WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
12 December 2005 
 (05-5874) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects 
of Intellectual Property Rights Original:   English 
 
 
 
REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
Addendum  
 
 
 The following communication, dated 24 October 2005, from the Delegation of the  
United States is being circulated pursuant to paragraph 1 of the Deci sion on Implementation of 
Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.  It was circ ulated as an advance copy for the Council's October 
2005 meeting.  
_______________ 
 
 
 The United States has undertaken to provide in formation regarding its activities relevant to 
Article 66.2 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspe cts of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).  The 
present document updates the report provided by the United States in 2004 (IP/C/W/431/Add.5) for consideration of the TRIPS Council. 
 
I. GENERAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY  RIGHTS-RELATED PROGRAMMES 
 
US
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , US PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE  
Visiting Scholars Program 
 For twenty years, the US Patent and Tr ademark Office (USPTO) Visiting Scholars Program 
has provided participants from over 33 foreign countries/economies with two weeks of classroom 
hands-on study of the United States' intellectual prope rty system.  Past participants in the programme 
included directors and deputy directors of industrial property offices, patent and trademark examiners, 
and other experts from developing countries and ec onomies.  The Visiting Scholars Program is the 
most thorough introduction to the US intellectua l property system offered bi-annually by the 
US Government.  In FY 2006, tentatively six Vis iting Scholar Programs will be scheduled.  The goals 
of the programme are: 
 1. to foster a better understanding of interna tional intellectual property obligations and 
norms; 
2. to educate participants on the US intellectual property system;  and 
3. to exchange information on intellectual property issues. 
 The 18-29 April 2005 USPTO Visiting Scholar Programs trained government officials from 
the following countries: IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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  Argentina;  Bahrain;  China;  Czech Repub lic;  Hong Kong, China;  Jordan;  Kenya;  
Lebanon;  Lithuania;  Macao, China;  Moldova;  Morocco;  Portugal;  Romania;  Saudi Arabia;  Singapore;  Turkey;  and Yemen.  
Enforcement Academy 
 The US Patent and Trademark Office h as also organized and conducted programmes 
specifically focused on the enforcement of inte llectual property rights (IPR).  These programmes 
recognize that the improvement of a country's enfo rcement regime helps to ensure the economic and 
development benefits of intellect ual property protection.  The U SPTO has conducted bi-annual, week-
long IPR enforcement training to high-level official s throughout the world that have direct operational 
responsibility for IPR enforcement.  
US
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE  
Science and Technology Agreements of the US Department of State  
 The United States pursues science and technology (S&T) cooperation agreements with both 
developed and developing countries as an effort to foster partnerships between the scientific 
communities of both countries.  Within the context of Article 66.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, such cooperation activities with developing countries, a nd the exchange and diffu sion of knowledge and 
technologies, strengthen economic c ooperation, and are important mech anisms for the development of 
national economies and the basis for expanded trade.   The collaborative S&T relationships between 
the United States and developed countries often yiel d benefits to developing countries as well.  The 
S&T cooperation agreements contai n provisions for protection of in tellectual property, due to the 
nature of the research and technology transfer, which may take place pursuant to the agreement. 
  The S&T agreements are not funding mechan isms, but enjoin the governments to seek 
collaborative relationships, which build science ca pacity and infrastructure and apply science, 
technology, and engineering to f acilitate a developing country's in tegration into the global economy. 
Areas which may be covered include:  basic resear ch and science education, meteorology and weather 
forecasting, health sciences and public health, wa tershed management, envi ronment and biodiversity 
protection, energy and alternative energy research and development, information and communications 
technology, and biotechnology (in all facets).  Scie nce relationships have the ancillary benefit of 
helping to foster democracy and civil society, enha ncing a country's ability to make science informed 
decisions on issues related to sustainable developm ent, and advancing the frontiers of knowledge.  
  A new S&T agreement was signed between the United States and India in October of this 
year.  This agreement will strengt hen the science and technology capa bilities of both the United States 
and India, expand relations betw een our extensive scientific and technological communities, and 
promote technological and scientific cooperation in areas of mutual benefit.  The S&T agreement contains provisions affording IPR protection, secur ity, technology transfer, data and material 
exchanges, as well as other key functions.   In addition, bilateral S&T agreements have been  or are in the process of being concluded with 
Algeria, Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Morocco, T unisia, and Uruguay.  A S&T agreement is under 
discussion with Thailand.   The Embassy Science Fellows Program is anothe r major effort applicable to Article 66.2 of 
the TRIPS Agreement.  Through this programme , US Government agencies send representatives to 
Embassies abroad to look at establishing new institu tional linkages and long-te rm partnerships with 
the S&T community in government, academia, and th e private-sector.  Currently, over 50 Embassy  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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Science Fellows are being placed overseas, principa lly to countries not already covered by traditional 
S&T agreements. The experience has resulted in the formation of important new networks.  
  Another important effort is the EcoLinks program.  Through the US Agency for International Development (USAID) EcoLinks assists many least-developed country Members with environmental 
technology transfer.  EcoLinks is a demand-driven programme that helps to address the environmental 
challenges of selected least-developed countries by  facilitating commercially oriented partnerships 
and promoting the capacity building of local industry and government.  In 2005, the EcoLinks program promoted partnerships a nd technology transfer in several Eastern European and Central 
Asian countries, including Bulgaria, Romania, Kazakhs tan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.   
 
 EcoLinks representatives operate in several US  embassies to build in-country networks of 
environmental companies, associations and local  agencies, which then submit requests for US 
technology and expertise.  New technologies ar e transferred which enhance local industry 
performance and municipal capacity, and promote greater energy efficiency, cleaner industrial 
production, the use of renewable resources, and othe r environmental improvements.  More than 750 
US environmental firms have been involved in t echnology transfer activities with Europe and Eurasia 
through the EcoLinks program.  Ec oLinks also provides various cap acity building activities, including 
regional workshops, working groups  and informational websites. 
 
Millennium Challenge Account 
 In March 2002, President Bush announced his intent to establish a special development 
assistance programme, the Millennium Challenge Acc ount (MCA), designed to help spur economic 
growth in developing nations.  The goal of th e MCA is to achieve poverty reduction through 
economic growth by investing in areas such as ag riculture development, education, enterprise and 
private-sector development, governance, health, and trade and investment capacity building.  In 
January 2004, Congress approved legislation aut horizing the Millennium Challenge Corporation 
(MCC) and provided MCA US$1 billion in FY 2004 .  Additional funding was provided in FY 2005, 
and requests are in place for FY 2006.  The MCA is a new approach to development assistance.  The 
MCA establishes a true partnership in which the developing country, with the participation of its 
citizens, proposes its own priorities and plans for MCA funding.  
 The Millennium Challenge Corporation Board of Directors has determined a list of eligible 
countries, and has invited proposals for MCA assi stance.  Currently 17 countries are eligible, 
including Armenia, Benin, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Georgia, Ghana, Honduras, Lesotho, Madagascar, 
Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Senegal, Sri Lanka, a nd Vanuatu.  Several 
countries have signed or are in the process of negotiating compacts with the MCC.  In these 
partnerships, countries identify their own highest pr iorities for achieving sustainable economic growth 
and poverty reduction, recognizing that  economic growth is largely driv en by a country's own efforts, 
policies, and its people.  Examples of the activitie s that MCA will fund include education, water, 
micro-credit, rural development, infrastru cture, and financial sector development. 
 
US
 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , COMMERCIAL LAW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM  
 The US Department of Commerce Commercial  Law Development Program (CLDP) provides 
training and consultative services with respect to  intellectual property rights through a variety of 
mechanisms, including conf erences, workshops and other activities that focus on laws, administrative 
practices and enforcement.  A significant portio n of CLDP IPR activities is designed to assist 
countries to comply with the WTO TRIPS Agreement.   
 IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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 In 2005, CLDP's IPR activities include the following:  
Russia 
 CLDP, working with Russia's Patent and Tradem ark office (Rospatent), is in the process of 
completing and translating an IP training manual to improve the knowledge and technical skills of 
intellectual property lawyers, regulators and judges who are responsible for managing and 
implementing Russia's IP laws.  A "train the trai ners" programme using the new IPR manual is being 
planned for Spring 2006.  
Ukraine 
 In May 2005 CLDP co-sponsored an IPR se minar held in Brussels in May 2005.  The 
programme attended by senior Ukrainian IPR official s, rights holders and their representatives, and by 
government officials allowed an exchange of views on the current state of IPR protection in Ukraine.   
  In October 2005, CLDP will conduct a join t Russia/Ukraine Work shop for officials 
nominated by the Russian and Ukrainian State Cu stoms Services.  The workshop will be conducted 
with the expert advice of officials from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and from US Customs and Border Protection.     The goals of the programme are to enhance th e familiarity of Ukrainian and Russian Customs 
with the border control requirements of the WT O TRIPS Agreement; assist Ukrainian and Russian 
Customs in understanding the internal organizationa l arrangements and processes that are most likely 
to lead to effective IPR border protection; an d promote dialogue between Ukrainian and Russian 
Customs on concrete steps that could be taken to  improve the control of products crossing their 
common border.  
 In November 2005, CLDP will conduct a week - long programme of consultations for 
Ukrainian intellectual property officials.  The pr ogramme will acquaint Ukraine State Department of 
Intellectual Property (SDIP) officials with the su bstantive and administrative principles and processes 
of US intellectual property appellate proceedings.  The Ukrainian officials hope to apply lessons 
learned to their nascent administrative IP appellate process.    
Pakistan 
 In October 2005, CLDP conducted an initial assessme nt trip to Pakistan to kick off the US- 
Pakistan intellectual property rights technical assistance programme.  During this visit CLDP 
attorneys met with administrative governmental offi cials from the newly created Intellectual Property 
Office (IPO), enforcement officials from the Federa l Investigative Agency and Customs, along with 
private-sector IPR stakeholders to assess the curre nt IPR protection and enforcement regime in 
Pakistan.  Over the next three years, CLDP will  provide consultative and training expertise to the 
Government of Pakistan in order to strengthen bot h the administration of the IPO and to assist in 
shaping a more transparent and functional IPR enforcement regime  
Morocco 
 CLDP organized activities that helped the GOM and private-sector representatives improve 
their understanding of the benefits associated w ith greater protection and enforcement of IPR, 
particularly the establishment of a trademark oppos ition system and an ISP limited liability regime.  
CLDP is providing this assistance by coordinati ng consultations between officials responsible for 
trademarks at the USPTO and at the Moroccan Patent and Trademark Office.  In October, the Chief of 
Service of Information Systems of the Moroccan Patent and Trademark Office (OMPIC) met for one 
week with Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTA B) information systems and procedure experts in  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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order to gain knowledge of trademark filing pr ocedures and information technology development 
crucial for a successful trademark opposition system.  
Algeria 
 CLDP organized three sets of consultations a nd workshops in the US for Algerian judges.  
CLDP created specific case studies.  CLDP is putti ng the final touches to an IP benchbook for the 
Algerian judiciary.  
II. TRADE CAPACITY PROGRAMMES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 
 Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA - Title I of the Trade and 
Development Act of 2000), technical assistance is  targeted to sub-Saharan African countries to 
promote economic reforms and development.  The Administration has devoted special attention to 
trade capacity building (TCB) activities in s ub-Saharan Africa.  The United States provided 
US$181 million in trade capacity building assistance to  sub-Saharan Africa in FY2004, up 36 per cent 
from FY03.  These activities are implemented by ab out a dozen agencies, including the US Agency 
for International Development, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the 
US Trade and Development Agency.  The US Tr ade Representative's Office (USTR) works closely 
with all of these agencies to ensure that US-sponsored TCB assistance is comprehensive and 
responsive to both African needs and US trad e policy objectives.  Helping AGOA beneficiary 
countries to access benefits under AGOA has been a major focus of US trade policy objectives. 
 
 The United States directly supports WTO programmes on trade-related technical assistance 
(TRTA).  For example, at the September 2003 WTO Mi nisterial in Cancun, the United States pledged 
an additional US$1.2 million for WTO TRTA.  Th is contribution augmented US$1 million given 
earlier in 2003, bringing total US support for WTO TR TA to more than US$3 million since the launch 
of Doha negotiations in November 2001.  This m oney was in direct support of programmes like the 
annual WTO Technical Assistance Plan.  Sub-Saharan African Members of the WTO are among the 
leading beneficiaries of WTO TRTA.  The United States also provided bilateral assistance to Cape Verde in support of its efforts to accede to the WTO.   In April 2002, USTR created the Office for Trade Capacity Building to coordinate US 
Government TCB efforts linked to bilateral and mu ltilateral trade negotiations and the implementation 
of trade agreements.  Helping countries to access be nefits under AGOA has been a major focus of US 
TCB programmes.  The following is an update on so me of the USG capacity building and technology 
transfer programmes to implement AGOA.  
US
 AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT  
 The US Agency for International Developm ent (USAID) is the primary US Government 
agency involved in delivering development assistan ce to sub-Saharan Africa and has field offices 
throughout the region.  These offices operate 29 bilateral assistance programmes and three regional 
programmes managing more than US$1.9 billion in  activities annually.  The regional programmes – 
in Eastern, Southern, and West Africa – work w ith African organizations responsible for activities 
that are multinational in nature.  In addition,  USAID supports global programmes, managed from 
Washington, that help to bring the capacity of and linkages with global partners and centres of 
excellence to bear on African issues.   In support of AGOA, USAID's technical assi stance promotes Afri can economic growth, 
trade, and competitiveness in the global econom y so as to increase household incomes and reduce 
poverty.  USAID's many programmes support African trade and investment policy, institutional 
analysis and reform, trade capacity building and t echnical training, and the promotion of US-Africa 
private-sector development.  These programmes help  to create a supportive environment for trade and IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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investment.  USAID's bilateral and regional missions  play an important role in the Administration's 
efforts to assist countries in the region to deve lop AGOA strategies and strengthen their capacities to 
respond to trade opportunities.  In FY04, USAID provided US$105 million in trade capacity building funds for sub-Saharan Africa.  
 Many of USAID's programmes to promote ec onomic growth and reduce poverty in Africa are 
conducted through its economic growth  portfolio and through the Presidential Initiative on Trade for 
African Development and Enterprise (TRADE).  The principal 31 goals are to increase the 
engagement of African countries in the world trad ing system and to stimulate and increase African 
exports and investment flows into – and within – the continent.  These goals will be accomplished by 
focusing on increasing African exports to the Un ited States; promotion of US-African business 
linkages; enhancement of the competitiveness of Afri can products and services; expansion of the role 
of trade in African poverty reduction strategies; im provement of the delivery of public services that 
support trade; building African capacity for trade po licy formulation; and strengthening the enabling 
environment for African businesses.  The TRADE Initiative, which is USAID's flagship TCB 
programme for Africa, helps African countries to ta ke advantage of increased trade opportunities with 
the US provided by AGOA.   In 2002, USAID began implementation of th e TRADE initiative with the opening of three 
regional Hubs for Global Competitiveness, in Botswa na, Kenya, and Ghana.  Each Hub serves as a 
technical assistance platform for a cadre of technical experts in support of trade and development. 
Further information about the Hubs can be fou nd on the Web at www.satradehub.org (for Southern 
Africa), www.watradehub.com (for West Africa), and www.ecatradehub.com (for Eastern and Central 
Africa).  The Hubs and USAID bila teral missions have built strong wo rking relationships with their 
regional partners to expand export opportunities and to promote increased international and regional 
trade. 
 
 At the AGOA Forum in January 2003, Preside nt Bush announced that each Hub will support 
a technical expert from the US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to help sub-
Saharan African countries address challenges rela ted to meeting sanitary and phyto-sanitary 
requirements for the US market.  With funding fro m USAID, in 2004 APHIS placed risk assessment 
advisors at each of the three Hubs.  (See the USDA section below for more information on this 
programme.) 
  The Southern Africa Global Competitiveness Trade Hub, based in Gaborone, Botswana, 
carried out a range of services to support of AGOA in 2004, including assistance to countries in developing national AGOA export strategies, firm -level export assistance, and a wide range of 
training programmes.  The AGOA export strategies are a result of a Hub initiative to support regional 
governments in export diversification strategies under AGOA.  Botswana, Swaziland and Malawi are 
incorporating their respective AGOA export strategies into existing national economic planning 
programmes.  In each of these countries, working groups composed of the public and private-sector 
will identify short-term and long-term strategies to  take full advantage of AGOA.  The Hub provided 
training in 2004 to over 500 small to medium-sized  enterprises in Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, 
Swaziland, Malawi, Namibia and Zambia.  The se minars improved unders tanding of US market 
requirements, helped exporters to organize themse lves to meet large marketing orders, and led to 
export contracts for producers.  The Hub also fo cused on sending export-ready companies to trade 
shows in the United States, resulting in an incr ease in AGOA exports from the region in the apparel, 
handicraft, and processed food sectors.  In the agri culture sector, the Hub is prioritizing agricultural 
products based upon market potential in the Unite d States with the aim of increasing AGOA exports 
in the medium term.  The Hub also plans to focu s on opportunities in the seafood sector, particularly 
in shrimp from Mozambique.   The East and Central Africa (ECA) Hub – b ased in Nairobi, Kenya – conducted several 
AGOA-related programmes to strengthen the capacity  of East and Central African countries to  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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participate more effectively in the multilateral tr ading system, including the WTO Doha Development 
Agenda negotiations.  The Hub programme has f our components:  trade capacity building, AGOA, 
transport, and customs.  AGOA activities center on increasing business linkages, on business development assistance, and on knowledge sharing about AGOA opportunities.  
 The West Africa Hub – located in Accra, Ghana – has several AGOA-related programmes. 
The Hub has developed nine specific training modules that it has shared with its regional partners, 
providing guidelines about how to engage the US ma rket.  New AGOA resource centers were opened 
in Cameroon, Chad, Mauritania, and Nigeria in 2004, bringing the total to 13 in West Africa.  The Hub is exploring new products for promoti on under AGOA, and working with two regional 
intergovernmental organizations in western Africa  to set up monitoring mechanisms to track and 
report on corrupt practices on key interstate truc king routes.  The Hub sponsored West African 
participation in two trade missions to the United States in 2004 with a special focus on opportunities 
under AGOA.  Since its establishment in 2003, the West Africa Hub has trained more than 3,000 
West African entrepreneurs on the requirements fo r exporting to the United States.  It has also 
sponsored focus groups for women entrepreneurs in Guinea, Niger, Nigeria and Sierra Leone and an 
in-depth study of Women Doing Business in Mali.   The following are some additional examples of  USAID trade capacity building activities in 
support of AGOA:   Malawi 
USAID/Malawi, in conjunction with the Southe rn Africa Hub, organized two workshops for 
Malawians interested in exporting handicrafts, including handcrafted fabrics covered under AGOA's 
Category 9 provisions.  The Mission and the Hub also provided technical assistance for the 
development of a National AGOA Strategy.  This included discussions with government officials on 
including a National AGOA Strategy in Malawi's overall trade strategy and assessing the technical 
assistance needs for Malawi to launch and follow through on developing a strategy in conjunction 
with stakeholders, including the private-sector. 
 Mozambique 
 USAID/Mozambique has provided assistance for th e Confederation of Mozambican Business 
Associations (CTA) to advocate for reforms to lib eralize trade and improve the business climate.  
USAID is also providing long- and short-term technical assistance to the Ministry of Industry and 
Commerce to conduct trade analysis and to formulat e and implement better trade strategies.  Positive 
outputs include greater understanding and appreciation among influential Mozambicans of the benefits of market openness, and increased awarenes s within government that successful exports are 
the cornerstone of growth, poverty reduction, and prosperity. 
 Rwanda 
Rwanda:  USAID/Rwanda in collaboration with  other USAID offices and the International 
Executive Service Corps (IESC) has deployed a steady stream of technical assistance to handicraft 
and textile operators.  The ECA Hub and IESC's Fast Track progr amme have sponsored Rwanda 
participation in leading craft and textile trade s h o w s .   A s  a  r e s u l t ,  R w a nda has launched its first 
electronic-commerce site for handicrafts.  The Mi ssion is also supporting highly profitable, trial 
exports of specialty coffee to the US and UK markets. 
D
EPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , INTERNATIONAL TRADE ADMINISTRATION  
 The US Department of Commerce's Intern ational Trade Administration created the 
Management Training for Africa (MTA) Program as a pilot initiative in 2003.  In July 2003, the IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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Department sponsored 19 participan ts from Botswana, Lesotho, Nami bia, South Africa and Swaziland 
to visit the United States for a two-week training opportunity focused on transportation infrastructure, with a specific emphasis on inter-modal logistics.  In August 2004, the Department continued the 
MTA initiative by hosting a group of 15 medical doc tors and hospital administrators from Benin, 
Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Swaziland and Zambia.  The participants trained 
as a group for two weeks and had an opportunity to visit a number of healthcare technology and 
equipment companies, attend a telemedicine sympos ium at Johns Hopkins Hospital and visit several 
other prestigious medical institutions throughout the United States.  Additionally, the delegates 
received hands-on training highlighting human res ource and financial management, employee morale 
and a host of other critical management issues. 
 
US
 CUSTOMS & BORDER PROTECTION  
 US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) c ontinued to provide assistance and technical 
training for sub-Saharan African officials in 2004 and is continuing this work in 2005.  CBP visited 
four countries in 2004:  Lesotho, South Africa, Madagascar, and Swaziland.  In each of the four 
countries, CBP officials also included their Afri can host-country counterparts in Textile Production 
Verification Team visits.  During these visits, the officials received practical, on-site training in the production verification process, thereby strengtheni ng their knowledge of the steps involved in 
ensuring that the various requirement s of the AGOA for wearing apparel were met.  In addition to this 
training, separate seminars were held for larger  audiences of customs officials in Madagascar and 
Swaziland, covering topics including visa system enforcement and general AGOA requirements for 
wearing apparel. 
 
US
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE  
• The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) is actively involved in planning, coordinating and 
funding trade capacity building programmes in sub-Saharan Africa.  USDA projects provide 
technical assistance and training in the following areas: 
 
• WTO/SPS Seminar Series:  In 2004, USDA conducte d a series of three seminars on sanitary 
and phyto-sanitary (SPS) issues for member countries of the Central African Economic and 
Monetary Community (known by the French  acronym, CEMAC).  This effort was a 
continuation of a series of Africa-based re gional workshops in which USDA has trained 
officials from over 30 sub-Saharan African count ries on SPS issues as they relate to African 
trade.  The project aims to help African count ries to meet international SPS standards, thereby 
enabling them to increase their participation in global trade. 
• SPS Work and the Africa Global Competitiveness Hubs:  A USDA technical expert from the 
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) was assigned to each of the three 
USAID-managed Global Competitiveness Hubs in Africa in 2004.  The experts – who are resident in Botswana, Uganda and Ghana - work closely with countries in the region to conduct pest risk assessments for agricultural plant products potentially destined for the US 
market and provide training on risk assessme nt and other areas of phyto-sanitary capacity. 
They are also helping to advance the pest ri sk assessment process for products from several 
African countries.  To complement the work of the experts, USDA has provided additional 
technical assistance in market  access development through the Cochran Fellowship Program. 
Two permanent APHIS administrative offices ar e located in Senegal and South Africa. 
USDA/APHIS and Tuskegee University comple ted a two-year project providing SPS 
capacity-building training in 15 African countries.  Over the course of the programme, approximately 65 government a nd university personnel received in-depth training in risk 
analysis.  The training culminated in a workshop and Pan-African conference on SPS regulation and risk assessment in  Ethiopia in September 2004.  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
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• Science and Technology Conferences:  The Secr etary of Agriculture sponsored a science and 
technology conference in Burkina Faso in June  2004.  Heads of State from Burkina Faso, 
Ghana, Mali and Niger attended, along with 18 ministers from 14 West African countries and 
delegates from 22 countries.  The conference fo cused on water management, biotechnology, 
policy and regulatory frameworks, and public/private partnerships.  USDA agreed to help 
facilitate a follow-up conference, the Bamako Bi otechnology Conference, scheduled for June 
2005.  The purpose of the Bamako conference is to encourage regional harmonization of biotechnology research, regulations, and public outreach. 
 
• Biotechnology Outreach Activities:  The goal of th is broad group of activ ities is to encourage 
African scientists and their institutions to pr ovide science-based information to the general 
public on technical matters that impact trade,  agricultural production, and food security.  For 
FY2005, USDA has allocated ove r US$100,000 for biotechnology outreach activities in sub-
Saharan Africa.  Activities will be closely coor dinated with ongoing US Government outreach 
programmes (primarily through USAID) and will support training of African scientists/policymakers with a view to field-testing of biotech crops.  The safe conduct of 
field trials will facilitate the development of  biotechnology products relevant to African 
agriculture, encourage African ownership and acceptance of agricultural biotechnology and 
help jumpstart functioning regulatory system s.  These activities are a collaborative effort 
among key US regulatory agencies (APHIS, FDA, & EPA), the USDA/Biotech Group, 
USDA overseas posts, private industry, and the Intern ational Center for Food Information.  In 
addition, USDA biotechnology capacity efforts in Africa are coordinated with USAID's 
Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project II and Program for Biosafety Systems, which 
have a number of regulatory and public outreach activities that support specific crop 
improvement programmes. 
 
• West African Cotton Program:  In collaboration with the National Cotton Council of 
America, in July 2004 USDA organized a US cotton industry tour for government ministers 
and Washington-based ambassadors from Chad, Mali , Burkina Faso, and Benin.  The officials 
visited North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas to  learn about the key components of the US 
cotton sector, including promotion and marketing,  research, and ginning.  The tour helped the 
officials to better understand the complexities of the US cotton industry and the challenges faced by all cotton producers.  In Octobe r 2004, USDA participated in a fact-finding 
assessment of the West African cotton sector.  The 15 key recommendations were presented 
to the West African Agriculture and Trade Mini sters by a high-level US delegation that met 
with West African trade and agri culture ministers in Bamako, Mali in January 2005.  As part 
of this effort, the Cochran Fellowship Pr ogram is implementing courses in cotton 
classification and soil degradation/exte nsion technologies in June 2005. 
 
• Staff Training on Donated Grain Testing E quipment:  In 2004, USDA calibrated grain 
inspection equipment and conducted staff traini ng for the Bureaus of Standards in Kenya, 
Uganda, and Tanzania.  The US Federal Gr ain Inspection Service donated US$50,000 worth 
of grain-inspection equipment to these countries.  Utilization of the equipment will enable the 
three bureaus of standards to develop standa rd testing methodologies and measure grain 
quality consistently.  This mutually benefi cial activity is a direct outcome of the 
USDA/USAID "East Africa:  Transportation Mana gement and Harmonizati on of Standards to 
Foster Agricultural Trade" project implemented in 2000-2001. 
 
• Norman E. Borlaug International Science and Technology Fellows Program:  Ghana was 
selected as one of the first countries to partic ipate in the Borlaug Fellows Program, a new 
USDA programme begun in 2004.  The prog ramme offers short-term training and 
collaborative research opportunities in interna tional agricultural science and policy through IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
Page 10  
 
exchanges of entry-level scientists, academics,  policymakers, and regulators from developing 
and middle-income countries. 
 
• Cochran Fellowship Program:  This programme pr ovides short-term technical training in the 
United States for mid- to senior-level public or  private professionals from eligible countries in 
areas that include agricultural trade, marketi ng, management, policy and technology transfer. 
Cochran is currently active in 13 countries in  sub-Saharan Africa, including four SACU 
member countries.  In FY 2004, there were  106 participants from sub-Saharan Africa. 
 
US
 TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY  
• Kenya Revenue Authority Integrated Taxati on System:  The US Trade and Development 
Agency USTDA approved funding for a US$344,000 technical assistance that will benefit the 
Kenya Revenue Authority's development of an integrated computerized tax system.  The 
project is expected to modernize revenue admi nistration in order to enhance and streamline 
revenue collection and administration for the Kenyan Government. 
 
• Uganda National ICT Master Plan and E-Gove rnment Network Project:  USTDA is funding a 
feasibility study for Uganda's Ministry of Wo rks, Housing, and Communications to develop 
and support e-governance and e-business in Uganda .  The study will develop the basis for a 
wider integrated network by reviewing a set of key Ministries' requirements, developing a set of action plans, and assisting in the developm ent of a set of national standards and the 
architecture for e-government in Uganda. 
 
• Africa Port Orientation Visit:  USTDA is providing funding to bring key decision makers 
from West and Central African countries to the United States for a port sector orientation 
visit.  The orientation visit will introduce the African delegates to US port sector suppliers 
and US standards of practice.  The orientation visit will include stops at three different US 
port facilities in late spring/early summer 2005. 
 
E
NVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  
 Phase-out of Lead in Gasoline:  Under th e World Summit on Sustainable Development's 
Partnership on Clean Fuels and Vehicles, the enviro nmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its partners 
have supported regional wo rkshops throughout sub-Saharan Africa to assist countries in developing 
regional and national action plans for lead phase- out.  In addition, EPA has provided technical 
assistance and public outreach support to South Africa on lead phase-out. 
 
III. TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION, AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE 
DEVELOPMENT 
 A number of US Government agencies have been  working to assist African countries in their 
efforts to improve infrastructure in the tran sportation, communications, and energy sectors. 
 
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT  
Department of Transportation 
 The US Department of Transportation (DOT) is engaged in several activities intended to 
enhance the transportation capacity and infrastruct ure of sub-Saharan Afri ca.  Many of DOT's 
activities are in partnership with other US agencies, such as the Department of State, USAID, the US 
Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), the Depart ment of Defense, and the Export-Import Bank, 
as well as multilateral funding agencies such as the World Bank.   IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
 Page 11 
 
 
 DOT's Safe Skies for Africa program seeks to enhance aviation safety and air navigation capacity-building on the continent.  In 2004,  DOT worked closely with USTDA to identify 
opportunities for the US aviation industry to participate in Safe Skies-related pr ojects.  To enhance air 
navigation services in the East Africa Community (E AC) states (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda), DOT 
partnered with USTDA and a US firm to devel op Global Navigation Satellite System procedures 
leading to safer, more efficient, and unified use of airspace in the region.  The Safe Skies program is 
an integral component of the President's East A frica Counterterrorism Initiative.  With the guidance 
and assistance of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), DOT purchased and installed in the Safe Skies countries US-manufactured, TSA-appr oved aviation security equipment and services 
valued at over US$8 million.  In October 2004, DOT , in partnership with TSA, hosted a Workshop on 
Aviation Security in Johannesburg, South Africa.  Representatives of US firms that manufacture 
aviation security equipment and provide aviation ser vices attended, and many took the opportunity to 
showcase their goods and services for the senior A frican aviation officials who participated. 
  In 2004, the Safe Skies program sponsored a learning mission to Central America for 52 
aviation officials from the EAC countries to exam ine models of regional cooperation in aviation 
safety oversight.  Following this mission, EAC transportation ministers signed a memorandum of understanding to create an agency to promote re gional aviation safety oversight and to enhance 
aviation security, air navigation, and capacity building on a regional basis.  By the close of 2005, it is 
anticipated that the EAC will have the first func tioning regional safety oversight organization in 
Africa. 
 
 In partnership with the Federal Aviation Ad ministration (FAA) and the International Civil 
Aviation Organization (ICAO), ICAO-approved traini ng has been provided regionally across Africa 
in Global Navigation Satellite System procedures de velopment, development of Notices to Airmen, 
airport certification, and flight inspection procedures. 
 
 This training will lead to improvements in ai r navigation services across the sub-region.  In 
2004, DOT – in partnership with the FAA Academ y, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 
and the Consortium for Aviation Technology Tran sfer Centers Support (CATTS) – developed a 
framework to expand the use of the FHWA-developed Technology Transfer Center in Dar es Salaam, 
Tanzania as a prototype Center of Excellence in  aviation.  In 2004, members of the consortium 
travelled to Tanzania to perform a join t assessment and to develop recommendations. 
  Over the last several years,  DOT has been working closely with Nigerian authorities to 
support their efforts to improve the Nigerian transportation system, with special attention to improvements in aviation safety and security, priv atization of port services, port training, and 
technical assistance to develop a multi-modal overs ight system.  In 2000 and 2003 DOT received two 
USAID grants amounting to US$6.8 million to implement the programme.  In 2004 DOT trained 40 maritime personnel in maritime security, provided av iation training to 100 av iation personnel, trained 
50 rail staff in rail security, and assessed the eastern corridor of the Nigerian rail system.   The FAA is also involved in technical assistan ce efforts to bring the Nigerian Civil Aviation 
Authority into compliance with ICAO standards in  the area of safety oversight and is providing 
training to Nigerian civil aviation officials.  Thes e efforts have paved the way for new direct service 
between the United States and Nigeria.   DOT also provided training for Nigerian port staff trainees at the US Merchant Marine 
Academy.  In 2004, DOT's Maritime Administra tion provided port-development and privatization 
guidance to Nigeria.  The DOT also sent an eval uation team to Nigeria to assess the western and 
eastern lines of Nigeria's rail system and is assisting the World Bank to determine the amount of funding needed to rehabilitate the rail system.  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
Page 12  
 
 The Federal Transit Administration, in collabora tion with the Nigerian Ministry of Transport, 
sponsored a Public Transportation Infrastructure De velopment Conference in Abuja, Nigeria in July 
2004.  Experts from the United States exchanged information with 300 of their counterparts from throughout Nigeria on planning, financing, and impl ementation of efficient public transport systems. 
As a result of the conference, Florida A&M Univer sity is preparing a training programme for public 
transportation officials of the Federal Capital Territo ry of Abuja.  The Federal Transit Administration 
is 53 also working with Houston Metro to develop a technical assistance programme that will support 
efforts by Abuja and other Nigerian cities to impr ove their public transportation systems.  In 
September 2004, DOT sponsored a five-person reverse trade and fact-finding mission for transport officials from the Federal Capital Territory of Ab uja.  The delegation examined the structure and 
function of the Federal Transit Administration an d its relationship with state and local public 
transportation agencies in the U.S, visited trans it projects, and discussed project development and 
implementation with US transportation officials.  The delegation also met with potential contractors that can assist in designing, building and ope rating three new express busways in Abuja. 
 
USTDA Transportation Activities 
 USTDA's work in sub-Saharan Africa includes projects in the rail and port, 
telecommunications, and aviation sectors.  The following is a sampling of USTDA projects in the transport sector:  
• Cape Verde Transshipment Port Developmen t:  This US$420,432 feasibility study will 
support the establishment of a major transship ment port in Cape Verde.  The new port 
facility would use Cape Verde's strategic geogr aphic location to take advantage of trans- 
Atlantic and Europe-Africa shipping routes.   The project would have substantial 
developmental impacts for Cape Verde by providing modern infrastructure, lowering 
transportation costs, and creating substantial local employment. 
 
• Cameroon Airport Security:  This US$237,178 Technical Assistance grant will help the 
Government of Cameroon to analyze needed airport security improvements in its civil aviation system.  This assistance is vitally  important as Cameroon attempts to satisfy 
ICAO and US FAA airport security requirements. 
 
• Port of Doraleh Container Terminal:  USTDA is providing a US$372,976 grant to 
partially fund a feasibility study for the Port  of Doraleh in Djibouti.  The study will 
investigate the feasibility of constructing a c ontainer terminal at this location.  This 
project is a high development priority for Djibouti and the region. 
 
• Mahajanga Barge Lightering:  USTDA appr oved a US$374,250 grant to the Madagascar 
Ministry of Transportation to determine the feasibility of implementing a barge-lightering system to improve efficiency and cap acity at the country's second largest port.  
Such a system potentially offers a cost-e ffective and more environmentally friendly 
alternative to dredging a deep-water port at this location. 
 
• Trans-Kalahari Corridor Orientation Visit:  USTDA sponsored a visit by a delegation 
from Namibia to meet with US companies that could supply equipment for the build-out of the Trans-Kalahari Corridor.  This activity is a follow-up to an earlier USTDA feasibility study that assisted with the devel opment of a business plan for the Walvis Bay 
Corridor Group. 
 
• Sao Tome Island Airport Development:  This US$350,000 technical assistance grant will 
be used to identify and provide economic  analysis of needed improvements for  IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
 Page 13 
 
 
Sao Tome Island's airport.  The project will investigate airport-related revenue streams 
and financing options for needed improvement projects. 
 
COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT  
 The Digital Freedom Initiative (DFI) is a five-year programme organized by the Departments 
of Commerce and State, USAID, USA Freedom Corps,  and the Peace Corps.  The goal of DFI is to 
promote economic growth by transferring the bene fits of information and communication technology 
to entrepreneurs and small businesses in the developi ng world.  DFI leverages the leadership of the 
US Government, the creativity and resources of America's leading companies, and the vision and energy of entrepreneurs throughout the developing worl d.  Key elements of the DFI are:  (1) placing 
volunteers in small businesses to share business knowl edge and technology expe rtise; (2) promoting 
pro-growth regulatory and legal structures to enhance business competitiveness; and (3) leveraging 
existing technology and communications infrastructure in new ways to help entrepreneurs and small 
businesses better compete in both the regional and global market place.  
 The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) also assists in 
human capacity-building efforts with African In formation and Communications Technology (ICT) 
policy makers and regulators.  NTIA is a particip ant in the DFI Initiative, meeting bilaterally with 
African regulators and policy makers during Washin gton visits.  In 2004, NTIA provided training in 
spectrum management, universal acce ss, and Internet policy issues.  In March 2005, NTIA provided 
hands-on training to African mid-level policy/regulatory staff in three US Telecommunications 
Training Institute (USTTI) courses on spectru m management and on ICT policy-making. 
Representatives included staff from a number of deve loping countries including Liberia, Kenya, 
Nigeria, Uganda, South Afri ca, Senegal, and Zambia. 
  The USAID Leland Initiative and the Federa l Communications Commission (FCC) have 
continued their fruitful collaboration to strengt hen telecommunications policy and build African 
regulatory capacity.  The programme strengthens associ ations of African regulators; uses experts from 
the FCC and state level regulatory bodies to help US and African universit y programmes on effective 
regulation; and provides technical assistance to regulat ors in more than 20 countries.  In the past year, 
this effort has provided direct assistance to six co untries.  The programme has also provided technical 
assistance for regional efforts to promote communica tions market integration in West Africa.  A 
portion of USAID funding and technical support fr om the FCC were key inputs into the African 
Internet and Telecommunications summit, hosted by the Nigerian Communications Commission in 
February 2005.  With Leland and FCC input, cons tituencies for policy reform are growing in the 
region.  In the coming year this effort will seek to facilitate private-sector led efforts at regional 
market integration, and begin to expand th e lessons to Eastern and Southern Africa. 
 
 The Leland Initiative's NetTel@Africa program is an African-led network for capacity building and knowledge exchange in the African te lecommunications sector.  It has four primary 
components:  training, a knowledge exchange ne twork, a community-to-community service, and 
research.  The NetTel@Africa program has developed ten learning modules for regulators.  The course content is delivered both online and by a pr ofessor at participating African universities, which 
include the Universities of Zambia, Botswana, Dar es Salaam, West Cape Town, South Africa, Fort 
Hare, and Witwatersrand, and Makerere University  in Uganda.  US universities including Washington 
State University, the University of Colorado-Bo ulder, the University of Florida-Gainesville, 
University of Maryland-College Park, and Mich igan State University have made significant 
contributions.  In partnership with Cheik Anta Diop University in Dakar, Senegal, NetTel is adapting 
its content to French-language courses fo cused on delivery across West Africa. 
  The Leland Initiative is managing and implementing the USAID Administrator's Last Mile Initiative, which in the last year saw the beginning of programme ac tivities in three African countries. 
The Initiative seeks to stimulate innovation and ex pand rural telecommunications access.  Alliances IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
Page 14  
 
with the private-sector in Africa and the United States enhance the impact of the programme.  In Nigeria, an American trade association, the Na tional Telecommunications Cooperative Association, 
provided key support to establish a Universal Se rvice Fund, and helped develop the business and 
technology models to expand access to communicati ons and transaction services across the country 
and region.  The NTCA is also providing key assistance to the Government of Ethiopia, which is 
moving towards liberalization of value-added servi ces and seeking to promote viable small business 
models for rural access.  In the coming year the Last Mile Initiative is expected to move forward in at 
least five additional African countries.  
E
NERGY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT  
Department of Energy 
 The Department of Energy (DOE) continues to  work with sub-Saharan Africa countries, both 
through its own programmes and via partnerships with USAID and ot her US agencies, in support of 
energy projects for AGOA-eligible countries.  Activities support infrastructure development, 
economic empowerment, and the fac ilitation of private investment. 
  
 DOE leads the US-African Energy Ministerial process that provides an important forum for 
US and African energy ministers, businesses, academia, and NGOs to meet and explore ways to enhance cooperation on oil, gas a nd power development; energy security and regional integration; 
clean energy development and deployment; energy information collection and analysis; and expansion 
of private-sector investment in Africa.  The next Mi nisterial will likely take place in Africa in the first 
half of 2006. 
   Over the past three years (2001 – 2004), th rough an interagency agreement with USAID, 
DOE provided energy sector assistance to Nigeria.  During 2004, DOE advised on liberalization of the oil and gas sectors. 
 
 DOE has been working with the Angolan Gove rnment to develop a programme that would 
focus on a national energy strategy to promote in creased oil, gas and power development.  In 
December 2004, a DOE team visited Equatorial Guinea and initiated consultations on power sector 
issues.  In August 2004, DOE signed a bilateral Me morandum of Understanding in support of energy 
policy, science and technology with the Government of Equatorial Guinea. 
 
 DOE represents the USG on the steering committee of the World Bank's Global Gas Flaring Reduction Initiative (GGFR), a leveraged multi-year, multi-million dollar public-private partnership.  
The GGFR focuses on policy, regulatory assistance, da ta development and reporting, and research and 
development activities to promote natural gas use.   The participating sub-Saharan countries are 
Angola, Cameroon, and Nigeria.  DOE and the State Department co-chair a br oad interagency process 
in support of the UN Environment Program and the World Bank's Global Environment Facility's, 
multimillion dollar, 10-year geothermal initiative.  The Initiative would promote the development of 
1,000 megawatts of power in East Africa (Kenya , Ethiopia, Djibouti in 2006 and Uganda, Eritrea, and 
Tanzania starting in 2008) and create significant economic and social development opportunities.  
During 2005, DOE is planning the deployment in Dj ibouti of an econometric model developed in part 
with DOE funding.  The dual-purpose model is capabl e of quantifying the physical characteristics of 
an energy resource while simultaneously determin ing the financial sustainability of the proposed 
geothermal energy systems.  DOE participated in Chad's First International Oil and Gas Conference 
(October 2004, in N'Djamena), and c onsultations with the President of Chad's Revenue Management 
College.  DOE will continue to monitor activities of  the College; identify lessons learned from the 
project, support the revenue management model that  could be replicated in other emerging energy 
producing countries; and coordinate with the World Ba nk and other stakeholders to facilitate training 
for governmental officials on oil and gas value chain and electricity issues.    IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
 Page 15 
 
 
US Agency for International Development 
 USAID provides capacity building and advocacy support for the West African Gas Pipeline 
(WAGP) project, a 630-mile, US$550 million natural gas transmission pipeline project that will connect Nigeria's gas reserves to markets in Nigeria,  Benin, Togo and Ghana.  In January 2003, the 
Presidents of these four countries signed an Inte rgovernmental Agreement to establish a harmonized 
legal and regulatory framework for the WAGP.  In May 2003, another major accomplishment was 
achieved with the signing of the WAGP International Project Agreement by the four countries and the 
developer, the WAGP Company and witnessed by th e ECOWAS Secretariat.  In November 2004, the 
ground was broken and the constructi on phase began.  The pipeline, anticipated to be operational in 
2007, will facilitate the commercializa tion of much of the region's natural gas resources, eliminate 
environmental degradation from existing gas flari ng, allow substitution of crude oil burned in the 
countries' power plants with cleaner gas, promot e growth through access to cheaper, more reliably 
sustainable energy, and facilitate ECOWAS integration.  
US Trade and Development Agency 
 The following is a sampling of USTDA projects in the energy sector: 
 
• Aluto Langano Geothermal Plant:  This US$85, 591 technical assistance grant is intended 
to support the Ethiopian Electric Power Company (EEPCO) as it seeks professional assistance to repair the Aluto Langano Geothermal Plant.  The project team will provide EEPCO with advisory assistance as it prepares tender documents, ranks bidders, and negotiates a contract with the winning team.  The project will support geothermal energy 
development in Ethiopia and the Rift Valley Region of Africa. 
 
• Rural Electrification Certification Technical Assistance:  USTDA provided a 
US$246,875 technical assistance grant to fund the development and begin implementation of a rural electrification certification programme in Ghana.  The programme will enable small and medium  enterprises in rural and peri-urban 
communities in Ghana to be lo calized electricity distributors for the Electricity Company 
of Ghana. 
 
• Zambia-Kenya-Tanzania Power Interconnector:  USTDA funded an orientation visit for 
10 key decision makers from Zambia, Kenya, a nd Tanzania to travel to the United States 
to review regulatory and legal structures u sed in the United States for regional power 
interconnector projects.  This activity suppor ts a regional 400 MW interconnector project 
currently being planned by the three countries. 
 
• Nigeria Coal Resource Development:  This US $410,800 feasibility study grant will assist 
the Ministry of Solid Minerals Development by providing US mining sector expertise for the technical analysis of the rehabilitation a nd development of the country's underutilized 
coal resources.  The Nigerian Government, in  cooperation with the World Bank, wants to 
redevelop this sector to alleviate power shortages in the country. 
 
African Development Foundation 
 The African Development Foundation (ADF) is a US Government corporation that delivers 
direct capital investment to African micro-, small-, and medium-scale enterprises.  ADF also supports 
the activities of non-governmental or ganizations that work at the co mmunity level.  The Foundation is 
the only US Government agency wholly dedicated  to the promotion of economic development in 
Africa.  ADF operated in 15 sub-Saharan African nati ons in FY 2004:  Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, IP/C/W/452/Add.5 
Page 16  
 
Guinea, Ghana, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Swaziland, Tanzan ia, Uganda, Zambia, and 
Zimbabwe.   The Foundation responds to unsolicited fund ing proposals from African small companies, 
producer groups, non-governmental organizations , and community-based organizations.  ADF helps 
its grantees develop business plans to support commerc ially viable activities that generate income for 
owners, employees, and agricultural suppliers.  ADF  grantees receive up to US$250,000 in financing 
for fixed capital, working capital, and technical and managerial assistance.   AGOA notes the important role ADF plays in helping small-scale African enterprises take 
advantage of new opportunities for trade and investme nt.  ADF has contributed to the advancement of 
AGOA goals through its trade and investment (T &I) program, which provides small- and medium-
sized African enterprises with expansion capital to finance the development, production, and 
marketing of high-quality, value-a dded products for sale to regional markets in Africa and to overseas 
markets in the United States, Europe, and Asia.  The value of ADF's obligations to 16 newly funded 
T&I projects during FY 2004 was nearly US$4 million. 
  ADF's T&I program helps smaller-scale African enterprises develop new links to international markets by:  
• promoting the production by small-scale producer groups and agro-businesses of high-
value, non-traditional crops that are in demand in world markets; 
 
• supporting the development and international marketing of value-added processed goods; 
 
• providing producers with the technical assistance, training, and technology they need to 
make and market goods that meet in ternational quality standards;  and 
 
• assisting small businesses in establishing trading partnerships with in ternational buyers.  
ADF's T&I program also helps African small- and medium-scale businesses secure 
access to new streams of private investment by providing them with the catalyst capital 
they need to achieve profitability and advan ce to new levels of performance as reliable 
providers of goods to inte rnational supply chains. 
  To support export production that yields direct  benefits to low-income small producers, ADF 
often provides funding to producer associations or  cooperatives that bulk up the production of small-
scale producers and carry out processing and marketing activities on their behalf.  Producer associations and cooperatives channel support to small-scale producers through bulk purchases, 
extension services, market and price information, and greater bargaining power in price negotiations. 
  In FY04, ADF supported 36 export-earning pr ojects in 10 African countries: Benin, 
Botswana, Cape Verde, Ghana, Ma li, Namibia, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.  Products 
exported by these businesses included chilled and fro zen fish;  frozen and vacuum-packed beef; 
chilled and frozen rock lobster;  cured vanilla;  fre sh, dried, and candied fruit;  processed fruit drinks 
and organic juices;  essential oils;  herbal teas;   cured paprika;  ostrich meat; and sea salt. 
 
 The T&I program is ADF's fastest grow ing programme area, and the Foundation's 
investments in T&I projects have generated rapid an d impressive impact over the past four years.  
ADF's T&I and export-earning micro- and small-en terprise (MSE) projects have generated US$21.5 
million in export revenues since ADF support bega n.  Altogether, ADF's active T&I and MSE 
projects generated more than US $39 million in revenues in FY04. 
 
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