WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  G/TBT/GEN/50 
23 April 2007 
 (07-1667) 
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original:   English 
  
 
 
ISO ACTIONS IN SUPPORT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN 2006 
 
 
 The following information was provided by the International Organization for 
Standardization (ISO)  at the TBT Committee meeting of 21  March 2007 under Agenda Item 5: 
(Updating by Observers).  
_______________ 
  
1. Over two thirds of ISO’s 156 members are from developing countries. They face a number of 
challenges in response to which ISO has defined a set  of actions to improve national standardization 
infrastructures and capacity and to involve deve loping countries more fully in international 
standardization. Aligned with the  ISO Strategic Plan 2005-2010 , the ISO Action Plan for 
developing countries  sets the direction for the support to be provided to members. 
2. The ISO Action plan  is also aimed at mobilizing member s, regional organi zations and donor 
agencies to promote developing country participati on in international sta ndardization, to build 
capacity through technical assistance programm es and enhance interactions at regional and 
international levels. 
3. Technical assistance and training activities carried out in 2006 are described below. 
Additional information of the projects is included in the Annex.  
 
A. I
NVOLVEMENT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN ISO  GOVERNANCE AND PRIORITY SETTING  
4. The ISO Action Plan for developing countries is monitored by the ISO Committee on 
developing country matters (DEV CO). Through the revision of the DEVCO terms of reference in 
2003 and the establishment of the DEVCO Chair’s  Advisory Group in March 2004, developing 
countries participate more actively in setting pr iorities for policy deve lopment and technical 
assistance activities.  Key performance indi cators allow the appropriate monitoring. 
5. DEVCO currently has 127 members from deve loped and developing countries and meets 
once a year.  The DEVCO Chair’s Advisory Group consists of six members from developing countries and three from developed countries and meets twice a year. 
B. P
ARTICIPATION IN TECHNICAL WORK  
6. Increasing the participation of ISO members in  developing countries in the standardization 
process is essential for developing countries to be ab le to voice priorities, contribute to and influence 
the technical content of ISO deliverables. G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 2  
 
  7. Through the concept of twinning between de veloped and developing countries introduced 
four years ago, ISO encourages members from developing  countries to take on leadership positions in 
technical committees and subcommittees, to upgrade to P-member status and to hold technical committee secretariats.  It should also be noted that an increasing number of technical committee 
meetings are hosted by developing countries. 
8. Under the ISO Action Plan for developing countries , support is also provided through 
direct sponsorships granted to developing country de legates to travel to technical committee meetings 
and through training programmes to ensure that  delegates have the required knowledge and 
competence to participate effectively in the international standardization process. 
9. Candidates are selected according to the followi ng principles: ensure maximum impact on the 
country’s competitiveness, on consumer health and safety, or on the environment; apply consistency 
in the selection process; focus on an equitable dist ribution of assistance; ensure continuity in the 
support provided and to the extent possible, sustainability for long-term commitment from the national standards bodies.  
C. S
UPPLYING TARGETED ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING  
1. Reference publications 
10. An important element of the support provided by  ISO to its members in developing countries 
is the development and dissemination of a range of  publications on the operation and promotion of 
standardization activities. 
11. A work plan has been established according to which publications and educational materials 
are prepared and made available to members.  The subjects prioritized in 2006 are guidance on the 
establishment and management of a national st andards body, training materials on enhancing 
developing country participation in  international standardization a nd a check list for small businesses 
to test readiness to implement ISO 22000, Food safety management systems .  Another publication 
relates to involvement in ISO work (“My ISO job”). 
2. ISO Central Secretariat training courses 
12. The ISO Central Secretariat offers training services to ISO members in developed and 
developing countries in a variety of fields relating to standards development practices, including tools 
and services supporting the standa rds development process.  The training menu features regular 
courses covering the most requested topics and proposes customized training to support specific requirements and any particular needs of ISO members. 
13. Under the ISO Action Plan for developing countries , in-depth training in specialized 
disciplines of standardization is also available through the ISO Robert Oteng Fellowship programme. 
3. Enhanced participation in International Standardization 
14. To respond to the needs of its members, the IS O training services offer is regularly updated 
and new courses introduced. The latest addition is a three-day course on Enhanced participation in 
International Standardization .  The course is targeted at sta ff from member bodies and delegated 
organizations and provides an overview of the IS O structure and major policy issues, the process of 
producing an International Standard, the role of th e ISO member in the production of standards, an 
introduction to the electronic services offered by IS O and the role of the individual delegate in 
international standardization. A training of traine rs course is under development for deployment at the 
regional level.  G/TBT/GEN/50 
 Page 3 
 
 
  4. ISO’s e-Learning programme 
15. E-Learning is a good option for addressing the steadily growing education and information 
needs of different stakeholders in the process of international standardization. 
16. The e-Learning programme developed at the ISO Central Secretariat was launched in 
November 2004 and now comprises the following three modules: 
• Module 1: Assessing of national priorities in standardization 
• Module 2: Participating in international standardization 
• Module 3: Implementing international standards 
17. ISO's e-learning modules follow a "learning-by- doing" approach. Advantage is taken of the 
opportunities that information technology, combined with  careful instructional design, offer to create 
a virtual environment where the student is given th e possibility to perform the "same" activities that 
s/he is supposed to undertake in real life. 
18. To date, close to 40 staff of ISO members bot h in developed and developing countries have 
taken part in the e-Learning courses.  
D. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND ICT  TOOLS  
19. ISO provides assistance and training in the acqui sition, implementation and maintenance of 
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by its members in developing countries. ISO encourages the use of ICT tools de veloped in support of the standa rds development and dissemination 
processes, in particular to enable e ffective involvement in the ISO system. 
1. ISO/ICT Programme 
20. To strengthen national standardization activities and to integrate these with the international 
system constituted by ISO and its members, ISO has established a programme to enhance the 
capability of developing countries to implement and use electronic tools and services.  
21. The ISO/ICT programme consists of a hardware and software package to receive information 
from ISO and other sources, and to sort it and disse minate it to national stakeholders.  The programme 
also includes a template for establishing the na tional standards body’s Web site, as well as ISO 
expertise to install the equipment and to train local staff in its usage. 
2. ISO Global Directory 
22. The ISO Global Directory is a database which allows ISO members to register individuals as 
their representatives on ISO committees and/or in othe r functions.  It is ai med at harmonizing and 
simplifying the registration and management of data concerning the individuals who act as ISO 
member representatives in technical comm ittees, sub-committees and working groups.  
23. A large-scale training programme has been desi gned and continues to be  implemented by the 
ISO Central Secretariat to support the release and us e of the Global Directory by ISO members.  To 
facilitate the participation of ISO members in de veloping countries in regional training courses, 
sponsorships have been extended under the ISO Action Plan for developing countries . G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 4  
 
  E. I
NVOLVING REGIONS , INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES  
1. Regional cooperation 
24. In line with the objectives of the ISO Action Plan for developing countries , ISO seeks to 
foster relationships between standards bodies in developing countries and regional and sub-regional 
organizations to coordinate the developm ent of capacity and building synergies. 
25. Collaboration with the regional organizations  consists in exchanging information and 
experience, participating in gene ral meetings, organizing workshops and seminars, and ensuring an 
optimal use of technical resources and expertise.   Successful training and awareness-raising activities 
are organized jointly and aligned with the obj ectives of the regional standards organizations. 
26. The sub-regional level of coopera tion on standardization and related matters is most suitable 
for sharing experience, organizing training a nd optimizing participation in International 
Standardization. By pooling the resources of sever al countries, using cost-sharing and providing some 
funding from the ISO Central Secretariat, the requisite  services can be offered at an affordable cost. 
ISO has established a proactive approach to colla borate with other regional economic integration 
arrangements such as the Southern African De velopment Community (SADC), the West African 
Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) and the Gulf  Standards Organization (GSO). Furthermore, 
formal partnerships have been establishe d with major regional training centres.  
2. Partnerships with development agencies and international organizations 
27. ISO has established partnerships with international organizati ons and development agencies 
at the multilateral and bilateral level and works clos ely with them for the implementation of technical 
assistance projects in developing countries.  Fina ncial support to ISO actions is achieved either 
through funding by ISO members themselves, a special endowment provided by DIN,  or through 
contacts with national development agencies, su ch as NORAD (Norway), SECO (Switzerland), SIDA 
(Sweden) and the Finnish government. 
28. ISO works closely with international bodies involve d in fields related to standardization such 
as the Joint Committee on coordination of assis tance to developing countries in metrology, 
accreditation and standardization (JCDCMAS).  This initiative seeks to bring together all specialist 
organizations operating at a global level that are active in promoting MAS (metrology, accreditation, 
and standardization) as a tool for sustainable economic development.  
29. Active collaboration takes place with ITC, UNIDO and the WTO. The cooperation takes 
various forms such as reciprocal participation in meetings and increasingly the joint implementation 
of technical cooperation projects. 
   G/TBT/GEN/50
 Page 5II. OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL ASSIST ANCE PROJECTS AND TRAINING AC TIVITIES CARRIED OUT IN 2006 
Objective 1: Improve awareness of key stakeholders in developing countries of the role of standardization in economic growth, w orld trade and 
sustainable development 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
Awareness-raising 
seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management systems Cairo, Egypt 14 February 2006 100 Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo Brazzaville, 
Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libyan 
Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Senegal, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda and 
Zimbabwe 
Awareness-raising 
seminar on ISO 22000 Food safety management systems Windhoek, Namibia 5 April 2006 150 Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of 
Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe 
Awareness-raising 
seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management systems Ouagadougou,  
Burkina Faso 13-15 June 2006 33 Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger
Senegal and Togo 
Awareness-raising 
seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management 
systems Dubai  
United Arab Emirates 18-19 June 2006 117 Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and United Arab 
Emirates 
Awareness-raising seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management 
systems Zagreb, Croatia 26-27 June 2006 88 Croatia 
Awareness-raising 
seminar on ISO 22000 Food safety management systems Nairobi, Kenya 
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 
Kampala, Uganda 26-28 June 2006 
12-14 July 2006 17-19 July 2006 75 Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda  
  G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 6 Objective 1: Improve awareness of key stakeholders in developing countries of the role of standardization in economic growth, w orld trade and 
sustainable development 
Awareness-raising seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management systems New Delhi, India 10-11 August 2006 
 200 Afghanistan Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, 
Nepal Pakistan and Sri Lanka 
Awareness-raising seminar on ISO 22000 
Food safety management systems Jakarta, Indonesia 14-15 August 2006 130 Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, 
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, 
Thailand and Vietnam 
Séminaire régional sur les 
systemes de management 
de la sécurité des denrées alimentaires selon l'ISO 22000 Casablanca, Morocco 
Tunis, Tunisia 4-6 September 2006 
7-9 September 2006 85 Morocco and Tunisia 
Awareness raising seminar 
on ISO 22000 - Food safety management system Colombo, Sri Lanka 18-20 December 2006 101 Sri Lanka 
Seminar on Environmental 
Management Systems and ISO 14001 Kathmandu, Nepal 
Dhaka, Bangladesh 15-18 September 2006 
18-20 September 2006 103 Nepal and Bangladesh 
National Awareness-
raising Workshop on ISO 14001 - Environmental 
Management System Luanda, Angola 17-19 October 2006 45 Angola 
Séminaire Sous-Regional 
ISO/MLIDNI sur les Systèmes de Management 
Environnemental et l'ISO 
14001 Bamako, Mali 21-23 November 2006 35 Bénin, Cô te d'Ivoire, Mali, Sénégal and Togo   
   G/TBT/GEN/50
 Page 7Objective 1: Improve awareness of key stakeholders in developing countries of the role of standardization in economic growth, w orld trade and 
sustainable development 
Regional workshop on Life Cycle Assessment 
and ISO 14040 Astana, Kazakhstan 24-26 May 2006 33 Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and 
Uzbekistan 
Awareness raising regional seminar for 
Central and South American Countries on standardization on social responsibility & national 
workshop Montevideo, Uruguay  
17 October 2006 
ISO/UNIT 
 
18-19 October 2006 
ISO/COPANT/UNIT 
  
246 
   
20  
 
COPANT Spanish speaking countries 
Awareness Raising 
Workshop on Social 
Responsibility Bridgetown/St.Michael, 
Barbados 23-24 October 2006 16 Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana, 
Jamaica, St. Lucia, Trinidad & Tobago and Saint 
Vincent and the Grenadines  
Awareness raising 
regional workshop on 
standardization on social responsibility for Arab and Mediterranean Countries Casablanca, Morocco 31 October – 1 November 2006 24 Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libyan 
Arab, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Syrian 
Arab, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Africa Workshop on Social Responsibility (ISO 
26000) Blantyre, Malawi 30 November – 1 December 
2006 29 Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, 
Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe 
COPOLCO/DEVCO seminar for Policy makers, 
consumers and standards 
bodies Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 23 May 2006 60 Brazil, India, Malaysia, Fiji, South Africa, Saudi 
Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, 
Uruguay and Zimbabwe  
  G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 8 Objective 1: Improve awareness of key stakeholders in developing countries of the role of standardization in economic growth, w orld trade and 
sustainable development 
COPOLCO/DEVCO workshop on Consumer 
Participation in Standardization Gaborone, Botswana 31 A ugust – 1 September 2006 57 Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, 
Burundi, Rep. Dem. Congo,Côte d’Ivoire, 
Ethiopia, Ghana Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe 
Awareness-raising seminar on ISO 10015 and 
Quality Management in 
Human Capital Formation Bogotá, Colombia 
Medelin, Colombia 
Cali, Colombia 5-6 June 2006 
7 June 2006 
8-9 June 2006 47 Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela  
   G/TBT/GEN/50
 Page 9 
Objective 2: Build capacity of ISO members and stakeholders invol ved in developing the standardization infrastructure and parti cipating in 
international standardization work 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
Marketing and Promotion 
of International Standards Jakarta, Indonesia 14-16 November 2006 30 Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Philippines, 
Thailand and Vietnam 
Module 1 - Assessing 
National Priorities e-learning November 2005 - June 2006 14 Brazil (2), Colombia (1), Fiji (2), Ghana (1), 
India (1), Jamaica (1) Jordan (1), Kazakhstan (1) Kenya (1), Philippines (1), 
Thailand (1) and Zimbabwe (1) 
Module 2 - Managing 
National Participation in International 
Standardization e-learning February – May 2006 10 Argentina (2), Croatia (2), Malaysia (2),
St. Lucia (2) and South Africa (2) 
Module 2 - Managing National Participation in International Standardization e-learning November 2006 – February 
2007 10 Azerbaijan (1), Belarus (1), Brazil (1), 
Ghana (1), India (1), Jo rdan (1), Kenya (1), 
Nigeria (1), Romania (1) and Zimbabwe (1) 
Enhanced participation in international standardization Buenos Aires, Argentina 27-29 March 2006 39 Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados , 
Bolivia , Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad & Tobago and Uruguay  
Enhanced participation in international 
standardization Cairo, Egypt 15-17 May 2006 25 Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, 
Morocco, Oman, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen 
Enhanced participation in international standardization Hanoi, Vietnam 3-5 October 2006 25 Brunei Darusalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, 
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam  
  G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 10 Objective 2: Build capacity of ISO members and stakeholders invol ved in developing the standardization infrastructure and parti cipating in 
international standardization work 
Enhanced participation in international 
standardization Pretoria, South Africa 14-16 November 2006 22 Botswana, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, 
Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, 
Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe 
ISO Project Management course Geneva, Switzerland 19-20 June  2006 17 Bhutan, Iraq, Kaza khstan and Saudi Arabia 
Regional workshop on 
Social Responsibility Vienna, Austria 11-12 April 2006 35 Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Croatia, 
FYR Macedonia, Kazakhstan, Romania, Serbia & Montenegro and Uzbekistan 
ISO/SIS workshop on Increasing the Impact of 
Developing Country 
Participation in International Standardization in SR Lisbon, Portugal 13-14 May 2006 65 Argentina, Armenia, Azer baijan, Belarus, Chile, 
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, 
Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, 
Mongolia, Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, St. Lucia, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vi etnam and Zimbabwe 
Fellowship course in QMS Canada (SCC) 23-29 April 2006 1 St. Lucia 
Fellowship to attend the 
joint ISO-IEC workshop 
on patent and copyright 
policies Geneva, Switzerland 1-2 June 2006 1 Belarus 
  
   G/TBT/GEN/50
 Page 11 
Objective 3: Increase national and regional cooperation to shar e experience, resources, training and information and communicat ions technologies 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
Regional workshop on 
Conformity Assessment 
for Sustainable 
Development and Trade Amman, Jordan 9-10 April 2006 134 Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, 
Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, 
United Arab Emirates and Yemen  
  
  G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 12  
Objective 4: Develop electronic communication and expertise in IT tools to participate in international standardization work, r each out to stakeholders 
and make efficient use of ISO e-services 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
ICT support Kigali, Rwanda  13-14 March 2006 9 Rwanda 
ICT support Bujumbura, Burundi 16-17 March 2006 9 Burundi 
ICT support Havanna, Cuba 28 Septem ber -2 October 2006  7 Cuba 
ICT support Thimphu, Bhutan 6-7 November 2006 4 Bhutan 
ICT support Kathmandu, Nepal 9-10 November 2006 10 Nepal 
ICT support Sanaa, Yemen 14-17 November 2006 5 Yemen 
ICT support Lima, Peru 4-6 December 2006 7 Peru 
ISO TC Server and  
e-balloting Geneva, Switzerland 23-24 October 2006 4 China (3) and Jamaica (1) 
Using the ISO STD 
Template: Practical Tips Geneva, Switzerland 25-26 October 2006 2 China (1) and Jamaica (1) 
Global Directory training 
course Geneva, Switzerland 6-7 February  2006 10 Ghana (1) and Egypt (1) 
Global Directory regional 
training course Buenos Aires, Argentina 1-2 March 2006 11 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile. Colombia, 
Costa Rica, Cuba, Trinidad & Tobago, Uruguay 
and Venezuela 
  
   G/TBT/GEN/50
 Page 13 
Objective 4: Develop electronic communication and expertise in IT tools to participate in international standardization work, r each out to stakeholders 
and make efficient use of ISO e-services 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
Global Directory regional 
training course Moscow,  
Russian Federation 25-27 April, 2006 14 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, 
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, 
Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan 
Global Directory regional training course Alexandria, Egypt 27-28 June 2006 11 Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libyan Arab 
Jamahiriya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen 
Global Directory regional training course Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 11-12 July 2006 11 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, 
Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam 
Global Directory training 
course Geneva, Switzerland 7-8 November 2006 1 Romania (1)  
Global Directory regional 
training course Paris, France 14-15 November 2006 12 Algeria (1), Bénin(1), Côte d'Ivoire (1), 
Guinée (1), Guinée-Bi ssau(1), Mali (1), 
Madagascar (1), Morocco (1), Niger (1) Senegal (1), Togo(1) and Tunisia (1) 
Global Directory regional 
training course Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 5-6 December 2006 8 Afghanistan (1), Bahrain (1), Korea DPR (1), 
Lebanon (1), Myanmar (1), Palestine (1), 
Syria (1) and United Arab Emirates(1) 
Global Directory regional training course Pretoria, South Africa 6-7 December 2006 16 Angola (1), Botswana (1), Congo (1), 
Ethiopia (1), Ghana (1), Malawi (1), Mauritius (1), Mozambique (1), Namibia (1), 
Nigeria (1), Rwanda(1), Sudan (1), 
Tanzania (1), Uganda (1), Zambia (1) and Zimbabwe (1)  
  
  G/TBT/GEN/50 
Page 14  
Objective 5: Increase participation in governance and technical work of ISO to voice priorities, contribute and influence the t echnical content of ISO 
deliverables 
Title Venue/Host Dates Total 
participants Beneficiary countries 
Sponsorship to TC 228 Tunis, Tunisia 27-28 March 2006 1 St. Lucia 
Sponsorship to TC 
59/SC16 Madrid, Spain 24-28 April 2006 1 Uruguay 
Sponsorship to TC 197 Paris and Lyon, France 6-10 June 2006 1 Argentina 
Sponsorship to TC 85 Ottawa, Ca nada 18-23 June 2006 1 Argentina 
Sponsorship to TC 176 Busan, Rep. of Korea 13-18 November 2006 1 Tunisia 
Sponsorship to TC 224 Punta del Este, Uruguay 30 November – 5 December 
2006 1 Nigeria 
3rd Meeting of Working 
Group on SR Lisbon, Portugal 15-19 May 2006 32 Argentina, Armenia, Azer baijan, Belarus, Chile, 
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, 
Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, St. Lucia, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vi etnam and Zimbabwe 
 
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