RESTRICTED  WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  TN/S/O/MKD 
8 August 2005 
 (05-3554) 
Council for Trade in Services 
Special Session Original:   English 
 
 
 
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 
 
Initial Offer  
 
 The following revised offer has been receive d from the delegation of the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia, on 26 July 2005, with the re quest that it be circulated to Members of the 
Council for Trade in Services.  
_______________ 
 
1. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia hereby submits its initial conditional offer on 
services in accordance with paragraph 15 of the Do ha Ministerial Declaration and Annex C of the 
General Council Decision of 1 August 2004 regarding the submission of initial offers in Services 
negotiations under Article XIX of the GATS.   
2. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia reserves the right to reduce, modify or 
withdraw this offer, in whole or in part, depending on its assessment of the ove rall balance of benefits 
obtained in the negotiations contained within the single undertaking agreed at Doha.  The Former 
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia further reserves th e right to make any technical changes or 
corrections to this offer during the course of the negotiations. 
 
  
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 2 
 
  
 
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA – INITIAL CONDITIONAL OFFER  
 
 
Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
I. HORIZONTAL COMMITMENTS 
All sectors 
CPC codes inscribed in this schedule are those contained in document: Statistical Papers Series M No. 77,  Provisional Central Product Classification, Department of 
International Economic and Social Affairs, Statis tical Office of the United Nations, New York, 1991. 
 Commercial Presence  
In order to supply services, foreign service 
provider is required to be registered in FYROM as a sole proprietor, a trading 
company
1, or as a branch.  A representative 
office registered in FYROM cannot conduct business operations.   
                                                      
1 Pursuant to Article 16 from the Law on Trading Companies: 
A trading company is an association of two or more natural or le gal persons that make monetary or non-monetary contributions or  contribute rights in property which are 
used for joint operations and who share the profit or losses from such operations.     
A trading company shall be an independent and permanent legal pe rson which undertakes activities for the purpose of realizing p rofit.    
A trading company may be incorporated by one person (company incorporated by a single person) as provided by this Law.   
The Law on Trading Companies, Article 18, offers the following forms of trading companies: 1) General Partnership; 2) Limited P artnership; 3) Limited Liability 
Company; 4) Joint-Stock Company; or 5) Limited Stock Partnership.  
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 3
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 Temporary Entry and Stay of Natural 
Persons  
 
Unbound, except:   
For the entry and temporary stay of natural persons who fall into one of the following 
categories: 
  
  
Unbound except for th e categories in the 
Market Access column.  
 (i) Intracorporate transferees  
 
 Natural persons being temporarily 
transferred to supply services through commercial presence in the territory of 
FYROM.  Intracorporate transferees are 
persons occupying senior managerial or executive positions.  This category also 
includes specialists - natural persons 
possessing high or uncommon qualifications or knowledge essential for the functioning of 
the company, which are important to the 
services that the company supplies, and who posses knowledge of the organization's 
services, research equipment, techniques or 
management.  
 For temporary stay of intracorporate 
transferees a temporary residence clearance is valid up to three years and is renewable 
upon request up to two years.    
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 4 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 (ii) Business visitors  
  Natural persons who stay temporarily in 
FYROM in order to conclude the contract for 
the sale of a service on behalf of the enterprise they are employed or mandated for or 
participate in business meetings, fairs and 
other similar activities. Business visitors are 
persons not based in FYROM and receiving 
no remuneration from a source located in 
FYROM, who are engaged in activities related to representing a services supplier for 
the purpose of negotiating for the sale of the 
services of that supplier.  Those representatives cannot be engaged in making 
direct sales to the general public or in 
supplying services themselves.  
 The duration of temporary stay for 
business visitors is limited to 90 days with the 
possibility of renewal upon request.     
  Real Estate and Land Rights  
1) Unbound 
2) Unbound 3) None for ownership of buildings of 
foreign providers registered in 
FYROM as sole prop rietor or trade 
company.  
4) Unbound 
  
  Subsidies  
1) 2) 3) 4) Eligibility for subsidies reserved for national services and service 
suppliers.  
   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 5
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
II. COMMITMENTS IN SPECIFIC SECTORS 
1. BUSINESS SERVICES     
A. Professional Services     
(a)  Legal services 
 - Consultancy on home country, foreign and 
international law  
 (part of CPC 861) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(b) Accounting and bookkeeping services   
 (CPC 86212, 86213, 86219 and 8622) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(b) Auditing services 
 (CPC 86211)   
 1) 2) Concluding a contract with a domestic 
audit company is required. Foreign 
company must be registered in its own 
country for providing auditing services.  
 
 
 
3) A foreign auditing company can 
establish only one auditing company in FYROM.     
 If the foreign company is not registered 
in its own country for providing auditing services, its participation in 
the total capital of the new established 
auditing company in FYROM cannot exceed 25%.   
 Auditing report must be officially 
produced by an auditing company, not by an employee or a contracted auditor 
as a natural person.  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
 1) 2) A foreign audit company not 
registered in FYROM, but 
registered to conduct audit in the 
country where its main office is located, may perform audit in 
FYROM only on a contract basis in 
cooperation with a domestic audit 
company. 
3) An auditing company must employ 
at least two auditors licensed in 
FYROM.  
  
 
  
 
  
 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 6 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(c) Taxation services 
 (CPC 863)  1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(d) Architectural services  
 (CPC 8671) 
(e) Engineering services  
 (CPC 8672) 
(f) Integrated engineering services 
 (CPC 8673) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(g) Urban planning and landscape  architectural 
services  
 (CPC 8674) 1) None 
2) None 
3) Unbound  4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) Unbound   4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(h) Medical and dental services  
 (CPC 9312)  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound  None 
3) Unbound 4) Unbound 
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound
 None 
3) Unbound 4) Unbound The reform process is 
ongoing.  FYROM  will 
negotiate taking commitments 
after 1 January 2004.  
(i) Veterinary services  
 (CPC 932) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) Unbound 
4)  Unbound 1) None 
2) None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound   
(j) Services provided by midwives, nurses, 
 physiotherapists and para-medical personnel  
 (CPC 93191)        1) Unbound 
2) Unbound  None   
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound
 None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound The reform process is 
ongoing.  FYROM  will 
negotiate taking commitmen ts 
after 1 January 2004.   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 7
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
B. Computer and Related Services     
 (CPC 84) 
 
 FYROM  subscribes to the “Understanding on 
the scope of coverage of Computer Services-
(CPC 84)” attached in Annex.  
(a) Consultancy services related to the  
installation of computer hardware  
 (CPC 841)   
(b) Software implementation services  
 (CPC 842)          
(c) Data processing services  
 (CPC 843)          
(d) Data base services  
 (CPC 844)  
(e) Other  
 (CPC 845+849)  1) None 
2) None 
3)  None  4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3)  None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
C. Research and Development Services  
 (except research in the field of historical and 
cultural identity of Macedonian people and nationalities who live in FYROM)    
(b) R&D services on social sciences and  
humanities  
 (CPC 852)   
 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal section.   
 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
D. Real Estate and Land Services     
(b) On a fee or contract basis 
 (CPC 822) 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 8 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
E. Rental/Leasing Services Without Operators 
 and With Operators     
(a) Relating to ships  
 (CPC 83103)           1) None 
2) None 3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(b) Relating to aircraft 
 (CPC 83104)    
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(c) Relating to other transport equipment 
 (CPC 83101+ 83102+ 83105)   
 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(d) Relating to other machinery and  
equipment 
 (CPC 83106-83109)   
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(e)  Rental services relating to pre-recorded  video 
cassettes and optical discs for use  
 in home entertainment equipment   
 (CPC 83202) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
F. Other Business Services     
(a) Advertising services  
 (CPC 871) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 9
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(b) Market research and public opinion polling 
services 
 (CPC 864)   
 1) None 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(c) Management consulting services  
 (CPC 865) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(d) Services related to management consulting; 
 (CPC 866) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(e) Technical testing and analysis  services  
 (CPC 8676) 1) Institutions should be registered in the 
international accreditation system. 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(f) Advisory and Consulting Services Relating to 
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry  
 (part of CPC 881) 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(g) Services incidental to fishing  
 (CPC 882) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 10 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(h) Advisory and consulting services relating to 
mining  
 (part of CPC 883) 
 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(k) Placement and supply services of Personnel 
 (CPC 872) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(l) Investigation and security 
 (CPC 873) 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) Unbound 4) Unbound  
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) Unbound 4) Unbound  
(m) Scientific and technical consulting services  
 (CPC 8675)  
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(n) Maintenance and repair of equipment (not 
including maritime vessels, aircraft or other 
transport equipment) 
 (CPC 633, 8861-8866)  1) None 
2) None 
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(o) Building-cleaning services 
 (CPC 874)          
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 11
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(p) Photographic services 
 (CPC 875)           1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(q) Packaging services 
 (CPC 876) 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(r) Printing, publishing  
 (CPC 88442) 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None. For publishing: None, except for 
access to subsidies: Unbound   
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
2. COMMUNICATION SERVICES    
A. Postal Services 
 (CPC 7511) 
 1) Universal postal services are provided 
exclusively by the public enterprise 
Macedonian Post Office. 
2) None 
3) Universal postal services are provided 
exclusively by the public enterprise Macedonian Post Office. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
 
 2) None 
3) None 
  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
B. Courier Services  
 (CPC 7512) 
 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None  
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 12 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Telecommunication Services:  
 The commitments in this sector has been scheduled 
in accordance with the "N otes for Scheduling Basic 
Telecom Services Commitments 
(S/GBT/W/2/Rev.1)" and "Market Access 
Limitations on Spectrum Ava ilability 
(S/GBT/W/3)"  
 
All services consisting of the transmission and 
reception of the signals by any electromagnetic means excluding broadcasting. 
Broadcasting is defined as the uninterrupted 
chain of transmission required for the distribution of TV an d radio programme signals 
to the general public, but does not cover 
contribution links between operators. 
 
Telecommunications services do not cover the 
economic activity consisti ng of the provision of 
content services which require 
telecommunications services for their transport . 1) None  
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
 horizontal section  
 1) None  
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in 
 the horizontal section  
 See the Reference Paper 
attached  
 
FYROM undertakes the 
obligations contained in the 
reference paper attached hereto for the following 
services: 
a) Voice telephone services  (CPC7521) 
b) Packet-switched data 
 transmission services 
 (part of CPC 7523) 
c) Circuit-switched data  transmission service 
 (part of CPC 7523)  
d) Telex services (part of  CPC 7523) 
e) Telegraph services 
 (CPC 7522) f) Facsimile services (part 
 of CPC7521 + part of 
 CPC 7529) g) Private leased circuit 
 services (part of 
 CPC 7522 + part of  CPC 7523) 
o) other 
  
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 13
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 1)  3) 4) Macedonian Telecommunicati ons 
has an exclusive right until 31 December 
2004  to build, posses and work with fixed 
public telecommunication networks.    If FYROM  should issue 
additional licenses for fixed 
public telecommunications 
networks before 1 January 
2005, foreign firms will b e 
permitted to compete for the 
licenses on an equal and 
transparent basis with 
domestic firms, the exclusivity 
period will be terminated, and 
the commitments scheduled 
from 1 January 2005 will be 
immediately effective.  
Basic Telecommunication Services     
(a) Voice telephone services  
 1) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provide r of services until 
31 December  2004.  None, as of 
1 January 2005   
2) None  
3) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December  2004 .  None, as of 
1 January 2005    
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
 
  
2)
 None  
3) None  
 
 
 4)
 Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(b) Packet -switched data transmission services  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(c) Circuit -switched data transmission services  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 14 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(d) Telex services  
 1) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December  2004. None, as of 
1 January 2005  
2) None  
3) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December  2004. None, as of 
1 January 2005   
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
  
 
2)
 None  
3) None  
 
  
4)
 Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizonta l Section  
  
(e) Telegraph services  1)  Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December  2004.  None, as of 
1 January 2005    
2) None  
3) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 Decembe r  2004.  None, as of 
1 January  2005    
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
 
  
2)
 None  
3) None  
 
 
 4)
 Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(f) Facsimile services  1)  None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except  as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 15
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(g) Private leased circuit services:  
 1) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December 2004.   None, as of 
1 January 2005    
2) None  
3) Macedonian Telecommunications is an 
exclusive provider of services until 
31 December 2004.  None, as of 
1 January  2005    
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
 1) None  
  
 
2)
 None  
3) None  
 
  
4)
 Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
(o) Other services:  
 Mobile telecommunications  1) None  
2) None  
3) Unbound until 31 December  2004. 
Beginning 1 January 2005 None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  If FYROM  should issue 
additional licenses for mobile 
telephone services before 
1 January 2005, foreign firms 
will be permitted to compete 
for the licenses on an equal 
and transparent b asis with 
domestic firms.  
Value -added Telecommunication Services     
(h) Electronic mail  
  1)
 None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Sectio n 
  
(i) Voice mail  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(j) On-line information and data base retrieval  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 16 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(k) Electronic data interchange (EDI)  1)  None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(l) Enhanced/value -added facsimile services, incl. 
store and forward, store and retrieve  
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in th e 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(m) Code and protocol conversion  
 
 1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbou nd, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
(n) On-line information and/or data processing 
(incl. transaction processing)  
  1)
 None  
2) None  
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  1) None  
2) None  
3) None  
4) Unbound, exc ept as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
3. CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED 
ENGINEERING SERVICES     
A. General construction work for buildings 
 (CPC 512)   
B. General construction 
work for civil engineering 
 (CPC 513) 
C. Installation and assembly work  (CPC 514+516)  
D. Building completion and finishing work. 
 (CPC 517) E. Other 
 (CPC 511+515+518) 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) Unbound  
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 17
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES 
 Subsectors below exclude trade in arms, 
chemical products, explosives and precious 
metals    
A. Commission Agents’ Services  
 (CPC 6111, 6113, 6121, 621) B. Wholesale Trade 
 (CPC 61111, 6113, 6121, 622)  
C. Retailing Services   (CPC 6111, 6113, 6121, 631, 632,  
 including audio and video records, tapes and 
optical discs (CPC 63234)) 
D. Franchising  
 (CPC 8929) 1) None  
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
5. EDUCATION SERVICES     
All education services included in this section:  
Subsectors listed below only cover privately funded education services. 
Educational services in investigation, security and 
defense areas and in history and culture of people 
and nationalities in 
FYROM  are excluded.  1) 2) 3) 4) Unbound for grants and 
scholarships  
B. Secondary Education Services   
 (CPC 922)  1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
C. Higher Education Services  
 (CPC 923)   1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
D. Adult Education  
 (CPC 924)   1) None 
2) None 3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 18 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
6. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES     
A. Sewage Services  
 (CPC 9401) 
B. Refuse Disposal Services   (CPC 9402) 
C. Sanitation and Similar Services  
 (CPC 9403) D. Other 
 - Cleaning services of exhaust gases  
 (CPC 94040) 
 - Noise abatement services   
 (CPC 94050)  - Nature and landscape protection services 
 (CPC 94060) 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 19
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
7. FINANCIAL SERVICES       
 
All sectors:  A single legal person (insurance company or a bank) cannot provide both insurance and banking services.  FYROM wi ll conduct a review of the situation in the 
light of developments in the regulation of financial services sectors and will report whether this limitation can be abolished.   Such a review will take place by 31 December 2008.  
Domestic and foreign bank or insurance company operating in FYRO M may set up or acquire another legal person providing the othe r line of business subject to the following 
commitments. 
 
A. Insurance and Insurance Related Services as 
defined in the "Annex on Financial services" 
 
 1) None for reinsurance and retrocession, 
maritime and aviation insurance, 
insurance sold for transportation 
vehicles licensed for commercial purposes, services auxiliary to 
insurance, and brokerage for such 
services.  Unbound for other insurance services. 
2) None for reinsurance and retrocession, 
maritime and aviation insurance, insurance sold for transportation 
vehicles licensed for commercial 
purposes, services auxiliary to 
insurance, and brokerage for such 
services.  Unbound for other insurance services. 
3) Establishment of an insurance joint-
stock company in FYROM is required.  Branching will be allowed from 
1 January 2008, or until such earlier 
date that FYROM allows it.  No other forms of establishment are allowed 
until FYROM allows them. 
 1) None 
 
 
  
 
  
2) None 
  
 
 
 
  
3) None 
  
 
  
 
    
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 20 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
  A foreign or domestic legal or natural 
person, other than an insurance company or a bank, may not hold more 
than 25% of stocks management rights 
in an insurance company.  This requirement is valid until  
1 January 2008 or until such earlier date 
that FYROM allows higher levels of stocks management rights.  Thereafter, 
none. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
  
 
  
 
  
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
B. Banking and Other Financial Services  
(excluding insurance) (Definitions based  on the Annex on Financial services) 3) Only a legal person established in 
FYROM may provide banking and other financial services.  A foreign bank can 
provide banking services by establishing a 
bank or subsidiary in FYROM.   Starting no later than 1 January 2008, or 
such earlier date that FYROM allows it, 
banking services may be provided through branches of foreign banks. 
 A bank must be established as joint-
stock company.   An individual natural or legal person 
other than a bank may not hold more than 
one third of the stocks with management 
rights of the bank established i n FYROM .  
This requirement is in force until 
1 January  2003.  
 Brokerage houses, closed investment 
funds, fund management companies and the Central Depository of Securities are to be 
established as joint-stock companies. 
    
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 21
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
  Brokerage houses must be established 
by at least two domestic or foreign legal or natural persons.  This limitation does not 
apply if the brokerage houses are established 
by a bank, saving house or an insurance company. 
 Only brokerage houses, banks, 
insurance companies and fund management companies can be found ers of the Central 
Depository of Securities.  A single founder 
cannot hold more than 15% of shares.  Foreign legal and natural persons are 
not allowed to establish saving houses and 
exchange offices.    
(a) Acceptance of deposits and other  
repayable funds from the public  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present.   None after Phase 
II of the implementation of the Agreement on Stabilization and 
Association of FYROM with the EU. 
3) May be provided by banks and saving 
houses only.  Saving houses are 
authorized to provide deposit services 
for natural persons only.   
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
  
 
 3) None 
 
 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(b) Lending of all types, consumer credit, mortgage 
credit, factoring and financing of commercial 
transaction  
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) For banks: None 
 For saving houses:  Granting credits to 
legal persons exceed ing 150% of the 
guaranteed capital of the saving houses 
must be provided only through a bank.   
 For other legal persons: They can grant 
loans to other legal persons only. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
 
  
 
  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 22 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(c) Financial leasing  1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(d) All payment and money transmission services  
  
 1) Unbound 
2) None for current transactions and direct 
investments2. 
3) This type of services may be provided 
by banks only.  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
 
3) None 
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(e) Guarantees and commitments  
  
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
                                                      
2 Direct investments shall denote investments by an investor intending to establish lasting economic relations and/or to exercis e right to run the trading company or any 
other legal person in which he had invested.  The following shall be deemed as direct investments:  
(i) incorporating a trading company or exte nding the basic capital of a trading company in full ownership of the investor, esta blishing subsidiary, or acquiring full 
ownership of the existing company;    
(ii) participation in a new or already existing trading company if  the investor holds or acquires more than 10% share in the ba sic capital of the trading company, 
exceeding 10% of the voting rights;    
(iii) long-term loan with five or more years of maturity, when it is a matter of a loan from the investor intended for the trad ing company which is in his full 
ownership; and 
(iv) long-term loan with five or more years of maturity, when it is a matter of a loan intended for establishing lasting econom ic relations if granted among persons 
associated in mutual economic venture.  
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 23
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(f) Trading for own acc ount or for account of 
customers, whether on an exchange, in an over-the-counter market or otherwise, the 
following:    
- money market instruments (cheques, 
bills, certificate of  deposits, etc.)  
   1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present.  None for banks. 
None after Phase I of the implementation of the Agreement on 
Stabilization and Association of 
FYROM with the EU.  None for 
trading with cheques and bills of 
exchange. 
3) This type of services may be provided 
by banks and saving houses only. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
  
 
 
 
 3) None 
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
- foreign exchange3  
  
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound. None up to the level 
determined by the Government   
3) This type of services may be provided 
by banks and exchange offices only. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
 
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
- derivative products (including 
futures and options)  
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present. None for banks.  
None after Phase I of the 
implementation of the Agreement on 
Stabilization and Association of 
FYROM with the EU. 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None  
 
 
 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
                                                      
3 Covers foreign exchange services supplied by exchange offices to natural persons.  
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 24 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
- exchange rate and interest rate 
instruments, such as swaps and forward rate agreements  
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present. None for banks. 
None after Phase II of the 
implementation of the Agreement on 
Stabilization and Association of FYROM with the EU. 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None  
 
  
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
- transferable securities  
  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present.  None for direct 
investments.  None for banks, for 
securities issued by OECD member 
countries and international institutions, and for securities with investment 
rating.  None after Phase I of the 
implementation of the Agreement on Stabilization and Association of 
FYROM with the EU. 
3) Only brokerage houses and banks are 
permitted to offer these types of 
services.  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None  
 
  
 
  
 
3) None  
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
- other negotiable instruments and 
financial assets, such as bullion  
 
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present. None for banks. 
None after Phase I of the 
implementation of the Agreement on 
Stabilization and Association of 
FYROM with the EU. 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
 
 
 
 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 25
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(g) Participation in issues of all kinds of securities, 
under-writing and placement  as agent (whether 
publicly or privately) and provision of service 
related to such issues  
 1) Unbound 
2) None, except for placement with 
residents of FYROM. 
3) This type of services may be provided 
by banks and brokerage houses only.   
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None  
 
3) None  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(h) Money broking4  
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound.  None for banks. 
3) None for banks.  None for legal persons 
for payments in and from a foreign 
country. 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None  
 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(i) Asset management, such as cash or portfolio 
management, all forms of collective investment 
management, custodial depositary and trust 
services  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present.  None for banks 
after 1 January 2008.  None for 
portfolio management after  1 January 2008. 
3) None for banks.  None for brokerage 
houses for portfolio management  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
 
  
3) None 
 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(j) Settlement and cleari ng services for financial 
assets: securities, deriva tive products, and other 
negotiable instruments  
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound at present.  None for banks. 
None after Phase I of the 
implementation of the Agreement on 
Stabilization and Association of FYROM with the EU. 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
 
 
  
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
                                                      
4 Covers selling and buying of foreign currency betw een legal persons on the foreign exchange market.  
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 26 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
(k) Advisory, intermediation and other auxiliary 
financial services: credit reference and analysis, investment and portfolio research and 
advice, advice on acquisitions and on corporate 
restructuring and strategy 
 1) None 
2) None 3) Only trading companies, banks, saving 
houses and brokerage houses may 
provide these types of services.  
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 3) None 
 
 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
(l) Provision and transfer of financial information, 
and financial data pr ocessing and related 
software by providers of other financial 
services  
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
8. HEALTH RELATED AND SOCIAL 
SERVICES (other than those listed under 
1.A.h-j.)        
A. Hospital services  
 (CPC 9311) 
B. Other Human Health Services  
 (CPC 9319 (other than 93191)) 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound  None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound  1) Unbound 
2) Unbound
 None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound The reform process is 
ongoing.  FYROM  will 
negotiate taking commitments 
after 1 January 2004.  
9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED 
 SERVICES    
A. Hotels and Restaurants (incl. catering)  
 (CPC 641-643)  1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
B. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators' Services  
 (CPC 7471) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 27
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
C. Tourist Guides Services   
 (CPC 7472)  1) Unbound 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound  
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound  
10. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND 
SPORTING SERVICES (Other than audiovisual services)     
A.    Other entertainment and cultural services 
 - Cinema Theatre Operation Services 
 (part of CPC 96199) 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None, except for access to subsidies: 
Unbound 
4) Unbound except as indicated in the 
Horizontal section 
 1) Unbound 
2) Unbound 
3) None 
 4) None  
B. News agency services 
 (CPC 962) 1) None 
2) None 
3) Unbound  4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
D. Sporting and other recreational services 
(CPC 964) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
11. TRANSPORT SERVICES     
C. Air Transport Services  
(d) Aircraft repair and maintenance services 
 
 1) Unbound  
2) None 
3) None 
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
(e) Supporting services for air transport 
 - Selling and marketing of air transport services 
only 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 28 
 
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
 Computer Reservation System (CRS) services 
  1) None 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
E. Rail Transport Services  
(d) Maintenance and repair of rail transport  
equipment  
 (CPC 8868) 1)  Unbound 
2) None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
  
F. Road Transport Services  
(a) Passenger transportation  
 (CPC 71213, 7122) (b)  Freight transportation 
 (CPC 7123) 
(c) Rental of commercial vehicles with  
operator (CPC 7124) 
(d) Maintenance and repair of road transport  
equipment 
 (CPC 6112) 
 1) Unbound  
2) None 
3) None  4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) None 4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
G. Pipeline Transport 
(a) Transportation of fuels  
 (CPC 7131)        
(b)  Transportation of other goods  
(CPC 7139) 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the  
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in  
the Horizontal Section  
H. Services Auxiliary to all Modes of Transport      
Air Transport   
(b) Storage and warehouse services    (CPC 742) 
(c) Freight transport agency services 
 (CPC 748) 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section   
 TN/S/O/MKD
Page 29
 Modes of supply: 1)  Cross border supply 2)  Consumption abroad 3)  Commercial presence 4)  Presence of natural persons 
Sector or Sub-Sector Limitations on Market Access Limi tations on National Treatment Additional Commitments 
Road Transport  
(b)  Storage and warehouse services    (CPC 742) 
(c) Freight transport agency services 
 (CPC 748) 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None  
4)  Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  
Rail Transport Services 
(b)  Storage and warehouse services  
 (CPC 742) 
(c) Freight transport agency services 
 (CPC 748) 
 1) Unbound 
2) None 
3) Unbound 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section 
 1) None 
2) None 
3) None 
4) Unbound, except as indicated in the 
Horizontal Section  TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 30  
   
Annex to the Schedule  
Understanding on the scope of coverage of CPC 84 - Computer and Related Services  
CPC 84 covers the basic functions used to provi de all computer and related services: computer 
programs defined as the sets of instructio ns required to make computers work and 
communicate (including their development and implementation), data processing and storage, 
and related services, such as consultancy and traini ng services for staff of clients.  Technological 
developments have led to the increased offeri ng of these services as a bundle or package of 
related services that can include some or all of these basic functions. For example, services such 
as web or domain hosting, data mining serv ices and grid computing each consist of a 
combination of basic computer services functions. 
Computer and related services, regardless of whether they are delivered via a network, 
including the Internet, include all services that provide:  
• consulting, strategy, analysis, planning , specification, design, development, 
installation, implementation, integration, testing, debugging, updating, support, 
technical assistance, or management of or for computers or computer systems; or 
• computer programs defined as the sets of instructions required to make 
computers work and communicate (in a nd of themselves), plus consulting, 
strategy, analysis, planning, specification, design, development, installation, 
implementation, integration, testin g, debugging, updating, adaptation, 
maintenance, support, technical assistance, management or use of or for computer programs; or 
• data processing, data storage, data  hosting or database services; or 
• maintenance and repair services for offi ce machinery and equipment, including 
computers; or, 
• training services for staff of clients, rel ated to computer programs, computers or 
computer systems, and not elsewhere classified.   
•  
Computer and related services enable the provisi on of other services (e.g., banking) by both 
electronic and other means.  However, there is an important distinction between the enabling 
service (e.g., web-hosting or application hosting)  and the content or core service that is being 
delivered electronically (e.g., banking). In such cases, the content or core service is not covered 
by CPC 84.   TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 31 
 
 
 
   
REFERENCE PAPER  
 
Attachment  
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 
 
ADDITIONAL COMMITMENT BY THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 
  
 
SCOPE 
 
The following are definitions and principles on the regulatory framework for the basic 
telecommunications services underpinning the mark et access commitments by the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia.  DEFINITIONS  
User  mean service consumer and service suppliers. 
Essential facilities  mean facilities of a public telecommunica tions transport network and service that 
 a) are exclusively or predominantly provided by a single or limited number of suppliers;  and 
 b)cannot feasibly be economically or technically  substituted in order to provide a service. 
A major supplier  is a supplier which has the ability to mate rially affect the terms of participation 
(having regard to price and supply) in the releva nt market for basic telecommunications services as a 
result of:  a) control over essential facilities;  or 
 b) use of its position in the market. 
 
1. COMPETITIVE SAFEGUARDS : 
 
1.1. Prevention of anti-competitive practices in telecommunications
: 
 Appropriate measures shall be maintained for the purpose of preventing suppliers who, alone 
or together, are a major supplier from engaging  in or continuing anti-competitive practices. 
1.2. Safeguards : 
 The anti-competitive practices referred to above shall include in particular:  a) engaging in anti-competitive cross-subsidization;  b) using information obtained from comp etitors with anti-competitive results; and 
 c) not making available to other services suppliers on a timely basis technical 
information about essential facilities and co mmercially relevant information which 
are necessary for them to provide services. 
 
2. INTERCONNECTION 
 
2.1. This section applies to linking with supplie rs providing public telecommunications transport 
networks or services in order to allow the users of  one supplier to communicate with users of another 
supplier and to access services provided by another supplier.   TN/S/O/MKD 
Page 32  
  2.2. Interconnection to be ensured
: 
 Within the limits of permitted market access,  interconnection with a major supplier will be 
ensured at any technically feasible point in th e network.  Such interconnection is provided1: 
 a) under non-discriminatory terms, cond itions (including technical standards and 
specifications) and rates and of a quality no less favourable than that provided for its 
own like services or for like services of non-affiliated service suppliers or for its 
subsidiaries or other affiliates2; 
 b) in a timely fashion, on terms, conditions (including technical standards and 
specifications) and cost-oriented rates that ar e transparent, reasonable, having regard 
to economic feasibility, and sufficiently unbundl ed so that the supplier need not pay 
for network components or facilities that it does not require for the service to be provided; and 
c) upon request, at points in addition to the ne twork termination points offered to the 
majority of users, subject to charges that reflect the cost of construction of necessary 
additional facilities.  
 
2.3. Public availability of the pr ocedures for interconnection negotiations
 : 
 The procedures applicable for interconnecti on to a major supplier will be made publicly 
available.  
 
2.4. Transparency of interconnection arrangements : 
 It is ensured that a major supplier will make  publicly available either its interconnection 
agreements or a reference interconnection offer.  2.5. Interconnection : dispute settlement
: 
 A service supplier requesting interconnection with  a major supplier will have recourse, either: 
 a) at any time or 
  b) after a reasonable period of time wh ich has been made publicly known to an 
independent domestic body, which may be  a regulatory body as referred to in 
paragraph 5 below, to resolve disputes re garding appropriate terms, conditions and 
rates for interconnection within a reasonable period of time, to the extent that these 
have not been established previously. 
 
3. UNIVERSAL SERVICE 
 
 Any Member has the right to define the ki nd of universal service obligation it wishes to 
maintain.  Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se , provided they are 
administered in a transparent, non-discriminator y and competitively neutral manner and are not more 
burdensome than necessary for the kind of universal service defined by the Member. 
 
4. PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF LICENSING CRITERIA 
 
 Where a licence is required, the following will be made publicly available: 
                                                      
1 Suppliers of services or networks not generally available to the public, such as closed user groups, have 
guaranteed rights to connect with the public telecomm unications transport network or services on terms, 
conditions and rates which are non-discriminatory, tran sparent and cost-oriented.  Such terms, conditions 
and rates may, however, vary from the terms, conditi ons and rates applicable to interconnection between 
public telecommunications networks or services. 
2 Different terms, conditions and rates may be set in the Republic of Macedonia  for operators in 
different market segments, on the basis of non-di scriminatory and transparent national licensing 
provisions, where such differences can be objectiv ely justified because these services are not 
considered "like services".  
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   a) all the licensing criteria and the period of  time normally required to reach a decision 
concerning an application for a licence and 
 b) the terms and conditio ns of individual licences. 
The reasons for the denial of a licence will be  made known to the applicant upon request. 
 
5. INDEPENDENT REGULATORS 
 
 The regulatory body is separate from, and not accountable to, any supplier of basic 
telecommunications services.  The decisions of and the procedures used by regulators shall be 
impartial with respect to all market participants. 
 
6. ALLOCATION AND USE OF SCARCE RESOURCES 
 
 Any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers 
and rights of way, will be carried out in an obj ective, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory 
manner.  The current state of allocated frequency ba nds will be made publicly available, but detailed 
identification of frequencies allocated for specific government uses is not required. 
 
  
 
         
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 List of Article II (MFN) Exemptions of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia  
Sector or subsector Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II Countries to which   
the measure applies Intended duration Conditions creating the need 
for the exemption 
Real estate and Land   All Sectors  Foreign natural persons may by 
inheritance obtain a right to ownership of real 
estate and land on the territory of FYROM, under condition of reciprocity. 
 Foreign legal persons may, under 
condition of reciprocity, obtain a right to 
ownership of real estate and land on the 
territory of FYROM through inheritance, on the basis of a testament. 
 A foreign natural person may, under 
condition of reciprocity, obtain a right to ownership of a flat or a building in FYROM. 
 A foreign natural person may, under 
condition of reciprocity, obtain a right to ownership and right to a long-term lease of 
business premises on the territory of FYROM. 
 A foreign natural or legal person may, under conditions of reciprocity, obtain a right 
to a long-term lease of building land for 
construction of business buildings and premises and apartment buildings and 
apartments on the te rritory of FYROM. 
 Building land can be owned by domestic natural and legal persons only.  Foreign  
natural and legal persons are only permitted to 
acquire long-term leases of no more than 99 years. 
 A foreign natural or legal person may, 
under  conditions of reciprocity, obtain a right 
to long-term lease of agricultural land on the 
territory of FYROM. All countries Indefinite Requirements of bilateral and 
regional commitments.  
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 Sector or subsector Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II Countries to which   
the measure applies Intended duration Conditions creating the need 
for the exemption 
Legal Services  (excluding 
consultancy on home country, foreign and 
international law) Legal services of foreign suppliers may be 
provided on the basis of reciprocity. 
   All countries Indefinite Reciprocal coordination of the 
legal profession within the 
overall regional development of judicial and administrative 
institutions. 
Audiovisual Services 
-Production and distribution of 
cinematographic 
works and television programmes Measures based upon government-to-
government framework agreements, and plurilateral agreements, on co-production of 
audiovisual works, which confer national 
treatment to audiovisual works covered by these agreements, in particular in relation to 
distribution and access to funding. All countries with whom 
cultural co-operation may be desirable. Indefinite The aim of these agreements is 
to promote cultural links between the countries 
concerned. 
Audiovisual services  
- Production and distribution of 
audiovisual works 
through broadcasting or other forms of 
transmission to the 
public Measures which define works of European 
origin in such a way as to extend national treatment to audiovisual works which meet 
certain linguistic and origin criteria regarding 
access to broadcasting or similar forms of transmission. European countries Indefinite The measures aim, within the 
sector, to promote cultural values both within EC 
Member States, and with other 
countries in Europe, as well as achieving linguistic policy 
objectives. 
Audiovisual Services 
- Production and 
distribution of 
television programmes and 
cinematographic 
works Measures granting the benefit of any support 
programmes (such as Action Plan for 
Advanced Television Services, EURECA 
Audiovisuel, MEDIA or EURIMAGES) to audiovisual works, and suppliers of such 
works, meeting certain European origin 
criteria. European countries Indefinite.  Exemption needed, 
for certain countries, only until 
an economic integration 
agreement is concluded or completed. These programmes aim at 
preserving and promoting the 
regional identity of countries 
within Europe which have long standing cultural links. 
Educational Services Preferences may be extended in 
implementation of student exchange programs, 
for visits by educators, and for educational 
institutions in order to promote cooperation in cultural exchange.  All countries Indefinite The requirement for particular 
international participation in the 
development of general and 
specialized educational programs, including special 
regional or international 
programs. 
CRS and sales and marketing of air 
transport services The obligations of CRS system vendors or of 
parent and participating air carriers shall not 
apply where equivalent treatment is not 
accorded in the country of origin of the parent carrier or of the system vendor. All countries where a CRS 
system vendor or a parent 
air carrier is located. Indefinite The need for the exemption 
results from the insufficient 
development of multilaterally 
agreed rules for the operation of CRS.  
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 Sector or subsector Description of measure indicating its 
inconsistency with Article II Countries to which   
the measure applies Intended duration Conditions creating the need 
for the exemption 
Road Transport Services  Measures applied under existing or future 
agreements with the governments of other 
countries offer favourable treatment.  All countries with which 
FYROM has agreements 
on road transport in force.  Indefinite The need for exemption is 
linked to the region 
characteristics of the road transport services and to the 
necessity to regulate traffic 
rights in and across the territory of FYROM and 
between FYROM and the 
countries concerned. 
 
 
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