intern ational Bureau of BMBF, in case of bilateral 
agreements jointly with the authorities in partner countries.   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 79 
 
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  PPP  FACILITY  
 
General description: 
 
- training and capacity building for SME promotion and vocational training;  - training and capacity building for rural development;  
- technology transfer for environment improvements, renewable energy supply, 
improvements in infrastructure, water and waste management; 
 - implementation of social standards;  
- implementation of eco-standards; 
 - aids prevention and other health care activities;  - good governance;  
- sustainable tourism; 
 - sustainable land and forest management, including certification processes FSC;  - food quality and safety system development. 
 
  Duration:  since 1999.  Budget (2002-2004):  €37 million. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 In principle not restricted, all partner countries can be chosen.  Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:   
 Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., through non-financ ial incentives: support to national and 
third country firms identifying potential partners (advice, contacts, etc.); 
  Objective 2
:  improve access to available techni ques and industrial processes: access to 
legal and technological information sources, creation of information centres, training in the state of the art; 
 
Objective 4
:   provide training in technology  management and production methods; 
 Objective 5
:  capacity building; 
 Objective 6
:  encourage trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
  
 European enterprises. IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 80  
 
  
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Technology transfer takes place in different sectors such as waste and water management, 
production processes, energy management, etc. 
 
Functioning in practice: 
 
 Companies submit brief project proposals. 
  Examples of ongoing/implemented projects   
- establishing education and training facilities; 
 
- HIV-Aids awareness programmes; 
 
- training  of suppliers.  
 
Contact: 
 
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH 
Büro für die Zusammenarbeit mit der Wirtschaft 
Dag-Hammerskjöld-Weg  1-5 Postfach 5180 D-65726  Eschborn Phone:  +49-6196/79-73 77 
Fax:  +49-6196/79-73 78 
Website:  http://www.gtz.de/ppp
 
   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 81 
 
 
 GERMANY 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  SENIOR EXPERTS SERVICES (SES) 
 
General description: 
  The Senior Experts Services (SES) is   a non-profit organization which, with the help of senior 
experts, promotes the vocational training, further education and qualifica tion of specialists and 
executives in Germany and abroad.  The main areas are technical and economic fields.  The senior 
experts' activities are oriented towards quick and pragmatic assistance on the spot, with special 
emphasis on help towards self-help, generally comb ined with the solution of pressing problems.  
  The duration of the assignments is between 2 weeks and 6 months, follow-up assignments are 
welcome.   
 Duration:  since 1983 
 Budget : €3.0 million per annum.  
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Worldwide, in focus are countries from Africa , Asia and Latin America, and countries in 
transition.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., through support to  national and third country firms 
identifying potential partners (advice, contacts, etc.); 
  Objective 2
:  improve access to available techniques and industrial processes in 
particular: Access to legal and technological information sources and training in the state of the art; 
 
 Objective 4
:  provide training in technology management and production methods; 
  Objective 5
:  capacity building. 
 Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 SMEs, NGOs, organizations and institutions.  
Type of technology transferred: 
  Production process technologies. 
 
Functioning in practice:  
 Local enterprises contact SES for assistance.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 82  
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
 Mongolia, training in coiffeur handcraft.   
 
Contact: 
 
 Senior Experten Service  Buschstrasse 2, D-53113 Bonn  Postfach 22 62, D-53012 Bonn  Phone:  +49-228 260 900 
 Fax : + 49- 228 260 90 77 
 E-mail: ses@ses-bonn.de
 
 Website: http://www.ses-bonn.de  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 83 
 
 
 SLOVAK REPUBLIC  
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT AID  
General description  
 
Based on the Governmental Decree No. 332/2002 of 3 April 2002 the Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs of the Slovak Republic is coordinator of  the provided Slovak Official Development Aid 
(ODA).  The funds are divided for the projects in countries of priority and for the projects in Serbia 
and Montenegro .  
 
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic (MFA) and the United Nations 
Development Prograrmne (UNDP) have establis hed the Slovak-UNDP Trust Fund (TF) as one 
component of the Slovak National Official  Development Assistance Programme (ODA). 
Administrative and Contracting Unit (ACU) bas been  established within the TF as an ODA delivery 
mechanism to support national capacity building in  the field of ODA, under the leadership and 
supervision of the Trust Fund Steering Committee (TFSC).  
 
The TF project is executed and implemented directly by the UNDP Regional Center in 
Bratislava.  It operates as a separate project, ma naged by TFSC while making full use of the UNDP 
Regional Support Center's administrative and financial capacities.  The role of the Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs of the Slovak Republic is strategic mana gement and decision-making in ACU's activities.  
 
ACU's task is strengthening national capacitie s for development c ooperation, supporting 
development education, public awareness and na tional development constituency. ACU has no 
decision-making responsibility in deciding for fundi ng Slovak ODA activities.  The implementation of 
the tasks of the ACU is set up in the frame of priorities approved by the TFSC.  
 Beneficiary countries:  
 
Afghanistan, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrghyzia, Macedonia, 
Mongolia, Mozambique, Sudan, Ta jikistan and Uzbekistan   
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
 The programme relates to the specific   Objective 1
:   financial contributions up to US$100,000 project. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
 Slovak subject registered under the Law No. 40/1964 Zb., . č. 513/1991 Zb. a č. 575/2001 Z.z  
 Functioning in practice:  
 
In the first call TFSC approved 8 projects out of a total number of 38 submitted projects, in the 
second call 15 out of 26 submitted projects.  The ap proved projects cover the following Slovak ODA 
priority countries: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Ke nya, Kyrgyz Republic, Macedonia, Mongolia and 
Uzbekistan. Total amount of both calls is US$2,137,099, which was allocated to the selected projects. 
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 84  
 
 The Official Development Aid is covering a ll areas of Governmental Development Aid to 
Beneficiary Countries, not only transfer of technology .  
 
From the above mentioned approved projects 7 are related to Transfer of technology in total 
sum of US$645,206. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
 
 Transfer of gabion nets using Slov ak know-how in gabion technology  
Company: Martimex Inc..  
Beneficiary Country: Kirghyzia  Budget: US$100,000  
 
 Aeronautical Climatological Database 
Company: Microstep Mis Ltd.  
Beneficiary country : Macedonia  
Budget: US$80,000   
 Landslide Monitoring Programme 
Company: Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences  
Beneficiary country: Uzbekistan 
Budget: US$99,800  
 
 Groundwater Resources for Shepherds in Mongolia 
After the implementation it will be possible to  produce water pumps in Mongolia, suitable for 
installation into the bores and wells.  
Company:  E-Est Ltd. 
Beneficiary country:  Mongolia  
Budget: US$79,870  
 
 Development of Infrastructure for Rapid Earthquake Data Collection and Exchange  
 - DIRECTE 2 
Company: Geophysical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences 
Beneficiary country: Macedonia Budget: US$85,932 
 
 Transfer of gabion nets using Slov ak know-how  in gabion technology 
Company: Martimex Inc. 
Beneficiary country: Uzbekistan 
Budget: US$99,604  
 
 Automatic Weather Stations Network 
Company: Microstep 
Beneficiary country: Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Budget: US$100,000  
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 85 
 
 
 Contact: 
 
Administrative and contracting unit TF 
Rozvojový program OSN (UNDP) 
Grösslingova 35 811 09 Bratislava 
http://www.undp.sk
 IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 86  
 
 SPAIN  
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  TECHNOLOGICAL PROMOTION PROJECTS  
 
General description: 
  These projects are intended for Spanish compani es, who wish to promote their technologies 
abroad and hope to carry out a specific technology transfer project as licensers. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
 Any country of the world.  
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1
:  promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc., through: 
 
  non financial incentives: 
support to national firms identifying pot ential partners (advice, contacts, 
etc.); 
 
  financial incentives to national firms (100% or co-financing: 
financing or insuring of prospective activities; 
loans; 
 
Objective 3 :  support joint research projects between private partners; 
 Objective 6
:  encourage to  trade in technological goods. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 These projects are only intended for Spanish companies. 
 
Type of technology transferred:  
 All, except military technology. 
 Functioning in practice:  
Zero-interest credits are provided to finance th e following types of activities:  industrial and 
intellectual property; equivalency au thorisations and certifications that allow for internationalisation; 
the creation of prototypes for the transfer of technology and internati onal promotions; personnel 
training for the licensing company;  documents, st udies and contracts;  technical translations;  
overseas promotional studies; legal support and the negotiation of agreements ; and participation in 
technology fairs and forums. 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 87 
 
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
promotion of liquid fertilisers and special bio-stimulators for agriculture; 
technology transfer for manufacturing dairy products; technology transfer of a pay-by-mobile phone system. 
Statistics on the use of the incentive/on the number of  supported projects: 
 
 In 2004, 40 technological promotion projects were approved, with a total budget of  
€8,415, of which CDTI contributed €5,049.  Of the 40 approved projects, 32 correspond to technological promotion and 8 to technology transfer.  
 
Contact: 
 
 D. Javier Ponce  Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology 
 E-mail: jpm@cdti.es
 
 http://www.cdti.es  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 88  
 
 SWEDEN 
 Foreword:  
Sweden contributes with technology transfer to least-developed countries through its 
development assistance.  This assistance is channelled through the Sw edish International 
Development Co-operation Agency (Sida).  In pa rticular its department for Infrastructure and 
Economic Co-operation (INEC) deals with technology transfer to developing and to least-developed 
countries.  
INEC is responsible for Sida's development assi stance to the infrastructural sector and it also 
deals with economic cooperation.  This involves sec tor and feasibility studies, investment projects, 
energy savings and renewable energy projects in the energy field and also in other areas such as 
telecommunications, roads, housing, urban develo pment, etc. These projects often include sector 
reforms, institution building and the use of lo cal resources in road construction for example. 
 
INEC also provides support to productive sect ors in developing countries, such as industry 
and trade, capital markets development, contr act-financed technical cooperation, credits and 
guarantees, international training etc. With regard  to least-developed countries, most of INEC's 
activities are geared towards the transfer of technology and know-how.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 89 
 
 
 SWEDEN 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  START SOUTH PROGRAMME  
 
General description: 
 
 To promote the development of trade and industry in the developing countries, Sida (the Swedish International Developmen t Co-operation Agency) has created  the "Start-South programme".  
The target group for the programme is Swedish co mpanies in the process of starting sustainable 
business cooperation with companies in the South. The commercial activities shall take place in the 
developing country.  
  Transfer of technological know-how from the Swedish companies to the companies in the 
South is often a prerequisite of successful cooperatio n.  To encourage such transfer, Sida can offer a 
write-off loan of SKR500,000 to the Swedish company to  finance education and training.  The loan is 
written off as soon as the training is finalised. 
  To facilitate the purchase of technological equipment, Sida also provides loans of  
SKR250,000 to the Swedish company. This loan runs  for five years on favourable rate of interest. 
  
Beneficiary countries: 
 
Africa
: Botswana, Cap Verde, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, 
Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Uganda.  
Asia:
 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Mongolia, 
Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, West Bank/Gaza and Viet Nam. 
 
Latin America:  Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, 
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, H onduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua,  Panama, 
Paraguay and Peru. 
 Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given:  
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, 
subcontracting etc., through loans; 
 
Objective 2 : promote access to available techniqu es and industrial process: access to 
legal and technological information sources, training in the state of the art, training in industrial production know-how; 
 Objective 4:
 training in business practices and management; 
 
Objective 5 : capacity building projects. 
  
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Swedish companies in the process of st arting sustainable business cooperation with 
companies in the South. 
 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 90  
 
 Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Ethiopia Healthcare:  Transfer of technolog y for gynaecological cancer testing. 
Textiles:  Establishment of a textile pl ant for home textiles, mainly curtains. 
 
Zambia 
 PET-bottles:  Technology transfer for the ma nufacturing of pre-forms for PET-bottles for 
 mineral water.  
 Mozambique 
Quality and Environmental Management:  Im plementation of Quality and Environmental 
 Management System for small and medium enterprises 
 Tanzania 
Electricity:  Transfer of technology for distribution of electricity in rural areas. 
  
Contact: 
 
 Swedish International Developm ent Co-operation Agency, Sida 
 105 25 Stockholm 
 Sweden 
 Tel:  +46-8-698 50 00  Fax: +46-8-20 88 64   Contact person: Hans Wettergren 
 E-mail: info@sida.se
 
 Website: www.sida.se   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 91 
 
 
 SWEDEN 
 
NAME OF THE PROJECT :  PRODUCTION OF PUBLICATION "TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO DEVELOPING 
COUNTRIES " 
 Sida has in cooperation with the University of Lund, Sweden, produced the publication 
"Transfer of Technology to Developing Countries". 
  The book contains a general discussion on in tellectual property rights and the relationship 
between developed and developing countries with r espect to technology transfer with the TRIPS  
agreement and Article 66.2  in focus.  Respons ible for the book are the 2004 Masters of European 
Affairs under the supervision of professor Hans Henrik Lidgard. 
  Cost: US$8,000.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 92  
 
 UNITED KINGDOM 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTR Y PROSPECTS FOR INDIA AND 
CHINA , TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND ACCESS TO MEDICINES  
General description: 
 
Research study assessing the impact of the domestic implementation of the TRIPS  
Agreement on the pharmaceutical industries in Indi a and China, including the export market for 
generic drugs in developing and least-developed countries. 
 Beneficiary countries:  
Primary: India and China 
Secondary: developing and least-developed countries. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
 
Objective 1
: promote projects such as direct investment, licensing, franchising, sub-
contracting, etc. 
 
 non-financial incentives : 
support to national firms and countries identifying potential partners 
(advice, contacts, etc.):  - identifies companies with pharmaceutical manufacturing and R&D  capacities; 
- identifies conditions under which companies may produce 
 pharmaceuticals under voluntary or compulsory licences;  
Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
   - outlines main points of patent la w and regulations relevant to the 
 production of pharmaceutical products; 
  - identifies conditions under which companies may produce 
 pharmaceuticals under voluntary or compulsory licences; 
 Objective 6
: encourage trade in technological goods: 
 
  - identifies conditions under which companies may produce 
 pharmaceuticals under voluntary or compulsory licenses for both  domestic and export use. 
 
Contact:  
 
Saul Walker Policy Analyst Policy Division Department for International Development 
1 Palace St 
London SW1E 5HE 
 E-mail: s-walker@dfid.gov.uk
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 93 
 
 
 UNITED KINGDOM 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  GRANT TO INTERNATIONAL AIDS VACCINE INITIATIVE  
General description: 
 £7.75 million (04/05) grant funding to the In ternational AIDS Vaccine Initiative to support 
the development and future introduction of HI V vaccines for use by developing countries. 
 
Beneficiary countries:  
All developing countries. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
   
Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
   - access to legal and technological information sources: IPR 
 management relating to the development of HIV vaccines; 
  - training in the state of the art: clinical testing of HIV vaccine 
 candidates, transfer of HIV vaccine manufacturing technologies; 
 
 Objective 3
: support for joint research projects between private partners and between 
public partners (see examples); 
 
 Objective 4 : provide training in technology management and production methods: 
transfer of HIV vaccine manufacturing technologies; 
  Objective 5
: capacity building to undertake clinical trials for HIV vaccines, including 
training, laboratory capacity and data management. 
 Eligible enterprises or institutions:  
 Public or private research institutions. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Vaccine development and manufacturing. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
- vaccine development partnership between  IAVI, Oxford AIDS Vaccine Initiative 
(Oxavi) and Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiativ e (KAVI) to develop and test a clade A 
prime-boost HIV vaccine strategy; 
 
- vaccine development partnership between  IAVI, the Indian Council for Medical 
Research and Therion Biotech (US) to develop and test a clade C HIV vaccine.  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 94  
 
 Contact: 
 
 Martin Smith 
 Central Research Department/Depar tment for International Development 
 1 Palace St 
London SW1E 5HE 
 E-mail: m-smith@dfid.gov.uk
  Website: www.iavi.org   IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 95 
 
 
 UNITED KINGDOM 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE : GRANT TO INTERNATIONAL PA RTNERSHIP FOR MICROBICIDES  
General description: 
 
£0.3 million (04/05) grant funding to the Intern ational Partnership for Microbicides to support 
the development and future introduction of anti-HIV microbicides for use by developing countries.  
Beneficiary countries: 
 
All developing countries. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
   
Objective 2
: improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
 
  - access to legal and technological information sources: IPR 
 management relating to the development of HIV vaccines; 
- training in the state of the art: clinical testing of HIV microbicide 
 candidates; 
 Objective 3 :  support for joint research projects between private partners and between 
public partners (see examples); 
  Objective 4
:  provide training in technology management and production methods: 
possible transfer of HIV microbicide manufacturing technologies; 
 
Objective 5 : capacity building to undertake clinical  trials for HIV microbicides, including 
training, laboratory capacity and data management. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Public or private research institutions. 
 Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Microbicide development and manufacturing. 
 
Examples of ongoing/implemented projects:  
Partnership between IPM and Tibotech Pharmaceu ticals Ltd to develop and test a candidate 
microbicide. 
 
Contact: 
  Martin Smith 
 Central Research Department  Department for International Development  1 Palace St 
London SW1E 5HE 
 E-mail: m-smith@dfid.gov.uk
 
 Website: www.ipm-microbicides.org  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
Page 96  
 
 UNITED KINGDOM 
 
NAME OF THE PROGRAMME /INCENTIVE :  GRANT TO THE MEDICINES FOR MALARIA VENTURE (MMV ) 
General description: 
 
£1 million (04/05) grant funding to the Medicines for Malaria Venture to support the 
development and future introduction of new drugs for the treatment a nd prevention of malaria for use 
by developing countries. 
 
Beneficiary countries: 
 
All developing countries. 
 
Objective(s) and type(s) of incentives given: 
   
Objective 2 : improve access to available techniques and industrial processes: 
 
- access to legal and technological information sources: IPR  management relating to the deve lopment of anti-malarial drugs; 
- training in the state of the art: clinical testing of anti-malarial drug 
 candidates; 
Objective 3
: support for joint research projects between private partners and between 
public partners (see examples); 
 Objective 4
: provide training in technology management and production methods: 
possible transfer of anti-malarial drug manufacturing technologies; 
 
Objective 5 :  capacity building to undertake clinical trials for anti-malarial drugs, 
including training, laboratory capacity and data management. 
 
Eligible enterprises or institutions: 
 
 Public or private research institutions. 
 
Type of technology transferred: 
 
 Anti-malarial drug development and manufacturing.  Examples of ongoing/implemented projects: 
 
Partnership between MMV, GlaxoSmithKline (UK) and Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals (India). 
  IP/C/W/452/Add.6 
 Page 97 
 
 
 Contact: 
 
 Martin Smith 
 Central Research Department  Department for International Development 
 1 Palace St 
London SW1E 5HE 
 E-mail: m-smith@dfid.gov.uk
    
 Website: www.mmv.org  
 
 
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