WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  ANNEX  5: CHAD  
 
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  CONTENTS  
1  ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ .......................  362 
1.1  Main features of the economy  ................................ ................................ ...................  362 
1.2  Recent economic developments  ................................ ................................ .................  363 
1.3  Developments in Trade and Investment  ................................ ................................ ...... 365 
1.3.1  Trends and patterns in merchandise and services trade  ................................ ..............  365 
2  TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES  ................................ ................................ .........  369 
2.1  General framework  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 369 
2.2  Trade policy formulation and objectives  ................................ ................................ ...... 369 
2.3  Trade agreements and arrangements  ................................ ................................ .........  370 
2.3.1  WTO ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  370 
2.3.2  Regional and preferential agreements  ................................ ................................ ...... 370 
2.3.3  Other agreements and arrangements  ................................ ................................ ....... 370 
2.4  Investment regime  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 370 
3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  ................................ .......................  373 
3.1  Measures directly affecting imports  ................................ ................................ ............  373 
3.1.1  Customs procedures, valuation, and requirements  ................................ .....................  373 
3.1.2  Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 374 
3.1.3  Tariffs  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  374 
3.1.3.1   Most-favoured -nation tariff  ................................ ................................ ..................  374 
3.1.3.2   Other duties and charges  ................................ ................................ ....................  375 
3.1.3.3   Bindings  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  375 
3.1.3.4   Exemptions and concessions on duties and taxes  ................................ ....................  376 
3.1.4  Other charges affecting imports  ................................ ................................ ..............  376 
3.1.5  Import prohibition s, restrictions, and licensing  ................................ ..........................  377 
3.1.6  Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures  ................................ ..............  378 
3.1.7  Other measures affecting imports  ................................ ................................ ...........  378 
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports  ................................ ................................ ............  379 
3.2.1  Customs procedures and requirements  ................................ ................................ .... 379 
3.2.2  Taxes, charges, and levies  ................................ ................................ .....................  379 
3.2.3  Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  ................................ ...........................  380 
3.2.4  Export support and promotion  ................................ ................................ ................  380 
3.2.5  Export finance, insurance, and guarantees  ................................ ...............................  381 
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  ................................ ................................ .... 381 
3.3.1  Standards and other technical regulations  ................................ ................................  381 
3.3.2  Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements  ................................ ................................ . 381 
3.3.3  Competition policy and price controls  ................................ ................................ ....... 382 
3.3.4  State trading, state -owned enterprises, and privatization  ................................ ...........  383 
3.3.5  Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ......................  383 
3.3.6  Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .....................  384 WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  4  TRADE POLICY BY SECTOR  ................................ ................................ .......................  385 
4.1  Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries  ................................ ................................ .............  385 
4.1.1  Introduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  385 
4.1.2  Agricultural policy  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 386 
4.1.3  Policy by subsector  ................................ ................................ ...............................  387 
4.1.3.1   Livestock farming and by -products  ................................ ................................ ....... 387 
4.1.3.2   Cotton and its by -products  ................................ ................................ ..................  388 
4.1.3.3   Sugar  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  389 
4.1.3.4   Gum arabic  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 389 
4.1.3.5   Other agricultural products  ................................ ................................ ..................  389 
4.1.3.6   Fishing  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  389 
4.1.3.7   Forestry products  ................................ ................................ ...............................  390 
4.2  Mining, energy and water  ................................ ................................ .........................  390 
4.2.1  Mining  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  390 
4.2.2  Petroleum sector  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 392 
4.2.3  Energy and water  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 393 
4.2.3.1   Energy  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  393 
4.2.3.2   Water  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  393 
4.3  Manufacturing  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  394 
4.4  Services  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  394 
4.4.1  Telecommunications services  ................................ ................................ ..................  394 
4.4.2  Postal and express services  ................................ ................................ ....................  396 
4.4.3  Transport services  ................................ ................................ ................................  396 
4.4.3.1   Land transport services  ................................ ................................ .......................  396 
4.4.3.2   River and lake transport  ................................ ................................ ......................  397 
4.4.3.3   Rail transport  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 397 
4.4.3.4   Air transport services ................................ ................................ ..........................  397 
4.4.4  Tourism services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 399 
4.4.5  Financial services  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 400 
4.4.5.1   Banking and microfinance services  ................................ ................................ ....... 400 
4.4.5.2   Insurance services  ................................ ................................ .............................  402 
5  APPENDIX TABLES  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 404 
 
CHARTS  
 
Chart 1.1 Patterns in merchandise trade, 2012 and 2021  ................................ .....................  366 
Chart 1.2 Direction of merchandise trade, 2012 and 2021  ................................ ....................  367 
Chart 1.3 FDI stock in Chad , 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ...............  368 
 WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  TABL ES 
 
Table 1.1 Basic economic indicators, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ .... 363 
Table 1.2 Balance of payments, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ...........  364 
Table 2.1 Start -up cost by business type  ................................ ................................ ...........  372 
Table 3.1 Composition of government revenue, 2013 -21 ................................ .....................  375 
Table 3.2 Excise taxes and special taxes in force in 2022  ................................ .....................  377 
Table 3.3 Products subject to import prohibition, authorization or control, 2023  ......................  377 
Table 3.4 Market values and levies on exports of live animals  ................................ ...............  379 
Table 3.5 Animal and plant products subject to certification  ................................ .................  382 
Table 3.6 Products subject to price controls  ................................ ................................ ....... 383 
Table 3.7 Number of deposits at the National Liaison Structure (SNL), 2013 -21 ......................  384 
Table 4.1 Food production, 2013 -21 ................................ ................................ .................  385 
Table 4.2 Livestock numbers, 2013 -21 ................................ ................................ ..............  387 
Table 4.3 Characteristics of mining rights  ................................ ................................ ..........  391 
Table 4.4 Authorizations and permits for engaging in hydrocarbon -related activities  ................  392 
Table 4.5 Key telecommunications indicators, 2020  ................................ ............................  394 
Table 4.6 Average prices of different telecommunications services, 2021  ...............................  395 
Table 4.7 Statistics on air transport at N'Djamena, 2013 -18 ................................ .................  398 
Table 4.8 Air transpo rt agreements  ................................ ................................ ..................  398 
Table 4.9 Main economic indicators of the Chadian tourism sector, 2014 -21 ...........................  400 
Table 4.10 Breakdown of banks' capital between the Chadian State and foreign private 
sharehol ders as a whole, 2023.  ................................ ................................ ........................  401 
Table 4.11 Key banking sector indicators, Chad  ................................ ................................ .. 401 
Table 4.12 Microfinance sector statistics, 2014 -18 ................................ ..............................  402 
  
APPENDI X TABLE S 
 
Table A1.1 Structure of exports, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ..........  404 
Table A1.2 Structure of imports, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ..........  405 
Table A1.3 Destinations of exports, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ...... 406 
Table A1.4 Origin of imports, 2012 -21 ................................ ................................ ..............  407 
Table A3.1 State participation in businesses  ................................ ................................ ....... 408 
Table  A3.2 Number of tariff lines with rates that differ from those of the CET, 2019  .................  409 
 
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  1  ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT  
1.1  Main features of the economy  
1.1.  Chad is the largest landlocked country in Africa, sharing borders with Libya to the north, Sudan 
to the east, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria to the west and the Central African Republic to the south . 
It has a hot continental climate (hot in the north, Sahelian in the centre and tropical in the south) 
and rainfall varies greatly throughout the year . The country is highly prone to drought . The nearest 
port, Douala, is 1,700 km from the capital, N'Djamena . As the fifth largest country in Africa by 
land-mass, Chad has abundant natural resources, in particular minerals, crops and animals . The 
population was estimated  at 17.4  million  in 2021 and is growing by 3.6 % a year.  
1.2.  Chad remains one of the poorest countries in the world . According to  the human development 
index of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) , Chad was ranked 190th out of 
191 countries  in 2022 . Extreme poverty, however, is confined mainly to rural areas . Annual 
per capita income was USD 686 in 2021, up from USD 663 in 2017 . Life expectancy is around 
53 years . The proportion of the population living below the income poverty line fell from 55 % in 
2003 to 46 % in 2011 and 42 % in 2018, the last year for which data are available .1 Despite a marked 
improvement in the school enrolment ratio (from 39 % in 2000 to 64 % in 2014 and 77 % in 2021) 
and the primary -school completion rate (44 % in 2018 , as agai nst 23% in 2000), literacy levels are 
among the lowest in Africa.  
1.3.  A significant segment  of the population (around 20 -25%, depending on the year) is regularly 
exposed to food insecurity . This percentage varies from one part of the country to another and can  
be as high as 40 -45% in the Sahel belt . A large proportion of the population is affected by 
undernutrition and all its consequences , which include stunting among children, severe malnutrition 
among children under five, and anaemia in women of reproductive  age. 
1.4.  Ever since crude oil extraction  began in 2003, Chad's economic development has depended 
heavily on the oil market . The country's oil resources have enabled major public investment s to be 
made , in particular in the road network, health and education . Oil is the country's main export 
product and is transported to international markets via a pipeline more than  1,000 km long, linking 
the oilfields in the Doba region to the port terminal at Kribi (in  Cameroon).  
1.5.  Services constitute  the largest  sector of the  Chadian economy, contributing anywhere between 
37% and 47 % of real GDP , depending on the year . This is followed by the agriculture, livestock, 
forestry and fisheries sector, which contributes around 25 % (80% of the workforce), despite the 
start of oil production in 2003 . The mining and energy sector contributes around 19 % of GDP, with 
hydrocarbons accounting for 16 % of GDP and other mining and quarrying around 3 %. Agriculture, 
however, still depends heavily o n often erratic rainfall and rudimentary cultivation techniques, which 
affects yields . The manufacturing sector is still embryonic ( Table 1.1).  
1.6.  The deterioration of ecosystems and risks linked to climate change are also a major problem , 
posing real challen ges to the improve ment of  livelihoods and constituting  a potential source of 
conflict . The country's main environmental challenges are linked to drought and desertification, soil 
degradation, demographic pressure and population movements driven by conflict . Around 
1 million  refugees, internally displaced persons and returnees live in Chad as a result of conflicts in 
neighbouring countries and the threat of terrorism . The Lake Chad area, the south and the east, 
where many of these people live, are the parts of the country that are most prone to food and 
nutritional insecurity and where the pressure on resources is the greatest . Desert encroachment and 
the drying -up of Lake Chad are also putting a strain on the resources needed to develop farming 
and fisheries  activities.  
1.7.  On the international front, the main risk remains the fact that the economy depends heavily on 
oil, with volatile oil prices having a significant impact on the country's revenue . In addition, the huge 
influx of refugees following security cris es in neighbouring countries has created a humanitarian risk.  
 
1 According to a study, 87 % of the population faced severe multidimensional poverty in 2014. Oxford 
Poverty & Human Development Initiative, Chad Multidimensional Deprivation and Vulnerabil ity Survey , 2016.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  1.8.  Chad applies the trade, monetary and exchange rate policies of CEMAC, of which it is a member, 
and uses the Community's common currency, the CFA franc (CFAF) ( Common Report , Sections 1 
and 3).  
1.2  Recent economic developments  
1.9.  Chad went through both a budgetary and a security crisis between 2014 and 2017, with oil 
prices collapsing at the end of 2014 and expenditure increasing because of the regional security 
situation (Table 1.1) . The sharp decline in oil prices between 2014 and 2016 plunged the Chadian 
economy into recession . Although production increased by 33 % between 2015 and 2016, the oil 
industry saw its revenue fall by 73 %, resulting in a marked decline  (9%) in GDP . The Chadian 
economy  returned to positive growth in 2018 and 2019, after experiencing negative growth rates 
of -3.4% and -4.7% in 2016 and 2017, respectively . Since 2020, economic activity has been tested 
by the COVID -19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, but the recovery in 20 22 was strong.  
1.10.  There were no sharp fluctuations in overall price levels between 2013 and 2017 as a result of 
the common monetary policy implemented by the central bank, the Bank of Central African States 
(BEAC) . Nevertheless, inflation reached 4 % in 2018 a nd 4.5 % in 2020 . In the area of public finances, 
the positive performance of oil prices helped the State to implement its expansionary fiscal policy 
until 2014 . Similarly, t he budgetary  balance (excluding grants ) widened to 7 % of GDP in 2015, 
mainly owing to transfers and subsidies . International reserves have declined since 2012, though 
the situation has improved slightly since 2018.  
Table 1.1 Basic economic indicators, 2012 -21 
 
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Miscellaneous           
  
GDP at current market prices 
(CFAF  billion )  7,118.4  6,821.4  7,037.9  6,800.1  6,165.2  5,986.4  6,374.2  6,499.6  6,431.5  6,770.4  
Non-petroleum  nominal GDP 
(CFAF  billion ) 5,405.1  5,685.1  5,933.1  5,833.1  5,721.1  5,474.2  5,647.9  5,734.7  5,923.8  5,986.3  
GDP at market prices (USD  billion )  13.9 13.8 14.3 11.5 10.4 10.3 11.5 11.1 11.2 12.2 
Real GDP growth (%, at 2005 prices)  8.2 3.2 2.6 4.2 -2.8 -4.2 1.9 2.5 -2.2 -0.6 
petroleum  sector  -1.1 -18.9 11.1 43.2 -14.7 -10.9 12.9 11.8 -3.6 -4.6 
non-petroleum  sector  9.7 6.2 1.7 -0.4 -0.8 -3.2 0.4 1.1 -1.9 0.1 
Population (million)  12.3 12.7 13.2 13.6 14.1 14.7 15.2 15.7 16.3 16.9 
GDP per capita (USD)  1,136.5  1,086.0  1,082.1  842.7  735.6  703.5  756.4  705.5  686.9  723.8  
Inflation (N'Djamena)  7.5 0.2 1.7 3.7 -1.6 -1.1 4.0 1.2 4.5 -0.8 
National accounts at current prices ( % of GDP)  
Consumption  67.0 83.2 87.4 84.0 80.0 68.2 70.1 70.5 73.1 71.0 
Public (Government)  10.7 13.7 14.5 12.2 13.5 13.9 11.0 10.7 11.9 14.1 
Private  56.3 69.5 73.0 71.8 66.6 54.3 59.1 59.8 61.2 56.9 
Gross investment  27.1 27.3 28.9 24.8 22.7 25.8 26.6 27.5 27.1 30.1 
Gross fixed capital formation  26.7 27.2 28.8 24.7 22.5 25.6 26.5 27.4 26.9 29.9 
Public  12.4 9.5 10.0 5.5 2.9 3.5 3.5 4.4 6.6 3.9 
Private  14.3 17.7 18.8 19.1 19.6 22.1 23.0 23.0 20.3 26.0 
petroleum  sector  9.2 10.9 10.0 9.8 9.6 12.8 14.0 14.0 11.0 16.9 
non-petroleum  sector  5.1 6.8 8.8 9.3 10.0 9.2 9.0 9.0 9.4 9.2 
Changes in inventories  0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 
Net exports  5.9 -10.5 -16.3 -8.8 -2.7 6.0 3.3 2.0 -0.2 -1.0 
Exports of non -factor goods and 
services  37.1 27.6 24.5 24.7 22.5 26.5 23.8 24.5 18.5 24.4 
Imports of non -factor goods and 
services  -31.3 -38.2 -40.8 -33.5 -25.2 -20.5 -20.6 -22.5 -18.7 -25.4 
Sectoral distribution of GDP at current prices ( % of GDP at factor cost)  
Agriculture, livestock, forestry and 
fisheries  23.3 28.4 27.4 28.0 32.3 31.5 30.0 28.6 31.0 28.8 
Agriculture  14.9 18.3 17.5 17.5 20.7 19.0 17.3 15.7 16.8 14.7 
Food crops  14.2 17.5 16.7 16.5 19.5 17.7 16.9 15.6 15.9 13.8 
Industrial crops  0.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.9 
Livestock  6.0 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.9 8.6 8.9 9.0 9.9 9.9 
Forestry and logging  0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 
Fisheries  1.9 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.4 
Oil 24.6 17.1 16.1 14.5 7.4 8.8 11.7 12.0 8.1 11.9 
Other extractive activities  2.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 
Manufacturing  9.2 7.0 7.5 8.7 10.4 11.2 11.2 11.1 11.2 11.9 
Cotton lint  0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 
Petroleum products  1.2 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.5 
Other  7.7 5.8 6.5 8.0 9.2 9.6 9.5 9.6 10.1 10.1 
Handicrafts  0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 
Construction and public works  6.0 6.2 6.1 4.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 4.4 5.5 4.2 
Water and electricity  0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 
Services  33.6 37.5 38.9 40.6 44.0 44.3 42.8 41.4 41.6 40.7 WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Transport and 
telecommunications  5.9 6.0 6.9 7.0 7.3 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.8 
Trade  14.0 14.5 14.6 17.3 19.5 19.9 19.5 18.5 17.6 16.4 
General government  3.9 3.3 3.6 3.0 4.0 4.3 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.7 
Hotels and restaurants  0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 
Real estate and business services  4.0 5.6 6.1 6.0 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 
Other  5.8 7.8 7.1 6.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 
Public finances (% of GDP)   
Total revenue  19.3 17.8 20.2 10.0 9.3 10.4 11.6 12.4 14.2 15.0 
Petroleum  revenue  14.3 11.0 9.0 3.7 2.8 3.3 5.3 5.0 6.2 7.1 
Non-petroleum  revenue  5.0 6.8 11.2 6.3 6.6 7.0 6.3 7.4 8.0 7.8 
Total expenditure  22.9 22.3 22.5 17.5 14.1 14.5 12.8 14.2 17.4 16.8 
Current expenditure  10.5 12.9 12.6 11.9 11.2 11.0 9.3 9.8 10.8 13.0 
Capital expenditure  12.4 9.5 10.0 5.5 2.9 3.5 3.5 4.4 6.6 3.9 
Budgetary  balance, commitments 
basis, excluding grants (deficit  (-)) -3.6 -4.5 -2.3 -7.4 -4.8 -4.2 -1.2 -1.8 -3.2 -1.8 
Budgetary  balance, commitments 
basis, including grants (deficit  (-)) -1.2 -3.0 -0.3 -4.4 -2.4 -0.7 1.5 -0.6 1.2 -1.1 
External sector (% of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)   
Real effective exchange rate  
(% change)a 0.8 0.7 0.5 -4.3 -1.1 -1.3 5.2 -3.9 4.6 -2.2 
CFAF per USD (annual average)  511 494 494 591 593 581 555 586 576 555 
Current account balance  
(% of GDP)a 2.6 -11.5 -11.8 -16.4 3.4 11.6 -7.4 3.7 1.6 -6.5 
Outstanding external  
debt-to-GDP ratio  14.3 18.2 24.6 19.0 26.3 26.3 25.2 24.9 25.5 24.3 
Overall external  
debt-to-GDP ratio  14.3 46.1 49.6 43.2 49.6 50.3 46.4 52.0 52.5 49.7 
External reserves (in  months of 
imports of good s and services)  3.1 2.6 2.5 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.6 2.2 0.9 
Foreign direct investment  (FDI) 
inflows (USD  million )  579.8  520.2  -675.5  559.6  244.7  363.4  460.9  566.6  557.7  562.2  
% of GDP  4.2 3.8 -4.7 4.9 2.4 3.5 4.0 5.1 5.0 4.6 
Inward FDI stock (USD  million )  4,455.6  4,975.8  4,300.3  4,859.7  5,104.2  5,467.6  5,928.5  6,495.1  7,052.8  7,615.0  
% of GDP  32.0 36.0 30.2 42.3 49.1 53.0 51.7 58.6 63.1 62.4 
a A minus sign indicate s depreciation.  
Note:  The CFA franc used by the CEMAC countries is pegged to the euro at a rate of EUR  1 = CFAF 655.96.  
Source:  BEAC . Viewed at: https://www.beac.int/economie -stats/statistiques -economiques/ ; IMF, 
Internat ional Financial Statistics . Viewed at: http://data.imf.org/ ; IMF, Regional Economic Outlooks, 
October  2022. Viewed at: 
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/SSA/Issues/2019/10/01/sreo1019 ; and UNCTADstat . 
Viewed at: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html ; information provided by the authorities.  
1.11.  In April 2015, Chad reached the completion point of the Heavily Indebted Poor 
Countries (HIPC)  Initiative2, which directly resulted in the cancellation of USD  170 million under its 
IMF commitments and a portion of its multilateral debt (USD  1.1 billion) . In 2022, Chad concluded 
another agreement on the restructuring of its USD  3 billion of external debt.3 
1.12.  Chad's economic environment was also marked by insecurity because of terrorism in the 
Lake Chad basin . Hundreds of  thousand s of people fled their homes in the area following attacks by 
armed insurgents.  
1.13.  The balance of payments  showed  a current account deficit for the whole of most of the period 
under review (Table 1.2) . International trade in goods has since declined considerably . Although a 
recovery began in 2017, th e previous level  was not reached . 
Table 1.2 Balance of payments, 2012 -21 
(USD  million )  
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Current account balance  364.1  -1,586.6  -1,684.2  -1,885.4  352.7  1,196.4  -850.1  413.7  183.3  -795.8  
Foreign trade balance  2,005.3  872.8  798.0  -436.6  1,068.3  1,634.5  404.5  1,260.1  469.3  1,089.4  
Exports  4,840.0  3,917.8  3,908.8  2,468.3  2,090.1  2,621.3  2,580.3  2,588.1  1,712.5  2,693.6  
Imports  -2,834.9  -3,045.0  -3,110.8  -2,904.9  -1,021.9  -986.8  -2,175.7  -1,328.0  -1,243.3  -1,604.4  
Balance of services  -1,933.2  -2,731.9  -2,789.2  -2,055.8  -684.4  -633.4  -1,362.9  -933.2  -454.3  -2,135.1  
Balance of revenue  -390.4  -358.6  -346.5  82.9 -100.4  -357.7  -70.0 -25.4 -47.4 -60.4 
 
2 IMF (2015).  
3 Information viewed at: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/11/13/pr -22379 -chad-imf-
managing -director -welcomes -debt-treatment . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Current transfers 
balance  682.4  631.1  653.4  523.8  69.4 553.0  178.2  112.1  215.8  310.4  
Capital and financial 
account  -41.3 1,769.2  1,494.9  261.2  -1,113.6  -1,372.8  702.3  -332.5  -272.4  248.1  
Capital account  268.7  152.7  201.7  361.5  30.0 10.3 291.8  19.5 188.0  169.7  
Public (net)  273.8  152.7  201.7  362.0  31.9 10.0 179.3  18.9 188.0  169.9  
Private (net)  -4.9 0.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.9 0.5 112.5  0.5 -0.2 -0.2 
Financial account  -310.2  1,616.5  1,293.1  -100.3  -1,143.6  -1,383.3  410.5  -351.9  -460.4  78.3 
Direct investment 
(net) 790.3  1,060.3  0.8 -168.6  -650.5  -939.3  417.5  -6.7 524.5  665.6  
Portfolio investment 
(net) 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 108.3  273.7  98.5 0.0 0.0 
Other net 
investment  -1,100.8  556.2  1,292.3  64.4 -493.2  -552.3  -280.7  -443.6  -984.9  -587.2  
Errors and omissions  -111.1  -269.1  146.2  -229.0  -90.8 173.4  326.9  -45.6 -61.5 146.4  
Overall balance  211.7  -86.5 -43.3 -1,853.3  -851.7  -3.1 179.1  35.5 -150.6  -401.2  
Financing  -211.7  86.5 43.3 1,853.3  851.7  3.1 -179.1  -35.5 150.6  401.2  
Changes in official 
reserve s (decrease (+))  -211.7  21.7 -13.4 658.3  755.5  -77.8 -222.3  -83.3 105.5  385.0  
Exceptional financing  0.0 64.8 56.7 1,195.2  96.2 80.9 43.2 47.8 45.2 16.2 
Source:  Information compiled by the WTO Secretaria t on the basis of BEAC annual reports (2014 -21). 
1.14.  The main risk remains the fact that the economy depends heavily on oil exports, since volatile 
oil prices still have a significant impact on the country's revenue . The humanitarian crisis created by 
the huge influx of refugees following security crises in neighbouring countries is also an economic 
threa t. Chad's economic environment is still marked by insecurity due to  terrorism in the Lake Chad 
basin.  
1.3  Developments in Trade and Investment  
1.3.1   Trends and patterns in merchandise and services trade  
1.15.  Chad's trade almost doubled between 2017 and 2021, having contracted during the preceding 
years . The country's exports are still poorly diversified4, consisting mainly of crude oil exported to 
the United States, China and the European Union and, in recent years, gold exported to the 
United  Arab Emirates and the countries of Asia (Chart  1.1, Table s A1.1 and A1.3) . Chad's other main 
export products are livestock on the hoof, exported mainly to Nigeria and Cameroon ; ginned cotton, 
exported to Europe ; and gum arabic, exported mainly to Europe and the United States . Many goods, 
especially livestock, are still exported informally to Cameroon and Nigeria, which means that exports 
are underestimated in the official statistics.  
 
4 Since 1995, the Government of Chad has not submitted any data on foreign trade to the UN Comtrade 
database. The trade statistics in this report are therefore generally based on mirror trade data from the 
country's main trading partners.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 366 - 
  Chart 1.1 Patterns in  merchandise trade, 2012 and 2021  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based o n data obtained from Comtrade,  mirror statistics, 
United  Nations Statistics Division  (UNSD ) (SITC, Rev.3).  
1.16.  Imports are dominated by capital goods, which are used in the petrol eum sector, and by 
chemical and agricultural products . The imports originate mainly from China (33 % in 2021, 18 % in 
2012), the United Arab Emirates (23 % in 2021, 3 % in 2012) and the European Union (18 % in 2021, 
35% in 2012) ( Chart  1.2, Table s A1.2 an d A1.4). 
2012 2021
(a)    Exports 
Agriculture
5.4%Fuels
68.9%Manufactured 
products
0.2%
Other
0.3%Gold
25.2%
Total: USD 3,324.3 million Total: USD 2,982.3 million
(b)    Imports 
Agriculture  
14.6%Manufactured 
products
78.7%Non-electrical 
machinery
15.7%
Other
semi-finished 
products
7.3%Other 4.6 %
Chemicals
13.2%Other manufactured 
goods
12.3%Electrical 
machinery
10.0%Transport 
material
7.1%
Fuels
2.1%
Iron and steel
11.0%Textiles and apparel 
2.1%
Agriculture  
11.4%Manufactured 
products
83.4%
Non-electrical 
machinery
7.7%Other
semi-finished 
products
5.0%Other
3.0%
Chemicals
14.1%Other 
manufactured 
goods 
13.6%
Electrical 
machinery
9.1%Transport 
material
13.1%
Fuels
2.1%
Iron and steel
6.3%Textiles and apparel 
14.5%
Total: USD 830.7 million Total: USD 1,113.7 millionOther 0.3 %Fuels
95.6%
Agriculture
2.8%Manufactured 
products
0.3%
Gold 1.0 %WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 367 - 
  Chart 1.2 Direction of merchandise trade, 2012 and 2021  
 
Note:  There are no recent data for some African countries . Please note, therefore, that t he figures for 
Africa are considered to be underestimates.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data obtained from Comtrade, mirror statistics, 
UNSD  (SITC,  Rev.3).  
1.17.  The stock of FDI in Chad remains relatively high, at around USD  7.6 billion  in 2021, with 
annual flows of USD 500-600 million  (Chart  1.3).5 
 
5 UNCTAD, World Investment Report, 2022.  
2012 2021
(a)    Exports 
Other 
1.1%EU-28
47.5%China 6.6%
United States
0.1%United Arab Emirates
25.5%
Türkiye 3.7%
Chinese Taipei 
15.6%
Total: USD 3,324.3 million Total: USD 2,982.3 million
(b)    Imports 
EU-28
35.1%China 20.8%Africa
24.4%
Other
8.0%India  2.9%
United States
4.4%Türkiye 1.2%United Arab Emirates
3.3%
EU-28
18.1%China  32.8%
Africa
7.5%
Other
4.9%India 5.1%
United States
3.8%Türkiye 4.8%United Arab Emirates
23.2%
Total: USD 830.7 million Total: USD 1,113.7 millionOther
6.3%EU-28 0.8%
China 6.6%
Chinese Taipei 3.0%United States
81.7%United Arab Emirates
1.3%Türkiye 0.3%WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 368 - 
  1.18.  FDI flows are directed mainly to the oil sector ; the remainder are  found in the food, hotels, 
banking, construction materials, telecommunications and transport logistics sectors.6 
Chart 1.3 FDI stock in Chad , 2012 -21 
 
Source:  UNCTAD . Viewed at: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html . 
 
6 UNCTAD (2019), Examen de la politique d'investissement: Tchad , 2019. 
-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021FDI stock, inflows  (% of GDP) FDI flows, inflows (% of GDP)WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 369 - 
  2  TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES  
2.1  General framework  
2.1.  The Constitution of the Republic of Chad has been the basic law since 4 May 2018, when it 
replaced the 1996 Constitution . The text created a presidential regime and removed the post of 
prime minister . It also made the Government answerable to the National A ssembly, the members 
of which are elected by direct universal suffrage . Ministers are appointed by the President of the 
Republic.  
2.2.  Legislative power is exerci sed by the National Assembly, which has 188 members elected by 
direct universal suffrage for a four -year renewable term . The most recent legislative elections were 
held in April 2021. 
2.3.  Since April 2021, however, power has been concentrated in the hands of a Transitional Military 
Council . The Government and the National Assembly have been  dissolved.  
2.4.  Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, the appeals courts, the commercial courts and 
justices of the peace . The Supreme Court is the highest authority for judicial, administrative and 
audit matters . Its members are chosen by the President of the Republi c and the President of the 
National  Assembly . Magistrates are appointed by the  Judicial Service Commission . The Constitution 
provides for  an independent judiciary and the separation of the legislative, executive and judicial 
branches.  
2.5.  Commercial courts are the courts of first instance for cases relating to commercial transactions, 
disputes concerning commercial companies and incidents relat ing to insolvency .7 Disputes between 
economic agents are generally settled out of court through  arbitration provided by the Chamber of 
Commerce, Industry, Agriculture, Mining and  Crafts  (CCIAMA) . The Ministry responsible for trade 
has had to intervene in a number of  out-of-court settlements.  
2.6.  In August  2018, the Government published an ordinance creating administrative units and 
autonomous communities , with the country divided into 23 provinces, 107 departments and 
377 municipalities . The administrative uni ts are underpinned by traditional chiefdoms  (chefferies ), 
organized on a customary law  basis. These represent the first level of jurisdiction  for settling 
inter-community conflicts and  property  disputes.  
2.2  Trade policy formulation and objectives  
2.7.  "Vision 2030 , the Chad We Want" reflects the Government's commitment to forging a  long-term 
process of development . The main goal of the Vision is to make Chad an emerging country by 2030 .8 
Four strategic lines of action have been defined for achieving that objective : (i) strengthening 
national unity ; (ii) strengthening good governance and the rule of law ; (iii) developing a diversified 
and competitive economy ; and (iv) improving the quality of life of the Chadian population.  
2.8.  The Vision will be implemented through three National Development Plans (2017 -21, 2022 -26, 
2027-30). One of the goals of the National Development Plan for 2017 -21 is to diversify the sources 
of economic growth and boost the sectors that drive growth and create decent jobs . The National 
Development Plans also aim to increase the role that private investment can play in diversifying the 
economy.  
2.9.  Chad's trade policy is framed by commitments made at the multilateral and regional levels 
(Common Report , Section 2) and by national legislation . The Government's overall objective in this 
domain is to promote trade to sustain growth, and thus contribute to poverty alleviation efforts . Its 
actions aim specifically to support competitive sectors and create a suitable framework for 
 
7 Ordinance No.  009/PR/2004 of 23  August  2004 on the organization and functioning of  the commercial  
courts.  
8 Government of Chad (2017).  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 370 - 
  the development of domestic and international trade . The National Trade Strategy9, adopted by 
decree in 2019, sets out the main intervention areas for the development of trade.  
2.10.  The Ministry of Trade and Industry i s responsible for the design , implement ation and 
evaluat ion of trade policy . It is also the WTO focal point . The other entities involved in developing 
and implementing trade policy include the Office of the President of  the Republic ; the Ministry of 
Finance, Budget and Planning ; the Ministry of the Economy ; the Mini stry of Foreign Affairs and 
African Integration ; the Ministry of Agriculture ; and the Ministry of Livestock . According to the 
authorities, the following bodies are frequently consulted when trade policies are being developed : 
the CCIAMA, the National Investment and Export Agency (ANIE), the Chadian National Employers' 
Council (CNPT) and the Consumer Protection Association (ADC).  
2.3  Trade agreements and arrangements  
2.3.1   WTO  
2.11.  Chad is an original Member of the WTO and has a permanent  mission in Geneva.  
2.12.  Chad is one of the four African countries sponsoring  the Sectoral Initiative in Favour of  Cotton 
(C-4). It has not been directly involved, either as complainant or defendant, in any trade dispute 
settlement procedure . It was a third party in the United Stat es – Subsidies on Upland Cotton  
dispute.10 
2.13.  As an LDC, Chad has been participating in the Integrated Framework programme since 2004 
and, automatically, in the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) since its launch in 2009 . The Unit 
for the Implementation of t he Enhanced Integrated Framework of Chad (UMOCIRT), which was 
established as part of the Ministry of Industrial Development, Trade and Private Sector Promotion, 
is responsible for coordinating and implementing the EIF programme . To date, UMOCRIT has 
conduc ted several studies to incorporate trade into the Government's policies and strategies . The 
Unit has also organized workshops and seminars and has provided technical support to the 
Government for the development of its trade -related programmes and strategi es. 
2.14.  Chad is fulfilling few of its notification obligations ( Common Report , Section 2) . According to 
the authorities, this situation is partly attributable to the complexity of the notification process and 
insufficient human and financial resources.  
2.3.2   Regiona l and preferential agreements  
2.15.  Chad has signed and ratified th e African Continental Free Trade Area  (AfCFTA) Agreement . 
2.3.3   Other agreements and arrangements  
2.16.  Chad benefits from trade preferences under the European Union's Everything but Arms 
programme . It is also eligible to benefit from  the African Growth and Opportunity Act  (AGOA) , 
including the Third Country Fabric provision . Chad is granted  trade preferences by other developed 
countries under their national  preference schemes.  
2.17.  Although Chad has not si gned the  Agreement on the Global System of Trade Preferences 
among Developing Countries (GSTP), as  an LDC it is granted preferences by certain signatories.  
2.4  Investment regime  
2.18.  Chad's 2008 Investment Charter remains the main regulatory framework for investmen t.11 
The Charter is applicable to investments in the following sectors : processing or packaging of 
industrial products ; preparation or processing of  products of plant, animal or fisheries origin ; 
geological, mining and petroleum prospection  and exploration ; mineral production, processing and 
related activities ; production and distribution of water and electricity an d development of other 
 
9 Government of Chad (2019), National Trade Strategy . 
10 WTO document series WT/DS/267.  
11 Law No. 006/PR/2008, instituting the Investment Charter of the Republic of Chad.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 371 - 
  energy sources ; manufacture and assembly of articles or objects for mass consumption ; tourism 
and hotel services ; constru ction, public works and transport industries ; maintenance of industrial 
equipment ; and information and communication technologies.  
2.19.  Under the Charter, certain sectors are closed or restricted  de facto , or require a specific prior 
authorization, with no dist inction made between domestic and foreign operators . Water and fixed 
telephony services are sectors reserved for state enterprises . Health, private security, tourism, 
education, transport and media are regulated sectors and require prior approval or a perm it from 
the corresponding authority before a company is created ( Section 4.4) . The Charter contains no 
explicit reference to standards of treatment and protection . Nevertheless, these sectors cannot be 
subject to higher taxes  and charges . 
2.20.  For large -scale investments, most foreign investors enter into establishmen t agreements . 
Applications for such agreements must be filed with the Ministry of Trade and Industry and must 
include administrative, legal and technical dossiers and an investment programme examined by the 
National Investment Commission (CNI).12 
2.21.  Such agreements establish the purpose, location, time  frame and duration of the authorized 
production period ; the business activities ; the nature and quantity of the goods that will be exempt ; 
the nat ure and duration of the benefits granted and the obligations of businesses . The agreements 
also provide for  arbitration procedures . Decree No. 416/PR/RM/MECDT/2014 establishing the 
procedures for granting benefits under the Investment Charter introduced ce rtain clarifications . 
Notification of acceptance  or reject ion must in principle take place within two months . Establishment  
agreements are not published, but the list of signed agreements is available from the Ministry 
responsible for industry . Between 201 3 and 2019, 18 agreements were entered into with companies 
from France, China, Cameroon, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Türkiye.  
2.22.  Natural or legal persons  of any nationality, if legally established in Chad, may benefit from 
special investment schemes defined in the Charter:  
• Scheme A : handicraft enterprises and small and medium -sized enterprises (SMEs);  
• Scheme B : large enterprises (with an investment programme of more than 
CFAF 500 million);  
• Scheme C : large export -oriented enterprises.  
2.23.  The benefits under schemes B and C include various five -year tax exemptions, exemption 
from customs dut ies and potential taxable -base reductions.  
2.24.  The legal environment for business is governed by the various Uniform Acts of the 
Organization for the Harmonization of African B usiness Law (OHADA) ( Common Report , Section 2) . 
The authorities indicate that domestic laws have been brought fully in line with these provisions, 
thus significantly reducing the number of procedures.  
2.25.  The mission of the National Investment and Export Agenc y (ANIE) is to encourage and 
promote investment in Chad . Its mandate is defined in Law No. 004/PR/2007 of 4 January  2008 and 
includes managing the Charter, participating in the National Investment Commission, tracking the 
business climate, managing the sin gle window and supporting SMEs . ANIE is attached to the Ministry 
of Trade and Industry . It has an annual budget of around C FAF 500 million , of which 90 % comes 
from public resources.  
2.26.  Starting a business involves four stages : registration  in the Commercial a nd Personal Property 
Credit Register, obtaining a tax identification number, regist ration  with the National Social Security 
 
12 UNCTAD (2019). Viewed at: https://unctad.org/fr/publication/examen -de-la-politique -
dinvestissement -du-tchad . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 372 - 
  Fund and receipt of  a certificate issued by ANIE . For regulated activities13, a licence or authorization 
must be obtained from the r elevant  ministry.  
2.27.  The Business Start -up Single Window (GUCE) was introduced within ANIE in 2016 . The GUCE  
incorporates the public services involved in starting a business : the Registry of the Commercial 
Court, the Directorate -General of Taxes (DGI), and th e National Social Security Fund (CNPS) . 
According to the authorities, the GUCE has considerably reduced the cost and the number of 
procedures required to start a business . In addition to its N'Djamena base it has three regional 
offices , which are situated  in Abéché, Moundou and Sahr . The authorities have stated that the GUCE 
also plans to introduce integrated information technology solutions and online procedures . In 
addition, the Presidential Council for Improving the Business Climate and the Busi ness Climate 
Observatory were created in 2019 to improve the business climate.14 
2.28.  The cost of these procedures depends on the legal form of the business in 
question  (Table  2.1). ANIE has registered around 3,500 business start -up dossiers a year since 
2013.  
Table 2.1 Start -up cost by business type  
Business type  Cash costs  Service costs  Stamp duty  Amount due  
 Amount in CFAF  
Sole proprietorship (EI)  15,000  18,000  3,000  36,000  
Private limited company (SARL)  20,000  50,000  3,000  73,000  
Economic interest group (GIE)  25,000  55,000  3,000  83,000  
Public limited company (SA)  35,000  75,000  3,000  113,000  
Branch  60,000  270,000  3,000  333,000  
Source:  Decree No. 1793 on the procedure governing the establishment , modification , winding -up or 
deregistration of companies . National Investment and Export Agency.  
2.29.  Chad has signed 14 bilateral investment protection and promotion agreements , three of which 
are still in force .15 It has been a member of the Int ernational Centre for Settlement of Investment 
Disputes (ICSID)  since 1966, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) since 2002 and 
the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) since 2010.  
2.30.  Chad's business environment remains one of th e least attractive in the world . The country is 
ranked 182nd out of 190 countries for ease of doing business in the World Bank's Doing Business 
report .16 Investors must deal with chronic legal and institutional instabilities that affect their 
establishment  and operating conditions . Other considerations are high energy costs and the security 
problems in the subregion . Given these factors, the institutional measures introduced in 2019 to 
improve and track the business climate are an important step.  
2.31.  Despite a few actions taken by the Government, corruption remains a scourge . According to 
the Transparency International  index,  Chad is one of the lowest -ranked countries in terms of  
corruption perception . In 2021, it was ranked 164th out of 180 countries ( compared with 165th out 
of 176 countries in 2012).17 
2.32.  Since the last TPR report , the Government has taken several steps to stamp out corruption . 
It acceded to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in June 2018. In 
January  2017, the Presid ent of the Republic announced the creation of a special court for economic 
crimes and corruption, but no additional information is available . A freephone number was also 
introduced in 2018 to encourage people to report incidents of corruption . In the conte xt of the 
country's accession to the E ITI, several measures have been taken  to make the petroleum  sector 
more transparent ( Section 4.2).  
 
13 Activities in  the health, security, telecommunications, financial and banking services, tourism, 
education and transport sectors.  
14 Decree No. 278/PR/2019 establishing a Presidential Council to Improve the Business Climate, and 
Decree No. 267/PR/2019 establishing the B usiness Climate Observatory in Chad.  
15 Benin, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Germany, Guinea, Italy, Lebanon, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Qatar, 
Switzerland and Türkiye. Only the agreements with Germany, Italy and Switzerland have been ratified.  
16 World Bank (2 020).  
17 Information viewed at: https://www.transparency.org/country/TCD . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 373 - 
  3  TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE  
3.1  Measures directly affecting imports  
3.1.1   Customs procedures, valuatio n, and requirements  
3.1.  Only economic operators with commercial exporter/importer status may import goods for 
commercial purposes . The formalities for obtaining this status are identical to those for starting a 
business ( Section 2.4) . Upon completion of the pr ocedure,  ANIE issues the economic operato r with 
a certificate bearing the words "Import/export" . All commercial activities are open to Chadian and 
foreign nationals.  
3.2.  Pursuant to Community legislation, only an approved customs broker or the owner of the goods 
being cleared may file a customs declaration ( Common Report , Section  3). A simplified declaration 
may be filed for goods with a taxable value not exceeding CFAF  30,000.  
3.3.  The applicable customs regimes are those defined in the CEMAC Customs Code . In Chad, entry  
for home use  is the most widely used regime . Under this regime, a separate declaration of  the value 
of the goods must be submitted . Other customs regimes are seldom used . A few warehouses are 
used to stock chemical products pending resale  to the State . The temporary admission regime is 
used only in connection with oil or mining exploration and  prospecting and also by NGOs . Inward 
processing is confined to one or two operations per year by the national cigarette company,  
Manufacture des cigarettes du Tchad.  
3.4.  Chad uses Sydonia++ for customs procedures, but a transition to SydoniaWorld  is planned . 
The authorities report that an online declaration system is under development . There are 15 customs 
bureaux in Chad.  
3.5.  The preshipment inspection programme int roduced in 2003 was abolished in 2018.  
3.6.  Electronic cargo tracking notes (ECTNs) managed by the Chad Freight Forwarders Council 
(COC -Tchad) are mandatory for imports and exports . The notes must be validated by COC -Tchad 
(which has an office in Douala) or a r epresentative thereof before each shipment .18 For imports 
shipped without a tracking note or from places with no COC -Tchad office, the ECTN may be issued 
on arrival . An ECTN is one of the documents required for a customs declaration . ECTN costs vary 
according to the origin of the imported goods ( costs for trade within Africa and with Europe are lower  
than for trade with the rest of the world), the container size and the type of vehicle . The authorities 
acknowledge that the costs for issuing ECTN s need to be reduced.  
3.7.  Owing to the country's landlocked status, transit through Chad is rare . Goods in transit from 
Cameroon must be accompanied by the compulsory vehicle certificate (LVO) and  an international 
safe-conduct document ("document T1") . The LVO cost s CFAF 2,000 for vehicles registered 
in Cameroon and 7.5 % of the freight value for vehicles registered in Chad . Document T1, which was 
adopted to facilitate transit between Chad and Cameroon19, is issued for each journey between the 
two countries and is meant to facilitate  border crossings.  
3.8.  Despite the large volume  of trade with Nigeria, particularly in livestock and livestock products, 
there is no official exchange bureau and trade is generally informal.  
3.9.  Around a dozen operators have obtained approved cons ignee status, and benefit from specific  
provisions serving to prioritize and facilitate  their operations.  
3.10.  Customs valuation methods , as defined in the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of 
the GATT , were made mandatory by an order issued in 2009 .20 However, the customs authorities 
 
18 Decree No. 04/PR/PM/MTAC/2013.  
19 Decision No.  03/MTPTHU/SE/DG/DTS/2000 of 10  February  2000, creating a procedure to facilitate 
transit transport between the Republic of Chad and the Republic of Cameroon.  
20 Order No.  110/MFB/SE/SG/DGDDI/2009 of 29  June 2009, concerning the Agreement on  
Implementation of Article VII of the GATT 1994, in relation to methods for determining customs value.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 374 - 
  have reported difficulties in implementing this provision of the Agreement and would like to receive 
training in this respect . 
3.11.  Chad therefore generally applies the transaction value, although the customs authorities use 
other values in certain cases (baseline, market value) . Minimum values are systematically applied 
to imports from Nigeria, the  United  Arab Emirates and Saudi  Arabia, and undervaluations  are said 
to have been  frequentl y detected . Market prices are generally used for cross -border trade in products 
such as rice, sugar and wheat flour.  
3.12.  The customs authorities systematically inspect all goods declared for importation . They are 
currently considering introducing a system of selective controls, based  on risk analysi s. 
3.13.  Community provisions in relation to appeals are, in principle, applicable . The Director -General 
of Customs is the first level of jurisdiction  in the event of a dispute . The commercial courts are the 
only avenue of appeal . In general, disputes have been few and far between, with two to four cases 
each year, generally involving valuation issues.  
3.14.  Chad ratified the Agreement on Trade Facilitatio n in February  2017. It notified its 
commitments under the Agreement in November  2016.21 The authorities have indica ted that the 
implementation of the Agreement has been initiated but that it requires the necessary financial 
support . A national trade facilitation committee was established, with the Ministry of Trade and 
Industry and the Directorate -General of Customs serving as  the focal point.  
3.1.2   Rules of origin  
3.15.  The rules of origin currently in force are those of CEMAC ( Common Report , Section 3) . Rules 
of origin are also in force in the context of preferential or  regional trade agreements . In 1998, Chad 
notified the WTO that it had no national rules of origin for non -preferential  purposes.22 
3.16.  In principle, requests for authorization to enter the Community's preferential scheme must be 
received and processed by a national approval committee, but the latter  is not in place . Currently, 
a certificate of origin is issued by the Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Agriculture, Mining and Crafts 
upon payment of C FAF 3 per barrel of crude oil, C FAF 2.5 per litre of fuel, and C FAF 1 per kilogram 
of cotton.  
3.1.3   Tariffs  
3.1.3.1   Most -favoured -nation ta riff 
3.17.  Barring a few exceptions, Chad applies the CEMAC common external tariff (CET) 
(Common  Report , Section 3) . The exemptions come from the annual budget  laws passed by 
Parliament . The tariff applied by Chad in 2023 contains exceptions to the CET for 46 ta riff lines 
(Table A3.2), as against  45 in 2012 . Designed to reduce the cost of living, these exceptions  provide 
for 0% tariffs introduced unilaterally in annual budget  laws. The exception s mainly concern  food 
items (flour, rice, oil and pasta).  
3.18.  According to the authorities, the transition from the Harmonized System (HS) n omenclature 
2007 to HS 2017 is under way.  
3.19.  The taxation of foreign trade generates a large proportion of the country's non -oil fiscal 
revenue (Table 3.1).  
 
21 WTO document WT/PCTF/N/TCD/1 of 15 November 2016.  
22 WTO document G/RO/N/22 of 16  September  1998.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 375 - 
  Table 3.1 Composition of government revenue, 2013 -21 
(CFAF  billion ) 
 2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total revenue  1,186,534  1,420,291  563,011  435,079  558,032  667,721  758,652  .. .. 
Oil revenue  748,573  558,760  133,289  30,059  87,194  265,169  278,519  .. .. 
Non-oil revenue  437,961  507,306  429,722  405,020  490,090  402,552  480,133  .. .. 
Tax receipts  425,176  464,047  405,269  347,598  390,701  371,757  461,606  .. .. 
Taxes on foreign trade         .. .. 
Import duties  126,122  148,496  124,904  112,681  108,160  124,343  142,986  .. .. 
Export duties  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
VAT on imports  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Other revenue  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Non-tax revenue  12,785  23,259  22,953  44,922  31,447  30,795  18,527  .. .. 
.. Not available.  
Source:  Ministry of Finance, Studies and Forecasting Directorate.  
3.1.3.2   Other duties and charges  
3.20.  Like the other CEMAC countries, Chad collects the Community integration tax ( TCI), 
the OHADA levy, and the Community integration contribution (CCI) ( Common Report , Section 3) . 
These various charges jointly amount to 1.45 % of the c.i.f. value of imports.  
3.21.  The other levies are: 
a. the Community preference tax (TPC) : initially intended to finan ce the Community's 
Economic Commission on Livestock, Meat and Fishery Resources (CEBEVIRHA), this tax 
was replaced by the TCI  in the other CEMAC countries, but Chad still collects it on tariff 
lines relating to fish, meat, dairy products and other products  of animal origin;  
b. the down payment of 4 % of the c.i.f. value of imports, charged in the form of personal 
income tax (15 % for unregistered companies);  
c. the statistical fee of 2% of the c.i.f. value of imports, charged on all imports, irrespective 
of their o rigin;  
d. the African Union  financing levy , introduced in 2017, amounting  to 0.2 % of the c.i.f. value 
of imports from outside Africa;  
e. the levy to finance the National Food Security Office (ONASA)23, charged at rates between 
0.3% and 0.5%, on around  9% of tariff lines (plant products, meat and fish) .24 The levy 
goes to the Ministry of Agriculture ; and 
f. for goods in transit through Cameroon, an information fee of CFAF  500 per journey and a 
communications network and en route  assistance fee of CFAF  2,000 p er journey , payable  
to Cameroon's Land Freight Management Bureau (BGFT).  
3.22.  Although Chad levies this broad spectrum of other duties and charges on imports, it has bound 
them at zero rates on tariff lines for which it has made tariff commitments . These levies  have not 
been notified to the WTO.  
3.1.3.3   Bindings  
3.23.  During the Uruguay Round, Chad bound its agricultural product tariff lines at a ceiling of  80%. 
In the case of non -agricultural products, tariff lines encompassing motor vehicles and  passenger 
transport vehicles  (subheadings 8702 and 8703 of the 1992 HS), have been bound at a  rate of 75 %. 
In total, bindings affect 15.2 % of six -digit tariff items, and the simple average rate is  79.9%.25 
 
23 This levy replaced the Rural Intervention Fund (FIR) duty.  
24 The rates have been substantially lowered since the last TPR (they were previously between 1 % 
and 4%). 
25 Based on bindings transposed according to HS 2007.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 376 - 
  3.24.  Chad's schedule of concessions was transposed in the 2007 version, then in the  2012 version 
and finally in the 2017 version of the HS . These schedules were certified in 2013, 2017 and 2020 as 
part of the transposition exercise undertaken by the WTO Secretariat.26 
3.25.  Other duties and taxes affecting tariff lines for which Chad has made multilateral commitments  
have been bound at a zero rate . 
3.1.3.4   Exemptions and concessions on duties and taxes  
3.26.  Chad grants customs duty exemptions pursuant to the CEMAC Customs Code 
(Common  Report ), the Investment Charter, the Mining Code27 and the Hydrocarbons L aw.28 As a 
result, the holders of mining rights and oil contracts and the beneficiaries of authorizations and their 
agents may use the temporary admission regime to import material, equipment and motor vehicles 
for use in their exploration and production activities . In the case of the mining sector, materials and 
consumable s intended  for these activities are also exempt from customs  import  duties an d taxes . 
To benefit from this exemption, an administrative certificate is required from the minist er responsible 
for mining or petroleum, as the case may be.  
3.27.  Regime B of the Investment Charter guarantees that construction material and equipment 
needed to produce and process products are exempt from CEMAC customs dut ies. The exemption 
applies to new or expand ed activities under an approved investment programme . The regime also 
guarantees the suspension of customs dut ies for temporary admission and duty -free entry, as well 
as under the inward -processing mechanism for export -oriented activities.  
3.28.  Materials and c onsumables intended  for the mining sector are exempt from customs import 
duties an d taxes . To benefit from this exemption, an administrative certificate is required from the 
minister responsible for mining or petroleum, as the case may be.  
3.29.  The authori ties have indicated that the value of the exemptions far exceeds customs revenue, 
but figures were not made available to the Secretariat.  
3.1.4   Other charges affecting imports  
3.30.  Chad applies the Community regime in respect of VAT ( Common Report , Section 3) . Its 
standard VAT rate on local and imported goods and services is 18 %. The 2018 Budget  Law 
broadened the VAT tax base and increased the liability  thresholds .29 A reduced rate of 9 % was 
introduced in 2020 . It applies to the following local products : cement , sugar, oil, soap and products 
and by -products of the local agri -food industry other than alcohol . Micro enterprises (with a turnover 
below C FAF 50 million) are exempt from VAT.  
3.31.  In addition to Community -level exemptions ( Common Report , Section 3), the foll owing 
products are exempt from VAT : drinking water and electricity ; aircraft fuelling ; and material and 
equipment for the production and promotion of renewable energies.  
3.32.  Excise tax is charged on a number of local and imported products at rates of 5 %, 10% or 25%. 
These rates fall within the bracket agreed upon at the Community level ( Common Report , Section  3). 
In addition to excise tax, a special tax was introduced in 2019 (Table 3.2) ; it applie s to motor 
vehicles, alcoholic beverages and tobacco . The "antir etrovirals fee"  was abolished in 2017.  
 
26 WTO documents WT/Let/ 924 of 9 December 2013, WT/Let/1286 of 18 October 2017 and 
WT/Let/1479 of 24 October 2020.  
27 Law No.  011/PR/1995 of 20  June 1995 on the Mining Code.  
28 Law No.  006/PR/2007 of 2  May 2007 on hydrocarbons.  
29 Law No.  037/PR/2018 of 31 December 2018 on the 2019 General State Budget.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 377 - 
  Table 3.2 Excise taxes and special taxes in force in 2022  
Tariff item  Product subject to excise tax  Rate of 
excise tax  Rate of special 
tax 
87.03.23.10  Motor vehicles of a cylinder capacity exceeding 
1,500 cm3 but not exceeding 3,000 cm3, with a 
single drive axle  25% 20% 
87.03.32.10  Other motor vehicles with compression -ignition 
internal combustion piston engine (diesel or 
semi-diesel) of a cylinder capacity exceeding 
1,500 cm3 but not exceeding 2,500 cm3, with a 
single drive axle  25% 20% 
22.04 and 
22.05  Wine 25% 15% 
22.08  Liqueurs  25% 20% 
22.03  Beer 25% 10% 
24.02  Cigars , cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes , of 
tobacco or of tobacco substitutes)  30% CFAF 100/packet  
22.02  Aerated  waters , and beverages  containing added 
sugar  10%  
 Games of chance  25% 10% 
95.04  Devices for games of chance and recreational 
games  15%  
Chapter 71  
except 71.17  Jewellery, precious metal s and stones  20%  
87.11.30.00 ; 
87.11.40.00;  
87.11.50.00 ; 
and 
87.11.90.00  Motorcycles with a cylinder capacity 
exceeding  250 cc  12.5%   
 Non-recoverable packaging  25% FCAF 25, up to a 
maximum of 10% 
of the product sold  
 Polypropylene   25% of ex -works 
value  
33.03.00.00  Perfumes and toilet waters  20%  
33.04 and 
33.05  Cosmetics  20%  
.. Video recorders, video and television cameras, 
colour television receivers, photographic 
cameras, slide projectors  20%  
.. Arms and ammunition  20%  
.. Not available.  
Source:  2022 Budget  Law. 
3.1.5   Import prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
3.33.  Chad applies import prohibitions provided for in connection with environmental protection, 
and those arising from its  international commitments (Table 3.3) . According to the authorities, no 
quantitative restriction is currently in force.  
Table 3.3 Products subject to import prohibition, authorization or control, 2023  
Products  Measure and conditions  Grounds  
Non-biodegradable plastic bags  Prohibition  Environmental protectiona 
Non-digital television sets  Prohibition  Conversion to digital in 
2015 
Communications technology equipment  Control  Compliance  
Non-iodized salt  Prohibition  Public health  
Certain products or materials containing or 
operating by means of substances  capable 
of depleting the ozone layerb Special authorization from the 
Ministry responsible for trade  Environmental protection 
(Montreal  Protocol)  
Arms and ammunition  Prior authorization and control by 
the Ministry responsible for public 
security  Public safety  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 378 - 
  Products  Measure and conditions  Grounds  
Sulphur and other explosives  Special authorization jointly issued 
by the Minister responsible for trade 
and the Minister responsible for 
mining  Environmental protectionc 
Second -hand vehicles  Restrictions based on the technical 
state and age of the vehicle  Environmental protectiond 
Petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, fuel 
oil, lubricating oils and kerosene)  Qualitative and quantitative control, 
potentially leading to the issuance 
of a certificate of nationality and 
quality  Securitye 
Certain harmful or dangerous chemical 
substances  Prohibition  Environmental protectionf 
Certain harmful or dangerous chemical 
substances  Restrictions (authorization, 
packaging and transport conditions)  Environmental protection  
Medicaments  Prior authorization by the Ministry of 
Health  Public health  
a Order No.  007/MCPI/SE/DG/DC/DCE of 2 2 May 1993 prohibiting the importation of 
non-biodegradable plastic bags throughout the country.  
b This covers the following products : automobile air -conditioning units ; domestic or commercial 
refrigeration and air -conditioning equipment ; refrigeration equipment ; portable fire extin guishers ; 
insulation boards, panels and pipe covers ; aerosol products, except medical aerosols ; freon; and 
thermal insulation (Decree No. 09/PR/PM/MERH of 6 August  2009 regulating environmental pollution 
and nuisances).  
c Decree No. 451/PR/95 of 2 9 June 1995 repealing Decree No. 282/PR/MCI/89 of 5 May 1989 
specify ing procedures for the importation, distribution and circulation of products in the Republic of 
Chad.  
d Decree No. 1112/PR/PM/MI/2006 of 1 1 December  2006 regulating the importation of second -hand 
vehicles in the Republic of Chad.  
e Decree No.  021/PR/MMEP of 1  February  1995 on the qualitative and quantitative control 
of petroleum  products.  
f Decree No. 09/PR/PM/MERH of 6 August  2009 regulating environmental pollution and nuisances.  
Source:  Information provided by the national authorities.  
3.34.  Other than in regard to sulphur and explosives, t he import licensing regime was abolished 
in 1995.30 
3.35.  Import permits are required for live animals, meat and other animal products, and vegetable 
products ( Section 3.3.2).  
3.36.  The authorities have indicated that it is planned to introduce an import permit for petroleum 
products.  
3.1.6   Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures  
3.37.  Chad has no  national legislation on anti -dumping measures, subsidies or  countervaili ng 
measures.31 
3.38.  There are no regulations concerning safeguard measures32, but there are two specific 
safeguard committees in place : one for sugar, one for cement . Consequently, import quotas were 
introduced for sugar in 2017 and 2018.  
3.1.7   Other measures affecti ng imports  
3.39.  Chad does not apply any trade -related investment measures.  
3.40.  The National Food Security Office (ONASA) maintains a buffer stock of food products 
(Section  4).33 It constitutes/replenishes this stock through local purchases or imports . In 2021 -22, 
 
30 WTO document G/LIC/N/1/TCD/1 of 31 August 1998.  
31 WTO documents G/ADP/N/1/TCD/1, G/SCM/N/1/TCD/1 of 25  August  1998; and G/SG/N/1/TCD/1 
of 31 July 2000.  
32 WTO document G/SG/N/1/TCD/1 of 31 July 2000.  
33 Law No. 002/PR/01 of 21 Februar y 2001, creating a National Food Security Office (ONASA).  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 379 - 
  this stock consisted of 34,900 tonnes of cereal s. Operators in the downstream oil sector, such as 
refineries and distributors, are also required to  hold a buffer stock of petroleum products covering 
at least 15  days of their domestic demand .34 Lastly,  for national defence and domestic security 
reasons, the State maintains a buffer stock to  cover at least 30 days of domestic consumption.  
3.2  Measures Directly Affecting Exports  
3.2.1   Customs procedures and requirements  
3.41.  As in the case of imports, only operato rs holding commercial importer/exporter status are 
authorized to engage in export activities for commercial purposes ( Section 3.1.1) . Export 
declarations may only be presented by authorized customs brokers, who must submit the following 
documents on behalf  of their clients : certification of importer/exporter status, and proof of 
registration in the Commerce and Personal Property Credit Register . Where applicable, a  sanitary or 
phytosanitary certificate of origin mus t be issued . The goods are controlled acco rding to their 
sensitivity . The electronic cargo tracking note (ECTN, Section 3.1.1) is mandatory for exports passing 
through Cameroon.  
3.42.  For certain products such as livestock, meat, and food products of animal origin, additional 
formalities are required . When live animals are taken across a border , a livestock passport and an 
International Certificate of Transhumance  must be shown .35 The fee for issuing the passport is 
CFAF 2,500 per herd . In addition, there is a livestock tax per head, charged as follows : CFAF 5,000 
for cattle  and camels ; CFAF 4,000 for equine animals ; CFAF  1,000 for sheep, goats and asses ; and 
CFAF 500 for swine.  
3.43.  Around a dozen operators have obtained approved consignor status, and benefit from specific  
provisions serving to  prioritize and  facilitat e their operations.  
3.44.  Payment for the export of goods outside CEMAC is subject to  domicil iation  with an approved 
intermediary where the value exceeds C FAF 5 million . 
3.2.2   Taxes, charges, and levies  
3.45.  The statistical tax of 2 % applies to all exports.  
3.46.  An exit duty of 8 % of the f.o.b. value is levied on livestock exports . The duty is applied to 
market values defined by the Ministry responsible for finance (Table  3.4). This relatively high rate , 
on a product  for which Chad enjoys a comparative advantage in the subregion, hinders the sector's 
development and is not without consequences for the proliferation of  instances of fraud and informal 
trade.  
3.47.  Exports of livestock, leather and raw hides and skins are also subject to the standar d flat-rate 
tax (IGL, Table 3.4) .36 The IGL is levied on exports of raw hides and skins at a rate of C FAF 100 per 
kilogram.  
Table 3.4 Market values and levies on exports of live animals  
(CFAF per head of livestock)  
Tariff line  Designation  Market value  Export duties (8%)  Standard  flat-rate 
tax (IGL)  
0101.10.10  Racehorses  366,000  29,280  1,500  
0101.10.10  Other horses  219,600  17,568  1,500  
0106.90.10  Camels  219,600  17,568  1,500  
0102.90.10  Cattle  183,000  14,640  1,000  
0104.10.00  Sheep  54,900  4,392  150 
 
34 Ordinance No. 006/PR/12 of 7 February 2012, concerning the export and import of petroleum 
products.  
35 Order No. 039/MERA/SG/08 of 14 October 2008, regulating the export of live animals and livestock 
by-products.  
36 Law No.  01-2007 of 5  January  2007 on the 2007 General State Budget.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Tariff line  Designation  Market value  Export duties (8%)  Standard  flat-rate 
tax (IGL)  
0104.20.00  Goats  36,600  2,928  150 
0101.90.00  Asses  36,600  2,928  100 
0103.10.00  Swine  29,280  2,342  150 
Source:  Order No. 037/MFB/SE/SG/DGDDI/2011 of 1 March  2011 revising the export market values of live 
animals . 
3.48.  Exports of meat and animal products are subject to a tax at rates  of CFAF 50 per kilogram of 
meat, C FAF 100 per bovine hide, C FAF 50 per sheepskin or goatskin, and CFAF  100 per sheepskin 
or skin of another species . An extra charge of CFAF  2,500 is also levied to finance the Livestock 
Fund.  
3.49.  A charge of C FAF 3 per barrel is levied on crude oil exports for issuance of the certificate of 
origin. For fuel exports, this amounts to C FAF 2.5 per litre . A fee of CFAF 2.5 per litre is also collected  
on fuel exports to finance the Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority of Chad (ARSAT).  
3.50.  The authorities have indicated that there are plans to intr oduce a 2.5 % levy on petroleum 
products, regardless of their destination.  
3.51.  No information was available on tax revenue from export taxes.  
3.2.3   Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing  
3.52.  In general, the only quantitative restrictions and controls in force on exports are those derived 
from the international treaties to which Chad is party, including the Basel Convention, the 
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Chemical 
Weapons Convention, and  the Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.  
3.53.  Where necessary, the Minister responsible for trade may prohibit or restrict the export 
of a product.37 
3.54.  Exports of heifers and calves have been banned since 2003 to preserve the livestock 
population .38 The same applies to live animals of camel species under five years of age . The local 
administrative authorities may also restrict cereal exports at any time in the event of a shortage.  
3.55.  The export licensing regime was abolished in 1995, but the authorities have indi cated that it 
is planned to introduce an export permit for petroleum products.  
3.56.  Export permits are required for live animals, meat and other animal products ( Section  3.3.2).  
3.2.4   Export support and promotion  
3.57.  Chad does not grant  export subsidies, but various Comm unity-level suspensive arrangements 
are applicable ( Common Report , Section 3) . Chad also has no  free zones . Studies are ongoing for 
the creation of  dry docks.  
3.58.  Article 21 of the Investment Charter guarantees a zero rate of VAT on exported products, to 
allow reimbursement of  the VA T paid on input s used.  
3.59.  The mission of ANIE is to promote exports by assisting  and advising  Chadian exporters , 
providing them with information,  and exploring promising markets . It has an annual budg et of 
around CFAF  500 million.  
 
37 Decree No.  451/PR/95 of 29  June 1995 repealing Decree No.  282/PR/MCI/89 of 5  May 1989 
determining procedures for the importation, distribution and circulation of  products in the Republic of Chad.  
38 Decision No.  001/ME/2003 of 5  March  2003.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  3.60.  In 2019, ANIE developed an Export Action and Promotion Plan on export procedures and 
modalities.  
3.61.  The CCIAMA occasionally organizes trade fairs, which are financed by the businesses that take 
part and by state subsidies.  
3.2.5   Expor t finance, insurance, and guarantees  
3.62.  Chad does not have a public financing, insurance or guarantee programme exclusively for 
exporters or a financing programme for domestic production.  
3.3  Measures Affecting Production and Trade  
3.3.1   Standards and other technica l regulations  
3.63.  Law No. 044/PR/2014 of 3 1 December  2014 on standardization was passed to establish the 
general framework of standardization ; improve the quality of products, services and technology 
transfer ; remove technical barriers to trade and foster non -discrimination ; encourage interested 
parties to participate in standardization and enforce the principle of transparency ; prevent 
overlapping and duplicate work on standardization ; encourage mutual recognition of technical 
regulations, standards and assess ment procedures with equivalent effect ; and save resources and 
protect the environment . The national standards institutions created under this law were the Chadian 
Standardization Agency (ATNOR), which became operational in 2020 ; the National Quality Counc il 
(CONAQ) ; and the Interministerial Regulatory Committee (CNIR) . ATNOR operates under 
Decree  No. 1470/PR/MMDICPSP/2018 of 1 August  2018. 
3.64.  Chad has submitted no notifications to the WTO on technical regulations.  
3.65.  Chad is a member of the African Organisation for Standardisation and a corresponding 
member of the International Organization for Standardization.  
3.66.  There is no accreditation system, although a seed certification and standardization service is 
operational  within the Ministry of Agriculture.  
3.3.2   Sanitary an d phytosanitary requirements  
3.67.  Chad has submitted no notifications to the WTO on sanitary and phytosanitary measures . 
Chad still does not have a national SPS committee.  
3.68.  An import permit is required for live animals, meat and other animal products, leather, raw 
hides and skins . Imports of such products must be accompanied by a sanitary certificate issued by 
the countries of origin . Upon arrival in Chad, the products are subject to a health control conducted 
by officials of the Veterinary Services Dep artment in the Ministry responsible for livestock . A sanitary 
certificate is issued on completion of the control.  
3.69.  Under the plant protection law39, anyone who, for commercial or professional reasons, wishes 
to import plant material or products liable to be carriers of organisms that could harm plants or have 
an effect on crops must obtain prior authorization to engage in the activity . The products in  question 
must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by  the official department in the country 
of origin and drawn up according to the model of the International Plant Protection Convention 
(IPPC) . Upon entry into Chadian territory, the prod ucts (including those in transit) undergo a 
phytosanitary control.  
3.70.  The Ministry of Agriculture's Department of Plant Protection and Packaging (DPVC) is 
responsible for phytosanitary protection and controls . The DPVC has 19 phytosanitary checkpoints 
at the borders to carry out controls on imports of plant products . On completion of the controls, 
 
39 Law No.  14/PR/95 of 13  July 1995 and Decree No.  010/PR/MA/99 of 7  January  1999 establishing the 
procedures for implementing Law No.  14/PR/95 on plant protection.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 382 - 
  products presenting a danger to plant material, the environment, humans or animals may be 
disinfected, denied entry  or destroyed, depending on the level of risk . No fee is charged by the DPVC.  
3.71.  The DPVC is also responsible for implementing the obligations arising from the international 
conventions to which Chad is party, including the IPPC, the Inter -African Phytosanitary Council, the 
Codex Alimentarius Commission, and  the World Organisation for Animal Health (WAHO).  
3.72.  A sanitary or phytosanitary certificate is required for exports of animal and plant products 
(Table 3.5) . The certificate must set out  the description of the goods using the scientific name, the 
origin of t he goods, the net weight and the nature of the packaging.  
Table 3.5 Animal and plant products subject to certification  
Restricted articles  Authorizations and/or approvals required  
Cereals  Phytosanitary certificate issued  by the Directorate -General 
for Regulation and Control  
Fruit and vegetables and other 
raw materials  Phytosanitary certificate issued  by the Directorate -General 
for Regulation and Control  
Livestock and meat of all species  Phytosanitary certificate and international livestock passport 
of the Economic Commission on Livestock , Meat and Fishery 
Resources (CEBEVIRHA)  
Carcasses and trophies of common game  Hunting permit  
Source:  National Investment and Export Agency (201 7). 
3.73.  In relation to animal health, a law enacted  in 2004 lists diseases that are "recognized in law 
as contagious" and specifies the  hygiene, medical, sanitary and legal measures that the authorities 
can take to tackle such diseases .40 The law authorizes the Ministry responsible for  livestock to 
introduce "permanent measures" to protect national livestock herds, even  when there has been no 
outbreak of these diseases . The measures can be imposed on  imports and exports of live animals 
and their pr oducts.  
3.74.  Chad is the only CEMAC country that is a member of the Permanent Interstate Committee for 
Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) . As a CEMAC member, it has ratified the regulations on 
pesticide registration . Under the regulations, all pesticides must  be approved or authorized before 
they are imported, distributed, marketed or used . The implementation of these regulations, 
particularly pesticide approval, is the responsibility of the Sahelian Pesticide Committee, the 
decisions of which apply in the nin e member countries . Chad is also a member of the Pesticides 
Committee of Central Africa (CPAC) . The Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQDA) was created 
in 2010 to contribute to the drafting of  national standards on the hygienic and nutritional quality of 
foodstuffs  and to serve as an  advisory bureau for producers and consumers on related issues .41 
CECOQDA has two laboratories and regularly issues analytical bulletins on food conformity . Since 
January  2020, CECOQDA has bee n empowered to  certify food stuffs at  the national, subregional and 
international  levels. 
3.3.3   Competition policy and price controls  
3.75.  The Community regime ( Common Report , Section 3) and Law No. 43/PR/2014 form the legal 
basis for Chad's competition regime . Moreover, the invest ment charters of CEMAC and Chad prohibit 
anti-competitive practices.  
3.76.  Law No. 43/PR/2014 has as its purpose  to organize and promote competition, define 
competition  rules, and establish the National Competition Council  (CNC), which is attached to the 
Ministr y of Trade and Industry . The Law includes provisions on anti -competitive practices such as 
agreements, cartels, collusion, abuse of dominant position , mergers and acquisitions, price 
transparency infringements, restrictive pricing and loss -making or relate d sales . In principle, the 
Law applies to all natural persons and all public and private legal persons.  
 
40 Law No. 009/PR/2004 of 19 May 2004 organizing the sanitary inspectorate and the collective 
prevention of legally recognized contagious animal diseases on the territory of the Republic of Chad.  
41 Law No.  10/PR/021 establishing the Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQ DA). WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 383 - 
  3.77.  The decrees on the organization and functioning of the CNC were adopted in August  2018 and 
its members were appointed in March  2019. 
3.78.  Barring a few excep tions, prices can generally be set freely (Table 3.6) . In this connection , 
the authorities have indicated that the provisions of national legislation apply only to petroleum 
products.  
Table 3.6 Products subject to price controls  
Product  Measure  In force  
3 m galvanized corrugated iron sheets  Fixed selling price  Introduced in 2007 but not applied  
Water  CFAF 100/m³ .. 
Electricity  Low voltage : CFAF  85/kWh for the 
first 150 kWh ; CFAF  125/kWh 
thereafter  
Other : single tariff at 
CFAF 125/kWh  Latest review in 2012  
3 kg and 6 kg gas bottles  Maximum selling price set at 
CFAF 1,400 (3  kg) and 
CFAF 2,900 (6 kg)  .. 
Generic medicaments  Profit margins set at 20% for 
wholesalers, and  30% fo r 
dispensaries and  pharmaceutical 
stores  .. 
Local petroleum products  Premium petrol : CFAF  523/l; 
diesel fuel : CFAF  568/l; A1 jet 
fuel: CFAF  556/l; kerosene : 
CFAF 395/l Latest review in 2017  
.. Not available.  
Source:  Information provided by the Chadian authorities.  
3.79.  In 2015, Chad introduced a consumer protection law and a national consumer protection 
council.42 
3.3.4   State trading, state -owned enterprises, and privatization  
3.80.  Chad notified the WTO that it had no state-trading  enterprises.43 
3.81.  In April 2018, the Chadian State sold 60 % of the Société cotonnière du Tchad (CotonTchad) 
to the private enterprise Olam for more than CFAF 9 billion . In 2019, the Société tchadienne de jus 
de fruit was sold to a private company.  
3.3.5   Government procurement  
3.82.  Chad is not a party to the WTO Plurilateral Agreement on  Government  Procurement, nor is it 
an observer . No steps are being taken towards  future accession.  
3.83.  A new Government Procurement Code was adopted in 2015 .44 The Code establishes the rules 
applicable to the preparation, award, execution and oversight of government procurement for works, 
supplies and services, including intellectual services  in Chad . The Co de also establishes the 
Government Procurement Regulatory Authority (ARMP), which has as its  missio n to regulate the 
procurement system and undertake  reforms and modernization of the rules.  
3.84.  The Code specifies the applicable administrative sanctions and act ions relating to the 
prevention and settlement of related disputes . It covers purchases made by the State, the 
decentralized authorities, public institutions, and majority state-owned companies . Sovereignty 
 
42 Law No. 005 -PR-2015 on Consumer Protection in Chad.  
43 WTO document G/STR/N/7/TCD of 5  July 2001.  
44 Decree No.  2417/PR/PM/2015 of 17 December 2015 establishing the Government Procurement Code.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 384 - 
  spending, such  as military expenditure, is not co vered by the Code . Nevertheless, the procurement 
rules established by Decree No. 503/PR/PM/SGG/2003 remain in effect.  
3.85.  Government procurement in Chad is particularly susceptible to corruption . For example, one  
third of companies surveyed indicated that "gif ts" were expected for a company to win a public 
contract .45 In the 2017 -18 Global Competitiveness Index, Chad was ranked 109th out of 137 in the 
indicator on favouritism in decisions of government officials, and 137th out of 137 in the indicator on 
irregul ar payments and bribes.46 
3.3.6   Intellectual property rights  
3.86.  Chad is a member of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI) and the World 
Intellectual Property Organization . It ratified the revised Bangui Agreement (1999) and is a party to 
the Berne Convention.  
3.87.  Intellectual property issues are dealt with by the Department of Industrial Property and  
Technology, which is part of the Ministry responsible for trade . This department also serves as the 
contact point under Article 69 of  the TRIPS  Agree ment. To date, it has received  hundred s of deposits 
of different intellectual property instruments (Table 3.7).  
Table 3.7 Number of deposits at the  National Liaison Structure  (SNL), 2013 -21 
 2013  2014  2015  2016 2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Patents  2 37 .. 34 52 103 17 86 .. 
Marks  .. 51 .. 3 396 221 208 392 411 
Industrial designs  .. 17 .. 17 .. .. 85 663 119 
.. Not available.  
Source:  World Intellectual Property Organization.  
3.88.  Copyright and related rights are protected by a law adopted  in 200347, which designates the  
Chadian Copyright Office (BUTDRA) as the body authorized to deal with issues relating to the 
promotion and exploitation of artistic, literary or scientific works, and the protection of the rights of 
authors and their successors in title . The Office is also authorized to manage the interests of 
members of foreign copyright societies in Chad when there is a mandate, reciprocity agreement or 
convention on the su bject that is binding on Chad . It may collect royalties and authorize any 
communication of literary, musical, dramatic or artistic works to  the public . It also organizes 
copyright information and awareness campaigns . In 2019, BUTDRA paid out around CFAF  54 million 
to successors in title, up from C FAF 34 million  in 2013.  
3.89.  According to the authorities, the pirating  of artistic works and the counterfeiting of 
pharmaceutical products are the main spheres in which intellectual property rights are infringed 
in Chad. 
 
 
45 World Bank (2017).  
46 World Economic Forum (2017).  
47 Law No. 005/PR/2003 of  2 May 2003, on the protection of copyright, related rights and expressions 
of folklore.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 385 - 
  4  TRADE POLICY BY SECTOR  
4.1  Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries  
4.1.1   Introduction  
4.1.  The agricultural sector plays a leading role in the Chadian economy, contributing an average 
of 27 % to GDP, with livestock farming alone contributing 8 %. The sector  employs 80 % of the 
working population, more than half of whom are women.  
4.2.  Agricultural production remains an essentially informal activity and consists mainly of 
subsistence farming .48 The yields of extensive traditional agro -pastoral systems generally rem ain 
low. Despite the country's potential for the development of agriculture, forestry, livestock and 
fisheries, the agricultural sector's development has been erratic because of it s dependence  on 
weather conditions , poor infrastructure, absence of marketin g structures, lack of improved seeds, 
and inadequate cultivation techniques and equipment.  
4.3.  The semi -desert areas of the Sahel, in the north of the country, are used for grazing during the 
rainy season, whereas the fertile fields of the south provide most o f the cash and food crops . Around 
3.4 million  ha of land were cultivated in 2020, compared with  2 million  ha in 2013, but only 
30,000  ha were irrigated . The main cash crops are cotton, gum arabic, sesame, sugar cane and 
groundnuts . The main food crops are millet, sorghum, berbere, maize, rice and market garden 
produce (Table 4.1).  
Table 4.1 Food production, 2013 -21 
(Thousands of tonnes)  
Year  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Cereals  3,161.2  2,622.4  2,748.7  2,452.5  2,873.7  2,716.9  2,925.3  2,882.3  2,620.3  
Millet  847.1  555.6  694.8  592.1  725.7  660.2  717.6  686.6  621.4  
Sorghum  1,171.6  799.2  921.7  835.4  991.0  946.3  972. 970.2  895.8  
Maize  456.0  418.0  332.9  349.5  443.8  396.5  414.6  407.4  364.6  
Rice 177.7  378.2  304.1  243.5  257.7  263.6  290.6  278.1  242.6  
Berbere  500.1  469.6  494.4  431.1  453.7  448.5  528.4  538.2  494.4  
Wheat  8.8 1.8  0.8 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.6  1,815.0  1.5 
Oilseeds, pulses and tubers  2,312.2  1,777.8  1,424.1  1,301.9  1,888.4  1,734.6  1,817.4  1,753.4  1,695.9  
Groundnuts  1,297.7  965.2  791.1  720.1  871.2  870.1  873.2  840.0  798.0  
Sesame  124.6  125.9  204.8  152.6  153.6  158.7  217.7  202.1  196.9  
Cowpeas  124.1  121.1  113.9  138.1  144.1  152.0  152.9  154.6  151.7  
Bambara beans  24.7 28.0 0.4 33.1 37.6 34.7 34.1 31.7 32.3 
Cassava  222.6  224.0  166.9  141.0  492.5  290.6  297.0  293.9  295.1  
Sweet potatoes  518.4  290.1  142.7  97.1 170.4  199.9  217.3  206.2  195.8  
Dasheen   
23.6 4.3 20.3 19.0 28.7 25.1 24.9 26.2 
Source:  Department of Agricultural Production and Statistics, Ministry of Production, Irrigation and 
Agricultural Equipment (MPIEA).  
4.4.  The land tenure regime does not lend itself to the establishment of an official land market, 
particularly in rural areas . A "modern" regime coexi sts with customary law . As a result, land 
ownership can be attested either by registering it or farming it (customary  law). In rural areas, 
customary law predominates . In principle, it is prohibited to sell land to  nationals of countries with 
which Chad do es not have a reciprocity agreement on the subject, but  in practice this provision is 
not applied . The State may take ownership of undeveloped land . A land code is in the process of 
being adopted by the National Assembly.  
4.5.  Chad is particularly exposed to th e risks associated with climate change .49 The main climate 
risks are : (i) reduced and increasingly variable rainfall and water resources ; (ii) continuous 
temperature rises observed since the 1990s ; (iii) the resurgence of extreme weather events 
(droughts, floods, heat waves), which will become increasingly frequent.  
 
48 For example, according to the general census of enterprises published by the National Institute of 
Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studie s (INSEED) in 2015, only five economic units were involved in 
agriculture, forestry or fishing.  
49 In a study on the climate vulnerability of 186 countries, Chad was ranked as the country most at risk. 
Verisk Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2016.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 386 - 
  4.6.  Chad is a major exporter of livestock, hides and skins, cotton and sesame . A large proportion 
of trade in agricultural products is conducted informally . For example, exports to Cameroon and 
Nigeria, especially livestock exports, remain strong, but are likely to be underestimated in the official 
statistics.  
4.7.  Agricultural imports are dominated by edible preparations, tobacco and rice.  
4.1.2   Agricultural policy  
4.8.  The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation is responsible for the design, implementation and 
evaluation of the Government's agricultural  policy . It relies on  technical services, including the 
National Rural Development Office (ONDR) for matters relating to producer support programmes, 
the National Food Security Office (ONASA) for the management of a buffer stock of food, the National 
Rural Development Support Agency (ANADER) and the Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research 
for Development (ITRAD).  
4.9.  The overall objective of the National Investment Plan for the Rural Sector (PNISR), a n 
agricultural sector  policy paper , is to make the rural sector a significant s ource of economic growth 
and ensure food security for the population .50 The Plan navigates  the transition between the National 
Development Plan guidelines and the action plans of different sectors . It strategically integr ates all 
rural sector projects  and programmes in terms of operationalization, budgeting and steering of 
actions . The PNISR 's budget amounts to  CFAF 2,431 billion  for the six years from 2016 to 2022.  
4.10.  The PNISR has set itself five specific objectives:  
• promote sustainable rural development by improving the living environment for rural 
producers, managing natural resources rationally and judiciously adapting local economies 
to climate hazards;  
• develop rural infrastructure to make optimum use of  land and water resources and improve 
access to mark ets, material, equipment and financing;  
• sustainably develop three subsectors – agriculture, forestry and livestock ; fisheries ; and 
wildlife – to give added  value  to Chadian products  and make them more competitive ; 
• sustainably improve the food and nutrition al security o f rural population s, better integrate 
young people and women into production systems and strengthen the resilience of rural 
households;  
• create favourable conditions for rural development by improving governance and 
strengthening resea rch, training, outreach and effective participation for all stakeholders.  
4.11.  Food security is the responsibility of ONASA, whose  mission includes building up and managing 
a reserve stock of food , enabling it to  intervene in case of necessity  or emergency . ONASA's stock 
consists of direct purchases and food aid ; it is managed by the Action Committee for Food Security 
and Crisis Management . The Committee targets vulnerable areas  according to  circumstances,  and 
decides whether to sell food at subsidized prices or  distribute it free of charge . In 2021, the stock 
stood at  12,641 tonnes.  
4.12.  In 2016, ANADER was created to support more intensive and more diverse agricultural, 
livestock, fisheries and forestry production ; promote the agriculture, livestock, fisheries and f orestry 
subsectors ; and support the training and structuring of farmers' organizations capable of managing  
collective action s. ANADER's resources consist of state subsidies and other contributions, payments 
for services provided and resources from domestic  and foreign entities.  
4.13.  The common external tariff (CET) generally applies to all imports of agricultural products, but 
46 tariff lines covering food products (flour, rice, oil and pasta) are exempt from the CET to reduce 
the cost of living ( Section 3.1.3.1) . Market prices are generally used as the customs value for 
cross-border trade in products such  as rice, sugar and wheat flour . In relation to customs duties, 
 
50 Gover nment of Chad (2019).  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 387 - 
  the free movement of agricultural products of Community origin is, in principle, guarante ed within 
the CEMAC zone.  
4.14.  An exit duty is levied on exported products : 8% for animals and 2 % for other products . For 
live animals, the exit duty is applied to market values ( Section 3.2.2) . This relatively high rate 
substantially hinders the sector's devel opment and is not without consequences for the proliferation 
of instances of  fraud and informal trade . Exports of livestock, raw hides and skins, and leather are 
also subject to the standard flat-rate tax (IGL), at CFAF 100/kg (Section 3.2.2) . Exports of h eifers, 
calves and camel species under five years of age are prohibited.  
4.15.  Import permits must be obtain ed in advance for live animals, meat, leather, raw hides and 
skins, and vegetable products ( Section 3.3.2) . The import of animal products is subject to a health 
control, attested by  a sanitary certificate . A sanitary or phytosanitary certificate is also required for 
imports and exports of plant products . The Food Quality Control Centre (CECOQDA) contributes to 
the drafting of national standards on the hygie nic and nutritional quality of food products . CECOQDA 
also certifies food products in cooperation with the Chadian Standardization Agency (ATNOR)  
4.16.  The Government has participated in numerous projects in the agro -pastoral sector in 
cooperation with its devel opment partners.  
4.1.3   Policy by subsector  
4.1.3.1   Livestock farming an d by-products  
4.17.  Livestock farming employs around 40 % of the working population and 80 % of the rural 
population . Natural pastures are the main pastoral resource . Together with range land, they occupy 
84 million  ha, or 65 % of Chad's total land  area. 
4.18.  Livestock farming is essentially based on  nomadism and transhumance . Because weather 
conditions  are variable , the availability of water and grazing land varies by region and over time . As 
a result, no madic herders  sometimes have to migrate long distances, sometimes in excess of 
500 km, which naturally creates conflict with sedentary herders  and crop farmers who use the same 
resources . Other constraints on the development of  livestock farming include th e shortage of grazing 
land and water resources, low productivity, and barriers that hinder access to subregional and 
regional markets.  
4.19.  With livestock numbers having surged to around  140 million  head – mostly bovine animals, 
small ruminants and dromedaries – Chad is the largest livestock and meat producer in Central Africa 
(Table 4.2).  
Table 4.2 Livestock numbers, 2013 -21 
Number of 
heads  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Bovine  animals 
ananaimals  
 
animals animals  22,446,215  23,637,542  24,892,098  26,213,239  27,604,500  29,069,601  30,612,461  32,237,210  33,948,191  
Sheep  22,697,074  24,495,381  26,436,170  28,530,729  30,791,242  33,230,856  35,863,764  38,705,279  41,771,929  
Goats  27,070,013  28,742,985  30,519,349  32,405,495  34,408,208  36,534,693  38,792,597  41,190,044  43,735,656  
Camels  5,645,776  6,017,416  6,413,521  6,835,700  7,285,669  7,765,258  8,276,416  8,821,223  9,401,892  
Equine animals 
animals  987,482  1,029,592  1,073,498  1,119,276  1,167,006  1,216,772  1,268,660  1,322,760  1,379,167  
Asses  2,467,670  2,630,564  2,804,210  2,989,319  3,186,647  3,397,001  3,621,240  3,860,282  4,115,103  
Swine  1,323,171  1,483,986  1,664,346  1,866,627  2,093,492  2,347,112  2,633,293  .. 
2,953,337  3,312,279  
Total  82,637,401  88,037,466  93,803,192  99,960,385  106,536,764  113,561,293  121,068,432  129,090,134  137,664,217  
.. Not available.  
Source:  Ministry of Livestock and Animal Production (MEPA), 2022.  
4.20.  Livestock is Chad's second largest export product . The main species exported are bovine 
animals and camels . Bovine animals are exported live to Nigeria and, to a lesser extent, Cameroon 
and the Central African Republic ; camels are exported to Libya and Egypt.  
4.21.  In addition to the strong tariff protection provided under the CET ( Common Report , Section  3), 
the livestock sector is also subject to numerous levies and procedures on both the  export and import 
fronts ( Section 3) . Livestock exports are subject to an 8% exit duty ( Section 3) . A fee of up to WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 388 - 
  CFAF 5,000 per head for bovine animals and camels is charged and paid into the National Livestock 
Fund.  
4.22.  The goal of government policy in the sector is to make the products competitive on regional 
and international markets by providing substa ntial support for livestock farmers and their grazing 
practices . The main measures taken since 2013 are the launch of the project to support the 
development of the livestock industry (PADIAT), the purpose of which is to establish complexes of 
abattoirs, ta nneries, food factories and pharmaceutical factories and to implement a pilot project to 
support value chains.  
4.23.  Since 2013, two National Livestock Development Plans (2013 -17 and 2018 -21) and 
two strategies (one for pastoral development and one for local mil k) have been drawn up with 
several department guidelines . In the area of health, the department has made a commitment to 
eradicate peste des petit ruminants by 2025 and to contain soil -borne diseases and parasitic 
diseases . In the area of livestock product ion, the focus is on increasing productivity while securing 
pastoral systems by developing the subsectors through more modern and more intensive farming 
methods and by industrializing the sector.  
4.24.  Processing activities are underdeveloped . At the two abattoi rs (Farcha and Moundou), the 
meat-preservation facilities that exist are seldom operational . As a result, meat is exported only by 
private persons acting in their personal capacity . The commercialization of livestock by -products, 
such as raw hides and skin s, leather, hoofs and horns, is  merely incipient . There is no modern 
industrial facility for th e treatment and processing of  these products . The techniques used are 
traditional and inefficient, resulting in poor -quality products.  
4.25.  To address these concerns,  the State began to build industrial facilities for animal products : 
the Logone abattoir complex (opened in February  2020), the Mandélia dairy industry complex (under 
construction) and the Djarmaya abattoir complex (under construction).  
4.26.  The National Livest ock Fund (FNE) has several missions : (i) to supply veterinary posts with 
veterinary material and products for identifying and processing cattle for export ; (ii) to collect the 
proceeds of the fund and track the status of payments ; (iii) to contribute to th e financing of 
non-salary cost activities (missions, studies) ; and (iv) to support stations with vaccination 
campaigns when required.  
4.27.  In addition , health control requires the payment of CFAF  2,500 per herd for the health 
passport . All of these charges undermine the competitiveness of a sector in which the country 
nonetheless has a definite  comparative advantage . As a result, informal  border crossings and 
under -declarations of  the number of animals being exported are frequent.  
4.1.3.2   Cotton and its by -products  
4.28.  Cotton has traditionally been the main cash crop in the Chadian economy . The cotton -growing 
area covers around 100,000 km², or 80 % of the Sudanian part of the country, with rainfall ranging 
from 800 to 1,200  mm per year . Seed cotton pro duction, however, has declined sharply in recent 
years . The subsector is still going through a deep crisis, which has led many producers to switch 
from cotton to food crops.  
4.29.  Cotton production slumped to an all -time low during the 2018 -19 season, with a cro p of only 
45,899 tonnes, down from 159,805 tonnes the previous season . This contraction was caused mainly 
by a lack of funds  for the mobilization of resources to deploy  factors of production, the accumulation 
of arrears among farmers and the difficulties f aced in terms of mobilizing financing from local banks . 
Most of the cotton fibre produced is exported to  Asia and Europe . Some units manufacture textile 
products for the local market.  
4.30.  In 2018, the Government partially privatized Société  CotonTchad SN . The privatization 
reshaped the company's share structure, with 60 % of its shares, worth C FAF 9.8 billion , being 
transferred to the O lam International Group ; 35% belonging to the State ; and 5% going to the 
cotton farmers . CotonTchad has nine cotton -ginning factories, all in the south of the country.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 389 - 
  4.1.3.3   Sugar  
4.31.  The sugar market is organized at the Community level ( Common Report , Section  4.1.3.3) . In 
Chad, the subsector is centred around the Compagnie sucrière du Tchad (CST) , 82.2% of which  is 
owned by Société d'organisation de management et de développement des industries alimentaires 
et agricoles, 8.9 % by the Chadian State and 8.9 % by Société sucrière du Cameroun . The CST is the 
only sugar producer in Chad and produces around 40,000 tonnes  per year.  
4.32.  The National Sugar Market Regulation Committee is the safeguard committee for sugar . 
Import quotas were introduced in 2017 and 2018, and each of the 14 registered importers (including 
the CST) was allocated a specific quota.  
4.1.3.4   Gum arabic  
4.33.  Chad is the world's second largest exporter of gum arabic, after Sudan . Average production 
is estimated at  between 12,000 and 13,000  tonnes a year, which is around a quarter of global 
production . Gum arabic  is a source of additional revenue for more than 500,000 households , farmers  
and herders , sedentary and nomadic, especially during the dry season . The rubbe r-producing regions 
cover a vast area . Usage rights are favourable to mobile communities.  
4.34.  The subsector's performance led the Government to draw up a policy to promote gum arabic 
cultivation . The policy is enshrined in the National Development Plan 2017-21, the purpose of which 
is to strengthen the subsector's competitiveness by delivering training, awareness -raising and 
advisory services to operators in the subsector and providing them with essential equipment and 
material to make them more professi onal and better organized . Recent years have seen a significant 
increase in t he quantity and quality of the support provided . 
4.1.3.5   Other agricultural products  
Spirulina  
4.35.  Chad is one of the world's leading producers of spirulina, with an annual output of between 
150 and 200 tonnes .51 The natural conditions of the Lake Chad area strongly favour  its cultivation . 
The algae are processed for food using traditional methods that have been practised for generations.  
Shea 
4.36.  Shea has strong potential in Chad . Felling  operati ons cover only 4 -5% of the country's 
50-60 million trees. Potential production is estimated at around 556,000 tonnes of kernels 
per year.52 These relatively large quantities of shea trees grow naturally in the south of the country.  
4.1.3.6   Fishing  
4.37.  Fishing is practised in the country's numerous water bodies : rivers (including the Chari and  
the Logone), lakes (Chad, Léré, Fitri, Iro and others) and secondary watercourses and  watering 
points . Fishing in Chad has not yet been industrialized ; it is purely artisanal . Average annual 
production is estimated at 150,000 tonnes of fish, out of a potential production of 250,000 tonnes . 
It is estimated that about 500,000 people practise fishing and related activities (drying, smoking, 
marketing, etc.).  
4.38.  Located in an area wi th low rainfall and high evaporation, Lake Chad is a huge, flat basin with 
a depth generally not exceed ing 4 metres . Around 90 % of Lake Chad has disappeared in the last 
50 years due to a combination of drought and increase d water use for irrigation.  
4.39.  Fishing in Chad is entirely artisanal . Products are preserved in the usual forms : smoked, dried 
or under ice . The infrastructure built for this purpose is, for the most part, not functional . Annual 
output fluctuates depending on weather conditions, and is situat ed at around 110,000 tonnes 
 
51 Spirulina (dihé) is a blue alga used for nutritional and pharmaceutical purposes and is renowned for 
its protein and vitamin content.  
52 Djekota, Christophe, et al., Potentiel karité au Tchad  , Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2 014. WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 390 - 
  per year, out of an estimated potential of 250,000 tonnes . Aquaculture plays only a marginal role, 
with an annual output of 115 tonnes.  
4.40.  Fishing is governed by Title IV of Law No. 014/PR/2008 of 1 0 June 2008 establishing the 
forestry, fauna and fisheries regime . Articles 274, 275 and 276, in Chapter 7, establish the conditions 
for transporting and marketing fisheries products . Under this law, fishing requires a permit . There 
are two categories of permits : category A for Chadian nationals, and category B for foreign nationals . 
Permits are valid for one year and are renewable . They are issued following payment of a 
CFAF 50,000 fee for Chadian nationals or a CFAF  200,000 fee for foreign nationals, as set out in 
Article 41 of the 2017 Budget  Law. 
4.41.  The average common external tariff on fish products (as defined by the WTO) is 25.6 %. 
Additional levies also apply ( Section 3) . The sale of fish on the market requires a movement permit, 
which is issued subject to a 3 % fee. 
4.42.  No projects devoted exclusively to fish have existed since the Fisheries Development Project 
(PRODEPECHE), which ended in 2013 . Nevertheless, some rural development projects  include a 
fishing component among their forms of intervention . Notable examples i nclude the Support Project 
for Resilience and Agricultural Systems in Chad (PARSAT), the Project for the Development of 
Resilience and Action to Combat  Food Insecurity in Chad (PDRLIAT), and two subregional projects 
carried out by the Lake Chad Basin Commi ssion (CBLT) and the Economic Commission on Livestock , 
Meat and Fishery Resources (CEBEVIRHA).  
4.1.3.7   Forestry products  
4.43.  The goal of the G overnment 's forestry policy is to use forestry products to boost development 
and reduce poverty while protecting biological di versity in forests . The forestry management and 
conservation regime is contained in Law No.  014/PR/08 of  10 June 2008 establishing the forestry, 
fauna and fisheries regime . This Law supplements Law  No. 14/PR/98 of 17  August  1998 defining  the 
general princi ples of environmental protection.  
4.44.  Under the Law, any commercial logging is subject to the payment of fees and taxes . The Law 
envisages incentives for reforestation . Concessions may be granted on areas of  up to 20  ha for 
private persons and 100  ha for compa nies. These concessions may be awarded to individuals or 
communities , subject to reforestation or regeneration requirements.  
4.2  Mining, energy and water  
4.2.1   Mining  
4.45.  Chad has abundant deposits of gold, iron, bauxite, salt and natron , as well as other minerals 
that can be used in  construction, such as limestone, kaolin, marble and diatomites . The only minerals 
currently being worked  are alluvial gold (on a small scale), natron, gravel and sand . Because of its 
enormous potential, mining is a priority sector in the National Development Plan . The sector 
contributes around 4 % to GDP . Gold mining is a very recent activity  in Chad and remains mainly 
artisanal . Most of the gold is exported to the United Arab Emirates an d Asian countries.  
4.46.  The Mining Code regulates the prospect ing, exploration, production, possession, 
transportation and processing of all mineral and fossil resources except liquid and gaseous 
hydrocarbons .53 Under t he Code, mineral resources  contained in the country's soil and subsoil are 
the property of the State, and mining rights are required for prospect ing, exploration and production.  
4.47.  Table 4.3 shows the various mining rights and the conditions under which they are issued by 
the Ministry responsible for mines and geology . The operator must submit a comprehensive dossier , 
the composition of which varies depending on the licence being sought . All mining rights and licences 
are renewable, subject to certain con ditions.  
 
53 Law No.  011/PR/95 of 20  June 1995 establishing the Mining Code in the Republic of Chad, and  
Decree  No. 821/PR/MMEP/95.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Table 4.3 Characteristics of mining rights  
Type of licence  Activity or nature of the 
right  Land 
area / 
means  Duration  Fees and taxes (in CFAF)  
Prospectin g 
licence  Surface and underground 
work/Non -exclusive right  By order 
of the 
Minister  1 year  Issuance fee : 1 million  
Renewal : 1 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year) – 
see exploration permit 
Artisana l 
quarrying licence  Quarrying without 
crushing/Non -exclusive right  1 ha 1 year  Issuance fee : 5 million  
Renewal : 5 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year) for 
mines and at (ha/year) for 
quarries : 50,000  
Temporary 
industrial 
quarrying licence  Quarrying with 
crushing/Exclusive, divisible, 
mortgageable right and free 
use of th e quarry material s 
requested  1 ha 1 year  Issuance fee : 5 million  
Renewal : 5 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year) : 
50,000  
Permanent 
industrial 
quarrying licence  Quarrying with crushing for 
commercial purposes or public 
projects/ Exclusive right and 
free use of the quarried 
material  Dependent 
on the 
deposit  5 years  Issuance fee : 15 million  
Renewal : 15 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year) : 
50,000  
Tailings 
reprocessing 
licence  Reprocessing of waste at an 
artificial deposit not subject to 
a mining right/Exclusive right 
to reprocess and freely use 
processed material  Dependent 
on the 
quantity 
and size of 
the waste  3 years  Issuance fee – see 
Industrial mining permit  
Renewal – see Industrial 
mining permit  
 
Traditional 
artisanal deposit 
mining licence 
(gold deposit = 
gold panning)  Artisanal mining of alluvial, 
eluvial and vein deposits using 
artisanal methods (shovels, 
picks, tamping bars, etc.) at a 
depth not exceeding 10  m./ 
Reserved for Chadian nationals  1 km²  1 year  Issuance fee : 1 million  
Renewal : 1 million  
Land-use fe e (km2/year) : 
10,000  
Semi-mechanized 
artisanal mining 
licence  Artisanal mining of alluvial, 
eluvial and vein deposits using 
semi-mechanized methods 
(excavator s, skips, crushers, 
engine -generators, etc.) at a 
depth not exceeding 
50 m. Open to  all Chadian and 
foreign companies  2 km²  3 years  Issuance fee : 1 million  
Renewal : 1 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year) for 
mines and at (ha/year) for 
quarries:  
First period of validity : 
20,000  
Mineral 
exploration 
permit  Surface and underground work 
to define a deposit/ Exclusive 
right to explore the designated 
area for the material  Dependent 
on the 
deposit 
type   
Issuance fee : 2 million  
Renewal : 2.5 million  
Transfer fee:  
5 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year):  
First period of validity : 
5,000. 
Renewal : 7,500.  
Second renewal : 10,000  
Semi-industrial 
mining permit  Semi-industrial mining 
work/ Exclusive prospect ing, 
exploration and mining right 
and free use of the extracted 
material  5 km² for 
precious 
metals  10 years  Issuance fee : 10 million  
Renewal : 10 million  
Transfer fee:  
15 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year):  
First period of validity : 
750,000  
Each renewal : 750,000  
Industrial minin g 
permit  Industrial mining 
work/ Exclusive, divisible and 
mortgageable prospecti ng, 
exploration and mining right 
and free use of the extracted 
material/ accompanied by a 
mining agreement  Dependent 
on the 
deposit  20 years  Issuance fee : 10 million  
Renewal : 10 million  
Transfer fee : 15 million  
Land-use fee (km2/year):  
First period of validity : 
750,000  
Each renewal : 750,000  
Source:  Directorate -General of Mines.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 392 - 
  4.48.  Holders of mining rights and oil contracts are eligible for broad  exemptions and duty and tax 
concessions . Materials and c onsumable s intended  for mining sector activities are generally exempt 
from customs import duties an d taxes . In addition, businesses can import material, equipment and 
motor vehicles used for their exploration and extraction activities under the temporary admission 
procedure.  
4.49.  Chad has been a member countr y of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) 
since 2010 . In May 2019, the EITI Board determined that Chad had made significant progress in 
implementing the EITI Standard 2016 because the oil and gas sectors had become more transparent 
in recent years . However, in the third validation report, published in 2022 and based on the 
EITI Standard 2019, it was noted that Chad achieved a fairly low overall score.54 
4.2.2   Petroleum sector  
4.50.  Estimated at 1.5 billion  barrels, Chad 's oil reserves are  the 10th l arges t in Africa . Most of its 
reserves are in the Doba basin, in the far south of the country . Oil accounts for 15 % of GDP, 87 % 
of exports and 80 % of government revenue . Oil production and exports are carried out mainly by 
foreign consortiums.  
4.51.  The Ministry  of Energy and Petroleum is responsible for designing, coordinating, implementing 
and monitoring government policy on energy and hydrocarbons . In the hydrocarbon sector, it relies 
on the Société des hydrocarbures du Tchad (SHT), a state enterprise created in 2006 to implement 
industrial and  commercial policy in the hydrocarbon sector . The SHT can intervene  in the variou s 
activities (prospecting, production, refining, marketing, etc.) by ac quiring direct or indirect equity 
stakes.  
4.52.  Law No. 006/PR/2007 of 2 May 2007 on hydrocarbons and the 2010 ordinance amending it 
cover activities relating to hydrocarbon prospecting, production and refining and the distribution of 
petroleum products, as well  as related structures and installations . The texts also set out the rules 
on environmental protection . Under this law, any substances and hydrocarbon resources existing 
either underground or on the surface are the exclusive property of the State . Related activities, 
including  exploration, production and pipelining, require a n authorizatio n or permit issued 
by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum . Table 4.4 shows the various types of 
authorizations /permits.  
Table 4.4 Authorizations and permits for engaging in hydrocarbon -related activities  
Authorization  Sundry r equirements  Period of v alidity  
Prospecting authorization  
(non-exclusive right)  Fee payable to the Treasury  2 years, renewable once  
Exploration permit  / Exclusive 
exploration authorization  Fee payable to the 
Treasury, and 
performance bond from 
a bank  5 years, renewable once  
Production  permit  / Exclusive 
production  authorization  Hold an exploration 
authorization  25 years  
Transport and pipeline 
construction authorization  Hold a production 
permit  Upon expiration of the production 
licence or recovery of the 
investment costs  
Source:  Law No.  006/PR/07 on hydrocarbons and Ordinance No.  001/PR/10.  
4.53.  Mining rights may be granted under a concession contract or a production -sharing agreement . 
In a concession contract, the right -holder has exclusive hydrocarbon exploration and production 
rights within a specified area . The contract holder assumes all risks and finances the op erations . 
Nonetheless, the State, through the SHT, is entitled to an initial share . A production permit  may be 
granted to the operator if the exploration activities lead to the discovery of a commercially viable 
 
54 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (2022): EITI Progress Report 2020.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  deposit, in which case the SHT is entitled t o an additional share in the mining operations . The SHT's 
stake in production -sharing agreements is 25 %. 
4.54.  In addition to the taxes provided for  in the General Tax Code, oil contract holders are subject 
to a land -use fee and royalties on production . The rate s and payment procedures for these levies 
are specified in the oil contract . The Hydrocarbons Law sets royalties at 5 -10% for natural gas and 
14.25 -16.5% for crude oil . The State may choose between receiving the levy in kind or in money . 
The company tax ra te is subject to negotiation in the establishment  agreements, and must be set 
between 40 % and 75 %. 
4.55.  Oil contracts may be awarded through an international tendering procedure . The contractor 
is required to establish its head office in Chad and maintain its a ccounts there.  
4.56.  Thanks to an oil refinery operating to the north of N'Djamena since 2011, Chad produces its 
own fuels . Annual production at the refinery is  700,000 tonnes of petrol and kerosene, 20,000 tonnes 
of diesel fuel, 25,000  tonnes of polypropylene, 60,000 tonnes of liquefied petroleum gas, and 
40,000  tonnes of  fuel oil . The refinery is managed by the Société de raffinerie de N'Djamena and 
the China National Petroleum Company International (Chad) Ltd; the State holds a 40 % share in 
the former and  a 60% share  in the latter . 
4.57.  Refineries and distributors are required to  hold a buffer stock of petroleum products covering 
at least 15 days of their domestic demand.55 
4.2.3   Energy  and water  
4.2.3.1   Energy  
4.58.  In 2017, 10.9 % of the population had acc ess to electricity (mainly in N'Djamena), as against  
3.6% in 2002 and 3.7 % in 2011 . Traditional biomass remains the main source of energy for the 
majority of the population.  
4.59.  The Société nationale d'électricité (SNE) has a monopoly on electricity generation , 
transmission and distribution . Its five power stations have a total capacity of around 22 MW . The 
electricity produced by the SNE is of thermal origin.  
4.60.  The sale prices of electricity are set by an order issued by the Minister of Trade and Industry . 
In principle, uniform  prices apply throughout the country . For household use  (low voltage), the price 
per kilowatt -hour (kWh) is CFAF  85 for the first tier (the first 150 kWh) and C FAF 125 for the second 
tier. Other users pay a single tiered price of C FAF 125 per kWh. These prices, however, do not reflect 
production costs, and the SNE operates at a loss.56 
4.61.  There are a number of development projects for solar power, including plans for a 32  MW 
photovoltaic power station in Djermaya, 30  km north of N'Djamena . The Djermaya plant will be the 
first power station in Chad to produce renewable energy and is the first public -private partnership 
in the electricity sector.  
4.62.  The Government intends to accelerate the development of a 225  KW cross -border power line 
between Chad and Cameroon . In addition to connecting the two countries, the project will bring 
electricity t o nearby localities . The project  is expected to become operational in 2027.  
4.2.3.2   Water  
4.63.  Access to drinking water remains a challenge for most of the Chadian population, particularly 
in rural areas . An estimated 63 % of the population have access to drinking water, compared with  
54% in 2017.  
 
55 Ordinance No. 006/PR/12 of 7 February 2012, concerning the export and import of petroleum 
products.  
56 "Enquête: la SNE vend l'électricité à perte " (10 April 2019). Viewed at: 
https://tchadinfos.com/tchad/enque te-la-sne-vend-lelectricite -a-perte/ . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 394 - 
  4.64.  The Water Code sets out the terms for the use of water from rivers, lakes and underground 
sources and the operation and ma nagement of water works .57 The Code establishes that all water 
resources are a public good . It stipulates that water development requires prior authorization and 
must be carried out in a way that encourages private initiative and free competition . The rate s 
charged must cover all operating costs, including the operator's profit margin, the charge or rental 
fee for goods made available to the operator, and  any other government levies . The operator must 
submit its rates to the regulatory authority, which firs t approves them and then submits them to the 
Government for authorization.  
4.65.  Water policy in semi -urban and rural areas falls within  the remit of the Water Board . The 
Board delegates the management and maintenance of water points to the local populations . 
Depending on the size of the localities, t he State equips them with manual, thermal or  solar pumps , 
in exchange for a financial contribution on their part . Equipment maintenance, repair and renewal 
are financed by the local populations . The pumps are managed  by village associations or user 
associations . In more heavily populated places, such as semi -urban areas, pump management may 
be outsourced to a private operator.  
4.66.  Decree No. 330/PR/PM/MEH/SG/2014 of 2 0 January  2015 establishes the conditions for 
powers re lated to the delegation of public water services to be transferred from the State to 
decentralized authorities . Implementing decrees have been issued, including in the following areas : 
procedures for controlling and monitoring the quality of water intended  for human consumption58; 
model contracts for delegating the public drinking -water service59; the legal framework for water 
management advisory and support units60; the perimeter of jurisdiction for the management of 
public water services61; and technical and regulatory specifications for village -level water works.62 
4.3  Manufacturing  
4.67.  The manufacturing sector remains very poorly developed . Its contribution to GDP has 
remained below 3 % in recent years . Manufacturing in Chad consists mainly of petroleum  and 
agri-food products.  
4.68.  Numerous constraints continue to hold back the manufacturing sector, including the poor 
quality and high cost of transport and  communications services ; and the high cost an d difficulties of 
access to other inputs, including raw mat erials and financing.  
4.69.  The National Crafts Development Agency (ANDA) exists to strengthen the capacity of 
organizations that support the development of handicrafts.  
4.4  Services  
4.4.1   Telecommunications services  
4.70.  Table 4.5 shows the main telecommunications indicators for Chad in 2020 and Table 4.6 lists 
the average prices of the different types of services in 2021.  
Table 4.5 Key telecommunications indicators, 2020  
Indicators  Data  
Population covered by a mobile -cellular network  86% 
Population covered by at least a 3G network  48% 
Population covered by at least a 4G network  22% 
Individuals owning a mobile phone  .. 
Households with Internet access at home  .. 
Households with a computer at home  .. 
Mobile -cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants  53 
 
57 Ordinance No.  0186/PR/2011 of 1  March  2011, amending and supplementing Law No.  016/PR/99 
of 18 August  1999 on the Water Code.  
58 Decree No. 616/PR/PM/ME/MSP/2010.  
59 Order No.  029/MEE /DG/2022.  
60 Order No.  2869/ME/2007.  
61 Order No.  01/PR/MHVP/09.  
62 Order No.  26/ME/2010.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 395 - 
  Indicators  Data  
Fixed -telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants  0 
Active mobile -broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants  3 
Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants  0 
International bandwidth per Internet user (kbits/s)  9 
Percentage of individuals using the Internet  10 
Average monthly fixed broadband Internet traffic per fixed broadband 
subscription (MB)  0 
Average monthly mobile broadband Internet traffic per mobile broadband 
subscription (MB)  2,809  
.. Not available.  
Source:  ITU Digital Development Dashboard.  
Table 4.6 Average prices of different telecommunications services, 2021  
Type of service  Price (percentage of gross 
national income per 
capita)  
Fixed -broadband basket as a percentage of gross national income per capita  41.3%  
Mobile -cellular low -usage basket as a percentage of gross national income per 
capita  24.9%  
Mobile data and voice high -consumption basket as a percentage of gross 
national income per capita  24.1%  
Mobile data and voice low -consumption basket as a percentage of gross 
national income per capita  19.4%  
Data-only mobile -broadband basket as a percentage of gross national income 
per capita  .. 
.. Not available.  
Source:  ITU Digital Development Dashboard.  
4.71.  The telecommunications sector in Chad employs around 1,000 people.  
4.72.  The following types of  services have been fully liberalized : data, fixed satellite services, fixed 
broadband, mobile personal communications by satellite (fixed and mobile satellite services), 
international mobile telephony  (3G and 4G), domestic mobile telephony, mobile satellite services, 
Internet services, leased l ines, wireless local loop and very -small-aperture terminal s (VSATs) . 
4.73.  Others, however, are still under monopoly : cable reception modems, domestic long -distance 
fixed lines, international gateways, international long -distance fixed lines , local fixed lines  and digital 
subscriber lines.  
4.74.  No data are available on the extent to which cable television and radio -messaging services 
have been liberalized.  
4.75.  Chad has three telephone operators : the historic operator Sotel Tchad/Salam, which has a 
marginal market share (0.3 %); Tigo, a subsidiary of the Luxembourg group Millicom, which was sold 
in 2019 to Maroc Telecom (51.1 % share in 2018) and Bharti Airte (formerly Zain), a company 
originally from India (48.5 % market share in 2018) . These operators use 3G , 4G/GPRS  and EDGE . 
Some Internet service providers have a market share of less than 0.1 %. Sotel Tchad dominates the 
fixed-telephon y market . Its only competitor, Tawali, has only a 0.1 % market share.  
4.76.  Mobile network coverage increased from 59 % in 2015 to 86 % in 2021 , but there are still 
disparities in coverag e between urban and rural areas owing to the size of the country, a lack of 
relay stations  and a difficult climate . The ITU has drawn attention to relatively high taxation on the 
mobile sector (tax on S IM cards a nd calls) . Mobile broadband was deployed only recently, with two  of 
the three operators introducing 3G services in 2014 and one introducing LTE services the same year.  
4.77.  Fixed broadband is still limited . The service mainly uses wireless technology and is provided 
by several competing operators . Chad is connected to a fibre -optic network that runs alongside the 
oil pipeline to Cameroon, but the volume of data that uses this route remains low . Work is under 
way on two other fibre -optic networks to link Chad to its neighbours : the Central African Backbone 
project, financed by the World Bank, and the trans -Saharan fibre -optic backbone, financed by the WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 396 - 
  African Development Bank . Pending completion of  these projects, Chad continue s to depend on 
expensive satellite  connections for a substantial portion of its international Internet bandwidth.  
4.78.  The Ministry of Postal Services and New Information Technologies is responsible for 
determining policy for the sector . The Ministry has drawn up a seven -point strategic develop ment 
plan for information technology : (i) infrastructure development ; (ii) the use of information 
technology to reduce poverty ; (iii) a stronger regulatory framework ; (iv) content development ; 
(v) capacity -building ; (vi) e-government ; and (vii) better acce ss to information technology for 
vulnerable groups.  
4.79.  The core legislation for the sector is contained in Law No.  2014-14 of 2 1 March  2014 on 
electronic communications, which replaced the Chadian Telecommunications Regulation Office 
(OTRT) with the Electroni c Communications Regulatory Authority (ARCE)  
4.4.2   Postal and express services  
4.80.  The regulatory framework for the postal sector in Chad underwent no  major changes during 
the period under review . The core legislation remains Law No. 008/PR/98 of 1998, which entered  
fully into force on 1 June 2000. The Law replaced the National Post and Telecommunications Office 
with the Société tchadienne des postes et de l'épargne (STPE), a public corporation that is fully 
state-owned but has financial and managerial autonomy . The STPE also provides financial services.  
4.81.  The STPE is the designated operator of the universal postal service and has a monopoly on 
postal services . It also has regulatory roles in the sector , conferred on it by the State . Unlike in the 
telecommunications sector, Chad has not created a n regulatory body independent of the  operator.  
4.82.  The STPE sets its own prices within its terms of reference . It is financed by its own revenue 
and state subsidies . Its staff are a mixture of civil servants and  contracted employees.  
4.83.  The monopoly applies only to letters and parcels weighing less than 1 kg. For any larger items, 
the STPE competes with private operators . Several major foreign operators of express services 
operate in Chad (DHL, Western Union, Saga E xpress and Universal Express).  
4.4.3   Transport services  
4.4.3.1   Land transport services  
4.84.  Chad has a 40,000 km -long road network, of which 2,227 km are paved63 (up from 1,602 in 
2011), and 5,125 km of rural tracks (up from 2,130 in 2012) . The network is difficult to navig ate 
during the rainy season.  
4.85.  The roads strategy for the period 2011 -20, which was approved in March  2012 and described 
in the previous report, has reached completion . It is currently being evaluated and updated.  
4.86.  Haulage and passenger transport on public ro ads require a licence issued by the Ministry of 
Transport . The system was introduced in 198364 and did not change during the period under review . 
The most recent data publicly available show that in 2018 there were 306 holders of a valid haulage 
licence an d 39 holders of a valid passenger transport licence . Haulage prices are negotiated freely 
between customers and carriers . Passenger transport operators also set their prices freely.  
4.87.  Road cabotage is reserved for domestic transport operators . Freight transp ort for more than 
50 km requires a waybill issued by the National Freight Office against payment of  a fee equal to 
7.5% of the value of the cargo . This system was introduced in 2000 and applies to domestic and 
international transport .65 In addition, fixed fees per journey are charged, with the amount 
determined by the type of transport and the country of registration of the vehicle : CFAF  165,000 for 
 
63 Agence nationale des investissements et des exportations (ANIE),  Guide d'installation des entreprises 
au Tchad , April 2017. Viewed at: https://anie -tchad.com/sites/default/files/useful -
document/guide_dinstallation_des_entreprises_version_revue_15042017.pdf . 
64 Decree No. 76PR MT 83 of 4 April 1983.  
65 Decree No. 419 PR MTPTHV 2000 of 18 September 2000.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 397 - 
  international transport by a vehicle registered in a non -CEMAC country ; CFAF  55,000 for 
international transport by a vehicle registered in Chad or another CEMAC country ; and either 
CFAF 1,000 per tonne (for bulk commodities) or C FAF 2,000 per tonne (for manufactured products) 
for domestic transport by a Chadian haulier . 
4.88.  Despite this regulation, th e road transport sector remains largely informal and is dominated 
by micro  enterprises consisting of drivers with only one truck . Some foreign companies, such as 
Bolloré Logistics, and a few Chadian companies maintain a larger fleet .66 Much of the fleet wa s 
upgraded during the oil boom at the start of the period under review, but it has been ageing since 
then. 
4.89.  The main international road transport corridor is the road towards Douala, in Cameroon . The 
corridor is shared between hauliers  from Chad (65 %) and C ameroon (35 %). The journey can take 
as long as 10 days and is often interrupted by costly internal barriers on both sides of the border . 
Chad signed bilateral road transport agreements with Sudan in 2010 and Niger in 2013, with costs 
apportioned on a 50 -50 basis in both cases . Negotiations on bilateral agreements with Nigeria and 
the Central African Republic are ongoing.  
4.4.3.2   River and lake transport  
4.90.  Transport on Lake Chad, whether domestic or to Nigeria, is carried out informally . Plans to 
carry out a feasibili ty study on the use of large vessels were abandoned due to a lack of financing . 
River crossings to Cameroonian towns on the other side of the Chari and Logone are also carried out 
informally.  
4.4.3.3   Rail transport  
4.91.  In 2011, Chad signed a contract with the Chinese company China Civil Engineering 
Construction Cooperatio n to build a railway betwee n Sudan and Chad, but no work has taken place 
to date.  
4.4.3.4   Air transport services  
4.92.  Air transport policy falls within  the purview  of the Ministry responsible for civil aviation and 
meteorology . The Chadian Civil Aviation Authority takes care of the day -to-day running of the sector , 
dealing in particular with matters o f safety  and security , and overflight and landing clearances . It 
also sets the level of  aviation charges, plan s airport development, represent s Chad in international 
organizations and ensur es compliance with the rules on competition and with national and 
international aviation regulations.  
4.93.  The core legislation for the se ctor consists of two civil aviation codes : the CEMAC code, which 
dates back to 2012 and was covered in detail in the previous Common Report , and the earlier 
national code, which was enacted by Law No. 032/PR/2000 . During the period under review, the 
nation al code was amended by Ordinance No. 008/PR/2015 of 2 7 March  2015, which confirmed that 
for a company to be accredited  as a Chadian air transport company, at least 50 % of its capital had 
to belong to Chadian shareholders . This ordinance was subsequently am ended by 
Law No. 011/PR/2017 of 1 6 June 2017, which strengthened the powers of civil aviation inspectors, 
as recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization.  
4.94.  No new public airports were opened in Chad during the period under review, but some p rivate 
airfields were built for oil development and humanitarian assistance . Chad has a network of 
six airports that can be used by commercial air traffic (airports with paved runways more than 
2,500  m long) : N'Djamena, Moundou, Abéché, Amdjarass, Faya -Largeau and Sahr . N'Djamena is 
the only one classified as an international airport.  
4.95.  Table 4.7 shows passenger numbers and freight volume at N'Djamena airport from 2013 
to 2018; more recent data are not publicly available.  
 
66 For a full list of medium -sized and large enterprises in the sector, see 
https://dica.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/3.2+Chad+Transporters . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 398 - 
  Table 4.7 Statistics on air transport at N'Djamena, 2013 -18 
Year 2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  
Movements (thousands)  4.1 6.6 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.6 
Scheduled traffic  1.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 2 2 
Non-scheduled traffic  2.4 3.9 3 2.7 2.5 2.6 
Passengers (thousands)  226.1  240.3  248.9  228.1  221.6  227.9  
Scheduled traffic  195.9  215.6  230.7  216.5  209.7  212.6  
Non-scheduled traffic  30.2 24.7 18.2 11.6 11.9 15.3 
Freight (thousands of tonnes)  4.7 6.4 6.2 4.5 4.2 4.9 
Scheduled traffic  3 5.1 3.5 1.8 1.4 1.3 
Non-scheduled traffic  1.7 1.3 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.6 
Source:  Information provided by the national aviation authorities.  
4.96.  All six of these airports belong to the State, which manages N'Djamena airport directly but 
has placed the management of Abéché, Faya -Largeau, Moundou and 14 secondary airports in the 
hands of the Agency for Air Navigation Safety in Africa and Madagascar  (ASECNA) , a pan -African 
public body.  
4.97.  As in all CEMAC countries, ASECNA is in charge of air navigation services and the provision of 
meteorological services.  
4.98.  The Chadian authorities have issued a licence and a n operating  certificat e to 
12 ground -handling companies.  
4.99.  The Chadian authorities have issued a licence and an air transport operating  certificate to 
seven airlines : Avmax -Tchad, RJM Aviation, Fly Art, Maiba Airways, Tchadia Airlines, MAF -Tchad and 
Travel Air Service . With the exception of Tchadia Airlines, all are small charter airlines oper ating 
mainly on the domestic market.  
4.100.   Tchadia Airlines, which was majority -owned by the Chadian State, was launched in 
October  2018 in partnership with Ethiopian Airlines as the new national airline, following the 
bankruptcies of Air  Tchad in 2002 and Touma ï Air Tchad in 2012 . Tchadia Airlines ceased operations 
in August  2022 after three consecutive loss -making years , and was then liquidated . 
4.101.   Table 4.8 shows Chad's bilateral agreements with non -CEMAC countries using the WTO's 
Quasar method .67 No data are ava ilable on the characteristics of 19 of these agreements . Nine of 
the 24 agreements (those with Ethiopia, France, Egypt, T ürkiye , Sudan, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria 
and the United Arab Emirates) were actually used in 2023 for terminal services . Aviation relations 
with CEMAC members are governed by the Libreville Treaty , which is described in the Common 
Report . 
Table 4.8 Air transport agreements  Partner  
Date  
Entry into force  
5th  
7th  
Cabotage 
Coop. 
Designation 
Withholding 
Tariffs 
Capacity 
Stat. 
ALI 
France  30.07.2003   Y N N N M SOEC  DA PD Y 10.0 
Libya  08.08.2008   N N N N S SOEC  DA PD Y 0.0 
Mali 12.02.1974   N N N N M SOEC  DA B1 Y 0.0 
Qatar  02.07.2012             
United 
States  31.05.2006  31.05.2006  Y N N Y M SOEC  DD FD N 28.0 
Nigeria  19.07.2011             
Côte 
d'Ivoire  10.10.2007             
Benin  25.04.2005             
Togo 17.08.2006             
Ethiopia  05.10.2008             
 
67 For more information on this methodology, see WTO document S/C/W/270/Add.1, 
30 November  2006.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 399 - 
  
Partner  
Date  
Entry into force  
5th  
7th  
Cabotage 
Coop. 
Designation 
Withholding 
Tariffs 
Capacity 
Stat. 
ALI 
Sudan  20.09.2013             
Eritrea  24.04.2004             
South Africa  12.04.1994             
Egypt  23.05.2014             
Morocco  19.08.2011             
Algeria  09.04.2007             
Belgium  31.01.1990             
Russian 
Federation  06.08.1974             
Luxembourg              
Saudi 
Arabia  22.11.2014             
United Arab 
Emirates  21.10.2015             
Jordan  20.11.2014             
Cameroon              
Niger              
Note:  "5th" = fifth freedom rights ; "7th" = seventh freedom rights ; "Cabotage" = domestic traffic ; "Coop." 
= cooperation clauses ; "Stat." = statistics ; "ALI" = Air Liberalization Index.  
 "Y" = yes ; "N" = no ; "S" = single designation ; "M" = multiple designation ; "FP" = free pricing ; 
"DA" = dual approval ; "DD" = dual disapproval ; "PD" = predetermination ; "FD" = free 
determination ; "COI" = community of interest ; "PPOB" = principal place of business ; "SOEC" = 
substantial ownership and effective control ; "OR" = other restrictive ; "COO" = country of origin ; 
"BI" = Bermuda I.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat QUASAR/ASAP database.  
4.4.4   Tourism services  
4.102.   The regulatory institutional framework for tourism services was changed during the period 
under review . Tourism policy remains under the responsibility  of the Minister of Tourism and Culture . 
The set -up for implementing tourism p olicy, however, was changed by Ordinance No. 002 PR/2016 
of 15 September  2016, under which three existing tourism entities (the Chadian Tourism Office, 
created in 2007 ; the National Artist s' Support Fund, created in 2011 ; and the National Crafts 
Development Agency, created in 2012) were amalgamated to form  a single body, the National Office 
for the Promotion of Tourism, Arts and Crafts . Decree No. 639/PR/PM/MDTCA/2017 of 7 June 2017 
clarified the operating procedures of the Office, whose responsibilities include promoting tourism in 
Chad. It operates as an administrative public body and is financed by subsidies and the tourism 
development fee.  
4.103.   The hotel and tourism sector s stand to benefit from the national Investment Charter , 
provided that approval is obtained from the National Investment Commission . The business activities 
of small and medium -sized enterprises fall under regime A of the Investment Charter . For businesses 
to be eligible for this regime, they must be listed in  the commercial register, they must have a 
programme to invest between CFAF  50 million and CFAF  500 million and they must hire at least 
20 Chadian nationals on permanent contracts . Under this regime, businesses benefit from a 
five-year exemption on a range  of taxes (corporat ion tax, minimum fiscal levy , business licence tax 
(patente ), tax on the rental value of business premises, property tax on developed and undeveloped 
land), as well as a 50% reduction on registration fee s for start -ups, mergers , capital infusions and 
actions  taken  for the direct benefit  of the company . Registration fees are waived  on purchas es of 
land fo r project  implementation, and businesses investing in remote areas located far from urban 
centres  benefit from an additional exemption period of 2 to 5 years.  
4.104.   Table 4.9 shows the main economic indicators for the tourism sector in Chad.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Table 4.9 Main economic indicators of the Chadian tourism sector, 2014 -21 
  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Inbound tourism      
     
Arrivals (thousands)a 119 120 98 87 77 79 11 40 
By region      
     
Africa  84 84 43 40 46 45 10 21 
Americas  5 5 7 8 12 11 0.3 0.4 
East Asia and Pacific  14 10 19 15 5 5 0.4 3 
Europe  15 20 27 23 9 18 1 14 
Middle East  1 1 2 1 5 .. 0.3 1 
Main purpose of journey       
   
Personal reasons  .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 16 
Business and professional reasons  .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 17 
By mode of transport      
     
Air 119 120 98 87 77 79 11 40 
Land (road)  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Accommodation (thousands)      
     
Hotels and similar establishments  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Guests  51 69 .. 47 63 81 10 32 
Nights  93 85 40 72 78 95 14 44 
Average length of stay (days)  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Tourism industries      
     
Number of establishments  .. .. .. .. .. 45 45 45 
Number of rooms  1,684  1,799  .. .. .. 1,827  1,827  2,011  
Number of bed s 3,020  3,220  .. .. .. 3,603  3,603  4,005  
.. Not available.  
a Overnight visitors (tourists) by air.  
Source:  World Tourism  Statistics.  
4.105.   As shown in the table, the number of inbound tourists varied greatly (from 1 to 10 between 
the two extremes, in 2014 and 2020) . There was an overall downward trend across the whole period, 
though there was a rebound from t he low point in 2020, with a fourfold increase in 2021, bringing 
numbers close to half the level seen during the best years of the period . Most of the tourists were 
from neighbouring countries, with entries from Africa accounting for more than half of inbo und 
tourists and visitors from Europe, the second largest group, accounting for only 10 -15% of arrivals, 
depending on the year . Only 20 % of visitors, on average, were tourists in the strict sense of term . 
The vast majority of inbound tourists arrived by air, probably because the country is landlocked.  
4.106.   The World Tourism Organization's (UNWTO) data on accommodation are fairly fragmented . 
They do, however, show an increase in visits and overnight stays and an increase in rooms and 
beds, but the fi gures remain rather low by global and regional standards . No data are available on 
employment in the sector . Despite the country's natural and cultural attractions and government 
efforts to promote the sector, tourism in Chad is still at the emb ryonic stag e. 
4.4.5   Financial services  
4.4.5.1   Banking and microfinance services  
4.107.   Banking regulations and supervision are the responsibility of the Central African Banking 
Commission (COBAC).  
4.108.   Chad has a small banking sector that is still largely embryonic in relation to  its potential . In 
July 2020, banking sector assets in Chad totalled USD 2.2 billion  (compared with  1.4 billion in 
December  2016), or 7 % of total CEMAC banking assets , whereas  Chad's GDP stands at more than  
15% of total CEMAC GDP . Chad's banking sector  is also highly concentrated, with only three banks 
holding two thirds of total assets.  
4.109.   Business  loans accounted for  69% of total credit to the economy in 2020, the remaining 31 % 
being attributable to  government financing needs . Most of this credit is to large companies in the 
oil, cotton and sugar sectors . Although credit to the economy increased substantially during the WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  period under review, its relative share, compared with government financing, decreased . This 
situation makes the banking sector vulnerable due to its exposure to government revenue and raw 
material exports . Government bonds are the largest source of exposure for Chadian banks.  
4.110.   In addition to the eight banks th at already existed at the start of the period under review, 
the Banque de l'habitat du Tchad (BHT) was launched in 2016 and the existing banks received major 
recapitalization . The State also strengthened its presence in the banking sector by acquiring equi ty 
in the BHT.  
4.111.   Table 4.10 shows the breakdown  of the capital of the various banks between the Chadian 
State and foreign private shareholders as a whole.  
Table 4.10 Breakdown  of banks' capita l between the Chadi an State and foreign private 
shareholders as a whole, 2023.  
 Capital  
(CFAF  million)  Share of capital  
 State  Foreign 
shareholders  
Société générale Tchad (SGT)  10,000  33.84  66.16  
Sahel -Sahara Investment and Trade Bank 
(BSIC)  8,000  0 99 
Commercial Bank Tchad (CBT)  10,000  62.5 22 
Banque Commerciale du Chari (BCC)  18,000  50 50 
Orabank Tchad (OBT)  10,000  0 100 
Ecobank Tchad  10,000  0 100 
Banque agricole et commerciale (BAC)  7,500  100 0 
United Bank for Africa (UBA)  10,000  0 100 
Banque de l'habitat du Tchad (BHT)  10,000  50 50 
Source:  International Finance Corporation, "Creating markets in Chad", March  2023. 
4.112.   Table 4.11 shows the main indicators for the Chadian banking sector.  
Table 4.11 Key banking sector indicators, Chad  Number  of 
banks  
Banking 
concentration  
(top 3 banks ) 
Domestic 
credit  
(% of GDP)  
Annual credit 
growth (%)  
Loans to 
deposits (%)  
Financial 
Soundness 
Indicators: 
Latest 
available  
Indic 1 
Capital to 
risk weighted 
assets (%)  Indic. 2 
Return on 
equity (%)  Indic. 3 Non 
performing 
loans (% of 
total loans)  
9 70 9 -9 93 Q2 2021  7 19 26 
Source:  European Investment Bank, "Finance in Africa : Navigating the Financial Landscape in Turbulent 
Times", October  2022. 
4.113.   Banking activity in Chad during the period under review was greatly affected by back -to-back 
economic crises : the 2014 -15 crisis linked to the collapse in oil prices and the 2019 -20 crisi s linked 
to the COVID -19 pandemic . The pandemic led to a decline in public and private deposits and declining 
credits to the economy . Outstanding commercial bank loans to small and medium -sized enterprises 
and households fell by 14 % in 2018 and 9 % in 2019 . The volume of non -performing loans fluctuated 
during the recent period, but at a high level : 29% in 2018, 23 % in 2019 and 26 % in 2021 . The 
increase in domestic debt during the pandemic has made the banking system more vulnerable.  
4.114.   To strengthen the banking  system, the Government of Chad concluded a memorandum of 
economic and financial policies with the IMF in 202268 whereby  it committed  itself to enforc ing the 
performance contracts of the two  systemic public banks (CBT and BCC), facilitat ing the 
implementation of their restructuring and financing plans (approved by the Central African Banking 
Commission (COBAC/BEAC)) and repay ing its direct debt owed  to Banque commerciale du Chari 
(CFAF 250 mi llion) every month, which must be paid off in full by August  2023. 
4.115.   In the medium term, the Government of Chad has also committed itself to reduc ing its 
shareholdings in banks, explor ing ways to increase private -sector ownership in CBT's capital and 
 
68 IMF Report No. 23/7, January 2023.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  signing up to COBAC's request for progressiv e equity recovery plans so that additional capital can 
be made available if a reassessment of the bank's financial situation reveals new weaknesses in light 
of the negative impact of the COVID -19 pandemic . The Ministry of Finance and Budget will track 
outstanding claims and evaluate how the banking sector has been affected by the BEAC's recent 
tightening of its policy and the lifting of the special regulatory measures that COBAC introduced in 
response to COVID -19. 
4.116.   The mi crofinance sector is governed by the regulatory provisions issued by COBAC and BEAC, 
which also supervise the sector, as explained in the Common Report . At the national  level, this role 
is fulfilled by the Direct orate of Financial and Monetary Affairs and Supervision of Microfinance 
Institutions, which is part of the Ministry of Finance.  
4.117.   At the end of May 2019, Chad had 123 approved microfinance institutions (MFIs) across the 
entire country, ten or more of which are insolvent or have ceased trading . Only tw o of the sector's 
five networks are operating in conditions deemed satisfactory by the supervisory authorities.  
4.118.   The main sectors that receive credits from MFIs are agriculture (50 -60%), small retail 
(15-20%), livestock farming and fisheries (5 -10%) and others (5 -10%). Table 4.12 shows the main 
microfinance sector indicators for Chad until 2018, the last year for which data are available.  
Table 4.12 Microfinance sector statistics, 2014 -18 
 2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  
Number of approved 
establishments  161 113 118 119 122 
Number of customers  144,336  197,262  220,354  247,223  258,650  
Deposits (CFAF  million)  8,790.15  10,287.15  11,991.37  12,367.91  12,659.48  
Credits (CFAF  million)  11,272.89  16,317.35  12,539.95  12,322.12  10,688.41  
Source:  Information provided by the authorities.  
4.119.   As shown in the table, the number of establishments declined significantly during the period 
under review, while the number of customers doubled and credits and deposits increa sed steadily 
(with the exception of a decline in credits in 2018).  
4.120.   Financial inclusion remains limited, since in 2017 only 9 % of the adult population had access 
to a bank account and only 4 % to credit . The same is true, albeit to a lesser extent, for 
Chadi an companies, in particular small and medium -sized enterprises, of which only 12 % have a 
current bank credit line . High collateral requirements (as much as 100 % of the value of the loan) 
and barriers to land titles contribute to these difficulties.  
4.121.   Despite  these challenges, financial inclusion improved during the period under review thanks 
to digital financial services and, in particular , mobile phone  payment services . Chad is among the 
10 countries where there are more adults who have an account for fund t ransfers by mobile phone 
than adults who have an account with a financial institution . In 2019, these mobile payment services 
had 271,000 active users (out of 2.5  million  mobile phone subscribers) and 19 % of the population 
made or received digital payments  over the course of the year . This percentage, however, is below 
the sub -Saharan average of 35 %. 
4.4.5.2   Insurance services  
4.122.   Chad has only three insurance companies69: two non -life insurers (one domestic and one 
foreign) and one life insurer (domestic) . In 2014, premiums collected increased from USD 17 million 
in 2011 to USD 27 million  in 2014 . The same year, the insurance penetration rate was 0.16 % and 
the insurance density (premiums per capita) was USD 1.69; both these figures are among the lowest 
on the  continent . Car insurance is mandatory.  
 
69 IMF report No. 19/352, Chad, July 2019, page 47; and CICA_RE dashboard. Viewed at: 
https://dashboards/,DanaInfo=www.africa -re.com,SSL+TD . WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 403 - 
  4.123.   As explained in the Common Report , regulation and supervision of the insurance sector is 
carried out by the Inter -African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA), a pan -African body formed 
by the member States of WAEM U and CEMAC.  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  5  APPENDIX TABLES  
Table A1. 1 Structure of exports, 2012 -21 
(USD  million and  %)  
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total exports 
(USD  million)  3,324.3  3,210.9  3,178.1  2,399.0  1,685.5  1,334.8  1,686.1  1,332.4  1,696.5  2,982.3  
 
(Percentage share)  
Total primary products  98.6 97.5 94.5 95.7 88.4 91.8 91.0 80.7 87.2 74.6 
Agriculture  2.8 2.9 2.5 4.9 4.7 5.3 3.7 4.6 6.2 5.4 
Food products  0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.8 4.9 4.5 
2225 - Sesame seeds  0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 2.8 4.4 4.4 
Agricultural raw 
materials  2.4 2.4 1.8 3.8 3.3 3.7 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.9 
2922 - Lac 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.0 0.7 
2631 - Cotton, not 
carded or combed  1.6 1.4 1.0 2.5 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 
Extractive industries  95.9 94.6 92.0 90.9 83.7 86.5 87.3 76.1 81.0 69.2 
Ores and other minerals  0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Non-ferrous metals  0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 
Fuels 95.6 93.9 92.0 90.8 83.6 86.3 87.2 76.1 80.8 68.9 
3330 - Petroleum oils 
and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, 
crude  82.4 93.3 90.1 89.5 83.6 86.3 87.2 75.7 79.7 68.9 
Manufactures  0.3 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 
Iron and steel  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Chemicals  0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Other semi -manufactures  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Machinery and transport 
equipment  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 
Power -generating 
machinery  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 
Other non -electrical 
machinery  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Office machines and 
telecommunications 
equipment  0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 
Other electrical 
machinery  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Automotive products  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Other transport 
equipment  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Textiles  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Clothing  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Other consumer goods  0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 
Other  1.0 2.0 5.3 3.0 10.0 7.4 8.1 19.0 12.6 25.2 
9710 - Gold, 
non-monetary  1.0 2.0 5.2 3.0 9.9 7.3 8.1 18.9 12.5 25.2 
Source:  WTO calculations, based on data obtained from Comtrade, mirror statistics, United Nations Statistics 
Division (UNSD) (SITC, Rev.3).  
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Table A1. 2 Structure of imports, 2012 -21 
(USD  million and  %)  
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total imports (USD  million)  830.7  1,255.1  1,370.2  909.9  649.1  639.8  900.0  1,001.8  1,039.2  1,113.7   
(Percentage share)  
Total primary products  17.5 14.0 13.6 19.6 20.4 25.3 25.1 15.0 17.4 13.8 
Agriculture  14.6 12.0 10.4 15.0 16.1 22.9 16.2 12.5 15.1 11.4 
Food products  13.4 11.3 9.6 14.0 14.7 20.4 14.1 11.8 14.4 10.7 
0989 - Food preparations, n.e.s  3.6 2.0 2.1 3.1 3.0 4.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.8 
Agricultural raw materials  1.2 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.4 2.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 
Extractive industries  2.9 2.0 3.2 4.6 4.3 2.4 8.9 2.5 2.3 2.5 
Ores and other minerals  0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 
Non-ferrous metals  0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 
Fuels 2.2 1.6 2.9 4.1 3.7 1.8 8.2 2.3 2.0 2.1 
Manufactures  78.7 83.9 85.2 77.0 76.2 72.6 73.1 82.7 81.8 83.4 
Iron and steel  11.0 7.1 5.2 3.4 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.7 2.8 6.3 
6791 - Tubes, pipes and hollow 
profiles, seamless, of iron or 
steel 1.1 0.7 1.7 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.5 3.4 0.3 1.9 
6762 - Bars and rods  0.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.2 0.5 1.7 
Chemicals  13.2 13.6 11.0 17.0 20.5 14.9 22.4 19.5 18.1 14.1 
5429 - Medicaments, n.e.s.  3.0 2.9 1.8 3.8 5.3 4.1 4.8 3.7 6.2 3.8 
5416 - Glycosides; glands or 
other organs and their extracts; 
antisera, vaccines and similar 
products  1.5 1.0 0.8 1.3 2.1 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.7 
Other semi -manufactures  7.3 8.7 8.7 10.0 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 
Machinery and transport equipment  32.8 39.0 47.1 32.6 24.3 30.8 29.3 37.6 40.8 29.8 
Power -generating machinery  1.7 2.6 1.8 2.6 1.0 1.5 3.6 2.8 1.7 2.1 
Other non -electrical machinery  14.0 19.3 21.2 12.1 8.0 9.1 9.8 9.5 8.7 5.6 
Agricultural machines and tractors  0.7 1.3 0.0 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 
Office machines and 
telecommunications equipment  4.1 3.5 5.5 5.0 4.0 5.8 5.1 6.4 13.5 5.4 
7643 - Transmission apparatus 
for radio -telephony, 
radio-telegraphy, 
radio-broadcasting or television  0.3 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.6 2.3 3.7 3.9 3.2 
Other electrical machinery  5.9 5.2 3.9 3.1 3.3 6.7 4.1 5.3 4.6 3.6 
Automotive products  5.5 5.4 5.1 6.8 6.7 5.3 4.3 8.3 8.7 11.3 
7812 - Motor vehicles for the 
transport of persons, n.e.s.  1.2 1.3 0.8 2.1 3.5 2.6 1.9 2.0 3.3 5.8 
7821 - Motor vehicles for the 
transport of goods  1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 
7843 - Other parts and 
accessories of the motor vehicles 
of groups 722, 781, 782 and 783  0.7 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.8 
Other transport equipment  1.6 3.0 9.7 2.9 1.4 2.4 2.4 5.3 3.5 1.8 
Textiles  1.1 2.1 0.9 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.2 2.2 2.9 5.0 
6552 - Other knitted or 
crocheted fabrics, not 
impregnated, coated, covered or 
laminated  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 
Clothing  1.0 0.6 0.9 0.6 3.2 2.0 1.1 0.7 1.5 9.5 
8423 - Jackets and blazers  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.8 
8424 - Women's or girls' dresses  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 2.3 
Other consumer goods  12.3 12.9 11.5 11.8 11.1 9.6 7.1 11.3 10.4 13.6 
8973 - Jewellery of gold, silver or 
platinum group metals and 
goldsmiths' or silversmiths' 
wares  0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 2.0 2.1 4.6 
8513 - Footwear, n.e.s., with 
outer soles and uppers of rubber 
or plastics  2.2 3.2 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.8 
Other  3.8 2.1 1.2 3.5 3.4 2.1 1.8 2.3 0.8 2.7 
Source:  WTO calculations, based on data obtained from Comtrade, mirror statistics, UNSD (SITC, Rev.3).  
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Table A1. 3 Destinations of exports, 2012 -21 
(USD  million and  %)  
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total exports 
(USD  million)  3,324.3  3,210.9  3,178.1  2,399.0  1,685.5  1,334.8  1,686.1  1,332.4  1,696.5  2,982.3  
 
(Percentage share)  
America  85.1 78.2 74.9 56.7 56.8 40.7 29.4 10.2 0.2 0.2 
United States  81.7 78.1 74.9 56.7 56.8 40.7 29.4 10.2 0.2 0.1 
Other America  3.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Europe  1.2 2.5 1.2 5.6 9.1 18.7 25.5 14.2 40.0 51.2 
EU-27 0.8 2.1 0.7 4.6 7.7 17.0 24.0 11.4 35.7 47.5 
Germany  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 5.0 15.9 35.5 
France  0.3 1.6 0.2 1.9 6.0 0.7 2.7 6.1 19.3 6.7 
Netherlands  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 15.3 20.8 0.2 0.5 5.1 
EFTA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Other Europe  0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.7 4.2 3.7 
Türkiye  0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 2.7 4.2 3.7 
Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)a 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Africa  0.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.6 0.2 
Egypt  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 
Middle East  1.3 2.2 5.3 3.1 10.2 7.7 8.2 19.0 12.8 26.1 
United Arab Emirates  1.3 2.1 5.3 3.0 10.0 7.7 8.2 19.0 12.8 25.5 
Asia 12.1 16.2 18.3 34.5 23.7 32.3 36.2 56.0 45.4 22.5 
China  6.6 3.2 3.4 3.8 6.8 21.0 5.7 34.0 24.8 6.6 
Japan  1.1 5.8 9.3 10.4 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Other Asia  4.4 7.2 5.6 20.3 12.7 11.3 30.5 22.0 20.5 15.9 
India 3.0 1.5 4.3 2.8 1.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 15.6 
Pakistan  0.2 4.1 0.5 15.4 8.3 6.5 30.3 19.1 6.8 0.1 
Indonesia  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 
Chinese Taipei  0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 
Thailand  0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.3 2.5 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 
Memo:            
CEMAC (WTO Members)  0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 
EU-28 0.9 2.0 0.7 2.4 7.7 17.0 23.9 11.5 35.8 47.5 
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data obtained from Comtrade, mirror statistics, UNSD.  
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
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  Table A1. 4 Origin of imports, 2012 -21 
(USD  million and  %)  
2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019  2020  2021  
Total imports (USD  million)  830.7  1,255.1  1,370.2  909.9  649.1  639.8  900.0  1,001.8  1,039.2  1,113.7   
(Percentage share)  
America  5.9 5.6 7.8 7.3 5.6 5.5 6.8 10.7 5.3 4.1 
United States  4.4 3.3 4.9 6.2 5.1 4.9 5.9 8.4 4.4 3.8 
Other America  1.5 2.3 3.0 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.3 0.9 0.4 
Europe  38.8 29.4 40.9 35.7 37.0 31.5 28.1 27.3 27.9 24.5 
EU-27 35.1 24.3 37.3 32.6 33.2 26.8 21.0 19.3 22.4 18.1 
France  19.4 12.7 12.1 15.9 18.7 15.3 10.1 9.6 9.7 7.4 
Netherlands  3.0 2.3 3.7 3.5 1.9 1.6 3.2 1.7 5.4 2.5 
Belgium  2.3 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.5 1.6 2.0 
Germany  3.0 1.7 3.4 2.2 3.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.6 
Poland  0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.9 
Italy 4.1 2.7 12.7 4.6 1.6 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 
EFTA 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 
Other Europe  3.5 4.9 3.4 2.7 3.4 4.4 6.8 7.8 5.3 6.2 
Türkiye  1.2 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.9 2.8 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.8 
United Kingdom  1.4 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 3.1 3.7 1.1 1.0 
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)a 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 2.1 1.4 0.2 
Africa  24.4 22.9 16.0 22.1 22.6 26.5 20.9 7.3 8.5 7.5 
Benin  7.2 3.5 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.3 3.3 
Senegal  1.1 2.9 1.2 3.0 3.6 3.8 2.9 1.4 0.7 0.8 
Morocco  0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 
Niger  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.4 1.6 1.7 0.7 
Cameroon  9.4 8.1 8.7 12.4 14.1 10.7 11.1 .. .. .. 
Middle East  4.1 4.1 7.3 12.0 11.5 11.9 16.8 16.2 18.7 23.7 
United Arab Emirates  3.3 2.9 6.8 10.5 10.7 11.3 12.5 15.8 17.9 23.2 
Asia 25.1 37.9 27.9 22.8 23.1 24.3 27.1 36.4 38.2 40.0 
China  20.8 29.6 23.2 13.6 14.4 18.0 20.5 27.9 28.7 32.8 
Japan  0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 
Other Asia  4.0 8.0 4.5 8.3 7.4 5.6 6.3 8.2 9.3 6.9 
India 2.9 6.1 2.6 5.8 5.8 4.1 3.4 5.2 5.9 5.1 
Hong Kong, China  0.6 0,6 0.9 1.3 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.1 2.9 1.6 
Memo:            
CEMAC (WTO Members)  9.9 8.5 8.8 14.1 14.3 12.1 11.2 0.0 0.1 .. 
EU-28 32.5 22.9 25.5 28.4 32.2 26.8 23.5 22.1 22.9 18.3 
.. No data available.  
a Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data obtained from Comtrade, mirror statistics, 
United  Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).  
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 408 - 
  Table A3 .1 State participation in businesses  
State -owned companies  Sphere of activity  State ownership share 
(%) 
Primary products    
National Food Security Office (ONASA)  Management of a stock of food 
products  100 
Société des hydrocarbures du Tchad  Petroleum products  100 
Manufactures    
CotonTchad SN  Cotton  100 
Société tchadienne de filature  Textiles  100 
Société tchadienne de jus de fruit  Agri-food 100 
Société nationale du ciment (SONACIM)  Cement production  100 
Services    
Centrale pharmaceutique d'approvisionnement 
(CPA)  Pharmaceuticals  100 
Société industrielle de matériels agricoles 
(SIMATRAC)  Agricultural materials  100 
Société tchadienne des eaux  Water  100 
Société Nationale d'Électricité du Tchad (SNE)  Electricity  100 
   
Toumaï Air Tchad  Air transport  .. 
Société générale tchadienne de banque (SGTB)  Financial services  20 
Commercial Bank Tchad (CBT)  Financial services  62.5 
Caisse nationale de prévoyance sociale (CNPS)  Pension fund  100 
Caisse nationale de retraite du Tchad (CNRT)  Pension fund  100 
   
Société tchadienne des postes et de l'épargne 
(STPE)  Postal services  100 
Société des télécommunications du Tchad 
(SOTEL TCHAD)  Telecommunications  100 
Novotel (SOTEXHO)  Hotels  100 
Le Méridien Hôtel (Sonex Chari)  Hotels  100 
.. Not available.  
Source:  Information provided by the Chadian authorities.  
  WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 409 - 
  Table  A3.2 Number of tariff lines with rates that differ from those of the CET, 2019  
No. Product  CEMAC 
CET, 2019  Tariffs 
applied by 
Chad   
Rice   
1 10061010  5.0 0.0 
2 10061090  5.0 0.0 
3 10062000  5.0 0.0 
4 10063010  5.0 0.0 
5 10063090  5.0 0.0 
6 10064000  5.0 0.0  
Flour    
 
HS 1101 Wheat or meslin flour    
7 11010010  5.0 0.0  
Oil   
 
HS 1501 Pig fat (including lard) and poultry fat    
8 15011000  30.0 0.0 
9 15012000  30.0 0.0 
10 15019000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1502 Fats of bovine animals, sheep or goats    
11 15021000  30.0 0.0 
12 15029000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1504 Fats and oils and their fractions, of fish or marine mammals    
13 15043000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1505  Wool grease and fatty substances derived therefrom 
(including lanolin)    
14 15050000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1506 Other animal fats and oils and their fractions    
15 15060000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1507 Soya -bean oil and its fractions    
16 15071000  30.0 0.0 
17 15079000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1508 Ground -nut oil and its fractions    
18 15081000  30.0 0.0 
19 15089000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1509 Olive oil and its fractions    
20 15091000  30.0 0.0 
21 15099000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1510  Other oils and their fractions, obtained solely from olives    
22 15100000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1511 Palm oil and its fractions    
23 15119000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1512 Sunflower -seed, safflower or cotton -seed oil and fractions  
thereof    
24 15121100  30.0 0.0 
25 15121900  30.0 0.0 
26 15122100  30.0 0.0 
27 15122900  30.0 0.0  
HS 1513 Coconut (copra), palm kernel or babassu oil and fractions 
thereof    
28 15131100  30.0 0.0 
29 15131900  30.0 0.0 
30 15132900  30.0 0.0  
HS 1514 Rape, colza or mustard oil and fractions thereof    
31 15141100  30.0 0.0 
32 15141900  30.0 0.0 
33 15149100  30.0 0.0 
34 15149900  30.0 0.0  
HS 1515 Other fixed vegetable fats and oils and their 
fractions    
35 15151900  30.0 0.0 
36 15152100  30.0 0.0 
37 15152900  30.0 0.0 
38 15155000  30.0 0.0 
39 15159000  30.0 0.0  
HS 1516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions    
40 15161000  30.0 0.0 
41 15162000  30.0 0.0 WT/TPR/S/445 • Chad  
- 410 - 
  No. Product  CEMAC 
CET, 2019  Tariffs 
applied by 
Chad   
HS 1517 Margarine; edible mixtures or preparations of animal or 
vegetable fats or oils    
42 15171000  30.0 0.0  
Pasta    
43 19021100  30.0 0.0 
44 19021900  30.0 0.0 
45 19022000  30.0 0.0 
46 19023000  30.0 0.0 
Source:  WTO Secretariat calculations, based on data provided by CEMAC and the Chadian authorities.  
__________