WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/COMTD/W/162 
27 November 2007 
 
 (07-5235) 
Committee on Trade and Development  
  
 
PARTICIPATION OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN THE 
GLOBAL TRADING SYSTEM  
   
I.
 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... .1 
II. OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................... .......2  
A. MERCHANDISE  TRADE .........................................................................................................2  
B. TRADE  IN COMMERCIAL  SERVICES...................................................................................5  
III. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PR ODUCT GROUP AND REGION..................................6  
A. AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS................................................................................................6  
B. FUELS  AND  MINING  PRODUCTS .........................................................................................8  
C. MANUFACTURES..................................................................................................................1 0 
D. TRADE  BY REGION...............................................................................................................14  
E. LEAST-DEVELOPED  COUNTRIES  (LDC S).........................................................................17  
IV. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES  BY MAJOR COMPONENT...........................18  
A. TOTAL  COMMERCIAL  SERVICES......................................................................................18  
B. TRANSPORTATION  SERVICES ...........................................................................................20  
C. TRAVEL......................................................................................................................... ..........22  
D. OTHER  COMMERCIAL  SERVICES......................................................................................24  
V. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... .26 
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................... ....................27  
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 
1. This document has been prepared by the S ecretariat to assist the Committee on Trade and 
Development in meeting its requirement to conti nuously review the participation of developing 
economy Members in the multilateral trading system.  It updates previous studies on this topic 
produced for the Committee in 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004
1, and is intended to highlight recent trends 
and salient features of trade by developing ec onomies during the period 2000 to 2006.  Greater 
attention is paid to developments since 2003 in or der to reduce the amount of overlap with the earlier 
studies.  The organization of the paper has been re vised in order to focus more on merchandise trade 
by product and to provide enhanced c overage of trade in commercial services. 
                                                      
1 The 2004 document is WT/COMTD/W/136/Rev.1.   WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 2  
 
  II. OVERVIEW 
A. MERCHANDISE
 TRADE 
Chart 1:  Merchandise trade of developing economies, 1990-2006 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 
 
050010001500200025003000350040004500
1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06Billion dollars
051015202530354045
Percentage share
exports imports share in world exports (right-hand scale) share in world imports (right-hand scale)
 
 
 2. The global macroeconomic environment between 2000 and 2006 has been characterized by a 
slowdown followed by a strong recovery, and this is reflected in the trade performance of developing 
economies.  The average annual growth of world real growth domestic product (GDP) from 2000 to 
2003 was 1.9 per cent.  During this period, devel oping economies averaged 3.9 per cent real growth 
per year, while developed economies only increased by 1.4 per cent per year.  From 2003 to 2006, average annual GDP growth improved to 3.6 per cent for the world, 7.0 per cent for developing 
economies, and 2.7 per cent for developed economi es.  Over the entire 2000 to 2006 period, GDP 
growth for the world was 2.6 per cent on average,  while it was 5.2 per cent for developing economies 
and 1.9 per cent for developed ones.  The slower  economic growth during the earlier period can be 
attributed in part to the global IT crisis, which had a disproportionate impa ct on developing Asia, but 
also affected economies worldwide.   
3. The resumption of rapid growth in developing economies from 2003 onward can be attributed 
to a number of factors, including higher prices for primary commodities such as fuels and mining products, the continuing export-driven boom in China, and a world economy rebounding from the IT 
crisis that began in 2000.  It is difficult to dr aw meaningful conclusions about the collective trade 
performance of developing economies from aggregate figures, since they make up such a large and 
heterogeneous group.  The group consists of 154 countries and territories, and includes both 
low-income and high-income economies, industrial and non-industrial economies, and a variety of 
intermediate cases.  It also includes both major expor ters and importers of primary products, prices of 
which have increased substantially in recent year s, thereby contributing to the rising export and 
import totals for the group as a whole.
2  To better understand the dynamics of merchandise trade for 
developing economies, it is helpful to break do wn the data into three major product groups 
(agricultural products, fuels and mining products, an d manufactures).  These groups provide the main 
focus for section III, although trade by region is also considered. 
                                                      
2 See Appendix Table 6 for details on commodity price increases in recent years.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 3 
 
 
   
Table 1:  Growth of merchandise trad e by region and selected economy, 2000-06 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
Exports Imports 
Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change  
2006 2000-
20062003-
20062005 2006 2006 2000- 
2006 2003- 
2006 2005 2006
Worlda
 11783 11 17 14 16 12113 11 17 13 15
           
Developing Economiesa 4281 14 23 22 20 3772 13 21 18 17
Latin America 680 11 21 20 20 630 8 20 18 19
Mexico 250 7 15 13 17 268 7 15 13 15
Other Latin America 430 14 25 25 21 362 10 24 23 22
Brazil 137 16 23 23 16 96 8 24 17 24
Developing Europe 109 20 23 17 18 189 17 23 17 18
Turkey 85 21 22 16 16 138 17 26 20 18
Africa 363 16 27 30 21 290 14 21 22 14
Northern Africa 132 16 30 38 21 87 11 18 18 9
Sub-Saharan Africa 231 16 26 26 22 202 16 23 24 17
South Africa 58 12 17 12 13 77 17 25 17 24
Middle East 645 16 29 35 19 381 15 22 20 15
Developing Asiaa 2482 15 22 19 20 2281 14 21 18 17
NICS (6)a 1135 10 17 12 15 1047 9 19 14 16
China 969 25 30 28 27 791 23 24 18 20
Other 377 11 19 21 19 443 15 24 27 17
           
Memorandum items:           
LDCs (Least developed countries) 106 20 32 36 28 102 15 19 22 18
Developed Economies 7077 9 13 9 12 8060 10 14 11 13
   
Commonwealth of  Independent 
 States (CIS) 426 20 30 28 25 282 23 29 25 30
 a Excluding Hong Kong, China re-exports. 
Source :  WTO Secretariat 
4. The share of developing economies in world merchandise exports increased significantly 
between 2003 and 2006, rising from 31 to 36 per cent in just three years.  The value of developing economy exports grew 23 per cent per year on average dur ing this period, substantially faster than the 
6 per cent growth recorded during 2000 to 2003.   Merchandise imports also accelerated during 2003 
to 2006, with average annual growth of 21 per cen t.  This helped boost the share of developing 
economies in world  imports from 27 per cent in 2003 to 31 per cent in 2006.  These increases were 
supported by strong world demand, especially on th e part of the United States and other developed 
economies, and by the emergence of large deve loping economies, especially China and India, as 
engines of growth in the world economy.  (See Appendix Tables 7 and 8 fo r details in individual 
economies.) 
5. All developing regions had expor t and import growth above the world average during 2003 to 
2006, including Latin America, which had experi enced below average growth between 2000 and 
2003.  (See Table 1 for growth rates of exports and imports by developing region.)  This is not to 
suggest that all developing economies participated  actively in the world economy during this period.  
Appendix Table 13 lists 29 developing economies where per capita merchandise exports were less 
than US$100 in 2006.  Of these, 22 were African countri es, seven of which registered a decline in per 
capita exports between 2000 and 2006. 
6. The growing merchandise trade of developing  economies during 2003 to 2006 was preceded 
by a period of stagnation from 2000 to 2003, when their shares in world merchandise exports and 
imports remained more or less unchanged.  Howeve r, as illustrated by Chart 1, the improved trade 
performance of developing economies since 2003 repr esents the resumption of an earlier trend of WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 4  
 
  growing trade for these economies.  From 1990 to  2006, both exports and imports of developing 
economies grew faster than the wo rld average, and their shares in world exports and imports rose 
from 23 to 35 per cent and from 21 to 28 per cent, resp ectively.  The growth of developing economies' 
trade over the 1990 to 2006 period was occasionally ha lted by events such as the Asian financial crisis 
of 1997, the bursting of the IT bubble in late 2000 a nd 9/11 in 2001, but the overall trend has been 
consistently upwards.  One notable feature of Chart 1 is that imports of developing economies 
exceeded exports from 1991 to 1998, possibly due  to the low oil prices during these years. 
7. China was the leading merchandise exporter among developing economies in 2006, with 
exports of US$969 billion representing 8 per cent of world exports, double the 4 per cent it achieved in 2000.  China's share in the exports of developing economies also rose from 13 to 23 per cent 
between 2000 and 2006, a ten point increase in six y ears.  China's exports of merchandise increased 
by 21 per cent per year on average during 2000 to 2003, and by 30 per cent per year during 2003 to 2006.  By comparison, exports of developing economi es other than China grew at an average annual 
rate of 4 per cent in 2000 to 2003, and 21 per cent during 2003 to 2006.  Export growth of the Asian NICS(6)
3 group, which shipped US$1,135 billion worth of  goods to other countries in 2006, was in 
line with the world average of 17 per cent, but sl ower than the 23 per cent recorded by developing 
economies overall.  Mexico exported US$250 bil lion worth of merchandise in 2006, mostly to 
North America.  Mexico's exports during the 2003 to 2006 period grew 15 per cent per year on 
average, after stagnating during 2000 to 2003.  Br azil's exports of US$137 billion in 2006 represented 
a 16 per cent increase over the previous year, while India's shipments of merchandise worth US$120 billion were 21 per cent greater than in 2005.  Least-developed country (LDC) exports 
increased 32 per cent per year between 2003 and 2005,  and their imports expanded by 19 per cent 
during the same period.  See Table 1 and Appendix Tables 7 and 8 for details on individual countries 
and regions.   
8. Out of 149 developing economies for which data are available, 78 (52 per cent) experienced 
merchandise export growth above the world averag e during 2006.  Economies with above average 
merchandise export growth in included rapidly gr owing Asian economies such as China, Singapore, 
Thailand and India, as well as petroleum exporters  like Mexico, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab 
Emirates and Indonesia.  Those with below average,  and indeed negative, merchandise export growth 
were dominated by small island nations like Gren ada, Montserrat and Dominica.  The economies with 
stagnant merchandise exports in 2006 were mostly African (e.g. Tanzania, Senegal, Burundi, Kenya 
and Botswana.)  However, Sub- Saharan Africa's overall merchandi se exports grew by 22 per cent 
during 2006, slightly faster than developing economies as a whole (see Table 1). 
9. Oil producing economies have expe rienced robust export growth in recent years as a result of 
rising petroleum prices.  Major oil exporters such as Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Venezuela, saw their 
exports increase by more than 30 per cent per year on average between 2003 and 2006, while Angola 
and Trinidad and Tobago both experienced expor t growth in excess of 45 per cent in 2006.  
(Trinidad and Tobago is a large exporter of liquefi ed natural gas – LNG.)  Non-fuel mining products 
experienced similar price increases since 2003, but th eir potential economic impact is less because the 
value of this trade is so much smaller than wo rld trade in fuels.  Commodity prices for certain 
agricultural products (e.g. wheat, rubber) have risen sh arply in recent years, but price increases have 
been more moderate for agriculture as a whole (see Appendix Table 6). 
                                                     
 
3 Hong Kong, China;  Republic of Korea;  Malaysia;  Singapore;  Separate Customs Territory of 
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei);  and Thailand.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 5 
 
 
  10. China was the largest single merchandise importer in 2006, with imports worth 
US$791 billion, 20 per cent more than in 2005.  Taken together, the NICS(6) economies imported 
even more, with imports worth US$1,047 billion.  Other major importers in 2006 included Mexico, 
India and Turkey, with imports of US$268 billion,  US$175 billion and US$238 billion, respectively. 
11. The collective trade surplus of developing economies more than doubled between 2003 and 
2006, rising from US$177 billion to US$509 billion.  As not ed above, a large part of this increase can 
be attributed to higher prices for the of primary products exports, particularly fuels and mining 
products.  However, large oil exporters are a sma ll minority among developing economies, so this 
aggregate figure may mask large differences in the impact of prices on individual developing economies.  Table 2 lists the developing economies with the largest mercha ndise trade surpluses and 
deficits in 2006.  Oil exporters make up a majori ty of the economies with the largest surpluses, 
although China and members of the NICS(6) gr oup of newly industrialized countries are well 
represented.  However, among economies with larg e merchandise trade deficits, only Mexico and 
South Africa are net exporters of fuels and mining products, while the rest are net importers.  The LDCs also recorded a merchandise tr ade surplus for the first time.   
Table 2:  Developing economies with large merchandise trade surpluses and deficits, 2006 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Surplus 
2006  Deficit 
2006 
 Value Per cent of 
GDP  Value Per cent of 
GDP 
China  177.5 6.7 India  54.6 6.2 
Saudi Arabia  143.2 41.1 Turkey  52.8 13.5 United Arab Emirates 41.6 24.7 South Africa  18.9 7.4 
Brazil  41.6 3.9 Mexico  17.7 2.1 
Kuwait  39.7 41.3 Hong Kong, China
a 13.1 6.9 
Algeria  33.2 29 Pakistan  12.9 10 
Singapore  33.1 25.1 Croatia  11.1 26.2 
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 32.6 64.7 Morocco  10.9 18.9 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 31.6 17.4 Egypt  6.9 6.4 
Nigeria  30.2 26.2 Lebanon  6.8 30.2 
Malaysia  29.5 19.6 Serbia  6.7 21.3 Angola  23.4 53.5 Cuba  6.7 … 
Indonesia  23.2 6.4 Jordan  6.3 43.8 
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 22.6 10.6 Guatemala  5.9 16.7 
Taipei, Chinese 20.7 5.8 Viet Nam  4.8 7.9 
 a Refers to domestic exports and retained imports. 
Source :  WTO Secretariat 
B. TRADE  IN COMMERCIAL  SERVICES 
12. In 2006, developing economie s' exports of commercial services grew by 16 per cent, 
outpacing the world average of 12 per cent.  Deve loped economies accounted for the bulk of world 
commercial services exports (72 per cent in 2006 in cluding intra-trade of the European Communities), 
but the share of developing economies has now reached  26 per cent, and is likely to continue to rise in 
the future given current trends.  The developing regi on with the fastest growth of commercial services 
exports during 2000 to 2006 was de veloping Asia (14 per cent), followed by Africa (13 per cent), 
Middle East (12 per cent), developing Europe (8 per cent), and Latin America (7 per cent). 
13. Imports of commercial services by developing economies also expanded faster than the world 
average in 2006, with a growth rate of 15 per cent,  compared to 9 per cent for imports of developed 
economies.  The developing region with the fast est growing commercial services imports during 2000 
to 2006 was Africa (14 per cent), followed by the Middle East and developing Asia (both with WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 6  
 
  13 per cent), developing Europe (10 per cent) and Latin America (6 per cent).   See Table 3 for 
commercial services export and import growth by developing region. 
Table 3:  Trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2000-06 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage)  
Exports Imports 
Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change  
  2006   2000-
  2006  2003-
  2006  2005   2006   2006   2000- 
  2006   2003- 
  2006   2005   2006
World 2756 11 14 11 12 2648 10 14 11 11
           
Developing economies 722 12 18 15 16 786 12 18 17 15
Latin America 93 7 14 17 11 103 6 15 18 13
Mexico 16 3 10 15 2 23 5 9 9 9
Other Latin America 76 8 15 18 13 80 7 16 21 14
Brazil 18 12 23 28 20 27 10 23 38 21
Developing Europe 40 8 9 11 -4 19 10 14 14 -3
Turkey 24 3 10 13 -8 10 5 16 16 -2
Africa 64 13 15 12 11 81 14 19 21 13
Northern Africa 32 12 16 9 12 22 10 19 21 9
Sub-Saharan Africa 32 13 14 15 10 59 15 19 21 14
South Africa 12 16 13 15 8 14 16 21 18 18
Middle East 65 12 15 14 14 103 13 19 19 16
Developing Asia 460 14 21 15 19 480 13 19 16 16
NICS (6) 254 10 15 10 14 255 10 15 12 13China 91 20 25 19 24 100 19 22 16 21
Other 114 21 33 28 28 125 16 24 24 21
Memorandum items:         
LDCs (Least developed 
countries) 12 11 15 10 15 31 15 21 25 15
Developed Economies 1983 10 13 10 11 1793 9 12 8 9
Commonwealth of Independent  
States (CIS) 51 19 24 20 23 70 20 21 19 16
Source:   WTO Secretariat 
14. Developing economies as a whole showed a US$63 billion deficit in commercial services 
trade for 2006, but this global figure includes both large exporters and large importers of commercial 
services.  The largest net exporters of commercial services were Hong Kong, China;  Turkey;  and 
India with respective (surplus) balances of US $36 billion, US$13 billion and US$10 billion.  The 
developing economies with the largest trade defic its in commercial services were the Republic of 
Korea (US$19 billion), Indonesia (US$18 billion), United Arab Emirates (US$16 billion), Saudi Arabia (US$12 billion) and Brazil (US$9 billion).  All developing regions other than 
developing Europe experienced deficits in commerc ial services trade in 2006.  In particular, LDCs 
recorded a relatively large deficit. 
III. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT GROUP AND REGION 
A. AGRICULTURAL
 PRODUCTS 
15. The value of world agriculture exports grew 11 per cent  in nominal terms in 2006.  This was 
faster than the 8 per cent growth recorded in 2005, but still slower than the previous two years, when 
world agriculture exports increased by more than 15 per cent per year on average.  Part of this 
increase can be explained by sharp increases in pri ces for cereal grains in 2006, especially for wheat 
and barley.  Agriculture exports of developing economies outpaced exports for the world as a whole 
in 2006, with year-on-year growth of 14 per cent over 2005.  The share of agriculture exports of 
developing economies in world agriculture trade was 33 per cent, slightly higher than the 30 per cent 
recorded in 2000.  Developing economies' imports of agriculture increased 17 per cent in 2006, and 
their share in world agriculture trade rose to  29 per cent from 27 per cent in 2000.  The LDC 
agriculture exports in 2006 represented less than 2 per cent of total world agriculture trade.  See 
Appendix Tables 14 and 15 for the evolution of  developing economy exports by product.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 7 
 
 
  16. The leading exporter of agricultural products  among developing economies was Brazil, which 
shipped nearly US$40 billion of food and agricultural raw materials to other countries in 2006, 13 per cent more than in the previous year.  Braz il was followed by China, Thailand and Argentina, 
whose 2006 exports increased by 13, 21 and 11 per cen t, respectively.  The ten leading developing 
economy exporters were collectively responsible for nearly US$200 billion of agricultural exports in 
2006, or 21 per cent of world trade in agricultural products (see Table 4). 
17. The largest developing economy importer of agri cultural products was China, with shipments 
valued at US$51.7 billion, representing 5 per cent of  the world total.  China was followed by the 
Republic of Korea and Mexico, with import shares in  world agriculture trade of 1.9 and 1.8 per cent, 
respectively.  The ten leading developing economy ag riculture importers were collectively responsible 
for nearly 15 per cent of world agriculture imports, worth US$147.4 billion (see Table 4). 
Table 4:  Leading developing economy expo rters and importers of agricultural products
 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Share in World  Annual percentage change 
 
  2006   1980   1990   2000   2006  2000-
2006  2000-
2003  2003- 
2006   2004   2005   2006
E x p o r t s             
            Brazil 39.5 3.38 2.36 2.80 4.18 17 16 18 27 14 13China 32.5 1.47 2.43 2.97 3.45 12 11 14 9 19 13
Thailand 21.6 1.24 1.88 2.21 2.29 10 7 13 13 4 21
Argentina 21.3 1.91 1.80 2.16 2.26 10 8 12 13 12 11Indonesia 18.3 1.60 1.00 1.41 1.94 15 7 24 27 16 30
Malaysia 15.6 1.99 1.81 1.45 1.65 12 13 11 14 2 16
Mexico 14.7 0.76 0.84 1.65 1.56 8 3 14 13 13 17India
a 14.4 0.95 0.85 1.16 1.53 14 7 22 8 26 34
Chile 11.5 0.38 0.67 1.16 1.22 10 5 15 22 11 14
Turkeya 8.7 0.63 0.80 0.69 0.92 15 10 19 23 28 7
Above 10 198.1 14.3 14.4 17.7 21.0 - - - - - -
            
I m p o r t s                         
China 51.7 2.07 1.77 3.28 5.16 18 16 19 39 7 14
Korea, Republic of 18.6 1.50 2.15 2.15 1.86 6 4 9 11 5 11Mexico 18.5 1.20 1.21 1.84 1.84 9 8 10 11 7 12
Hong Kong, China 11.9 1.19 1.88 1.97 1.19 0 -3 3 3 -1 7
retained imports
b 7.8 0.95 1.04 1.09 0.78 3 0 6 9 3 7
Taipei, Chinese 9.7 1.10 1.40 1.32 0.97 3 0 7 13 5 2
United Arab Emiratesa 8.8 0.32 0.39 0.65 0.88 15 7 23 31 17 22
Saudi Arabiaa 8.6 1.48 0.79 0.95 0.86 7 3 11 12 31 -6
Malaysia 8.5 0.47 0.54 0.77 0.85 11 4 18 37 3 17
Indiaa 7.8 0.47 0.39 0.65 0.78 12 18 7 7 7 7
Indonesia 7.5 0.56 0.48 0.96 0.75 5 -3 12 25 11 2
Above 10 147.4 10.1 10.2 13.7 14.7 - - - - - -
 a Includes WTO estimates. 
 bRetained imports are estimated by subtracting re-exports from total imports. 
Source :  WTO Secretariat WT/COMTD/W/162 
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  B. FUELS
 AND  MINING  PRODUCTS 
18. Perhaps the most important shock to the worl d economy in recent years has been the rise in 
fuel prices.  From a low of US$12 per barrel in 1998, the price of light, sweet crude oil has risen to over US$90 per barrel at the time this study was written.
4  As illustrated by Appendix Table 6, prices 
of crude petroleum more than doubled between 2000 and 2006.  
19. Non-fuel minerals have experienced equally dram atic price increases in recent years, but fuel 
exports of developing economies were more than five times as large as exports of non-fuel minerals in 
2006.  As a result, fuels tend to dominate in a ggregate figures for fuels and mining products.  (See 
Appendix Tables 14 and 15 for the evolution of  developing economy exports by product.) 
20. Rising fuel prices affect developing economies in two distinct ways.  First, many of the 
leading petroleum exporters are developing economies,  so higher fuel prices tend to boost the export 
earnings of these countries.  On the other hand, developing economies that are experiencing rapid 
economic growth also face rising energy requirement s, so higher fuel prices tend to boost the value of 
their imports.  Chart 2 displays this upward trend in the value of exports and im ports of fuels.  Table 5 
shows fuels and mining products together, but the trend is similar to the one for fuels alone. 
21. Other factors that interact with oil prices to  impact developing economies include their level 
of industrialization, the extent of their dependence on imports of oil, and their choice of exchange rate 
regime.  According to the US Federal Reserve5, between 2000 and 2006, the US dollar depreciated 
approximately 19 per cent against a basket of currenci es that circulate widely outside of their country 
of issue, but against currencies that do not circulate widely the depreciation was only 4 per cent.  To the extent that a economy's currency is closely linke d to a depreciating US dollar, it will experience a 
bigger increase in the cost of its imports (or alternat ively, the value of its exports).  Countries whose 
currencies have appreciated against the dollar will probably still experience higher fuel costs due to 
the magnitude of the oil price rise, but the impact  would be blunted by the greater purchasing power 
of their currencies. 
                                                     
 
4 The spot price of Brent Crude on 1 November 2007 was US$93.95. 
5 Statistical Supplement to the Federal Reserve Bulletin, through September 2007.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 9 
 
 
  Chart 2:  Leading developing economy ex porters and importers of fuels, 2000-2006 
(Billion dollars) 
(b) Importers
0102030405060708090100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Billion dollars
China Korea, Rep. of India
Singapore Taipei, Chinese Thailand
   
 
22. Developing economies were responsible for more th an half of the world's exports of fuels and 
mining products in 2006 (52 per cent).  Their shar e in world exports was almost unchanged since 
2000, when they recorded a 53 per cent share.  Compared to other goods exported by the developing economies, the value of these exports was significan tly higher due to increased petroleum prices over 
the period.  The US$1214 billion worth of fuel s and mining products that developing economies 
shipped to other countries in 2006 was 2.6 times the value of their 2000 exports in nominal terms.  
The leading developing economy exporters of fuels (apart from mining products) in 2006 were Saudi Arabia (10.7 per cent of world exports), United Arab Emirates (3.9 per cent), Iran (3.6 per cent) 
and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (3.3 per cent). WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 10  
 
   
Table 5:  Leading developing economy exporters and importers of fuels and mining products 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 
 Value Share in World  Annual percentage change 
 
2006 1980 1990 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
E x p o r t s             
            
Saudi Arabia  a 189.44 19.34 8.26 8.19 8.32 18 5 32 35 46 17
United Arab Emiratesa 73.86 3.46 3.04 3.35 3.24 17 3 33 30 40 29
Iran, Islamic Rep. ofa 65.07 2.09 3.45 2.98 2.86 17 4 30 25 34 33
Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuelaa 59.88 3.36 3.12 3.49 2.63 12 -8 36 47 44 19
Algeria 53.96 2.45 2.57 2.50 2.37 16 2 33 35 47 19
Kuwaita 52.48 3.13 1.33 2.10 2.30 19 2 40 38 58 25
Nigeriaa 47.84 4.46 2.70 2.20 2.10 17 2 33 40 38 24
Mexico 44.67 2.02 2.33 2.11 1.96 16 4 30 28 36 25
Indonesia 39.68 2.97 2.53 2.18 1.74 13 4 23 14 33 23
Singapore 39.38 1.08 2.13 1.73 1.73 18 1 37 45 37 29Above 10 666.25 44.35 31.45 30.84 29.26 - - - - - -
            
Imports                        
China 158.27 0.18 0.55 3.72 6.76 29 16 45 70 34 32
Korea, Republic of 111.73 1.39 3.07 5.15 4.77 16 1 32 35 30 31India
a 73.01 1.23 1.65 2.22 3.12 24 8 42 53 48 27
Taipei, Chinese 52.62 1.09 1.79 2.12 2.25 18 4 35 45 23 37
Singapore 50.35 1.29 2.13 2.01 2.15 18 3 36 42 36 30
Thailand 32.09 0.57 0.84 1.04 1.37 23 7 41 49 48 25
Turkeya 27.74 0.69 1.14 1.06 1.18 19 8 31 38 34 23
Brazil 23.32 2.11 1.40 1.17 1.00 14 -3 34 54 17 35
Mexico 22.57 0.21 0.40 0.96 0.96 17 2 35 36 42 28
Indonesia 19.99 0.35 0.60 0.80 0.85 18 9 28 44 44 1Above 10 571.68 9.11 13.57 20.25 24.41 - - - - - -
a  Includes WTO estimates. 
Source :   WTO Secretariat 
   
23. The share of developing economies in world fuels and mining products imports rose from 
29 per cent in 2000 to 32 per cent in 2006.  Th e higher demand for fuels and commodities also 
benefited other developing economies:  in 2006, 76 per cent of developing economy fuels and mining 
products imports came from other developing economies.  Among developing economies, the leading 
importers of fuels in 2006 were China (4.9 per cen t), Korea (4.8 per cent), India (4.0 per cent) and 
Singapore (2.5 per cent). 
24. Prices of minerals and non-ferrous metals grew even faster than fuel prices during 2000 to 
2006, with non-fuel minerals rising 2.65 times ove r the period compared to 2.23 for fuels (see 
Appendix Table 6). 
C. MANUFACTURES 
25. Developing economy exports of manufactures more  than doubled in nominal terms between 
2000 and 2006, rising from US$1,265 billion to US$2, 682 billion dollars.  Their share in world 
exports of manufactures also rose from 27 per cent in 2000 to 32 per cent in 2006, a five point 
increase in six years.  Much of this increase can be attributed to the performance of the leading 
developing economy exporters, especially China.  Manufactures exports of developing economies are 
still concentrated in a handful of countries.  As  shown in Table 6, the top ten developing economy  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 11 
 
 
  exporters of manufactured goods accounted for 26 pe r cent of world manufactures exports in 2006, 
leaving just 6 per cent for the remaining 144 developing economies.  The leading developing economy exporters of manufactures in 2006 were Chin a;  Hong Kong, China (including re-exports); 
Korea;  Singapore;  and Chinese Taipei.  The gr owth of China's exports of manufactures between 
2000 and 2006 was the most impressive among the t op ten, averaging 26 per cent growth per year 
over the period. 
26. The most important category of manufactured goods for export in 2006 was office and 
telecom equipment, which accounted for 29 per cent of developing econom y manufactures exports, 
followed by clothing (8 per cent) and automotive produc ts (6 per cent).  As illustrated in Chart 3, 
China has attained a dominant position in office and telecom exports, having risen from sixth place in 
2000 to uncontested leadership in 2006.   
Chart 3:  Leading developing economy exporters of office and telecom equipment 
(Billion dollars) 
050100150200250300
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Billion dollars
China Singapore Korea, Republic of
Ma l a ysi a Taipei, Chinese Me x i c o
 
 
 
27. Developing economy exports of clothing show a familiar pattern, with China advancing 
rapidly and other exporters either declining or grow ing more slowly than before.  Chart 4 illustrates 
this, with Chinese exports increasing dramatically beginning in 2001 and ot her countries' exports 
staying flat.  It is interesting to note that Chinese  exports began to take off when China joined the 
WTO in 2001, a few years before the Agreem ent on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) expired in 
January 2005.  It is sometimes argued that a benef it of the multilateral trading system is that it makes 
the trade environment more predictable, thereby fac ilitating investment decisions for firms.  In this 
case, clothing manufacturers may have anticipated th e end of the ATC by shifting some of their 
production in advance.   WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 12  
 
  28. Clothing has been an important export industry for many smaller Latin American economies, 
especially those in Central America and the Ca ribbean.  With some exceptions, these countries' 
exports have either stagnated or declined in the face of increased competition since the expiry of the 
ATC, as illustrated by Chart 5.   
29. Despite the prominence of China in worl d clothing exports and the more stringent 
competition facing exporters since the end of the AT C, many developing count ries continue to expand 
their clothing exports, including Colombia (6 pe r cent growth in 2006), and Peru (14 per cent), 
although at rates that are not as robust as they had been in the recent past. 
Chart 4:  Leading developing economy exporters of clothing, 2000-06 
(Billion dollars) 
020406080100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Billion dollars
China Turkey India
Bangladesh Hong Kong, China Me x i c o
 
 
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 13 
 
 
  Chart 5:  Clothing exports of sel ected Latin America n countries, 2000-2006 
(Billion dollars) 
00.511.522.533.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Billion dollars
Honduras Dominican Republic Guatemala
El Salvador Peru Colombia
 
 
30. Chart 6 shows that Korea recently overt ook Mexico as the leading developing economy 
exporter of automotive products, although only by a slender margin, and in the context of rapid 
growth for both economies.  Thailand is attempting to  create a niche for itself by specializing in the 
production of light trucks for export, while Turkey (like Mexico) is taking advantage of its proximity 
to a large market for automob iles and its competitive wages. 
Chart 6:  Leading developing economy  exporters of automotive products 
(Billion dollars) 
01020304050
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Billion dollars
Korea, Republic of Mexico China
Brazil Tu rkey Thai land
 
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 14  
 
  Table 6:  Leading developing economy  exporters and importers of manufactures 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage)  
 Value Share in World  Annual percentage change 
 
2006 1980 1990 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
E x p o r t s             
            China 895.4 0.80 1.85 4.68 10.84 26 22 31 37 29 28
Hong Kong, China 304.7 1.64 3.16 4.10 3.69 8 4 12 16 12 9
domestic exports
a 15.8 1.20 1.15 0.47 0.19 -6 -13 3 2 8 -2
Korea, Republic of 290.1 1.43 2.53 3.30 3.51 11 5 18 30 12 12
Singapore 214.1 0.76 1.57 2.51 2.59 10 5 17 22 12 16
Taipei, Chinese 191.6 1.59 2.59 3.00 2.32 5 -2 12 19 7 12Mexico 189.2 0.40 1.06 2.95 2.29 5 -1 12 12 10 15
Malaysia 117.9 0.22 0.66 1.68 1.43 7 1 14 19 10 12
Thailand 98.5 0.15 0.61 1.10 1.19 11 5 18 21 16 17
India
b 83.8 0.46 0.52 0.74 1.01 16 12 20 21 25 16
Turkeyb 69.4 0.07 0.37 0.47 0.84 21 21 21 35 12 16
Above 10 2165.8 7.09 12.9 20.9 26.2 - - - - - -
            
Imports                        
China 579.5 1.10 1.74 3.48 6.85 23 25 21 30 15 18
Hong Kong, China 304.5 1.49 2.89 3.95 3.60 8 3 13 17 11 11
retained imports
c 15.5 1.05 0.91 0.46 0.18 -6 -20 11 16 -14 38
Mexico 211.6 1.50 1.33 3.07 2.50 6 -1 13 14 11 14
Korea, Republic of 177.6 0.86 1.81 2.01 2.10 10 5 16 24 14 12Singapore 174.9 1.16 1.82 2.25 2.07 8 0 17 26 11 15
Taipei, Chinese 136.9 0.90 1.51 2.26 1.62 4 -5 13 31 4 4
Malaysia 101.0 0.64 0.94 1.40 1.19 7 0 14 23 8 12Turkey
b 92.5 0.29 0.56 0.78 1.09 16 6 27 47 15 19
Indiab 91.4 0.48 0.50 0.45 1.08 27 20 34 34 42 26
Thailand 85.9 0.43 1.02 0.96 1.02 11 7 15 21 19 5Above 10 1666.9 8.4 12.1 17.1 19.7 - - - - - -
 a Domestic exports are estimated by s ubtracting re-exports from total exports. 
 b Includes WTO estimates. 
 c Retained imports are estimated by subtracting re-exports from total imports. 
Source :  WTO Secretariat 
 
D. TRADE  BY REGION 
31. Developing economies have traditionally directed  the majority of their merchandise exports 
toward developed economies.  Alt hough this is still true today, th e importance of South-South trade 
increased substantially between 2000 and 2006.  The share of South-South exports (i.e. developing 
economies intra-exports) in total exports of deve loping economies exports jumped from 38 per cent in 
2000 to 43 per cent in 2006.  Over the same period, th e share of South-South trade in total world trade 
rose from 11.6 per cent in 2000 to 15.6 per cent in 2006.   
32. During 2000 to 2006, Latin America 's total merchandise exports grew by 11 per cent per 
year on average, slower than other developing re gions but still in line with the growth of world 
exports.  The fastest growing component of the region's merchandise exports was fuels and mining 
products, which increased 17.4 per cent per year ov er the period, followed by agriculture with 
11 per cent growth, and manufactures with 7.5 pe r cent growth.  Latin America's imports also 
increased 8.4 per cent per year on average dur ing 2000 to 2006.  The relatively poor trade 
performance of Latin America, especially in manufactur ing, can mostly be explained by events in the 
region's largest economy, Mexico.  Mexico was respons ible for 37 per cent of Latin America's exports  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 15 
 
 
  in 2006, with over 90 per cent of Mexican exports shipped to North America.  The economic 
slowdown in North America during 2000 to 2003 depr essed the region's exports during those years.  
33. In 2006, however, Latin America's exports of merchandise grew by 19.6 per cent, well above 
the world average.  Shipments to developed econom ies accounted for 66 per cent of Latin America's 
merchandise exports in 2006, of which 15 per cen t went to North America and 14 per cent to 
developed Europe.  The share of intra-trade in La tin America's exports increased from 17 per cent in 
2000 to 20 per cent in 2006, while exports to No rth America (excluding Mexico) decreased from 
62 per cent of total exports in 2000 to 50 per cent in 2006.  Between 2003 and 2006, Latin America's 
exports to other developing economies increased subs tantially, from 25 to 31 per cent, or 6 per cent in 
three years.  Larger shipments of commodities to  developing Asia and Latin America accounted for 
most of this increase (see Chart 7). 
Chart 7:  Merchandise exports of Latin America by region, 2003-06 
(Percentage) 
 
2003
Developing 
Europe,  
0.4%Latin America
16%
Developing 
economies
25%Developed 
Europe
13%
North 
America excl. 
Mexico
57%Developing 
Asia
6%CIS, 1%Developed 
Asia, 2%
Africa, 1%
Middle East
1%2006
Middle East
1%Africa, 2%
Developing 
Asia
8%Latin America
20%Developed 
Europe
14%
North America 
excl. Mexico
50%Developing
economies
31%
Developing 
Europe
0.5%Developed
 Asia, 2%
CIS,1%
 
 
34. The growth of Africa 's merchandise exports (mainly fuel s and mining products) exceeded the 
world average from 2000 to 2006, with especially strong growth in the 2003 to 2006 period, when exports grew 27 per cent per year on average.  The fastest growing component was fuels and mining products, which increased 19 per cent per year on average during 2000 to 2006.  However, Africa's exports of both agriculture and manufactures have lagged behind the world average.  The share of 
Africa's exports going to deve loped economies remained roughly constant from 2000 to 2006 at 
68 per cent, while almost all of the remaining 32 per cent went to developing economies and less than 
1 per cent to the Commonwealth of Independent States.   Half of Africa's exports to other developing 
regions went to developing Asia in 2006, while only 9 per cent of Africa's e xports were destined for 
other African countries.  Between 2003 and 2006, the share of Africa's exports going to Canada and 
the United States increased sharply, from 18 per cent in 2003 to 22 per cent in 2005.  Most of this 
growth came at the expense of developed Europe, which saw its share in Africa's exports drop from 
47 to 39 per cent over the same period (see Chart 8). WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 16  
 
  Chart 8:  Merchandise exports of Africa by region, 2003-06 
(Percentage) 
 
2003
Latin America
2%
Africa
11%
Middle East
2%
Developing 
Europe
2%Developing 
Asia
13%Developed 
Europe
47%
North America 
excl. Mexico
18%Developed 
Asia
4%
CIS, 0.3%
Developing 
economies
30%
 2006
Middle East
2%
Developing 
Europe
2%Developing 
economies
32%CIS, 0.4%Developed Asia
4%Latin America
3%
Africa
9%
Developing 
Asia
16%North America 
excl. Mexico
22%Developed 
Europe
39%
 
 
 
35. The main destinations of Middle East  exports shifted away from Eu rope and toward Asia and 
North America during the 1990s.  This trend conti nued in 2006, with exports to North America 
growing faster than any other destination at 23 per cen t.  Exports to Asia grew almost as quickly at 
22 per cent, thanks to a recovering Japanese economy and strong demand growth in China.  The share 
of Middle East merchandise exports going to de veloping economies increased from 48 per cent in 
2003 to 53 per cent in 2006.  Most of this trade was fuels and mining products destined for developing 
Asia (see Chart 9). 
Chart 9:  Merchandise exports of the Middle East by region, 2003-06 
(Percentage) 
 
2003
Africa
3%
Middle East
10% Developing 
Europe
1%Latin America
1%Developing 
Asia
32%
Developing
economies
48%
North America 
excl. Mexico
13%Developed 
Asia
16%
CIS, 1%
Developed 
Europe
15%2006
Africa
3%
Middle East
11%Developing 
Europe
1%Latin America
1%Developing 
Asia
36%
Developing
economies
53%
North America 
excl. Mexico
11%Developed 
Asia
16%
CIS, 0%
Developed 
Europe
15%
 
 
36. Between 2000 and 2006, merchandise exports of developing Asia  grew by 15 per cent per 
year on average in nominal terms.  Export growth for the earlier period 2000 to 2003 was slower at 8 per cent per year, but this increased to 22 per cent during 2003 to 2006.  Merchandise imports of 
developing Asia also grew by 14 per cent per y ear during 2000 to 2006, 7 per cent during 2000 to 
2003, and 21 per cent during 2003 to 2006.  The sl ower growth of merchandise trade during the 2000 
to 2003 period can be explained by the collapse of the IT bubble, which had a significant negative  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 17 
 
 
  impact on the region's largest economies.  The share of  intra-trade in developing Asia's export rose to 
37 per cent in 2006 from 35 per cent in 2000.  Exports to developed regions represented 51 per cent of 
total exports in 2006, with 2 per cent going to CIS countries and 47 per cent to developing economies.  
The principal destinations of developing Asia's  exports in 2006 were North America (21 per cent), 
developed Europe (18 per cent) a nd developed Asia (12 per cent).  Exports to other developing 
regions are quite small, the largest being the Middl e East at 4 per cent.  The share of developing 
Asia's exports going to other developing economie s increased slightly between 2003 and 2006, rising 
from 45 to 47 per cent of exports (see Chart 10). 
Chart 10:  Merchandise exports of developing Asia by region, 2003-06 
(Percentage) 
 
2003
Africa, 2%
Middle East
3%Latin America
2%
North America 
excl. Mexico
22%Developed 
Asia
14%
CIS, 1%Developed 
Europe
18%Developing 
Asia
37%
Developing 
Europe
0.6%Developing 
economies
45%2006
Africa, 2%
Middle East
4%Latin America
3%
Developing
economies
47%
Developing 
Europe
1%Developing 
Asia
37%Developed 
Europe
18%CIS, 2%Developed 
Asia
12%
North America 
excl. Mexico
21%
 
 
E. LEAST-DEVELOPED  COUNTRIES  (LDC S)6 
37. From 2000 to 2006, merchandise exports of LDCs grew significantly faster than both world 
exports and exports of developing economies.  While  the average annual rate of export growth for 
LDCs during this period was 20 per cent, equivale nt figures for the world and developing economies 
were 11 per cent and 14 per cent.  The growth of  LDC exports was even more impressive in the 
period 2003 to 2006 when average annual export growth was 32 per cent for LDCs, compared to 23 per cent for developing economies as a whole and 17 per cent for the world.  As a result, LDCs 
have been able to gradually increase their sh are in world trade from 0.6 per cent in 2000 to 
0.9 per cent in 2006, and their share in developing economies from 1.9 per cent in 2000 to 2.5 per cent 
in 2006.  However, these shares are still very sm all, providing evidence that LDCs will require 
sustained high rates of export growth before they  can raise their standing in world trade.   
38. Fuels and mining products are the most im portant export commodities for LDC economies, 
representing 60 per cent of total LDC exports in 2005 (t he latest year for which the network data are 
available).  This is followed in importance by cl othing (16 per cent) and agriculture (14 per cent).  
Exports of agriculture, mining and manufactur es for LDCs in 2006 were worth 11.5 billion, 
49.9 billion and 21.1 billion, respectively.   
                                                     
 
6 For more information relating to trade of LDCs, see document WT/COMTD/LDC/W/41, a WTO 
Secretariat paper on Market A ccess for Products and Services of Export Interest to LDCs. WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 18  
 
  39. The most important markets for LDCs conti nue to be the European Communities and the 
United States, which together receive about half of LDC exports.  China is in third place, followed by 
Thailand, Japan, India, Republic of Kor ea, Chinese Taipei, Canada and Singapore. 
IV. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY MAJOR COMPONENT 
A. TOTAL
 COMMERCIAL  SERVICES 
40. The leading exporter of commercial services7 among developing economies in 2006 was 
China, with exports valued at 91.4 billion dollars and a share in world commercial services exports of 
3.3 per cent.  China was followed by India;  Hong Kong, China;  Singapore;  and the Republic of Korea, with respective shares in world of 2.7 per cen t, 2.6 per cent, 2.1 per cent and 1.8 per cent.  The 
fastest growing exporter of commercial servi ces among developing economies between 2003 and 
2006 was China, with average annual growth of 25 per cent.  Other developing economies with 
rapidly growing commercial services exports duri ng the same period include Singapore and Korea, 
both with 17 per cent growth per year on average.   
41. China was also the leading importer of co mmercial services (mainly due to its increasing 
share in transportation) among de veloping economies, with  imports of US$100.3 billion in 2006 and a 
share in world commercial services trade of 3.8 per cent.  Other leading developing economy 
importers of commercial services included the Republic  of Korea with a 2.6 per cent share in world, 
India with a 2.4 per cent share, and Singapore with a 2.3 per cent share.  Among the leading developing economies those with the fastest grow ing commercial services imports during 2003 to 
2006 were Saudi Arabia and Brazil, with respectiv e average annual growth rates of 32 per cent and 
23 per cent.  (See Table 7 and Appendix Tables 9 an d 10 for more details on developing regions and 
individual developing economies.)   
                                                     
 
7 Data for trade in commercial services are deri ved from balance-of-payments statistics and mainly 
refer to modes 1 (cross-border), 2 (consumption abroad) and 4 (presence of natural persons).  Information on the 
size of commercial presence (mode 3) is not covered in  these "traditional" trade in commercial services 
statistics.  Mode 3 trade can be approximated through th e sales of services of foreign affiliates.  Available 
statistics nevertheless indicate that this mode surpasses trade in commercial services in other modes, adding 
further to the dynamics of world trade in services.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 19 
 
 
  Table 7:  Leading developing economy ex porters and importers of commercial services a 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
E x p o r t s             
            
World 2755.9 100.00 100.00 - - 11 7 14 20 11 12
            
Developing Economies 722.2 24.27 26.21 100.00 100.00 12 7 18 24 15 16
            
China 91.4 2.02 3.32 8.32 12.66 20 15 25 34 19 24
India 73.8 1.07 2.68 4. 42 10.22 ... 13 ... ... ... 36
Hong Kong, China 72.7 2.70 2.64 11.13 10.07 10 5 16 18 16 14Singapore 57.3 1.88 2.08 7.75 7.93 13 9 17 29 10 12
Korea, Republic of 50.4 1.99 1.83 8.21 6.98 9 2 17 28 8 15
Taipei, Chinese 28.8 1.33 1.05 5.49 3.99 6 5 8 11 0 13Thailand 23.9 0.92 0.87 3.80 3.31 10 4 15 21 6 19
Turkey 23.5 1.29 0.85 5.32 3.26 3 -2 10 27 13 -8
Malaysia 21.2 0.92 0.77 3.81 2.93 7 -1 16 24 17 9Israel 19.2 1.00 0.70 4.13 2.66 4 -4 13 20 9 10
            
Above 10 462.3 15.14 16.78 62.37 64.02 - - - - - -
            
I m p o r t s             
            
World 2648.4 100.00 100.00 - - 10 7 14 19 11 11
            
Developing Economies 785.6 27.12 29.66 100.00 100.00 12 6 18 23 17 15
            
China 100.3 2.43 3.79 8.95 12.77 19 15 22 31 16 21Korea, Republic of 69.8 2.23 2.64 8.22 8.88 13 7 20 24 18 20
India 63.7 1.28 2.41 4.71 8.11 ... 11 ... ... ... 29
Singapore 60.8 1.99 2.29 7.33 7.74 13 10 15 26 9 12Hong Kong, China 36.6 1.66 1.38 6.13 4.65 7 2 12 19 9 8
Taipei, Chinese 32.6 1.73 1.23 6.36 4.15 4 -1 10 20 5 4
Thailand 31.8 1.04 1.20 3.82 4.05 13 5 21 27 18 18Brazil 26.9 1.05 1.02 3.89 3.42 10 -3 23 12 38 21
Malaysia 23.0 1.12 0.87 4.14 2.93 6 1 10 8 16 6
Mexico 22.7 1.13 0.86 4.17 2.89 5 2 9 10 9 9
            
Above 10 468.2 15.7 17.7 57.7 59.6 - - - - - -
     
 a Based on available reporters for 2006. 
Source:   WTO Secretariat 
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 20  
 
  B. TRANSPORTATION
 SERVICES 
42. The Republic of Korea was the leading de veloping economy exporter of transportation 
services in 2006, with exports worth US$25.9 billion.   The country's share in world transportation 
services rose slightly between 2000 and 2006, from 3.9 per cent in 2000 to 4.1 per cent in 2006.  However, Korea's share in developing economie s exports of transportation actually fell from 
15.6 per cent to 14.4 per cent, due to the more ra pid growth of developing countries as a group.  The 
average annual growth of the Republic of Korea' s exports of transportation services between 2003 and 
2006 was 15 per cent, up significantly from the 8 per cent recorded in 2000 to 2003.  Among the top ten developing economy exporters of  transportation services, those that grew fastest from 2003 to 
2006 were China, India and Egypt, with respectiv e average annual growth rates of 39 per cent, 
36 per cent and 18 per cent. 
43. As mentioned previously, the leading importer of transportation services among developing 
economies in 2006 was China, with imports of US$34.4 billion, 21 per cent above their level in 2005.  
China's share in world imports of transportati on services rose significantly between 2000 and 2006, 
from 2.5 per cent at the beginning of the period to 4.6 per cent at the end.  The country's share in 
imports of developing economies also increased  dramatically, from 7.5 per cent in 2000 to 
12.0 per cent in 2006.  India experienced the fastest  growth in 2003 to 2006 among leading importers 
of transportation services, with a 39 per cent aver age annual increase over the period.  After China, 
the remaining top five importers were India, th e Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand, with 
respective 2006 shares in world trade in trans portation services of 3.3 per cent, 3.1 per cent, 
2.9 per cent and 2.1 per cent (see Table 7).  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 21 
 
 
  Table 8:  Leading developing economy expo rters and importers of transportation services a 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
Exports            
            
World 631.2 100.00 100.00 - - 10 6 16 25 13 10
            
Developing Economies 179.6 25.21 28.45 100.00 100.00 13 7 19 28 16 13
            
Korea, Republic of 25.9 3.93 4.10 15.58 14.40 11 8 15 31 6 8Hong Kong, China 22.3 3.67 3.53 14.54 12.42 10 3 17 25 17 10China 21.0 1.05 3.33 4.18 11.70 34 29 39 53 28 36
Singapore 19.4 3.41 3.08 13.53 10.82 9 4 13 25 6 9
India 7.8 0.57 1.23 2.25 4.32 26 16 36 45 30 34Taipei, Chinese 6.3 1.18 0.99 4.69 3.49 7 2 13 21 12 6
Egypt 5.5 0.76 0.87 3.01 3.06 13 8 18 22 18 16
Thailand 5.3 0.93 0.83 3.70 2.93 8 3 15 24 6 14Chile 4.5 0.63 0.71 2.49 2.49 13 8 17 25 24 5
Malaysia 4.4 0.80 0.70 3.19 2.47 8 0 17 14 28 10
            
Above 10 122.3 16.93 19.37 67.17 68.09 - - - - - -
            
I m p o r t s             
            
World 752.2 100.00 100.00 - - 10 5 16 24 14 11
            
Developing Economies 285.3 33.08 37.94 100.00 100.00 13 5 21 30 20 14
     
China 34.4 2.49 4.57 7.53 12.04 22 21 24 35 16 21India 25.1 2.09 3.34 6.31 8.79 19 2 39 42 50 26Korea, Republic of 23.4 2.65 3.11 8.00 8.20 13 7 20 30 14 16
Singapore 22.1 3.07 2.94 9.28 7.76 10 1 18 34 12 11
Thailand 15.9 1.62 2.11 4.90 5.57 15 8 23 28 34 9Hong Kong, China 11.3 1.50 1.50 4.52 3.96 10 2 19 29 20 8
Malaysia 9.5 1.41 1.27 4.27 3.34 8 2 15 25 7 13
Taipei, Chinese 9.0 1.50 1.20 4.53 3.16 6 2 10 21 4 7South Africa 6.6 0.59 0.88 1.77 2.32 18 9 28 39 21 24
Brazil 6.3 1.03 0.84 3.12 2.21 7 -7 23 30 12 27
            
Above 10 163.7 17.94 21.76 54.23 57.36 - - - - - -
     
a Based on available reporters for 2006.  
Source :  WTO Secretariat. WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 22  
 
   
C. TRAVEL 
44. China was the top exporter of travel among de veloping economies in 2006, with exports of 
US$33.9 billion, representing 4.5 per cent of worl d travel exports and 14 per cent of developing 
economies travel exports.  (Note that  exports of travel can act as a proxy for tourism expenditures by 
foreign visitors.)  China was followed by Turkey;  Thailand;  Mexico;  and Hong Kong, China with 
respective 2006 shares in world travel of 2.3 per cent,  1.7 per cent, 1.6 per cent and 1.5 per cent.  The 
fastest growing exporter of travel among lead ing developing economies during the 2003 to 2006 
period was India, with increases of 26 per cent per year on average. 
45. China also led developing economy importers of tr avel in 2006, with a 3.5 per cent share in 
world trade, followed by Korea at 2.6 per cent,  Hong Kong, China at 2 per cent, Singapore at 
1.5 per cent and Chinese Taipei at 1.3 per cent.  The economies with the fastest growing imports of travel among leading developing economies during the 2003 to 2006 period were Sudan (128 per cent), Brazil (37 per cent), China (17 per cent), and Kuwait (16 per cent). 
46. Tourism can be a strategic export activity for smaller developing economies, including LDCs.  
In developing economies where services are the domin ant export activity, it is frequently due to 
tourism exports.  LDCs still have relatively minor importance as t ourist destinations, but the number 
of visitors to these countries is growing rapidly.  According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), LDCs experienced a cumulative 48 per cent increase in tourist arrivals between 2000 and 
2005, compared to only 17 per cent worldwide.  Fo r more information on LD C tourism exports, see 
WTO Secretariat document WT/COMTD/LDC/W/41.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 23 
 
 
  Table 9:  Leading developing econo my exporters and importers of travel a  
 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
Exports            
            
World 747.0 100.00 100.00 - - 8 4 12 18 8 9
            Developing Economies 242.0 28.62 32.40 100.00 100.00 10 5 15 24 11 11
            
China 33.9 3.39 4.54 11.84 14.03 13 2 25 48 14 16Turkey 16.9 1.59 2.26 5.57 6.96 14 20 8 20 14 -7
Thailand 12.4 1.56 1.66 5.46 5.14 9 2 17 28 -5 30
Mexico 12.2 1.73 1.63 6.05 5.03 7 4 9 15 9 3Hong Kong, China 11.5 1.23 1.54 4.31 4.74 12 7 17 26 14 11
Malaysia 9.6 1.05 1.29 3.66 3.98 12 6 18 39 8 9
Croatia 8.0 0.58 1.07 2.01 3.30 19 32 8 7 10 8South Africa 7.9 0.56 1.05 1.95 3.25 20 28 12 13 16 7
India 7.7 0.72 1.04 2.52 3.20 14 4 26 38 22 18
Egypt 7.6 0.907 1.016 3.170 3.136 10 2 18 34 12 11            
Above 10 127.7 13.3 17.1 46.5 52.8 - - - - - -
            I m p o r t s                         
World 693.1 100.00 100.00 - - 8 5 11 17 8 7
            Developing Economies 182.2 24.18 26.29 100.00 100.00 9 5 14 17 12 12
            
China 24.3 2.96 3.51 12.24 13.35 11 5 17 26 14 12Korea, Republic of 18.2 1.61 2.63 6.66 10.01 17 12 22 22 25 18
Hong Kong, China 14.0 2.82 2.02 11.67 7.67 2 -3 7 16 0 5
Singapore 10.3 1.02 1.48 4.23 5.64 15 21 9 20 3 4Taipei, Chinese 8.7 1.83 1.26 7.57 4.80 1 -7 11 26 6 1
Mexico 8.1 1.24 1.17 5.13 4.45 7 4 9 11 9 7
India 7.2 0.61 1.04 2.51 3.97 7 4 9 11 9 7Brazil 5.8 0.88 0.83 3.64 3.16 7 -17 37 27 64 22
Kuwait 5.3 0.56 0.76 2.33 2.88 13 10 16 11 16 23
Thailand 4.6 0.63 0.67 2.59 2.54 13 10 16 11 16 23            
Above 10 106.6 14.16 15.37 58.57 58.48 - - - - - -
     
 aBased on available reporters for 2006. 
Source :  WTO Secretariat 
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 24  
 
  D. OTHER
 COMMERCIAL  SERVICES 
47. The category 'other commercial services' covers a wide variety of service activities including,  
communication services, construction services, insura nce services, royalties and licence fees, financial 
services, and other business services.  It also includes personal, cultural and recreational services. 
48. India was the largest developing economy expor ter of other commercial services in 2006 by a 
wide margin with exports of US$58.3 billion, representing 4.2 per cent of world exports and 
19 per cent of developing economies' exports.  The country's strong performance in this area mostly 
rested on its strength in software services and ot her business services.  The other major developing 
economy exporters behind India were  Hong Kong, China;  China;  Singapore;  and the Republic of 
Korea, with respective shares in world exports of 2.8 per cent, 2.6 per cent, 2.3 per cent and 
1.4 per cent.  Among developing economies, those with the fastest growing exports of other 
commercial services from 2000 to 2003 were Kuwa it (199 per cent), Republic  of Korea and Lebanon 
(both with 28 per cent). 
49. China led developing economy importers of ot her commercial services in 2006 with imports 
valued at 41.6 billion dollars and a share in worl d imports of 3.5 per cent.  Following China were 
India at 2.6 per cent, Singapore at 2.4 per cent, th e Republic of Korea at 2.3 per cent and Brazil at 
1.2 per cent.  The developing economy with the fast est growing imports of other commercial services 
between 2003 and 2006 was Saudi Arabia, whic h experienced average annual increases of 
35 per cent.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 25 
 
 
  Table 10:  Leading developing economy export ers and importers of other commercial services a 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage)  
Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
20032003-
2006 2004 2005 2006
Exports            
            
World 1377.7 100.00 100.00 - - 13 10 15 19 12 15
            
Developing Economies 300.6 20.65 21.82 100.00 100.00 14 8 21 22 18 21
            
India 58.3 1.59 4.24 7.70 19.41 ... 15 ... ... ... 39Hong Kong, China 39.0 3.25 2.83 15.76 12.96 10 6 15 13 15 18China 36.5 1.54 2.65 7.45 12.13 24 27 20 15 20 25
Singapore 31.0 1.66 2.25 8.03 10.32 19 19 18 30 12 13
Korea, Republic of 19.2 1.38 1.39 6.71 6.39 13 0 28 29 18 37Taipei, Chinese 17.5 1.81 1.27 8.75 5.81 6 9 4 3 -9 19
Israel 12.7 1.26 0.92 6.11 4.24 7 1 14 20 5 17
Brazil 10.2 0.86 0.74 4.17 3.39 10 -3 25 12 33 30Malaysia 7.1 0.90 0.51 4.36 2.36 3 -7 14 11 24 8
Thailand 6.2 0.46 0.45 2.22 2.06 13 12 13 5 28 7
            
Above 10 237.7 14.71 17.25 71.25 79.06 - - - - - -
            
I m p o r t s             
            
World 1203.1 100.00 100.00 - - 12 10 14 17 11 14
            
Developing Economies 318.0 25.22 26.43 100.00 100.00 13 7 19 21 17 18
            
China 41.6 2.00 3.46 7.93 13.09 22 20 25 30 18 26India 31.4 1.22 2.61 4.82 9.86 ... 19 ... ... ... 34Singapore 28.4 1.95 2.36 7.73 8.92 15 15 16 23 9 16
Korea, Republic of 28.2 2.39 2.34 9.49 8.85 11 3 20 19 16 25
Brazil 14.8 1.19 1.23 4.74 4.66 12 6 20 1 43 18Taipei, Chinese 14.8 1.81 1.23 7.16 4.66 5 1 8 17 5 4
Mexico 11.9 1.50 0.99 5.93 3.74 4 1 8 8 4 12
Thailand 11.3 0.94 0.94 3.72 3.55 12 4 20 15 14 31Hong Kong, China 11.3 0.95 0.94 3.75 3.55 12 10 13 15 12 12
Saudi Arabia 10.2 1.13 0.85 4.46 3.22 7 -16 35 49 30 27
            
Above 10 203.9 15.06 16.94 59.74 64.10 - - - - - -
 aBased on available reporters for 2006. 
Source:   WTO Secretariat WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 26  
 
   
V. CONCLUSIONS 
50. Since 2003, developing economies have exhib ited strong growth in merchandise trade, 
commercial services trade and GDP.  Although a signi ficant part of that growth reflects China's 
remarkable trade performance in recent years, de veloping economies still di splay growth rates in 
excess of the world average even wh en China is excluded.  To the extent that trade contributes to 
long-term economic growth, these developments could lead to improved living standards in the future 
for developing economies, including the poorest countries.   
51. There is a downside risk for developing economie s, however, in that much of their recent 
growth depends on exports of raw materials at historically high prices.  These resources are 
concentrated in a small number of developing economies and require significant amounts of imported 
capital equipment to extract.  Resource extraction in dustries are also generally capital intensive rather 
than labour intensive.  Importing capital equipment is  not a problem if it helps a country exploit its 
resources more effectively, but this may not create sufficient employment to spread the benefits of 
growth throughout society.   
52. Furthermore, a non-renewable natural res ource based development strategy depends on 
sustained high prices for primary products, but these may not last forever.  When prices of traded 
goods are unusually high, consumers have an incen tive to either find substitutes or find ways to 
reduce their consumption.  It may not happen tomo rrow, but economic forces should eventually cause 
commodity prices to fall, even if they do  not return to their original prices. 
53. From the perspective of net importers of primary commodities, high prices are a burden, not a 
benefit.  However, unlike earlier episodes of high commodity prices (e.g. the oil shocks of 1973 and 
1979 to 80), the negative impact of the most recent s hock has so far been minimal.  This is due to a 
combination of structural and macroeconomic fact ors, including a higher share of services in output 
and employment which has reduced the impact of o il prices; more flexible economies and low interest 
rates have also helped minimize the impact of hi gh input prices on production.  It remains to be seen 
whether the expected economic downturn has been  avoided altogether or merely delayed.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 27 
 
 
   
 
   
 
    
APPENDIX  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 29 
 
 
  Appendix Table 1 
 
Latin America:  Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, 2004-06 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage)  
 Percentage change (99/00-05/06) 
Value (2004-06) Merchandise Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
1 Mexico 239.4 2273 7 7 4 6 
2 Brazil 115.0 636 16 8 13 9 
3 Chile 44.0 2735 18 13 11 10 
4 Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuela 42.0 1579 14 11 2 4 
5 Argentina 40.5 1050 10 4 6 -2 6 Colombia 24.5 533 11 13 7 8 
7 Peru 17.6 629 21 12 7 6 8 Ecuador 11.5 859 16 22 4 10 
9 Panama 10.6 3440 3 5 11 7 
10 Dominican Republic 10.5 1169 2 3 5 2 
11 Costa Rica 10.3 2496 3 9 7 4 
12 Guatemala 8.4 650 14 16 10 12 
13 Trinidad and Tobago 7.7 5733 21 12 7 1 
14 Cuba 7.5 656 7 11 10 2 
15 El Salvador 6.2 918 4 8 12 8 
16 Jamaica 5.1 1906 6 9 4 5 
17 Uruguay 4.8 1417 8 4 0 2 
18 Aruba 4.5 45500 0 5 5 7 
19 Paraguay 4.4 739 14 15 3 -3 
20 Honduras 4.2 580 6 10 9 9 
21 Bahamas 3.3 10356 3 5 5 9 
22 Bolivia 3.1 335 20 6 12 9 
23 Netherlands Antilles 2.9 13077 -8 1 3 3 
24 Nicaragua 2.7 465 8 7 8 5 
25 Barbados 1.9 6910 6 6 6 7 
26 Suriname 1.4 3206 19 8 17 12 
27 Haiti 1.2 134 7 7 -3 11 
28 Guyana 0.8 1048 2 8 -4 2 
29 Belize 0.7 2291 3 6 15 5 
30 Antigua and Barbuda 0.6 7139 5 5 3 5 
31 Saint Lucia 0.5 3206 4 7 4 5 
32 Grenada 0.3 2537 -6 5 -1 2 
33 Saint Vincent and the 
Grenadines 0.2 2064 -8 6 5 5 
34 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.2 5051 1 6 7 3 
35 Dominica 0.2 2182 -5 2 -1 0 
        
 a Average of exports and imports of 2004-06.  
 b Average of exports and imports of 2004-06 divided by the population of 2005. 
 c Referring to the average growth of 1999/2000 - 2005/2006. 
 Source : WTO, International Trade Statistics 2007. WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 30  
 
  Appendix Table 2 
 
Africa:  Merchandise trade and trad e in commercial services, 2004-06 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage) 
 Percentage change (99/00-05/06) 
Value (2004-06) Merchandise  Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
1 South Africa 68.4 1508 12 16 15 15 
2 Nigeria 37.8 264 18 16 21 16 
3 Algeria 35.7 1084 19 15 12 18 
4 Egypt 32.0 458 20 5 8 7 
5 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20.7 3577 22 9 30 18 
        
6 Morocco 20.3 653 8 13 20 14 
7 Angola 18.1 1253 29 22 -2 20 
8 Tunisia 14.6 1445 11 9 6 11 
9 Côte d'Ivoire 7.8 447 11 10 7 9 
10 Sudan 6.3 178 26 31 18 31 
        
11 Kenya 5.5 167 12 15 14 9 
12 Ghana 5.3 246 11 10 16 15 
13 Equatorial Guinea 5.2 10070 43 32 29 22 
14 Botswana 4.3 2468 9 7 17 6 
15 Gabon 4.0 2868 13 10 -6 7 
        
16 Mauritius 3.9 3162 5 8 8 10 
17 Cameroon 3.9 233 11 13 -1 4 
18 Congo 3.8 960 18 16 10 13 
19 Tanzania 3.3 90 18 16 14 9 
20 Ethiopia 3.2 44 12 21 14 16 
        
21 Senegal 3.0 283 8 14 14 12 
22 Chad 2.7 301 59 25 19 38 
23 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2.7 48 18 26 23 18 
24 Namibia 2.7 1310 11 10 10 -2 
25 Mozambique 2.5 130 37 15 1 9 
        
26 Zambia 2.5 226 21 20 15 9 27 Zimbabwe 2.3 172 0 2 -12 -2 
28 Swaziland 2.2 1907 14 13 11 9 
29 Uganda 2.0 72 11 8 16 12 
30 Madagascar 1.7 94 4 9 7 5 
        
31 Mali 1.6 132 14 13 19 11 
32 Mauritania 1.2 413 17 25 7 24 
33 Togo 1.1 219 8 10 21 15 
34 Lesotho 1.1 593 23 9 5 11 
35 Guinea 1.0 123 6 7 ... ... 
        
36 Benin 1.0 141 6 6 5 6 
37 Burkina Faso 1.0 76 9 13 39 18 
38 Malawi 0.8 73 4 12 7 4 
39 Niger 0.8 65 11 14 18 15 
40 Seychelles 0.8 8939 14 11 6 9 
   WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 31 
 
 
  Appendix Table 2 (Continued) 
 
Africa:  Merchandise trade and trad e in commercial services, 2004-06 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage) 
 Percentage change (99/00-05/06) 
Value (2004-06) Merchandise  Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
41 Eritrea 0.5 118 -16 1 ... ... 
42 Somalia 0.5 51 ... ... ... ... 
43 Cape Verde 0.5 1052 10 13 21 13 
44 Rwanda 0.4 44 15 12 16 12 
45 Sierra Leone 0.3 63 64 21 19 2 
46 Liberia 0.3 86 -14 -7 ... ... 
47 Djibouti 0.3 354 7 8 7 5 
48 Gambia 0.2 157 -7 4 3 -4 
49 Central African Republic 0.2 56 -3 9 0 2 
50 Burundi 0.2 26 2 17 23 26 
        
51 Guinea-Bissau 0.1 77 7 13 4 10 
52 Comoros 0.1 153 1 13 1 11 
53 Sao Tome and Principe 0.0 283 6 10 7 21 
        
 a Average of exports and imports of 2004-06 . 
 b Average of exports and imports of 2004-06 divided by the population of 2005. 
 c Referring to the average growth of 1999/2000 - 2005/2006. 
 Source:  WTO, International Trade Statistics 2007.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 32  
 
  Appendix Table 3 
 
Middle East:  Merchandise trade and tr ade in commercial services, 2004-06 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage) 
 Percentage change (99/00-05/06) 
Value (2004-06) Merchandise Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
1 Saudi Arabia 119.3 4982 20 14 3 8 
        
2 United Arab Emirates 104.3 22910 20 18 11 15 3 Israel 57.3 8289 8 5 5 4 
4 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 56.1 831 19 22 29 27 
5 Kuwait 35.6 14253 21 14 23 13         
6 Iraq 24.8 958 8 17 16 25 
7 Qatar 19.5 29888 21 29 47 36 8 Oman 15.2 5601 14 12 12 11 
9 Lebanon 15.0 3254 24 8 20 21 
10 Bahrain 9.9 13429 13 13 12 7         
11 Syrian Arab Republic 9.8 542 14 17 13 8 
12 Jordan 9.0 1609 17 18 6 9 13 Yemen 5.8 284 13 15 13 9 
 a Average of exports and imports of 2004-06. 
 b Average of exports and imports of 2004-06 divided by the population of 2005. 
 c Referring to the average growth of 1999/2000 - 2005/2006. 
 Source:   WTO Secretariat  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 33 
 
 
  Appendix Table 4 
 
Developing Asia:  Merchandise trade a nd trade in commercial services, 2004-06 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage) 
 Percentage change (99/00-05/06) 
Value (2004-06) Merchandise  Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
1 China 787.1 603 25 24 20 18 
2 Hong Kong, China 343.1 49417 8 8 10 6 
3 Korea, Republic of 328.2 6797 12 13 9 14 
4 Singapore 269.8 62145 12 10 13 13 
5 Taipei, Chinese 220.9 9690 7 7 7 5 
        
6 India 167.8 153 19 21 27 21 
7 Malaysia 147.0 5799 9 9 8 6 
8 Thailand 130.1 2025 11 14 8 13 
9 Indonesia 89.9 407 9 12 ... ... 
10 Philippines 50.3 605 2 6 6 2 
        
11 Viet Nam 38.3 461 18 20 10 11 
12 Pakistan 22.9 147 11 17 9 25 
13 Bangladesh 12.5 88 10 10 10 7 
14 Macao, China 9.4 20320 1 12 21 14 
15 Sri Lanka 9.1 461 5 6 9 7 
        
16 Brunei Darussalam 4.7 12600 14 5 17 7 
17 Cambodia 4.2 302 19 17 21 14 
18 Myanmar 3.3 65 19 -1 ... ... 
19 Papua New Guinea 3.2 541 11 9 2 9 
20 Nepal 1.9 71 2 5 -8 16 
        
21 Fiji 1.7 1978 2 12 8 5 
22 Mongolia 1.6 622 18 15 34 22 
23 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 1.1 183 14 10 10 34 
24 Maldives 0.7 2268 12 13 2 12 
25 Bhutan 0.3 535 19 12 20 17 
        
 a Average of exports and imports of 2004-06. 
 b Average of exports and imports of 2004-06 divided by the population of 2005. 
 c Referring to the average growth of 1999/2000 - 2005/2006. 
 Source :  WTO Secretariat. 
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 34  
 
  Appendix Table 5 
 
Developing Europe:  Merchandise trade and trade in commercial services, 2006 
 
(Billion dollars, dollars and percentage) 
 Percentage change  
Value Merchandise Commercial services  
Tradea Trade per 
capitab Exportsc Importsc Exportsc Importsc 
1 Turkey 128.6 1764 20 18 6 5 
2 Croatia 23.0 5184 14 17 18 10 
3 Serbia 11.7 1573 ... ... ... ... 
4 Bosnia and 
Herzegovina 6.3 1613 21 14 15 10 
5 FYR Macedonia 3.6 1769 10 10 11 13 
6 Albania 3.4 1074 16 17 25 31 7 Montenegro 1.6 2676 ... ... ... ... 
        
 a Average of exports and imports of 2006.  
 b Average of exports and imports of 2006 divided by the population of 2006 . 
 c Referring to the average growth of 1999/2000 - 2005/2006. 
 Source :  WTO Secretariat  
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 35 
 
 
  Appendix Table 6 
 
Export prices of primary commodities, 2000-06 
 
(Indices 2000=100) 
 
 2000 2004 2005 2006 2000 2004 2005 2006 
    
Food and beverages 100 123 124 136 Agri cultural raw materials 100 106 107 118 
Food 100 125 124 136 Timber 100 106 111 120 
Cereals 100 131 127 154 Cotton 100 105 93 98 
Wheat 100 138 134 168 Wool 100 126 120 125 
Maize 100 127 112 138 Rubber 100 189 217 305 
Rice 100 121 141 149 Hides and skins 100 84 82 86 
Barley 100 128 123 151      
Vegetable oils and   protein meals 100 154 138 139 Minerals and non-ferrous 
metals
a 100 134 170 265 
Meat 100 128 127 122 Copper 100 158 203 371 
Beef 100 130 135 132 Aluminum 100 111 123 166 
Lamb 100 147 143 136 Iron ore 100 132 226 269 
Swine meat 100 120 114 108 Tin 100 156 136 161 
Poultry 100 127 124 116 Nickel 100 160 171 280 
Seafood 100 78 89 106 Zinc 100 93 122 290 
Fish 100 92 111 139 Lead 100 194 214 284 
Shrimp 100 59 56 58 Uranium 100 218 337 576 
Sugar 100 102 123 162 Total of above 100 123 135 174 
Bananas 100 124 137 162 Energy 100 135 187 223 
Oranges 100 235 232 227 Natural gas 100 116 165 186 
Beverages 100 106 128 136 Crude petroleum 100 134 189 228 
Coffee 100 93 132 140 Coal 100 214 190 198 
Cocoa beans 100 172 171 176      
Tea 100 80 87 97 All primary commodities 100 130 168 205 
                    
 a Excluding crude petroleum . 
 Note:   The indices are period averages based on dollar prices . WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 36  
 
  Appendix T able 7:  Merchandise exports of de veloping economies and regions, 2000-2006 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Worlda 11783.30 100.000 100.000 - - 11 6 17 14 16
           
Developing economiesa 4280.66 30.542 36.328 100.000 100.000 14 6 23 22 20
    
Latin America 680.30 5.772 5.773 18.898 15.892 11 2 21 20 20
Developing Europe 108.79 0. 583 0.923 1.909 2.541 20 17 22 17 18
Africa 363.29 2.356 3.083 7.713 8.487 16 6 27 30 21
Middle East 645.48 4.272 5. 478 13.987 15.079 16 4 29 35 19
Developing Asiaa 2481.66 17.543 21.061 57.439 57.974 15 8 22 19 20
                      
    
Afghanistanb 0.43 0.003 0.004 0.010 0.010 15 -8 44 21 13
Albania 0.79 0.004 0.007 0.013 0.019 21 20 21 9 20
Algeria 54.61 0.351 0.463 1.150 1.276 16 2 33 47 19
Angolab 35.00 0.126 0.297 0.413 0.818 28 6 54 79 45
Antigua and Barbudab 0.07 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 4 -5 13 4 13
Argentina 46.57 0.420 0.395 1.375 1.088 10 4 16 17 15
Aruba 0.10 0.003 0.001 0.009 0.002 -9 -22 5 34 -9
Bahamas 0.67 0.009 0.006 0.030 0.016 3 -10 16 15 22
Bahrain 11.56 0.099 0.098 0.323 0.270 11 2 20 33 15Bangladesh 11.80 0.102 0.100 0.333 0.276 11 3 19 12 27
Barbados 0.39 0.004 0.003 0.014 0.009 6 -3 16 29 7
Belize
b 0.27 0.003 0.002 0.011 0.006 3 -2 9 -2 28
Beninb 0.56 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.013 6 11 1 0 -2
Bhutanb 0.35 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.008 23 9 38 41 36
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 65.21 0.534 0.553 1.750 1.523 12 -7 34 40 18
Bolivia 3.86 0.020 0.033 0.064 0.090 21 9 34 30 38
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.31 0.017 0.028 0.056 0.077 21 8 35 34 38
Botswana  4.67 0.043 0.040 0.140 0.109 10 2 18 26 5
Brazil 137.47 0.878 1.167 2.875 3.211 16 10 23 23 16
Brunei Darussalamb 7.70 0.062 0.065 0.204 0.180 12 4 20 24 23
Burkina Fasob 0.44 0.003 0.004 0.011 0.010 13 15 11 -28 27
Burundi 0.06 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.001 3 -9 16 21 3
Cambodiab 3.80 0.022 0.032 0.072 0.089 18 15 22 14 19
Cameroon 3.57 0.029 0.030 0.096 0.083 12 8 16 13 28
Cape Verde 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 11 5 18 17 19
Central African Republicb 0.12 0.003 0.001 0.008 0.003 -5 -7 -2 2 -6
Chadb 3.75 0.003 0.032 0.010 0.088 65 49 84 38 24
Chile 58.12 0.306 0.493 1.002 1.358 20 4 39 27 41
China 968.94 3.972 8.223 13.004 22.635 25 21 30 28 27
Colombia 24.39 0.208 0.207 0.680 0.570 11 0 23 30 15
Comorosb 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 -4 24 -26 -26 -20
Congob 6.40 0.040 0.054 0.130 0.150 17 2 34 41 33
Congo, Dem. Rep. ofb 2.30 0.013 0.020 0.043 0.054 19 19 19 18 5
Costa Rica 8.22 0.093 0.070 0.306 0.192 6 1 10 12 17
Côte d'Ivoireb 8.42 0.062 0.071 0.203 0.197 14 14 13 8 12
Croatia 10.38 0.071 0.088 0.231 0.242 15 12 19 9 18
Cubab 2.68 0.027 0.023 0.087 0.063 8 0 17 -9 34
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 37 
 
 
  Appendix Table 7:  Merchandise exports of develo ping economies and regions , 2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Djiboutib 0.05 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 8 6 10 4 27
Dominicab 0.04 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.001 -5 -9 -1 1 -4
Dominican Republic 6.44 0.091 0.055 0.299 0.150 2 -2 6 4 5
Ecuador 12.66 0.079 0.107 0.257 0.296 17 8 27 30 25
Egypt 13.70 0.075 0.116 0.245 0.320 20 10 31 39 29
El Salvador 3.51 0.047 0.030 0.153 0.082 3 2 4 3 4
Equatorial Guineab 8.60 0.017 0.073 0.057 0.201 41 37 45 55 21
Eritreab 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 -20 -44 15 11 0
Ethiopia 1.01 0.008 0.009 0.025 0.024 13 1 27 33 12Fiji 0.68 0.009 0.006 0.031 0.016 3 5 1 1 -3
French Polynesia 0.24 0.004 0.002 0.012 0.005 1 -11 15 10 8
FYR Macedonia 2.40 0.021 0. 020 0.069 0.056 10 1 21 22 18
Gabon 5.60 0.041 0.048 0.136 0.131 14 3 26 34 15
Gambia
b 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 -7 -19 8 -20 25
Ghana 3.70 0.027 0.031 0.087 0.086 14 12 17 14 32
Grenadab 0.02 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.000 -14 -5 -22 30 -49
Guatemala 6.03 0.043 0.051 0.141 0.141 ... ... 11 7 12
Guinea 0.97 0.011 0.008 0.035 0.023 6 -3 17 23 9
Guinea-Bissaub 0.08 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 3 2 5 30 -24
Guyana 0.60 0.008 0.005 0.026 0.014 3 1 5 -7 9
Haitib 0.51 0.005 0.004 0.017 0.012 8 3 14 20 8
Honduras 1.93 0.022 0.016 0.071 0.045 6 -1 13 9 15
Hong Kong, China 322.67 - - - - 8 4 12 10 10
domestic exportsc 22.76 0.375 0.193 1.228 0.532 -1 -6 5 0 14
India 120.25 0.675 1.021 2.211 2.809 19 12 27 30 21
Indonesia 103.49 1.042 0.878 3.413 2.418 8 -1 17 23 19
Iran, Islamic Rep. ofb 73.70 0.458 0.625 1.500 1.722 17 6 30 35 31
Iraqb 29.60 0.328 0.251 1.075 0.691 6 -22 45 33 25
Israel  46.45 0.501 0.394 1.639 1.085 7 0 13 11 9
Jamaica 1.98 0.021 0.017 0.068 0.046 7 -3 19 9 29
Jordan 5.17 0.030 0.044 0.099 0.121 18 18 19 10 20
Kenya 3.44 0.028 0.029 0.090 0.080 12 12 13 23 4
Kiribati 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10 -7 30 45 76
Korea, Republic of 325.47 2.746 2.762 8.989 7.603 11 4 19 12 14
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 0. 87 0.005 0.007 0.017 0.020 18 3 34 40 73
Lebanon 2.81 0.011 0.024 0. 037 0.066 ... ... 16 6 20
Lesothob 0.69 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.016 21 30 13 -8 7
Liberiab 0.18 0.005 0.002 0.017 0.004 ... ... 18 26 38
Libyan Arab Jamahiriyab 39.50 0.213 0.335 0.698 0.923 20 3 39 52 28
Macao, China 2.56 0.040 0.022 0.132 0.060 0 1 0 -12 3
Madagascar 0.95 0.013 0.008 0.043 0.022 2 1 4 -16 14
Malawib 0.54 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.013 6 11 1 4 7
Malaysia 160.68 1.566 1.364 5.126 3.754 9 2 15 11 14
Maldives 0.23 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.005 13 12 14 -10 39Mali
b 1.35 0.009 0.011 0.028 0.032 16 19 13 16 19
Marshall Islandsb 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5 18 -7 5 -27
Mauritania 1.29 0.006 0.011 0.019 0.030 24 -5 62 34 129
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 38  
 
  Appendix Table 7:  Merchandise exports of develo ping economies and regions , 2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 2006 2000-
2006 2000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006 
 
Mauritius 2.17 0.025 0.018 0.081 0.051 6 7 5 6 3
Mexico 250.44 2.652 2.125 8.681 5.851 7 0 15 13 17
Micronesiab 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0 9 -9 15 7
Mongolia 1.54 0.009 0.013 0.028 0.036 19 5 36 22 45
Montenegro 0.65 - 0.005 - 0.015 - - - - -
Montserratb 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -2 17 -17 -66 -31
Morocco 12.71 0.118 0.108 0.388 0.297 9 6 13 13 14
Mozambique 2.40 0.006 0.020 0.019 0.056 37 42 32 16 37
Myanmarb 4.25 0.026 0.036 0.086 0.099 17 15 20 60 11
Namibiab 2.65 0.021 0.022 0.069 0.062 12 -1 28 13 28
Nepalb 0.76 0.013 0.006 0.042 0.018 -1 -6 5 10 -8
Netherlands Antilles 1.13 0.032* 0.010 0.10* 0.026 ... -17 ... 26 17
New Caledonia 1.25 0.010 0.011 0.032 0.029 13 9 17 5 15
Nicaragua 1.03 0.010 0.009 0.034 0.024 8 -2 19 14 20
Nigerb 0.54 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.013 11 8 15 14 8
Nigeriab 52.00 0.334 0.441 1.095 1.215 16 3 32 36 23
Oman 21.59 0.180 0.183 0.591 0.504 11 1 23 40 15
Pakistan 16.93 0.144 0.144 0.471 0.396 11 10 12 20 5
Panamab 1.05 0.014 0.009 0.045 0.024 3 0 7 8 3
Papua New Guinea 4.12 0.033 0.035 0.109 0.096 12 2 23 28 26
Paraguay 1.91 0.014 0.016 0.045 0.045 14 13 15 4 12
Peru 23.43 0.112 0.199 0.367 0.547 22 9 37 34 37
Philippines 47.04 0.634 0.399 2.076 1.099 3 -3 9 4 14
Qatar 34.05 0.185 0.289 0.605 0.795 20 5 37 38 32
Rwanda 0.14 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 18 7 30 26 10
St. Kitts and Nevisb 0.03 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 -1 13 -13 -19 -8
St. Luciab 0.06 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 6 13 -1 -31 -6
St. Vincent & the Grenadinesb0.02 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 -13 -7 -19 9 -50
Samoa 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 -4 2 -11 11 -10
Sao Tome and Principe 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4 30 -17 -4 13
Saudi Arabia 209.48 1.236 1.778 4.048 4.894 18 6 31 43 16
Senegalb 1.55 0.015 0.013 0.048 0.036 9 11 7 2 1
Serbia 6.43 - 0.055 - 0.150 - - - - -
Serbia and Montenegro - 0.027 - 0.090 - - 15 - 27 -
Seychelles 0.42 0.003 0.004 0.010 0.010 14 12 16 17 25
Sierra Leone 0.22 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.005 60 92 33 14 36
Singapore 271.77 2.196 2.306 7.191 6.349 ... 5 19 16 18
Solomon Islands 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.003 10 2 18 6 16
South Africa 58.41 0.478 0.496 1.565 1.365 12 7 17 12 13
Sri Lanka 6.89 0.087 0.058 0.283 0.161 4 -2 10 10 8
Sudan 5.66 0.029 0.048 0.094 0.132 21 12 31 28 17
Surinameb 1.20 0.006 0.010 0.021 0.028 20 17 23 6 26
Swazilandb 2.06 0.015 0.017 0.047 0.048 15 22 8 4 2
Syrian Arab Republicb 8.75 0.074 0.074 0.242 0.204 ... 7 ... 18 0
Taipei, Chinese 223.77 2.412 1.899 7.898 5.227 7 0 14 9 13
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 39 
 
 
  Appendix Table 7:  Merchandise exports of develo ping economies and regions , 2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Tanzania 1.69 0.012 0.014 0.038 0.039 15 18 12 14 1
Thailand 130.79 1.101 1.110 3.604 3.055 11 5 18 14 19Togo
b 0.62 0.006 0.005 0.019 0.014 9 18 1 -2 5
Tongab 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4 25 -13 -32 15
Trinidad and Tobago 14.15 0.068 0.120 0.223 0.330 22 7 40 52 46
Tunisia 11.51 0.093 0.098 0.305 0.269 12 11 13 8 10
Turkey 85.48 0.443 0.725 1.449 1.997 21 19 22 16 16
Tuvalub 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 135 112 162 -54 ...
Uganda 1.00 0.007 0.009 0.024 0.023 14 7 21 22 16
United Arab Emirates 139.35 0.794 1.183 2.601 3.255 19 10 28 29 19
Uruguay 3.95 0.037 0.034 0.120 0.092 9 -1 21 16 16
Vanuatub 0.05 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 12 1 23 3 28
Viet Nam 39.61 0.231 0. 336 0.756 0.925 18 12 25 22 22
Yemen 7.29 0.065 0.062 0.213 0.170 10 -1 23 37 14
Zambia 3.69 0.011 0.031 0.035 0.086 33 14 56 27 99
Zimbabweb 1.95 0.031 0.017 0.100 0.046 0 -5 5 -4 7
           
Memorandum items:           
Developed Economies 7077. 05 67.135 60.060 - - 9 5 13 9 12
Commonwealth of  
Independent States (CIS) 425.59 2.322 3.612 - - 20 10 30 28 25
LDC (50) 106.26 0.576 0.902 1.886 2.482 20 8 32 36 28NICS (6)
a 1135.23 10.395 9.634 34.036 26.520 10 3 17 12 15
    
 aExcluding Hong Kong, China re-exports. 
 bIncludes WTO estimates. 
 cDomestic exports estimated by subtracting re-exports from total exports. 
 *Break in series.  -   Not applicable. 
 ... Not available. 
 Source : WTO Secretariat. WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 40  
 
  Appendix Table 8:  Merchandise imports of developing economies and regions, 2000-2006 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Worlda 12112.84 100.000 100.000 - - 11 5 17 13 15
           
Developing economiesa 3771.54 27.381 31.137 100.000 100.000 13 6 21 18 17
    
Latin America 629.91 5.942 5.200 21.702 16.702 8 -2 20 18 19
Developing Europe 188.86 1. 106 1.559 4.039 5.007 17 12 23 17 18
Africa 289.78 1.976 2.392 7.218 7.683 14 8 21 22 14
Middle East 381.07 2.557 3. 146 9.337 10.104 15 8 22 20 15
Developing Asiaa 2281.43 15.791 18.835 57.670 60.491 14 7 21 18 17
                      
    
Afghanistanb 2.96 0.018 0.024 0.066 0.078 17 21 12 15 18
Albania 3.06 0.017 0.025 0.061 0.081 19 20 18 13 17
Algeria 21.46 0.140 0.177 0.512 0.569 15 11 20 12 5
Angolab 11.60 0.046 0.096 0.170 0.308 25 22 28 43 39
Antigua and Barbudab 0.59 0.006 0.005 0.023 0.016 6 1 12 10 19
Argentina 34.16 0.384 0.282 1.403 0.906 5 -18 35 28 19
Aruba 1.08 0.013 0.009 0.047 0.029 4 1 8 18 5
Bahamas 2.62 0.032 0.022 0.116 0.070 4 -5 14 26 9
Bahrain 8.94 0.071 0.074 0.258 0.237 12 7 16 23 13Bangladesh 16.09 0.136 0.133 0.496 0.427 10 6 16 15 16
Barbados 1.59 0.018 0.013 0.064 0.042 5 1 10 14 -1
Belize
b 0.68 0.008 0.006 0.029 0.018 4 2 7 14 14
Beninb 0.99 0.009 0.008 0.034 0.026 8 13 4 0 11
Bhutanb 0.32 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.008 11 12 9 -6 -17
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 33.62 0.248 0.278 0.905 0.891 13 -17 54 44 40
Bolivia 2.82 0.028 0.023 0.102 0.075 7 -4 20 27 20
Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.31 0.047 0.060 0.173 0.194 15 16 15 20 3
Botswanab 3.16 0.032 0.026 0.116 0.084 7 6 9 -6 0
Brazil 95.89 0.902 0.792 3.295 2.542 8 -5 24 17 24
Brunei Darussalamb 1.73 0.017 0.014 0.062 0.046 8 6 9 5 16
Burkina Fasob 1.45 0.009 0.012 0.034 0.038 15 15 16 1 13
Burundi 0.43 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.011 20 2 40 52 61
Cambodiab 4.90 0.030 0.040 0.108 0.130 17 10 24 23 25
Cameroonb 2.99 0.023 0.025 0.083 0.079 12 13 11 14 9
Cape Verde 0.54 0.004 0.004 0.013 0.014 15 15 16 13 24
Central African Republic 0.24 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.006 13 0 27 16 40
Chadb 1.25 0.005 0.010 0.018 0.033 26 36 17 30 12
Chile 38.41 0.283 0.317 1.033 1.018 13 1 26 32 17
China 791.46 3.439 6.534 12.558 20.985 23 22 24 18 20
Colombia 26.05 0.176 0.215 0.644 0.691 15 6 23 27 23
Comorosb 0.11 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 17 18 16 10 16
Congo b 1.70 0.007 0.014 0.026 0.045 24 21 27 66 20
Congo, Dem. Rep. of b 2.80 0.011 0.023 0.039 0.074 26 32 21 14 23
Costa Rica 11.52 0.097 0.095 0.356 0.305 10 6 15 19 17
Côte d'Ivoire b 5.31 0.043 0.044 0.155 0.141 ... ... 18 25 -1
Croatia 21.49 0.120 0.177 0.440 0.570 18 22 15 12 16
Cuba b 9.41 0.074 0.078 0.270 0.250 12 -2 27 35 25
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 41 
 
 
  Appendix Table 8:  Merchandise imports of developi ng economies and regions,  2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars)  
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Djiboutib 0.35 0.003 0.003 0.012 0.009 9 5 13 6 25
Dominicab 0.17 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.004 2 -5 9 15 0
Dominican Republic 11.19 0. 145 0.092 0.529 0.297 3 -7 14 25 13
Ecuador 12.05 0.057 0.099 0.208 0.319 22 22 22 25 17
Egypt 20.60 0.214 0.170 0.782 0.546 7 -8 24 54 4
El Salvador 7.63 0.076 0.063 0.276 0.202 7 5 10 8 12
Equatorial Guineab 2.50 0.007 0.021 0.025 0.066 33 40 26 35 19
Eritreab 0.54 0.007 0.004 0.026 0.014 2 -3 8 3 9
Ethiopia 4.59 0.019 0.038 0.070 0.122 24 19 29 34 11
Fiji 1.80 0.013 0.015 0.046 0.048 14 13 14 12 12
French Polynesia 1.66 0.015 0.014 0.054 0.044 9 18 1 15 -4
FYR Macedonia 3.76 0.032 0. 031 0.117 0.100 10 3 18 10 17
Gabon 1.73 0.015 0.014 0.055 0.046 10 2 18 21 17
Gambiab 0.26 0.003 0.002 0.010 0.007 5 -6 18 4 8
Ghana 5.50 0.045 0.045 0.166 0.146 11 3 20 41 -4
Grenadab 0.29 0.004 0.002 0.013 0.008 3 2 4 36 -11
Guatemala 11.92 0.073* 0.098 0.267* 0.316 ... ... 14 11 14
Guineab 0.93 0.009 0.008 0.034 0.025 7 2 13 19 13
Guinea-Bissaub 0.11 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 ... ... 19 43 -8
Guyana 0.89 0.009 0.007 0.032 0.023 8 0 15 21 12
Haitib 1.71 0.016 0.014 0.058 0.045 9 5 13 11 17
Honduras 5.42 0.044 0.045 0.159 0.144 11 5 18 18 17Hong Kong, China 335.75 - - - - 8 3 13 10 12
retained imports
c 35.85 0.533 0.296 1.947 0.951 0 -12 14 3 28
India 174.85 0.787 1.443 2.875 4.636 23 12 34 39 26
Indonesia 80.33 0.666 0.663 2.432 2.130 11 -1 24 38 6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ofb 51.10 0.212 0.422 0.775 1.355 24 21 27 20 34
Iraqb 27.94 0.204 0.231 0.747 0.741 13 -9 41 10 19
Israelb 49.99 0.576 0.413 2.103 1.325 5 -1 11 10 6
Jamaica 5.65 0.051 0.047 0.186 0.150 9 3 16 20 19
Jordan 11.45 0.070 0.095 0.256 0.304 16 8 26 29 9
Kenya 7.31 0.047 0.060 0.173 0.194 15 6 25 35 19
Kiribati 0.06 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 8 9 7 25 -14
Korea, Republic of 309.38 2.452 2.554 8.954 8.203 12 4 20 16 18
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 1.06 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.028 12 -3 30 60 31
Lebanon 9.65 0.095* 0.080 0.348* 0.256 8 5 10 0 0
Lesothob 1.47 0.012 0.012 0.045 0.039 10 10 11 -5 10
Liberiab 0.44 0.010* 0.004 0.037* 0.012 ... ... 38 -8 43
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 6.95 0.057 0.057 0.208 0.184 11 5 17 -4 14
Macao, China 4.56 0.034 0.038 0.126 0.121 12 7 18 13 17
Madagascar 1.49 0.015 0.012 0.056 0.039 7 4 10 -3 4
Malawi 1.21 0.008 0.010 0.030 0.032 15 14 15 24 5
Malaysia 131.15 1.252 1.083 4.573 3.477 8 1 16 9 14
Maldives 0.93 0.006 0.008 0.022 0.025 16 7 25 16 24
Mali 1.86 0.012 0.015 0.045 0.049 15 16 14 19 15
Marshall Islandsb 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 14 11 17 13 26
Mauritania 0.97 0.005 0.008 0.017 0.026 21 7 36 141 -27
 WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 42  
 
  Appendix Table 8:  Merchandise imports of developi ng economies and regions,  2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars)  
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
Mauritius 3.63 0.032 0.030 0.117 0.096 10 4 15 14 15
Mexicob 268.17 2.791 2.214 10.193 7.110 7 -1 15 13 15
Micronesiab 0.11 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.003 1 3 -2 -11 -6
Mongolia 1.49 0.009 0.012 0.034 0.039 16 9 23 16 25
Montenegro 1.78 - 0.015 - 0.047 - - - - -
Montserratb 0.05 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 13 9 17 4 51
Morocco 23.57 0.176 0.195 0.644 0.625 13 7 18 17 13
Mozambique 2.81 0.018 0.023 0.065 0.074 16 15 17 25 17
Myanmarb 2.46 0.037 0.020 0.134 0.065 0 -5 6 -12 28
Namibia 2.92 0.024 0.024 0.086 0.077 11 9 14 10 9Nepal
b 2.10 0.024 0.017 0.088 0.056 5 4 6 -1 13
Netherlands Antilles 2.59 0.044* 0.021 0.16* 0.069 ... -3 ... 17 14
New Caledonia 2.11 0.014 0.017 0.052 0.056 15 19 11 8 19
Nicaragua 2.99 0.028 0.025 0.101 0.079 9 1 17 17 15
Nigerb 0.95 0.006 0.008 0.022 0.025 16 16 15 7 18
Nigeria 21.81 0.133 0.180 0.487 0.578 17 8 26 47 5
Oman 10.92 0.078 0.090 0.286 0.289 13 10 17 0 24
Pakistan 29.82 0.166 0.246 0.606 0.791 18 6 32 41 18
Panamab 4.86 0.052 0.040 0.189 0.129 6 -3 16 16 16
Papua New Guinea 2.25 0.018 0.019 0.064 0.060 12 6 18 4 28
Paraguay 5.88 0.034 0.049 0.122 0.156 18 1 38 20 58
Peru 15.33 0.113 0.127 0.414 0.406 13 4 22 24 23
Philippines 51.52 0.566 0.425 2.066 1.366 6 3 8 8 9
Qatar 16.44 0.050 0.136 0.181 0.436 31 15 50 68 63
Rwanda 0.50 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.013 16 7 25 41 24
St. Kitts and Nevisb 0.28 0.003 0.002 0.011 0.007 6 1 11 15 33
St. Lucia  0.59 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.016 9 4 14 10 24
St. Vincent & the Grenadinesb0.28 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.007 9 7 11 7 14
Samoa 0.22 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.006 13 9 17 15 17
Sao Tome and Principe 0.07 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 15 11 20 20 42
Saudi Arabia 66.31 0.462 0.547 1.687 1.758 14 7 22 33 12
Senegal  3.43 0.023 0. 028 0.085 0.091 15 16 13 12 7
Serbia 13.17 - 0.109 - 0.349 - - - - -
Serbia and Montenegro - 0.057 - 0.207 - - 29 - -1 -
Seychelles 0.76 0.005 0.006 0.019 0.020 14 6 23 41 9
Sierra Leone 0.39 0.002 0.003 0.008 0.010 17 27 9 20 13
Singapore 238.65 2.055* 1.970 7.507* 6.328 ... 0 21 15 19
Solomon Islands 0.20 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.005 14 1 29 52 8
South Africab 77.28 0.454 0.638 1.657 2.049 17 10 25 17 24
Sri Lanka 10.26 0.110 0.085 0.400 0.272 6 -2 15 11 16
Sudan 8.07 0.024 0.067 0.087 0.214 32 23 41 66 19
Surinameb 0.82 0.008 0.007 0.029 0.022 8 10 5 4 7
Swazilandb 2.20 0.016 0.018 0.058 0.058 13 13 13 9 5
Syrian Arab Republicb 9.67 0.058* 0.080 0.213* 0.256 ... 10 ... 25 2
Taipei, Chinese 203.02 2.148 1.676 7.847 5.383 6 -3 17 8 11
  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 43 
 
 
  Appendix Table 8:  Merchandise imports of developi ng economies and regions,  2000-2006 (continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2006 2000 2006 2000 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
 
Tanzania 4.25 0.023 0.035 0.085 0.113 19 12 26 22 38
Thailand 128.64 0.946 1.062 3.455 3.411 13 7 19 25 9
Togob 1.10 0.009 0.009 0.031 0.029 12 11 12 14 10
Tongab 0.12 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.003 9 10 8 15 -1
Trinidad and Tobago 6.48 0.051 0.054 0.185 0.172 12 6 19 17 14
Tunisia 14.87 0.131 0.123 0.478 0.394 10 8 11 3 13
Turkey 138.29 0.833 1.142 3.041 3.667 17 8 26 20 18
Tuvalub 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 25 46 7 13 47
Uganda 2.50 0.023 0.021 0.086 0.066 8 -4 22 19 22United Arab Emirates 97.75 0.535 0.807 1.953 2.592 19 14 23 17 15
Uruguay 4.76 0.053 0.039 0.193 0.126 5 -14 30 25 23
Vanuatu
b 0.14 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.004 8 6 10 9 0
Viet Nam 44.41 0.239 0. 367 0.872 1.178 19 17 21 16 20
Yemen 4.94 0.036 0.041 0.130 0.131 13 17 10 22 1
Zambia 2.92 0.015 0.024 0.055 0.077 20 17 23 28 13
Zimbabweb 2.25 0.028 0.019 0.104 0.060 3 -3 10 6 -3
           
Memorandum items:           
Developed Economies 8059. 80 71.373 66.539 - - 10 5 14 11 13
Commonwealth of  
Independent States (CIS) 281.51 1.246 2.324 - - 23 17 29 25 30
LDCs (50) 101.88 0.671 0.841 2.451 2.701 15 11 19 22 18NICS (6)
a 1046.69 9.386 8.641 34.281 27.752 9 1 19 14 16
    
 a Excluding Hong Kong, China re-exports. 
 b Includes WTO estimates. 
 c Retained imports estimated by subtracting re-exports from total imports. 
 *Break in series.  -   Not applicable. 
 ... Not available. 
 Source :  WTO Secretariat WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 44  
 
  Appendix Table 9:  Commercial s ervices exports of de veloping economies and regions, 2000-2005 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
World  2458.77 100.000 100.000 - - 10 7 16 20 11
           
Developing economies  624.99 24.270 25.419 100.000 100.000 12 7 19 24 15
    
Latin America 83.31 4.060 3.388 16.729 13.330 7 1 16 15 17
Developing Europe 39.93 1. 681 1.624 6.928 6.389 10 5 17 23 11
Africa 57.57 2.108 2.341 8.684 9.211 13 11 16 21 12
Middle East 57.15 2.240 2. 324 9.230 9.144 11 9 15 16 14
Developing Asia  386.93 14. 177 15.737 58.414 61.910 13 7 22 28 15
                      
    
Albania 1.15 0.029 0.047 0.118 0.185 22 17 29 44 16
Algeria 1.83 0.062 0.074 0.256 0.292 15 12 19 24 15
Angola 0.18 0.018 0.007 0.074 0.028 -8 -9 -6 61 -45
Anguilla 0.09 0.004 0.004 0.017 0.015 8 2 18 14 23
Antigua and Barbuda 0.45 0. 027 0.018 0.112 0.073 2 0 5 13 -1
Argentina 6.14 0.320 0.250 1.317 0.982 5 -3 19 17 20
Aruba 1.29 0.066 0.052 0.273 0.206 5 1 12 19 5
Bahamas 2.45 0.130 0.100 0.537 0.393 5 1 10 9 11
Bahrain 1.66 0.062 0.068 0.258 0.266 12 11 15 24 7
Bangladesh 0.47 0.019 0.019 0.078 0.076 11 12 9 6 13
Barbados 1.41 0.071 0.057 0.291 0.226 6 2 12 5 19Belize 0.28 0.009 0.011 0.037 0.044 15 13 18 14 23
Benin 0.18 0.008 0.007 0.035 0.029 7 9 5 25 -12
Bhutan 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.007 21 12 37 26 48
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 1.26 0.071 0.051 0.292 0.202 4 -9 26 30 23
Bolivia 0.47 0.014 0.019 0.057 0.076 18 19 16 15 18
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.95 0.030 0.039 0.124 0.152 16 17 15 20 10
Botswana 0.84 0.020 0.034 0.084 0.135 23 27 16 19 14
Brazil 14.90 0.600 0.606 2.472 2.384 11 2 25 21 28
Brunei Darussalam 0.62 0.013 0.025 0.055 0.099 26 30 19 25 14
Burkina Faso 0.21 0.002 0.009 0.008 0.034 49 16 118 46 226
Burundi 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 26 3 70 77 63
Cambodia 1.05 0.028 0.043 0.117 0.168 20 8 40 46 34
Cameroon 0.45 0.038 0.018 0.159 0.072 -5 -12 7 13 1
Cape Verde 0.25 0.007 0.010 0.028 0.040 20 28 9 6 13
Central African Republic 0.01 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.002 2 -13 30 62 4
Chad 0.06 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.010 24 18 33 26 40
Chile 6.93 0.267 0.282 1.102 1.108 12 8 18 19 16
China 73.91 2.018 3.006 8.316 11.826 20 15 26 34 19
Colombia 2.59 0.133 0.105 0.547 0.414 5 -2 18 18 19
Comoros 0.04 0.003 0.002 0.010 0.006 1 -11 20 19 21
Congo 0.22 0.009 0.009 0.036 0.036 11 12 10 -1 22
Costa Rica 2.58 0.129 0.105 0.532 0.413 6 1 14 11 17
Côte d'Ivoire 0.66 0.028 0.027 0.114 0.105 10 11 8 14 3
Croatia 9.92 0.272 0.403 1.119 1.587 20 28 8 9 6
Cuba 11.24 0.397 0.457 1.634 1.799 14 0 37 21 56
Djibouti 0.09 0.005 0.004 0.019 0.015 7 8 4 0 9
Dominica 0.08 0.006 0.003 0.024 0.013 -1 -4 4 13 -4
Dominican Republic 3.84 0. 210 0.156 0.867 0.614 4 3 6 1 12 WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 45 
 
 
  Appendix Table 9:  Commercial s ervices exports of de veloping economies and regions, 2000-2005 
(continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
 
Ecuador 0.94 0.053 0.038 0.219 0.150 3 1 8 16 0
Egypt 14.45 0.649 0.588 2.672 2.312 8 4 15 30 3
El Salvador 1.12 0.045 0.045 0.186 0.179 11 10 11 13 9
Equatorial Guinea 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.008 40 37 45 47 42
Ethiopia 0.79 0.026 0.032 0.107 0.126 15 15 16 36 -1
Fiji 0.76 0.030 0.031 0.122 0.122 11 8 16 15 18
FYR Macedonia 0.45 0.019 0.018 0.080 0.071 9 2 21 25 16
Gabon 0.14 0.011 0.006 0.047 0.022 -4 -1 -10 -19 0
Gambia 0.08 0.004 0.003 0.017 0.013 5 10 -3 -13 9
Ghana 1.04 0.033 0.042 0.135 0.167 16 8 30 12 53
Grenada 0.13 0.010 0.005 0.040 0.020 -3 -3 -2 18 -19
Guatemala 1.14 0.047 0.046 0.194 0.182 10 11 9 11 7
Guinea-Bissau 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0 2 -3 17 -20
Guyana 0.15 0.011 0.006 0.047 0.024 -3 -3 -3 3 -9
Haiti 0.11 0.011 0.005 0.044 0.018 -7 -10 -2 -22 23
Honduras 0.72 0.029 0.029 0.118 0.115 11 8 15 22 9
Hong Kong, China 63.70 2.702 2.591 11.135 10.193 10 5 17 18 16
India 54.38 1.073* 2.212 4.422* 8.701 ... 13 ... ... ...
Israel 17.46 1.003 0.710 4.131 2.794 3 -4 15 20 9
Jamaica 2.30 0.133 0.093 0.548 0.367 3 2 4 8 1Jordan 2.19 0.107 0.089 0.441 0.350 6 2 13 19 7
Kenya 1.52 0.049 0.062 0.201 0.244 16 6 32 40 24
Korea, Republic of 43.71 1.992 1.778 8.206 6.994 8 2 17 28 8
Kuwait 3.79 0.104 0.154 0.428 0.606 20 4 47 41 52
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 0. 19 0.009 0.008 0.037 0.031 7 -3 25 37 14
Lebanon 10.74 0.252 0.437 1.038 1.718 23 36 7 2 11
Lesotho 0.05 0.002 0.002 0.010 0.007 5 6 4 29 -16
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.42 0.008 0.017 0.033 0.067 29 40 13 7 19
Macao, China 8.61 0.220 0.350 0.905 1.378 21 20 24 44 7
Madagascar 0.42 0.021 0. 017 0.087 0.067 6 -7 29 42 17
Malawi 0.04 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.007 5 5 4 3 4
Malaysia 19.46 0.925 0.792 3.810 3.114 7 -1 20 24 17
Maldives 0.32 0.023 0.013 0.095 0.051 -2 7 -14 18 -37
Mali 0.25 0.006 0.010 0.025 0.041 22 31 10 9 12
Mauritius 1.60 0.071 0.065 0.294 0.257 9 6 12 14 11
Mexico 16.10 0.908 0.655 3.743 2.576 3 -3 14 12 15
Mongolia 0.41 0.005 0.017 0.020 0.065 41 40 42 62 24
Montserrat 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.002 -2 -10 11 25 -2
Morocco 7.57 0.191 0.308 0.787 1.211 22 22 22 23 20
Mozambique 0.32 0.022 0.013 0.090 0.050 -1 -3 3 -18 28
Namibia 0.40 0.014 0.016 0.058 0.064 13 24 -1 14 -14
Nepal 0.27 0.027 0.011 0.113 0.043 -8 -10 -5 18 -24
Netherlands Antilles 1.79 0.107 0.073 0.439 0.287 2 1 4 6 2
New Caledonia 0.36 ... 0. 015 ... 0.058 ... ... 4 17 -7
Nicaragua 0.27 0.012 0.011 0.051 0.043 8 6 11 12 9
Niger 0.08 0.002 0.003 0.010 0.014 19 17 22 55 -4
Nigeria 4.16 0.123 0.169 0.506 0.666 18 24 9 -4 25
Oman 0.82 ... 0.033 ... 0.131 ... ... 13 13 13WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 46  
 
  Appendix Table 9:  Commercial s ervices exports of de veloping economies and regions, 2000-2005 
(continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
 
Pakistan 2.04 0.086 0.083 0.354 0.327 10 5 18 16 19
Panama 3.11 0.131 0.126 0.541 0.497 10 8 12 9 15
Papua New Guinea 0.29 0.016 0.012 0.067 0.046 3 -3 14 -17 58
Paraguay 0.62 0.038 0.025 0.158 0.098 1 -1 6 9 3
Peru 2.06 0.095 0.084 0.392 0.329 8 4 14 14 15
Philippines 4.46 0.226 0.181 0.932 0.714 6 0 15 19 10
Qatar 5.78 0.047 0.235 0.193 0.924 53 45 64 54 74
Rwanda 0.08 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.013 15 ... ... ... ...
St. Kitts and Nevis 0.14 0. 006 0.006 0.026 0.022 8 3 16 26 6
St. Lucia 0.39 0.022 0.016 0.089 0.062 4 -1 11 15 6
St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.15 0.008 0.006 0.035 0.025 4 1 9 9 8
Samoa 0.11 ... 0.005 ... 0.018 ... ... ... ... 18
Sao Tome and Principe 0. 02 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.003 6 9 3 0 7
Saudi Arabia 5.92 0.320 0.241 1.318 0.947 4 6 2 2 1
Senegal 0.69 0.022 0.028 0.091 0.110 16 14 19 23 15
Serbia and Montenegro 1.91 0.042 0.078 0.172 0.305 25 22 30 48 14
Seychelles 0.35 0.018 0.014 0.075 0.055 5 4 6 -1 12
Sierra Leone 0.08 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.012 15 19 9 -7 27
Singapore 51.20 1.880 2.082 7.745 8.192 13 9 19 29 10
Solomon Islands 0.04 0.003 0.002 0.014 0.007 -4 -20 28 22 34South Africa 10.90 0.327* 0.443 1.348* 1.744 ... ... 16 16 15
Sri Lanka 1.52 0.061 0.062 0.252 0.243 11 15 5 8 1
Sudan 0.10 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.016 33 9 80 12 188
Suriname 0.18 0.006 0.007 0.024 0.029 16 -15 88 150 42
Swaziland 0.27 0.015 0.011 0.062 0.044 4 4 4 79 -39
Syrian Arab Republic 2.83 0.099 0.115 0.408 0.452 14 -7 55 101 19
Taipei, Chinese 25.57 1.332 1.040 5.487 4.092 5 5 5 11 0
Tanzania 1.18 0.039 0.048 0.159 0.189 15 16 15 18 12
Thailand 20.01 0.923 0.814 3.803 3.202 8 4 13 21 6
Togo 0.15 0.003 0.006 0.013 0.023 26 16 42 69 19
Tonga 0.03 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.005 16 16 16 -5 42
Trinidad and Tobago 0.80 0.036 0.033 0.150 0.129 8 7 9 25 -4
Tunisia 3.88 0.179 0.158 0.739 0.621 8 2 17 24 10
Turkey 25.55 1.290 1.039 5.315 4.088 6 -2 19 27 13
Uganda 0.49 0.014 0.020 0.056 0.079 19 8 39 36 43
United Arab Emirates 3.29 0.123 0.134 0.509 0.526 12 8 18 9 29
Uruguay 1.29 0.084 0.052 0.344 0.206 1 -15 29 40 18
Vanuatu 0.10 0.008 0.004 0.033 0.017 -2 -7 4 0 8
Viet Nam 4.18 0.181 0. 170 0.745 0.668 9 7 13 18 8
Yemen 0.29 0.012 0.012 0.048 0.046 10 12 8 19 -2
Memorandum items:    
Developed economies 1792. 46 74.552 72.901 - - 10 7 14 19 10
Commonwealth of  
Independent States (CIS) 41.32 1.178 1.681 - - 19 15 24 28 20
LDCs (50) 10.02 0.416 0.408 1.714 1.604 10 6 16 21 10NICS (6)  223.66 9.753 9.096 40.186 35.786 9 5 16 22 10
    
 *Break in series. 
 -   Not applicable. 
 ... Not available. 
 Source : WTO Secretariat.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 47 
 
 
  Appendix Table 10:  Commercial services imports of  developing economies and regions, 2000-2005 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
World  2379.80 100.000 100.000 - - 10 7 15 19 11
           
Developing economies  681.60 27.125 28.641 100.000 100.000 11 6 20 23 17
    
Latin America 91.46 4.832 3.843 17.813 13.419 5 -1 15 13 18
Developing Europe 17.77 0. 719 0.747 2.652 2.608 11 4 22 33 13
Africa 71.49 2.547 3.004 9.389 10.489 14 8 22 24 21
Middle East 88.18 3.302 3. 705 12.173 12.937 13 7 21 23 19
Developing Asia  412.52 15. 718 17.334 57.949 60.522 12 7 20 25 16
                      
    
Albania 1.32 0.028 0.055 0.103 0.193 26 21 34 35 33
Algeria 3.00 0.095 0.126 0.352 0.440 16 2 41 65 20
Angola 6.19 0.154 0.260 0.566 0.908 22 13 38 31 45
Anguilla 0.05 0.003 0.002 0.010 0.007 5 1 10 9 11
Antigua and Barbuda 0.20 0.010 0.008 0.037 0.029 6 6 6 5 8
Argentina 7.35 0.606 0.309 2.235 1.079 -4 -15 16 17 15
Aruba 0.90 0.042 0.038 0.155 0.132 8 4 14 10 18
Bahamas 1.30 0.066 0.054 0.242 0.190 6 1 13 16 11
Bahrain 0.98 0.050 0.041 0.184 0.143 6 6 5 5 5
Bangladesh 2.01 0.103 0.085 0.380 0.295 6 2 12 15 10
Barbados 0.64 0.031 0.027 0.115 0.093 7 2 14 6 22
Belize 0.15 0.008 0.006 0.029 0.021 5 5 5 5 4
Benin 0.27 0.013 0.011 0.046 0.039 7 9 5 12 -2
Bhutan 0.06 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.008 14 13 17 -6 45
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 5.06 0.287 0.212 1.057 0.742 4 -8 25 31 19
Bolivia 0.66 0.030 0.028 0.112 0.097 8 6 11 10 13
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.45 0.017 0.019 0.064 0.066 12 14 9 13 6
Botswana 0.84 0.036 0.035 0.134 0.123 9 7 14 20 7
Brazil 22.30 1.054 0.937 3.885 3.271 7 -3 25 12 38
Brunei Darussalam 1.11 0. 052 0.047 0.192 0.163 8 10 4 4 3
Burkina Faso 0.35 0.009 0.015 0.033 0.051 21 20 24 26 22
Burundi 0.10 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.015 23 2 64 61 66
Cambodia 0.62 0.022 0.026 0.080 0.091 14 10 21 18 24Cameroon 0.96 0.063 0.040 0.233 0.140 0 4 -5 3 -12
Cape Verde 0.20 0.007 0.008 0.024 0.029 16 27 1 -3 5
Central African Republic 0.12 0.008 0.005 0.028 0.018 1 -7 16 12 19
Chad 1.50 0.016 0.063 0.057 0.220 45 52 36 65 11
Chile 7.52 0.316 0.316 1.164 1.104 10 6 16 20 13
China 83.17 2.427 3.495 8.946 12.202 18 15 23 31 16
Colombia 4.70 0.219 0.198 0.809 0.690 8 1 19 17 21
Comoros 0.05 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.007 15 16 12 13 11
Congo 1.55 0.049 0.065 0.182 0.227 16 6 34 17 53
Costa Rica 1.50 0.085 0.063 0.315 0.220 4 -1 10 11 10
Côte d'Ivoire 1.94 0.077 0.082 0.285 0.285 11 13 8 14 2
Croatia 3.35 0.121 0.141 0.445 0.491 13 18 7 19 -5
Cuba 1.58 0.105 0.067 0.388 0.232 0 -6 10 14 7
Djibouti 0.08 0.004 0.003 0.016 0.011 3 -1 10 11 8
Dominica 0.05 0.003 0.002 0.012 0.007 0 -6 11 12 9
Dominican Republic 1.41 0. 091 0.059 0.334 0.207 1 -4 9 -1 21WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 48  
 
  Appendix Table 10:  Commercial services imports of  developing economies and regions, 2000-2005 
(continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
 
Ecuador 2.05 0.083 0.086 0.306 0.301 11 9 14 20 8
Egypt 9.51 0.485 0.400 1.787 1.395 6 -6 25 24 27
El Salvador 1.19 0.062 0.050 0.227 0.175 6 4 7 9 6
Equatorial Guinea 1.48 0.037 0.062 0.138 0.218 22 22 22 22 22
Ethiopia 1.18 0.032 0.050 0.119 0.173 20 13 31 35 26
Fiji 0.49 0.026 0.021 0.095 0.072 5 -2 16 25 8
FYR Macedonia 0.48 0.018 0. 020 0.065 0.071 13 7 23 37 10
Gabon 1.17 0.057 0.049 0.211 0.172 7 -1 19 12 27
Gambia 0.05 0.004 0.002 0.015 0.007 -6 -16 12 26 -1
Ghana 1.13 0.035 0.048 0.128 0.166 17 12 24 21 28
Grenada 0.09 0.006 0.004 0.021 0.014 2 -3 10 6 15
Guatemala 1.42 0.053 0.060 0.196 0.209 13 11 15 16 13
Guinea-Bissau 0.04 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.006 8 8 8 18 -2
Guyana 0.20 0.013 0.008 0.048 0.029 0 -4 7 21 -5
Haiti 0.43 0.018 0.018 0.067 0.063 10 2 23 5 44
Honduras 0.83 0.039 0.035 0.146 0.122 7 4 12 13 12
Hong Kong, China 33.84 1.664 1.422 6.134 4.964 7 2 14 19 9
India 49.19 1.279* 2.067 4.714* 7.218 ... 11 ... ... ...
Israel 13.49 0.792 0.567 2.921 1.980 3 -2 11 15 7
Jamaica 1.68 0.094 0.071 0.347 0.247 4 3 5 9 0Jordan 2.46 0.099 0.104 0.365 0.362 11 5 21 17 25
Kenya 0.95 0.045 0.040 0.166 0.139 7 -5 28 39 18
Korea, Republic of 58.06 2.230 2.439 8.222 8.517 12 7 21 24 18
Kuwait 7.57 0.277 0.318 1.020 1.111 13 11 17 14 20
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 0. 17 0.001 0.007 0.003 0.025 67 100 27 25 29
Lebanon 7.84 0.183 0.329 0.674 1.150 24 34 10 27 -5
Lesotho 0.08 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.012 14 19 7 24 -8
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2. 13 0.055 0.089 0.203 0.312 21 23 18 15 21
Macao, China 1.54 0.055 0.065 0.203 0.225 14 12 16 16 15
Madagascar 0.46 0.027 0.019 0.099 0.068 3 7 -2 -1 -2
Malawi 0.22 0.011 0.009 0.042 0.033 6 4 8 12 5
Malaysia 21.75 1.124 0.914 4.142 3.191 6 1 12 8 16
Maldives 0.20 0.007 0.008 0.027 0.030 13 3 30 31 30
Mali 0.58 0.022 0.024 0.081 0.086 12 14 10 11 10
Mauritius 1.21 0.051 0.051 0.187 0.178 10 5 18 15 21
Mexico 20.92 1.131 0.879 4.171 3.069 5 2 9 10 9
Mongolia 0.47 0.011 0.020 0.039 0.069 24 16 37 100 -6
Montserrat 0.02 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 9 6 12 30 -3
Morocco 3.10 0.103 0.130 0.379 0.455 15 16 15 19 11
Mozambique 0.63 0.030 0.026 0.109 0.092 7 8 6 -8 23
Namibia 0.33 0.022 0.014 0.080 0.048 1 -9 17 55 -12
Nepal 0.42 0.013 0.018 0.048 0.062 17 10 28 46 13
Netherlands Antilles 0.81 0.049 0.034 0.182 0.118 2 3 0 -2 2
New Caledonia 0.87 ... 0. 037 ... 0.128 ... ... 27 11 46
Nicaragua 0.42 0.023 0.018 0.083 0.062 5 2 10 9 10
Niger 0.28 0.008 0.012 0.031 0.041 17 12 26 43 12
Nigeria 7.32 0.213 0.308 0.784 1.074 18 22 13 5 23
Oman 3.05 ... 0.128 ... 0.448 ... ... 18 26 11 WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 49 
 
 
  Appendix Table 10:  Commercial services imports of  developing economies and regions, 2000-2005 
(continued) 
 
(Billion dollars) 
 Value Share in world Share in 
developing 
economies Annual percentage change 
 2005 2000 2005 2000 20052000-
20052000-
2003 2003-
2005 2004 2005
Pakistan 7.21 0.143 0.303 0.526 1.058 28 14 52 64 41
Panama 1.67 0.074 0.070 0.273 0.245 9 5 16 13 18
Papua New Guinea 1.15 0.052 0.048 0.193 0.169 8 4 16 12 19
Paraguay 0.32 0.026 0.014 0.097 0.048 -4 -7 1 -10 13
Peru 2.96 0.143 0.124 0.526 0.434 7 5 10 8 13
Philippines 5.79 0.350 0.243 1.291 0.849 2 1 4 8 0
Qatar 7.78 0.170 0.327 0.626 1.142 25 13 47 26 70
Rwanda 0.18 0.008 0.007 0. 028 0.026 9 ... ... ... ...
St. Kitts and Nevis 0.09 0. 005 0.004 0.018 0.013 4 1 8 5 11
St. Lucia 0.16 0.009 0.007 0.031 0.023 5 4 6 4 9
St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.07 0.004 0.003 0.013 0.011 7 5 10 13 6
Samoa 0.05 ... 0.002 ... 0.008 ... ... ... ... 25
Sao Tome and Principe 0.02 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 23 34 9 10 8
Saudi Arabia 14.24 0.739 0.598 2.726 2.089 5 -10 34 39 29
Senegal 0.78 0.027 0.033 0.099 0.114 14 13 17 20 14
Serbia and Montenegro 1.48 0.020 0.062 0.073 0.217 38 39 36 50 24
Seychelles 0.25 0.013 0.011 0.046 0.037 6 5 9 -1 19
Sierra Leone 0.09 0.006 0. 004 0.020 0.013 1 3 -2 -2 -2
Singapore 54.08 1.988 2.272 7.330 7.934 13 10 17 26 9
Solomon Islands 0.04 0.005 0.002 0.018 0.005 -13 -11 -16 -20 -12
South Africa 11.86 0.383* 0.498 1.411* 1.740 ... ... 23 28 18
Sri Lanka 2.05 0.108 0.086 0.397 0.301 5 1 12 14 10
Sudan 1.80 0.043 0.076 0.158 0.264 23 8 50 27 76
Suriname 0.34 0.012 0. 014 0.044 0.050 14 2 34 33 35
Swaziland 0.43 0.020 0.018 0.074 0.063 8 -1 21 111 -30
Syrian Arab Republic 2.14 0.099 0.090 0.366 0.313 8 5 12 11 13
Taipei, Chinese 31.42 1.726 1.320 6.364 4.610 4 -1 13 20 5
Tanzania 1.09 0.042 0.046 0.155 0.160 12 3 26 33 19
Thailand 26.97 1.037 1.133 3.824 3.957 12 5 22 27 18
Togo 0.28 0.008 0.012 0.029 0.041 19 21 16 16 17
Tonga 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.007 21 29 11 13 8
Trinidad and Tobago 0.31 0.025 0.013 0.091 0.045 -3 -3 -4 -6 -2
Tunisia 2.07 0.076 0.087 0.279 0.303 13 10 17 24 11
Turkey 10.70 0.516 0.449 1.902 1.569 7 -4 26 37 16
Uganda 0.78 0.031 0.033 0.114 0.115 11 2 27 33 21
United Arab Emirates 17.35 0.560 0.729 2.064 2.546 16 11 23 28 18
Uruguay 0.90 0.057 0.038 0.210 0.132 1 -11 22 24 20
Vanuatu 0.07 0.004 0.003 0.016 0.010 2 -4 11 9 12
Viet Nam 5.28 0.220 0. 222 0.811 0.775 10 8 14 17 11
Yemen 1.10 0.051 0.046 0.189 0.162 8 8 8 6 10
Memorandum items:    
Developed economies 1637. 70 71.246 68.817 - - 9 7 13 17 8
Commonwealth of  
Independent States (CIS) 60.50 1.630 2.542 - - 20 18 24 28 19
LDCs (50) 27.06 0.891 1.137 3.284 3.969 16 10 24 23 25
NICS (6) 226.11 9.769 9.501 36.016 33.174 9 5 17 22 12
    
 *  Break in series. 
 -   Not applicable. 
 ... Not available.  Source : WTO Secretariat WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 50  
 
  Appendix Table11:  Ratios of merchandise exports and imports to  GDP for selected developing 
economies, 2000-2006  
(Ratio) 
 Exports/GDP  Imports/GDP 
 2000 2006  2000 2006 
Singapore 1.49 2.06 Singapore 1.45 1.81 
domestic exports 0.85 1.08 retained imports 0.81 0.83 
Hong Kong, China 1.20 1.70 Hong Kong, China 1.27 1.77 
domestic exports 0.14 0.12 retained imports 0.21 0.19 
Malaysia 1.09 1.06 Kiribati 0.85 1.06 Papua New Guinea 0.59 0.95 Seychelles 0.56 1.02 
Equatorial Guinea 0.89 0.94 Guyana 0.80 1.02 
Congo 0.77 0.86 Maldives 0.62 0.94 United Arab Emirates 0.71 0.83 Sao Tome and Principe 0.65 0.90 
Angola 0.87 0.80 Lesotho 0.98 0.90 
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.37 0.78 Malaysia 0.91 0.87 Swaziland 0.65 0.78 Swaziland 0.75 0.83 
Bahrain 0.78 0.72 Jordan 0.54 0.80 
Trinidad and Tobago 0.52 0.71 Viet Nam 0.50 0.73 Guyana 0.70 0.69 Liberia 1.26 0.71 
Brunei Darussalam 0.65 0.67 Cambodia 0.53 0.69 
Viet Nam 0.46 0.65 Paraguay 0.31 0.67       
 Source :  WTO Secretariat and International Monetary Fund. 
 
 
 
Appendix Table 12:  Per capita merch andise exports and imports for selected developing economies, 
2000-2006 
 
(Dollars per capita) 
 Exports per capita   Imports per capita 
 2000 2006  2000 2006 
Singapore 34297 61529 Singapore 33486 54030 
domestic exports 19588 32407 retained imports 18777 24909 
Hong Kong, China 30197 46757 Hong Kong, China 31889 48653 
domestic exports 3507 3299 retained imports 5199 5195 
Qatar 18610 40634 Qatar 5220 19618 
United Arab Emirates 15348 27660 United Arab Emirates 10782 19403 
Brunei Darussalam 12009 20370 Bahrain 6915 11942 
Kuwait 8767 17982 Seychelles 4500 9205 Bahrain 9246 15438 Taipei, Chinese 6313 8836 
Trinidad and Tobago 3387 10899 Bahamas 6845 7976 
Taipei, Chinese 6794 9740 Israel 6194 7273 Saudi Arabia 3789 8842 Antigua and Barbuda 5355 7195 
Oman 4639 8305 Saint Kitts and Nevis 4667 6829 
Equatorial Guinea 1166 7344 Korea, Republic of 3414 6406 Israel 5162 6758 Barbados 4330 5685 
Korea, Republic of 3665 6739 Kuwait 3228 5165 
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 2522 6616 Trinidad and Tobago 2621 4996       
 Source :  WTO Secretariat and World Bank. WT/COMTD/W/162 
 Page 51 
 
 
  Appendix Table 13:  Developing economie s with per capita merchandise exports  
less than 100 dollars in 2006  
(Dollars per capita) 
 2000 2006
Eritrea 9.0 2.1
Gambia 11.4 6.4
Burundi 7.8 7.7
Ethiopia 7.7 13.5Rwanda 6.8 15.0Afghanistan ... 17.2Comoros 25.4 17.6
Sao Tome and Principe 20.3 22.9
Central African Republic 43.3 28.7Nepal 36.1 32.2Burkina Faso 18.5 32.8Uganda 18.9 33.6
Sierra Leone 2.7 38.6
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 16.5 38.8Malawi 33.3 41.2Niger 26.2 41.7Cape Verde 25.2 43.3
Tanzania 21.8 44.2
Guinea-Bissau 45.4 45.9Madagascar 53.3 51.9Liberia 107.3 53.8Samoa 81.9 57.3Haiti 42.1 59.8
Kiribati 42.1 65.7
Djibouti 47.4 66.9Benin 62.2 73.6Myanmar 32.8 75.2Bangladesh 49.6 81.7
Togo 67.7 97.8
 Source : WTO Secretariat and World Bank.  WT/COMTD/W/162 
Page 52  
 
   
Appendix Table 14:  Developing economy me rchandise export shares by product, 2000-2006 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Values Share in world 
by product Share in world 
total Share in 
developing 
economies 
total 
 2000 2006 2000 2006 2000 2006 2000 2006 
Agricultural products 165.2 313.7 29.9 33.2 2.6 2.7 8.6 7.3 
Food 134.7 256.7 31.2 34.0 2.1 2.2 7.0 6.0 
Fuels and mining products 466.0 1214.4 53.8 53.3 7.4 10.3 24.3 28.4 
Fuels 407.7 1027.9 60.7 58.1 6.5 8.7 21.3 24.0 Non-fuel minerals 58.3 186.6 29.9 36.8 0.9 1.6 3.0 4.4 
Manufactures 1265.4 2682.0 26.9 32.5 20.2 22.8 66.0 62.7 
Iron and steel 34.7 116.5 24.3 31.1 0.6 1.0 1.8 2.7 Office and telecom equipment 395.8 774.3 40.9 53.3 6.3 6.6 20.7 18.1 Automotive products 68.3 167.9 11.8 16.5 1.1 1.4 3.6 3.9 Textiles 78.1 120.1 49.3 54.9 1.2 1.0 4.1 2.8 Clothing 128.3 210.5 64.8 67.6 2.0 1.8 6.7 4.9 
Total merchandise 1916.4 4280.7 30.5 36.3 30.5 36.3 100.0 100.0 
 Source :  WTO Secretariat. 
 
  
Appendix Table 15:  Evolution of developing  economy merchandise exports by product, 
2000-2006 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Values Annual percentage change 
 2000 2003 2004 2005 20062000-
20062000-
2003 2003-
2006 2005 2006
Agricultural products 165.2 207.7 242.8 274.3 313.7 11 8 15 13 14
Food 134.7 172.8 200.5 227.1 256.7 11 9 14 13 13
Fuels and mining products 466.0 498.1 690.4 963.1 1214.4 17 2 35 40 26
Fuels 407.7 432.2 587.2 835.5 1027.9 17 2 33 42 23Non-fuel minerals 58.3 65.9 103.1 127.6 186.6 21 4 41 24 46
Manufactures 1265.4 1550.0 1944.7 2280.5 2682.0 13 7 20 17 18
Iron and steel 34.7 46.4 76.8 92.4 116.5 22 10 36 20 26
Office and telecom    equipment 395.8 462.4 579.2 662.3 774.3 12 5 19 14 17
Automotive products 68.3 91.5 117.4 141.3 167.9 16 10 22 20 19Textiles 78.1 85.5 96.4 108.9 120.1 7 3 12 13 10Clothing 128.3 148.6 165.6 181.7 210.5 9 5 12 10 16
Total merchandise 1916.4 2293.1 2919.2 3566.7 4280.7 14 6 23 22 20
 Source : WTO Secretariat. 
 
  
__________