WT/TPR/S/219 Trade Policy Review 
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  V. AID FOR TRADE 
(1) OVERVIEW  
1. The Aid-for-Trade Initiative was launched at  the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Conference  
where Ministers agreed that aid fo r trade should aim to help developi ng countries, particularly LDCs, 
to build the supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure that they need to assist them to 
implement and benefit from WTO agreements and more broadly to expand their trade.1  Zambia has 
been at the forefront of aid-for-trade discussions and represented the LDCs in the Aid-for-Trade Task 
Force created pursuant to the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration.2  For the LDCs, the priorities that 
aid for trade should address include strengthening th eir supply-side capacity, which is often closely 
linked with improvements in their infrastructure.  The first global aid-for-trade review was held in 
November 2007. 
2. In 2008, the focus was to shif t emphasis to monitoring implementation as well as to launch a 
work programme to develop performance indi cators and to strengthen self evaluations.  A 
questionnaire aimed at assisting developing countries to identify their needs has been developed and 
circulated to beneficiary countries, including Zambia.  In its responses, Zambia has identified its three 
key priority areas of intervention to improve its  capacity to benefit from trade expansion and 
integration into the world economy.  These are:  network infrastructure (power, water, telecommunication);  cross-border infrastructure;  a nd export diversification.  Other areas include:  
trade policy analysis, negotiation and implementation;  trade facilitation;  adjustment costs;  competitiveness and regional integration.  The respon ses to the questionnaires will feed into the next 
global aid-for-trade review scheduled for July 2009.  
3. Zambia continues to benefit from a high level of development assistance from its 
development partners.  Total aid flows to Zambia in 2007 were US$556 million,   equivalent to 4.9% 
of GDP.
3  In terms of trade-related aid flows, acc ording to the OECD, Zambia has received a 
significantly increasing amount of aid for trade since its last TPR;  between 2002 and 2005, it received an average annual amount of US$168 million.
4  Zambia receives donor assistance for trade 
from a variety of bilateral and multilateral sources (Table V.1).5  A number of OECD countries and 
multilateral agencies provided TRTA/CB;  among the biggest providers were the EC, World Bank, 
WTO, DFID, Norway, and the United States.  Acco rding to the Zambian authorities, assistance for 
capacity building in trade should be integrated into the broader Harmonization in Practice (HIP) 
Action Framework that Zambia signed with the do nor community.  Despite the strong support and 
ongoing efforts by the Government to improve Zamb ia's capacity to benefit from trade, Zambia 
continues to face numerous constraints in many areas, in particular trade facilitation, standards 
                                                      
1 Paragraph 57 of the 2005 WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. 
2 The Task Force Recommendations are contained in Document WT/AFT/1. 
3 AfDB/OECD (2008). 
4 OECD Creditor Reporting System (CRS) Databa se.  Viewed at:  http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 
18/61/39879061.pdf. 
5 The areas covered by TRTA/CB have been classifi ed as follows by the WTO/OECD:  (i) Trade policy 
and regulation (TPR), which covers support to aid recipi ents to enhance effective participation in multilateral 
trade agreements, trade policy mainstreaming and techni cal standards;  trade facilitation including tariff 
structure and customs regimes;  support to regional trade arrangements;  and human resources development in 
trade.  (ii) Trade development (TD), which covers business development activities aimed at improving the 
business climate;  access to trade finance;  and trade pr omotion in the productive sect ors (agriculture, forestry, 
fishing, mining, tourism, services), including at the institutional and enterprise level.  (iii) Activities to enhance 
the infrastructure necessary for Trade (IT), which refers  to transport, storage, communications, and energy.  
Figures are available for the first two categories. Zambia WT/TPR/S/219 
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  infrastructure, enforcement of intellectual property rights, notifications, trade remedies, training of 
officials, and private-sector development.   
Table V.1 
Trade capacity building in Zambia, 2002-07 
 Trade Policy and Regulations (TPR) Trade Development (TD) 
2002   
Activities 40 34 
US$'000 827 5,047 
2003   
Activities 45 23 
US$'000 612 5,866 
2004   
Activities 46 22 
US$'000 1,599 5,967 
2005   
Activities 57 31 
US$'000 925 24,038 
2006   
Activities 46 44 
US$'000 9,536 7,718 
2007a   
Activities 22 2 
US$'000 168 1,077 
a Partial data. 
Note: Amounts include only grants and concessi onal loans.  Non-concessional loans (i.e. market-rate loans – mainly those from E BRD 
and IBRD) and self-financed activities (i .e. activities financed by a developing country for itself and implemented by a 
multilateral TA agency) are excluded, because  they are not considered as aid.   
 Number of activities:  some donors split individual activities (w orkshop/project, etc.) to provide  detailed data on aid alloca ted to 
each of the sub-categories of TRTA/CB.  Others classify the whole activity under the most relevant sub-category.  Some donors 
make a further breakdown of regional ac tivities by splitting amounts between different beneficiary countries.  Others simply 
report such activities as "regional" or "global" proj ects and programmes.  See e xplanatory note on the website. 
Source:  DDA Trade Capacity Building Database for Zambia.  Viewed at:  http://tcbdb. wto.org/ben_country.aspx? 
 entityID=112#. 
(2) INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK (IF)    
4. The Aid-for-Trade Task Force recognized the Integrated Framework as an effective  
mechanism for identifying LDC trade needs and prio rities and for donors to meet those needs.  In 
2005, a Task Force on  the Integrated Framework was established to provide recommendations for an 
Enhanced Integrated Framework.  Zambia was an  active member of the IF Task Force, which 
recommended three areas that woul d constitute the Enhanced IF.6  Zambia is a beneficiary of the 
                                                      
6 The three areas are:  (i) provision of increased,  predictable, and additional funding on a multi-year 
basis;  (ii) strengthening of the IF in-country, including through mainstreaming trade into national development 
plans and poverty reduction strategies;  more effective fo llow-up to diagnostic trade integration studies (DTIS), 
and implementation of action matrices;  and achieving greater and more effective coordination amongst donors 
and IF stakeholders, including beneficiaries;  and (iii)  improvement in the IF decision-making and management 
structure to ensure an effective and timely delivery of the increased financial resources and programmes. WT/TPR/S/219 Trade Policy Review 
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  Integrated Framework.7  Approved by the Cabinet in 2006, th e (2005) Diagnostic Trade Integration 
Study (DTIS) reviewed Zambia's trade polici es and performance, assessed its potential for export 
diversification, identified the main constraints to  increasing exports, and deve loped an action matrix 
summarizing the policy reforms and technical assistance needed.   
5. The Zambia DTIS  concluded that, to support export diversification, the key priority areas in 
trade policy were to:  (i) eliminate anti-export bi as and make export incentives work for exporters;  
(ii) improve trade facilitation;  and (iii) enhance the authorities' capacity to formulate, coordinate, and 
implement trade policy, and negotiate trade agreements .  It also concluded that further liberalization 
of imports was a lesser priority, although duti es on imported capital goods should be removed to 
stimulate private-sector investment.  Moreover, it found that market access was not a constraint on 
export growth, as most of Zambia's exports face zer o or low tariffs and qualify for preferential access 
to the major developed country and regional markets.8  The DTIS further identified the key 
requirements for the effective implementation of Za mbia's export-oriented trade strategy.  These 
include:  high-level political commitment;  mainstreaming of trade policy in Zambia's development and poverty reduction strategy;  gr eater coordination within government;  effective public-private 
partnership;  enhanced trade cap acity;  and donor coordination. 
6. Drawing in part on the DTIS, the authorities have incorporated a number of export promoting 
trade policy measures into the Fifth National Development Plan.  Furthermore, the DTIS findings are 
incorporated into the Private Sector Developm ent Programme, and IF im plementation is being 
supported through a "Window II" project to build in stitutional capacity to manage the IF process 
in-country.  Many of the areas identified in the action matrix of the DTIS are being addressed by 
Zambia's bilateral and multilate ral development partners.   
Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme (JITAP II) 
7. Zambia has benefited from phase II of the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Programme 
(JITAP), implemented jointly by ITC, UNCTAD a nd WTO, and financed by several donor countries. 
JITAP's objective is to assist African countries bui ld endogenous capacities to integrate effectively 
and beneficially into the multilateral trading system (MTS).
9 
8. JITAP II, of which Zambia has been part since 2003, aims at building and/or strengthening, in 
partner countries, human, institutional and entreprene urial capacities in five main areas:  (a) trade 
negotiations, implementation of WT O agreements, and related-trad e policy formulation through the 
Inter-Institutional Committees (IICs) that are official  frameworks to organize national stakeholder 
discussion and decision making on the MTS;  (b) M TS reference centres and national enquiry points 
(NEPs) for providing reliable technical informatio n on the MTS, with attention to standards and 
quality requirements;  (c) development of the na tional knowledge base on MTS through training of 
                                                      
7 The IF process consists of several phases:  (1) preparation of a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study 
(DTIS) to identify constraint s to traders, sectors of gr eatest export potential, and an action matrix for better 
integration into the global trading system;  (2) integr ation of the action matrix into the national development 
strategy;  and (3) implementation of the action matr ix in partnership with the development cooperation 
community. 
8 World Bank (2005b). 
9 The first phase of JITAP, which started with eight beneficiary countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte 
d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Tunisia, Ug anda, the United Republic of Tanzania ), was completed in December 2002. 
Phase II was launched in February 2003 for a period of four years up to 2007.  The 16 African countries 
benefiting from the programme are the 8 original countries plus Botswana, Cameroon, Malawi, Mali, 
Mauritania, Mozambique, Senegal, and Zambia. Zambia WT/TPR/S/219 
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  trainers and formation of trainer networks;  (d) development of a goods, commodities, and services 
policy framework and sectoral strategies, including  market knowledge of exporting and export-ready 
enterprises to develop production and exports;  an d (e) networking of the institutional and human 
capacities built in each country to encourage synerg y and exchange of expe rtise and experiences, 
including at the sub-regional level, to ensure su stainability of such capac ities beyond the programme's 
life.   
9. At the conclusion of JITAP II in 2007, the Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry 
(MCTI) as the focal point for the JITAP, indicated th at the technical assistance programme had made 
a tangible, albeit modest, contribution to the country's economic and social development.  It is 
difficult to accurately state the magnitude of the contribution, since Zambia, like other JITAP 
countries, has received a number of TRTAs with sim ilar mandates.  However, the MCTI has said the 
JITAP has been "very significant" in:  nurturing an MTS knowledge/resource pool, building a multi-stakeholder consultative mechanism, and in fluencing the formulation of trade programmes 
among stakeholders.  It is credited with incr easing the country's knowledge-base on MTS issues and 
fostering the creation of a consultative mechanism.  Zambia is using the JITAP to enhance its capacity 
to participate effectively in and benefit from the M TS.  One such challenge is a lack of knowledge 
about the impact that MTS negotiations can ha ve on the Zambian economy and all segments of 
Zambian society.  There is need for systemat ic sensitization of private- and public-sector 
representatives.  However, the inter-institutional committee (IIC) established under the JITAP is 
helping Zambia to stimulate national awareness of  MTS issues and preparedness for negotiations.   
(3) B
ILATERAL AID:  MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE  
10. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) was established by the United States in 2004 
"to provide greater resources for developing coun tries taking greater responsibility for their own 
development."  Nine sub-Saharan nations, includ ing Zambia, have participated in the MCC's 
Threshold Country Program, designed to assist countries on the "threshold" of MCC eligibility for larger assistance. 
11. From July 2006, USAID worked closely with the Zambian Government for a two-year period 
to implement a US$24.3 million programme that targeted three important areas:  (i) addressing  administrative corruption by helping to simplify and streamline business processes at the Ministry of 
Lands, the Department of Immigration, and the Zambia Revenue Authority;  (ii) improving the 
environment for doing business in Zambia, by helping the newly created Zambia Development 
Agency to simplify business registration, licensing, and inspection procedures,  and to rationalize the 
economic regulatory framework, and by supporting provincial offices of the Patent and Companies 
Registration Office (PACRO) to facilitate greater business and investment creation outside of the capital;  and (iii) facilitating trade by helping to in crease the efficiency of procedures at the borders, 
through building capacity in modern customs techniques and integrating border control and 
management. 
12. According to the USTR
10, as a result of one of the programmes, the VAT registration process 
in Zambia has been reduced from 21 days to 3 days and the business registration process at the 
Patents and Companies Registration Office has been reduced from 10 days to 1, effectively reducing 
the number of days to start a business in Zambia from 35 to less than 10.  With the support of the Millennium Challenge, the Zambian authorities note in the 5
th NDP that a  new programme is aimed 
at enhancing port efficiency through the establishmen t of a "Comprehensive Integrated Tariff System" 
                                                      
10 Office of the United States Trad e Representative (2008), p. 47. WT/TPR/S/219 Trade Policy Review 
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  (CITS) that will unify all border-related fees and pro cedures.  The programme will start with two pilot 
border posts, Chirundu and Lusaka International Air port (LIA).  The aim of the programme is to 
decrease and finally eliminate administrative and procedural barriers to trading.  
(4) WTO  TRADE -RELATED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE  
13. WTO trade-related technical assistance conti nues to be important in enhancing Zambia's 
integration into the MTS.  In areas where the WT O does not have capacity, ot her partners (agencies 
and bilateral donors) provide the needed techni cal assistance.  The areas requiring technical 
assistance, and technical assistance and capacity building programmes carried out include:  general 
understanding of WTO agreements and Zambia's ob ligations emanating from the agreements, trade 
facilitation, notifications, TRIPs, standards and tr aining of officials.  These areas have also been 
identified in the IF Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) for Zambia. 
14. Zambia receives strong support from its developm ent partners and many are active in the 
delivery of trade-related technical assistance at th e national and regional levels.  There are numerous 
technical assistance programmes of bilateral and multilateral agencies other than WTO and a 
comprehensive list is contained in the joint WTO/OECD Doha Development Agenda Database.11  
(a) Trade facilitation 
15. Due to Zambia's land-locked status, facilitating tr ade is a major challenge .  Zambia's technical 
assistance needs in this area range from alleviating high transportation costs to improving customs 
administrations.  Priority needs include:  risk assessment methods;  improvements in transparency;  
better use of IT;  improving efficiency in cust oms administration through upgrading the customs 
infrastructure;  reducing border clearance procedur es;  upgrading road and rail networks and reducing 
transport costs;  integrating border agencies and developing a single processing and payment window;  
and training for officials.12 
16. As part of the WTO trade facilitation negotiati ons, developing and least developed countries 
are encouraged to assess their trade facilitation needs and priorities.  In this re gard, in February 2007, 
Zambia was the first country to  undertake a needs assessment.13  The needs assessment noted that 
Zambia was already consistent with 26 of the 71  proposals considered in the trade facilitation 
negotiations, partially consistent w ith 27, not consistent with 9 and that 9 were not yet applicable.  
The non-compliant areas include automated payment system;  expedited shipments;  single window 
submission;  and pre-shipment inspection.  In te rms of participation in the negotiations on trade 
facilitation, Zambia has benefited from funding aime d at enabling capital-based officials to attend the 
negotiating meetings in Geneva. 
17. A number of technical assistance activities are ongoing in Zambia in the area of trade 
facilitation, including regional initiatives under COM ESA and SADC.  Zambia has benefited from 
activities organized by the WTO, the World Custom s Organisation, the World Bank, and UNCTAD.  
In addition to the national workshop on the needs assessment, Zambia participated in five regional 
workshops on trade facilitation between 2003 a nd 2007.  Zambia also benefits from the 
USAID-funded trade facilitation and capacity buildi ng project managed by the Southern African 
                                                      
11 WTO online information.  View ed at:  http://tcbdb.wto.org. 
 12 Chilala, Munyaradzi and Marawa (2006). 
13 The assessment was conducted by WTO, World Bank and World Customs Organisation staff and 
funded by the WTO Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund (DDAGTF) and the World Bank. Zambia WT/TPR/S/219 
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  Global Competitiveness Hub.  The project provides support and technical assistance on a range of 
issues including customs modernization, transport facilitation, and trade capacity building.14 
18. In addition, DFID is funding a Regional Tr ade Facilitation Programme for Southern Africa, 
which includes streamlining transport, customs and border procedures, as well as developing a 
common regional transit system.  A major pilot aid- for-trade programme is the North-South Corridor 
from the southern part of the Democratic Republic  of Congo and northern Zambia to the port of 
Dar es Salaam in the north-east and the southern po rts in South Africa. The European Union has an 
ongoing SADC programme, the Customs Modernisation and Trade Facilitation project, which supports harmonization of customs legislation and pr ocedures, including transit flows, and assists in 
preparing for the SADC Customs Union in 2010.
15 
(b) TRIPS 
19. Paragraph 2 of the TRIPS Counc il Decision of 29 November 200516, extends the transition 
period for LDCs to 1 July 2013, and invites LDC Members to provide the TRIPS Council, (preferably 
by 1 January 2008), with as much information as possible on their individual priority needs for technical and financial cooperation in order to assist  them in taking steps necessary to implement the 
TRIPS Agreement.
17  While Zambia is yet to present its n eeds assessment to the TRIPS Council, a 
preliminary discussion on Zambia's technical and financial needs took place between the WTO and 
Zambian officials in August 2007.  A key concern for Za mbia is the lack of a coordinated approach to 
intellectual property across different government agencies.18  In view of the need for an inclusive 
national IP policy and TRIPS implementation, th e Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry 
established a new sub-group on TRIPS under the National Working Group on Trade.   
20. In terms of notifying priority needs for t echnical and financial assistance, Zambia has 
requested further concrete involvement of the WTO Secretariat in the more detailed process of 
identifying such needs with resp ect to TRIPS implementation.  The preliminary needs identified 
mainly relate to legislative compliance with th e TRIPS Agreement.  Zambia needs assistance in 
drafting national legislation and regulations wher e none exist, and in updating existing ones.  For 
example, Zambia has no national legislation on geographical indications or on layout designs of 
integrated circuits.  As is the case in many LDCs , enforcement of IP rights remains difficult to assess 
due to lack of information.  Lack of information on infringement (copyrights, trade marks, patents, 
and industrial designs) as well as lack of necessary r esources (financial and judicial) make it difficult 
for Zambia to enforce intellectual property rights, part icularly at the border.  In addition to legislative 
compliance, Zambia needs assistance in traini ng officials as well as in sensitizing the public on 
intellectual property issues.   
21. Since its last TPR, Zambia has benefited from a number of WTO technical assistance 
activities on TRIPS.  It has also participated in  a colloquium for developing country teachers of 
                                                      
14 Southern Africa Trade Hub online information.  Viewed at:  http://www.satradehub.org/index.php? 
id=2194. 
15 Viewed at:  http://www.delbwa.ec.euro pa.eu/en/eu_and_sadc/examples.htm. 
16 WTO document IP/C/40. 
17 The decision calls upon developed country Members to provide technical and financial cooperation 
in favour of LDC Members, in accordance with Article 67 of TRIPS, in order to  effectively address the 
identified needs. 
18 Whilst the Patents and Companies Registry Office (P ACRO) is the most active agency in the area of 
IP, other government agencies are also involved such as the Ministry of Science,  Technology and Vocational 
training and the Ministry of Health.   WT/TPR/S/219 Trade Policy Review 
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  intellectual property organized annually by the WT O and WIPO since 2004.  The objective of this 
initiative is to enhance the capacity in developing countries on IP matters and to develop an internal 
source of independent advice on policy issues.   Za mbia has participated in all regional workshops 
organized for English-speaking Africa since 2004.  In August 2007, a national seminar on TRIPS and 
Public Health was held in Lusaka with the activ e participation of WIPO.  The objective was to 
provide an improved understanding of the TRIPS Agreem ent as it relates to issues of public health, in 
particular with regard to its flexibilities including the implementation and application of the Paragraph 
6 Decision on public health .  Similarly, in November 2008, a national workshop on TRIPS was 
organized by the WTO, again with WIPO participation, to assist in the process of developing a 
national intellectual property policy for Zambia.  The workshop focused on geographical indications, 
public health, plant variety protection, and enforcem ent of intellectual property rights, which are part 
of intensified discussions in Zambia. 
(c) Standards 
22. Like other LDCs, Zambia faces numerous cha llenges related to compliance with standards 
required by its trading partners, due  to limited technical, human and fi nancial resources.  In addition, 
effective implementation of the WTO SPS and TBT agreements remain a challenge.  Zambia needs 
technical assistance in reforming its regulatory framework and to effectively implement the WTO TBT and SPS agreements.  The Zambia Bureau of St andards is the TBT Enquiry Point, but there has 
been insufficient public awareness of the servi ces offered, and insufficient human resources.
19 
23. The ability to control SPS risks and meet international standards  is key to Zambia's 
participation in the trading system, notably with regard to its non-traditional agricultural commodity 
exports but also in relation to  raising its agricultural productivi ty and enhancing its domestic 
agricultural and food-safety levels.  In 2006 , the World Bank and USAID undertook a joint 
assessment to identify the most pressing and si gnificant SPS management issues in Zambia, and 
provided recommendations related to plant heal th, food safety, and laboratory testing.20  T h e  
assessment measured the performance of Zambia's national plant protection organization, the Plant 
Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service (PQPS) within the Ministry of Agricultu re and Cooperatives, in 
relation to twelve core functions as identified by the International Plant Protection Convention 
(IPPC).  Shortcomings of the PQPS included lack of  effective surveillance and up-to-date pest lists; 
minimal capacities to carry out pest-risk analys is and inadequate human  resource and financial 
allocation for the PQPS to adequately conduct its co re functions.  With regard to food safety, 
Zambia's main challenges include:  a general low leve l of awareness of food safety;  weak capacity to 
monitor and enforce existing laws on food safety;  weak internal structures to provide oversight and information on food safety;  lack of adequate tr aining and guidelines for food safety inspection issues, 
and application of food safety and good hygien e or manufacturing practices within Zambian 
agriculture and agri-industry, which could pose pr oduction, commercial, and consumer risks in the 
future.  Diagnostic testing capacity is important  to assure buyers in importing countries that 
agricultural products from Zambia are compliant wi th established standards and to monitor and assess 
risks associated with pests and diseases and food-relate d contaminants in Zambia's domestic market.  
The assessment judged this capacity to be weak in most public-sector laboratories, with little 
coordination between them.   
24. Several economically significant animal diseases  (e.g. Foot and Mouth Disease, Swine Fever) 
are endemic in Zambia;  this has a detrimental e ffect on smallholder farmers and on the potential for 
exports of livestock products.  In July 2008, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) applied 
                                                     
 
19 JITAP (2007). 
20 World Bank (2006b). Zambia WT/TPR/S/219 
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  its tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS tool) to assist Zambia's 
veterinary services in identifying gaps and weaknesse s, and establish key priorities to be addressed in 
order to comply with OIE international standards.   The final report is under consideration by the 
Government. 
25. A number of agencies and donors support SPS capacity building in Zambia, including the 
World Bank and USAID, FAO, UNIDO, and the Ne therlands.  In addition to national projects, 
Zambia benefits from various larg er regional programmes funded by the EC.  At SADC level, these 
include the Standards, Quality, Assurance, Accr editation and Metrology Programme (SQAM), Foot 
and Mouth Disease (FMD), capacity building on MRLs , and the promotion of regional integration in 
the livestock sector (PRINT).  Zambia is also eligible under the Regional Standards Programme 
funded by DFID. 
26. Regional EC-funded programmes with SPS elements at wider ACP level for which Zambia is 
eligible include the Pesticides Initiatives Progra mme (PIP) and the "Trade.com" programme, which 
focuses, inter alia , on implementation of WTO agreements and preparation of pilot projects with 
special attention to SPS/TBT issues.  Also relevant  is the Support Programme to Integrated National 
Action Plans for Avian and Human Influenza (SPI NAP-AHI) aimed at strengthening capacity for 
early detection and rapid response to AHI.  Pl anned EC-funded regional pr ogrammes at ACP-level 
include Participation of African Nations in Sanita ry and Phytosanitary Standard Setting Organizations 
(PAN-SPSO) and Strengthening Food Safety Systems Through Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.  
The latter will aim to establish risk-based food and feed safety systems for export products in ACP 
countries in line with regional, in ternational, and EC standards. 
27. Zambia's Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) includes recommendations on safety and 
quality standards.  The strengthening of Tier 2 of the Enhanced IF provides an avenue for funding of 
projects developed on the basis of SPS issues identified in the DTIS.  Zambia has also benefited from the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STD F), a global programme in capacity building and 
technical cooperation.
21  The objective of the STDF is to help developing countries and LDCs 
enhance their expertise and capacity to analyse a nd implement international SPS standards.  Based on 
the findings of the IF DTIS, the STDF assisted in developing a project to address post-harvest contamination problems for paprik a and groundnuts in Malawi and Zamb ia.  The resultant project was 
integrated into UNIDO's Joint Trade Capacity Building Programme for Zambia. Discussions between 
UNIDO and NORAD to fund the project are ongoing.  
28. In March 2008, Zambia submitted informa tion to the WTO SPS Committee on its fruit fly 
situation, honey surveillance programme, and the operation of its SPS Enquiry Point.
22  With the 
assistance of the US Department of Agriculture, Za mbia had conducted fruit fly trapping using traps 
and lures;  and in order to avoid restrictions in  market access for Zambian organic honey, a survey 
was initiated to determine whether areas of Zambia  were free from the American Foulbrood pathogen 
(Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae) .  A number of technical assistance projects (including JITAP) 
had facilitated the establishment and equipping of the national SPS Enquiry Point, making it fully 
operational.  Zambia has not submitte d any SPS notifications since 2000. 
29. Zambia continues to benefit from technical assistance activities organized by the WTO and its 
partners.  In 2007, Zambia hosted the WT O regional workshop on the SPS Agreement for 
                                                      
21 The STDF was established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the 
World Organization for Animal Health, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade 
Organization (see:  http://www.standardsfacility.org). 
22 Paragraphs 15-16 of docume nt G/SPS/R/49 and G/SPS/GEN/836. WT/TPR/S/219 Trade Policy Review 
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  English-speaking COMESA members.  The workshop provided participants with good working 
knowledge of the provisions of the SPS Agreement – including the preparation of notifications – and 
the work of the three international standard-setti ng bodies, i.e. the Codex Alimentarius Commission, 
OIE and IPPC.  Participants noted that some of the SPS challenges could also be addressed at the 
regional level, for example by adopting regional st andards, where applicable, and setting up regional 
laboratories.   
(d) Notifications 
30. Zambia needs assistance in meeting its notification requirements to the WTO.  As is the case 
with many LDCs, notification requirements can be bu rdensome to Zambia.  In addition, Zambia finds 
it difficult to coordinate notifications among the various government agencies. 
(e) Customs valuation 
31. Zambia has notified its implementation of the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement.  Whilst it 
has taken measures to modernize its customs pro cedures, it still faces numerous challenges.  These 
include complicated procedures and border clearan ce delays.  Many of the shortcomings can be 
addressed under the overall umbrella of trade facilitation.   
(f) Training of officials 
32. Since its last TPR, Zambia has benefited from a number of WTO training courses for 
government officials.  WTO training and technical assistance has focussed not only on building capacity to implement agreements but also on increasing the negotiating capacity of beneficiary countries in the context of the DDA negotiations and work programme.  Zambian officials have 
benefited from:  the 3-month trade policy courses held in the region and at the WTO;  the 3-week 
introduction courses for LDCs;  specialized courses on a number of WTO issues;  and the regional trade negotiating courses.  In addition, Zambia has benefited from the trainee and internship 
programmes organized by the WTO, aimed at enha ncing the trainees' knowledge of the multilateral 
trading system, strengthening their understanding of  the WTO, and enhancing the participation of 
their respective missions in the daily activities of th e WTO.  In particular, Zambia was a beneficiary 
of the Netherlands Trainee Programme in 2006.  Zambia has also indicated an interest in the 
development of a university programme on the mu ltilateral trading system with support from the 
WTO. 
33. Despite the training provided, Zambia still needs assistance in enhancing trade capacity 
within government ministries and agencies involved in trade policy matters.  A particular challenge is 
lack of capacity to collect and analyse data.  In addition, Zambia needs continued assistance in the  
training of officials involved in:  TRIPS-relate d matters;  TBT and SPS;  trade remedies;  and 
Customs.  The type of technical assistance needed  in Zambia goes beyond the training of government 
officials on WTO-related subject matters, and includes technical assistance (both financial and technical) across all key sectors of the Zambian economy (energy, mining, tourism, manufacturing, 
transport) as well as the private sector. Zambia WT/TPR/S/219 
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