WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
9 June 2006 
 (06-2760) 
Committee on Trade and Environment  
  
 
ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASE FOR 2003 
 
Note by the Secretariat
 
  
This document has been prepa red under the Secretariat's own 
responsibility and without prejudice to the positions of Members 
and to their rights and obligations under the WTO.  
 
 
1. This Note contains the WTO Environmental Database (EDB) for 2003.1  The EDB was 
established in 19982 in fulfilment of the recommendation in the 1996 Report of the CTE to the 
Singapore Ministerial Conference3 for the Secretariat to compile and update annually all environment-
related notifications to the WTO.  This Note c onstitutes a list of environment-related measures or 
provisions that were notified under the WTO agr eements in 2003 (Section I).  It also includes 
environment-related measures, pr ovisions or programmes noted in Trade Policy Reviews carried out 
in 2003 (Section II). 
2. It has been prepared in  accordance with the views expressed by Members4, using the search 
methodology adopted in WT/CTE/W/785, and building on the search words set out in 
WT/CTE/W/102.  The list of search words is att ached as Annex I to this Note;  the list of 
abbreviations is contained in Annex II. 
                                                      
1 For ease of reference, the Environmental Data base for 2001 and 2002 are contained in documents 
WT/CTE/EDB/1-2;  and for 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 200 0 in documents WT/CTE/W/46, 77, 118, 143 and 195 
respectively.   
2 See WT/CTE/3. 
3 See WT/CTE/1. 
4 See WT/CTE/W/46. 
5 Bearing in mind the complexity and the need to exercise considerable judgement in what constitutes an 
environment-related measure, th e Secretariat has made this listing as comprehensive as possible, although it has in some 
cases shortened or summarized the relevant information. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 2  
 
   
I.
 NOTIFICATIONS .................................................................................................................. ..4 
A. AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT) ............................................................9  
B. AGREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) 
MEASURES ............................................................................................................................... ..18 
C. AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES (SCM) .....................................23  
D. AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................51  
E. AGREEMENT ON ANTI -DUMPING ................................................................................................72  
F. AGREEMENT ON IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES (ILP) ...........................................................74  
G. AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS ...................................................................................................79  
H. STATE TRADING .........................................................................................................................80  
I. AGREEMENT ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 
(TRIPS ).............................................................................................................................. .........82  
J. QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ..................................................................................................84  
K. REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (RTAS ) INCLUDING THE UNDERSTANDING ON THE 
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE XXIV OF THE GATT 1994............................................................85  
L. AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION .....................................................................................85  
M. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS ).............................................................86  
N. AGREEMENT ON TRADE -RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS )........................................86  
O. UNDERSTANDING ON THE BALANCE -OF-PAYMENTS PROVISIONS OF THE GATT 1994...............86  
P. AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING ...............................................................................86  
Q. AGREEMENT ON PRE -SHIPMENT INSPECTION .............................................................................86  
R. AGREEMENT ON RULES OF ORIGIN ............................................................................................86  
S. PLURILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS : AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT ...........86  
T. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................................................86  
U. OTHER NOTIFICATION PROVISIONS ............................................................................................86  
II. TRADE POLICY REVIEWS ................................................................................................87  
A. TPR 99 - HAITI ............................................................................................................................87  
B. TPR 111 – EL SALVADOR ...........................................................................................................88  
C. TPR 112 – CANADA ....................................................................................................................90  
D. TPR 113 - BURUNDI ....................................................................................................................93  
E. TPR 114 – SOUTHERN AFRICAN CUSTOMS UNION (SACU )..........................................................94  
F. TPR 115 – NEW ZEALAND ........................................................................................................100  
G. TPR 116 - MOROCCO ................................................................................................................101  
H. TPR 117 - INDONESIA ...............................................................................................................102  
I. TPR -118  NIGER .......................................................................................................................105   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 3 
 
 
  J. TPR -119  SENEGAL ...................................................................................................................106  
K. TPR 120 - HONDURAS ...............................................................................................................107  
L. TPR 121 - BULGARIA ................................................................................................................109  
M. TPR 122 - GUYANA ...................................................................................................................110  
N. TPR 123 - THAILAND ................................................................................................................112  
O. TPR 124 - CHILE .......................................................................................................................113  
P. TPR 125 - TURKEY ...................................................................................................................114  
Q. TPR 126 – UNITED STATES .......................................................................................................116  
ANNEX I  ENVIRONMENT-RELATED NOTIFICATIONS: SEARCH WORDS ...................118  
ANNEX II   ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................... 119 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 4  
 
  I. NOTIFICATIONS 
3. This Note contains results of a search
6 on 2516 documents issued in respect to notifications 
submitted by Members in 2003 under the following  GATT 1994 provisions and WTO agreements:  
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT);  Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures; Agreement on Su bsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM);  
Agreement on Agriculture;  Agreement on Anti- Dumping;  Agreement on Import Licensing 
Procedures (ILP);  Agreement on Safeguards;  Agre ement on Customs Valuation;  State Trading;  
Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), including the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article 
XXIV of the GATT 1994;  Agreement on Trade-Rela ted Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 
(TRIPS);  the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);  Quantitative Restrictions;  
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measure s (TRIMS);  Understanding on the Balance-of-
Payments Provisions of the GATT 1994;  Agreem ent on Textiles and Clothing;  Agreement on 
Preshipment Inspection;  Agreement on Rules of Origin;  Agreement on Government Procurement;  
Information Technology Agreement;  and other notif ication provisions. The notifications included in 
this Note specified, among other reasons, environment as the main objective for notifying the measure 
or provision.  
4. These environment-related notifications can be br oadly grouped into two categories.  The first 
consists of notifications that list environmenta l or related factors as the principal objective for 
notifying.  The provisions of the GATT 1994 and WTO Agreements which refer explicitly or are 
generally regarded as related to envir onmental objectives include the following: 
(a) Annex 2 paragraph 12 of the Agreement on Agriculture; 
(b) Article 5 paragraph 2 of the Agreemen t on the Application of Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS); 
(c) Articles 2 and 5 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT); 
(d) Article XIV(b) of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS); 
(e) Article 27.2 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property 
Rights (TRIPS);  and  
(f) Article XX (b) and (g) of GATT 1994. 
 5. The second category includes notifications that are not primarily environment-related, but 
contain references to environment-related aspects.  Fo r instance, notifications with respect to regional 
trade agreements may include a clause or a specific environmental provision.  In such cases, reference 
is made only to the environmental objective or cr iteria.  The notifications might, and usually do, 
contain broader objectives or other criteria.  6. In 2003, out of the 2516 notifications subm itted, 247 were environmen t related, and they 
represented 9.8% of the total.
7  Comparing with the average of 1997-2003 (221 notifications and 
11%), there is a small increase in numbe r, but a slight decrease in proportion.8 
 7. In 2003, among the agreements, the TBT and SPS Agreements had the highest number of 
environment-related notifica tions (100 and 51 respectively)
9 and accounted for 40.5% and 20.6% of 
all WTO environment-related notifications.10  However, in terms of the share of such notifications in 
selected agreements, the most frequently seen envir onment-related notifications were submitted under 
                                                      
6 The search through the various WTO and GATT (1994) notif ications was based on the information contained in 
the Working Group of Notification Obligations and Procedur es (NOP) documents G/NOP/W/ 2 and G/NOP/W/16/Rev.1, and 
the Technical Cooperation Handbook of Notifications , the series of WT/TC/NOTIF (1996) documents. 
7 See Table 1. 
8 See charts 1 and 2 
9 See charts 3 and 4 
10 See chart 5  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 5 
 
 
  the Agreements of ILP, SCM and Agriculture.  They represented 32%, 24% and 20% of the total 
notifications made under the respectively Agreements.11 
 
Table 1:  Environment-related Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
GATT 1994 and WTO 
Agreements 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 
TBT Agreement 89(794) 98(648) 84(1162) 97(651) 67(601) 114(622) 100(896) 
SPS Agreement 9(300) 21(3 00) 12(450) 27(468) 26 (763) 48(803) 51(852) 
SCM Agreement 22(100) 36(90) 27 32(133) 21(198) 29(159) 33(138) 
Agreement on Agriculture 20(230) 22(190) 28(220) 40(229) 40(235) 32(193) 34(174) 
Agreement on Anti-
Dumping 4(18) 1(12) 3 0 0 1(145) 2(142) 
Agreement on ILP 15(50) 20(60) 10(66) 17(70) 7(57) 13(89) 16(50) 
Agreement on Safeguards 0 1(30) 1 1(87) 1(130) 1(120) 1(94) 
Agreement on Customs 
Valuation 0 1(13) 1(58) 3(36) 1(44) 1(41) 0 
State Trading 0 1(30) 0 0 1(39) 2(36) 3(29) 
Regional Trade 
Agreements  6(14) 26 24 16 10(15) 0 0 
TRIPS Agreement 0 1 3 5(328) 5(227) 16(218) 5(139) 
GATS 0 1 0 0 0 7(43) 0 
Quantitative Restrictions 
(QRs) - 3 2 5 2 4(10) 2 
TRIMS  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Understanding on the 
Balance-of-Payments 
Provisions of GATT 1994 1(23) 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Agreement on Textiles 
and Clothing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Agreement on 
Preshipment Inspection 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Agreement on Rules of 
Origin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Agreement on 
Government Procurement 2 0 0 0 2(9) 9(21) 0 
Information Technology 
Agreement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Other notification 
provisions 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 
Total number of 
environment-related 
notifications 168 232 195 244 183 277 247 
Total number of 
notifications (1531) (1404) (2016) (2024) (2320) (2500) (2516) 
Proportion of 
environment-related 
notifications (%) 11.0 16.5 9.7 12.1 7.9 11.1 9.8 
 
*  Total number of notifications made under each agreement is pr ovided in brackets. 
 
                                                      
11 See charts 6–7. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 6  
 
  Chart 1:  Total Number of Environm ent-related Notifications (1997 – 2003
) 
 
168232
195244
183277
247
050100150200250300
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
  
 
  Chart 2:  Proportion of Environment-related Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0%10.0%12.0%14.0%16.0%18.0%
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 
 
  
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 7 
 
 
  Chart 3:  Environment-related Notifica tions in Selected Agreements (1997-2003 ) 
 
100
51
33 34
216
135
2
020406080100120
TBT
AgreementSPS
AgreementSCM
AgreementAgreement of
AgricultureAgreement
on Anti-
dumping Agreement
on ILP Safeguards State Trading TRIPs
AgreementQuantitative
Restrictions
(QRs)1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
  
Chart 4:  Number of Environment-related No tifications under Selected Agreements (2003 ) 
 
 
 
 
  
100 
51 
33 34
216
135 2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 
TBT 
Agreement  SPS 
AgreementSCM 
Agreement  Agreement of
AgricultureAgreement on
Anti-dumping Agreement on
ILP Safeguards State Trading  TRIPs 
Agreement  Quantitative
Restrictions
(QRs)WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 8  
 
  Chart 5:  Distribution of the 247 WTO Environment-related Notifications (2003
) 
 
Safeguards, 0.4%
TBT Agreement, 40.5%
Quantitative Restrictions 
(QRs), 0.8%SPS Agreement, 20.6%State Trading, 1.2%SCM Agreement, 13.4%TRIPs Agreement, 2.0%Agreement of Agriculture, 
13.8%Agreement on Anti-dumping , 
0.8%Agreement on ILP , 6.5%
 
 
Chart 6:  Share of Environment-related No tifications in Selected Agreements (2003 ) 
 
796 801
105140 140
3493
26134
0100 51
3334 2
161
35
2
01002003004005006007008009001000
TBT Agreement
SPS Agreement
SCM Agreement
Agreement of
Agriculture
Agreement on Anti-
dumping 
Agreement on ILP 
Safeguards
customs
State Trading
RTA
TRIPs Agreement
GATS
Quantitative
Restrictions (QRs)Environment related 
Non Environment-related
 
 
 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 9 
 
 
  Chart 7:  Proportion of Environment-related Notifications under Selected Agreements (2003 ) 
 
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%
TBT SPS SCM Agriculture Anti-dumping ILP Safeguards State Trading TRIPS 
 
A. AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT) 
8. In 2003, among the 896 notifications submitte d by Members under Articles 2 and 5 of the 
TBT Agreement, 100 of them mentioned environmen t as the main objective, or among the objectives 
of the notified technical regulations or conformity  assessment procedures.  The share of environment-
related notifications was 11.2 per cent of the total.12   
9. The notified environment-related measures rela ted to, among others, genetically modified 
organisms (GMOs), motor vehicles, toxic and hazard ous substances, fertilisers, electrical equipment, 
energy saving equipment, wastes, packaging, ecological  farming and pollution measuring equipment.    
Most of these measures were aimed at protecting th e environment, animal and plant health, reducing 
pollution, saving energy and/or complying with multilateral environmental agreements such as the 
UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.13 
10. With the increase in TBT notifications since 1991, the number of TBT environment-related 
notifications has been steadily rising (from 35 in 1991 to 100 in 2003).14  From 1995 to 2003, in each 
year, over 11% of all TBT notifi cations were environment related.15         
                                                      
12 See Table 2, Charts 6 and 7. 
13 See Table 3. 
14 See Chart 8. 
15 See Chart 9. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 10  
 
  Table 2:  Notifications made under Articles 2 and 5 of the TBT Agreement
 
 
Year 
 Number of 
environment-related 
TBT notifications Total number of TBT 
notifications Percentage of 
environment-related 
notifications 
1980-1990 211 2687 7.9 
1991-2000 610 5322 11.5 
1980-2000 821 8009 10.3 
1991 35 358 9.8 
1992 36 394 9.1 
1993 42 487 8.6 
1994 35 508 6.9 
1995 41 365 11.2 
1996 53 460 11.5 
1997 89 794 11.2 
1998 98 648 15.1 
1999 84 669 12.6 
2000 97 639 15.2 
2001 67 601 11.1 
2002 114 622 18.3 
2003 100 896 11.2 
 
Chart 8:  Environment-related TBT notifications (1991-2003 ) 
 
35 3642
3541538998
8497
67114
100
020406080100120
1991 1992 1993
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 11 
 
 
   Chart 9:  Percentage of Environmen t-related TBT Notifications (1991-2003)  
 
7.9%11.1%
10.3%
9.8%
9.1%
8.6%
6.9%11.2%11.5%11.2%15.1%
12.6%15.2%
11.1%18.3%
11.2%
0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0%10.0%12.0%14.0%16.0%18.0%20.0%
1980-199019991-20001980-20001991
1992
1993 1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
  
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 12  
 
  Table 3: Environment-relate d TBT Notifications (2003
) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/TBT/N/ARG/68 Argentina Procedures for the approval of Motor 
Vehicle Model configuration with 
regard to emissions of pollutants, noise and spurious radiation motor 
vehicles 
 To protect health and the 
environment.  
G/TBT/N/ARG/69 Argentina Motor vehicles - Test Procedures and 
Maximum Pollutant Levels 
 To protect health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/ARG/76 Argentin a Equipment containing 
polychlorinated biphenyls - Minimum 
Budgets for PCB Management To protect health and the 
environment.  
 
G/TBT/N/ARG/134  Argentina Ge netically modified animal 
organisms (GMAOs) - Release of 
GMAOs into the Environment To protect health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/ARG/137  Argentina Motor Vehicles - Testing and 
Certification To authorize use of 
manufactured or imported 
vehicles which comply with 
safety standards on pollutant 
emission. 
 
G/TBT/N/ARG/147 
 Argentina Regulation governing the design of 
installations and equipment linked to 
the high-voltage transmission system 
– Design Guidelines and Standards To promote the development 
and efficient maintenance of 
the electrical system and 
ensure safety, technical 
quality and efficiency in the 
application of resources.  
 
G/TBT/N/AUS/18 
 Australia Regulations to underpin the National 
Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Program To reduce energy use and 
improve energy efficiency. 
G/TBT/N/BRA/137 
 Brazil Draft Ministerial Act on semio 
chemical products To protect human, animal and 
plant health, life and safety 
and environmental safety. 
G/TBT/N/BRA/138 
 Brazil Draft Ministerial Act on biochemical 
products To protect human, animal and 
plant health, life and safety, 
and promote environmental 
safety.  
 
G/TBT/N/BRA/139 
 Brazil Draft Ministerial Act on micro-
biological products To protect human, animal and 
plant health, life and safety, 
and promote environmental 
safety.  
 
G/TBT/N/BRA/140 
 Brazil  
 Draft Ministerial Act to control 
products used in organic agriculture To protect human, animal and 
plant health, life and safety, 
and promote environmental 
safety.  
 
G/TBT/N/BRA/141 Brazil Draft Ministerial Act on natural 
enemies used for biological control  To protect human, animal and 
plant health, life and safety, 
and promote environmental 
safety.  
G/TBT/N/BRA/144 Brazil Draft Reso lution on the application of 
tetrachlorine ethylene To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/CAN/54 Canada Proposed  amendment to the Energy 
Efficiency Regulations 
 To protect the environment.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 13 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/TBT/N/CAN/56 Canada Proposed  Regulations amending the 
Sulphur in Gasoline Regulations 
 To protect the environment. 
G/TBT/N/CAN/57 Canada Proposed  Regulations amending the 
Benzene in Gasoline Regulations To protect human health and 
the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CAN/64 Canada Proposed Off-Road Small Spark-
Ignition Engine Emission Regulations To protect human health and 
the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CAN/67 Canada Proposed Amendment to the Energy 
Efficiency Regulations 
 To protect the environment. 
G/TBT/N/CAN/72 Canada Nuclear substances and radioactive 
materials  To protect human health and 
the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CAN/73 Canada Toxic s ubstances - Proposed Addition 
to the Virtual Elimination List  To protect the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CAN/80  Canada Proposed Order adding Toxic 
Substances to Schedule 1 of the 
Canadian Environmental Protection 
Act To protect human health and 
the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CHN/13 China, People's 
Republic of The Conditions for Boiler and 
Pressure Vessel Manufacturer 
Licensing To ensure safety of 
consumers and environmental 
protection. 
 
G/TBT/N/CHN/15 China, People's 
Republic of The Supervision and Inspection 
Principles of Boiler and Pressure 
Vessel Products Safety Performance To ensure safety of 
consumers and environmental 
protection. 
 
G/TBT/N/CHN/18 
 China, People's 
Republic of Rules on supervision and 
administration of imported used 
Mechanical and Electrical Products To protect the life and health 
of human beings, and the  
environment.  
 
G/TBT/N/CHN/19 
 China, People's 
Republic of Implementation Rules on Inspection, 
Supervision and Administration of 
imported used Mechanical and 
Electrical Products To protect the life and health 
of human beings, and the 
environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/CHN/23 
 China, People's 
Republic of Limited Values of Energy Efficiency 
and Evaluating Values of Energy 
Conservation for Single-Capped 
Fluorescent Lamps 
 To save energy. 
G/TBT/N/CHN/27 
 China, People's 
Republic of Instructions for Use of Products of 
Consumer Interest: furniture  To protect the consumer and 
environment.   
G/TBT/N/CHN/29 
 China, People's 
Republic of Environmental Protection 
Requirements of Elec trostatic Process 
Copier To improve the operators' 
health level and  
environmental protection. 
G/TBT/N/CHN/30 
 China, People's 
Republic of Chlorpyrifos - a kind of toxic 
substance which can be used as an 
insecticide To reduce harm to humans, 
livestock and environment.  
G/TBT/N/CHN/31  China, People's 
Republic of Chlorpyrifos Emulsifiable 
Concentrates To reduce harm to humans, 
livestock and environment.  
G/TBT/N/CHN/32  China, People's 
Republic of Glyphosate Tech - a kind of toxic 
substance which can be used as an 
insecticide To reduce harm to humans, 
livestock and environment. 
G/TBT/N/CHN/36  China, People's 
Republic of Iron and Steel Scraps To protect human,  livestock 
safety and the environment. 
G/TBT/N/CHN/40 
 China, People's 
Republic of Limited Noise Value of Household 
and Similar Electrical Appliances To protect  the environment 
and consumers. 
G/TBT/N/COL/23 Colombia Fertilizers and soil conditioners and To prevent and minimize WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 14  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
the raw materials thereof harm to human, animal and 
plant health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/COL/25 Colombia Alcohol fu els To reduce emissions into the 
environment.  
 
G/TBT/N/COL/44 
 Colombia Resolution to issue Emergency 
Technical Regulation on Gas Fuel-
Fired Domestic Appliances 
Manufactured or Imported  To protect human, animal and 
plant life and health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/CZE/83  Czech Republic Hot-water boilers To improve energy efficiency. 
G/TBT/N/DNK/18 
 Denmark Statutory Order on restrictions on 
import, sale and use of biocidal 
bottom paint To reduce the environmental 
effects in the aquatic 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/DOM/2 
 Dominican 
Republic Standards on Waste Water  
 To control environmental 
pollution. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/28 European 
Communities Commission Directive with regard to 
energy labelling of household electric 
refrigerators, freezers and their 
combinations 
 To promote energy 
conservation and 
environmental protection. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/29 European 
Communities Commission Directive with regard to 
energy labelling of household 
washing machines To promote energy 
conservation and 
environmental protection. 
 
G/TBT/N/EEC/32 
 European 
Communities All active substances used in biocidal 
products as defined in Directive 
98/8/EC To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/35 European 
Communities Draft Commission Decision 
concerning the non-inclusion of 
fenthion  
 To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/36 
 European 
Communities Plant protection products containing 
certain active substances To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/38 
 European 
Communities Proposal for a regulation of the 
European Parliament and of the 
Council on certain fluorinated green 
house gases To contribute towards the 
European Community's Kyoto 
Protocol emissions reduction 
target and reduce fluorinated 
green house gas emissions. 
 
G/TBT/N/EEC/39 
 European 
Communities All categories of motor vehicles and 
their trailers as defined in Council 
Directive  To improve road safety and 
protect the environment.  
G/TBT/N/EEC/41 European 
Communities Draft Commission Decision 
Concerning the Non-Inclusion of 
atrazine as Active Substance   
 To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/42 
 European 
Communities Draft Commission Decision 
Concerning the Non-Inclusion of 
simazine as Active Substance and the Withdrawal of Authorisations for 
Plant Protection Products Containing 
this Active Substance 
 To protect human health and 
the environment. 
G/TBT/N/EEC/44 
 European 
Communities Products containing or consisting of 
genetically modified organisms : 
"Draft Commission Regulation 
Establishing a System for the 
Development and Assignment of To protect food safety, public 
health, animal health and the 
environment.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 15 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
Unique Identifiers for Genetically 
Modified Organisms " 
G/TBT/N/FRA/19 France Packaging of potentially infectious 
healthcare wastes and human 
anatomical waste 
 To promote safe packaging of 
potentially infectious wastes. 
G/TBT/N/FRA/23 France Characteri stics of New Buildings and 
New Parts of Buildings To fulfil the commitments of 
the United Nations 
Framework Convention on 
Climate Change (UNFCCC), 
particularly the Kyoto 
Protocol to reduce green 
house gas emissions. 
 
G/TBT/N/FRA/24 
 France Organic amendments – compost 
containing materi als derived from 
water treatment . To ensure safety of human 
beings, animals and the 
environmental protection. 
G/TBT/N/HKG/16  Hong Kong, 
China Voluntary Energy Efficiency 
Labelling Scheme for Liquid Crystal 
Display (LCD) Monitors To raise awareness on energy 
efficiency among consumers. 
G/TBT/N/HKG/17  Hong Kong, 
China Voluntary Energy Efficiency 
Labelling Scheme for Televisions To raise awareness on energy 
efficiency among consumers. 
G/TBT/N/HUN/16 
 Hungary Decree on the conditions of operation 
and emission limit values of air 
pollutants from combustion plants  To reduce air pollution and 
abate acidification and 
eutrophication. 
G/TBT/N/IDN/5 Indonesia Electrical Engineering integral  
 To increase electricity 
efficiency during production 
and utilization.  
G/TBT/N/ISR/12 Israel Primary batteries: General To ensure environmental 
protection. 
 
G/TBT/N/ISR/16 Israel Dishwashing m achines  To protect the environment 
and consumers.  
 
G/TBT/N/ISR/18 Israel Washing mach ines  To protect the environment 
and consumers.  
 
G/TBT/N/ISR/28 
 Israel Rechargeable portable extinguishers 
of the halogenated hydro carbon type To protect the environment 
and consumer safety. 
G/TBT/N/JPN/74 Japan Revision of the Law concerning the 
Examination and Regulation of 
Manufacture, etc., of Chemical 
Substances To extend the chemical 
management system to 
include ecosystem protection 
and further improve its 
effectiveness and efficiency. 
 
G/TBT/N/JPN/79 Japan Partial Amendment to the Safety 
Regulations for Road Vehicle To prevent environmental 
pollution by Nitrogen Oxides 
(Nox), Particulate Matter 
(PM). 
 
G/TBT/N/JPN/87 
 Japan Revision to the Enforcement 
Ordinance and Enforcement 
Regulation for the Law Concerning 
the Rational Use of Energy and 
Ministerial Ordinance Regarding 
Determination of Motor Vehicle 
Energy Efficiency 
 To promote energy 
conservation in commercial 
or residential and transport 
sector and reduce global 
warning problem. 
G/TBT/N/JPN/100 Japan Amendment to the Po isonous and To prevent accidents caused WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 16  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
Deleterious Substances Designation 
Order by poisonous and deleterious 
substances. 
 
G/TBT/N/JOR/1 
 Jordan International Product Conformity 
Certification Program To ensure health and safety 
for citizens and 
environmental protection. 
G/TBT/N/KOR/49 Korea, Republic 
of The Act on the transboundary 
movement of living modified 
organisms and the enforcement 
decree and the ministerial ordinance To protect the environment 
and human health. 
G/TBT/N/KOR/58 
 Korea, Republic 
of Proposed Special Act on Capital 
Region Air Quality Improvement  To improve air quality in the 
capital region. 
G/TBT/N/LVA/11 
 Latvia Asbestos, articles  of asbestos  To derogate and prevent harm 
of several chemical 
substances and chemical 
products to human health and environment.  
 
G/TBT/N/MEX/43 Mexico Road tankers for the transportation of 
dangerous materials and wastes To ensure safety of workers, 
the public and the 
environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/MEX/45 
 Mexico Draft Standard on Specifications for 
the Design of Packages and Packing 
for the Transportation of Radioactive 
Material 
 To protect the safety of 
persons, as well as the 
environment as a whole. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/46 
 Mexico Draft Standard on classification of 
Radioactive Materials and Packaging 
for Transport Purposes To protect the safety of 
individuals, the environment 
as a whole and determine  
packing of radioactive 
materials for safe 
transportation. 
 
G/TBT/N/MEX/47 
 Mexico Draft Standard on listing of the Most 
Commonly Transported Hazardous 
Substances and Materials To protect the safety of 
workers, the public and the 
environment.  
 
G/TBT/N/MEX/52 Mexico Road tankers used to transport 
compressed gas To protect human safety and 
the environment. 
 
G/TBT/N/MEX/55 Mexico Draft Standard on Non-Portable 
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 
Containers Subject to Pressure and 
Not Exposed to Hea ting by Artificial 
Means 
 To reduce risk to human 
safety and health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/56 Mexico Draft Standard on Non-Portable 
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 
Containers Subject to Pressure, Not 
Exposed to Heati ng by Artificial 
Means and Intended for Use in Storage Facilities, LPG Filling 
Stations and LPG Installations 
 To reduce risk to human 
safety and health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/57 Mexico Draft Standard on Non-Portable 
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 
Containers Subject to Pressure, Not 
Exposed to Heati ng by Artificial 
Means and Intended for Use in LPG 
Filling Stations and LPG Installations To reduce risk to human 
safety and health and the 
environment.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 17 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/TBT/N/MEX/58 Mexico Draft Standard on Non-Portable 
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 
Containers Subject to Pressure, Not 
Exposed to Heati ng by Artificial 
Means and Intended for Use as Fuel 
Tanks for Internal Combustion 
Engines 
 To reduce risk to human 
safety and health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/59 Mexico Draft Standard on Non-Portable 
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 
Containers Subject to Pressure, Not 
Exposed to Heati ng by Artificial 
Means and Intended for Use in LPG 
Transport Vehicles 
 To reduce risk to human 
safety and health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/61  Mexico Standards on natural gas To reduce damage on the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/MEX/62 
 Mexico Standards on Valves for transportable 
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 
cylinders To reduce risk to human 
safety and the environment.  
G/TBT/N/MEX/85  Mexico Draft Standard on Design and 
Construction of Liquefied Petroleum 
Gas (LPG) Installations To protect human safety and 
the environment.  
G/TBT/N/NLD/59  Netherlands Draft Decree amending a number of 
Orders-in-Council in connection with 
the amendment to Article 75 of the 
Flora and Fauna Act To eliminate bottlenecks 
experienced with regard to the 
Flora and Fauna Act.  
G/TBT/N/NZL/13 New Zealand Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition 
(Temporary Exempti on) Regulations  To improve energy efficiency. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/20 
 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on 
Certification of the Production and 
Marketing of Root and Tuber To protect plants. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/21 
 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on the 
Procedures and Requirements for the 
Provision of Agricultural Treatment 
Services 
 To protect plants and animals. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/25 
 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on 
Environmental Control of Fish and 
Shell fish Processing Plants To ensure  environmental 
protection.  
G/TBT/N/NIC/26  Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on 
Environment al Control of Milk 
Product Processing Plants  To ensure environmental 
protection.  
G/TBT/N/NIC/33  Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on the 
Production, Certification and 
Marketing of Forage Grass and 
Legume Seed 
 To protect plants. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/35 
 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on the 
Establishment of Wildlife Rescue and 
Rehabilitation Centres To protect wildlife. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/37 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on 
Ecological Farming 
 To protect plan ts and health. 
G/TBT/N/NIC/38 Nicaragua Mandatory Technical Standard on 
Ecological Animal Production 
 To protect animal welfare and 
health. 
G/TBT/N/ZAF/29 South Africa Plastic  carrier bags and fl at bags To protect the environment.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 18  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/TBT/N/CHE/26 Switzerland Vehicl es carrying goods and vehicles 
with more than 9 places including the 
driver, Motorcycles To protect public  health and 
environment.  
G/TBT/N/CHE/32  Switzerland Draft Modification to the Energy 
Ordinance To protect the environment 
and  harmonize legislation.  
 
G/TBT/N/THA/104 Thailand Air Condi tioners  To promote energy 
conservation.  
G/TBT/N/THA/123 Thailand List of Hazardous Substances  To  protect the  environment.  
G/TBT/N/TUN/8 
 Tunisia Premium-grade petrol, regular-grade 
petrol, diesel fuel and unleaded 
premium-grade petrol. International 
Classification for Standards  
 To protect the  environment 
and safety. 
G/TBT/N/USA/44  United States Nonroad Diesel Engine s  To improve public health and 
welfare and environmental 
protection.  
G/TBT/N/USA/45 
 United States Protection of Stratospheric Ozone : 
Listing of Substitutes for Ozone -
Depleting Substances - n-Propyl 
Bromide 
 To reduce overall risk to 
human health and the 
environment. 
G/TBT/N/VEN/26 
 Venezuela Draft Technical Regulation on the 
rational use of energy consumption of 
electrical appliances To protect the environment 
and human safety. 
 
B. AGREEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) MEASURES  
11. In 2003, 852 notifications were issued under the SPS Agreement.  As all measures deal with 
the safety and protection of human, animal and plan t health, treating those taken for human, animal 
and plant health as directly environment related might  be misleading.  They, therefore, have not all 
been included in this Note.  Notifications of measur es dealing with pests pertinent to the protection of 
agricultural crops or farm animals have been excluded;   they have been included if they pertain to the 
protection of "territory" or the wild-environment or  plants in general.  In 2003, 51 environment-
related SPS notifications were made.  They accounted for 6% of all 2003 SPS notifications.16 Over the 
last few years, the number of SPS environment-related notifications has been steadily increasing (from 9 in 1997 to 51 in 2003).
17   
12. These notified measures related to, among others, sanitary and phytosanita ry requirements for 
the importation of bee-keeping material, nursery stocks  of forest and plant species, timber and logs;  
toxicological and environmental evaluation procedures of bio-chemical products;  Pest/Import  Risk Analysis (IRA/PRA) for animals and animal products, plants and plant products;  and regulations on  
GMOs.  They aimed solely or partly at protecting animal health, plants from animal/plant pests or 
diseases, and the territory from other damage from pests.
18 
 
                                                      
16 See Charts 6 and 7. 
17 See Chart 10. 
18  See Table 4 .  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 19 
 
 
   Chart 10: Environment-relate d SPS Notifications (1997-2003)  
 
921
1227264851
0102030405060
1997 1998
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 20  
 
  Table 4:  Environment-related SPS Notifications (2003
) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/SPS/N/ARG/71 
 Argentine Sanitary requirements for the import 
into Argentina of bee-keeping material 
for apiaries (live material, inert 
material, wax, honey and feeding pollen 
for bees) 
 To protect animal health and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/BRA/77  Brazil Apple ( Malus domestica ), pear ( Pyrus 
comunis ), quince ( Cydonia oblonga ), 
apricot ( Prunus armenica ), peach 
(Prunus persica ), plum ( Prunus 
domestica ), nectarine ( Prunus persica 
var. nucipersica ), almond ( Prunus 
dulcis ) To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/BRA/78 
 Brazil Melons ( Cucumis melo, Citrullus 
lanatus, Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita 
spp) To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/BRA/86 
 Brazil Procedures on the registration, 
toxicological and environmental 
evaluation of bio-chemical products 
considered as pesticides, their 
components and related products 
 To protect food safety,   
animal health and plants.  
G/SPS/N/BRA/87 Brazil Procedures on the registration, 
toxicological and environmental 
evaluation of bio-chemical products considered as pesticides, their 
components and related products 
 To protect food safety,  
animal health and plants.  
G/SPS/N/BRA/88 Brazil Procedures on the registration, 
toxicological, environmental and 
pathogenicity evaluation of micro 
biological products used on population 
control or biological activities of 
another living organism that is 
considered harmful 
 To protect food safety,  
animal health and plants.  
G/SPS/N/BRA/89 
 Brazil Procedures on the registration, 
toxicological and environmental 
evaluation of control products used on 
organic agriculture and considered as 
pesticides 
 To protect food safety,  
animal health and plants. 
 
G/SPS/N/BRA/90  Brazil Procedures on the registration, 
toxicological, environmental evaluation 
of natural enemies - parasitoids, 
nematoids and predators - considered as 
biological control agents 
 To protect food safety,  
animal health and plants. 
G/SPS/N/BGR/7 
 Bulgaria Ordinance amending and 
supplementing Regulation on 
Phytosanitary Control 
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/BGR/11 
 Bulgaria Measures for the prophylaxis and 
control of trichinosis on animals To protect food safety,  
animal health and humans 
from animal /plant pest or 
disease. 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 21 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/SPS/N/CAN/157/Rev.2 
 Canada Phytosanitary requirements to prevent 
the entry of phytophthora ramorum 
associated with Sudden Oak Death  To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/158 
 Canada Import requirements of non-
manufactured wood and other non-
propagative wood products To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/163 
 Canada Entry Requirements for Wood 
Packaging Produced in all Areas other 
than the United States To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/171 
 Canada Directive on Phytosanitary Import 
Requirements for Ash, Nursery Stock  To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/172 
 Canada Directive on Plant Protection 
Phytosanitary Import Requirements for 
Maple, Nursery Stock  To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/173 Canada Directive on Plant Protection 
Phytosanitary Import Requirements for 
Oak Nursery Stock   To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/179 
 Canada Directive on Import Requirements for 
Pelargonium and non-tuber bearing 
Solanum propagative material  
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CAN/180 Canada Phytosan itary Requirements for the 
importation and the movement of 
Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus 
planipennis 
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CHL/121 
 Chile Phytosanitary Requirements for the 
Importation of Sawn Timber and Logs To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/CHL/122 
 Chile Declaration establishing an area free 
from Globodera Rostochiensis, 
Globodera Pallida, Thecaphora solani 
and Ralstonia solanacearum and 
updating the regulations to prevent the 
spread of these quarantine pests 
 To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests.   
G/SPS/N/CHL/126 Chile Plant species considered to be weeds To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CHL/131 Chile Seeds of indus trial crops To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CHL/133 
 Chile Rules Governing the Importation of 
Regulated Articles and Products 
Harmful to Plants To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CHL/155 
 Chile Phytosanitary requirements for the 
importation of Seeds of Forest Species To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CHN/16 
 China, 
People's 
Republic of Calathea ornate and other host plants of 
Radopholus similes ( Cobb ) Thorne and 
potting medium origin  To protect plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/CHN/17 
 China, 
People's 
Republic of Administrative Rules of Inspection and 
Quarantine on Entry of Live Aquatic 
Animals To protect food safety, animal 
health, humans from animal 
/plant pest or disease and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/CHN/18  China, 
People's 
Republic of Regulation on Import Risk Analysis for 
Animals and Animal Products To protect food safety, animal 
health, humans from animal 
/plant pest or disease and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/CHN/20 
 China, 
People's 
Republic of Regulation on the Pest Risk Analysis of 
the plants and plant products for port 
entry To protect plant. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 22  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/SPS/N/CHN/42 
 China, 
People's 
Republic of 
  Measures for the administration of 
imported wood packaging material To protect plants.  
G/SPS/N/COL/69 
 Colombia Resolution Adopting Phytosanitary 
Measures to Prevent the Introduction 
and Establishment of the Pest Known as 
the Pink Hibiscus Mealy Bug, 
Maconellicoccus hirsutus ( Green ) in 
Colombia 
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/CZE/25 
 Czech 
Republic Notice on measures to prevent the 
introduction and the spread of 
Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De 
Cook & Man in 't Veld, associated with 
Sudden Oak Death  To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/EEC/188 
 European 
Communities Council Directive amending EC 
Directive on protective measures 
against the introduction of organisms 
harmful to plants or plant products and 
against their spread within the 
Community 
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/EEC/199 
 European 
Communities Host plants for Erwinia amylovora 
(Burr.) Winsl. et al., the causal agent of 
fireblight To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/FRA/4 
 France Order on the Inspections to be 
Conducted by Parties Responsible for 
Placing Certain Fertilizing Substances 
and Growing Media on the Market 
 To protect food safety, animal 
health and plant. 
G/SPS/N/FRA/5  France Basic mineral amendments and growing 
media To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/JAM/6 
 Jamaica Plant Quarantine Measure Implemented 
To Prevent the Introduction of 
Heterobostrychus sp and Lyctus sp: 
Wooden pallets   
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/JPN/98 Japan Draft law on the conservation of and 
sustainable use of biological diversity 
by regulating uses of living modified 
organisms To protect animal health, 
plant, humans from 
animal/plant pest or disease 
and territory from other 
damage of pests. 
G/SPS/N/KOR/125 Korea, 
Republic of The Act on Transboundary movement 
of living modified organisms and the 
enforcement decree and the Ministerial 
Ordinance To protect food safety, animal 
health, plant and territory 
from other damage from 
pests. 
G/SPS/N/KOR/127 Korea, 
Republic of Draft amendment for Plant Protection 
Act  
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/KOR/128 Korea, 
Republic of Draft amendment for Quarantine Pests 
List 
 To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/NZL/200 
 New Zealand Importation of seed into post-entry 
quarantine To protect plant. 
G/SPS/N/PER/45 
 Peru Plant Quarantine Regula tion To protect plant.  
G/SPS/N/PER/46 Peru Plant products a nd sexual seeds To protect plant.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 23 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment–Related 
Objective 
G/SPS/N/PHL/46 
 Philippines Domestic and wild birds and their 
products including poultry meat, day-
old chicks, eggs and semen To protect animal health and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/SVN/21 Slovenia Genetically  modified organisms, micro 
organisms, plants, animals, feed and 
seed 
 To protect territory from other 
damage from pests. 
G/SPS/N/CHE/32 Switzerland Plants and plant products To protect plant.  
G/SPS/N/USA/656 
 United States Notice announcing availability on the 
Re-registration Eligibility Decision 
(RED) document for the pesticide 
active ingredient oxyfluorfen 
 To protect food safety and 
humans from animal /plant 
pest or disease. 
G/SPS/N/USA/658 
 United States Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to 
Establish an Exemption from the 
Requirement of a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or on 
Food: Hydrogenated Starch 
Hydrolysate To protect food safety and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/VEN/1 
 Venezuela Live adult birds and one (1) day-old 
chicks To protect animal health and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/VEN/2 
 Venezuela Live birds, BB chickens, slaughtered 
birds, fertile eggs and eggs for 
consumption and poultry products and 
by-products 
 To protect animal health and 
territory from other damage 
from pests. 
G/SPS/N/VEN/11 
 Venezuela Seeds of forage plants 
 To protect humans from 
animal /plant pest or disease 
and territory from other 
damage from pests. 
  
C. AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES (SCM) 
13. In 2003, 138 notifications were submitted by  Members under the SCM Agreement, and, out 
of these, 33 included environment-related measures.19  They accounted for around 24 per cent of all 
2003 SCM notifications.20  These environment-related measures re lated to, among others, a variety of 
subsidies, assistance programmes, aid/grants, regul atory taxes, regulations, agriculture agreements, 
investment programmes, credit schemes and research programmes.  Most of them were aimed at the 
protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development, the reduction in 
pollution and environmental risks, the adaptation to new environmental requirements, the conservation of natural resources, waste manage ment, and the development of environmentally 
friendly technology.  
14. The notified measures included the following:  economic assistance provided to waste water 
management projects and water protection measures;  assistance to the mining sector to eliminate harmful effects of the production, processes, output and wastes;  assistance to promote the 
development of organic agriculture and fishery to reduce the risk of polluting ground water, and to 
promote sustainable utilisation and management of terrestrial and aquatic resources;  in the energy 
sector, they included regulations, research and investment programs aimed at promoting energy 
conservation and energy efficiency;  the developmen t, marketing and utilization of energy efficient 
products, as well as alternative and renewable ener gy, such as biomass, hydro-power, wind and solar 
                                                     
 
19 See Chart 11. 
20 See Chart 6 and 7. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 24  
 
  energy, to reduce green house gas and CO2 emissi ons from energy power and industrial production, 
to contribute to energy security and diversity, and to reduce negative impacts associated with energy 
production and usage;  in the forestry sector, research and development programmes aimed at 
strengthening the management of forestry to obtain environmentally friendly forestry raw materials;  
and, in the transport sector, measures to contain air and noise pollution in urban areas.  Moreover, 
there were soil and water conservation and pollu tion control programmes aimed at improving the 
quality, knowledge and infrastructure in this field,  as well as developing equipment for recycling and 
purification.
21     
Chart 11:  Environment-related SCM Notifications (1997 -2003 ) 
 
2236
2732
212933
0510152025303540
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
                                                      
21 See Table 5.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 25 
 
 
  Table 5:  Environment –related SCM Notifications (2003 )22 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
G/SCM/N/95/AUS 
 
 Australia 
 z Textile, Clothing and 
Footwear Strategic 
Investment 
Programme (TCF 
(SIP) Scheme) 
z Grants 
z TCF entities 
z A$ 265.1mln 
z 1 July 2000 – 30 June 
2005 
 To foster the development of 
sustainable, competitive TCF industries 
in Australia by encouraging additional 
investment and innovation. 
z Assistance to ore- 
mining units 
z Financial year  (FY) 
1997 - 2000 
z Grant 
z Ore and uranium 
mining units in 
liquidation 
z BLG 9,290.41mln   
 To assist the reorganization of ore- 
mining sector, liquidation of capacities 
of poor deposit ore output units and 
closing down and eliminating the 
harmful effect of production and 
processing of uranium output and waste. 
  
 
 
 
z Assistance for 
reduction of soil and 
water pollution 
z FY 1997 - 2001 
z Soft loan  
z Firms and companies  
z BGN 26,704.21mln 
 To reduce the polluting effect of the 
wastes on the soil and water through 
establishment of equipment for 
reprocessing and recycling, building of 
water purification stations in order to restore the normal quality of the 
environment. 
 G/SCM/N/25/BGR G/SCM/N/38/BGR G/SCM/N/48/BGR 
G/SCM/N/60/BGR 
G/SCM/N/71/BGR  Bulgaria 
 
 
z Assistance to central 
heating, coal and 
briquette companies 
z FY 1998 - 2001 
z Grant and loan 
guarantee 
z Companies producing 
coal and briquettes 
and to central heating 
companies  
z Grant (BGN 
380,572.83mln)and 
loan (BGN 5.48mln)  
  
To restructure and privatize the energy 
sector and energy e fficiency until 2010, 
and the gradual cutting-off of the 
subsidies for this sector. 
 
                                                      
22 The description of the Measure or programme is arranged (wherever possible) as follows: 
• Title of the measure or programme; 
• Form of assistance, if mentioned; 
• Indicative duration of programme if mentioned in a notif ication (if time is not mentioned in the table, the 
notification contains no refe rence to the duration of a measure or it says that the measure is not limited in 
time);  if a programme or measure has been discontinued or terminated but is still not notified, that 
means there were some pending liabilities (payments, collectibles, interest rate subsidies, guaranties, 
losses to be covered etc.) spilling over the next periods; 
• Principal beneficiaries 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 26  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Assistance to Central 
Heating and Coal 
Companies 
z 2002 
z Grant 
z Companies producing 
coal and central 
heating companies 
z BGN 55.15mln 
 
 To assist energy enterprises producing 
coal and central heating energy in 
conformity with the National Strategy 
for Long-term Development of the 
Energy Sector until 2010; and provide 
for restructuring and privatization of the 
energy sector and energy efficiency until 
2010. 
 
 
 
z Assistance to ore- 
mining units 
z 2002 
z Grant 
z Ore and Uranium 
mining units in 
liquidation 
z BGN 12.80mln 
 
 To assist with the reorganization of ore- 
mining sector, liquidation of capacities 
of poor deposit ore output units, and 
closing down and eliminating the 
harmful effect of production and 
processing of uranium output and waste. 
  
 
 G/SCM/N/95/BGR 
 Bulgaria 
 
z Assistance for 
reduction of soil and 
water pollution 
z 2002 
z Grants and soft loans 
z Firms and companies 
in environmental 
z  protection 
z Grants (BGN 
15.73mln); Soft loans 
(BGN 0.69mln) 
z 3 years average 
repayment period To reduce the polluting effect of the 
wastes on the soil and water through 
establishment of equipment for 
reprocessing and recycling, through 
building of water purif ication stations in 
order to restore the normal quality of the 
environment. 
 
G/SCM/N/95/CRI 
G/SCM/N/99/CRI  Costa Rica 
 z Inward Processing 
Regime 
z Subsidy 
z Enterprises that may 
not sell goods on the 
domestic market, or 
enterprises that sell 
goods on domestic 
market and re-export 
them 
z Date of issue of 
authorization to 
commence activities 
under the regime 
 To promote investment consistent with 
environmental and health regulations 
and to promote sust ainable development 
and the environment. 
 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC 
 European 
Communities  z Accompanying 
measures of Rural 
Development 
Programmes – European Agriculture 
and Guidance Fund 
(EAGGF) 
z Grants and area 
payments 
z Member States 
z EUR 6.91bln  
z 2000 - 2006 To support agro-environmental 
measures;  afforestation of agricultural 
land throughout the whol e EU and  early 
retirement and compensatory allowances for less-favoured areas.  
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 27 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Guidelines on the 
granting of aid to the 
national industries for 
Environmental 
Protection Measures 
(old version) 
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises in all 
kinds of industries 
(manufacturing and 
services related) 
z EUR 27,443,683;  
ATS 408.10mln 
z November 1996 –  
         March 2002 
 
 To provide economic assistance to 
environmental protection measures 
carried out by enterprises. 
 
 
 
 
z Guidelines on the 
granting of aid to the 
national industries for 
Environmental 
Protection Measures 
(new version) 
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises in all 
kinds of industries 
z EUR 6.703mln   
z Started:  2 April 2002 
 To provide economic assistance to 
environmental protection measures 
carried out by enterprises. 
 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.1  European 
Communities 
(Austria) 
z Guidelines on the 
granting of aid to the 
management of 
abandoned polluted 
sites  
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises and local 
authorities in favour 
of management of 
abandoned polluted 
sites 
z EUR 39,354,026;  
ATS 423.25mln 
z Started:  31 May 2002 
 To provide economic assistance to 
measures aimed at the rehabilitation of 
contaminated sites which are registered 
in the national register of contaminated 
sites. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 28  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Guidelines on 
granting of aid to  
Waste Water  
Management in   
industrial enterprises 
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises in all 
kinds of industries 
z EUR 10,442,123;  
ATS 54.74mln 
z Started: November 
1996 
 To provide economic assistance to waste 
water management projects. 
 
 
 
z Subsidies relating to 
the intensified use of 
biomass on energetic 
purposes through 
local biomass heating 
facilities 
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises in the 
manufacturing 
industries service 
related industries 
z EUR 1,742,237 
z Since 20 June 2001 – 
30 June 2005 To provide economic assistance to the 
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. 
 
 
 
 
 
z Vienna Structural and 
Environmental 
Improvement 
Programme  
z Non-payable cash 
grants 
z Viennese enterprises 
in manufacturing and 
service-related 
industries 
z EUR 7,744,317 
z Started: 16 April 1998 
 
 To provide economic assistance to 
investment projects in the fields of 
environmental protec tion, energy-saving 
and creation of employment. 
 
 
 
   
z Assistance to the 
Industrial Waste 
Water Management  
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z Enterprises in 
manufacturing 
industries 
z Regional budget EUR 
99,167 
z 24 January 2000 – 31 
December 2006 
 To provide economic assistance to the 
water protection measures. 
 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 29 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
  z Regional Planning 
Assistance Focal 
Point Programme 
(RPAFPP):   Energy-
related Environmental 
Protection Projects  
z 2001 – 2002 
z Non-repayable cash 
grants 
z EUR 596,474;  ATS 
17.06mln To provide economic assistance to the 
financing of alternative and renewable 
energy projects, like for instance 
biomass plants. 
z Deduction for 
investment, Articles 
68 to 77 Cir92 
z Share reduction 
z EUR 226.84mln 
z Started prior to 27 
March 1992 
 To facilitate investment in the research 
and development and energy saving 
sectors, as well as in SMEs. 
 
 
z Aid For Economic 
Growth 
z Non-recoverable 
investment premium 
z EUR 1,478,698,891 
z Duration depends on 
investment 
programme but 
premium paid in one, 
two or three trenches 
 To promote economic growth and save 
energy, water or raw materials;  protect 
the environment and adapt to European 
standards. 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.2  European 
Communities 
(Belgium) 
 
z Aid to SMEs and 
disadvantaged regions 
z Non-repayable 
premium, tax 
exemption, 
accelerated 
depreciation 
z EUR 100.71mln 
z No time limit 
 To carry out one or more operations 
aimed at achieving sustainable 
development and promoting job 
creation. 
 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.3 
 European 
Communities 
(Demark) z Environmental 
programmes 
agriculture 
(investments) 
z Tax relief, loans and 
guarantees  
z Farmers investing in 
storage facilities 
z DKK 51.9mln 
z Ended 31 December 
1996 
 To protect and improve the environment 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 30  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Aid for agricultural 
and fishery products 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z DKK 657.2mln 
z Commercial 
exploitation of 
resources 
z Scheme revised in 
2001   
 To promote the development of organic 
agriculture and fishery. 
 
 
z Environmentally 
friendly farming 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
114.3mln;  national – 
DKK 114.5mln 
z Permanent  
 To encourage environmentally friendly 
extensive cultivation and minimise the 
risks of pollution of the ground water 
resources. 
 
 
z Establishment of 
shelter belts 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds – DKK 
30.1mln;  national – 
DKK 56.9mln 
z Permanent 
 
 To prevent sand drift and obtain 
economic as well as planning, 
preservation for environmental purposes. 
 
 
 
z Organic farming 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
289.5mln;  national – 
DKK 504.5mln 
z 1994 - 1999 
 To facilitate the transition and improve 
the conditions for organic farming. 
 
 
z Modernisation of 
fishing vessels 
z Guarantee, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds – DKK 
67.3mln; national 
DKK 18.8mln 
z 2000 - 2002 
 To improve the effi ciency, quality and 
utilisation of resources in the fishing 
sector. 
 
   
z Experimental fishing 
and fish processing 
development 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z DKK 15.5mln 
z 2000 – 2002 
 To promote sustainable, selective and 
cost-effective fishing and processing. 
 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 31 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Environmental 
programmes -
agriculture 
investments 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z  DKK 50.6mln 
z Farmers 
z 2001 – 2003 
 To promote spreading and utilisation of 
manure in the fields. 
 
 
 
z Public Agricultural 
and Fishery Research 
Institution 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z DKK 1,854.7mln 
z Permanent 
 To promote agricultural and fisheries 
development with due consideration to 
sustainable utilisa tion and management 
of the terrestrial and aquatic resources. 
 
 
 
 
z Environmentally 
friendly farming 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
138.7mln;  national 
DKK 139.5mln 
z Permanent 
 To encourage environmentally friendly 
extensive cultivation of the areas and to 
minimise the risks of pollution of the 
ground water resources. 
 
z Establishment of 
shelter belts 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
21mln;  national DKK 
55.7mln 
z Permanent 
 
 To improve the biotope in order to 
protect the land against erosion caused 
by wind and to reduce the need for 
artificial irrigation in locations 
threatened by drought. 
 
 
 
 
 
z Organic farming 
z Guarantee, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds 
DKK282.7mln;  
national DKK 
302.9mln 
z 2000 - 2006 
 To facilitate the transition and improve 
the conditions for organic farming. 
 
   
z Fisheries – permanent 
withdrawal 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
166.9mln;  national 
DKK 171.9mln 
z Till 2006 
 To achieve a balance between the 
existing fisheries resources and their 
exploitation by reducing the fishing 
capacity. 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 32  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Investments in the 
processing for fish 
products 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z EU-refunds DKK 
102.5mln;  national 
DKK 33.9mln 
z Till 2006 
 To make the processing industry more 
competitive, environmentally friendly 
and economically viable. 
 
 
 
z Experimental fishing 
and fish processing 
development 
z Guarantees, loans and 
tax relief 
z DKK 10.1mln 
z 2001 – 2003 
 To identify new and sustainable, 
selective and cost-effective fish 
resources, fishing methods and 
processing. 
 
z Development 
programme for 
renewable energy  
z Grant 
z DKK 232.2mln 
z 2001 
 To reduce CO2 emissions from the 
energy production sector through 
development, demonstration and 
implementation of renewable energy 
technologies. 
 
z Act on CO2 Quota for 
Electricity production 
z Tradable CO2 
emission allowance 
z 2001 – 2003 
 
 To reduce CO2 emissions from power 
production. 
 
z Act no. 375 (1999) on 
Electricity Supply Bill 
replacing Act no. 
1088(1995) 
z Excess payment for 
electricity 
(decentralised 
combined heat and 
power plants;  
economic security for 
power plants;  
windmills) 
z DKK 6.246bln 
z 2003 
 To promote sustainable energy 
application. 
 
    
z Governmental subsidy 
for the combined 
power and heat 
distribution systems  
z Grants 
z District heating 
companies  
z DKK 26.6mln 
z 1 October 1994 - 2000 
 To promote the connection to district 
heating supplied by combined heat and 
power plants (CHP) based on coal in 
order to reduce CO2 emissions. 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 33 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Governmental subsidy 
for product oriented 
saving programme  
z Grants 
z DKK 43.8mln 
z 2001 
 To promote the development, marketing 
and utilisation of energy efficient 
products in households and public 
institutions;  and reduce the CO2 
emissions. 
 
 
z Electricity Saving 
Trust No. 1209 (1996) 
z Grants 
z DKK 1.5mln 
z No time limitation  
 To promote electricity savings in public 
and private households in accordance 
with socio-economic and environmental 
considerations. 
 
 
z Subsidies for energy 
savings in private 
companies 
z Subsidy 
z Companies 
z DKK 453mln 
z 2001 
 
 To support measures that ensure better 
energy efficiency or energy savings in 
private companies and reduce emissions 
of CO2. 
 
z Grant scheme for 
reimbursement of 
CO2 
z Grants 
z Certain energy 
intensive companies 
z DKK 252mln 
z No time limitation 
 To reduce emissions of CO2 from 
private companies with a high energy 
consumption. 
 
z Subsidies for 
Electricity Production, 
(N 11/97) 
z Subsidy 
z DKK1.160mln 
z 2001 - 2002 
 
 To reduce the CO2- emission by 
increasing the share of co-generation, 
reduce the power production based on 
coal and increase the production of 
electricity based on renewable sources. 
 
 
z Law No.3 (1992) - 
Grant scheme for 
investments, (N 4/92) 
z Grants 
z DKK 34.2mln 
z Till 2002 
 
 To reduce CO2 emissions by converting 
or expanding district heating plants to 
use of biomass fuels for heat or 
combined heat and power generation. 
 
   
z Subsidy scheme for 
Cleaner Products 
z Grants 
z Many different actors 
with project proposals 
z DKK 32.5mln 
z Depends on national 
budget 
 To reduce the environmental impact of 
products that may occu r in all phases of 
the product life-cycle. 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 34  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Product Development 
Scheme for Forestry 
and Wood Working 
Industry 
z Subsidies or loans 
z DKK 30.2mln 
z Since 1994 
 To make the forestry and wood -
processing industries more competitive 
and less sensitive to market fluctuations 
with a view to obtaining satisfactory 
utilisation of natural resource wood, 
which is an environmentally friendly 
raw material. 
   
z Environmental grants 
to freight transport by 
rail 
z Grant 
z Railway undertakings 
providing freight 
transport 
z DKK 65,251,251 
z 2006 
 To ensure a more environmental 
sustainable transport. 
 
z Environment loan 
programme for SMEs 
z Loans and interest 
rate subsidy 
z Manufacturing and 
service enterprises, 
and tourism industry 
z EUR 10mln 
z Usually subsidy given 
5-10 yrs to maturity 
 To promote environment protection, 
energy saving and circulation of raw 
materials. 
 
 
 
z Energy grants 
z Grant 
z Enterprises and 
communities 
z EUR 87,179,000 
z 5 years 
 
 To promote energy conservation,  
energy efficiency and the use of 
renewable energy;  reduce negative 
environmental impacts associated with 
energy production and usage;  and 
contribute to energy security and 
diversity of energy supply. 
 
z Aid measures 
connected to energy 
taxation 
z Grant 
z Plants producing 
electricity from wood 
z EUR 108mln 
z Indeterminate To promote the use of renewable energy. 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.4 
 European 
Community 
(Finland) 
 
z Grants for 
environmental 
protection 
z Grant 
z Enterprises, local 
authorities, joint 
municipal boards and 
other corporations 
z EUR 10.58mln 
z Indeterminate To promote environmental protection. 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 35 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Waste oil 
management 
z Grant 
z Enterprises with 
contract for waste 
management 
z EUR 8.19mln 
z Indeterminate 
 To protect the environment.  
 
 
   
z Aid in favour of 
composting plant in 
Åland  
z Grant 
z EUR 100,000 
z Linked to time of 
building a composting 
plant 
 To promote environm ental objectives.  
 
 
 
z Promotion of efficient 
use of energy 
z Grant 
z DM 4.308mln;   
EUR 2,891,655 
z 17 recipients 
z 2 – 3 years 
 To promote efficient use of energy and 
raw materials and use of renewable 
energies that have a pilot character 
beyond individual companies. 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.6   
 European 
Communities 
(Germany) 
 
z National programme 
for civil aeronautical 
research and 
technology (1999/02) 
z Non-repayable grants 
z EUR 61.4mln 
z 1999 - 2002 
 To encourage sustainable research in the 
fields of  low pollutant and safe Aircraft 
of the next generation;  low noise, all - 
weather helicopter;  and efficient and 
ecologically friendly engine. 
 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.7  European 
Communities 
(Greece) 
 z Law 2601/98 on 
subsidies to private 
investment for the 
Economic and 
Regional 
Development  
z Grants, interest 
contributions, leasing 
payment contributions 
and tax exemptions 
z Companies from all 
economic sectors 
z Dr 495,651,4mln 
z No time limit 
 To contribute to the protection of the 
environment and the savings of energy. 
 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.8  European 
Communities 
(Ireland) 
 z National Scheme for 
the control of farm 
pollution 
z Direct payment to 
farmer 
z EUR 13.55mln 
z Once-off payment 
 To assist smaller farmers to control farm 
pollution through the provision of grant 
aid for farm waste storage, winter 
housing for cattle and sheep, and 
ancillary farmya rd facilities. 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 36  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Grants for the 
scrapping of simple 
hull oil product and 
chemical tankers 
z Grants 
z EUR 113.58mln 
z Ship owners 
z 2000 - 2002 
 
 To scrap tankers older than 20 years for 
safety and environment reasons. 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.9 
 
 European 
Communities 
(Italy) 
 
z Law No. 10/91 
contribution to the 
National Energy Plan  
z Grant 
z EUR 9.68mln 
z No final term 
established 
 To promote energy efficiency, research 
and development, technological 
innovation and envir onment protection. 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.10 European 
Communities 
(Luxembourg) 
 z System for aid for the 
protection of the 
environment and 
rational use of energy 
z 2001 – 2002 
z Capital subsidy 
z Enterprises meeting 
the criteria in Article 7 of the Law 
z EUR 1mln 
 To promote investment to protect the 
environment and implement new 
techniques for the rational use of energy,  
new and renewable sources of energy. 
 
z Subsidy Scheme 
Economy, Ecology 
and Technology 
z Grant 
z EUR 83,034,450.54 
(NLG110mln) 
z Unlimited duration 
 To achieve scientific and technological 
innovations covering five themes 
sustainable industrial production 
processes, eco-design, transport, 
renewable raw materi als and renewable 
energy. 
 
 
 
z Test Programme for 
environmental 
technology projects 
z Subsidy 
z Small and medium 
sized enterprises 
z EUR 226,891 per 
project;  budget – 
EUR 1.36mln 
z Extended to 2003 
 To encourage small and medium-sized 
enterprises to apply new environmental 
technologies that contribute to the 
reduction of environmental cost of 
production. 
 
 
 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.11 
 European 
Communities 
(The 
Netherlands) 
 
z Credit scheme for 
environment -oriented 
product development 
z Loan 
z Small and medium 
sized companies  
z EUR 907,560;  
average loan per 
company EUR 
119,489  
z Scheme ended 2000 
 To facilitate projects of product 
development with technical risk, in order 
to achieve considerable reduction in the 
environmental impact and stimulate the 
use of such technology in product 
development. 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 37 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Scheme for surveying  
energy efficiency and 
environmental 
pollution in order to 
establish cleaner 
production 
z Subsidy 
z Small and medium 
sized enterprises 
z EUR 3,403.35  for 
one survey;  EUR 
5,672.25 for two 
surveys 
z End in 2003   
 
 To encourage small and medium-sized 
enterprises and non-profit organisations 
to list possible impr ovements (against 
costs) on energy efficiency and/or 
environment of buildings, products, 
installations and processes or parts of 
that. 
 
 
z Eureka programme 
(Micro-Electronics 
Development for 
European 
applications) 
z Grant 
z EUR 57.9mln;    
z 2001 – 2008  
 To address the main applications 
markets of the economy for personal 
safety and environment protection. 
 
 
z Law on environmental 
taxes on groundwater 
z Drinking water 
companies, farmers 
and industries 
z Tax concession (tax 
exemption or 
restitution) 
z EUR 0.57mln 
z Unlimited 
 To promote the exemption and 
restitution for the use of groundwater for 
environmental reasons. 
 
 
 
z Law on environmental 
taxes - regulatory 
energy tax 
z Tax concessions 
z EUR 212mln 
z Permanent To promote the renewable forms of 
energy as much as possible in the 
interests of the environment. 
 
   
z Regulation to 
stimulate the use of 
economical, silent and 
clean  modes of urban 
transport, both 
passengers and goods 
z Subsidy 
z NLG 3,200,000 
(feasibility research;  
R&D, practical 
experiments and 
demonstration 
projects);  EUR 
4.2mln;   
z Indefinite To stimulate research on, development 
and application of transportation and 
traffic techniques in order to contain air 
pollution in the urban environment 
caused by traffic. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 38  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Decision on subsidies 
to energy programmes 
z Grant 
z Total budgets EUR 
189.6mln;   Subsidy 
EUR 150.118mln for 
two  projects 
z Enterprises and non 
profit organisations 
for R&D 
z Since 1994 
 To promote the rational use of energy 
and use of renewable energy  
z Energy Equipment in 
non profit and other 
sectors 
z Grant 
z EUR 51.2mln for 
private persons 
buying wind turbine, 
EUR 7mln 
z 1998 – 2003  
 To stimulate investments in energy 
saving and renewable energy  
 
 
 
z Subsidy scheme for 
environmental 
technology 
z Grant 
z EUR 34mln annually 
z Unlimited duration 
 To encourage the development and 
wider application of new advanced 
environmental technology. 
 
 
 
 
z Research and 
development 
programme on soil 
remediation, soil 
protection and soil 
quality 
z Grant 
z EUR 4.5mln annually 
z Industries, 
universities, public 
research bodies and 
other public bodies 
z 10 years 
 To improve the knowledge-
infrastructure in the field of soil quality 
and to set up the transfer of knowledge 
in the field of soil quality, soil protection 
and soil remediation. 
 
 
 
 
z The Regulation on 
environmental 
investment deduction 
z Tax measure 
z EUR 5.4mln  
z Unlimited duration 
 
 To stimulate investments in 
environmental friendly capital 
equipment. 
 
   
z Foundation dealing 
with the national 
initiative for 
sustainable 
development 
z Grant 
z EUR 8mln 
z 10 years 
 To achieve leaps forward in sustainable 
development, meaning the creation of a 
link between prosperity and well being, 
a link between economic growth and 
improvement of the living environment. 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 39 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.12 
 European 
Communities 
(Portugal) z International 
Development Support 
Programme for Trade 
and Services 
z Subsidy 
z 1994 – 1999 
 To promote the sust ainable development 
of the competitiveness of trade and 
service enterprises in the context of a 
coherent strategy for the modernization 
and globalization of their activities. 
 
z Development of non-
energy mining   
z Non-repayable 
subsidy 
z Enterprises, 
associations of 
enterprises or 
institutions 
z EUR 4.41mln 
z 5 years  
 To promote development in the non- 
energy mining sub-sector of ore 
prospecting, mining and processing, and 
environmental rehabi litation of former 
mining sites. 
 
 
 
z Development of non-
energy mining 
z Non-repayable and 
repayable subsidy 
z Enterprises, 
association of 
enterprises and 
institutions 
z EUR 5.025mln 
z 5 years 
 To promote development in the non- 
energy mining sector of geological- 
mining prospecting and research and the 
alleviation of the environmental impact 
of non- energy mining activities. 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.13  European 
Communities 
(Spain) 
 
z SME Competitiveness 
and Consolidation 
Plan 
z Non-repayable 
subsidies 
z Small and medium 
sized enterprises 
z EUR 145,865,637 
z 2000  - 2006 To finance projects designed to 
introduce environmental quality and 
regeneration systems in SMEs. 
 
z Energy Research 
Programme 
z Grants or loans 
z Firms, individual 
investors, research 
and co-operative 
research institutes 
z Skr 126mln 
z Since 1975 
 To establish fundamental competence 
and expertise and  facilitate the 
transformation of the Swedish energy 
system in order to reduce the 
environmental and climatic effects of 
energy systems. 
 
 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.14  European 
Communities 
(Sweden) 
 
z Energy Technology 
Fund 
z Grants, soft loans and 
guarantees 
z Skr 160mln 
z Firms, individual 
investors, 
technological and co-
operative research 
institute 
z Since July 1988 
 To support R&D with a focus to develop 
new technology for energy production 
and for environmental protection. 
 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 40  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Grant for new Energy 
technology 
z Grants 
z Skr 246mln 
z Projects 
z Duration not specified 
 
 To support R&D with a focus to develop 
technology for the  sustainable use of 
energy sources. 
 
 
 
 
 
z Support to energy 
maintenance in the 
south of Sweden 
z Grants 
z Skr 125mln 
z Private firms, 
technological and co-
operative research 
institutes 
z 15 May 1999 – 31 
December 2002 
 
 To support R&D with a focus to develop 
technology for the sustainable use of 
energy sources and support investments 
in the energy sector aimed at improving 
environmental performance. 
 
 
 
z Grant for local 
Investment 
Programmes for 
Ecologically 
Sustainable 
Development 
z Grants 
z Skr 196mln 
z Projects 
z 1998 - 2001 
 To obtain higher levels of environmental 
protection compared to what is 
demanded by internat ional standards. 
 
 
 
z Investment Grant for 
certain investments 
within the Energy 
Sector 
z Grants 
z Skr 368mln 
z Projects 
z 5 years 
 
 To encourage sustainable use of energy 
sources within electricity production. 
 
 
 
z Support to Small 
Scale Electricity 
Production 
z Grant 
z Small scale energy 
facilities 
z Skr 480mln 
z 1 November 1999 – 
31 December 2002 
 To ensure viability for small scale 
producers of electricity, sourcing from 
environmental friendly and renewable 
energy production, i.e. windmills, hydro 
power and (Combined Heat and Power 
(CHP) plants. 
 
   
z Support to Wind 
Power Production 
z Tax reduction 
z Skr 200mln 
z Until 31 December 
2002 
 To ensure viability for producers of 
wind energy. 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 41 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Energy Tax 
Concession 
z Tax reduction 
z Skr 386mln 
z Projects 
z Started July, 1997 
 
 To reduce emissions of CO 2   and 
safeguard enterprises with energy 
intensive production from high tax level. 
 
 
z Waste Tax 
Concession 
z Tax reduction 
z Skr 1,155mln 
z From January, 2000 
  To reduce tax for certain categories of 
waste for environmental reasons. 
 
 
 
 
z Aid for adjustment of 
fishing effort 
z Grant 
z Community funds Skr 
41,664,660;  national 
funds Skr 36,369,289 
z 2000 – 2006 
 
 To achieve a sustainable balance 
between resources and their exploitation. 
 
 
z Investment Aid to 
Inland Fishing 
z Grant 
z Community funds Skr 
1,072,211;  national 
funds Skr 259,077 
z 2000 - 2006 To improve and maintain a sustainable 
and a financially strong inland fishing 
sector.  
 
z Investment Aid for 
Protection of Coastal 
Waters 
z Grant 
z Community funds Skr 
5,332,385 and 
national funds Skr 
4,081,973 
z 2000 - 2006 
 To achieve a sustainable balance 
between resources and their exploitation. 
 
z Collective Investment 
Aid in Small-Scale 
Coastal and 
Freshwater Fishing 
z Grant 
z Community funds Skr 
3,307,376 and 
national funds Skr 
3,185,268 
z 2000 - 2006 
 To achieve an ecologically sustainable 
and financially strong fisheries sector. 
   
z Aid for temporary 
cessation of fishing 
activities 
z Grant 
z Community funds Skr 
70,526 and national 
funds Skr 10,037 
z 2000 - 2006 
 To achieve a sustainable balance 
between resources and their exploitation. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 42  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Cleaner Coal R & D 
Programme 
z Grant 
z Contractors who 
manage DTI's 
Programme 
z £ 8.9mln 
z 6 years from 1999 
 To promote the development and export 
of environmentally friendly 
technologies. 
 
 
 
z Climate Change Levy  
z Tax exemption 
z Operators of recycling 
processes 
z £ 4.4mln 
z 10years (1 April 2001 
– 31 December 2011)  
 
 
 To negate any competitive disadvantage 
to those businesses using taxable 
commodities in selected recycling 
processes that compete with businesses 
using exempt taxabl e commodities in 
"non-fuel" and "dual-use",  less 
environmentally benign primary 
processes. 
 
 
z Emissions Trading 
z Incentive payments 
z Direct participants 
complying with 
scheme rules 
z £ 42,270,641 
z April 2002 – March 
2007 
 
 To achieve a significant amount of 
absolute emission reductions at a 
reasonable cost;  enable business to gain 
practical experience of emissions trading 
ahead of a European and international 
system;  and to help the City of London 
establish itself as a global centre for emissions trading. 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/EEC/Add.15 
 European 
Communities 
(United 
Kingdom) 
 
z Energy Efficiency 
Best Practise 
Programme 
z Grants and provision 
of information and 
guidance on energy 
efficiency 
z £ 2.3mln 
z Ongoing 
 To reduce green house gas emissions by 
encouraging businesses to move towards 
a low carbon economy;  and encourage 
the development and take-up of energy 
efficient and low carbon technologies. 
 
G/SCM/N/48/ISL/Rev.1 
G/SCM/N/60/ISL 
G/SCM/N/71/ISL Iceland 
 z Agricultural 
Agreements, 
Payments to milk 
farms and sheep farms 
z Direct payments 
based on support 
targets 
z ISK 6,200,600 
z Current Agricultural 
Agreements will 
terminate in August 
2005 (milk farmers) 
and in December 
2007 (sheep farmers). 
 To increase efficiency in the agro-food 
sector and integrating environmental 
issues with the agricultural policy. 
G/SCM/N/95/ISL 
 Iceland 
 z Agricultural 
Agreements - 
Payments to milk 
farms and sheep farms 
z Direct payments 
z ISK 7,118.9mln 
 To increase efficiency in the agro-food 
sector, ensuring self-sufficiency for the 
country's major commodity production;   
and integrating environmental issues 
with the agricultural policy. 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 43 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Milk and sheep 
farmers 
z August 2005 for milk 
farmers and 
December 2007 for 
sheep farmers 
 
z Subsidy for the Bekko 
and Ivory Industries 
z Grant 
z Non-profit 
associations 
z Yen 755mln 
z Since April 1991 
 To provide relief to the bekko and ivory 
industries injured due to the prohibition 
of trade by the Convention on 
International Trade in Endangered 
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 
(CITES). 
 
 
z Subsidy for promoting 
introduction of drastic high- efficiency 
energy use equipment 
for Civil use 
z Grant 
z Those who install LP 
Gas Engine Heat  
Pump Air 
conditioners 
z Yen 112mln 
z 1991 – 2001 
 
 To promote installation of LP Gas 
Engine Heat Pump Air conditioner for the purpose of saving energy. 
 
 
 
z System development 
of energy saving in 
mines 
z Contract 
z Metal Mining Agency 
of Japan 
z Yen 705mln 
z 1997 – 2001 To save energy on mine development. 
 
 
 
z Subsidy for promotion 
of coal production and 
utilization technology 
z Grant 
z New Energy and 
Industrial Technology 
Development 
Organization, Japan 
Coal Energy Center 
and Center for Coal 
Utilization Japan 
z Yen 19,441mln 
z Since 1993 To assist the development of  technology 
for coal production and utilization that 
cope with the environmental problem. 
 
 G/SCM/N/95/JPN 
 Japan 
 
z Subsidy for the cost of 
development of Waste 
Power Generation 
z Grant 
z Waste power 
producers 
z Yen 1,521mln 
z 1995 - 2004 To assist the construction of waste 
power plants for the diffusion of waste 
energy utilization. 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 44  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Subsidy for 
development of high- 
efficiency Waste 
Power Generation 
Technology 
z Grant 
z Yen 1,967mln 
z 1992 – 2003 
 To develop a new type of facility which 
can efficiently utilize the potential 
energy in waste  and help the 
development of high- efficiency waste 
power generation technology. 
 
 
z Subsidy for research 
on technology to 
introduce Waste -
Fired Power 
Generation 
z Grant 
z Yen 288mln 
z 1994 - 2004 
  To support the introduction of waste -
fired power generation to autonomous 
bodies by preparing manuals concerning 
power generation with waste. 
 
 
z Subsidy for loans to 
the Pollution 
Prevention Fund 
z Grant 
z Owners with mining 
rights 
z Yen 123mln 
z Since April 1973 
 
 To prevent the pollution caused by metal 
mines smoothly and effectively. 
 
z Investigation about 
optimum method  to 
recover environmental 
influence around 
Hydropower Station 
z Contract 
z Japan Electric Power 
Civil Engineering 
Association 
z Yen 38mln 
z 2001 - 2005 
 To research on river environment 
preservation to recover environmental 
influence around the Hydropower 
Station. 
 
   
z Additional 
depreciation on 
machinery of 
corporations used for 
improvement of 
agriculture  
z management 
z Tax deferral 
z Person or corporation 
engaged in forestry  
z 5 years after approval 
 To strengthen the management of 
forestry and improvement of number of 
labours who are engaged in forestry. 
 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 45 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Reserve for 
prevention from 
Mineral Pollution of 
Metal Mining 
z Tax deferral 
z Person or corporation 
engaged in mining 
industry 
z 1 April 1974 – 31 
December 2002 
 To prevent the mineral pollution relating 
to metal mining 
 
 
   
z Financial measures 
for Shochu B 
manufactures 
z Interest-free loan 
z Japan Breweries 
Association 
z Yen 1.39bln 
z 10 years 
 To reform the structure of Shochu B 
industry and to help the modernization 
of its environment protection facilities. 
 
 
 
z Aid for development 
and knowledge and 
information on 
sustainable production 
and consumption  
z One-off investment 
grant 
z Companies 
z NOK 38,425,000 
z Since 1 January 1990 
 To promote information and capacity 
building for more sustainable production 
and consumption patterns, including 
waste reduction and recycling. 
 
 
z Guarantee and Loan 
Facility to the 
company responsible 
for hazardous waste 
z Loan and loan 
guarantee 
z NOAH Holding AS 
z NOK31mln 
z Since 1991 
 
 To reduce the risk related to building 
and operating a plant for treating 
hazardous waste. 
 
 
 
z The Energy Fund 
z Grant 
z All types of 
companies 
z NOK 479mln 
z Since 1 January 2002 
until expiry date of 
agreement between 
Ministry of Petroleum 
and Enova To save energy and engage in 
environmentally friendly energy 
production (production from new 
renewable energy sources such as wind, 
biomass, solar, etc., and central heating 
based on new renewable energy sources, 
heat pumps and waste heat).  
 
 G/SCM/N/95/NOR  Norway 
 
z Norwegian 
Environmental Fund 
z Loans 
z Projects for both 
private and public 
sector 
z NOK 153.4mln 
 To stimulate companies to invest in or 
develop more environmental friendly 
technology, in order to reduce emissions 
of green house gases and other 
(environmentally) harmful emissions. 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 46  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Subsidies for Forest 
Management Planning 
z Grants 
z All owner categories 
of forest land 
z NOK 41.6mln 
z Since 1971 To stimulate forest management 
planning as a basic measure to promote 
sustainable forestry.  
 
z Subsidies for 
Afforestation and 
Silviculture 
z Grants 
z Prioriy to Northern 
and Western Norway 
and the mountainous 
regions  
z NOK 59mln 
z 1931 - 2003 
  To stimulate the establishment and the 
composition of quality forests at the 
same time as the environmental values 
related to biological  diversity, landscape 
cultural inheritance and recreational 
activities are attended to and further 
developed. 
 
 
z Subsidies for 
construction of forest 
roads 
z Grants 
z All forest owners 
z NOK 62.2mln 
z Since 1961 To encourage construction and 
reconstruction of forest roads for 
transport of round wood from the forest;  
ease access;  and provide possibilities 
for rational forest  management and 
operation of forest land. 
 
z National grant for 
environmental 
consideration when 
harvesting round 
wood in difficult 
terrain 
z Grants 
z All private, 
community or state 
forests 
z NOK 6.5mln 
z Since 1976 To promote harvesting methods with 
environmental advantages in steep and 
difficult terrain. 
   
z Subsidy for manual 
thinning 
z Grants 
z All forest owner 
categories 
z NOK 3.6mln 
z Since 1985 To create jobs and increase activity in 
rural regions through a sustainable 
utilisation of the forest resources. 
 
 
G/SCM/N/95/SVN Slovenia 
 • Fisheries development 
programme 
• Grants 
• Legal and physical 
persons involved in 
fishing 
• 74,095,921 SIT 
• 01 January 2000 – 31 
December 2002 
 To improve stock conservation and 
management, strengthening the 
monitoring of fishing activities. 
 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 47 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
• Support for energy 
saving and the use of 
renewable energy 
sources 
• Grants 
• Commercial 
companies and sole 
proprietors, 
municipalities and 
public institutions 
• 131, 600,000 SIT 
 To support energy saving in all sectors 
of the economy by increasing the use of 
the renewable energy sources and 
raising public awareness on energy 
conservation. 
 
 
 
• Environmental 
investments 
• Favourable loans 
• Commercial 
companies, other legal persons and sole 
proprietors 
• 6,500,000,000 SIT 
• 1 January to 31 
December 2002 
 To promote investments into waste 
water treatment;   waste management 
treatment (selective collection, recovery 
and treatment of waste);  cleaner 
technologies;  and investments for the 
reconstruction of the existent technology 
aimed at the reduction of specific 
substance and energy emissions. 
 
   
• Regional aid for local 
communities and 
administrative and 
local development 
coordination 
• Favourable loans and 
grants 
• Commercial 
companies and sole 
proprietors in Posocje 
• 440,224,110 SIT 
• 01 January 2000 – 31 
December 2006 
 To promote the development of a 
sustainable economy and the 
conservation of natural resources. 
G/SCM/N/95/CHE 
 Switzerland 
 z Transformation 
mandate for sugar 
refineries 
z 001 - 2002 
z Fixed allowance for 
the production of 
sugar 
z Sugar refineries 
z CHF 90,000 
z 4 years 
 To fulfil the mandate of producing 2,000 
tons of sugar processed from organic 
farming sugar beet. 
G/SCM/N/95/USA 
 United States 
 z Expensing of Certain 
Capital Outlays 
Related to Agriculture 
z Income tax 
concession 
z Farmers 
z $170mln 
z Indefinite duration 
 To promote soil and water conservation. 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 48  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Renewable Energy 
Resources (2002) 
z Grants, cooperative 
agreements and 
cooperative R&D 
(CRADAs) 
z All eligible private 
parties 
z $357.4mln To lead the national effort to develop 
renewable energy technologies;  
accelerate acceptance and use of 
renewable energy technologies; and 
improve the Nation's overall economy,  
energy security,  and environmental 
health through the development of clean  
and competitive power technologies. 
 
 
z Energy Conservation 
Programmes in the  
Transportation Sector 
z Grants, cooperative 
agreements and 
CRADAs5 
z All eligible private 
parties 
z $242.5mln 
z  To support development and use of 
advanced vehicle technologies and fuels 
which reduce demand for petroleum;   
decrease emissions of criteria air 
pollutants and green house gases;  and 
enable the US transportation industry to 
sustain a strong, competitive position in 
domestic and world markets.  
 
z Energy Conservation 
Programs in Building 
Technology, State and 
Community Sector 
z Grants, cooperative 
agreements and 
CRADAs6 
z All eligible private 
parties 
z $365.2mln To develop, promote and integrate 
energy technologies and practices that 
make buildings more efficient, 
productive and affordable. 
z Energy Conservation 
in the Industry Sector 
z Grants, cooperative 
agreements and 
CRADAs7 
z All eligible private 
parties 
z $131.7mln  To improve the energy efficiency, 
environmental performance and 
productivity of energy-intensive 
industries by developing and delivering 
advanced science and technology 
options. 
   
z The Clean Coal 
Technology 
Demonstration 
Programme 
z Cost-shared 
cooperative 
agreements 
z Coal 
mining/processing/refi
ning firms 
z $42,463,000 
z Since 1996 - 1997 
 To demonstrate a new generation of 
advanced coal-based  technologies which 
significantly advance the efficiency and 
environmental perform ance of either 
new or existing facilities such that the 
most promising technologies can 
successfully be applied toward 
commercial and operational uses.  
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 49 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Credits for Electricity 
Production from 
Wind,  Biomass and 
Poultry Waste 
z Income tax 
concession 
z Non-utility tax payers 
z $100mln 
z Until 2004 
z  To encourage the development and 
utilization of electric generating 
technologies that use specified 
renewable energy resources , as opposed 
to conventional fossil fuels. 
 
 
z Saltonstall-Kennedy 
Grant Program: 
Fisheries Research 
and 
z  Development 
z Grants 
z $11.1mln 
z Indefinite duration 
z  
z  To fund a wide range of research and 
development grants that mostly support 
effective conservation and management 
 of US fisheries and fisheries 
communities by increasing the 
biological, economic and social 
information needed for sound 
management.  
z Sea Grant 
z Direct federal grants 
z         individual, public 
or     
z         private 
corporation,   
z         partnership or 
other    
z         entity 
z $102.9mln 
z Annually 
z  To carry out research that addresses 
many aspects of the long-term economic 
development, environmental 
stewardship, and responsible use of 
marine and inland resources, including 
fish and shell fish . 
 
z Columbia River 
Hatcheries 
z Grants 
z Oregon Department of 
Fish and Wildlife 
z $16.53m 
z Indefinite duration 
z  To carry on activities for the 
conservation of fishery resources in the 
Columbia River Basin and fulfil a 
conservation role in preserving 
endangered salmon stocks (captive 
breed) and supplementing their 
recovery. 
 
z Investment credit and 
seven-year 
amortization for 
reforestation 
expenditures 
z Income tax 
concession 
z $10mln 
z  To promote re forestation on private 
timberlands.  
 
 
   
z Water and waste 
disposal funds 
z Loan 
z Public bodies and 
non-profit 
corporations 
z 40 years term of loan 
z  To construct and develop water and 
waste disposal systems-including solid 
waste disposal and storm drainage. 
 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 50  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
z Business and Industry 
Guaranteed Loans 
z Loan 
z Rural communities - 
Alabama 
z Ongoing 
z  To bolster existing private credit 
structure through the guarantee of 
quality loans that will provide lasting 
community benefits by increasing 
employment and improving the 
economic and environmental climate of 
rural communities. 
 
z Investment tax credit 
z Tax credit 
z All manufacturing and 
telecommunications 
companies 
z Ongoing 
z  To be used for investment, recycling, 
pollution control and defence conversion 
activities. 
 
 
 
z Marketing assistance 
and financial 
assistance 
z Customers of utility 
companies 
z $500,000 
z Ongoing 
z  To promote more efficient and clean 
supplies of energy 
 
 
 
z Solar photovoltaic 
manufacturing grants 
z Grants 
z Manufacturers of 
high-technology and 
renewable energy 
sources 
z Ongoing 
z  To encourage the full value–added 
product development and manufacture 
of a high technology, renewable source 
in Virginia. 
 
z Small timber 
harvester 
z Tax exemption 
z Individuals and small 
businesses 
z Ongoing 
z  To reduce tax burden on small tree 
harvests. 
 
 
   
z Small Cities 
Community 
Development Block 
Grant Program 
z Grant 
z Cities, villages and 
towns with 
populations of under 
50,000 and all 
counties except 
Waukesha, Dane and 
Milwaukee Counties 
z $100,000 for audits 
and $500,000 for 
remediation 
z Ongoing 
z  To assist communities to assess or 
remediate environmental contamination 
on abandoned, idle or underused and 
blighted commercial or industrial sites to 
promote development through 
environmental audits 
 
 
 
G/SCM/N/95/URY 
 Uruguay 
 z Forestry Law 
z Tax concession, tariff 
concession, partial 
refund of planting To increase the country's forest cover;  
expand and upgrade industrial plants and 
technologies for processing wood from 
cultivated forests;  and alleviate the  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 51 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-Related Objective 
costs 
z Producers who invest 
in afforestation 
z US $7,690,636 
z 12 years from time 
forests specified in 
Article 39 are planted; 
15 years for duties, 
taxes and surcharges 
 pressure on the country's native forests, 
and enhance their conservation and 
sustainable use. 
 
 
D. AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE  
15. In 2003, 174 notifications were submitted by  Members under the various Articles of the 
Agreement on Agriculture.  Out of these notifications, 34 (approximately 20%)23 were environment 
related.24  They were notified under Green Box measures and Article 18.3. This Note also includes 
information on bilateral assistance projects fo r Least-Developed Net Food Importing Countries 
(LDNFICs) notified under Article 16 which c ontains a reference to the environment.25 
16. The notified environment-related measures con cerned, among others, irrigation and drainage 
systems;  plant protection;  regional and technical assistance programmes in fishery, forestry and 
energy;  research and development on water, land a nd native vegetation;   environmental programmes 
and natural resource management;  infrastructural services;  extension and training.  These measures were aimed at improving management of water a nd natural resources;  reducing aggressive use of 
pesticides for environmental protection;  prom oting and coordinating effective planning and 
management for equitable, efficient and sustai nable use of land and other natural resources;  
encouraging tree growing and management into fa rming systems;  afforestation and renewal of 
vineyards;  improving production efficiency and op timal use of natural resource;  providing support 
for rural sector development in agribusiness;  assisting community groups in sustainable production 
and conservation of biodiversity;  managing protec ted species, habitats and aquatic ecosystems;  
developing infrastructural works for livestock and soil conservation;  training and encouraging farmers and ranchers to adopt  environmental benign farming practices;  and improving living 
conditions through sustainable development.  
                                                     
 
23 See Charts 6 and 7. 
24 See Chart 12. 
25 See Table 6. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 52  
 
  Chart 12:  Environment-related Agriculture Notifications (1997 -2003
) 
 
20222840 40
3234
051015202530354045
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
Table 6:  Environment-related Agriculture Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Renovation of irrigation and 
drainage systems in the lower 
reaches of the Mendoza River 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 To improve living 
conditions for the 
producers and rural population of the region by 
improving the 
management of water and natural resources. 
To improve the chemical 
and bio-chemical quality of the water in the canals 
through the elimination of 
pollution from agricultural 
drainage and industrial and 
urban effluents in the middle reaches of the 
Mendoza River. 
 G/AG/N/ARG/19 Argentina 
Article 18.3 of 
the Agreement  
z Integrated management of 
Carpocapsa and Grapholita in 
fruit orchards To reduce the use of 
aggressive pesticides, with 
corresponding benefits for 
the environment and public health. 
 
G/AG/N/ARG/20 Argentina 
(2000-2001) z Plant protection  To control food and 
agriculture, approve agro- WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 53 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
 "Green Box" 
measures 
 
General 
services 
  chemicals and 
pharmacological products, 
and provide laboratory 
services. 
G/AG/N/ARG/21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Argentina 
(2001) 
Article 16:2 of 
the Agreement  z Technical assistance provided 
through the Argentine 
Horizontal Cooperation Fund 
(FO-AR) programmes To fund agriculture, 
forestry and fishery 
projects in Barbados, 
Cuba, Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and the 
Grenadines and St Kitts & 
Nevis.   To fund Dominican 
Republic projects in 
industry and environment.  
To fund Jamaica projects 
in agriculture, forestry, energy and fishery. 
To fund Peru projects in 
natural resources, agriculture, forestry, 
fishery energy and 
environment. 
To fund Trinidad and 
Tobago  projects in agriculture, forestry, 
fishery and environment. 
Grains Research and Development 
  
 
  
 To conduct research and 
product development, improvement of production efficiency and 
optimal use of the natural 
resource base in the grains industry. 
z Red Meat Research and 
Development 
 
 
  
 
  To conduct research aimed 
at improving productivity and market performance of 
the meat and livestock 
industry and further the sustainable use and 
management of natural 
resources.  G/AG/N/AUS/49 Australia (2001-2002) "Green Box"  
Measures 
  
 
General Services – 
research 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  z National Climate Variability 
Program 
  
 
  
 To develop systems that 
improve the use of climate 
forecasts in the agriculture sector and help farmers to 
respond to the major 
opportunities and risks arising from climate 
variability. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 54  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
 
  
z Rural Industries Research and 
Development 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 To provide support for 
research management and 
development programmes for the rural sector,  
focussing on new and 
emerging plant and animal 
industries and generic 
programmes such as agribusiness, extension  
and climate change. 
 
z Sugar Research and 
Development 
 
 To conduct research aimed 
at fostering an internationally competitive 
and sustainable sugar 
industry. 
z Pest and Disease (Australian 
Animal Health Laboratory) 
  
 
  
 To maintain and develop 
rapid diagnostic services 
essential in maintaining Australia's freedom from 
serious exotic animal 
diseases.  
 
 
z Exotic Animal Disease 
Preparedness Programs 
 
 
  
 
 To fund research and 
national training 
programmes to private and 
Government veterinarians 
for exotic animal disease 
recognition, diagnosis and control. 
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
z National Feral Animal Control 
Strategy 
  
 To reduce the damage 
caused to agriculture and 
the environment by feral animals. 
 
   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 55 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z National Weeds Program To reduce the detrimental 
impact of nationally 
significant weeds on the 
sustainability of Australia's 
natural ecosystem and 
production capacity.   
 
 
 
z Wildlife and Exotic Disease 
Preparedness Program 
 
  
 
 
 To control the outbreak of 
exotic animal disease by 
developing practical field 
strategies to eradicate and control wild animals. 
 
  
Extension and Advisory services 
 
  
 
  
 z Building a National Approach 
to Animal and Plant Health 
 
  
 To improve Australia's 
animal and plant health infrastructure and to 
improve pest and disease 
prevention and emergency response capability. 
 
   
State/Territory Governments 
Research 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 • National Action Plan for 
Salinity and Water  
 
 
 To assist community-based 
regional bodies to develop 
integrated catchment or 
regional natural resource management plans 
targeting salinity and water 
quality.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 56  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
• Natural Resources 
Management Program To conduct research and 
data collection on land, 
water and native 
vegetation - including 
nutrients, salt, agri- 
chemicals and pesticides - to minimize land 
degradation. 
To identify impacts on crops, predict movements 
through the environment, 
and develop ways of understanding, recognizing 
and achieving long-term 
viability.  
 
• Tasmania Research 
  
 To develop and improve 
efficient and sustainable practices in agriculture. 
 
• Western Australia research 
 
 
 To conduct research and 
development into 
production processing, marketing of agricultural 
production, sustainable 
land management and pest and disease control. 
• Pest and disease control – 
Australian Capital Territory (Northern 
Territory R & D) 
 
  
 
 To control feral animals 
(pigs, donkeys, foxes, 
rabbits, dogs and horses), 
and to contain and eradicate noxious weeds 
and diseases from 
spreading to other parts. 
 
• Queensland – Pest 
management and Stock 
Route Services 
 To provide plant and 
animal protection and pest 
management services. 
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 • Rabbit Management 
  
 To minimize the 
economic, environmental 
and social impacts caused 
by rabbits by encouraging 
farmers to implement 
integrated rabbit control programmes.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 57 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
 
• Pest Animal Management  
To provide advisory 
services to minimise the 
economic, environmental 
and social impact on all 
lands in Victoria of actual 
and potential animal pests. 
 
• South Australia research 
  
To manage pest and disease threats to plant and 
animal industries. 
To train and develop in whole farm planning and 
sustainable natural 
resource management.  
• Western Australia 
research 
 To support training for 
sustainable rural 
management, trade and market development. 
 
• Natural Resources 
Management Program To help increase 
awareness about the sustainable management of 
natural resources. 
• South Australia 
  To provide extension 
advice to enhance 
sustainable economic development. 
 
• Western Australia 
  
 
 To support sustainable 
land resource development 
and management in the primary industries sector. 
To enhance production 
practices, promote ecologically sustainable 
development, and pest and 
disease control. 
 
• NHT14 – National 
Landcare 
 
  
To support States for the 
purpose of natural resource management.  
   
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
• NHT – National Rivercare 
Program 
 
 To assist community 
groups to contribute towards sustainable 
management, rehabilitation 
and conservation of rivers 
outside the Murray-
Darling Basin and to improve the health of these WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 58  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
river systems. 
 
• NHT – Murray-Darling 
2001 To promote and coordinate 
effective planning and management for the 
equitable, efficient and 
sustainable use of the 
water, land and other 
environmental resources of the Murray-Darling Basin. 
• NHT - Farm Forestry 
Program 
  
 
 To assist and encourage 
the incorporation of 
commercial tree growing and management into 
farming systems. 
 
• Australian Capital 
Territory 
 
 
 
 To assist community 
groups in sustainable 
production and 
conservation of biodiversity and natural 
resource management. 
 
• Rural Conservation Fund 
  
 
 To fund projects that 
address conservation 
criteria such as the management of protected 
species and habitats and 
aquatic ecosystems.    
• New South Wales 
Programmes 
 
 
 To fund programmes that 
prevent and mitigate 
degradation of land and 
water resources associated 
with agricultural production.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 59 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
• Northern Territory - Land 
Resource Conservation 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 To identify land resources 
and to evaluate their 
opportunities and 
constraints in order to 
ensure appropriate use and 
facilitate sustainable development. 
To  develop, promote and 
ensure land management practices which conserve, 
enhance, and where 
appropriate, rehabilitate land resources including 
the pastoral estate and to 
promote and support community Landcare. 
 
• South Australia – 
Revegetation 
 To promote revegetation 
projects by providing rural 
tree planting grants.  
• Tasmania 
 
 
 
 
 To provide services to 
agricultural producers to 
limit environmental damage and to encourage 
sound practices to 
minimise soil erosion, salination and water 
damage. 
 
• Western Australia 
 To provide environmental 
services for all agricultural 
industries.  Regional Assistance 
programmes 
• Rural Partnership Program 
 
 To encourage: profitable 
and self-reliant rural 
sectors which operate competitively and which 
can adapt to changing 
market, economic and resource conditions; 
sustainable management of 
the natural resource base; 
more robust, equitable and 
prosperous rural communities. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 60  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Chemical and contaminant 
risk systems 
 
 
 
  
 
 To analyse agri-chemical 
impacts, and implement 
control and compliance 
systems on use of 
Agricultural and 
Veterinary chemicals and environmental 
contaminants of food and 
fibre products. Australia Article 18.3 of 
the Agreement 
 
Safe and 
Ethical Food and Fibre 
Systems  
 Bio security 
Protection 
Services  
 
  z Pest and disease surveillance 
 
  
 To provide information on 
the animal and plant health 
status of Queensland through analysis and 
reporting systems. 
z Funds to Animal Health 
Australia and Plant Health 
Australia 
 
 
  
 To develop emergency 
response capability to 
rapidly detect and initiate coordinated responses to 
significant pests and 
diseases of animals and plants. 
 G/AG/N/AUS/50 
 
 
Building a 
National 
Approach to Animal and 
Plant Health 
z Funds to Fisheries Research 
and Development Corporation 
 
  To promote the delivery of 
animal, plant and aquatic 
animal pest and disease 
programmes. 
G/AG/N/AUS/51 
 Australia 
(2002–2003)  Article 16:2 of 
the Agreement  
  
Aid 
programme z Technical and financial 
assistance under paragraph 3 (iii) of the Decision 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 To reduce poverty and 
achieve sustainable development in developing 
countries not just by 
improving agriculture and rural development, but also 
by directing its efforts 
across a variety of sectors To assist developing 
countries through both 
bilateral and multilateral 
projects focusing on 
delivering more productive and sustainable agriculture 
to increase food security 
and rural incomes.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 61 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
  z Bilateral and Regional 
Programmes  
 
 To assist on agricultural 
productivity and 
sustainability, crop 
storage, forestry and 
fisheries, environmental 
management, management of water resources, the 
provision of infrastructure 
related to food security and to assist countries adjust to 
the new trading 
environment.  
z Research 
 
  
 
 To research in connection 
with environmental 
programmes and research programmes relating to 
particular products. 
 
z Pests and disease control 
 
 
  
 To provide funding for the 
National Veterinary 
Service (NVS) and the 
National Service for Plant Protection (NSPP). 
 G/AG/N/BGR/7 
 Bulgaria 
(2000-2001) 
"Green Box" Measures 
General 
services    
 
Infrastructure services 
z Environmental programmes To maintain, secure and 
preserve strategic hydro-
melioration infrastructure. 
 
G/AG/N/CAN/52 
 Canada 
(2000-2001) Article 16:2 of 
the Agreement z Canadian Partnership Branch To support the activities of 
international Environmental Non-
Governmental 
Organization (NGOs).  
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 62  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Research services 
 
 
 
 
 To research in connection 
with environmental 
programmes, and research 
programmes relating to 
particular products. 
 
z Infrastructural services 
 
 
  
 
  To develop livestock areas 
and zones and other 
infrastructural works for 
livestock (including works for environmental 
protection such as 
treatment of waste , etc.).  
z Subsidies for soil conservation 
works 
  
 
  To provide financial 
assistance for the 
construction of soil conservation works for 
agricultural development. 
  
z Conservation of rare breeds of 
farm animals 
  
 
 
 To subsidize the purchase 
of genetically improved 
sows (hybrits) in order to encourage the genetic 
improvement of the swine 
population. 
 G/AG/N/CYP/12 Cyprus 
(2001) 
"Green Box" 
Measures 
 
General services 
 
  
z Subsidies to plant protection 
associations To provide subsidies to 
plant protection associations which cover 
part of the expenses for 
pest and disease control, mainly for grapes and 
olives.  
 
z Structural adjustment 
assistance  
 
  
 
  
 To support crop 
production restructuring 
through afforestation; 
planting of fast growing trees;  and renewal of 
vineyards, hop gardens and 
orchards.  G/AG/N/CZE/45 
 Czech 
Republic 
(2001) 
"Green Box" Measures 
 
General services 
 
 
z Environmental Programmes 
 
 
  
 
z Non-Product Specific support  
 To support bee-keeping, 
ecological agriculture and 
cattle, sheep, goat and 
horse farming on permanent grasslands. 
 
To maintain and improve livestock, fish genetic 
potential and seed genetic  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 63 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
potential.   
z Support and Guarantee Farmer 
and Forestry Fund To support use of 
environmentally sound fuels. 
To support forest and 
water management. 
 
G/AG/N/DOM/4/Rev.1 
G/AG/N/DOM/8 
 Dominican 
Republic  (1999); 
(2000-2002) 
"Green Box" Measures 
Environmental 
programmes  z Natural resource development 
 To improve natural 
resource management. 
z Rural Life Development Fund 
(RLDF) 
  
 
 To support growing 
certified seeds in order to 
increase protection against plant diseases and wild 
oats. 
 
z State budget 
 
  
 To support agri- 
environment programmes 
(including converting to organic farming). 
 G/AG/N/EST/10 
 Estonia (2002) 
"Green Box" 
Measures 
Environmental 
programmes 
 
 
z Regional Assistance 
programmes 
 To support liming of acid 
soils in areas determined by the respective soil 
research laboratories. 
 
G/AG/N/EEC/46 
 European 
Communities 
(2001-2002) Article 16:2 of 
the Agreement  z Buthan Renewable Natural 
Resources - Extension Support 
Project (1997-2003) 
z Egypt Kafr El Sheik Soil 
Improvement 
z Programme for Agricultural 
Development and Land 
Conservation (1998-2004) 
z Phong Sali Forest 
Conservation and Rural 
Development (1998-2003) 
z Tunisia Programme for 
Integrated Rural Development 
and Management of Natural 
Resources  
 To provide technical and 
financial assistance for 
development projects. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 64  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Agricultural research services  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  To improve forestry 
development and 
management.  
To identify and select  
broccoli cultivars;  
thresholds for the control of plutella, aphids, "gallina 
ciega" (Phyllophaga spp) 
and lepidoptera using chemical and organic 
products and other 
management techniques.  
z Extension and training 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 To improve the living 
conditions of rural 
communities for the sustainable development of 
natural resources. 
To ensure high quality reproductive material 
(genetic and physical). 
To promote development of forestry and mangrove 
conservation management. 
To  train teachers for 
forestry education and 
incorporate forestry education in the national 
education system.  
 
z Technical assistance 
 
 
  
 
  To improve the living 
conditions of the Petén 
rural communities through 
sustainable management of natural resources by 
municipalities and rural 
communities.   G/AG/N/GTM/26 
 Guatemala  
(1997-2001) 
"Green Box" 
Measures  
 
  
General 
Services  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  z Mangrove conservation 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  To enhance rural 
development for the Sierra 
de los Cuchumatanes, by increasing production and 
the productive capacity of 
the rural population of the area, while taking account 
of natural resource 
conservation.  
To protect the plant and 
animal health of the national agricultural 
heritage. 
   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 65 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Technical assistance to 
continental rural –farming 
 To elaborate standards, 
procedures to prevent the 
entry and dissemination of 
plant and animal pests and 
diseases. 
 
z Support and facilitation of pre-
investment activities 
 
  
 
 To support and facilitate 
the pre-investment and 
financial administration 
activities of agricultural, livestock, forestry and 
hydro biological projects 
    
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
Environmental programmes 
 
  
 z Infrastructure services 
 
 
  
 
  
 To manage renewable and 
natural resources and 
development of the rural 
populations. To protect and conserve 
the Guatemalan Fir, 
prevent and control forest fires  and  manage 
reafforestation. 
To enhance the productivity and 
competitiveness of the 
various economic activities 
in the agricultural, forestry 
and hydro-biological sector. 
To protect agriculture, 
monitor epidemiology, certify seed, phytosanitary, 
water and soil standards, 
food and hydro biological safety. 
Israel  (2001) 
"Green Box" 
Measures 
 
Services provided for 
farmers z Plant protection services 
z Soil conservation and drainage 
department 
z National park protection 
authority 
 To provide overall 
management of specialised 
administrative services. 
 
 G/AG/N/ISR/30 
 
Regional 
Assistance 
Programme z Clean Arava Project To  clean the Arava area 
from pesticides ( a part of 
the Mediterranean Fruit 
Fly Project). WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 66  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
Latvia  
(2001) 
"Green Box" 
Measures  
 
General Services 
 z Culture - technical and agro-
technological improvement 
 
 
 
  
 To carryout technical and 
agro-technological 
improvements of  soils;  
maintenance of 
melioration system;   and 
hydrometry and cadastre for melioration. 
 G/AG/N/LVA/7 
 
Environmental 
programmes z Biological agriculture To promote use of 
biological methods in agriculture. 
z Research programmes 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 To support specific needs 
related to agriculture –pedigree work;  
maintenance of genetic 
fund and seed breeding;  development of science 
(technical equipment);  
and centre of comparing 
plant sorts. 
 G/AG/N/LVA/7/Rev.1 
 
 Latvia (2001) 
"Green Box" Measures 
 
  
 
Environmental 
programmes 
z Infrastructural services 
 
  
 
  
 To improve soils for 
technical and agro-
technological purposes; maintain melioration 
system; hydrometrics and 
cadastre for melioration.  
 
Latvia (2001-)  
Article 18:3 of the Agreement 
 
Environmental programme 
 z Support for Biological 
Farming 
 
 
  
 
 To develop 
environmentally friendly farming practice:  farmers must acquire a Biological 
Farming Certificate to be 
eligible for this support. G/AG/N/LVA/8 
 
Structural 
adjustment 
assistance z Renovation of technical 
equipment of agricultural 
production 
 To promote use of energy 
saving technologies. 
G/AG/N/MAR/28 
 Morocco 
(2001) "Green 
Box" measures  z Agriculture research, 
monitoring and evaluation of 
the sector 
 To improve genetic, 
veterinary research, agro-
economics studies, statistical surveys, 
agricultural census, and 
monitoring and evaluation. To recycle waste water and 
environmental 
management.   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 67 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
G/AG/N/NIC/11 
 Nicaragua 
(1997-2000) 
"Green Box" 
measures 
 
General Services 
 z Agricultural Research 
 To provide support service 
in animal production. 
z Support services  
  To provide support 
services for green municipalities.  
G/AG/N/NIC/16 
  
 Nicaragua 
(2002) "Green Box" 
measures   
 General 
Services  z Agricultural Research 
 To provide support 
services for the promotion of research into sustainable 
forestry. 
 
z Subsidy to Ecological 
Production 
  To subsidize research on 
and to farmers changing to 
ecological production methods. 
 G/AG/N/NOR/41 
 Norway 
(2001) 
"Green Box" measures 
 
Environmental Programmes 
 z Subsidy 
 
 
 To subsidize producers 
who refrain from field 
work on areas exposed to 
erosion in autumn. To provide subsidy to 
production on steep areas. 
To support fixed area ecological production . 
 
G/AG/N/OMN/1 
 Oman 
(2000-2002) 
"Green Box" 
Measures General 
Services 
 z Research services To provide research 
services including 
livestock development and 
forestry improvement. 
z Inspection services 
 
 
  To ensure quality control 
of seeds and soil,  and 
quality control and 
protection of plants.  
z Plant protection 
  
 To provide pest and 
disease control measures.  
 G/AG/N/POL/58 
 Poland 
(2001) 
"Green Box" 
Measures  
General 
services 
 
  
 
  
 z Research 
 
  To improve the production 
potential of plants and 
animals.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 68  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
 Other z Structures and infrastructures  To facilitate modernisation 
of rural infrastructure and 
environment protection. 
 
G/AG/N/ROM/20 Romania 
(2000-2002) 
"Green Box" Measure 
 
Structural and infra-structural 
services 
 z Research and development of 
infrastructure services To improve the acidity and 
alkalinity of soils. 
z Plant genetic sources 
 
 To assist with ecological 
procedures. 
 G/AG/N/SVK/35/Rev.1 
 Slovak 
Republic 
(2001) 
"Green Box" measures 
Environmental 
Programmes 
 z Animal genetic sources 
  
 To provide compensation 
payments. 
 
z Research subsidy services 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 To carryout research 
programmes and projects;  
National Agricultural 
Projects;  qualification 
programmes for national 
institutions;  and scientific research work in field of 
forestry and agriculture. 
 
 
z Pest and disease control 
services 
 
  
 
  
 
 To protect plant, regulative 
and preventive animal 
health, veterinary 
measures, Veterinary Institute of Slovenia, and 
Animal Health Centre of 
Slovenia.  
 G/AG/N/SVN/25 
 Slovenia 
(2002) 
"Green Box" 
Measures   
 General 
services 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 z Extension and advisory 
services 
 
 
 
  
 
  To provide public forestry 
services, agricultural 
advisory services, control 
service of livestock 
breeding, expert services 
in livestock breeding, plant production, Chamber of 
Agriculture and Forestry - 
agriculture advisory service.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 69 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Infrastructural services  
 
 
 
 
  
 To promote development 
of infrastructure connected 
with agricultural 
development, the 
reconstruction of forest 
roads, land drainage, accumulation programmes. 
   
Environmental 
programmes 
 
z Subsidy for ecological 
production methods 
  
 
  To financially support 
steep area pasture, forest 
tendence, and provide preventive forest 
protection subsidy for 
production on steep areas. 
z Resource conservation and 
environmental management 
  
 
 To promote sustainable 
utilization of the natural 
agricultural resources, viz, the soil, water resources 
and vegetation and protect 
the environment. 
z Auxiliary and associated 
services  
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  To render auxiliary 
services associated with distribution of information, 
liaison between 
agricultural industries, library services and 
contract research by 
institutions, in-service training, international 
liaison, government 
transport and contribution to soil conservation 
activities. 
 G/AG/N/ZAF/47 
 South Africa 
(2001-2002) 
"Green Box " measures 
 
General 
Services 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  z Agricultural Engineering 
Services 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 To promote the sustainable 
utilisation of natural agricultural resources, 
planning and development 
of agricultural engineering products, provision of dip 
tanks in rural areas, 
mechanization programme, maintenance of contours 
and other services. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 70  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
  
Environmental 
programmes 
 z Soil conservation works To finance the essential 
soil conservation works to 
improve and protect the 
soil. 
G/AG/N/CHE/30 
 Switzerland 
(1999-2002) 
Article 16.2 of 
the Agreement z Technical and financial 
assistance under paragraph 
3(iii) of the Decision To promote prosperity and 
the strengthening of the 
basic conditions for 
sustainable development; 
and to protect the natural 
environment.  
G/AG/N/TTO/2/Rev.1 
 Trinidad and 
Tobago 
(1995-1997) "Green Box" 
Measures 
General Services 
 z Animal Production and Health 
z Eastern Caribbean Institute of 
Agriculture and Forestry 
 To conduct research on 
pests and disease control;  
extension and advisory services; and inspection 
services. 
G/AG/N/TTO/4 
 Trinidad and 
Tobago (1998-2000) 
"Green Box" 
Measure General 
Services 
 z Animal Production and Health 
z Eastern Caribbean Institute of 
Agriculture and Forestry To conduct research on 
pests and disease control;  extension and advisory 
services; and inspection 
services. 
z Agricultural Research Service 
 
 
 
 
  
 To conduct research on a 
wide variety of topics 
including soil and water 
conservation, plant and 
animal sciences, human 
nutrition, and integrated agricultural systems.   
 G/AG/N/USA/43 
 United States 
(1999) 
"Green Box" 
Measures 
z National Fertilizer 
development 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 To conduct research on 
problems related to agricultural development, 
environmental quality, and 
fertilizer material and practices;  and provide 
information about family 
farming and profitability using sustainable and 
environmentally friendly 
methods.   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 71 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Pollution prevention/model  
 
 
 To research and help 
chemical dealers and 
farmers prevent ground 
water contamination. 
 
z Waste management 
programme 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 To research on 
development of efficient wetlands and of organic 
plant food and cattle feed 
from agricultural wastes 
(broiler litter), and other 
creative waste management methods. 
 
z Conservation Program 
Technical Assistance 
 
  
 
  
 
  To train and assist 
producers to participate in 
environmental and 
conservation programs, such as the Conservation 
Reserve Program (CRP), 
Environmental Quality Incentives Program, and 
the Wetland Reserve 
Program.  
z Alternative Agricultural 
Research 
  
 
 
 To provide assistance in 
developing new products 
from agricultural and forestry material and 
animal by-products. 
 
z Animal & Plant Health 
Inspection Service (APHIS 
 
 
 To protect animal and 
plant resources from destructive pests and 
diseases. 
   
z Natural Resource 
Conservation Service (NRCS) 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 To advise and promote 
conservation of soil and 
water; provide technical 
assistance, conduct soil surveys, and assesses 
erosion factors. 
To assist individuals and localities to develop area-
wide plans for resource 
conservation and development. 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 72  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Programme Environment-related 
Objective 
z Wildlife Habitat Incentives 
Program 
 
 
 
 To provide technical and 
cost-share assistance to 
landowners to develop 
habitat for upland wildlife, 
wetlands wildlife, 
endangered species, fish,  and other wildlife. 
z Wetland Reserve Program  
  
 
 
  
 To conserve and restore 
wetlands through long-term agreements;  
encourage producers to 
implement a conservation 
plan and retire crop 
acreage base. 
z Farmland Protection Program 
 
  
 
 
 
 To make conservation 
plans and purchase  
easements through State, tribe or local government 
agencies, to protect top 
soil by limiting conversion 
to non-agricultural uses. 
   
z Environmental Quality 
Incentives Program (EQIP) 
 To encourage farmers and 
ranchers to adopt practices 
that reduce environmental 
and resource problems. 
G/AG/N/USA/46 United States 
(1999-2000) 
Article 16:2 of the Agreement z Technical assistance to LDC To support agriculture and 
give technical assistance 
for natural resource management. 
 
 
E. AGREEMENT ON ANTI -DUMPING  
17. In 2003, 142 notifications were s ubmitted by Members under the Agreement on 
Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994 on Anti- dumping.  Out of these, 2 notifications were 
related to the environment, which accounted for approximately 1 per cent of the total.26 
18. They contained non-imposition of countervailing measures on subsidies aimed at promoting 
the adaptation of existing facilities to new environmental requirements.27 
 
                                                      
26 See Chart 6, 7 and 13. 
27 See Table 7.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 73 
 
 
   Chart 13:  Environment-related An ti-dumping Notifications (1997 – 2003)  
 
4
13
0012
01234
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
 
Table 7:  Environment-related Anti-dumping Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related  
Objective 
G/ADP/N/1/ARM/1 
 Armenia 
 Subsidies that promote adaptation of 
existing facilities to new environmental requirements shall not be subject to 
countervailing measures, provided that 
the subsidy is directly linked to and proportionate to a firm's planned 
reduction of pollution, and does not 
cover any manufacturing cost savings which may be achieved. 
 To promote adaptation of 
existing facilities to new environmental 
requirements and to reduce 
pollution.  
G/SCM/N/1/JOR/2 
 Jordan 
 Countervailing measures shall not be 
imposed on subsidies that assist firms to adapt to the new environmental requirements, provided that the 
percentage of subsidies does not exceed 
20% of the cost of adaptation and the institution has been operational for a 
period of at least two years before the 
date of the new environmental requirements. To assist firms and 
institutions to adapt to new environmental 
requirements.  
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 74  
 
  F. 
AGREEMENT ON IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES (ILP) 
19. In 2003, 50 notifications were submitted by  Members under the ILP Agreement.  Out of 
these, 16 notifications were environment-related28, representing a proportion of 32 per cent of the 
total.29  
20. A significant number of these notifications made reference to import licensing requirements 
related to the compliance of international obliga tions under multilateral environmental agreements 
(MEAs), such as the CITES on endangered species, M ontreal Protocol on ozone-depleting substances, 
and Basel Convention on hazardous and toxic waste.  
21. The notified measures consisted of, among others , bans and prohibitions, permits, automatic 
and non-automatic import licenses, license fees, ex port licenses and control of movement on wild 
animals, plants, ozone depleting substances, such as CFCs, hazardous waste and chemicals aimed at 
protecting the environment and preserving biodiversity.30 
 
Chart 14: Environment-related ILP Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
1520
1017
71316
0510152025
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
 
 
                                                      
28 See Chart 14. 
29 See Charts 6 and 7. 
30 See Table 8.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 75 
 
 
  Table 8:  Environment-related ILP Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
G/LIC/N/3/ARM/1 
 Armenia 
 Permit for imports of wild 
animals, zoological collections 
and separate samples To protect, preserve and 
effectively utilize 
biodiversity;  ensure the 
protection of bio-safety of 
natural ecosystems as well as peculiar and diverse 
gene pools, composing the 
country's national wealth.  
G/LIC/N/3/BRA/3 
 Brazil 
 Import licences (automatic and 
non automatic) To target products that 
cause environmental 
damage in order to reduce their impacts. 
 
Import licensing of seeds and 
propagating material of agricultural and horticultural 
plants, the seed  and plant 
material of forestry plants  
 
 To assure the minimum 
quality of the seed and propagating material of 
species of agricultural and 
horticultural plants and the cultivating material of 
forestry plants. 
Automatic import licensing of plant- protection products 
  
 To provide the consumers 
with quality plant- 
protection products harmless to health and 
environment. 
Non automatic licensing of 
species covered by annexes of the 
Convention on International 
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 
and hunting trophies  To conserve the nature and 
the endangered species of 
fauna and flora and to 
implement international agreements.  
 
 G/LIC/N/3/EST/3 
 Estonia 
 
Licensing of imports of ozone 
depleting substances To protect the environment 
and the human health. 
 
Ban of all imports of ozone -
depleting substances from non-parties to the Montreal Protocol  
 To protect safety, health, 
environment.  
 G/LIC/N/3/HKG/7 
 Hong Kong, 
China 
 
Licences/certificates for import of 
ozone-depleting substances  
 
  
 
  To ensure that the amount 
of ozone-depleting substances retained for 
local consumption does 
not exceed levels agreed under the Montreal 
Protocol on substances that 
deplete the Ozone Layer.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 76  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
  
Import control system for sand 
 
 
 
 
 To enable the protection of 
beaches and seabed in 
Hong Kong Special 
Administrative Region  
(HKSAR). 
 
Plant Import Licence (PIL) and authorisation in writing (AIW) 
required  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 To establish an effective 
means for plant quarantine 
to prevent the spread of 
plant pest in compliance with the recommendations 
of the Plant Protection 
Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region and the 
International Plant 
Protection Convention (IPPC). 
 
Import licensing system for 
endangered species of animals 
and plants 
 To protect endangered 
species and to prevent 
them from over-
exploitation in accordance with CITES 
   
Import control on waste To enable the country to 
fulfil its international 
obligations under the Basel Convention and serves to 
ensure environmentally 
sound management of waste. 
G/LIC/N/3/IDN/2 
 Indonesia 
 Automatic licensing for imports 
of CFC, methyl bromide, 
hazardous goods, wastes and scraps To safeguard public health 
and  security, to protect the  
environment, to fulfil obligations in international 
agreements and other 
legitimate needs. 
G/LIC/N/1/KEN/1 
G/LIC/N/3/KEN/2/Add.1 
 Kenya 
 Export licence for wood charcoal 
and timber, ivory, rhino horns and 
other products related to 
endangered species 
 
  To ensure that goods meet 
technical, phytosanitary, 
health and environmental 
standards.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 77 
 
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
  Import licences To ensure that goods meet 
technical, phytosanitary, 
health and environmental 
standards. 
G/LIC/N/3/KEN/2 
 Kenya 
 Import licensing and prohibition To ensure public safety, 
sanitary and phytosanitary 
measures and protection of the environment. 
Non automatic licensing of 
dangerous chemicals  
  
 
  
 
 To control dangerous 
chemical substances:  their 
quantities, imports and exports in order to restrict 
their use in accordance 
with the national legislation and to fulfil its 
international obligations. 
 G/LIC/N/3/LTU/1 
 Lithuania 
 
Non automatic import licensing of 
electric fishing apparatus To protect the environment 
Import Licensing, health controls 
and control of importation of plant 
 
  
 
 
 To protect public health, 
animal health, animal welfare and prevent the 
introduction into and 
spread within territory of destructive plant diseases 
and pests.  
 
Import license for ozone depleting substances  
 
  
 
 To comply with and abide 
by the rights and obligations set out in the 
Montreal Protocol and to 
impose a quantitative limit that do not exceed levels 
agreed under the said 
Protocol. G/LIC/N/3/MAC/5 
 Macao, China 
 
Import license of endangered 
species of animals and plants in 
Annexes I, II and III of the Convention on International 
Trade in Endangered Species of 
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). To preserve animal and 
plant health, animal life, as 
well as to prevent exploitation of endangered 
wildlife in accordance with 
the CITES. 
G/LIC/N/3/MAR/3 
 Morocco 
 Import licensing   
 
  To protect public health 
and safety and the 
environment. 
G/LIC/N/3/SGP/4 
 Singapore 
 Automatic and non automatic 
import licensing  
Import licenses granted only for products originating in countries 
which are signatories to the 
Montreal Protocol 
Licensing fees for product To ensure compliance with 
obligations under 
international agreements and to ensure that health, 
safety, environmental and 
national security objectives 
are met. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 78  
 
  Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
licences, dealers' licence 
Conditional import licensing 
regulated by Article 11 for Methyl 
Bromide, HCFC and Industrial Use Explosives 
 
  To restrict imports for 
environmental/ecological 
protection and in order to be in line with the 
Montreal Protocol. 
 
Letter of Approval for the 
Importation of Breeding 
Livestock and Poultry and Genetic Resources according to 
the "Animal Industry Act". 
  
 
 
 To ensure a healthy 
environment to facilitate 
the control of animal species or breeds and to 
quarantine and track the 
imported breeding animals and genetic resources. 
 
 
Non automatic import licensing of yellow-fin tuna, bluefin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, sword fish, 
big-eye tuna  To protect marine ecology 
and ensure maintaining continuing use of fishery 
resources. 
 G/LIC/N/1/TPKM/3/Rev.1 
G/LIC/N/3/TPKM/1/Rev.1 
 Taiwan, 
Penghu, 
Kinmen and 
Matsu 
Non automatic import licensing of 
oil and petroleum products To promote the sound 
development of the oil industry and give equal 
consideration to 
environmental protection.  
G/LIC/N/1/TUR/4 
G/LIC/N/3/TUR/5 
 Turkey 
 Convention on International 
Trade in Endangered Species of 
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 
document required for the 
importation of the species listed on the Import Cominiqué 2003/19 
 To ensure control of 
imports for the  
sustainability of  
endangered species. 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 79 
 
 
  G. AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
22. In 2003, 94 notifications were submitted by  Members under the Agreement on Safeguards.  
Out of these, one notification was environment related.31   
23. This notification referred to a provisional saf eguard measure aimed at allowing the timber 
industry to use clean and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes.32   
Chart 15:  Environment-related Sa feguards Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
0111111
012
1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003
 
 
 
Table 9:  Environment-relate d Safeguards Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure  or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
G/SG/N/10/ECU/2 
 Ecuador 
 Provisional safeguard measure of an 
additional duty of 15 per cent ad valorem applicable to imports of medium density 
fibreboard (MDF) To allow the timber 
industry to continue to operate with the state-of-
the-art technology and to 
lead the way in using 
clean, environmentally-
friendly manufacturing processes. 
 
 
 
                                                      
31 See Chart 15. 
32 See Table 9. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 80  
 
  H. 
STATE TRADING  
24. In 2003, there were 29 notifications submitted by Members under Article XVII: 4(a) of the 
GATT 1994 and Paragraph 1 of the Understanding on th e Interpretation of Article XVII.  Three of 
these notifications contained environment-related provisions33, which contributed to around 10% of 
the total.34 
25. They were related to the introduction and main tenance of state trading enterprises with the 
objectives to conserve and develop renewable energy, to protect natural resources and the 
environment.35 
Chart 16:  Environment-related State Trad ing Enterprises Notifications (1997 – 2003)  
 
01
00123
0123
1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003
 
 
 
                                                      
33 See Chart 16. 
34 See Charts 6 and 7.  
35 See Table 10.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 81 
 
 
  Table 10:  Environment –related State Trading Enterprises Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
G/STR/N/9/CHN/
Add.1 
 China, People's 
Republic of 
 Introducing and maintaining state trading enterprises for import and export 
products  To protect the exhaustible 
and non-recyclable natural 
resources and the environment so as to 
realize the goal of 
sustainable development.  
Introducing and maintaining state trading 
enterprises for isotope production and 
distribution programme  
 
 To ensure isotope 
production infrastructure is 
operated in a safe, secure, environmentally compliant 
and cost-effective manner. 
 G/STR/N/4/USA 
 United 
States 
 
Introducing and maintaining state trading 
enterprises for power administration To encourage 
conservation, develop 
renewable energy 
resources and to protect, mitigate and enhance the 
fish and wildlife of the 
Columbia River and its tributaries. 
 
Introducing and maintaining state trading 
enterprises for isotope production and 
distribution programme  
 To ensure isotope 
production infrastructure is 
operated in a safe, secure, environmentally compliant 
and cost-effective manner. G/STR/N/7/USA 
 United 
States 
 
Introducing and maintaining state trading 
enterprises for power administration  
 
To encourage 
conservation, develop renewable energy 
resources and to protect, 
mitigate and enhance the fish and wildlife of the 
Columbia River and its 
tributaries.  
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  I. 
AGREEMENT ON TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS ) 
26. In 2003, among the 139 notifications submitted by Members under Article 63.2, five of them 
contained environment-related provisions36, which accounted for around 4 per cent of the total.37 
27. These measures related to general provision regul ations, exemption of protection by patent, 
supplementary protection certificates for medicines,  protection rights and custom measures.  They 
aimed at the protection of human, animal or plant life or health and the environment;  supporting the 
conservation and sustainable use of genetic r esources;  and the protecting plant varieties.38 
 
Chart 17:  Environment-related TRIPS Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
0135516
5
024681012141618
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
 
 
                                                      
36 See Chart 17. 
37 See Charts 6 and 7. 
38 See Table 11.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 83 
 
 
  Table 11:  Environment-related TRIPS Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document 
Symbol Member Measure or Product Environment-related 
Objective 
IP/N/1/BLZ/P/3 
 Belize 
 A patent shall not be granted for an invention 
related to commercial exploitation of which it is necessary to prevent in Belize To protect public 
order or morality, including to protect human, animal or 
plant life or health; 
and to avoid serious prejudice to the 
environment.  
 
IP/N/1/BLZ/P/5 
 Belize 
 The General Provision Regulations:  Protection of 
New Plant Varieties Act  To provide for the 
maintenance and conservation of 
samples, the 
cooperation with germ-plasm banks 
or other institutions 
for the conservation of genetic material. 
 
IP/N/1/MKD/I/1 
 Former 
Yugoslav, 
Republic of 
Macedonia Inventions related to new animal species and plant 
varieties and essentially biological processes for production of animals or plants shall be excluded 
from protection by patent, apart from inventions 
related to micro biological processes and products from such process. 
  
No registration of a variet y shall be made under the 
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act 
 
 
 To protect animal and 
plant life and health 
or to avoid serious 
prejudice to the 
environment. 
 IP/N/1/IND/P/1 
 India 
 
 A farmer who is engaged in  the conservation of genetic 
resources of land races and wild relatives of economic 
plants and their improveme nt through selection and 
preservation shall be entitled in the prescribed manner for 
recognition and reward from the Gene Fund 
 
 To support the 
conservation and 
sustainable use of 
genetic resources (in-
situ and ex-situ) 
collections and  
strengthen the 
capability of the 
Panchayat in 
conservation and 
sustainable use. 
 
IP/N/1/CHE/2 Switzerland Supplementary pr otection certificates  for medicines, 
more severe penalties under criminal law, revocation of 
preliminary examinations 
 
Existence of protection right s, acquisition and scope of 
rights, term of protection , ci vil and criminal proceedings, 
topographies register, Customs measures 
 To protect plant 
varieties. 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  J. 
QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS  
28. In 2003, there were 2 notifications submitte d pursuant to the decision on Notification 
Procedures for Quantitative Restrictions wh ich contained environment-related issues.39 
29. The environment-related measures related to th e licensing of wild animals and wild plants 
included under the CITES, licensing of methyl bromide, HCFCs and substances;  import ban of 
ozone-depleting substances, produc ts and appliances;  export cer tificates of firewood from unsawn 
timber;  export ban of fire-burnt firewood;  as we ll as regulations on the administration of import and 
export of Rhinoceros horn and ivory.  The measures were aimed at the protection of wild animals, 
forests and the environment, and meeting oblig ations under the CITES, the Montreal and Kyoto 
Protocols.40 
Chart 18:  Environment-related Quantitative Restrictions Notifications (1997 – 2003 ) 
 
03
25
24
2
0123456
1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003
 
 
                                                      
39 See Chart 18. 
40 See Table 12.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 85 
 
 
  Table 12:  Environment-related Quantita tive Restrictions Notifications (2003 ) 
 
Document Symbol Member Measures or Issues Environment-related 
Objective 
Licensing of wild animals;   
meat and parts of wild 
animals included in the 
CITES;  live game;   
game hunting trophies, game 
products and dropped game 
horns    
 To protect the environment 
and forests.  
 
To support hunting and 
protect game and meet 
national obligation 
according to the CITES. 
 
Licensing of  wild plants and plants thereof, including 
cultivated moss  and wild 
mushrooms 
 To ensure environmental 
protection. 
 
 
 
Import ban of ozone-
depleting substances, 
products and appliances 
using, containing or made of 
ozone-depleting substances 
Licensing of Methyl-
bromide, hydrochlore-fluor-
carbohydrates (HCFCs) and 
substances 
 To implement national 
obligation under the 
Montreal Protocol and 
Kyoto protocol. 
 
 
 
 
  Bulgaria 
Export certificates of  
firewood from unsawn 
timber, coniferous and 
deciduous unsawn timber 
Export ban  of  
fire-burnt firewood,  
fire-burnt coniferous and 
deciduous timber 
 To control the spread and 
deliberate burning of forest.  
 China, People's Republic of Regulations on 
administration of import 
and export of Rhinoceros 
horn and  ivory  
 To regulate the import and 
export of rhinoceros horns 
and ivory. 
 
 K. 
REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS (RTAS ) INCLUDING THE UNDERSTANDING ON THE 
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE XXIV OF THE GATT 1994 
30. In 2003, there were no environment-rela ted notifications submitted under the RTAs 
Agreement. 
L. AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION  
31. In 2003, out of the 11 notifications submitted under the Customs Valuation Agreement, there 
was none related to the environment. WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 86  
 
  M. 
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS )  
32. In 2003, among the 39 notifications submitte d by Members under the GATS Agreement, none 
was environment-related. 
N. AGREEMENT ON TRADE -RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS ) 
33. In 2003, out of the five notifications s ubmitted under the TRIMS Agreement, none was 
environment-related. 
O. UNDERSTANDING ON THE BALANCE -OF-PAYMENTS PROVISIONS OF THE GATT 1994 
34. In 2003, no environment-related notifications  were submitted pursuant to the Understanding 
on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions. 
P. AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING  
35. In 2003, no environment-related notificati ons were submitted under the Agreement on 
Textiles and Clothing. 
Q. AGREEMENT ON PRE -SHIPMENT INSPECTION  
36. In 2003, no environment-related notificati ons were submitted under the Agreement on Pre-
shipment Inspection. 
R. AGREEMENT ON RULES OF ORIGIN  
37. In 2003, no environment-rela ted notifications were submitte d under the Agreement on Rules 
of Origin.  
S.  PLURILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS : AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT  
38. In 2003, no environment-related notificati ons were submitted under the Agreement on 
Government Procurement. 
T. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY  
39. In 2003, no environment-related notificati ons were submitted under the Ministerial  
Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products. 
U. OTHER NOTIFICATION PROVISIONS  
40. In 2003, no environment-related notifications were made under other notification provisions.  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 87 
 
 
  II. TRADE POLICY REVIEWS 
41. In 2003, seventeen Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs) were carried out.41  References are made to 
the environment-related measures and provision or  programmes contained in the Secretariat and 
Government reports for these TPRs.  Environment -related references pertain mainly to import/export 
restrictions, some pursuant to multilateral e nvironmental agreements  (MEAs), and national 
environmental and resource conservation pr ogrammes.  The information is summarized42 under the 
following three headings:  trade policy framework;  trade policies and practices by measure;  and 
trade policies by selected sector.43  
A. TPR 99 - HAITI  
Trade policy framework  
 • In the environmental sphere, the Government has drawn up a strategic 
programme for the period 2001-2010, which concerns all sectors (education, 
drinking water, sewage, energy, agriculture, mining and quarrying).  The purpose is to protect and improve the environment.  The objectives are, inter 
alia, to involve every sector in all activ ities aimed at significantly reducing  
environmental degradation, alleviating the pressure on the country's ligneous 
resources as a source of energy and controlling the use of these resources 
through alternative schemes and conservation projects. (G-§74) 
• A new draft law with one chapter dealing specifically with environmental 
conservation was submitted. (S-IV§58) 
 
 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Imports of certain animal products are subject to sanitary control and 
quarantine (Chapter III(2)(iv)). (S-IV§33) 
• As a general rule, the export of animal and plant products requires prior 
authorization.   Some endangered sp ecies (green anoles, mabuyas, snails) 
may not be exported so as to protect the national heritage. (S-III§61) 
• An import permit is required on imports of meat and plant products.  
Although Haiti is not party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES ), it applies the CITES 
directives.  (S-III§41) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • Control or authorization  of imports of agricultural inputs, cattle feed, animal 
products,  ethyl alcohol (95o), gene ric chemicals and pharmaceuticals is 
required to conserve flora and faun a , including livestock, from certain 
dangerous diseases. (S-III§40) 
Fisheries • Government focused and  implemented strategic development programmes 
on fisheries and fish farming through its financing of either investment or 
technical assistance.  (S-IV§13) 
• To promote fishing and aquaculture, Government distributed materials for 
                                                      
41 TPRs on Haiti, El Salvador, Canada, Bur undi, Southern African Customs Union (S ACU), New Zealand, Morocco, Indonesia, 
Niger, Senegal,  Honduras, Bulgaria, Guyana, Thailand, Chile, Turkey and the United States. 
42 On each point, reference is made to the paragraph number "§ " of the original TPR document, with the Secretariat report 
indicted with "S" and the Government report with "G".    
43 Generally, "Trade Policy Framework" includes government po licies, plans, programmes, e nvironmental and investment 
policies, as well as information related to WTO agreements.  "Trade Policies and Practices by Measures" include quantitative re strictions 
(such as bans and prohibitions, quotas, controls, licenses and pe rmits);  technical requirements (such as notifications, regist rations, custom 
procedures, labelling requirements, standards and technical regulations);  taxes, levies  and subsidies;  as well as others meas ures affecting 
production and trade (such as research or government support).  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 88  
 
  fishing and stocking natural lakes and ponds.  (S-IV§72) 
• A fisheries and fish -farming investment budget for 2001/02 was set to 
develop fisheries through promoting fishing and aquaculture, distributing 
fishing gear and equipment for stocking and ensure rational exploitation of 
fisheries. (S-IV§37) 
• Trade (including exports) in certain speci es is subject to restrictions aimed at 
preserving aquatic wildlife (C hapter III(3)(iii)). (S-IV§38) 
Forestry • Government implemented  development programmes to combat 
deforestation through financing of either investment or technical assistance.  (S-IV§13)   
• The management of parks was done through technical assistance and funds 
from international cooperation agencies, which facilitated the reforestation 
exercise.  A World Bank loan enabled the Government to take over the 
management of two national parks and a reserve. Efforts to reduce pressure on protected areas are being made an d attempts to involve the surrounding 
population in the management of protected areas are also under way.          
(S-IV§42) 
Mining • To ensure that exploitation of mining resources is in conformity with 
environmental protection standards, Government harmonized standards, 
policies and practices with those of  other Caribbean States. (G-§61) 
Energy • Government focused its action on local energy development (lignite and 
thermal springs), rational use of all energy sources through an energy 
efficiency programme, substitution of ligneous resources,  publication of 
energy statistics and the establishment of a national energy policy. (S-IV§66) 
• Government also sought to harmonize standards, policies and practices with 
those of other Caribbean States to ensure that the exploitation of energy 
resources is in conformity with environmental protection standards. (G-§61) 
• A national inventory of green house gases, pursuant to the United Nations 
Framework Convention on Climate Change was prepared. (S-IV§67) 
Services • The issuing of a new Investment Code (2002), showed the State's effort to 
boost private investment in eco-tourism. (G-§66) 
 
 
 
B. TPR 111 – EL SALVADOR  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Government, through its "New Alliance" plan, focused its efforts on 
achieving sustainable economic growth, based on more active participation in international trade and on increased productivity. (G-§6) 
• Technical assistance programmes are curr ently being carried out through the 
Inter-American Foundation (IAF), including activities to improve the environment by creating alternative systems for solid waste management and 
establishing small environmental groups in the communities. (G-§18) 
• In the "New Alliance" programme, the Government's vision for the future was to 
achieve environmentally-friendly sustaina ble development and integration with 
Central America and the rest  of the world. (G-§46) 
• An Environment Law (Decree No. 233 of 2 March 1998) was adopted in 1998 
with the intention to ensure the protection, conservation and recovery of the 
environment as well as the sustainable us e of natural resources, and to regulate 
environmental management, both in the public and private sectors.  Prior to its 
adoption, the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources was set up and 
made responsible for monitoring compliance with the environmental protection legislation.  (S-IV§5)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 89 
 
 
  Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions • Certain import restrictions and prohibitions were applied in order to maintain 
political and social order, to protect public morality and preserve the 
environment. (S-III§3) 
• Import prohibitions were applied on a limited number of products, generally on 
grounds of health, security, morality or environmental protection. (S-III§50) 
• Export prohibitions are applied in order to protect the environment or the 
cultural heritage or for economic reasons.  At the end of 2002, in accordance 
with CITES, exports of plants and an imals in danger of extinction were 
prohibited. (S-III§89) 
Technical requirements 
 
 
 • Mandatory Salvadoran standards (NSOs) include, among others, standards 
relating to materials, procedures, products and services that may affect human 
life, safety and integrity and the safety and integrity of other live organisms, as 
well as environmental protection standards. (S-.III§63) 
• As in March 2002, 52 NSOs (Table III.6) were applied.  In terms of the 
International Classifications for Standards (ICS), 25% of the NSOs are divided 
among the following categories:  Generalitie s (ICS 1);  environment and health 
protection (ICS 13);  metrology and measurement (ICS 17);  mechanical 
systems and components (ICS 21);  fluid systems and components (ICS 23);  textile and leather technology (ICS 59);  clothing industry (ICS 61);  and 
chemical technology (ICS 71). (S-III§66) 
• The basic provisions governing plant and animal health protection are 
established under the Law on Plant and Animal Health;  these include, among 
others, diagnosis and epidemiological surv eillance of plant and animal pests and 
diseases;  quarantine control for plan ts and animals and plant and animal 
products;  introduction, production and use of biological pest and disease control 
agents for agriculture and livestock;  plant and animal health accreditation and 
registration for official purposes;  development of mechanisms to harmonize and coordinate plant and animal health issues at national and international level;  and 
registration of firms providing plant an d animal health se rvices. (S-III§73) 
• Export applications must be accompan ied by, among others, animal health 
certificate for products or by-products of  animal origin;  and CITES certificate 
for exports of wild flora and fauna.  (S.III.85) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • In response to the crisis in the agricu ltural sector, the Government established 
the Environmental Trust for the Conservation of the Coffee Forest. (S-IV§12) 
• The cultivation of specialty (gourmet and organic) coffees was promoted by 
granting a subsidy equivalent to 6% of the total value of exports.  There has been an extraordinary incr ease in the demand for these coffees in the mature 
markets (mainly the United States an d the European Union). (S-IV§13) 
• Loans were offered by the banks of the national financial system, the 
agricultural and agro-industrial sector had access to public resources channelled 
through special funds.  These funds incl uded the Environmental Loan Fund for 
promoting productive environmental conservation activities. ( S-IV§23) 
 
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 90  
 
  C. 
TPR 112 – CANADA  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Environmental policy was designed and monitored jointly by the federal 
and provincial/territorial authorities. Th e Canadian Environmental Protection 
Act (CEPA) was the main legislation th at created a framework for cooperation 
and coordination between federal, provincial and territorial governments.  It 
established a public registry and provided citizens the right to sue where a CEPA violation results in significant harm to the environment and that the 
federal government fails to take action.  Other legislation dealing with 
environmental and trade issues included the following:  Department of the Environment Act, the Canada Water Act, the Canada Wildlife Act, the National 
Wildlife Act, the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of 
International and Inter-provincial Trade Act, and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. (S-III§104) 
• The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act required federal departments, 
including Environment Canada and agencies to conduct environmental 
assessments for proposed projects wh ere the federal government was the 
proponent, provided funding, granted in terest in land to enable a project, or 
issued a permit or licence. Departments maintained public registries of the 
environmental assessments carried out under the Act for which they were 
responsible. (S-III§105) 
• The country conducted strategic en vironmental assessments of trade 
negotiations in accordance with the non-le gislated 1999 Cabinet Directive on the 
Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The Framework's twin objectives were to assist Canadian negotiators integrate 
environmental considerations into the negotiating process and to address public 
concerns by documenting how environmental factors are being considered in the course of trade negotiations. (S-III§106) 
• The amendments to the Export Development Act of 1993 made it a legal 
requirement for EDC to review the envi ronmental effects of projects.   The 
amendment required EDC to determine whether the project was likely to have 
adverse environmental effects before entering into a project-related transaction.  (S-III§131) 
• The legislative review focused on social responsibility issues which, in addition 
to environmental review, included pu blic accountability/d isclosure, anti-
corruption, and human rights considerations.  The review endorsed EDC's 
mandate, role, strategic direction, and its commercial principles but had no 
effect on EDC's commercial activity as  such, although environmental review 
procedures were expected to have business impacts. (S-III§132) 
• A Canadian Standards Strategy was launched in March 2000, and it sought to 
prioritize standardization efforts and re sources within three key areas: where 
Canadians have a major interest in health, safety, the environment or social 
issues; trade sectors in which there are existing or potential benefits to 
Canadians. (S-III§98) 
• On trade and environment, a paper proposing a framework for a structured 
discussion on labeling in both the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and in the Committee on Trade and the Environment (CTE), was 
submitted. (G-§29) 
• The total TRTA/CB expenditures on projects active in the period from January 
2000 to July 2002 amounted to over $5 22 million, including $32 million in new 
commitments in 2001.  Expenditures focused on areas of business support 
services and institutions ($173 million), trade and environment ($102 million), and trade education/training ($60 million). (G-§34) 
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 91 
 
 
  • The Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agre ement (CCRFTA) was signed in April 
2001 and entered into force on 1 November, 2002, together with side agreements on labour and envi ronmental cooperation. (G-§66) 
• The Initial Environmental Assessment of the World Trade Organization 
Negotiations, that helped to integrate environmental considerations into the 
negotiating process, was released.  It addressed the likely and significant 
impacts on the Canadian environment of negotiations in the seven areas outlined in the Doha declaration;  highlighted sectors that could be affected by the 
negotiations and draws linkages between activity in those sectors and the 
domestic environment;  and discussed available measures for enhancement or mitigation of environmental impacts of the negotiations. (G-§94-95) 
• Surveys demonstrated that Canadians had high confidence in the benefits of 
trade and trade agreements and strongly favoured further liberalization.  Citizens 
sought reassurance that the policies pursue d were to consider both social and 
environmental concerns and contribute to economic growth; foresee and 
mitigate the risks of undesirable impacts on the society and the environment.  (G-§111) 
• Canada was committed to sustainable development and integrating trade and 
environmental considerations into the policy-making process.  It believed that 
trade liberalization and environmental protection were important components of 
sustainable development and could be mutually supportive.  (G-§116) 
• The country signed three environmental si de agreements:  the North American 
Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), the Canada-Chile 
Environmental Cooperation Agreem ent and the Canada-Costa Rica 
Environmental Cooperation Agreement;  and was engaged in negotiations with 
the Central American Four and with Singapore. (G-§118) 
• The environmental cooperation agreements focused on strengthening the 
capacity and integrity of national environmental management systems and 
contained provisions that reinforce th e environmental objectives of trade 
agreements.  These agreements promoted  sustainable development, mutually 
supportive economic and environmental policies, and the protection of a 
country’s legitimate right to regulate in  the public interest.  They discouraged 
parties from waiving or derogating from laws in order to encourage trade or 
investment.  They also provided direction regarding possible conflicts and 
inconsistencies between specific trade ob ligations in MEAs and provisions of 
trade agreements. (G-§119) 
• The provincial and territorial governments made substantial progress in key 
areas of procurement, investment incen tives, labour mobility, consumer-related 
standards, transportation, and en vironmental protection. (S-II§8) 
• In the area of trade and the environment , the country sought to strengthen the 
mutually supportive relationship between WTO rules and multilateral environmental agreements.  It ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations 
Framework Convention on Climate Cha nge on 17 Decembe r 2002. (S-II§28) 
• In late 2002, Canada and Chile signed notes of interpretation to clarify certain 
provisions of the CCFTA investment chapter.  Parallel agreements to the FTA 
provided for bilateral cooperation on la bour and environment issues. (S-II§45) 
• The Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Ag reement (CCRFTA) was signed on 23 
April 2001, together with coopera tion agreements on labour and the 
environment. (S-II§46) 
• Under the Environmental Choice Program, environmental factors were given 
special consideration in purchasing decisi ons for all contracts worth more than 
Can$10,000. (S-III§220) 
 
 
  
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 92  
 
  Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
Restrictions • Canada's quantitative import controls and restrictions were applied through 
import licences to ensure national secu rity, safeguard consumer health and 
morality, to implement inter-governmental arrangements, or to preserve 
domestic plant and animal life an d the environment. (S-III§82) 
• Prohibition was in place for the importati on of propagative or non-propagative 
material from nursery stock of host species, forest products with bark (logs) of 
host species, and soil from a number of countries and states of the U.S. to 
prevent the entry the of the sudden oak death pest. (S-III§113) 
• Export restrictions for environmental purposes were maintained pursuant to 
MEAs, or national environmental and resource conservation programmes.  The 
exportation of species of wild fauna and flora from Canada was restricted under the CITES.  CITES provisions were implemented under Canada's Wild Animal 
and Plant Protection Act, and the Basel Convention was implemented through 
hazardous waste trade regulations. (S-III§121) 
• Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), exports of certain 
substances were controlled because their manufacture, import or use in Canada 
was prohibited or severely restricted, or because Canada was obliged through an 
international agreement, to control their export.  An amendment to the CEPA in 
1999 gave increased power to the Federal Government to control the transboundary movement of hazardou s wastes and hazardous recyclable 
material, and new power to control the import, export, and transit of non- 
hazardous wastes for final di sposal.  In January 2002, th e revision of the Export 
and Import of Hazardous Wastes Regulations to implement the 1999 
amendments to the CEPA was announced. (S-III§122) 
 
Technical requirements 
 • Goods that were systematically examined included food products that may carry 
disease (e.g. foot and mouth), hazardou s products or waste, explosives, 
chemicals, nuclear or atomic or  biological goods. (S-III§9) 
• Technical regulations in areas such as construction, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, 
energy, food, transport equipment, te lecommunications, the environment, and 
others (Table III.8) were maintained. (S-III§94) 
• The SCC operated a variety of accreditation programmes, among others, for 
quality management systems and environmental management systems. (S-
III§96) 
• In the period of 2000 to mid 2002, 64 notifications of new technical regulations 
were submitted to the WTO TBT Committee.  Most measures held health, safety 
or environmental grounds, and concerned largely food, drugs, tobacco, chemical 
substances, motor vehicles and telecommunications equipment. (S-III§101) 
• CEPA required that the importation or manufacture of any new substance is 
subject to a notification and assessm ent procedure specified in the New 
Substances Notification Regulations (NSN).  The NSN Regulations applied to chemicals, polymers, and inanimate and animate products of biotechnology.  
The notification packages included test data relating to physio chemical 
properties, environmental behaviour and/or toxicity. (S-III§107) 
• All environmental measures were notified to the WTO under the different 
agreements, included six notifications und er the TBT Agreement, several under 
the Agreement on Agriculture, and one under the SCM Agreement. (S-III§108) 
• The main environmental labelling programme was Environmental Choice, a 
voluntary programme established by the federal government and operated under 
licence by a private company: Terra Choi ce Inc.  About 32,000 products and 
services were certified to carry an EcoLogo label.  Its two key features were its 
assessment of the total impact of a pro duct across its life cycle and the use of 
third party audits to verify the labelling claims. (S-III§109) 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 93 
 
 
  Other • New expansionary measures were adopted under the Government's Four-Part 
Plan, which include stepping up federal transfers to Canada Health by some Can$21.1 billion to increase spending in education and environmental 
protection. (S-I§20)  
 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • The Agricultural Policy Framework was aime d to increase focus on food safety 
and quality, environmental sustainability, innovation, and business risk management through non-trade-distorting programs in order to increase 
profitability.  The Government was committed to agricultural development and 
trade with regards to international development. (G-§96) 
• A report was issued on the regulation of genetically modified (GM) foods.  It 
recommended the adoption of a voluntary system for labelling GM foods for 
reasons other than health or safety , and the development of an accepted 
international standard.  The country was  concerned about the mandatory nature 
and effectiveness of regulations proposed by certain Members on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) labelling and traceability. (S-II§23) 
• A package of up to Can$8.2 billion in new spending over five years on the agric-
food sector was announced.  The new spending included a federal-provincial-territorial initiative being developed with the industry to help the sector increase 
profitability, meet consumer demands for food safety, food quality, and respect 
for the environment, and better respond to global competition. (S-IV§13) 
• The country was committed to reducing  its total Aggregate Measurement of 
Support (AMS) from Can$5.2 billion in 1995, and to Can$4.3 billion by 2000. 
It notified total domestic support to producers of about Can$3.8 billion.  Can$ 
1.75 billion was notified as "green box" measures and Can$939 million as 
support forming the Current Total AMS. (S-IV§14) 
 
Fisheries • There were an array of programmes to su pport the fisheries sector, sometimes in 
coordination with provincial authorities.  Federal assistance focused largely on 
advancing fisheries conservation objectives through efforts to reduce fishing 
capacity and dependence on the fishery, for instance, licence, buyback and other 
adjustment programmes. (S-III§177) 
 
Forestry • Permits were required for the exportation of logs and pulp wood of all species of 
wood from Quebec.  British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec restricted out-of-province exports of logs.  In Alberta, exports of logs out of the province 
required a permit which, according to the authorities, was granted in all cases in 
2000-01. (S-III§125) 
 
 
D. TPR 113 - BURUNDI  
Trade policy framework  
 • Integration of the national resource management and the conservation of 
ecological balances into development wa s undertaken as a new and essential 
dimension of action. (G-§63) 
• In response to warnings of soil degradation, water pollution, deforestation, the 
deterioration of ecosystems and the population's living standards, the 
"environmental" dimension was integrated into planning and development schemes;  and the rational management of natural resources and the environment 
was institutionalized. (G-§64-66). 
• The environmental policy was perceived in terms of preserving production 
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  to ensure the sustainability of production potential and the ecosystem. (G-§67) 
• To restore and preserve the ecological balance, and  ensure rational use of land, 
water, forests and air, proper management of natural resources and the 
environment through joint action was required. (G-§70) 
• Some of the National Assembly's functions included environmental protection 
and the conservation of natural resources. (S-II§9) 
 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Other • Donors undertook commitments amounting to US$830 million for the period 
2001-2004 to assist towards the adoption of a stringent and sustainable economic programme. (S-I§19) 
 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • With a view to increasing the production of food crops and ensuring food 
security for all, the country relied on th e development of agricultural research, 
training, increased use of agricultural inputs, promoting the processing and 
conservation of agricultural products. (G-§41) 
• Measures to develop the livestock su b-sector included the replacement of 
livestock and the initiation of a programme to integrate stock breeding and 
forestry into agriculture, while at the same time boosting fishing and 
aquaculture. (G-§42) 
• The creation of a regulatory framework conducive to investment in the 
agricultural sector; and improvement of water and soil management (more specifically, conservation) were envisa ged as principal measures to be 
undertaken in the medium term. (S-IV§14) 
 
Fisheries • The cost of a fishing licence varied accord ing to the type of fishing: FBu 2,500 
per year for traditional fishing, FBu 5,000 per year for artisanal fishing and FBu 400,000 per year for industrial fishing. (S-IV§49) 
 
Forestry • The Government policy was to increase the forest cover, following a period of 
accelerated deforestation between 1993 and 1997.  A felling permit together 
with authorization to transport wood or wood products were required. (S-IV§51) 
 
 
E. TPR 114 – SOUTHERN AFRICAN CUSTOMS UNION (SACU ) 
Trade policy framework  
 General 
• The SACU agricultural policy would focus on, inter alia promoting 
environmentally sustainable rural livelihoods, sustainable resource management 
and more equitable access to resources an d services for farming communities to 
ensure a stable/sustained source of income for the agricultural community, 
thereby reducing rural poverty. (G-§15) 
• SACU's economic outlook depends on the evolution of the NEPAD and is 
aimed at eradicating poverty, placing African countries, both individually and 
collectively, on a sustainable growth and development path, and promoting the integration of the continent into the globalization process (Annex 4, Chapter 
I(4)). (S-I§17) 
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  • The SADC Treaty provides a framework to coordinate, harmonize, and 
rationalize policies, and to develop strategies for sustainable development.  (S-II§35) 
Botswana 
• Botswana's participation in the African , Caribbean and Pacific Countries (ACP) 
and the European Union (EU)  was to negotiate reciprocal Economic Partnership 
Agreements (EPAs). The EPAs would include, among other issues, protection of intellectual property rights, the environment, and trade and labour standards.  
(G-B§7) 
• Trade policies were reviewed and/or de veloped to complement each other in 
achieving the Government's broad objective of achieving sustainable economic 
growth and diversification. (G-B§9) 
• The economic strategies were used to support economic diversification and 
economic diversification policies were to encourage broad-based and sustainable 
development to lessen dependence on government assistance. (S-B-I§20)  
• Within Botswana's trade policy framework, promoting vigorous competition 
was encouraged while ensuring that regu latory measures protected consumers 
from monopoly prices and other unfair trading practices, as well as ensuring environmental conservation.  (S-B-II§6) 
• The Government's four development planning objectives are economic growth, 
social justice, economic independence, and sustained development. (S-B-II§7)   
• The revised Rural Development Policy obj ectives were to reduce poverty;  
increase income generation opportunities;  create employment;  and achieve 
broad-based and  balanced sustainable development. (S-B-IV§12)  
Namibia 
• The targets for economic growth and poverty alleviation were set out in the 
Second National Development Plan. Strategic measures to reduce poverty and unequal income distribution include, among others, equitable and sustainable 
agricultural expansion.  (S-N-II§7) 
• To improve efficiency of water use across various users, the Government 
conducted the Namibian Water Resour ces Management Review. (S-N-IV§21) 
Lesotho 
• The Government's medium-term objectives were to, among others, achieve 
meaningful poverty reduction through creation of employment, improvement of 
infrastructure, human development and education, sound management of natural resources, and consequent encouragement of confidence in the economy and of 
foreign and domestic investment. (S-L-I§14)   
• The creation of a National Science and Technology Policy, which articulates 
strategies and instruments to develop a science based, technology-driven and 
production-oriented society shows Government's commitment to promote 
science and technology for sustainable development. (S-L-III§33)  
• The Government's movement towards a more liberal marketing policy is to 
encourage the development of the sector through a policy that promotes the 
interest of farmers and facilitates the gr owth of a sustainable, efficient, and 
competitive sector that reflects comparative advantage. (S-L-IV§9-10) 
South Africa 
• The New Partnership for Africa's Developm ent (NEPAD)'s objectives include to 
place African countries, both  individually and collec tively, on a path of 
sustainable growth and development. (G-Z-§32) 
• South Africa's economic outlook was linked with the goals and objectives 
contained in the NEPAD.  Some of NEPAD's main goals include:  to implement 
national strategies for sustainable development by 2005, so as to reverse the loss of environmental resources by 2015. (S-Z-I§24) 
• The National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) was 
launched with a logo that can only be used if fair labour and employment 
practices and sound environmental standards are met. (S-Z-III§33) 
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  Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions Botswana 
• Imports of endangered species covered by the CITES were licensed.  Imports of 
agricultural products and plants required approval in the form of a permit, for 
Sanitary and Phytosanitary reasons. (S-B-III§13) 
• Imports prohibitions were applied to goods including environmentally 
hazardous products, such as toxic or  radio-active waste. (S-B-III§14)  
Namibia 
• Non-automatic licensing was applied to imports of, among others, medicines, 
chemicals, live animals, genetic mate rials, and second-hand goods such as 
clothing and motor vehicles. The i ssuance of a non-automatic licence was 
subject to a permit from the relevant ministry, for example, for endangered 
species covered by the CITES. (S-N-III§12) 
• Import prohibitions were applied to goods such as environmentally hazardous 
products, including toxic or radio-active waste. (S-N-III§16)  
• On fisheries, restrictive catch quota s are aimed at rebuilding stocks and 
achieving sustainability. (S-N-IV§2)  
South Africa 
• Import permits are maintained on health, sanitary, phytosanitary and 
environmental grounds, or under international conventions to which South Africa is a signatory.  (S-Z-III§2) 
• A permit is required for importation of controlled goods such as plants and plant 
products, pathogens, insects, exotic animals, growth mediums, honey, beeswax or used apiary equipment according to the 1983 Agricultural Pests Act.  The 
importation of other controlled goods - fresh and dried fruits, vegetables and cut 
flowers, as well as certain types of plan t material - also requires a permit in 
terms of the Agricultural Pests Act, the 1947 Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, 
Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies  Act.  Imports prohibition is in place 
for certain used goods, waste and hazardous materials.  Pesticides such as aldrin, 
dieldrin and mercury compounds are prohibited and certain mixtures of isomers 
are banned from import, while imports of others (e.g. in organic arsenic 
compounds, chlordane, DDT) are se verely restricted. (S-Z-III§14) 
• General release permits on Herbicide tole rant (RR) soybeans, insect resistant 
(Bt) cotton, and two types of corn (RR and Bt) were issued.  The Genetically 
Modified Organisms Act governed the use of these products to ensure that all 
activities involving the use of genetically modified biotechnol ogy are carried out 
in such a way as to limit possible harmful consequences to the environment.  The government has intentions to stimulate the growth of biotechnology 
industries, given their important contribution to human health, food security, and 
environmental sustainability. (S-Z-III§27) 
Swaziland 
• Import licensing is used to monitor the flow of licensed goods mainly for health, 
safety, and environmental reasons. (S-S-III§17) 
• A permit is required for indigenous plants imported from the region, and local 
plant species which require an export  permit are protected. (S-S-III§29) 
• Export prohibitions apply to products controlled under the various conventions 
on threatened species, to which Swaziland belongs. (S-S-III§36) 
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  Technical 
requirements 
 Botswana 
• All imports were licensed; certain pr oducts were subject to non-automatic 
permits and prohibitions, mainly for se lf-sufficiency, health, safety, and 
environmental reasons. (S-B-III§1) 
• All product standards that affected health, safety and the environment were 
mandatory, such as on animal feeds and the handling, transportation, and storage 
of liquefied petroleum gas.  Standards in agriculture and foodstuffs, chemicals, building and construction, electronic and electrical products, mechanical 
engineering, the environment, and clothi ng and textiles were formulated.  (S-B-
III§16)  
Namibia 
• All imports are licensed and permits are required for non-automatic licensing of 
certain products is (e.g. fish , meat, and seemingly second-hand goods) from the relevant ministry.  Imports of some products were prohibited for health, 
phytosanitary, safety, and environmental reasons. (S-N-III§1) 
South Africa 
• Under the Standards Act, any standard  that addresses health, safety or 
environmental concerns can be referenced and made compulsory.  (S-Z-III§19) 
• South Africa's maritime safety responsibilities included the introduction and 
maintenance of international standards set by the International Maritime 
Organization and pollution prevention. (S-Z-IV§77) 
 
Other Namibia 
• A sui generis system to protect new plant varieties, micro-organisms and non- 
biological and micro biological processes was being developed as part of the 
National Bio-diversity Programme. (S-N-III§60) 
 
Sector policy  
Agriculture Namibia 
• The Government has taken a number of initiatives in the agriculture sector 
aiming at, among others, ensuring the sustainable land utilization and food security at both household and national levels. (G-N§8) 
Lesotho 
• The vision for agricultural development is to increase output based on 
sustainable, efficient and competitive production practices providing long-term 
comfortable and secure livelihood, free from poverty.  (G-L§7) 
• The government objective is to encour age the development of this sector 
through development and implementation of a policy that facilitates the growth 
of a sustainable, efficient and competitive sector that reflects comparative advantage.  (G-L§18) 
South Africa 
• A strategic plan for agriculture was fo rmulated and its key aspects include, 
among others, sustainable resource management. (G-Z§30) (S-Z-IV§11)  
• The Research and Development Levy was meant to support the wine industry 
with expertise, through the application of environmentally friendly technologies, training and education, a culture of technological innovation and the 
dissemination thereof to all sectors of the industry. (S-Z-IV§22) 
Botswana 
• Farm assistance was to target "susta inable economic diversification" in 
agriculture and increased employment. (S-B-IV§1) 
• Other agricultural policy objectives were, among others, diversified production  
and conservation of scarce agricultura l and land resources. (S-B-IV§10)  
 
Fisheries Lesotho 
• The fisheries sector is governed by the Fishing Regulations.  Fishing permits are 
issued and  fishing season controlled.  (G-L§35) WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  Namibia 
• The authorities were trying to rebuild fish stocks through sustainable 
management. (S-N-IV§7) 
• Total Allowable Catch limits for seven species were set based on scientific 
assessment of fish stocks.  Non-transfer able quotas were allocated to licensed 
fisheries with "exploitation rights".  To conserve fish stocks, no new long-term 
fishing rights, apart from horse mackerel, would be awarded for six years.  (S-N-IV§8) 
• Namibia has implemented an integrated programme of inspection and patrols to 
ensure compliance with its fisheries laws. It is also well advanced in implementing a national satellite-based vessel monitoring system. (S-N-IV§13) 
• Namibia belongs to the Convention on the Conservation and Management of 
Fisheries Resources in the South East A tlantic Ocean, administered by the South 
East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO), it provides for the long-term 
sustainable management of fish in the high  seas of the south east Atlantic Ocean.  
(S-N-IV§15) 
South Africa 
• The Marine Living Resources Act (MLRA) was promulgated in 1998,  and it 
stipulated broad policy guidelines on  fisheries management, access rights, 
transformation, and empowerment issues.  The rise in strict catch quotas, has 
been necessitated by over-fishing.  The "t otal allowable catch" of species such 
as pilchards, anchovy, abalone, lobster, sole, and hake was determined on the 
basis of scientific surveys. (S-Z-IV§29) 
 
Forestry Botswana 
• Forests were  harvested by licensed private operators who also paid royalties. 
(S-B-IV§21) 
South Africa 
• The National Forests Act, was  promulgated  in 1998 to ensure that the country's 
forest resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed, and 
controlled in a sustainable manner.  South Africa participates in the SADC 
Forests Protocol, which aims to promote the development, conservation, 
management, sustainable utilization, and trade of all types of forests and trees throughout the region. (S-Z-IV§31) 
Swaziland 
• A National Forest Policy and Regulation was considered with the aim "to 
achieve efficient, profitable and sustainable management and utilization of forest 
resources for the benefit of th e entire society, and to incr ease the role of forestry 
in environmental protection, conservation of plant and animal genetic resources and rehabilitation of degraded land." (S-S-IV§15) 
• The existing forestry legislation is aimed at protecting indigenous flora, 
including environmental impact assessment in respect of any activity impacting on such flora. (S-S-IV§16)   
• The Forest Policy covers a wide variety of issues, including economic and social 
sustainability, biodiversity, pollution control, certification of forestry activities 
under Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or ISO 14001. (S-S-IV§17) 
 
Mining Namibia 
• The mineral policies and legislation were reviewed and  a new minerals policy 
was drafted.  The proposed future am endments to the Minerals (Process and 
Mining ) Act are to further address environmental protection and mine rehabilitation, especially following abrupt mine closures. (S-N-IV§38) 
South Africa 
• Export permits are issued to mineral products including aluminium waste and 
scrap.  Import licences are issued to mineral products including mineral fuels, 
mineral oils and products of their distillation, radioactive chemical elements and 
radioactive isotopes, cobalt, cadmium and etc. (S-Z-IV§35)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  Energy Botswana 
• Energy policy objectives were to supply alternative sources of  energy efficiently 
to households at affordable prices, and in an environm entally friendly and 
sustainable way.  The use of coal to fire wood was encouraged. (S-B-IV§30) 
• Prospects of using solar energy were being examined through the National 
Photovoltaic Rural Electrification Programme that established village 
installations, and the Photovoltaic Master Plan provided a framework for promoting solar energy. (S-B-IV§37) 
Namibia 
• A White Paper on Energy Policy was released in 1998 and covered, among 
others access to affordable energy; econom ic competitiveness, efficiency and 
sustainability. (S-N-IV§41) 
• Oil producers were to submit plans on decommissioning facilities based on the 
expected environmental impact and the size of the holding. (S-N-IV§45) 
• A Rural Electrification Master Plan was finalized in 2000 to improve rural 
communities' access to commercial fuels, such as paraffin, LP G, and diesel, at 
affordable prices to replace wood fuel. (S-N-IV§53) 
South Africa 
• The energy policy was transformed on the basis of the 1998 White Paper on 
Energy Policy, which established five main objectives: increasing access to 
affordable energy prices;   improving governance;  stimulating economic development; managing energy -related environmental impacts (by establishing 
broad national targets for the reduction of harmful energy-related emissions);  
and securing supply through diversity (e.g. the SADC energy cooperation strategy). (S-Z-IV§44) 
 
Services Lesotho 
• Ecotourism is a sector that offers high potential for development. (G-L§45) 
• Tourism strategies to be developed included, among others, education, training, 
and human development; environment al conservation;  emphasizing the 
diversity of Lesotho and sustainable tourism development. (S-L-IV§56)  
Botswana 
• The primary objective of tourism development was to maximize the sustainable 
use of the country's tourism resources and to promote tourism, as enunciated in 
the Government Tourism Policy in 1990.  A National Ecotourism Strategy 
supplement was to support product diversification and community involvement. (S-B-IV§78) 
South Africa 
• A Tourism Growth Strategy was launch ed and a grant agreement was signed 
with the World Bank for the Maloti-Dr akensberg Transfrontier Conservation 
and Development Project to establish a sustainable eco-tourism destination in 
their border region.  (S-Z-IV§88) 
Swaziland 
• A draft Tourism Policy was adopted in 2001 and its six key principles included: 
tourism development that is private-sector driven;  tourism development that 
will ensure sustainability and the conservation of the country's environment and 
natural resources;   tourism development that will maximize the opportunities afforded by strategic regional initiatives such as the Maputo Development 
Corridor, the Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative, the Lubombo Trans-
frontier Conservation Area and the Biodiv ersity and Tourism Corridors;  and 
provision of a clean , healthy, and safe environment for tourism, linking up with 
other service sectors.  (S-S-IV§43)  
 
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  F. 
TPR 115 – NEW ZEALAND  
Trade policy framework  
 • Sustainable development was established as an overarching policy objective. 
The economic, social, environmental and cultural goals need to be mutually supportive and complementary to improve the overall wellbeing. The 
Sustainable Development Programme of Action was published and it sets out 
principles for policy and decision making in government in four areas - quality and allocation of freshwater, energy , sustainable cities, and child and youth 
development. Its Programme of Action takes into account the WSSD Plan of 
Implementation, and the country continues to play a part in international action on issues such as energy, aid, trade, oceans, biodiversity and climate change.  
(G§10) 
• New Zealand recognises that  economic and trade partnership agreements are not 
ends in themselves.  It believes the maintenance and promotion of appropriate 
labour and environment standards is fully compatible with, and contributes to sustainable economic development. The obj ective of the trade policy is to have 
labour policy and environmental policy mutually supporting and to integrate 
labour and environment standards issues mo re effectively with trade agreements.  
(G§35) 
• The government is interested in the fu rther liberalization of market access for 
agriculture and non-agricultural goods, such  as fisheries, forestry and services;  
strengthening trade rules to guard against protectionism and unfair trade 
practices;  and better integration of the WTO with other priorities such as 
sustainable development. (S-II§13) 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions • A licensing system is being operated under the Ozone Layer Protection Act 
1996.  A number of imports are prohibited or restricted for health and safety 
reasons or in compliance with international conventions to which New Zealand 
is party. (S-III§32) 
Technical requirements • New Zealand is taking the lead (with Australia) on Sanitary and Phytosanitary e-
certification and on the implementation of the revised Kyoto Convention in the Customs area. (G-§52) 
• The approach to the development of SPS standards is based on the use of risk 
analysis consistent with international st andards to ensure export of high quality 
agricultural products is not jeopardized by pests and diseases, and that its unique 
biodiversity is protected. (S-III§48) 
• The development of import health standards, as obliged under the Bio Security 
Act, 1993, considered the likelihood that the good concerned may introduce 
organisms into the country;  its effect on people, the environment, the economy 
and the country's international obligations. (S-III§51) 
 
Others • Budgetary support for agriculture was provided mainly for basic research and 
for pest and disease control; a fund to encourage sustainable farming was set.  (S-IV§16)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  Sector policy  
Fisheries • The fishing industry is subject to fishing permits and quotas in order to manage 
fish stocks sustainably.  The amended Fisheries Act, 1996 sets out the legal 
framework for commercial and recreational fishing and its purpose is to provide 
for utilization of fisheries resources while ensuring their sustainability. (S-
IV§22-25) 
• The fishing levies include, among others, levies on landings for non-quota 
fisheries, levies on individual catch limits or quotas, permit holder levies, vessel 
monitoring levies and conservation services levies.  (S-IV§27) 
 
Services • The New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 sets out a comprehensive range of 
principles, objectives, and enablers to promote the sustainable development of 
the industry to 2010.  (S-IV§105) 
• The Tourism Industry Association New Zealand provides leadership, guidance, 
and appropriate services for the benefit of its members in order to contribute to a 
viable and sustainable tourism industry. (S-IV§107) 
 
G. TPR 116 - MOROCCO  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Law was amended to align with the government's commitments under, 
among others, the Montreal Protocol and Chemical Weapons Convention to protect the ozone layer and control trade in substances that could be used for the 
production of chemical weap ons respectively. (G-§25) 
• The action envisaged to improve the competitiveness of enterprises involved, 
inter alia, the establishment of a st rategy to encourage innovation within 
enterprises;  and environmentally sustainable industrial development. (S- II§31) 
• Government signed the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of 
Hazardous Wastes and thei r Disposal, the FAO's IPPC, signed and ratified the 
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Rotterdam 
Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure to protect plants.   It has also acceded to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone 
Layer and is a member of the Europe an and Mediterranean Plant Protection 
Organization and the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. (S-III§71) 
 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • A licence or a ban was in place for the im port of certain products, wastes and/or 
species specified under CITES, the Basel Convention, the Stockholm 
Convention and the Rotterdam Convention.  An import permit for endangered 
species of wild fauna and flora (Annex I to CITES ) was issued.  Import of wastes in list A to the Basel Convention  was prohibited and an authorization for 
wastes in list B was required.  An import licence was required  for products 
covered by the Montreal Protocol on CFCs.  (S-III§45) 
• Licensing for import of products such as retreaded or used tyres, worn clothing 
and chemicals that harm the ozone laye r was done for security, health, or 
environmental protection  reasons. (S-III§48) 
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  Technical 
requirements 
 • Standards and technical speci fications were mandatory for reasons mainly to do 
with health, hygiene and environmental protection.  A certificate showing that imports conform to the mandatory standards was issued.  (S-III§60) 
• A phytosanitary certificate for import of plant products or parts of plants was to 
be issued as listed in Ministerial Orde r.  The certificate was comply with the 
model laid down in the amended FAO' s 1951 International Plant Protection 
Convention (IPPC). (S-III§69) 
• A permit, certificate or export ban for products, waste and/or species  under 
CITES or the Basel Convention  was required.   An export permit or a re-export 
certificate for endangered species of wild  fauna and flora (Annexes I and II to 
the CITES ) was required and an export permit; for species included by 
Morocco in Annex III was required; in  the case of species listed by other 
countries, a certificate of origin must was to be produced. An authorization was 
required for the export of waste in List A of the Basel Convention and the 
consent of the importing country.  (S-III§108) 
 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • Agricultural policy has primarily been guid ed by the need to combat the effects 
of recurrent droughts. (S- IV§1) 
• The major objectives of the agricultural po licy are food security , raising farmers' 
income, integrating the agricultural sector into the national and international 
economies, protecting natural resources  and promoting the status of women in rural areas. (S-IV§11) 
• Organic agriculture wa s emerging. (S-IV§31) 
 
Fisheries • The aim of the fisheries poli cy is to conserve resources with a view to their 
sustainable exploitation by limiting cat ches of certain species.  (S-IV§1)  
• Elimination of subsidies that led to the over-exploitation of fisheries resources 
were also supported and the creation of a working party on subsidies in the 
fishing industry was proposed. (S-II§38) 
• The Government's strategy in the fishing sector is primarily based on managing 
the resources with a view to their sust ainable exploitation, through research, 
monitoring, and upgrading the fleet.  The Government is also focusing on 
promoting marketing, social development, reform of the legislation, quality 
control, and international cooperation. (S-IV§49) 
• Scientific research has been declared a priority to provide reliable data for 
effective management of fishery resources. (S-IV§50) 
 
Mining • The Government's strategy in the mining sector covers all upstream and 
downstream activities with the aim to promote geological and mining potential, 
develop prospecting, diversify outle ts, create a climate favourable to 
partnerships, and adopt legal and fiscal incentives, taking into account social and environment al considerations. (S-IV§62) 
 
 
H. TPR 117 - INDONESIA  
Trade policy framework  
 • Five national development priorities under the National Development Program 
were formulated to accelerate economic recovery and strengthen sustainable 
development foundation.  (G-§85) 
• The economic development was to be based on sustainable natural resource 
system, environment  and social syst em to increase prosperity.  (G-§86) 
• Special ear marked grants under the speci al allocation fund (DAK)) existed and  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  was restricted to reforestation.  (S-II§9) 
• A new law was passed in December 2000 for the protection of plant varieties.  
(S-III§120) 
• Environmental problems of  deforestation (owing to illegal logging and 
agricultural burning), air pollution (caused by motor vehicles), water pollution, 
and carbon emissions experienced led to the updating of regulatory framework 
in this area.  The list of business types subject to environmental impact analysis 
was updated and extended to cover businesses located near preserved areas or 
deemed to have important impacts on the environment.  (S-III§131)  
• Fragmentation of information across various Ministries has led to poor 
implementation and compliance of various environmental programmes, e.g. 
Clean River Programme, Blue Sky Programme, Cleaner Production Programme.  
Pressure from donors and local enviro nment al groups has increased due to 
inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations. Compliance programmes 
have been developed such as the enhancement of environmental inspection and 
the Environmental Performance Rating Programme (PROPER).  Policies to 
enhance gradual compliance to PROPER were developed.  (S-III§132) 
 
  
 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Licensing requirements were non automatic to enforce import prohibitions, 
restrictions, and controls that may be operated for reasons of human health, hygiene and sanitation, animal and plant life, environmental conservation and 
compliance with domestic legislative/policy requirements as well as 
international commitments.  (S-III§39) 
• Export prohibitions and restrictions were maintained to ensure the protection of 
natural resources and endangered specie s in accordance with CITES;  promotion 
of higher-value-added down stream industries;  upgrading the quality of export 
products;  adequate supply of essential products;  and controls on items subject 
to international commitments.  (S-III§81) 
• Exports were banned on the following:  certain live fishery products, rubber of 
low quality, rubber materials, crude l eather of reptile, ferrous scrap/ waste 
(except if originating in Batam Island), round wood and wood chips (as from 2001), and CITES-protected wild animals and natural plants.  Exports of sea 
sand were suspended with a view to protecting the ecosystem, only registered 
exporters under an annual quota system could undertake sea sand exportation.  (S-III§82)  
Technical requirements • Mandatory Indonesia National Standards (SNIs) under the responsibility of the 
Ministry of Industry and Trade were increased, and they covered, among others, 
products related to community safe ty, security, health, environment 
conservation and/or economic considerations.  (S-III§62) 
• There was an attempt to establish an d strengthen testing laboratories and a 
certification body on quality systems based on the FAO/CAC Hazard Analysis 
Critical Control Point (HACCP) to meet requirements in developed country markets with respect to pesticide re sidues, micro-biological contaminants, 
additives, and heavy metal content of fish and poultry products.  The 
agricultural, livestock, and fisheries sect ors were successful in implementing the 
HACCP quality management system programmes.  Studies to examine the WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 104  
 
   possibility of developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)-related MRAs with 
the Netherlands and New Zealand were carried out.  (S-III§73) 
• 16 notifications relating to SPS requiremen ts on food safety, animal health, and 
plant protection were submitted to the WTO Committee on Sanitary and 
Phytosanitary Measures.  (S-III§74) 
• National standards were to be a part of business and industrial societies in 
improving the quality of goods/services and the smoothness of goods/services acceptance in global market, as well as st rengthening the industrial structure in 
utilizing the national natural resources.  (G§52) 
• The Government agreed to phase out all import licensi ng procedures that could 
not be justified for health, safety, envi ronmental or security reasons.  (G§43) 
Taxes, levies and 
subsidies • Export check prices (HPEs) for items subject to export taxes were set and 
regularly updated, an HPE was set at US $3 per cubic metre for sea sand to 
prevent environmental damage.  (S-III§87) 
 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • The strategy for enhancing food output has been aimed at, inter alia , increasing 
farm accessibility and productivity;  redu cing farming risk s;  developing 
appropriate modern farming practices and sustainable farming systems; 
augmenting participation by farmers and enhancing equity both in the distribution of income-earni ng opportunities and in access to an adequate supply 
of food.  (S-IV§13) 
• A few programmes have been implemented to ensure food security through, 
inter alia , self-sufficiency in certain staples.  As notified to the WTO, in 2000, 
trade-distorting domestic support for rice production accounted for more than 
two thirds of total support (including th e so-called "green" subsidies) for all 
agricultural products.  (S-IV§2) 
• Products eligible for duty exemption or relief included equipment and 
substances used to prevent environmental pollution, seeds and breeding of animals for the establishment and deve lopment of the agricultural, animal 
husbandry, or fishery industries.  (S-III§33) 
• Imports of certain agricultural and livestock products have been subject to 
special import licensing, bans and compliance with mandatory SNIs and 
labelling requirements for health and environmental reasons.  (S-IV§19) 
 
Forestry • The sectoral objectives were aimed at im proving the efficiency  of forestry based 
on sustainable management.  The new forestry policy for 2002-04 had priorities 
of combating illegal logging, controlling fore st fires, restructuring forest -based 
industries, developing plantation forests and reforestation, and decentralizing forest management.  (S-IV§32) 
• The forest -based industri es, such as sawmills, wood  -working factories, ply 
wood and pulp mills, were allowed to expand and concessions for logging exceeded sustainable levels.  By 2001, 2.3 million hectares of the targeted 3.03 
million hectares (76%) of land were reforested.  (S-IV§33) 
• Weak law enforcement together with in stitutional and policy failures and poor 
monitoring and evaluation contributed largely to illegal logging and timber 
trade.  In 2002, decree s were issued to help ensure that only forest 
concessionaires operating legally and within sustainable limits could operate. 
Logging quotas have been reduced from over 20 million cubic metres in 2002 to 
6.9 million cubic metres in 2003.  The legislation change introduced in 2002, required loggers to pay reforestation levi es to the Reforestation Fund in advance 
before the cutting year.  The governme nt has introduced a selective cutting and 
planting system for loggers.  (S-IV§36) 
• New regulations affecting the forestry sector required reforestation funds to be 
paid three years in advance.  (S-III§99) 
• Regulatory controls and export restrictions partially addressed the forestry  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 105 
 
 
  sector's problems, including over-exploitation.  (S-IV§3)  
• An export ban on round (unprocessed) logs was reintroduced in October 2001 to 
combat illegal logging and to ensure sufficient lumber supplies to domestic 
industries.  Exports were authorized on ly for companies with Forest Concession 
Rights (HPH) and a certificate of analysis  of the environmental impact.  The 
concession granting regime and the imposition of export restrictive measures 
contributed to the proliferation of saw and ply wood factories thereby assisting downstream processing industries.  (S-IV§34) 
• Among others, exploiting natural forests an d lumbering have remained closed to 
foreign investment.  (S-IV§16) 
Mining • New regulations on tax and environmental issues concerning mining were 
passed.  Deregulation of the hydro carbons market has been under way and was 
planned to be completed by the year 2005.  (S-IV§4) 
• Exploration and exploitation of natural resources within "protected forest " was 
prohibited since 30 September 1999.  The 1999 revision of toxicity 
characteristics leaching proced ures (TCLP) for hazardous waste, pursuant to the 
1989 Basel Convention,  embodied stringent requirements that may shut down companies in the mining sector (and othe r industries).  Water quality standards, 
which are stricter than international standards, were introduced in 2001.  (S-
IV§40)  
 
Energy • Efforts were made to ensure that the en ergy industry became  a pioneering force 
in the country's sustainable development.  (S-III§132) 
 
I. TPR -118  NIGER  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Rural Development Strategy (RDS) of  2002 aimed to reduce the incidence 
of rural poverty from 66 to 52% created conditions for sustainable economic and social development to guarantee food security and the sustainable management 
of natural resources.   The strategy id entified three priorities for sustainable 
economic growth in rural areas to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agricultural, forestry, pastoral and fishery production systems through applied 
research and technology transfer in to rural areas;  ensure sustainable 
management of natural resources and protection of the environment;  and improve food security.  (G§18 and S-IV§22) 
• The provisions of the decree that liberalized trade did not interfere with the 
import or transit prohibitions or restrictions for the protection of human and 
animal life and health, and the preservation of plant species.  (G§35) 
• A temporary regulation was imposed to promote the adaptation of existing 
installations to new environmental rules and promote culture and conservation 
of the heritage.  (S-III§ 90) 
 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions 
 • Import, transit and export prohibitions or restrictions were applied on certain 
goods for reasons of the protection of human or animal health or life, 
conservation of plants, and the protection of the environment.  (G§84, S-III§40 and 87) WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 106  
 
  Technical 
requirements • A national standardization, accreditation and certification system was applied 
and a national standards plan for food products (e.g. on rice, oil, milk), building materials (e.g. on cement, reinforcing steel), water and the environment was 
drawn.  (S-III§45) 
• Standards were made mandatory in order to protect human or animal health or 
life, the environment and the cultural heritage of artistic, historical or 
archaeological value.  Failure to resp ect the mandatory standards, sanctions 
amounting to CFAF 100,000 to CFAF 3 million were provided.  A certificate 
was granted to attest the compliance of imported goods with the mandatory 
standards.  (S-III§47) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • The Phytosanitary controls were applied to imports and exports of plants and 
plant products.  Authorizations, bans or import licences were issued.  (S-III§44) 
• A policy in support of the agricultural sector was introduced during the uranium 
boom, to promote greater self-suffici ency (subsidized prices and inputs, 
agricultural loans, development of the rural infrastructure).   By the end of the boom, the interventionist policies were abandoned and Government turned its 
support to combating desertification  and promoting irrigation and sustainable 
management of natural resources.  (S-IV§14) 
• Government's focus was on irrigation, management of natural resources  and 
support for farmers and livestock breeders at the sanitary and phytosanitary 
levels.  (S-IV§15) 
Energy • The Economic Recovery Programme sets out energy  guidelines to protect the 
environment through rational use of wood energy and promote natural and 
renewable sources of energy.  (G§30) 
• A body to regulate activities in water and energy sectors was created by  
Ordinance No. 99/044.  (G§107) 
 
J. TPR -119  SENEGAL  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was set to achieve an annual 
GDP growth rate of 7 – 8% and pursued a socio-economic policy that was 
designed to improve the economic performance and place the country on a 
pathway of sustainable human development.  (G§132-133) 
• The private sector development strate gy advocated an approach that was 
organized around strategic options, among others, to make the best possible use 
of human capital and provide for the sustained management of natural resources.  
(G§162) 
• On the basis of the Export Development and Promotion Strategy (STRADEX), 
an action plan for the implementation of  a technical assistance programme was 
proposed to expand the export capacity in five sectors including fisheries to 
rationalise the resource conservation policy.  (G§173) 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Technical 
requirements •  Standards on waste water discharge were made mandatory.  (G§123) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • The Agricultural Framework Law was draf ted with the objective of managing 
natural resources (particularly the soil, water and forests) on a sustainable basis.  
(G§31) 
• The application of sanitary control measures is done in conformity with the  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 107 
 
 
  Phytosanitary Convention for Africa South of the Sahara.  It provides for total 
bans and prior authorization by the co untry's plant protection service.  A 
phytosanitary certificate is required for all plant imports, and quarantine allowed 
only on sites recognized by the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council.  (S-III§49) 
• The sale or distribution of any pesticides , fungicides and insecticides, etc. not 
approved by the authorities is banned.  Products are tested to verify their 
effectiveness and that they are not harm ful to health, crops, animal s or the 
environment under normal cond itions of use.  (S-III§50) 
 
Fisheries • The fisheries development strategy that was part of the PRSP was finalized and 
focused on sustainable management and renewal of fisheries resources and making the best use of resources.  (S-IV§39-40) 
• The fisheries policy contains two main components: development of industrial 
fishing, and development of small-scale fishing with the objective to ensure sustainable development of fishing by conserving the resource and generating 
value-added through industrial processing.  (S-IV§31) 
• The intensive exploitation and the depletion of certain marine stocks is causing a 
threat to the long-term viability of the fisheries industry, and the Government 
was considering measures to offset this.  (S-IV§30) 
• A series of measures contained in the fisheries master plan were unveiled to 
ensure the rational and sustainable management and optimal exploitation of 
fishery resources.  (G§39) 
• Fishing agreements with the European Union (EU) were concluded.  The 
signature of a Fisheries Partnership Ag reement with the Eu ropean Union was 
also envisaged with a view to the sust ainable management of the resource.  
(G§40) 
• Fishing is regulated by a Maritime Fishing Code and the main features of the 
Code are the introduction of a biological rest period and the possibility of terminating exploitation of an endangered species.  (S-IV§32) 
Mining • In the framework of the PRSP, Government intended to draft more attractive 
mining legislation and promote a policy that favours sustainable development.  
(G§46) 
• A new draft Code was prepared and focused on drafting mining legislation that 
is sufficiently attractive and promoting a mining policy that is conducive to sustainable development.  (S-IV§44) 
 
K. TPR 120 - HONDURAS  
Trade policy framework  
 • The Government was negotiating a new agreement with the IMF that would 
maintain the coun try's credibility in terms of  access to funding from the 
international community, while permitting a macroeconomic management 
policy that favours, inter alia, provision for the social sectors and the 
environment.  (G§29) 
• Under the Declaration of the Meeti ng of the Consultative Group for the 
Reconstruction and Transformation of Central America held in 1999, for 
Honduras, one of the principles for actions taken with respect to reconstruction 
was to reduce the ecological vulnerability of the region.  (G§10) 
• Environmental protection and risk prevention are among the priorities and 
commitments under the poverty reduction strategy.   (G§6, G.A.§10,18) 
• The Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, 
Nicaragua and Canada includes the parallel signing of environmental 
cooperation agreements. Environmenta l provisions are included in the 
negotiations of the FTA between Guatemal a, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, 
Costa Rica and the United Stat es.  (G.69,70, S-II§67)   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  • The market-opening process encouraged the development of a more competitive 
climate obliged every sector of the economy to develop more precise strategies in areas such as plant and animal health and environmental management.  (G§2) 
• Under Honduran law, essential biological processes for the breeding or 
reproduction of plants, animals or varieties thereof, including genetic processes, 
plant varieties and species and animal sp ecies and breeds, are not patentable.  
(S-III§183)  
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Imports of a certain number of products are prohibited on environmental 
protection grounds.  (S-III§50) 
• A ban is in place to restrict the import, production, sale and use of products or 
materials for animal or agricultural use which proved to be highly hazardous to the environment. Products that could pose a risk to the environment may be 
confiscated, returned, treated , destroyed or a quarantine could be imposed on.  
(S-III§78) 
• Exports of certain plants and animals th reatened with extinction are prohibited 
in accordance with the CITES Conventio n.  (S-III§95) 
Technical 
requirements • Imports of certain toxic pesticides and other hazardous chemicals are subject to 
the prior informed consent procedure established by the Rotterdam Convention;  
and imports of specimens of wild flor a and fauna are subject to a licensing 
system in accordance with the CI TES Convention.  (S-III§49) 
• A National Agricultural Health Service (SENASA) was established to regulate 
the import of organisms obtained through biotechnology.  In order to register 
and import veterinary products prepared using biotechnology, specific 
information must be supplied with regards to the processing procedures, the "official control measures", and the legi slation in the manufacturing country.  
(S-III§81) 
• A phytosanitary or animal health certificate is required for the export of products 
of plant or animal origin, and a CITES certificate may be necessary in some 
cases.  (S-III§89) 
• Standards are proposed to be converted into mandatory regulations when the 
aim is for the protection of anim al or plant health.  (S-III§67) 
Taxes, levies and 
subsidies • Exemption of sale taxes exists for the import of agrochemicals, live animals and 
frozen semen of animal origin.  (Table III.4) 
Others • An incentives scheme is in place to pr omote private-sector  involvement in 
forestry, reforestation and woodl and protection.  (S-III§163) 
• The Regulation of the Law on Free Zones requires FTZ-based enterprises to 
comply with environmental regulations.  (S-III§104) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • Policy measures for the revitalization of the agrifood sector are geared towards 
forest protection and sustainable rural development.  (G§17) 
• An Agricultural Round Table was set up as a consultation mechanism with the 
aim of developing a national strategy for agrarian and environmental 
transformation, and land use planning.  (S-IV§13) 
• A plan has been drawn up with measures to be implemented in the area of 
sustainability of natural resources.  (S-IV§14) 
• Various programmes have been implemented to boost agricultural output 
through structural transformations in resource conservation, to improve living standards in rural communities through environmental development, and to  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 109 
 
 
  promote and encourage the sustainable management of natural resources.  (S-
IV§17) 
Forestry • A law was adopted to provide incentives  for the involvement of the private 
sector in forestry, reforestation and wood land protection.  (S-IV§53) 
Energy • Under the Framework Law, with a view to promote the use of renewable 
resources for the generation of electricity , a preference amounting to 10 per cent 
of the cost would be given to the development of such projects.  (S-IV§85) 
Services • The protection of the marine environment was addressed in the legal framework 
for the navigation of pleasure craft and sc heduled maritime transport services.  
(S-IV§158) 
 
L. TPR 121 - BULGARIA  
Trade policy framework  
 • Provisions on economic coop eration in the area of environment are included in 
the Europe Agreement.  (S-II§36 and 42, table II.2) 
• Ecologically clean production is seen as  an advantage to develop a comparative 
advantage in food and related products.  (Box I.1) 
• State aid is provided for considerations such as environmental protection. 
(S-III§101) 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Import and export prohibitions are put in  place for environmental concerns in 
accordance with internationa l agreements.  (S-III§3) 
• Imports of ozone-depleting products, ivory and rare birds are prohibited in 
accordance with international obligations.  (S-III§40) 
Technical 
requirements • Non-automatic licences are in place for sa fety and environmen tal concerns.  (S-
III§3) 
• Import permits are applied to protect human, animal and plant health and life 
(e.g. on certain hazardous wastes under the Basel Convention, wild flora and fauna species under CITES, ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal and 
Kyoto Protocols). (S-III§42-43, Table III.7) 
• Environmental performance requirements may be considered in the procurement 
procedures.  (S-III§63) 
• Export licences are required for wild plan ts and parts thereof, as well as tetter 
and moss; wild animals and parts, clam s, sea and land snails, frogs, including 
those raised on farms; live game and genetic material thereof, as well as hunting 
trophies, dropped game horns, and game products.  (Table III.11) 
Taxes, subsidies 
and levies • Duties are levied on goods (domestically  produced or imported) considered to 
be damaging to the environment.  (S-III§34) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • Eco-friendly and sustainable management of forestry resources, game, and 
protected natural areas is identified as a priority area in the 2001-2005 sector 
programme.  (S-IV§10) 
• Environmental programmes are part of  the green box measures provided in 
support of agriculture.  (S-IV§17) WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  Forestry • A sustainable management and use of resources, restoration of habitats, and 
support of international initiatives are included in the Forest policy.  (S-IV§52) 
• A ban on exports of burned timber and lumber was established to protect against 
wasting natural assets endangered by the mass illegal cutting and burning of forests. Permits are required for import,  export, and re-export of mushrooms, 
mussels, snails, frogs, and game animals, based on protection of endangered 
species and natural resources in compliance with CITES.  (S-IV§53) 
Fishing • Among the member countries of the Organization for Black Sea Economic 
Cooperation, a draft convention for fishing and protection of live resources was discussed.  (S-IV§55) 
Energy and Mining • An Energy and Efficiency Act was prom ulgated aimed at improving efficiency.  
(S-IV§61) 
• In 2000 a loan from the World Bank was earmarked for environmental cleanup 
and support of privatization of the highly polluting enterprises by reforming environmental legislation, establishing a consistent framework for integrating 
environmental issues into the priva tization process, and accelerating the 
harmonization with EU environmental requirements and practices.  (S-IV§58)  
• It is a priority for the coal mining sect or to address the balance between secure 
energy supply and environmen tal protection.  (S-IV§64) 
Services • Road building was assisted by the ISPA (Investment for Structural Policies for 
Pre-Accession) programme of the EU, focusing on environment investment and development in the areas of water supply, waste management and air pollution.  (S-IV§134) 
• For maritime transport legislation, in line with that of the EU, environmental 
concerns would be taken into account.  (S-IV§144) 
• Commitments were made under GATS to cover the environmental sector.
(S-II§30) 
 
M. TPR 122 - GUYANA  
Trade policy framework  
 • Legislation was formulated to provide for the management, conservation, 
protection, and improvement of the environment; prevention or control of pollution; assessment of the impact of economic development on the 
environment; and sustainable use of natural resources.  (S-III§63) 
• The Government sought to encourage investment in priority sectors to improve 
sustainable development through a variety of programs.  (S-II§65) 
• Industrial estates are zoned in conformity with environmental protection 
regulations.  (S-III§93) 
• Exclusion from patentability of plants, animals, and essentially biological 
processes, and protection of new plant varieties are not provided for in legislation. (S-III§57,125)  
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions • A large number of animal and vegetable products are subject to import licensing 
requirements. The importation of livestock, and other animals, and of plant 
materials is subject to an import permit.  (S-IV§19)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 111 
 
 
  Technical 
requirements • Technical assistance is offered by the Na tional Bureau of Standards (GNBS) in 
the implementation of ISO 14001 (environmental management systems).  (S-III§57) 
• A Board has been established for controlling the manufacture, import, transport, 
storage, sale, use, and advertisement of  pesticides and toxic chemicals.  (S-
III§62) 
Taxes, levies and 
subsidies • Export taxes are applied to wildlife.  (S-IV§2) 
Sector policy  
Agriculture • An Agricultural Sector Programme (A SP) was put in place to improve the 
environmental framework.  (S-IV§23) 
• An environmental management system for the cultivation of sugar-cane and the 
manufacture of sugar and its by-products is being developed in conformity with ISO 14001. With the objective of managing  the environmental effects of sugar-
cane cultivation, the fibre remaining after the cane juice has been extracted is 
used to generate power for use in the factories.  (S-IV§39) 
• Organic farming programmes have been put in place with the rehabilitation of 
cocoa plantations.  (S-IV§55) 
• Export taxes are applied to wildlife.  (S-IV§2) 
• A large number of animal and vegetable products are subject to import licensing 
requirements. The importation of livestock, and other animals, and of plant materials is subject to an import permit.  (S-IV§19) 
Forest • Forest operations are monitored to ensure compliance with environmental 
standards. Guyana aims to be certified as an exporter of wood and wood 
products in accordance with environmentally friendly practices.  (S-IV§65) 
• A Forest Plan was formulated with the overall objective of conservation, 
protection, management, and utilization of forest resources.  (S-IV§66) 
• A 30-year concession for the conservatio n of 81,000 hectares of forest was 
agreed with payments, royalties and fees.  (S-IV§68) 
Energy • An energy agency (GEA) has been established to encourage the rational and 
efficient use of imported petroleum-based energy sources, while encouraging, where environmentally acceptable, incr eased utilization of indigenous and 
renewable sources of energy.  (S-IV§90) 
• Electricity services are aimed to be provided in an environmentally sustainable 
manner by the Electricity Corporation.  (S-IV§107) 
• Energy policy is aimed at increasing the use of new and renewable domestic 
energy resources where commercially f easible, addressing the conservation and 
development of alternative sources of power including hydro, solar, and 
bagasse, over the medium-to long-term.  (S-IV§108,109) 
Services • A requirement exists to provide an environmental impact assessment in order to 
qualify for duty-free and consumption ta x concessions for facilities in the 
Tourism sector.  (S-IV§157) 
 
   WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  N. 
TPR 123 - THAILAND   
Trade policy framework  
 • A development plan was put in place in order to achieve sustainable 
development, based on balanced development and economic strategy.  (S-II§10) 
• Plans for transferring functions to local  governments were set out to include 
environment.  (Box II.1) 
• Free competition is provided for in the Constitution subject to limits set out by 
legislation to benefit natural resources and environmental preservation.  (S-II§6) 
• General (permanent) exceptions under th e Common Effective Preferential Tariff 
exists for products deemed necessary to protect animal or plant life and health 
within the ASEAN.  (S-II§23) 
• Greater Mekong Subregional Economic Cooperation's (GMS-EC) vision is for 
sustainable development.  (S-II§34) 
• Natural resource and energy conservation, and environment protection are 
factors taken into account when assessing  licences applications for certain listed 
business activities that are restricted for foreign investment.  (S-II§43)  
• Provisions for marine environment prot ection based on international standards 
exist in subsidiary legislation applied to the maritime services sector.  (G§89) 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Many of the import licensing  requirements are for envi ronmental reasons.  (S-
III§3) 
• Some products are subject to licensing and prohibitions for reasons of 
environmental protection (e.g. yellowfin tunas; waste, paring and scrap of plastics; CFC refrigerators; used motor vehicles) and forest conservation (e.g. 
chain saws).  (S-III§46, Table III.3) 
• The objective of import prohibitions is to protect animal or plant life and health. 
Household refrigerators utilizing CFC in the production process are absolutely 
prohibited. (S-III§48) 
• Import or transit of certain genetically m odified (GM) plants is prohibited.  (S-
III§98) 
Technical requirements • Food products derived from genetically modified or engineered maize and soya 
in whole or in part must be labelled. Labelling such as "GM free" or "non GM 
food" is prohibited.  (S-III§100) 
Taxes, levies and subsidies • Export taxes are in place primarily for the purpose of conserving the 
environment (e.g. hides of bovine animals; wood, sawn wood and articles made of wood).  (S-III.64, Table III§5) 
• Exemption of import duties on certain m achinery and a corporate tax holiday are 
applied to enterprises engaged in priority activities such as environmental protection.  (S-III§84)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 113 
 
 
  • Sector policy  
Services • Foreign equity limitations of 49% on commercial presence are scheduled for 
environmental services.  (S-IV§35) 
• Priority is given in tourism policy to the long-term protection of the 
environment and the encouragemen t of "eco-tourism".  (G§101) 
• A requirement to meet the national marine environmental requirements exists 
for operators of Thai-flagged vessels prov iding international maritime transport 
services.  (S-IV§72) 
 
O. TPR 124 - CHILE  
Trade policy framework  
 • Environmental measures should be adopted within the framework of multilateral 
rules and disciplines, avoiding the risks that could lead to protectionism and discrimination.  (S-III§39) 
• A side-agreement on environmental issues is included in the FTA with Canada.  
(S-III§48) 
• A framework on environmental regulations is provided in the FTA with the 
United States.  (S-III§63) 
Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions 
 • Import restrictions and prohibitions are maintained for environmental protection 
reasons.  (S-III§18) 
• Import prohibitions exists for the protection of animal and plant life, and the 
environment.  (S-III§49) 
• Imports of used vehicles are prohib ited for environmental reasons (with 
exceptions: ambulances, cement-making and fire-fighting vehicles, armored 
cars, mobile homes, street-and highway-cleaning vehicles, and prison vans).  (S-
III§50) 
• Imports of plants and animals in danger of extinction are prohibited in 
accordance with the CITES Convention (onl y may be imported with a special 
import permit of the National Commission of Technological and Scientific Research). Importation of hazardous wast e is prohibited in accordance with the 
Basel Convention and of products cont aining CFC in acco rdance with the 
Montreal Protocol.  (S-III§51) 
• Export prohibitions or controls are applied to goods regulated by the CITES 
Convention. Goods included in Appendices I, II, and III of the Convention require an export permit.  (S-III§105) 
Technical requirements • A draft decree was amended to provide for the mandatory labelling of food 
products modified by biotechnological measures.   (S-III§89) 
• All imports of animals and products ther eof must be accompanied by a sanitary. 
A phytosanitary certificate is required for plants or any part of a plant in its 
natural state or processed, capable of carrying plant pests or of being a pest in 
itself, as well as products that may be dangerous to plants (including plant 
products, living organisms, containers, agricultural equipment, and soil).  (S-III§91) 
Others • Environmental regulations apply equally in the Free Trade Zones (FTZs).  (S-
III§152) WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 114  
 
  Sector policy  
Agriculture • A programme was implemented to support the recovery of exhausted soil by 
providing financial support for the purchase of fertilizers and soil conservation.  
(S-IV§20) 
Forestry • With a view to promoting a sustainable use of forests, the Forest Institute 
(INFOR) was established to undertake research.  (S-IV§35) 
• The use of land for forest plantations must be authorized, and the exploitation of 
planted forests should be done following re-afforestation requirements. 
Legislation is in place to lay down the principles of  environmental protection 
and to make a more sustainable use of native forests.  (S-IV§36) 
Fisheries 
 • Specific systems to limit access to fishing are established in order to attain a 
sustainable level of exploitation of the existing resources (e.g. licences to exploit species that are incipient or in the process of regeneration are granted for ten 
years through public bids).  (S-IV§41) 
Services • Commitments under GATS exist for professional services related to 
environmental engineering design.  (table IV§10) 
• International Conventions have been signed in relation to maritime transport 
(e.g. on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships – MARPOL; on Civil Liability 
for Oil Pollution Damage; on Oil Pollu tion Preparedness, Response and Co-
operation).  (S-IV§130) 
 
P. TPR 125 - TURKEY  
Trade policy framework  
 • Provisions for cooperation in environmental protection exists in the Black Sea 
Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC).  (G§173, S-II§28) 
• Micro-organisms and microbiological processes are patentable.  (S-III§143) 
• A Decree has entered into force, which limits the scope of state aids to, among 
others, the protection of the environment.  (G§123) 
• There exist support schemes to improve SMEs' exports (e.g. financing the 
training on products' standards and environment).  (S-III§104)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 115 
 
 
  Trade policies and practices by measure   
Quantitative 
restrictions and 
prohibitions • The importation of ozone depleting substances (lists I, II and III of the Montreal 
Protocol) and schedules I and II of the Convention on the Prohibition of the 
Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their 
Destruction, are both prohibited by law for environmental reasons (invoking 
Article XX:b and d of GATT), except when imported by authorized government 
bodies or members of the agreements.   (S-III§36, Table III.7) 
• Prior import licences are required for environmental reasons (e.g. imports of 
some fertilizers are permitted on approval  in order  to avoid damage to animals or to the lifecycle of plants ).  (S-III§41, Table III.9) 
• Exports of some products are prohibited for environmental reasons (e.g. angora 
goats;   all game and wild animals-except wild pig, wolf, jackal, fox, marten, badger, snake, turtle and lizard-meat or alive and/or pieces and garments thereof 
in Ch. 1 and 2;  natural flower bulbs;  tobacco seedlings and tobacco plant;  
dates "Phoenix the ophrasti crenter";  Pterocarya carpinifolia;  Liquidamber 
orientalis;  plants of grapevine, fig, hazelnut, pistachio, and olive;   ozone 
depleting substances;  trunk, log, lumber and wooden beams of walnut, 
mulberry, cherry, pear, plum, elm, ash, linden, and yew trees under Ch. 44;  and 
wood and wood charcoal  under Ch. 44).  (S-III§94) 
• An export licence is required for: products subject to the Basel Convention on 
the Control of Transbo undary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their 
Disposal;  and endangered species of w ild animals and plants, or samples of 
these species subject to CITES agreement.  (Table III.13) 
Technical 
requirements • Some technical regulations are put in place for environmental purposes.  (S-
III§56) 
• A Regime for Technical Regulations and Standardization for Foreign Trade was 
established to ensure that exports do not harm the environment.  (S-III§57) 
• Testing and certification procedures are performed by the Ministry of 
Environment on environment-related products.  (S-III§60) 
• An inspection certificate from the Turkish Standards Institution (the TSE mark) 
is required to imported goods subject to compulsory standards for the protection 
of the environment.  (S-III§61) 
• Information and warnings must be provided where goods and services may 
constitute a threat to the environment.  (S-III§64) 
• Registration requirements are established for the export of the following:   goods 
with certificates under the Regulation on the Manufacturing of Vegetal and 
Animal Products Using Ecological Methods;  items included in annexed Lists 2 
and 3 of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, 
Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction;  and goods 
covered by the Vienna Agreement regarding the Protection of the Ozone Layer.  
(S-III§91) 
Taxes, subsidies 
and levies • Environmental protection is pursued by the promotion of SMEs investments 
under the investment encouragement mech anism.  This consists mainly of 
automatic tax based incentives.  (G§82) 
• Export taxes are imposed on semi-processed leather for environmental reasons.  
(S-III§93 and IV§30) 
Sector policy  
Mining • Environmental control is applied to all mining activities by the Ministry of 
Environment and Forestry.  (S-IV§39) WT/CTE/EDB/3 
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  Energy  • Environment-friendly electricity and natural gas are provided in the energy 
market under the regulation of the Energy Market Regulatory Authority.  (S-III§134, Table III.17) 
Services • The Government has introduced environmental controls in the tourism sector.  
(S-IV§144)  
 
Q. TPR 126 – UNITED STATES  
Trade policy framework  
 • An important way to ensure domestic support for its trade policies is through 
extensive solicitation of input and advice from the public on key negotiations, as 
well as extensive outreach through a large network of congressionally mandated 
advisory committees, of which representatives are drawn from, inter alia, environmental groups. Such involvement enables development of trade 
liberalization policies that support protection of the environment and other 
goals.  (G§6) 
• Policy objectives are set out to incorporate environmental issues into trade 
agreements, to enforce domestic environmental protection laws, to maintain high levels of environmental protection, as well as to establish consultative 
mechanisms to promote capacity building for environmental protection and 
conservation of natural resources.  (S-II§15) 
• Environmental protection is identified in  the President's International Trade 
Agenda as being mutually reinforcing with trade.  Guidance for pursuing 
environmental objectives in the context of trade negotiations, particularly FTAs, 
are provided in the Trade Act of 2002.  (G§107) 
• Cooperative mechanisms in parallel with FTAs have been established with the 
objective of providing assistance to developing countries in building their capacity to protect the envi ronment and conserve natural resources, as well as 
seeking commitments on levels of environmental protection and effective 
enforcement of environmental laws. A syst em of environmental reviews of trade 
negotiations has also been implemented.  (G§108) 
• Trade and environment provisions are contained in the FTAs with Jordan, 
Singapore and Chile.  (G§90, S-II§47,51,52) 
• An initiative with the Europe an Union (New Transatlantic Agenda) is in place to 
address global environmental challenges more effectively.  (G§56) 
• EPA has been established to ensure compliance with environmental regulations 
and to ensure that trade agreements ar e negotiated and implemented to protect 
domestic interests and environmental standards. An Import-Export Program (IEP) is in place to ensure compliance w ith and development of laws governing 
the importation and exportation of materials that may pose a risk to human 
health and the environment, includin g hazardous waste, toxic chemicals, 
pesticides, and ozone-depleting substances.   (S-III§153) 
• Projects with respect to th e Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) are 
required to be reviewed for their ef fects on the environment.  (S-II§78) 
• Trade policies and pr actices by measure  
Quantitative 
restrictions and prohibitions • Quantitative restrictions and controls on trade are designed or maintained for, 
inter alia, environmental purposes.  (S-III§118) 
• Some trade measures (such as import bans) are applied to enforce environmental 
provisions in Acts, e.g. for the protection of marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, seals, and sea lions, and six endangered species of sea turtles.  (S-
III§156)  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 117 
 
 
  • An import ban is in place on tuna from countries failing to protect dolphins 
when fishing in the eastern tropical Paci fic Ocean not comply with the "dolphin-
safe" certification and labellin g requirement.  (S-III§157) 
• Importation of shrimp is prohibited unless harvested in a way considered by the 
US not to pose a danger to  sea turtles. (S-III§160) 
• Import controls are implemented through a system of licences for, inter alia, 
plants and animals and their products, natural gas, fish and wildlife.  (S-III§120) 
• With the objective of safeguarding animal and plant resources from exotic pests 
and diseases, the Animal and Plant Hea lth Inspection Service (APHIS) has been 
established. Its Import Authorization Sy stem (IAS) allows importers to submit 
applications for permits to import fruits, vegetables, animal products and organisms.  (S-III§142) 
• Import restrictions may be imposed to a country for activities that diminish the 
effectiveness of an international fish ery conservation programme.  (S-III§161) 
Technical 
requirements • Technical regulations or SPS measures are classified as "major rules" when they 
adversely affect the environment in  a material way.  (S-III§125) 
• Technical regulations may not be based on an international standard including 
for the reason of protecting animal or pl ant life or health, or the environment.  
(S-III§126) 
• Products of biotechnology are regulated according to their intended use by the 
same authorities as their conventional co unterparts (USDA, the EPA, and the 
FDA).  ( S-III§150) 
• A new Biotechnology Regulatory Servi ces unit (BRS) was created with a key 
role in regulating and facilitating biot echnology, risk assessments, granting 
permissions, and harmonizing biotechnology standards with foreign 
governments.  (S-III§151) 
• For security, information on internationally recognized hazardous material code 
is to be provided when such materials are being loaded in a foreign port.  (S-
III§30, Box III.1) 
• Agreements with a number of countries exist to prov ide prior notification of 
shipment of hazardous wastes (both importing and exporting).  The Basel 
Convention has not been ratified by the US, but it adheres to the OECD Council 
Decision governing trade in recyclable waste with other OECD countries; 
accordingly, exports of waste have to be  notified by the expor ter to the EPA.  
(S-III§154) 
Others • A number of programmes notified at the federal level providing subsidies to 
business (e.g. income tax concession, gr ants, and cooperative-type agreements) 
are geared towards energy and marine re sources conservation.  (S-III§212,213) 
Sector policy  
Services • All commercial vessels entering into the territorial sea must provide information 
on any hazardous cargo or conditions.  (S-IV§111) 
 
  
 WT/CTE/EDB/3 
Page 118  
 
  ANNEX I 
 
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED NOTIFICATIONS: 
SEARCH WORDS 
 
Basel Convention Hazardous 
Bio HCFCs  Carbon Indigenous  Cartagena  Kyoto Protocol CFCs  Modified organism  
CITES  Marking 
Clean Montreal Protocol Climate Natural resources Conservation Novel  Conserve Organic  
Desertification Ozone 
Diversity Package(ing) Eco-label  Pollution Ecology Preservation Emissions Preserve Endangered Recycle 
Energy Renewable 
Environment Saving  Erosion Soil erosion Extinct   Species Fauna Sustainable 
Fish  Toxic 
Flora Tree Forest Waste Genetic  Wildlife  GHGs  Wood Green (house)  
 
  WT/CTE/EDB/3 
 Page 119 
 
 
  ANNEX II  
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
AMS − Aggregate measurement of support 
Cartagena 
Protocol − Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity 
CBD − Convention on Biological Diversity 
CFCs − Chlorofluorocarbons 
CGP − Code of Good Practice, Annex III of the TBT Agreement 
c.i.f. − Cost, insurance and freight 
CITES − Convention on International Trade in En dangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 
CO 2 − Carbon dioxide 
EEA − European Economic Area 
EIA − Environmental Impact Assessment 
FAO − Food and Agriculture Organization 
FIFG − Financial Instrument of Fisheries Guidance structural measures in the fisheries and 
aquaculture sector in th e European Communities 
GMOs − Genetically modified organisms 
HCFCs − Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbons 
IDB − Inter-American Development Bank 
ICCAT − International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna 
ITTO − International Tropical Timber Organisation 
Kyoto Protocol − Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 
LDCs − Least-Developed Countries 
LMOs − Living modified organisms 
MEAs − Multilateral environmental agreements 
Montreal Protocol − Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 
NFIDCs − Net Food-Importing Developing Countries 
NGOs − Non-governmental organizations 
PESCA − Community Initiative concerning the Restructuring of the Fisheries Sector 
R&D − Research and development 
ODSs − Ozone-depleting substances 
SMEs − Small and medium-sized enterprises 
SO 2 − Sulphur dioxide 
SPS − Sanitary and phytosanitary 
TBT − Technical barriers to trade 
TPR − Trade Policy Review 
UNEP − United Nations Environment Programme 
UNFCCC − United Nations Framework C onvention on Climate Change 
 
 
  
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