WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  IP/C/W/516 
26 September 2008 
 (08-4526) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects 
of Intellectual Property Rights Original:   English 
 
 
 
TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES:  INFORMATION FROM 
OTHER INTERGOVERNMEN TAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 
 
  At its meeting of 17 June 2008, the Council fo r TRIPS agreed to invite intergovernmental 
organization observers to the Council to update th e information on their technical and financial 
cooperation programmes relating to the im plementation of the TRIPS Agreement. 
 The present document reproduces the inform ation which has been received from the 
Organisation for Economic Co-ope ration and Development (OECD) by means of a communication 
dated 22 July 2008. 
 Communications from other intergovernmental or ganizations will be circulated as addenda to 
this document.  
_______________ 
 
  While the OECD undertakes a range of activities relating to intellectual property rights and relevant to the TRIPS Agreement, we do not ha ve separately targeted implementation of the 
Agreement as a specific focus for technical coope ration.  The OECD does not operate financial 
cooperation programmes related to the im plementation of the TRIPS Agreement. 
  Please find attached a compendium (2007) providing an overview of OECD activities related to intellectual property rights (also available on-line at the following location:  http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/61/34305040.pdf
).  I would like to draw your attention in particular 
to projects that may be of interest as they touch upon TRIPS-related topics: 
 
• Combating Counterfeiting  (www.oecd.org/sti/counterfeiting ), with a new report on The 
Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy  just released.  The executive summary of 
the report is available here:  http:// www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/20/40896133.pdf 
 
• Trade-related aspects of intellectual property  (e.g. 
http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,33 43,en_2649_33733_356 54546_1_1_1_1,00.html ) 
with a new report on Technology Transfer and the Econom ic Implications of the 
Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries  
http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf /LinkTo/NT00005B06/$FILE/JT03239222.pdf 
 
• Valuation and exploitation of patents , which has been implemented in collaboration with 
the project on intellectual assets and value creation.  A new brochure on the latter topic is available here:  http://www.oecd .org/dataoecd/36/35/40637101.pdf.
 
 IP/C/W/516 
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  • Collaborative mechanisms for the management of intellectual property , which examines 
the manner in which such mechanisms can in crease efficiencies for the transaction of 
intellectual property and stimulate innovation, foster R&D and promote the commercialization of products and services. 
 
 Further work on IPRs will soon be launch ed under the OECD's Innovation Strategy initiative 
announced at the OECD Meeting of Council at Ministerial Level in May 2007 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/28/38464064.pdf
 – page 18).  For the most up-to-date information 
on OECD activities related to intellectual property rights, please visit the OECD home page for IPR 
issues at www.oecd/org/sti/ipr . 
 
 
_______________ 
  IP/C/W/516 
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  COMPENDIUM OF OECD WORK ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) 
2007 
 
Foreword 
 
 As technical change and globalization reshap e the world economy, intellectual property (IP) 
has grown in importance and taken on a central econom ic role.  This is refl ected in the increased 
policy interest with respect to coverage, operation and enforcement of IP rights.   
 IP rights are legal titles permitting their holder to exclude other parties, for a defined period of 
time, from all or certain uses of the protected item, wh ich, for example, can be an invention (protected 
by patents), a brand name (protected by trademar ks), a creative or artistic work (protected by 
copyright), an industrial design or a trade secret.  The objectives of  IP policies are to encourage 
innovation and to foster the diffusion of knowledge.  In this context, IP policies raise competition 
issues and thus IP agencies and competition authorities benefit from regular dialogue.   
 Industries heavily relying on innovation, w ith new technology, novel entrepreneurial or 
organizational practices, among both manufacturing and service sectors, have an increasing weight in 
OECD economies.  Notably, start up businesses are engaging in application of new technologies and 
are a major engine of innovation-driven economic growth.  As emerging economies such as China or 
India expand their volumes and shares of world trad e, and the international division of labour is 
further enhanced, knowledge intensive industries will play a key role in determining the comparative 
advantage of countries.  Informa tion and communication technologies a nd the Internet have facilitated 
the worldwide circulation of all types of conten t and information.  Such changes result in huge 
opportunities for innovative companies in OECD ec onomies.  At the same time inventors and IP 
right holders are more exposed than before:  information and communication technology has made 
copying of creative content easier.  Globalization has made counterfeiting an attractive activity, now 
extended to all types of goods, with worsening safety,  health and security implications, in addition to 
its harmful impact on the propensity to innovate. 
 Hence, for innovators the importance of the le gal protection provided by the IP system has 
risen relative to other forms of protection.  The use of IP rights by innovators has expanded, as 
witnessed by the rapidly rising numbers  of patents, trademarks, and copyright protected material.  IP-
related litigation has also increased.  Changes in IP laws and policies over the past decades have 
tended to boost the rights accorded to IP owners and constrain those available to users of IP:  more 
subject matter is protected (e.g. software and genetic  material), the term of protection has increased 
(for copyright) and higher damages are awarded by courts to IP holders. 
 Other transformations in innovation systems ha ve complicated the role and effectiveness of 
IP.  The emergence of open modes of innovation, wh ere greater knowledge flows between firms, and 
between firms and universities, has altogether incr eased the need for protection and strengthened the 
potentially damaging effects of excessive protection.   The increasing prevalence of standards and the 
need for interoperability in various technical fiel ds have made it necessary to coordinate the IP 
portfolio and strategies of many independent player s.  Government policies have sought to boost the 
economic contribution of inventions from academia th rough changes in the assignment of IP rights, 
with the view that patents would strengthen incentiv es for commercialization, which, however, results 
in a blurring of the distinction between profit or iented and public good-oriented research.  The 
expansion of patenting has also fostered the de velopment of markets for technology which improves 
the dissemination of inventions and leverages the impact of new knowledge on productivity and 
growth. IP/C/W/516 
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   This Compendium of OECD Work on Intellectual Property is intended as a descriptive 
panorama on recent and ongoing OECD activity on IP issues.  It is hoped that the compendium would 
also provide a helpful background for further work  on IP within the fra mework of a proposed OECD 
Innovation Strategy . 
_______________ 
  IP/C/W/516 
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  TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
I. IP, INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ..................................................6  
A. VALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF PATENTS ...........................................................................6  
B. COMPETITION POLICY ISSUES .....................................................................................................7  
C. OPEN INNOVATION ......................................................................................................................7  
D. ECONOMETRIC STUDIES ON THE DETERMINANTS OF R&D  AND PATENTING .............................8  
II. IP AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR............................................................................................8  
A. IP IN PUBLIC RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC PATENTING ...............................................................8  
B. RESEARCH USE OF PATENTED INVENTIONS ................................................................................9  
C. OECD  PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS TO RESEARCH DATA FROM PUBLIC 
FUNDING ............................................................................................................................... ......9  
D. DIGITAL ACCESS AND COMMERCIAL RE-USE OF PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION (PSI) ............9  
E. SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING AND DIGITAL DELIVERY ....................................................................10  
III. THE GLOBAL DIMENSION ...............................................................................................10  
A. COMBATING COUNTERFEITING .................................................................................................10  
B. COUNTERFEITING AND PIRACY OF PHARMACEUTICALS ...........................................................11  
C. IP IN CHINA ............................................................................................................................... 11 
D. INTERNATIONAL TRADE -RELATED ASPECTS OF IP ..................................................................12  
E. IP MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION ..................................12  
IV. IP IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY..............................................................................13  
A. DIGITAL CONTENT CREATION , ACCESS , DISTRIBUTION AND COPYRIGHTS .............................13  
B. DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT ...............................................................................................13  
C. INTERNET DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM ..........................................................................................14  
V. BIOTECHNOLOGY ..............................................................................................................14  
A. OECD  GUIDELINES FOR THE LICENSING OF GENETIC INVENTIONS .........................................14  
B. COLLABORATIVE MECHANISMS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF IP...............................................15  
C. BIOECONOMY ............................................................................................................................15  
VI. PATENT STATISTICS AND ME THODOLOGICAL WORK.........................................15  
A. BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENT CLASSIFICATIONS ...........................................................................16  
 IP/C/W/516 
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  I. IP, INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 
1. This activity, developed between 2002 and 2004, pr ovided an overview of the effects of IPR 
regimes on incentives for innovation, diffusion of know ledge and, ultimately, economic performance, 
which was then presented to the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy at Ministerial level in January 2004 as a report on Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy 
Challenges.  The work examined new conditions  for knowledge appropriation and diffusion; the 
impact of IPR on invention, knowledge diffusion and economic performance;  IP management in 
public research organizations; biotechnology patent ing; IPR for software and services;  and policy 
implications.  A survey on changes in business patenting and licensing practices was undertaken in 
cooperation with the OECD's Business and Industry  Advisory Committee (BIAC) as an input to the 
study, and a major conference was held on 28-29 Augus t 2003 in Paris, the proceedings of which are 
available as an OECD publication (see OECD 2004, Pa tents, Innovation and Economic Performance).  
Follow-up work took the form of studies on the role of IPR in innovation and knowledge diffusion and on research use of patented knowledge.  More  recent or ongoing work is addressing issues in 
patents valuation, IP markets, competition issues, the role of globalization and new open innovation, 
to develop a better understanding of the economic role of IP. 
A. V
ALUATION AND EXPLOITATION OF PATENTS  
(ongoing) 
2. The mere issuance or possession of a patent is  only the beginni ng of a chain, whose major 
developments take place in downstream stages, on t echnology, product and financial markets.  Work 
on IPR, innovation and technology diffusion, develo ped in conjunction with the horizontal project on 
intellectual assets and value creati on (IAVC - www.oecd.org/sti/ipr/iavc ), is focused on patent 
valuation and exploitation, incl uding licensing, securitization and ot her forms of monetization of 
patents.  Two conferences were held in 2005 (Ber lin) and 2006 (London).  An analytical review was 
released in June 2006 ( Valuation and exploitation of Intellectual Property , STI Working Paper 
2006/5) and a study on Patent Licensing Market s and Innovation was included in the OECD's Science, 
Technology and Industry Outlook 2006 (Chapter 5).  To date, this activity has shown the importance 
of the use of a patent in the generation of value, both for patent holders, technology users and society 
at large.  These studies have also revealed that a greater share of firms in Asia Pacific and North 
America reported growth in inward and outward patent licensing than in Europe.   
3. New practices and new actors are emerging in th is field, which tends to expand and deepen 
markets for technology.  Patents allow technology to circulate, from inventors to users who can 
contract a licence, allowing for instance the emer gence of companies specialized in inventive 
activities.  Patents are increasingly used for raisin g capital and liquidity, which in turn facilitates 
innovation.  Policy action could work through improve ments in the operation of patent systems, the 
disclosure and diffusion of information and the de velopment of better valua tion models for patents 
and other intellectual assets. Further research is goi ng to enter into more detailed analysis, at the 
sector level, in particular of the types of firms (e.g . technology-based start-ups).  It will gather more 
quantitative evidence, and assess the effect of partic ular policies on the economic use of patents and 
other IP.  The relevant documentation is available at:  www.oecd.org/sti/ipr . 
Contact :  Dominique.Guellec@oecd.org   IP/C/W/516 
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  B. COMPETITION POLICY ISSUES  
(completed) 
4. Although the OECD does not have an ongoing or planned programme of work at the 
intersection of competition and IP issues in re lation to IP, the Competition Committee occasionally 
holds roundtable discussions in this area.  One such discussion was held in June 2004 on "Intellectual 
Property Rights and Competition Policy with a Focus on Biotechnology".  The Committee first 
addressed the proper role of competition agencies in the IP-granting process.  The discussion revealed 
a nearly unanimous view that comp etition agencies should not be direc tly involved in the formulation 
or implementation of IP policy, but that agen cies should strive to open and maintain an ongoing 
dialogue with IP agencies.  The discussion next tu rned to IP-related conduct that raises competition 
law enforcement issues, focusing on patent pools and unilateral refusals to license.  Different 
countries analyse that conduct in different manners, but there was general agreement that it is a good 
idea for competition agencies to promulgate gui delines concerning the overlap between IP and 
competition law enforcement.  In fact, one of the highlights of this part of the discussion was a presentation by the EC on their new IP guidelin es.  Next, the Committee addressed the interface 
between IP and competition policy in the cont ext of the biotechnology industry.  Members 
emphasized the rapid growth, complexity and economic significance of the industry, and recognized that they must proceed carefully when interven ing because their actions c ould have the unintended 
effect of discouraging innovation.  The roundtab le materials, including an Executive Summary, a 
background note by the Secretariat, written cont ributions from 14 delegations, and a summary of the 
discussions are available at:  www. oecd.org/dataoecd/61/48/34306055.pdf
. 
5. The question of how competition and patent rights affect innovation has fascinated and 
stymied economists for decades.  At its October 2006 roundtable discussion on "Patents, Competition and Innovation", the Competition Committee focused on recent theoretical and empirical findings, 
drawing significant input from a panel of academic experts and corporate executives.  The Committee addressed the issue of whether competition stifles inn ovation or promotes it.  Although there seems to 
be no universally-applicable relationship, many in dustries exhibit an inverted U-shape correlation 
between competition and innovation.  In other words, moderate levels of comp etition seem to be most 
highly correlated with more innovation.  There we re conflicting views among the delegates and some 
panellists regarding the advisability of implemen ting compulsory licensing remedies in competition 
cases, with some contending that such remedies will destroy incentives to innovate and others arguing 
that their occasional use is necessary and not overl y harmful to innovation.  The Committee then 
discussed the relationship between patent rights a nd innovation, which vari es considerably from 
industry to industry.  Some sectors rely heavily on  patents to protect the value of their inventions, 
while others rely more on alternative means such  as secrecy and lead time.  Written contributions 
discussed the various strategies that competition agenci es are using to cooperate with patent agencies 
in an effort to improve the interaction between pa tent policy, competition policy, and innovation.  The 
roundtable background documents and a summary of  the discussions will be published in 2007 and 
made available on the Competition Divisi on's website at:  www.oecd.org/competition
. 
Contact : Jeremy.West@oecd.org  
C. OPEN INNOVATION  
(new) 
6. A new project on Open Innovation and Globalisation will include an examination of the use 
of IPR in the innovation strategies of large firms.  The activity is being led by Belgium, the 
Netherlands, Norway and Japan.  A total of 15 OECD countries and the European Commission are 
currently participating in the activity and nine countries are carrying out new case studies of open IP/C/W/516 
Page 8  
 
  innovation in firms.  In addition, the role of IPR in the R&D location decisions of multinational firms 
will be examined.  The objective is to document a nd analyse the incidence of "open" or collaborative 
models of innovation in firms and to draw implica tions for fine-tuning R&D and innovation policies. 
In December 2006, a joint OECD-Dutch Minist ry of Economic Affairs conference on "Open 
Innovation and Globalisation" was held in The Ha gue to examine the conceptual and empirical 
evidence of open innovation and the policy implica tions.  The discussions revealed that innovation 
policies must adapt to support collaborative mode ls of research and innovation and shed light on 
existing tensions between restrictive IPR practices and the move to open inno vation.  A summary of 
the workshop is under preparation and the presenta tions are available on the OECD website at: 
www.oecd.org/sti/innovation
.  Preliminary findings and the direction of further work will be 
discussed at the June 2007 meeting of the Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP). 
The project will conclude in the spring of 2008 with the publication of the final report. 
Contacts :  Mario.Cervantes@oecd.org  and Koen.Debacker@oecd.org  
D. ECONOMETRIC STUDIES ON THE DETERMINANTS OF R&D  AND PATENTING  
(completed) 
7. Econometric studies carried out by the Economics Department on the determinants of R&D, 
patenting and the labour market for scientists and engineers in a panel of 19 OECD economies 
concluded that stronger IP protecti on has a substantial positive effect on patenting, but only a limited 
effect on R&D intensity.  The econometric work also suggested that there may be important 
interactions between an index of IPR strength and some measures of product market competition, with 
stronger IP protection offsetting some of the benefi cial effects of enhanced  competition.  However, 
the magnitude of these effects proved difficult to pin down precisely.  As the IPR index now has a 
similar value for most OECD economies, one conclusi on from this work is that it is unlikely that 
differences in IP protection are the principal factor  behind continuing cross- country differences in the 
intensity of innovation activities. 
Contact:  Nigel.Pain@oecd.org  
II. IP AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR 
A. IP IN PUBLIC RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC PATENTING  
(completed) 
1. A two-year project on the strategic use of IPR by universities and public research 
organizations (PROs) was complete d in 2003.  The project reviewed  national laws and regulations 
governing the ownership and e xploitation of IPR at universities and other public research 
organizations, and surveyed technology transfer offices at universities and public laboratories to 
collect the cross-country data on patenting and li censing by universities and PROs.  In addition, a 
series of case studies were prepared to examin e recent legislative or policy changes in OECD 
countries to enhance protection and exploitation of academic IPR, and to analyse the strategies and 
practices of research institutions in managing IP in key fields, such as biotechnology and ICT (see 
Turning Science Into Business: Patenting and Licensing at Public Research Organisations, 
OECD 2003).  IP/C/W/516 
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  2. As part of the ongoing OECD Country Reviews of National Innovation Policies, attention is 
also given to IPR policies in the public research se ctor.  Thus far Chile, Luxembourg, New Zealand, 
South Africa and Switzerland have been reviewed and a review of China is currently underway. 
Reviews of national innovation policies of Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Norway, Turkey, and Russia will also be conducted during 2007- 2008 (see www.oecd.org/sti/innovation
). 
Contact :  Jean.Guinet@oecd.org  
 B. R
ESEARCH USE OF PATENTED INVENTIONS  
(completed) 
3. The OECD, the Spanish National Research C ouncil (CSIC) and the Spanish Patent and 
Trademark Office (OEPM), with the support of the European Patent Office and a contribution from 
the Government of Japan, organized a conferen ce in Madrid in May 2006 to examine national 
practices and policies regarding the research use of patented inventions.  The conference showed that 
existing concerns are limited primarily to research in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and are most pronounced in the areas of research tools in genomic s and biotechnology.  Many of the concerns are 
related to threats of litigation and are more worriso me in countries with traditionally high levels of 
litigation, such as the United States.  The works hop concluded that additional evidence on the impact 
of patents on scientific research was needed, especially in fields outside the life sciences. 
Furthermore, it noted that as the knowledge ec onomy expands, and with it the production and 
commercialization of knowledge, tens ions between the protection and diffusion of IP may continue to 
arise, but at the same time solutions to facilitate  access to inventions for research purposes, such as 
good licensing practices, may be found within the current system.  The report of the Madrid 
Conference is available at:  www.o ecd.org/dataoecd/21/38/37868230.pdf
. 
Contact :  Mario.Cervantes@oecd.org  
C. OECD  PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS TO RESEARCH DATA FROM PUBLIC 
FUNDING  
(completed) 
4. Access to research data can in crease returns from public invest ment in this area, as this 
reinforces open scientific inquiry, encourages divers ity of opinion and enables the exploration of 
topics and implications not envisaged by the initial research.  In 2004 Science and Technology 
Ministers called on the OECD to develop a set of  guidelines based on commonly agreed principles to 
facilitate cost-effective access to  digital research data from public funding.  The resulting OECD 
Principles and Guidelines for Access to R esearch Data from Public Funding were adopted by the 
OECD Council in December 2006.  These Guidelines are intended to assist all actors, public or 
private, in improving access to and international sharing of research data.  The Guidelines were 
published in April 2007 and can be acce ssed at:  www.oecd.org/sti/stpolicy . 
Contact:  Dirk.Pilat@oecd.org  
D. DIGITAL ACCESS AND COMMERCIAL RE-USE OF PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION (PSI) 
(ongoing) 
5. Wider availability and use of public sector information and content can contribute to 
economic growth and enhanced citizen welfare.  Br oad availability of ICTs can greatly enhance this 
process.  This requires addressing issues such as un clear access regimes for potential distributors, IP/C/W/516 
Page 10  
 
  conditions of access (competitive access for further distribution, or monopoly arrangements on the 
side of government or single distributors), discour aging pricing mechanisms (pricing at total cost 
recovery plus return on investment) and inefficien t distribution to final users (limited access for final 
users, lack of variety in distribution channels, pr icing policies which decrease use).  These factors are 
often influenced by questions related to IP and li censing agreements.  This holds especially true when 
public data holdings are not exempted from IPRs and also copyright and data-base protection regimes. 
With the growth of ICTs, similar issues arise in public sector cultural content or archive material 
which is intended for wide and easy access.  Follow up wo rk includes:  a) refinement of analysis;  and 
b) development of international principles a nd guidelines (following the completion of an OECD 
Recommendation concerning access to research da ta from public funding which was initiated by 
OECD Science and Technology Ministers in 2004). The work can be accessed at: 
www.oecd.org/sti/digitalcontent
. 
Contacts:  Graham.Vickery@oecd.org  and Sacha.Wunsch-Vincent@oecd.org  
E. SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING AND DIGITAL DELIVERY  
(ongoing) 
6. Scientific publishing is both a significant econom ic activity in its own right, and contributes 
to economic growth by enabling the diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge.  As a sector it 
leads in digital delivery and helps the emergence of  new digital content business models in the print 
media, by offering new capabilities in reproduci ng, distributing, controlling, and publishing 
information.  Indeed, researchers are now producin g a wide range of "born-digital" objects as an 
integral part of their work.  Increasing use of dig ital content is thus increasingly central to scientific 
activity, but may conflict with some existing practi ces and policies that shape traditional publishing.  
7. OECD analysis to date covers the adoption of  e-commerce in publishing, digital delivery, and 
the use of e-journals, e-books, databases, archiv es and repositories by research authors and research 
users.  It reviews the drivers of digital deliver y and online access for authors, publishers and users, 
levels of use, barriers to further adoption, and some of the impacts of digital delivery and online 
access to scientific and scholarly content.  Key i ssues include:  a) new pricing and publishing models 
(including online aggregation of journal titles thro ugh consortia or site licensing arrangements, open 
access archives and publishing);  b)  new applications of IP law;  and c) new approaches to the 
preservation of digital content.  Policy implicati ons are raised for topics such as research funding, 
research evaluation, infrastructure, IPRs, standards and interoperability.  The work can be accessed at:  
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/12/35393145.pdf. 
Contact:  Graham.Vickery@oecd.org  
III. THE GLOBAL DIMENSION 
A. COMBATING COUNTERFEITING  
(ongoing) 
1. In response to rising concerns in gover nment and the business community, the OECD 
launched a project in mid 2005 that assesses the ef fects of counterfeiting and piracy on economies. 
The project, which is being funded by voluntary cont ributions from stakeholders, is being carried out 
in three separate phases.   IP/C/W/516 
 Page 11 
 
 
  2. Phase 1, to be finalised by May 2007, fo cuses on counterfeit and pirated products (i.e.  
tangible products that infringe trademarks or co pyrights) as well as infringements of patents and 
design rights.  Analysis to be published will inco rporate results from sectoral studies covering audio 
visual, automotive, electrical components, food and drink, pharmaceuticals and tobacco.  Work on the 
pharmaceutical sector covers a wider range of IP issues than counterfeiting as such (see box below). 
3. The Phase 1 study has been structured to include:  a) an analysis of trends and developments, 
which also explores techniques that can be used to  improve measurement of the volume and scope of 
counterfeiting and piracy worldwide;  b) an assessme nt of the effects of counterfeiting and piracy on 
right holders, consumers and society at large (including governments);  c) a description and 
assessment of the policies and measures being used to combat counterfeiting and piracy in OECD and 
non-OECD economies, at both the national and multila teral levels;  and d) a series of sectoral 
assessments that illustrate the various forms that c ounterfeiting and piracy can take, and the different 
types of effects that counterfeit a nd pirated products can have on aff ected parties.  Phase 2, to be 
started in mid 2007, will focus on piracy of digita l content, while Phase 3 will address all remaining 
infringements of IP rights. 
Contacts:  Wolfgang.Hübner@oecd.org  and Marcos.Bonturi@oecd.org  
B. COUNTERFEITING AND PIRACY OF PHARMACEUTICALS  
The counterfeiting and piracy of pharmaceuticals has economic and social impacts, 
as well as broader implications for public health.  The sector report on the 
counterfeiting and piracy of pharmaceutical s examines the diverse definitions of 
counterfeit pharmaceuticals, the nature a nd scope of counterfeiting activities, the 
modes of operation, assesses the trends and magnitude, evaluates the impacts on 
patients/consumers (especially the public hea lth implications), on the private sector 
and on governments, and analyses measur es employed for combating counterfeiting 
of pharmaceuticals (including technology, legislative and regulatory mechanisms, 
education and risk communication, enforcement, securing of distribution/supply 
chain, and international cooperation).  Anticipated publication in 2007.  
 
Contact :  Christina.Sampogna@oecd.org  
 
C. IP IN CHINA  
(completed) 
4. In the framework of OECD activities with non-member econom ies, DSTI organized two 
events on IPR in April 2004 jointly with the Chin ese government authorities:  a high-level workshop 
on Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Devel opment in China;  and a high-level seminar on 
Intellectual Property Rights Issues Related to Pub lic Research Institutions.  The objectives of these 
events were to share with China OECD insights and experiences related to IP policies that could help 
to promote economic growth and social developm ent through technological innovation.  The events 
aimed also at assisting the efforts by the Chinese government to improve China's IP regime in general and bring it in line with the TRIPS agreement, in  particular.  These efforts will contribute to the 
implementation of China's strategy of "Revitalising the nation through science and education", aiming 
at promoting social and economic growth through science, technology and innovation advancements.  
The two events organized provided a basis for fu rther cooperation on IP issues between the OECD 
and China.  The proceedings of these events we re published in 2005 and are available at:  
www.oecd.org/sti/ipr.  Further work  on China included a report on "Intellectual Property Rights in IP/C/W/516 
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  China:  Governance Challenges a nd Prospects", a joint contributio n with the Public Governance 
Directorate to a broader OECD report entitled Governance in China (OECD, 2005). 
Contact:  Gang.Zhang@oecd.org
 
 D. I
NTERNATIONAL TRADE -RELATED ASPECTS OF IP 
(ongoing) 
5. Under the auspices of the OECD Trade Committee,  the Trade and Agriculture Directorate is 
engaged in work on trade-related aspects of IP righ ts.  Work to-date has highlighted the integration of 
IPRs in multilateral and regional trade accords.  It  points to the existence among developing countries 
of a positive association between the strength of IPRs and a variety of economic indicators, albeit with 
some variation across sectors and countries and subject  to certain conditions.  In recent years, papers 
have covered such topics as: 
• "International Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in 
Developing Countries", which presents an  economic assessment of the issue. 
• "The Impact of Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights on Trade and Foreign Direct 
Investment in Developing Countries", whic h describes the relationship of changes in 
IPR strength to changes in FDI and trade. 
• "Technological Change and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the New 
Economy", which provides an overview of de velopments in international organizations 
that were prompted by technological change  and that relate to international law, 
initiatives or projects concerning IPRs. 
• "Intellectual Property Rights in Regional Trade Agreements", which reviews selected 
regional trade agreements and the ways th ey extend beyond the minimum requirements 
of the WTO TRIPS Agreement.  
6. Currently, a Trade and Agriculture Director ate study is considering the impact of 
strengthened IPRs in developing countries on technol ogy transfer via such channels as merchandise 
trade, services trade, and foreign direct investment.  In addition, work on trade-related aspects of IPRs 
is underway in the context of a large project fo cused on the increased integration of the so-called 
BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) in the global economy. 
Contacts:  Douglas.Lippoldt@oecd.org  and Sebastien.Miroudot@oecd.org  
E. IP MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATION  
(possible new activity) 
7. At its June 2007 meeting, the TIP group will discuss a proposal for follow-on work on IPRs 
in the context of it current work programme, including possible work on IPR management in 
international technology collaboration.  IPR arrange ments are an important element of international 
cooperation between firms as well as between public  research organizations (PROs) and between 
PROs and firms.  However, differences in IPR po licies and practices, especially in new and emerging 
areas, can act as barriers to effective collaboration upstream as well as downstream. 
Contact:  Mario.Cervantes@oecd.org   IP/C/W/516 
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  IV. IP IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 
1. In addition to being a heavy investor in R&D,  ICT production is a leading sector in terms of 
patent filings, where proprietary standards loom large.  The ICT producing sectors are also more globalized than the average of manufacturing, and make up for a large share of the high-tech trade 
between OECD and non-OECD economies.  With Chin a and India playing an important role in ICT 
goods production and services, the role of IP in ma intaining competitiveness, in innovation and, for 
example, in problems relating to the enforcement of IPRs is important and growing.  The ICT sector is 
also host to community-based developments such  as open source software and to large firms 
providing open access to their patents and hence is  a good industry sector in which to analyse new 
forms of innovation which raise IP management issu es.  There are several strands of work in the 
OECD relating to information and communicati on technologies (ICTs) which partially or more 
extensively relate to IP issues.  Work in this ar ea has generally focused on the changing nature of the 
information technology and the software sector a nd the role of IP for competitiveness in globally 
organized value chains, increasing intra-firm trade, and production and services outsourcing 
(including offshoring of R&D services and transfer s of royalties and licence fees) (OECD Information 
Technology Outlook 2006). 
A. D
IGITAL CONTENT CREATION , ACCESS , DISTRIBUTION AND COPYRIGHTS  
(ongoing) 
2. Digital content is growing rapidly, as OE CD economies emphasize the production of high 
value intangibles, and the ICT infrastructure develo ps through broadband networks, which calls for an 
analysis of new models for distributing IP (e.g.  open access models) and their interactions with 
copyright law, including enforcement challenges but  also consumer and privacy issues.  New and 
growing issues include content protection, accessing and licensing content in a new technological 
environment (collecting societies, territoriality of copyright law, new licensing regimes, new means to compensate creators, concept of fair use), the rise of user-created content and the liability of online 
intermediaries for unauthorised content.  OECD  studies have focused on specific areas including 
scientific publishing (see above), music, online co mputer games, mobile content, public sector 
information and content, user-created content, film  & video and news distribution.  An international 
conference on the Future Digital Economy:  Dig ital Content Creation, Distribution and Access was 
held in Rome on 30-31 January 2006 and has he lped develop a framework for Digital Content 
Policies, calling for greater policy priority to be given to policies which foster innovation in digital 
content and diffusion.  The framework is built around:   a) innovation and technology;  b) value chain 
and business model issues (e.g.  developing a competitive, non-discriminatory business environment); 
c) enhancing the infrastructure (e.g.  standards and interoperability) ;  d) business and regulatory 
environments that balance the interests of suppliers and users, in areas such as the protection of IP and 
digital rights management without disad vantaging innovative e-business models;  e)  governments as 
producers and users of content;  and f) conceptualis ation, classification and measurement issues.  For 
more information, see:  www.oecd.org/sti/digitalcontent
. 
Contacts:  Graham.Vickery@oecd.org  and Sacha.Wunsch-Vincent@oecd.org  
B. DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT  
(ongoing) 
3. As part of the work on digital content and the work on consumer protection, opportunities and 
challenges raised by digital rights management (DRM ) and the need for appropriate disclosure have 
been studied.  Effective and interoperable DRM technologies are seen as business enablers for the 
digital distribution of content and drivers for the variety of new business models that consumers may IP/C/W/516 
Page 14  
 
  want.  Through the WIPO Internet Treaties, gove rnments have pledged to  create "adequate legal 
protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention" of technological protection 
measures like DRMs.  Yet technical access limitations to content are also reported to have negative 
effects on the growth of legitimate usage forms as DRMs generally prevent access and modification 
of files, thereby limiting access and often interoperabilit y, etc.  The question then arises how technical 
protection measures can be implemented while preserving the balance between exclusive rights and 
fair use.  Disclosure issues raised by the use of  DRM and copy control technologies to protect IPRs 
are also examined.  The work fo cuses on the application of copy control and DRM technologies in 
three areas:  copy-protected CDs;   online music, and DVD regional coding.  In each of these areas, 
work examines the kinds of restrictions that are commonly placed on usage of the products (for 
example, restrictions on making back-ups or private copies) and assesses the adequacy of the 
information that is provided to consumers concerni ng such restrictions.  For more information, see: 
www.oecd.org/sti/digitalcontent
. 
Contacts:  Sacha.Wunsch-Vincent@oecd.org  and Peter.Avery@oecd.org  
C. INTERNET DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM  
(ongoing) 
4. Recognising the importance of the domain name  system to the Internet, the OECD has 
undertaken work in this area for more than a decade .  This has included work on market developments 
and allocation issues relating to generic top leve l domain names, comparing country code domain 
name administration across the OECD, analysing secondary markets for domain names and cyber squatting as well as issues surrounding the "whois" da tabase.  The OECD is an observer at ICANN's 
(Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Nu mbers) Government Advisory Committee and 
participates in the Internet Governance Forum. 
Contact:  Sam.Paltridge@oecd.org
 and Karine.Perset@oecd.org  
V. BIOTECHNOLOGY 
A. OECD  GUIDELINES FOR THE LICENSING OF GENETIC INVENTIONS  
(completed) 
1. Biotechnology and genetics research have been the subject of extensive investment by both 
the public and private sectors, with the products and processes emerging from these efforts making an 
increasing contribution to human health and health care.  Biotechnological, including genetic, innovations have also been the subject of IP rights for decades.  Recently, some governments, patient groups and healthcare providers have expressed con cerns about the manner in which certain genetic 
inventions have been licensed a nd exploited, and whether there h as been impediment to innovation, 
research and access to technologies, particularly fo r diagnostic genetic services in the human health 
care field.  In order to address these concerns a nd to ensure better access and diffusion of knowledge, 
technology, products and services, to foster innova tion and to stimulate R&D, OECD Council adopted 
the Guidelines for the Licensi ng of Genetic Inventions in February 2006.  They offer principles and 
best practices for the licensing of IP rights that re late to genetic inventions used for the purpose of 
human health care.  Overall, the Guidelines seek  to foster the objectives of stimulating genetic 
research and innovation while maintaining appropriate  access to health products and services.  The 
Guidelines, available in English, French , Italian and Japanese, can be accessed at: 
www.oecd.org/sti/biot echnology/licensing
. 
Contact :  Christina.Sampogna@oecd.org   IP/C/W/516 
 Page 15 
 
 
  B. COLLABORATIVE MECHANISMS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF IP 
(ongoing) 
2. Recently industry and governments have begun to consider factors and mechanisms for 
encouraging collaboration amongst diverse interests in  order to stimulate innovation, foster R&D and 
promote access to and diffusion of technology and information.  Many models of collaborative 
mechanisms, such as patent pools or clearinghouses, have previously been employed within other 
areas, such as information technology.  However, there is increasing consideration of their potential 
utility within the life sciences. 
3. This consideration has been supported by a number of entities which have recommended that 
governments, the public sector and the private sector consider the development and use of 
collaborative mechanisms, within the life sciences and especially in the field of biotechnology. 
Organizations that have made such recomme ndations include the Australian Law Reform 
Commission, the Canadian Expert Working Party on  Human Genetic Materials, Intellectual Property 
and the Health Sector (Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee), the United States National 
Academies of Science, and the OECD.  Considerati on of these types of mechanisms is also occurring 
within the private sector, wherein a number of lif e science companies are also studying the use of 
such mechanisms for stimulating innovation and fostering R&D.   
4. A high-level roundtable was organized with experts with diverse backgrounds and 
experiences including private sector, public sector, finance, biotechnology/pharmaceutical/science, 
management, legal (IP, anti-trust/competition), research /academia, etc.  The roundtable examined the 
diverse types of collaborative mechanisms and th e manner in which they may be employed to 
facilitate access to and use of biotechnological innovations for purposes of research, 
commercialization and the provision of products/servi ces.  An analytical report providing an overview 
of the issues pertaining to collaborative mechanisms and their application in the life sciences is being 
developed and is expected to be published in 2007.  Work focusing on such mechanisms for 
increasing access and diffusion of knowledge w ill continue in the 2007-2008 biennium. 
Contact :  Christina.Sampogna@oecd.org  
C. BIOECONOMY  
(new) 
5. OECD's International Futures Programme is conducting work on Bioeconomy to 2030 to look 
at IP issues as part of a module on business models and value chains and as part of a second module 
on regulation and policy.  The focus is likely to be on the international context - for instance, will the 
increasing involvement of India and China in biotec hnology influence how IP is used and standard 
practice for IP?  Do we expect significant changes in  the future in the IP strategy of firms active in 
biotechnology?  Work in this area is expected to  begin in August 2007, with preliminary results 
available by November 2007. 
Contact :  Anthony.Arundel@oecd.org  
VI. PATENT STATISTICS AND METHODOLOGICAL WORK 
1. The OECD continues to develop and promote sta tistical capabilities in the field of patents and 
use them to analyse developments in technology an d in IP strategy and policy.  An international 
patents statistics infrastructure is maintained in close coordination with major partners such as the 
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Eur opean Patent Office (EPO), Japan Patent Office IP/C/W/516 
Page 16  
 
  (JPO), US Patents and Trademarks Office (USPT O), Eurostat, and the National Science Foundation 
(NSF).  It currently consists of: 
• Databases.  These include EPO's Worldwide Patent Statistics Database ("Patstat"), 
which includes 60 million patents and patent applications from about 80 patent offices; 
WIPO's international patents (PCT) database;   a database of JPO patents developed by 
Japan's Institute of Intellectual Property (IIP ); and OECD's database of triadic patent 
families. 
 
• Statistical methodology for compiling a range of patent indicators .  The OECD Patent 
Manual , which gathers information and guidelin es on indicators, is currently being 
updated (expected to be finalized by mid 200 8), under the aegis of the NESTI (OECD's 
Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators). 
 
• Statistical publications.  Databases and indicators are available on DSTI's web site.  A 
Compendium of Patent Statistics is released annually by OECD. 
 2. Statistical work consists of compiling indicators in areas of policy interest, such as the 
technological performance of countries (triadic families), diffusion of technology (patents issued by 
national offices), the internationalization of technol ogy (cross-border inventions), the value of patents 
(based on citations), patenting ac tivity of universities a nd public research organizations, patents in 
specific technical areas (information technology, biotechnology (see box below), nanotechnology, energy, environment, space, etc.), patent s filed by industrial sectors, etc.   
3. Analytical work is being conducted using these data and indicators, focusing on issues such 
as: the development of nanotechnology, th e regional dimension of innovation and the 
internationalization of innovative activities.  There is also a parallel effort with various partners, 
including the EPO, aimed at improving the measurement of markets for technology, including licensing activity. 
Contact :  Dominique.Guellec@oecd.org
 
A. BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENT CLASSIFICATIONS  
There is no category of patent codes estab lished for the field of "biotechnology". 
Over the past few years, work has been carried out within the OECD to develop a 
provisional definition of 'biotechnology pate nts' through the identification of codes 
that may cover the field of biotechnology.  The codes for the OECD provisional 
definition for biotechnology patents are drawn from the International Patent 
Classification (IPC) system established and managed by the World Intellectual 
Property Organization (WIPO).  The results of work on patent statistics by field of 
technology can be found at:  www.oecd.org/sti/ipr-statistics .  The definition of 
biotechnology patents in use at the OECD has been published in the OECD Science, 
Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005 (Section C5).  The Working Party on 
Biotechnology, working with the major pa tent offices and other stakeholders, is 
developing a more refined definition of biot echnology patents, to be made public in 
2007. 
 
Contact:  Christina.Sampogna@oecd.org   IP/C/W/516 
 Page 17 
 
 
  SELECTED OECD PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS AND WORKING PAPERS 
OECD Instruments and Methodological Guidelines 
OECD (2007), Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding . 
 OECD (2006), Guidelines for the Licensing of Genetic Inventions. 
 
OECD (1994), OECD Patent Manual – Using Patent Data as Science and Technology Indicators . 
 
Publications and Reports 
 OECD (2007, 2006 and 2005), Compendium of Patents Statistics , OECD, Paris. 
(http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf
 and www.oecd.org/sti/ipr-statistics ) 
 OECD (2006), Conference on Research Use of Patented Inventions – Summary Report, 
(http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/21/38/37868230.pdf
) 
 
OECD (2005), Enhancing the Performance of the Services Sector , Chapter 6, "Promoting Innovation 
in Services", OECD, Paris.  OECD (2005), Governance in China, OECD, Paris, Chapter 14 "Intellectual Property Rights in 
China:  Governance Challenges and Prospects". 
 
OECD (2005) , "Intellectual Property as an Economic Asset: Key Issues in Valuation and 
Exploitation", EPO-OECD-BMWA Conference Summary Report, OECD, Paris.  OECD (2005), Promoting IPR Policy and Enforcement in  China: Proceedings of OECD-China 
Dialogues on Intellectual Property Rights Policy and Enforcement , OECD, Paris. 
 OECD (2004), Information Technology Outlook 2004 , Chapter 5, "Digital Content", OECD, Paris. 
 OECD (2004), Patents, Innovation and Economic Performance, OECD Conference Proceedings, 
OECD, Paris. 
 
OECD (2004), Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy Challenges , OECD, Paris. 
 OECD (2003), Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System , OECD, Paris. 
 
OECD (2003), The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries , OECD Paris. 
 OECD (2003), Turning Science into Business: Pate nting and Licensing at Public Research 
Organisations , OECD, Paris. 
 OECD (2002), Genetic Inventions, IPR, and Licen sing Practices; Evidence and Policies , OECD, 
Paris. 
 
Working Papers 
 
Cattaneo, O. (2002), "Technological Change and the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the 
New Economy," OECD Trade Committee Working Party. 
 IP/C/W/516 
Page 18  
 
  Dernis, H. and M. Khan (2004), "Triadic Patent Families Methodology", STI Working Paper, 2004/2,  
OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.  Jaumotte, F. and N. Pain (2005a), "From Ideas to  Development: The Determinants of R&D and 
Patenting", OECD Economics Depart ment Working Paper, No. 457. 
 
Jaumotte, F. and N. Pain (2005b), "Innovation in the Business Sector", OECD Economics Department 
Working Paper, No. 459.  Kamiyama, S., Martinez, C. and J. Sheehan (200 4), "Business Performance and Intellectual Assets. 
Background and Issues", available at:  www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/58/33848005.pfd
. 
 Kamiyama, S., Sheehan, J. and C. Martinez (2005), "Intellectual Property as an Economic Asset:  Key 
Issues in Valuation and Exploitation. Background and Issues", available at:  
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/13/35043640.pdf
. 
 
Khan, M. and H. Dernis (2005), "Impact of Patent  Cooperation Treaty Data on EPO Patent Statistics 
and Improving the Timeliness of EPO Indicators", STI Working Paper, 2005/2, OECD Directorate for 
Science, Technology and Industry.  Martinez, C. and D. Guellec (2004), "Overview of Recent Changes and Comparison of Patent 
Regimes in the United States, Japan and Europe", Chapter 7 in Patents, Innovation and Economic 
Performance. OECD Conference Proceedings , OECD, Paris. 
 Nicoletti, G., S. Golub, D. Hajkova, D. Mirza and K.Y. Yoo (2003), "Policies and International 
Integration:  Influences on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment", OECD Economics Department 
Working Paper No. 359. (Includes a discussion on the influence of IPR.) 
 Park, W. G. and D. Lippoldt (2005), "Internati onal Licensing and The Strengthening of Intellectual 
Property Rights in Developing Countries During The 1990s", OECD Economic Studies , Vol. 40. 
 Park, W. G. and D. Lippoldt (2004), "Internati onal Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual 
Property Rights in Developing Countries," OECD  Trade Policy Working Paper No. 10, January. 
 Park, W. G. and D. Lippoldt (2003), "Impact of Tr ade-Related Intellectual Property Rights on Trade 
and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries," OECD Papers , Vol. 3, No. 11, Issue 294. 
 
Schmoch, Ulrich (2003) "Definition of Patent Sear ch Strategies for Selected Technological Areas, 
mimeo.  Shapiro, C. (2002), "Competition Policy and Innovation," STI Working Paper 2002/11, OECD 
Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.  
Sheehan, J., Martinez, C. and D. Guellec (2004), "Understanding Business Patenting and Licensing:  
Results of the Survey", Chapter 4 in Patents, Innovation and Ec onomic Performance. OECD 
Conference Proceedings , OECD, Paris. 
 Zhang, Gang (2005), "Promoting Intellectual Property Rights Policy and Enforcement in China", STI 
Working Paper 2005/1 , OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry . 
  IP/C/W/516 
 Page 19 
 
 
  Documents partly discussing IP-related topics in  the context of information society issues 
 
(Note:  Documents coded "/FINAL" at the e nd can be accessed at:  www.oecd.org/sti.reports)  
Digital content: 
 
OECD (2007), "Participative Web: User-cr eated content", DSTI/ICCP/IE(2006)7/FINAL. 
 OECD (2006), OECD Information Technology Outlook 2006, Chapter 5, "Digital Delivery" and 
Chapter 8, "ICT Policy Developments", OECD, Paris.  
OECD (2006), OECD and Italian Ministry for Innovation and Technologies International Conference 
on The Future Digital Economy: Digital Content Creation, Distribution and Access , Rome, Italy, 
30-31 January, www.oecd.org/sti/digitalcontent/conference
. 
 OECD (2006), "Digital Broadband Content: Di gital Content Strategies and Policies", 
DSTI/ICCP/IE(2005)3/FINAL, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/36/36854975.pdf.
 
 OECD (2006), "Digital Broadband Content: Public Sector Information and Content", DSTI/ICCP/IE(2005)2/FINAL, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/22/36481524.pdf.
 
 OECD (2006), "Report on Disclosure Issues Related to the Use of Copy Control and Digital Rights 
Management Technologies", www.oecd .org/dataoecd/47/31/36546422.pdf.
 
 OECD (2005), "Digital Broadband Content: The On line Computer and Video Game Industry", 
DSTI/ICCP/IE(2004)13/FINAL.  
OECD (2005), "Digital Broadband Content: Music", DSTI/ICCP/IE(2004)12/FINAL. 
 OECD (2005), "Digital Broadband Content: Scien tific Publishing", DSTI/ICCP/IE(2004)11/FINAL. 
 OECD (2005), "Digital Broadband Content: Mobile Content – New Content for New Platforms", 
DSTI/ICCP/IE(2004)14/FINAL. 
 
OECD (2004), OECD Information Technology Outlook 2004, Chapter 5, "Digital Delivery" and 
Chapter 8, "ICT Policy Developments", OECD, Paris.  Vickery, G. and S. Wunsch-Vincent (2005), "ICT Use in Services and the Growth of Digital Content 
Services", Enhancing the Performance of the Services Sector , OECD, Paris. 
 
Internet domain names 
 
OECD (2006), "Evolution in the Management of Country Code Top Level Domain Names 
(ccTLDs)", OECD, Paris, www.o ecd.org/dataoecd/8/18/37730629.pdf
. 
 
OECD (2006), OECD INPUT to the United Nations Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), OECD, Paris, www.oecd .org/dataoecd/1/46/36779934.pdf
. 
 OECD (2006), "The Secondary Market for Domain Names", 
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/14/45/36471569.pdf
. 
 IP/C/W/516 
Page 20  
 
  OECD (2005), "OECD Input to the Working Group on Internet Governance" (WGIG), Paris, OECD. 
 OECD (2004), "Generic Top Level Domain Names:  Market Development and Allocation Issues", 
http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0, 2546,en_2649_34223_329 96952_1_1_1_1,00.html
 
 
OECD (2003), "Comparing Domain Name Administration in OECD Countries", 
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/38/2505946.pdf . 
  
TO ORDER OECD PUBLICATIONS: 
 
OECD Online Bookshop:  www.oecdbookshop.org
 
 
E-mail:  sales@oecd.org  
 
Publications and selected documents also available on SourceOECD:  www.sourceoecd.org  
  
TO DOWNLOAD WORKING PAPERS: 
 
Economics Department 
 
www.oecd.org/eco/working_papers
 
 
Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry 
 
www.oecd.org/sti/working-papers  
 
www.oecd.org/sti/reports  
 
Trade and Agriculture Directorate (Trade Working Papers) 
 
www.oecd.org/ech/documents/workingpapers  
   
__________