WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
9 June 2011  
 
(11-2861) 
Trade Policy Review Body  
  
REPORT TO THE TPRB FROM THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL  
ON TRADE-RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
1 
 
 
1. This Report reviews trade and trade-related developments in the period from mid-October 
2010 to end-April 2011. 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
Trade restrictions over the past six months have beco me more pronounced than in previous periods 
2. The monitoring of trade measures reveals that trade restrictions taken by WTO Members and 
Observer Governments over the past six months ha ve become more pronounced than in previous 
periods.  The collective resolve and political courage to resist protectionism in the context of the 
global crisis which was a positive characteristic over the past few years may now be under stress.  
Nevertheless, the severity of the global crisis and the various important challenges currently 
confronting the world economy, such as an unbalanced  economic recovery, persistent high levels of 
unemployment, sovereign debt problems, rising co mmodities prices, and geopolitical tensions, have 
not resulted on the whole in a signi ficant increase of trade barriers.  
3. The number of trade restrictive measures implemented by WTO Members and Observer 
Governments has increased over the past six months.  Most economies have at one point or another 
put in place measures that restrict, or have the potentia l to restrict, trade with their partners.  In some 
cases, certain types of trade restrictions are more prevalent, particularly increases in import tariffs, 
more non-automatic import licensing, and new export restrictions.  Concerns are also raised about 
other, less visible, discretionary administrative prac tices that can have considerable restrictive effects 
on imports.  In addition, new trade-remedy actions , although declining, remain at a relatively high 
level.  Collectively, these are feeding fears that pos t-crisis protectionism may be gaining momentum.  
New import restrictive measures over the period October 2010 to April 2011 cover around 0.53% of 
total world merchandise imports compared with 0.8%2 during the six-month period up to 
October 2010. 
                                                      
1 This is intended to be a purely factual report and is issued under the sole responsibility of the 
Director-General.  It has no legal effect on the rights and obligations of Members, nor does it have any legal 
implication with respect to the confor mity of any measure noted in the re port with any WTO Agreement or any 
provision thereof.  This report is w ithout prejudice to Members' negotiating positions in the Doha Round.  It is a 
preparatory contribution to the report by the Director-G eneral that is called for in Paragraph G of the TPRM 
mandate and that aims to assist the TPRB to undertake an annual overview of developments in the international 
trading environment which are having an im pact on the multilateral trading system.   
2 However, almost half of this share is accounted for by just three measures:  the renewal by the EU of 
its prior surveillance system on steel imports (covering all of HS Chapters 72 and 73), the imposition by China 
of a temporary increase in import tariffs on fuel oil an d jet fuel, and the initiation by the EU of an anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of wireless wide-area netw orking modems from China, as well as a safeguard 
investigation on imports of the same products. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 2  
 
  Export restrictions becoming a cause of concern 
4. One salient point in the trade monitoring over the past six months has been the confirmation 
of an increasing trend in export restrictions imposed  mainly on food products and some minerals.  
These measures include export taxes or bans in res ponse to rising prices for agricultural products or 
poor harvest, and export quotas on metals and mineral products with a view to securing domestic 
supply and to addressing resource depletion.     
5. There are fewer disciplines in the WTO system de aling exclusively with exports restrictions 
than with import barriers.  For example, certain e xport prohibitions and restrictions that are designed 
to alleviate critical food shortages are allowed in  the WTO, even though these restrictions can hurt 
net-food-importing countries. The issue of export restrictions is a matter of concern to many WTO 
Members.  
6. There is a risk that, in the absence of clearer multilateral disciplines, governments may be 
tempted to use export restrictions to alter to their advantage the relative price of their exports or to 
expand production of domestic industries at the expen se of foreign production.  The impact of export 
restrictions on an economy is complex and it is not li mited to the market of the restricted product, nor 
only to the country imposing the restriction. 
7. More self-imposed discipline along the lines of  the G-20 and APEC standstill commitments, 
and closer multilateral co-operation and action among all countries is needed to mitigate the negative 
impact of export restrictions on importing countries. 
However, some economies also took measures to further facilitate trade 
8. During this period, some economies implemente d actions that are aimed at reducing trade 
barriers or at facilitating trade.  Around 60% of th e total number of measures listed in the report can 
be considered as trade facilitating.  In particular, there were many instances of import tariff reductions, some of them implemented on a tem porary basis, and the streamlining of customs 
procedures.  A number of trade remedy actions were  also terminated during the period under review. 
World trade to continue its upward trend 
9. Trade flows are stabilizing in their long-term trend.  The volume of world merchandise trade 
surged by 14.5% in 2010 and is forecast to grow  by 6.5% in 2011. These figures show how trade has 
helped the world escape recession in 2010.  The significant increase in trade flows was possible 
thanks to markets remaining rela tively open despite the severity of the global crisis.  The WTO 
proved its value to guard against a resurgence of protectionism. 
10. The 14.5% rise was the largest annual figure in the present data series which began in 1950 
and was buoyed by a 3.6% recovery in global output.  It was a rebound from the 12% slump in 2009, 
returning trade to the 2008 peak level and to more  normal rates of expansion.  Nevertheless, the 
financial crisis and global r ecession continue to have an impact on national economies. 
Although risks for the worl d economy are still present 
11. Despite the good trade performance in 2010 an d the positive forecasts for 2011, the outlook 
for world trade remains clouded by a number of si gnificant risk factors in addition to the recent 
natural disasters in Japan.  Sovereign debt pr oblems, rising prices for food and other primary 
commodities, and unrest in major oil exporting countr ies generate uncertainties for the near future.  
Also, the effects from the financial crisis and global recession are likely to persist for some time.  High unemployment in developed economies and shar p fiscal belt-tightening in Europe will keep  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 3 
 
 
  fuelling protectionist pressures. WTO Members must continue to be vigilant and resist these pressures 
and to work toward opening markets rather than closing them.  
12. In these difficult current circumstances, the WTO must continue to act as a catalyst of global 
co-operation.  Despite the evident economic and systemic benefits of completing the DDA and 
continued statements of political support by ma ny leaders around the world, the negotiations are 
currently blocked over differences in ambition on in dustrial tariff reduction.  This puts into question 
the conclusion of the DDA in 2011.  There is a need  for bold actions that would contribute to stability 
in a world gripped by many global economic and geopolitical crises and natural disasters.  The 
multilateral trading system was instrumental in helping governments successfully resist intense 
protectionist pressures during the recent global recession.  It is vital to preserve this system to be able 
to face future crisis.  Any weakening of the multila teral system and the insurance policy that the WTO 
represents would provide grounds for renewe d calls to retreat into protectionism. 
Continuous trade monitoring is needed 
13. The regular monitoring of trade developments has contributed to improved transparency in 
the multilateral trading system.  This surveillance exercise has added a new dimension to the core 
functions of the WTO, and it must continue.  In recognition of this, a number of WTO Members and 
Observer Governments have actively participated in  the monitoring exercise through the provision of 
initial information and the verifica tion of listed individual measures, which is needed to ensure the 
accuracy, comprehensiveness and relevance of this type  of monitoring.   The contribution of others 
will add to the value of the exercise.  It is impor tant that all governments actively participate in the 
trade monitoring exercise, which is of general syst emic value to the multilateral trading system.   
I. INTRODUCTION  
14. This monitoring report reviews trade and trad e-related developments during the period mid-
October 2010 to end April 2011.3  The Director-General has reported regularly to WTO Members on 
trade and trade-related policy developments initia lly in the context of the global financial and 
economic crises.  The TPRB has agreed to conti nue the monitoring of trade and trade-related 
measures with reports every six months, and called for an active participation by all WTO Members 
and Observer Governments in this transparency exercise. 
15. Information about the measures included in this Report has been collected from inputs 
submitted by Members and from other official and p ublic sources.  Replies to the request from the 
Director-General for informati on on measures taken during the period under review were received 
from less than 30 Members and Observers (counting the EU as one).  The WTO Secretariat has drawn 
on these replies, as well as on a variety of other public and official sources, to prepare this Report.  All 
country-specific information coll ected was sent for verification to  the member concerned.  The 
Secretariat has received good cooperation from the majo rity of delegations that were requested to 
verify the accuracy of the information contained in Annexes 1 and 2.4  Where it has not been possible 
yet to verify the information this is noted in the Annexes.5  
                                                      
3 The previous trade monitoring report, contained in WTO document WT/TPR/OV/13 
(24 November 2010), covered the period from November 2009 to mid-October October 2010.  The WTO 
Secretariat, together with  the Secretariats of the OECD and UNCT AD, issued on 24 May 2011 a more recent 
report on trade and investment measures by G20 economies.  The relevant measures identified in that document are also reproduced in this report. 
4 Requests for verification of information were sent  to 60 delegations.  Around 65% of them provided 
replies in time for the preparation of this report. 
5 The inclusion of any measure in this Report or in its Annexes implies no judgement by the WTO 
Secretariat on whether or not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature.  Moreover, nothing in this WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 4  
 
  16. The country-specific measures listed in Anne x 1 and 2 are new measures implemented by 
governments during the period under review.  Measu res implemented before mid-October 2010 are 
not included in the annexes, although most of them may still be in place. 
17. The following sections present an analysis of the main points regarding the trade and trade-
related developments over the peri od mid-October 2010 to end-April 2011.  Given the rising trend in 
export restrictions over the recent periods, a special  section is devoted to analyzing issues related to 
these measures.  A final section presents an overvie w of the most recent trade and selected economic 
developments. 
II. TRADE AND TRADE-RELATED POLICY DEVELOPMENTS 
A. OVERVIEW  
18. Over the period under monitoring (mid-October 2010 to end-April 2011) most WTO 
Members and Observers Governments have put in place new measures that restrict or distort trade, or that potentially can restrict or distort trade.  Previ ous restraint in the use of restrictive trade measures 
appears to be under pressure.   
19. The majority of the trade restrictive measures observed were in the area of border measures 
(representing 42% of the total).  Trade remedy ac tions accounted for 36% of the total, and export 
restrictions for 16%.  Beyond the reported measures, in one case, administrative practices that allegedly put additional burdens and/or barriers on imports (although not substantiated by official 
regulations) have given cause for serious c oncern to many other trading partners. 
20. The number of potentially trade restrictive measures (including both import and export 
measures) taken by WTO Members and Observer Governments has increased over the most recent 
period.  The rise in trade restrictions was observe d mainly with regard to border measures and export 
restrictions.  In total, 184 trade restrictive measures were taken over the past six months compared with 222 during the preceding one-year period.  Ta ble 1 shows the evolution of these numbers based 
on this report and on previous trade monitoring reports .  The measures counted in the table are not all 
comparable, in particular in terms of their potentia l impact on trade flows.  Some measures may apply 
to one specific product or import origin, while others ma y affect a basket of products from all origins.  
Moreover, not all measures categorized as trade rest rictive may have been adopted with such an 
intention.
6  Nevertheless, an attempt was made to ma intain a consistent approach throughout the 
various reports in the counting and aggregation of individual measures by period so as to illustrate the 
main trends. 
21. The WTO Secretariat has calculated that new import restrictive measures introduced during 
the period from mid-October 2010 to end-April 2011, al ong with new initiations of investigations into 
the imposition of trade remedy measures, cover ar ound 0.53% of world merchandise trade (Table 2).7  
This compares with 1.2% during the preceding one-year period. 
                                                                                                                                                                     
Report implies any judgement, either direct or indirect, as  to the consistency of any measure referred to in the 
Report with the provisions of any WTO Agreement. 
6 The inclusion of any measure in this table and in the Annex Tables implies no judgement by the WTO 
Secretariat on whether or not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature.  Moreover, nothing in the tables implies any judgement, either direct or indirect , on the consistency of any reported measure with the 
provisions of any WTO Agreement, or such measur e's relationship with the global financial crisis. 
7 These percentages represent the trade coverage of th e measures;  they do not indicate the size of their 
impact (reduction in trade).  The value of trade covered is calculated using the UN Comtrade database, and is 
counted at the six-digit tariff line level.   WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 5 
 
 
  Table 1 
Trade restrictive measures  
Type of restrictive measure October 2008 to 
October 2009 November 2009 to  
mid-October 2010 Mid-October 2010 to  
April 2011 
Trade remedy 184 122 66 
Border 105 62 78 
Export 20 25 30 
Other 15 13 10 
Total 324 222 184 
Source : Annex 1 and WTO document WT/TPR/OV/13 of 24 November 2010.  
Table 2 
Share of world trade covered by import-restricting measures 
October 2008 to October 2009 November 2009 to May 2010 June 2010 to October 2010 Mid-October 2010 to April 2011 
1.01 0.40 0.80 0.53 
 
22. The reported trade restrictive measures taken by WTO Members and Observer Governments 
affect a relatively wide range of products.  In terms of number of trade measures, the sectors most 
frequently affected during the period under review in clude:  organic chemicals, meat and meat edible 
offal, articles of iron and steel, machinery and mechanical appliances, iron and steel, plastic and 
articles, dairy products, electrical machinery and eq uipment, and motor vehicl es.  The sectors most 
heavily affected in terms of trade coverage of restrictive measures were motor vehicles, machinery 
and mechanical appliances (refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps), meat and edible meat offal, 
electrical machinery, iron and steel, aircraft, mine ral fuels and oils, ships and boats, and plastic and 
articles thereof (Table 3). 
Table 3 
World restrictive import measu res, mid-October 2010 to 30 April 2011 
(Per cent) 
HS Chapters Share in total restriction 
Total imports affected 100.0 
  Agriculture (HS 01-24) 13.0 
    HS 01 - Live animals 0.0 
    HS 02 - Meat and edible meat offal 9.0 
    HS 03 - Fish and crustaceans 0.0 
    HS 04 - Dairy produce 0.0 
    HS 07 - Edible vegetables 0.0 
    HS 08 - Edible fruit and nuts 0.0 
    HS 16 - Preparation of meat and fish 0.0 
    HS 17 - Sugar and sugar confectionery 1.4 
    HS 18 - Cocoa and cocoa preparations 0.0 
    HS 19 - Preparations of cereals 0.2 
    HS 20 - Preparations of fruits, vegetables and nuts 0.0 
    HS 21 - Miscellaneous edible preparations 0.1 
    HS 22 - Beverages, spirits 1.6 
    HS 23 - Residues and waste of food industry 0.3 
    HS 24 - Tobacco and manufactured products 0.4 
  Industry products (HS 25-97) 87.0 
    HS 25 - Salt; sulfur; plastering materials 0.2 
    HS 27 - Mineral fuels and oils 4.2 
    HS 28 - Inorganic chemicals 0.1 
Table 3 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 6  
 
  HS Chapters Share in total restriction 
    HS 29 - Organic chemicals 0.8 
    HS 30 - Pharmaceutical products 0.0 
    HS 32 - Tanning or dyeing extracts 0.1 
    HS 33 - Essential oils, cosmetic preparations 0.1 
    HS 35 - Albuminoidal substances 0.1 
    HS 37 - Photographic or cinematographic goods 0.2 
    HS 38 - Miscellaneous chemical products 0.2 
    HS 39 - Plastic and articles thereof 3.3 
    HS 40 - Rubber and articles thereof 0.6 
    HS 42 - Articles of leather 0.4 
    HS 44 - Wood and articles of wood 1.6 
    HS 48 - Paper and paperboard 1.1 
    HS 51 - Wool; fine or coarse animal hair 0.2 
    HS 52 - Cotton 1.3 
    HS 53 - Other vegetable fibres 0.1 
    HS 54 - Man-made filaments 0.7 
    HS 55 - Man-made staple fibres 0.6 
    HS 56 - Wadding, felt and nonwovens;  special yarns 0.1 
    HS 58 - Special woven fabrics 0.0 
    HS 59 - Impregnated textile fabrics 0.1 
    HS 60 - Knitted or crocheted fabrics 0.2 
    HS 61 - Clothing, knitted or crocheted 1.0 
    HS 62 - Clothing, not knitted or crocheted 1.5 
    HS 63 - Other made up textiles articles 0.0 
    HS 64 - Footwear 0.1 
    HS 65 - Headgear 0.0 
    HS 68 - Articles of stone, plaster, cement 0.0 
    HS 69 - Ceramic products 0.1 
    HS 70 - Glass and glassware 0.4 
    HS 72 - Iron and steel 6.8 
    HS 73 - Articles of iron and steel 3.1 
    HS 74 - Copper and articles thereof 0.1 
    HS 79 - Zinc and articles thereof 0.1 
    HS 76 - Aluminium and articles thereof 0.0 
    HS 81 - Other base metals and articles thereof 0.0 
    HS 82 - Tools of base metals 0.6 
    HS 83 - Miscellaneous articles of base metals 0.1 
    HS 84 - Machinery and mechanical appliances 19.0 
    HS 85 - Electrical machinery and parts thereof 7.6 
    HS 87 - Vehicles 19.8 
    HS 88 - Aircraft, spacecraft and articles thereof 5.0 
    HS 89 - Ship, boats and floating structures 4.1 
    HS 90 - Optical and other precision instruments 0.1 
    HS 92 - Musical instruments and parts thereof 0.0 
    HS 94 - Furniture and bedding 0.0 
    HS 95 - Toys, sports requisites 0.9 
    HS 96 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.0 
Note: Calculations are ba sed on 2009 import figures 
Source : WTP Secretariat estimates, ba sed on UNSD Comtrade database. 
23. The majority of measures that restrict, or have the potential to restrict, trade since mid-
October 2010 have been in the area of border me asures (tariff increases and non-tariff measures such 
as non-automatic import licensing requirements and import bans) and the initiation of new trade 
remedy investigations.  There were also cases of tariff changes resulting from quasi-automatic  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 7 
 
 
  administrative procedures linked to price fluctuations.8  Recourse to trade remedies remains on a 
downward path.  Available data show that the numbe r of trade remedy investigations initiated during 
the period under monitoring continued to decline.   
24. Among the non-verified measures, the most frequent  actions were related to export taxes or 
other export restrictions, and non-tariff measures (i mport bans, licences, or other border controls).  
The main reported export measures continue to be restrictions on some agricultural products (export 
bans, quotas and duties affecting grains) and some minerals (reduction of export quota volumes and 
reported informal bans on rare earth minerals).  An overview of the main issues related to export 
restrictions is presented in Section E. 
25. Concerns continue to be raised by a number of countries about the restrictive impact on their 
exports of what they consider excessive cu stoms procedures, admini strative decisions, and 
bureaucratic delays in some of their trading pa rtners, as well as some SPS and TBT actions which 
they consider to be protectionist in nature.  During the period under monitoring, some countries 
decided to ban or to impose stricter controls  on some food products imported from Japan or from 
certain regions in Japan as a result of the nuclear crisis.9  These instances are included in Annex 1.  
Many other new SPS and TBT measures were put in  place during this period.  Although these are not 
included in Annex 1, the trends in the overall num ber of such measures are presented in subsequent 
sections of this Report. 
26. During the period under monitoring, there have also been instances of measures taken to 
further facilitate trade, in particular through the reduction of import tariffs (although some of these 
reductions were implemented only on a temporary basi s) or the streamlining of customs procedures.  
A rough counting of all trade and trade-related meas ures implemented shows that close to 60% of all 
trade and trade-related measures taken during the period covered by this Report were facilitating 
measures. 
27. A number of trade remedy actions were ende d during the period under monitoring, involving 
the termination of investigations or the remova l of trade remedy duties imposed during previous 
periods.  Although some of these actions may resu lt from quasi-automatic procedures, and others 
were related to actions undertaken some time a go, they nevertheless constitute measures facilitating 
trade. 
28. In the area of trade in services, most economies are maintaining the general thrust of their 
services trade policies and levels of market openness.  However, while in sectors such as telecommunications, recent regulatory developments  have been in a pro-competitive direction, 
uncertainties remain as to the final effect of the emerging financial regulatory frameworks.  
Furthermore, the use of capital controls by an in creasing number of Members affects the operations of 
financial institutions – both domestic and foreign – and therefore the supply of financial services.  
29. Beyond trade measures, some governments ha ve implemented, during the period under 
monitoring, macroeconomic measures to stimulat e economic activity and assure financial stability 
(such as the injection of cash into the financial system).  Although these meas ures are needed to spur 
economic growth domestically and are not targeted at specific sectors, nor do they discriminate against trading partners, they nevertheless have gi ven rise to concerns in some quarters about their 
unintended impact on competitive conditions and on gl obal exchange rates.  Concerns were also 
                                                      
8 In a few cases, import tariffs are modified in the c ontext of their regular (annual) review and internal 
existing procedures linked to the calculation of representative prices (e.g. EU's amendments of representative 
prices and additional import duties on sugar for 2010/2011).  These are note "new" measures per se. 
9 More than a dozen countries and territories (counting the EU as one) have halted or implemented 
stricter regulations on imports of agricultural products gr own in the vicinity of the Fukushima nuclear plant.   WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 8  
 
  raised about other type of measures that may distort competitive conditions, such as "easier" financing 
terms offered to domestic companies active in th ird country markets, cheaper export credits, low-
interest loans to new industries, and developmen t assistance linked to purchases from companies in 
donor countries. 
B. T
RADE REMEDIES (ANTI -DUMPING , COUNTERVAILING AND SAFEGUARD ACTIONS ) 
30. Contrary to what was widely anticipated in th e context of the global economic downturn, the 
initiation of anti-dumping investigations slowed down significantly between 2008 and 2010.  Recent 
data show that this decline continues.  The anal ysis in this section is based on a comparison of the 
period between October 2009-April 2010 ("first period") and October 201 0-April 2011 ("second 
period"). 
31. Table 4 shows that between these two peri ods, global anti-dumping initiations dropped by 
10%.  14 Members initiated new investigations in the second period compared with 23 in the first 
period.  Brazil, Pakistan and Ukraine initiated more  investigations in the second period compared with 
the first period.  Brazil almost tripled its initiations .  Pakistan increased its initiations from 0 to 7 and 
Ukraine from 1 to 5.  New Zealand, Egypt and Mexi co also increased their initiations but their overall 
figures remain low.  Apart from these six Members,  every other Member either initiated less anti-
dumping investigations in the second period or maintained its previous level. 
Table 4 
Initiations of anti-dumping investigations 
Reporting Member October 2009 – April 2010  October 2010 – April 2011 Change (%) 
Argentina 12 11 -8 
Australia 7 2 -71 
Brazil 9 25 178 
Canada 2 0 -100 
Chile 2 0 -100 
China 6 4 -33 
Colombia 3 0 -100 
Egypt 1 2 100 
European Union 9 8 -11 
India 20 15 -25 
Indonesia 3 0 -100 
Israel 4 0 -100 
Jamaica 2 0 -100 
Korea 2 0 -100 
Mexico 1 2 100 
New Zealand 0 2 n.a. 
Pakistan 0 7 n.a. 
Panama 4 0 -100 
Peru 2 0 -100 
South Africa 1 0 -100 
Chinese Taipei 2 1 -50 
Thailand 1 0 -100 
Turkey 1 1 0 
Ukraine 1 5 400 
United States 10 9 -10 
Total 105 94 -10 
n.a. Not applicable.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 9 
 
 
  32. The product coverage of anti-dum ping initiations has changed between the two periods.  In 
the first period, metals took the lead, followed by chemicals, plastics and machinery.  In the second 
period, chemicals and paper products have become much more important and topped the list whereas 
machinery disappeared from the scen e.  The shares of plastics and stones have registered a slight 
decrease (Chart 1). 
Chart 1
Anti-dumping initiations, product coverage
Source: WTO Secretariat estimates.October 2009 - April 2010 October 2010 - April 2011
Chemicals
15%
Plastics
14%
Stones
8%
Metals
25%Machinery
9%Others
29%Chemicals
30%
Plastics
13%
Paper
17%Metals
15%Others
19%
Stones
6%
 
33. The initiations of countervailing duty investigations also declined sharply.  Table 5 shows that 
WTO Members initiated 36% less countervailing duty investigations in the second period compared 
with the first period.  Only three Members initiated such investigations in each of the two periods 
under review. 
Table 5 
Initiations of counter vailing duty investigations  
Reporting Member October 2009 – April 2010  October 2010 – April 2011 Change (%) 
China 1 0 -100 
European Union 3 2 -33 
Mexico 0 1 n.a. 
United States 7 4 -43 
Total 11 7 -36 
n.a. Not applicable 
34. The number of safeguard investigations initiate d by Members recorded a decrease of 46% in 
the second period compared with the first period (Tab le 6).  The increased use of safeguards recorded 
in 2009 continues to cool down.  Indonesia, whic h initiated 5 investigations  in the first period, 
initiated only 2 new investigations in the second period.  The Dominican Republic, which initiated 
4 investigations in the first period, did not initiate any investigati ons in the second period. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 10  
 
  Table 6 
Initiations of safeguards investigations  
Reporting Member October 2009 – April 2010  October 2010 – April 2011 Change (%) 
Dominican Republic  4 0 -100 
Ecuador  1 0 -100 
India  0 1 n.a. 
Indonesia  5 2 -60 
Israel 0 1 n.a. 
Kyrgyz Republic 0 1 n.a. 
Philippines 1 0 -100 
Thailand  0 1 n.a. 
Turkey  0 1 n.a. 
Ukraine 2 0 -100 
Total 13 7 -46 
n.a. Not applicable 
C. SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (SPS) 
35. There has been an increase in  the number of SPS measures notified by all Members since the 
beginning of September 2010 through the end of March 2011, compared with the corresponding 
periods of the four previous years.  The incr ease from the 2009/10 period was negligible, as there 
were only nine more notifications submitte d in 2010/11.  While 2009/10 saw more regular 
notifications than 2010/11, this was offset by th e large increase in emergency notifications in 2010/11 
(Chart 2). 
36. The increase in notifications from 2008/9 to 2009/10 reversed the trend of the previous years, 
which had begun to show decreases in regular notifi cations and increases in emergency notifications.  
The 2009/10 period saw a significant increase, in particular, in regular notifications, primarily from 
developing countries, with notable increases in notifica tions from China and Peru.    In 2010/11, the 
number of notifications from developing countries return ed to previous levels, but this was offset by 
an almost three-fold increase in the number of regular notifications from the United States.   
37. An increasing number of notifications in  the period September 2010 to March 2011 
concerned measures that have the objective of en suring food safety and/or protecting human health 
from animal- and plant-carried diseases.  This tr end was particularly reflected in the objectives 
identified in the notifications by Brazil, Canada and the United States.10 
38. While in the September 2009 – March 2010 period, most of the increase in notifications was 
related to regular notifications, the Septem ber 2010 – March 2011 period saw the number of 
emergency notifications increase to the levels of September 2007 – March 2008 and September 2008 
– March 2009.  Emergency notifications are subm itted only when SPS measures are taken in response 
to disease outbreaks, pest infestations or other ur gent health risks.  The number of emergency 
notifications has fluctuated over the years, howev er developing countries and economies in transition 
continue to submit a relatively gr eater number of emergency notifi cations than developed country 
Members, probably because their regulatory infrast ructure may not be as effective in foreseeing 
potential SPS problems, and they therefore introduce measures in response to emergencies (Chart 3). 
                                                      
10More than two-thirds of the emergency notifications submitted in the September 2010 to March 2011 
period were from developing countries.   WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 11 
 
 
  415
369339508 49927
60
6944 62
050100150200250300350400450500550600
09/06 - 03/07 09/07 - 03/08 09/08 - 03/09 09/09 - 03/10 09/10 - 03/11Chart 2
Total SPS notifications
Number of notifications
Source: WTO Secretariat estimates.Emergency Regular
 
0510152025
Albania
Argentina
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
New Zealand
Peru
Philippines
Taipei, Chinese
Thailand
Ukraine
United StatesChart 3
Emergency SPS notifications, September 2010 to March 2011
Number of notifications
Source: WTO Secretariat.
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 12  
 
  39. At each meeting of the SPS Committee, Member s may raise concerns regarding specific SPS 
measures taken by other Members, to draw attention to the potential trade effects of these measures and to request their justification.  Chart 4 s hows the number of measures that were "complained 
against" at the October 2010 and March 2011 Committee meetings.   
012345
Albania
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela
Brazil
Croatia
India
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
Taipei, Chinese
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Viet Nam
European UnionChart 4
Specific SPS trade concerns (STC), October 2010 to March 2011
Number of STC
Source: WTO Secretariat. 
40. In terms of the subject matter of the trade concerns, food safety and animal health measures 
were of greater importance during the October 201 0 and March 2011 meetings compared with the 
previous eight meetings (Chart 5).  The food safety concerns raised relate to:  the EU's and Japan's 
maximum residue levels of pesticides;  Japan's prohibition of certain food additives;  the EU's 
warning label requirements for certain food colouri ngs;  the US Food Safety Modernization Act; 
import restrictions due to dioxin contamination in Germany, and the EU's import restrictions on 
plastic kitchenware.   
41. With regard to animal health, new concerns included Indonesia's import restrictions on beef 
and failure to recognize the principle of regionaliza tion;  Croatia and Albania's restrictions on poultry 
and poultry products;  Brazil's restrictions on bovines and bubalines for reproduction;  Viet Nam's ban 
on offals;  Ukraine's import restrictions on poultry and poultry products; and Mexico's restrictions on 
beef exports due to BSE-related c oncerns.  Continued complaints rega rding animal health were also 
raised regarding the Bolivarian Republic of Vene zuela's suspension of inspection and delivery of 
plant and animal health certificates for imports;  Indi a's restrictions related to avian influenza;  and the 
European Union's EC Regulation No. 1099/2009 related to humane slaughter certification.  
42. There has been only one issue regarding plant protection measures taken by a Member, which 
was raised at the March 2011 meeting referring  to the United States import restrictions on 
chrysanthemums.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 13 
 
 
  Chart 5
SPS trade concerns by subject
Source: WTO Secretariat estimates.October 2010 to March 2011 September 2006 to March 2011
Animal health
24%
Plant health
5%
Other concerns
19%Food safety
52%Animal health
38%
Plant health
19%Other concerns
10%Food safety
33%
 
43. The "other concerns" refer to Turkey's rest rictions on products de rived from biotechnology, 
and Brazil's notification on canned sardines.   
D. TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT) 
44. The number of notifications made to the TBT Committee has followed an upward trend since 
2005, except in 2010 when it fell by 5% (Chart  6).  During the period October 2010 to end April 2011 
it dropped slightly: 714 notifications were submitted,  compared to 740 notifications in the previous 
seven month period. 
45. While notifications from developed country Me mbers remained broadly stable from 2000 to 
2010, notifications from developing country Members increased dramatically over the same period.  
Notifications from developing country Members accounted for approximately 80% of the total 
number of notifications made between 2009 and end-April 2011, whereas they accounted for only 
40% in 2000 (Chart 7).   
46. Members also use the TBT Committee as a foru m for the multilateral review of technical 
regulations, standards and conformity assessment pr ocedures that affect trade in goods.  If a Member 
is concerned about the trade impact of a measure maintained by another Member, it may raise the measure for discussion in the Committee as a "speci fic trade concern".  Normally, these concerns 
refer to proposed draft measures (notified to the TBT Committee as described above), or to the 
implementation of existing regula tions.  During the period March 2010 to April 2011, the sectors 
subject to specific trade concerns include food products, alcoholic bevera ges, automobile tires, 
hazardous substances, telecommunications and in formation security, chemicals, and tobacco. 
 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 14  
 
  364461800
650675
608
546585797
6407618681,0381,2591,493
1,419
400
02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,600
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20002001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011Chart 6
Number of TBT notifications since 1995 a
Number of notifications
Source: WTO Secretariat.a Data for 2011 includes only those notifica tions made up to the end of April 2011.
 
 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 15 
 
 
  47. Members have underlined the value of the Committee's discussions on specific trade 
concerns, which provide an opportu nity for a multilateral review that  enhances the transparency and 
predictability of standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures.  The number 
of specific trade concerns discussed in the TBT Co mmittee has grown over the last four years (except 
in 2010 when it declined by 18%), and this tre nd shows no sign of abating in 2011 (Chart 8).   
364712 12 13 12 121926283229
4611135131520
15 141224273247
29
16
01020304050607080
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Chart 8
Number of specific TBT trade concerns raised per year a
Source: WTO Secretariat estimates.New concerns Previous concerns
a Data for 2011 includes only STCs raised at the 24-25 March 2011 TBT Committee meeting.
 
48. Possible reasons behind the increase in the numbe r of specific trade concerns are multiple.  
To a certain extent, it may reflect an increase in pa rticipation of Members – particularly developing 
country Members – in the work of the TBT Committe e and associated awareness of the importance of 
implementation of the provisions of the TBT Agreem ent.  It could also indicate that Members are 
increasingly taking regulatory measures affecting trade in goods as a means of meeting policy objectives.  Chart 9 shows the type of issues rai sed in 2010. The Committee serves primarily as an 
important monitoring mechanism by providing op portunity for multilateral review, enhancing both 
transparency and predictability of regulations. 
49. Currently, four disputes that are relevant to the TBT Agreement have been brought to the 
WTO under formal proceedings of the Dispute Settleme nt Understanding.  The fact that very few of 
the 303 specific trade concerns di scussed to date end up in dis pute settlement proceedings suggests 
that the TBT Committee is effectively contributing to the multilateral review of non-tariff measures 
maintained by Members.  Pre-empting trade concer ns from arising at the WTO in the first place is 
important.  For this reason, Members have endeavoured to cooperate more; this is often referred to as 
"regulatory cooperation between Members".  Su ch cooperation is, essentially, a process by which 
regulators from different governments exchange in formation on rules and principles for regulating 
markets. Effective cooperation should function as a m eans reducing the number of trade concerns that 
arise at the TBT Committee and that could potentially  lead to proceedings in the dispute settlement 
context.  The TBT Committee will be holding a workshop on regulator y cooperation between 
Members in November 2011. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 16  
 
  02468 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8Special and differential treatmentTechnical assistancenprPPMRationale, legitimacyDiscriminationTime to adapt, "reasonable interval"TransparencyInternational standardsOther, textUnnecessary barrier to tradeFurther information, clarificationChart 9
TBT issues raised in new trade concerns in 2010
Frequency
Source: WTO Secretariat. 
E. EXPORT RESTRICTIONS  
50. New measures aimed at restricting exports, in  particular of certain raw materials and 
agricultural commodities, have been  introduced for various reasons recently by a number of countries, 
including G-20 economies, which is in contradicti on with the G-20 standstill pledge.  They include 
mainly export taxes on agricultural products, in r esponse to rising prices, and export quotas on metals 
and mineral products with a view to securing dom estic supply and addressing resource depletion.  
Export restrictions can be imposed to meet di verse policy objectives, such as environmental 
protection, conservation of natural resources, promotion of downstream processing industries, 
controlling inflationary pressures, and increasing fi scal revenue.  Export restrictive measures can take 
various forms:  taxes or duties, quotas, bans, mi nimum export prices, reduction of VAT rebates for 
exporters, and non-automatic export licensing requirements. 
51. Confronted with an emerging trend of new export restrictions, many governments have 
expressed concerns about the economic impact of th ese measures on items whose production is highly 
concentrated in a few locations and on those that are considered essential for downstream production 
in other countries, or are essential for food supply in others.  For example, concerns were raised 
recently about the scarcity generated by export quotas and export bans.  These measures were reportedly taken on the grounds of environmental prot ection or to ensure domestic supply of food 
products at affordable prices.  The use of this type of trade measures to address these problems is, 
however, not without hazards.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 17 
 
 
  52. There are fewer disciplines in the WTO system dealing exclusively with export restrictions 
than with import barriers.11  There is an imbalance in the current multilateral rules between the 
stringency and specificity of the disciplines on impor ts and their scarcity on exports.  For example, 
certain export prohibitions and restrictions that ar e designed to alleviate critical food shortages are 
allowed in the WTO, even though these restric tions can hurt net-food-importing countries and even 
cause serious food shortages.12  The issue of export restrictions is currently the topic of discussions 
under the DDA negotiations in both NAMA and agricu lture.  Closer regular monitoring of all forms 
of export restrictions would help to pr ovide more transparency in this area. 
53. Economic theory indicates that export restrictions distort trade flows just as barriers to 
imports do.  Export restrictions affect industr ies and consumers in importing countries.  They 
generally result in a decrease in export volumes which potentially divert supply to the domestic 
market.  For importing countries the result is reduced  availability of the products concerned and in 
some cases higher international prices.13  Export restrictions have "beggar-thy-neighbour" effects in 
the sense that they can be attractive for the c ountry imposing them, but are damaging for trading 
partners.  Governments may be tempted to use expor t restrictions to alter to their advantage the 
relative price of their exports or to expand producti on of domestic industries at the expense of foreign 
production.  The impact of export restrictions on an  economy is complex and it is not limited to the 
market of the restricted product, nor only to the country imposing the restriction.  There are winners and losers across countries and within a country.  Moreover, export restrictions may also induce counter-reaction by trading partners;  for instance,  export restrictions can be one side of a non-
cooperative trade policy in the natural resource sector, while in agriculture, they may lead to a spiral 
of high prices.  In fact, it has been observed th at export restrictions on food products may have 
induced further restrictions by other food exporte rs and a reduction of import barriers by net food 
importers. 
1. Types of export restrictions 
54. Restrictions on exports can result from the im plementation of a variety of specific trade 
measures.  These include bans, quantitative restricti ons (quotas), taxes, duties and/or charges, and 
mandatory minimum export prices.
14  The economic literature also refers to restrictions resulting from 
activities by State Trading Enterprises (operating in  a wide range of agricultural commodities but 
having been employed the most in global grain a nd dairy trade) whose monopoly power can be used 
to control exports as well as imports so as to influence domestic supply, demand and prices.   
Export taxes 
 
55. Export taxes , duties and charges can take the form of and ad valorem  tax specified as a 
percentage of the value of the exported product, or  as a specific duty indicated as a fix amount to be 
paid per unit or weight of the exported product.  Other terms also exist, such as export tariffs and 
export levies, which define the same concept.  So me countries use a different ial export tax, which is 
much lower on the processed product than on the unde rlying raw material as a way to encourage 
further processing of the raw materials concerned. 
                                                      
11 The OECD notes that there is growing concern ab out the relatively weak multilateral disciplines on 
export restrictions and the lack of transparency in this area (OECD (201 0), OECD Trade Policy Studies: The 
Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw Materials). 
12 Speech by Director-General Lamy to UNCTAD's Global Commodities Forum on 31 January 2011. 
13 When export restrictions are applied by a "large" country with a significant world market share of the 
product affected by the restriction, such measures can raise international prices. 
14 Reductions in VAT rebates for exporters and stringent export licensing requirements may also be 
considered forms of export restrictions to the extent  these measures have an impact on export volumes. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 18  
 
  56. Export taxes generally have the effect of re ducing the volume of exports by increasing the 
final export price, and create a "dual" price system  benefiting industries in the domestic market using 
the taxed input over foreign users of the same product.   It is generally accepted that when all resources 
extracted are exported, an export tax shifts rents from the exporting company to the government (there 
will be no creation of a dual export price system).
15  When taxed products are also consumed 
domestically, an export tax is equivalent to a subs idy on domestic consumption (either final or as 
inputs for processing industries) in terms of price and quantity effects.  When the country taxing its exports is large enough to influence world prices it induces terms-of-trade gains at the expense of 
importing countries. 
57. According to the OECD, the number of countries applying export taxes has increased in the 
last decade;  in 2009, export taxes were applied by half of WTO Members.
16 Evidence suggests that 
natural resources, in particular agricultural products , mineral and metal products, leather, hide and 
skin products, forestry products, and fishery products, are twice as likely to be affected by export taxes as other sectors.
17 
Quantitative restrictions 
 
58. Compared to export taxes, quantitative restricti ons are more broadly used for social policy 
objectives such as environmental protection or conservation of natural resources.18  Minimum export 
prices are applied either to achieve target export pric es which are set to control world market prices or 
to facilitate customs procedur es (preventing under-invoicing). 
59. Export bans  are total prohibitions on the exportation of a given product, and are in place in 
general for a specific purpose, sometimes not related to trade considerations.  Bans have traditionally 
been applied on live fishery products, wildlife, hid es and skins of certain endangered species, or to 
prevent exports of dangerous materials.  More recently, export bans are also being used on a 
temporary basis to face special circumstances such  as food shortages and severe price increases of 
essential foodstuff.  Countries ban exports of a comm odity in order to ensure greater availability in 
their domestic markets at lower prices;  recent examples include temporary export bans on wheat, 
rice, onions, and sugar. 
60. Export quotas  are quantitative restrictions (a ceiling is placed on the amount of exports) 
imposed by an exporting country on the total volume of the product that is allowed to be exported.  
Associated with this, there is  normally an export licensing syst em that allocates the quotas to 
approved exporters.  The quota allocation system is sometimes adopted to  capture economic rents 
associated with a perceived position of market power in an exporting country.  It is susceptible to 
introduce a discretionary element in the trading sy stem through quota allocation arrangements and to 
encourage the formation of powerful ex port cartels and rent-seeking activities.19 
                                                      
15 The rent shifting effect from ex porting firms to the government is present even when there is some 
domestic demand.  When all production is exported, the rent shifting effect is maximized.   Export taxes and other forms of export restri ctions affecting trade in natural resources  are analyzed in the WTO's World Trade 
Report of 2010. 
16 OECD (2010), OECD Trade Policy Studies:  The Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw 
Materials. 
17 WTO World Trade Report (2010), and Kim, J. (2010 ), "Recent Trends in Export restrictions", OECD 
Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 101. 
18 Kim, J. (2010), "Recent Trends  in Export restrictions", OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, 
No. 101. 
19 Despite the potentially negative impact on exports, export licensing has drawn relatively less 
attention in the economic literature, partly because it is difficult to acquire information on this measure (Kim, J. 
(2010), "Recent Trends in Export Restrictions", OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 101).  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 19 
 
 
  61. There appears to be a strong incidence of quantitative export restrictions (bans, quotas, 
non-automatic licensing) applied to natu ral resources relative to other sectors.20 
62. The literature on the motivations for implemen ting export restrictions makes a difference 
between unprocessed final products and co mmonly processed agricultural products.21  Export 
restrictions on products that are consumed in their raw form are basically measures to protect 
consumers and ensure enough supply for the domestic ma rket.  Justifications for export restrictions on 
raw products include food security, low domestic purchasing power combined with high commodity 
prices, large gap between successive crops, financ ing government expenditure, and sometimes also 
political reasons.  In the case of restrictions app lied to raw materials that are used as inputs into 
processed products, the justifications range from promoting the domestic processing of raw materials 
to preserving the environment, or in some cases, it has also been argued that they are a 
countermeasure to tariff escalation applied in some markets. 
2. Export restrictive measur es observed since October 2008 
63. The economic literature frequently refers to a cert ain lack of transparency  in this area, as there 
is no formal mechanism for reporting export restric tions in the international domain.  Studies have 
tended to use a variety of sources, such as among ot hers the WTO's Trade Policy Review reports and 
surveys of known exports restrictions by OECD members and selected non-members.22 
64. The recently established WTO's trade monitoring exercise covers all trade and trade-related 
measures, including export measures, taken by WTO Members and Observers since October 2008.  
The trade monitoring reports reveal ed that a relatively large numbe r of export restricting measures 
have been taken since October 2008.  Restrictions took mainly the form of export tariffs or duties 
(increases in rates or introduction of new duties), an d quantitative restrictions including export bans.  
Other measures that were reported include export licensing requirements, and minimum or reference 
export prices.  While during the period October 2008 to October 2009, export restrictive measure 
were found mainly on agricultural products and some minerals, during the subsequent period 
(between November 2009 to October 2010), restric tive measures affected again agricultural products 
(mainly cereals), some minerals, and also cotton and yarn. 
65. The monitoring reports during this period also showed other instances where some countries 
took measures to facilitate and support their exports  such as easier export financing mechanisms and 
streamlined customs procedures.  There were ot her cases where export subsidies were introduced or 
increased (for example, the EU's reintroduction of  export refunds for butter, cheese and whole and 
skim milk powder, the US extension of dairy subs idies, and the Swiss export refunds for cream and 
live animals); although these actions do increase expo rts from the implementing countries, they also 
significantly distort world markets. 
                                                      
20 For example, quotas largely affect exports of mi ning products, fuels and forestry (Table 10 in WTO 
World Trade Report, 2010). 
21 International Food & Agricultural Trade, IPC Pos ition Paper: "Agricultural Export Restrictions:  
Welfare Implications and Trade Disciplines", Januar y 2009. The OECD notes that countries use export 
restrictions as a way to increase government revenue, decrease domestic prices, promote downstream processing 
industries or conserve natural resources (OECD, Trade in Raw Materials: Breaking Free From Export 
Restrictions, February 2011). 
22 Korineck J., and Kim J. (2011), Export Restrictions on Strategic Raw Materials and Their Impact on 
Trade and Global Supply, Journal of World Trade (Vol. 45, No. 2, 2011). WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 20  
 
  66. The number of new export restrictions (incl uding verified and non-verified information 
contained in the trade monitoring reports) taken by WTO Members and Observer Governments are as 
follows: 
- 15 measures during the period October 2008 - October 2009; - 35 measures during the period November 2009 - October 2010; and 
- 30 measures during the period October 2010 - April 2011. 
The new measures affected mainly food products and some minerals. 
67. Box 1 contains the list of export restrictive m easures taken since October 2008.  This list does 
not include the many export restrictions that were in  place before that date, in particular all instances 
where countries levy export duties or taxes.  A 2008 survey by the FAO among 60 low-income 
countries showed that around one-quarter has some fo rm of export restriction in place on food-related 
agricultural products.
23 
Box 1:  Export Restrictive Measures (October 2008 to April 2011) 
1. October 2008 to October 2009  
Verified information 
Argentina Imposition of precautionary pr ice references for copper exports 
China Export duties on five products (inc luding apatite and silicon) raised from  10% to 15%, or from 20% to 35% 
China Cancellation of export licensing administration on silk worm cocoon, and certain silk products 
China Restrictions on the export of certain highly ener gy-consuming, highly-polluting,  and exhaustible resource 
products 
Egypt Introduction of export tax on all kind of rice ( LE 2,000/tonne (US$365.4/ tonne)), as of July 2009  
Egypt Introduction of an export license system on milled rice  
India Extension of the export ban on edible oils until 30 September 2010 
Indonesia New regulation stipulating that exports of mining products, crude palm o il, coffee, rubber, and cocoa with an 
export value exceeding US$1 million must be supported by  letters of credit issued by domestic banks. 
Implementing regulations to be adopted 
Russian Federation Increase of export duties on copper (from zero to 10%)  
Russian Federation Increase of export duty (from 5% to 20%)  on certain magnesium scrap, but not less than €138/tonne 
(US$204/tonne) (effective 8 November 2009) 
Viet Nam Increase export duties on: sand and stones from 12%  to 17%; mineral products; and wood coal and wood for 
materials from zero to 5% and 10% 
Non-verified information 
Plurinational State 
of Bolivia New regulation on sugar exports (establishment of a price band) 
China Export restrictions on rare minerals mainly used in high-tech products 
India Re-imposition of ban on wheat exports 
Pakistan Imposition of export  tariffs (15%) on molasses 
  
Box 1 (cont'd) 
                                                      
23 International Food & Agricultural Trade, IPC Pos ition Paper: "Agricultural Export Restrictions:  
Welfare Implications and Trade Disciplines", January 2009.   This paper also provides some detailed examples 
of export restrictions and their trade effects.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 21 
 
 
    
2. November 2009 to mid-October 2010 
Verified information 
Argentina Adjustment of "criterion values" (valor es referenciales de exportación de car ácter precautorio) for exports of a 
number of products such as natural honey; fresh grapes ; copper and articles thereof; and fresh apples, pears and 
quinces for certain specified destinations. 
Argentina Temporary export ban on ferrous waste and scrap, remelting scrap ingots of  iron or steel until 9 July 2010. The 
ban was extended until 5 July 2011 
Bolivia, Plurinational State of Temporary export prohibitions of sugar, as from 19 Fe bruary 2010, under a new Food Security Policy. Lifted on 
31 March 2010 
Bolivia, 
Plurinational State of  Temporary export prohibition of corn  and sorghum, under a new Food Secu rity Policy. Export prohibition on 
corn lifted on 6 May 2010 
China Elimination of VAT rebate on exports of certain products such as steel, starch, etha nol and semi-finished copper 
products, from 15 July 2010. 
India Increase of export tax on iron ore fines (from zero to 5%),  and on iron ore lumps and pellets  (from 5% to 10%). 
(effective 24 December 2009) 
India On 29 April 2010 the export duty rate on iron ore lumps was further increased from 10% to 15%. 
India Elimination of the foreign commission concession ( 12.5%) which was included in the calculation of the 
minimum export price (MEP) for basmati rice, reducing its export floor price.  
India Imposition of new measures for cotton yarn sector such as  (i) suspension of the DEPB (7.67%) benefit available 
for cotton yarn exports; (ii) suspension of duty drawback  scheme for cotton yarn exports (as from 29 April 2010); 
and (iii) mechanism to register cotton yarn e xporters. The DEPB was suspended on 21 April 2010 
India Re-imposition of a duty on exports of raw cotton and ya rn on 9 April 2010. Duty withdrawn on 1 October 2010 
India Extension of the export ban on edible oils until 30 September 2010. The ban was extended until 
30 September 2011 
Pakistan As from 25 November 2009, exports of cotton yarn have been monitored through a system of registration to be 
notified to the Trade Development Author ity. Registration requirement eliminated 
Pakistan New export procedures for wheat. Exports are limited to a cumulative ceiling of 200,000 metric tonnes (MT). 
Exports fixed at a minimum quantity of 50 MT a nd a maximum of 500 MT per contract (effective 
8 February 2010) 
Pakistan Temporary additional levy "regulator y duty (25%)", imposed on a temporar y basis, on exports of copper and 
aluminium  waste and scrap for bars rods, ingots, slab s and billets (effective 13 March 2010 until 30 June 2010)  
Pakistan Temporary export restrictions (quota of  35 million kg/month) of all types of yarn, for the period 1 March 2010 to 
30 June 2010 (withdrawn on 12 May 2010) 
Pakistan Additional levy "regulatory duty (15%)",  imposed on a temporary basis, on expor ts of all types of yarn. (effective 
13 May 2010) 
Russian Federation Increase of export duty (from 5% to 20%) on certa in magnesium scrap, but not less than €138/tonne 
(US$193/tonne) (effective 8 November 2009) 
Russian Federation Introduction of export tariffs on nickel  (5%) (effective 27 January 2010)   
Russian Federation Modification of export tariffs (from €100/m3 (US$140/m3) to 25%, but not less than €15/m3 (US$21/m3)) for 
certain types of wood chips (effective 21 July 2010) 
Russian Federation Temporary ban on exports of certain crops such as wh eat, barley, rye, and maize, from 15 August 2010 to 
31 December 2010.  Export ban durat ion extended until November 2011.  
Russian Federation Decree No. 1173 regulating the exports and imports of precious metals and gems. Traders are allowed to export 
only if they supply a sufficient amount to the State Re serves.  Belarus and Kazakhstan (Custom Union members) 
are exempted.  
Ukraine Quotas and licensing requirements for im ports and exports of certain products such as iron and steel, copper, and 
aluminium (effective 23 December 2009) 
Ukraine Imposition on 4 October 2010 of temporary export quotas and licensing requirements on certain agricultural 
products such as wheat and blend of wheat and rye (mesly n), spelt, corn, barley, rye, and buckwheat (effective 
until 31 December 2010) 
Box 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 22  
 
    
Non-verified information 
Bangladesh Imposition of export ban on jute 
Bangladesh New prolongation of the existing export ban on rice (both aromatic and non-aromatic) until December 2010 
Egypt As from 2 June 2010, new regulation requiring loading wheat for export at a single port   
Egypt Extension until October 2011 of export restrictions on rice  
India Extension of export ban on certain products such as wheat and rice 
India Export ban on cotton implemented in April 2010 was lif ted in May 2010. As from May 2010, imposition of 
stricter export licensing requirements and add itional tax of Rs 2,500/ tonne (US$56.5/tonne) 
Indonesia Introduction of export tariffs (from zero to 15%) on raw cocoa 
Kazakhstan Introduction of export tariffs (15% but not le ss than €100/tonne (US$140/tonne)) on aluminium  
Kazakhstan Increase of export tariffs on oil and oil products 
Turkey Cancellation of flour wheat exports (40,000 metric tonnes) to Indonesia 
Viet Nam Establishment of a minimum export price (US$300/tonne fob) for rice 
  
3. Mid-October 2010 to April 2011 
Verified information 
Argentina Update of the list of "criterion values" (valores criterio de carácter precautorio) for e xports of  certain products, 
i.e. natural honey and fresh apples, pears and quinces for certain specified destinations 
Belarus Introduction of non-automatic licensing requi rement  for exports of  rubber pneumatic tyres 
Belarus Temporary restriction on exports of  rapeseed oil, rapeseed and flax  
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, Russian 
Federation Increase of export tariffs on copper cathode (from zero to  10%), and not alloyed nickel (from 5% to 10%) 
Bolivia, 
Plurinational State 
of  Temporary export restrictions of certain products, i.e. soya  beans; sunflower seeds; flours and meals of oil seeds 
or oleaginous fruits; oil-cake and other solid residues of soybean oil; and  o il-cake and other solid residues, under 
a new Food Security Policy  
China Export quotas for rare earth minerals announced on 28 December 2010 
China Increase of export tariffs on certain rare-earth mine rals (from 15% to 25%) neodymium and lanthanum chloride; 
(from 20% to 25%) ferroalloy containing rare earth elements more than 10% 
China Coal export quota for 2011 set at  38 million tonnes 
India Introduction of export tariffs on certain products, i.e. (10%) de-oiled rice bran oil cake, snake skin, raw fur lamb 
skins; (15%) cycle saddle leathers,  hydraulic/pack ing/belting/washer leathers , picking band leathers, 
strap/combing leathers, tanned leather, ferrous waste scrap, remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel; and luggage 
leather-case hide or side/suit case/ hand bag luggage/cash bag leather, indus trial harness leather, transistor 
case/camera case leathers  
India Additional increase of export tax (from 5% to 20%) on iron ore fines, and  (from 15% to 20%) on iron ore lumps 
and pellets  
India Extension of export ban on pulses (o riginally implemented on 27 June 2006)  
India Exports of  cotton yarn  subject to registra tion with the Directorate General of Foreign Trade 
Kazakhstan Temporary export pr ohibition on light distillates, kerosene, and gasoil  
Kyrgyz Republic Establishment of temporary export duties on certain agricultural products 
Macedonia, Former 
Yugoslav Rep. of Temporary export ban on wheat, meslin, and wheat flour  
Moldova Temporary export ban on wheat and blend of wheat and rye (meslin)  
Serbia Temporary export ban on wheat and meslin, and wheat and meslin flour. On 1 April 2011, partial replacement of 
the ban on flour with the establishment of an export quota of 11,000 tonnes/month 
Ukraine New licensing requirements on certain agricultural produc ts such as wheat and blend of wheat and rye (meslyn), 
spelt, corn, barley (200,000 tonnes), and rye and buckwh eat.  Measure entered into force on 28 December 2010 
Ukraine Export tariff reduction on scrap metal  (from 24% to 21%) postponed from 2011 to 2012  
Ukraine Export permit requirement  for non-ferrous metals onl y granted to specialized metallurgical processing plants 
with  export certificates of quality, extended until the year 2015 
Ukraine New regulation requiring the mandatory registration of export contracts for agricultural and food products at the 
Agrarian Exchange 
Box 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 23 
 
 
    
Viet Nam New procedures for rice exports, setting stricter c onditions such as requirement of at least one warehouse with a 
storage capacity of 5,000 tonnes, and a 10 tonnes/hour processing milling facility   
Viet Nam Increase of export tariffs (from zero to 10%) on certain jewelle ry products and gold  
Non-verified information 
India Export ban on onions imposed end of December 2010 
India Export ban on milk and milk derivatives 
India Extension of export ban on casein, casein ates, other casein derivatives, and casein glues 
Kazakhstan Increase of export tariffs (fro m US$20/tonne to US$40/tonne) on crude oil  
Sierra Leone Export ban on rice and palm oil  
Viet Nam Increase of the minimum export price fo r broken rice (25% grade)  up to US$445/tonne fob 
Source : Information as appearing in WTO docu ments WT/TPR/OV/12 and 13 and Annex 1. 
 
3. WTO disciplines on export restrictions  
68. There is no single GATT/WTO article dealing with export restrictions per se .  Current GATT 
rules prohibit the use of quantitative export restricti ons with some exceptions.  It has been generally 
recognized that current rules do not prohibit the use of export taxes or duties.24  Several countries that 
recently joined the WTO have agreed to reduce and/ or bind their export duties in the context of their 
accession negotiations;  the extent to which these co mmitments reduce or remove export taxes varies 
across members.25 
69. Currently, two GATT 1994 Articles are relevant to export restrictions (in addition to the 
general MFN provisions under Article I):  Artic le XI on General Elimination of Quantitative 
Restrictions, and Article XX  on General Exceptions.   
(i) General elimination of quantita tive restrictions (Article XI) 
 70. Article XI of GATT 1994 can be considered the key provision regarding export restrictions.  
This article prohibits the use of non-tariff import rest rictions and bans export restrictions other than 
duties, taxes, or other charges.  Article XI states that: 
 No prohibitions or restrictions other than du ties, taxes or other charges, whether made 
effective through quotas, import or export licences  or other measures, shall be instituted or 
maintained by any contracting party on the impor tation [...] or on the exportation or sale for 
export of any product destined for the te rritory of any other contracting party. 
 However, paragraph 2 of the same  Article allows an exception to this prohibition by adding that: 
  ... this provision shall not extend when export pr ohibitions or restric tions are temporarily 
applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of  foodstuffs or other products essential to the 
exporting contracting party;  or when measures  are deemed necessary to the application of 
standards or regulations for the classificati on, grading or marketing of commodities in 
international trade.   
 
                                                      
24 It has been found that about one third of WTO Members impose export duties (Piermartini R. (2004), 
"The Role of Export Taxes in the Field of Primary Co mmodities", WTO Discussion Paper No. 4).  The products 
on which export taxes are primarily imposed are:  agri cultural products, such as sugar, coffee and cocoa, 
forestry products, fishery products, mineral and metal products, and leather, hides and skins products. 
25 WTO, World Trade Report 2010. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 24  
 
  The Article does not provide a specific definition of what is meant by "temporary", "critical", or what 
constitutes a "shortage".  71. When quantitative restrictions are put in pl ace, Article XIII of GATT 1994 provides for their 
non-discriminatory administration by establishing that restrictions shall not be applied unless the 
exportation of the like product to all third countries is similarly prohibited or restricted. 
72. Moreover, Article 12 of the WTO's Agreem ent on Agriculture establishes additional 
disciplines on quantitative export prohibitions and restri ctions relating to foodstuffs by requesting that 
when instituting the export prohibition or restriction due  consideration be given to the effects of such 
measure on importing Members' food security.  The Ar ticle also requires that before any Member 
institutes such measures it gives notice in writing (as far in advance as practicable) to the Committee 
on Agriculture and be ready to consult, upon reque st, with any other member having a substantial 
interest as an importer.
26 
73. These disciplines were tested during the 2007-2009 period, when export restrictions 
exacerbated or even, according to most experts, cau sed severe disruption on in ternational markets.  
The notification requirements under the Agreement on Agriculture were observed more recently by 
the FYR of Macedonia, Moldova, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Ukraine.27 
(ii) General exemptions (Article XX) 
 74. Article XX of GATT 1994 permits WTO Member s to take certain actions that are 
inconsistent with their GATT obligations.  It states that nothing in the Agreement shall be construed 
to prevent the adoption or enforcement of measures (among others): 
 
 (g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are made 
effective in conjunction with restrictions  on domestic producti on or consumption. 
 
 (i) involving restrictions on exports of dom estic materials necessary to ensure essential 
quantities of such materials to a domestic processing industry during periods when the 
domestic price of such materials is held be low the world prices as part of a governmental 
stabilization plan;  provided that such restric tions shall not operate to increase the exports of 
or the protection afforded to such domestic i ndustry, and shall not depart from the provisions 
of this Agreement relating to non-discrimination. 
 
This Article starts by indicating that these exceptions  are subject to the requirement that the restricting 
measures are not applied in a manner which would c onstitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable 
discrimination between countries where the same cond itions prevail, or a disguised restriction on 
international trade. 
 
(iii) Other provisions related to export restrictions  75. Some aspects related to export restrictions are also covered under Article XXI of GATT 1994 
which provides for exceptions applied to measures that are taken for the purpose of international 
safety. 
                                                      
26 The obligations in Article 12 apply only to de veloped country members and to developing country 
members that are net food exporters of the specific foodstuff concerned. 
27 The WTO's Committee on Agriculture held a meeting on 31 March 2011 to discuss export 
restrictions implemented by the four countries based on their official notifications.   WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 25 
 
 
  76. There is also a transparency provision that appli es to export restrictions in general.  Article X 
of GATT 1994 (Publication and Administrati on of Trade Regulations) requires that:  
 Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and adminis trative rulings of general application, made 
effective by any contracting party , pertaining to ... restrictions  or prohibitions on imports or 
exports or ..., shall be publis hed promptly in such a manner as to enable governments and 
traders to become acquainted with them. ... 
 
(iv) DDA negotiations related to export restrictions  77. The issue of export restrictions is being discu ssed in the context of the DDA negotiations in 
both NAMA and agriculture areas.  Divergent interest s and points of view in relation to export taxes 
have come to the fore in the context of the ne gotiations on market access for non-agricultural goods.  
Some Members are concerned that export taxes may be  used to restrict access to crucial raw materials 
and input goods, while others argue that export duti es are legitimate tools of economic development.  
Other proposals emphasize the interrelation between  tariff escalation and export restrictions. 
78. Export policy, in particular the issue of expor t restrictions, has also been discussed in the 
context of the agriculture negotiations.  Proposal s seek to improve transparency and monitoring as 
well as to reduce the duration of quantitative expor t restrictions on agricultural products permitted 
under Article XI of GATT 1994.  The NFIDs and LDCs  have also proposed to introduce disciplines 
on export restrictions affecting thei r foodstuff imports.  In particular , they propose that no prohibition 
or restriction be applied on expor ts of foodstuffs to NFIDCs and LD Cs, and that no restrictions be 
applied to the procurement and tran sportation of foodstuffs by the relevant UN multilateral agencies 
so they may undertake their humanitarian operations. 
4. Potential impact of export restrictions 
79. The economic impact of export restrictions on the domestic and world markets depends on 
many factors such as the type of the restrictiv e measure, the exporting country's share in world 
markets for the concerned product, and the nature of  the restricted product.  The most immediate and 
obvious effect of any export restrictions is, in most cases, the reduction of export volumes of the 
targeted products, and consequently the diversion of supplies to the domestic market.  This leads to a 
downward pressure on the domestic price of the affected products.  In some cases, the resulting gap between domestic prices and worl d prices constitutes an implicit a ssistance to domestic downstream 
processors of the targeted products and thus pr ovides them a competitive advantage.  For major 
suppliers of the restricted products, export restricti ons may also shift the terms of trade in their favour, 
given that a major supplier has market power in world markets (as a result of the reduction in its exports to world markets, the international price of the good will rise). 
80. The economic literature indicates that export r estrictions have negative consequences for 
trading partners and producer countries.  By diver ting raw materials from export to domestic markets, 
these restrictions raise prices for foreign consumer s and importers.  At the same time, by reducing 
domestic prices in the producer countries and in creasing uncertainty about future prices, export 
restrictions discourage investment decisions in extracting and producing raw materials, potentially 
reducing the overall supply of materials in the long-t erm.  Also, export restrictions by one country 
may lead to a spiral of similar restrictions by  other countries, which would mean further trade 
distortion and global price increases.
28 
81. The effects of export restrictions can also be analyzed beyond their most immediate impact on 
volumes and prices.  The overall welfare effects for the exporting and importing countries, as well as 
                                                      
28 OECD, Trade in Raw Materials: Breaking Free From Export Restrictions, February 2011. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 26  
 
  the income distribution effects can be considered.
29  Moreover, as noted above, export restrictions of 
one country may induce similar measures from other exporting countries. 
82. The economic literature frequently refers to efficiency losses (in both the exporting and the 
importing countries) resulting from distortions caused by export restrictions affecting both producers 
and consumers.  Distortions affecting producers resu lt from the fact that too little is produced in the 
country that restricts its exports, while too much is produced, in theory, in the importing country due 
to the price changes.  Export restrictions discourag e efficient local producers in the exporting country, 
and it leads foreign producers in the importing co untry to produce locally what consumers could 
purchase more cheaply abroad.  Distortions to consum ption result from the fact that too much of the 
restricted product is consumed domestically (because of the reduced domestic price), while foreign 
consumers consume too little compared to what w ould be the situation in the absence of these 
restrictions. 
Export bans 
 
83. The immediate impact of an export ban  is obvious:  the export of the affected product is 
banned (in most of the cases temporarily, but in others  for longer periods).  The result is that there will 
be a reduced offer in world markets (and, if the country is a large s upplier, at rising prices).  In the 
domestic market, an export ban increases the availabi lity of the product for domestic consumers, and 
domestic prices decrease.  The exact price distortion depends on the price elasticity of the product.  It 
is said that in the absence of market failure, exports  bans result in an aggregate welfare loss;  the loss 
is deemed to be greater when the bans are imposed  on inelastic staple goods such as grains (as they 
would require a greater price decrease to absorb the increase in domestic supply). 
Export taxes 
 
84. Export taxes  have the effect of raising the cost of  exported products (and thus their border 
price), and thereby resulting, in principle, in lowe r export volumes.  Reduced exports may divert some 
supply to the domestic market, leading to a downward pressure on domestic prices.  Through this 
supply-side effect on internationa l and domestic markets, export tax es can create a difference between 
domestic prices and the price charged to foreign consumers.  This differential provides a price advantage to domestic consumers and downstream pr ocessing industries vis-à-vis foreign processors.  
The economic impact on world markets varies accordi ng to the extent to which the exporting country 
can affect the world market price of the taxed product.  When the exporting country applying the 
export tax has a large world market share, its measu re will induce a stronger e ffect on world markets.  
If other countries supplying the same product apply si milar measures to limit their exports there will 
be a spiralling effect on world markets. 
85. Similar to an export ban, an export tax is freque ntly justified as a measure to ensure adequate 
welfare for domestic consumers in the face of hi gh international prices.  The economic literature 
indicates that, in the absence of market failure, export taxes result in a reduction in aggregate 
welfare.
30  The extent of the welfare loss depends on the price and quantity distortions generated by 
the tax.  Export taxes are considered to result in  greater welfare losses when they are applied to non-
staples than staples (the demand for non-sta ples is more responsive to price changes). 
                                                      
29 This was done for export taxes in Piermartini R. (2004), "The Role of Export Taxes in the Field of 
Primary Commodities", WTO Discussion Paper No. 4.  Some of the economic implications of other export 
measures can also be drawn from that paper. 
30 Detailed demonstration of the welfare impact of e xport restrictions is given in International Food & 
Agricultural Trade, IPC Position Paper: "Agricultural Ex port Restrictions:  Welfare Implications and Trade 
Disciplines", January 2009.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 27 
 
 
  86. The WTO's World Trade Report of 2010 describ es the economic impact of export taxes and 
export quotas in the context of trade in natural resources.  It concludes that when all domestic 
production is exported, an export ta x imposed by the exporting country only has distributional effects:  
rents move from the extracting company to the gove rnment of the exporting country in the form of 
export tax revenue (there is  no terms-of-trade effect in this case) .  When part of the natural resource 
production is consumed domestically, an export tax is equivalent to  a subsidy on domestic 
consumption in terms of its price and quantity effects.31  In addition, when a large exporting country 
applies an export tax on the natural resource, the do mestic price will fall and the world price will rise 
(there will be a terms-of-trade  gain for the exporting country a nd a terms-of-trade loss for the 
importing countries).  Export taxes on natural resour ces have distributional consequences within the 
exporting country:  by reducing the domestic price of the resource, they implicitly subsidize the 
domestic resource-consuming sector and reduce th e income of the domestic resource-producing 
sector. 
Export quotas 
 87. The trade impact of an export quota  is more or less similar to that of an export tax.  The 
difference is that when all domestic production is  exported, an export quota  is equivalent to a 
production quota (there is a trade-off between extr action of the natural resource today and extraction 
in the future).   
88. A binding export quota has the same welfare impact as an export ban since both are 
quantitative restrictions on exports.  Similar to export bans, welfare losses under export quotas are 
greater for staple goods like grains that for non-staple goods. 
Food products 
 
89. Export restrictions applied in particular by large world food suppliers to address rising 
domestic prices or to try to ensure availability in their domestic markets lead to higher international 
prices and make achieving global food security more diffi cult.  Most experts are of the view that such 
measures are not effective in cont rolling domestic food price inflation over the long term.  In the short 
term, export bans can help cool prices down in co untries that export significant portions of their 
domestic production.
32  In the long term, this effect may be bl urred, in particular when other countries 
take similar measures, thus affecting world prices.  Restrictions in general make food price volatility 
worse.  In addition, export restrictions on food products hurt disproportionately net-food importing 
countries (Box 2). 
                                                      
31 Since natural resources are in principle used as inputs in most higher-value added industries, an 
export tax can work as an indirect subsidy by reducing th e price of inputs.  By shifting supply from the export to 
the domestic market, an export tax lowers the domestic price of natural resources to below market prices, thus 
giving the domestic downstream industry a competitive edge against foreign competition. 
32 This distinction between the short and the long-ter m run may be less clear in situations such as the 
food crisis.  The reason is that, if c ountries impose export restrictions because they expect prices to rise, then the 
equilibrium world prices will actually be higher.  This "self-fulfilling" mechanism can be quite relevant in periods of food crisis.  In this case, exporting countries imposing restrictions do not really achieve any cooling 
effect on food prices. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 28  
 
  Box 2:  Export Restrictions and International Food Trade 
Many factors lie behind the volatility of world food pr ices and the threats to food sufficiency in food-
importing countries that have occurred over the past five years.  There is no global food shortage; the problem is one of distribution and affordability.  International trade can help provide a reliable and efficient 
vehicle to move food from surplus to deficit countrie s, including to surplus countries that temporarily are 
facing very high demand for their ex ports or a domestic deficit because  of other factors such as the 
weather.  When governments restrict  exports of food, they interfere with trade doing this and they may 
provoke counter-action by others.  They may also damage their own agricultural interests by isolating their 
farmers from world markets and depressing incentives to raise domestic food production. 
The FAO estimates that between 2008 and 2010, over 100 countries took ex port restrictive measures of one 
kind or another.  In 2011, the World Food Programme is reporting export control measures by 21 countries.   
To illustrate the context, and the interplay between different parts of the international food market, a 
prolonged drought in Australia (whi ch exports 12% of the world's wh eat) placed tremendous pressure on 
wheat markets from 2000 to 2009.  About half of the top-ten wheat exporting countries imposed export 
restrictions or bans in 2007 through a domino effect.  A wheat export ban by Russia, for example, led Ukraine and Kazakhstan to follow suit w ith restrictions to protect their domestic supplies and Argentina to 
raise its export taxes.  By early 2008, world wheat prices had risen by 72% and this had a knock-on effect 
on world rice markets as consumers began substituting rice for wheat.  Vietnam and India began restricting 
their rice exports in 2007, Egypt ba nned rice exports in January 2008, China imposed export taxes, and in 
March 2008 Vietnam and India along with Cambodia introduced total or partial export bans.  Rice importers reacted with concern by raising their import demand (advance purchasing, lowering tariffs, 
subsidizing imports).  The result was a drop in supply of 9% and an increase in demand of 10%, with each 
responsible for around half of the increase in the world price of rice of 120-150%. 
The disruptive effects of export rest rictions on world markets can have as a counterpart a disruptive effect 
on domestic producers.  Restrictions on grain export s were imposed by Ukraine in October 2010, initially 
for a three-month period that has since been extended twice until June 2011 and are now expected to be replaced by export taxes in July.  According to th e International Grain and Feed Traders Association 
(GAFTA), by January 2011, at the end of the first round of quotas, the result was a price wedge between 
world prices and domestic farm-gate prices for wheat of US$80-100 per ton and a consequent loss of farm income of US$2-2.5 billion. 
 
90. These considerations have led nations to comm it to make humanitarian exemptions when 
applying export restrictions, first at the G8 Summit in L'Aquila in July 2009, and then at the World 
Summit on Food Security in Rome in November 200 9, where all FAO member states agreed to 
"remove food export restrictions or extraord inary taxes for food pu rchases for no-commercial 
humanitarian purposes, and to consult and notif y in advance before imposing any such new 
restrictions". 
91. A special report for the G20 prepared by a num ber of international organizations on price 
volatility in food and agricultural markets notes that some countries that imposed export restrictions 
during the period 2008 to 2010 made exemptions fo r purchases of humanitarian food, including those 
by the UN World Food Programme.  However, othe rs have not made such exemptions, forcing 
humanitarian agencies to purchase food from more distant sources. 
92. The report recommends to strengthen the comm itments made at the L'Aquila and Rome 
Summits, calling on all nations to allow purchases of hum anitarian food, especially by the WFP, to be 
exempted from food export restrictions and/or extrao rdinary taxes, so that humanitarian food can be 
purchased, exported and/or transited re gardless of any prohibitions, restrictions or extraordinary taxes 
imposed.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 29 
 
 
  Strategic metals and minerals 
 
93. Export restrictions are frequently found in the strategic raw materials sector.  The impact of 
export restrictions on some strategic metals and mi nerals is exacerbated in cases where the producing 
countries have a quasi-monopoly on supply.  The high degree of production concentration implies a 
relatively high dependence on such imports by countr ies that consume these materials or the finished 
goods produced from them, and it suggests that c ountries producing these raw materials may have a 
strong influence on their prices and quantities made available on world markets.  Given that some of these strategic metals and minerals are essential in the production of some high-technology products 
and are not easily replaceable in the medium-term,  user industries in importing countries become 
vulnerable to future access at sustainable prices.
33 
94. Most export restrictions on these kinds of pr oducts are implemented for environmental 
reasons or conservation of natural resource, but  also sometimes to de velop downstream domestic 
processing sectors.  The economic literature has exam ined whether export restrictions are the most 
effective policy tool to achieve these objectives.34  Available empirical evidence suggests than export 
restrictions do not necessarily lead to a decrea se in production without corresponding measures to 
restrain domestic consumption.35  Since export restrictions have a direct impact on export volumes, in 
principle, the effectiveness of such measures depends on whether a reduction in exports actually leads 
to a decrease in production. 
95. The economic effects of export restrictions on ra w materials are complex.  Export restrictions 
on raw materials can have a significant and negative impact on the efficient allocation of resources, 
international trade, and the competitiveness and development of industries in both exporting and 
importing countries.  This is the reason why co-ope ration and transparency may be more optimal in 
helping Governments achieve their objectives. 
F. POLICY DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE IN SERVICES  
96. Recent developments in the telecommunicati ons sector have been in a pro-competitive 
direction.  With market access fairly open, Memb ers have continued to issue new licences and to 
auction additional spectrum to meet increased dema nd for mobile services.  Requirements, such as 
number portability, have been introduced to enha nce competition (e.g. mobile number portability in 
India).   According to a report by the ITU, ma rkets around the world are becoming more competitive 
in just about every respect, from international ga teway services to wireless local loop and 3G.  In 
2010, more than 93% of countries worldwide allowed competition in the provision of Internet 
services, and 90% in the provision of mobile cellu lar services.  92% have competitive 3G mobile 
broadband markets.36  The report also observes that the re gulatory landscape for the sector worldwide 
is increasingly robust and asserts that such effec tive regulation is critical to economic growth. 
97. Pricing practices in respect of mobile call termination and roaming charges are of increasing 
concern to governments.  The Australian Co mpetition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), for 
example, recently published its determinations for pricing by fixed line operators of local loop 
                                                      
33 Korinek, J., and Kim, J. (2011), Export Restrictions on Strategic Raw Materials and Their Impact on 
Trade and Global Supply, Journal of World Trade (Vol. 45, No. 2, 2011). 
34 See for instance Korinek, J. and J. Kim (2010), "Export Restrictions on Strategic Raw Materials and 
Their Impact on Trade", OECD Trade Policy Working Papers, No. 95, OECD Publishing.  This paper examines 
the presence and impact on trade and global supply of expo rt restrictions affecting se lected strategic minerals, 
metals and their products. 
35 OECD (2010), OECD Trade Policy Studies: "The Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw 
Materials".  This paper also notes that when export restrictions on raw materials are accompanied by policies 
that restrict inward FDI, impacts on the gl obal supply chains are further complicated. 
36 ITU, Trends in Telecommunication Reform  2010-2011.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 30  
 
  service, wholesale line rental, line sharing service, call origination and termination, and local carriage.  
Also, the UK regulator (Ofcom) has proposed price reductions for wholesale services offered by Openreach, a division of BritishTelecom, in which Ofcom considers the company to have significant 
market power.  The UK and France are mandating cuts  in mobile termination rates, and Russia and 
Australia are examples of Members moving to address high mobile roaming charges.  Germany has 
ordered Telekom Deutschland to reduce its fees for access by competitors to the so-called last mile 
and Mexico’s antitrust regulator has imposed steep  fines on America Movil SAB unit Telcel, noting 
that the mobile operator has used its market weight  and high interconnection fees to deter competitors. 
98. Efforts to make higher capacity telecommunications services more widely available include 
not only initiatives to expa nd fixed broadband services, but  also to rollout 3G and 4G mobile services.  
For this reason, spectrum availability  is also being addressed rather intensively and the majority of 
new licenses issued involve mob ile services.  In broadband roll out, increasingly public funds are 
playing a role.  For example, in April the European Commission launched public consultations on the revision of its Broadband Guidelines with respect to State aid.
37  In many countries, upgrading or 
adding new infrastructure that includes fibre optic cable is an important means of enhancing 
broadband access.  Some Members, such as Australia, have recently established new state-owned 
companies.  Another example of this trend is  Qatar, where the government has announced the 
formation of a new company to provide a "fibre to the home" network.  Venezuela's state-owned 
telecommunications company is also completing new fibre-optic links. 
99. In licensing of high-end mobile technologies, th e French Government has announced plans to 
issue 4G mobile licenses by the end of this year a nd expects to issue the tenders by mid-May.  India 
has recently made amendments to somewhat re lax its rules governing mergers between mobile 
operators. Other examples of new mobile license i ssues include Israel and Kenya, where 3G licenses 
are being awarded.   
100. Costa Rica's monopoly for mobile phone servi ces held by the state-owned Instituto 
Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) has come to an end after the regulator finally awarded mobile 
licenses to Spain's Telefonica and Mexico's Ameri ca Movil.  The two companies paid US$95 million 
and US$77 million respectively for their licenses,  according to a statement from the regulator 
(SUTEL).  A third license was not awarded, and could be tendered in the future in light of services 
demand.  The awards of the licenses to Telefoni ca and America Movil still need to be formally 
ratified by the President, and services are expected to start from September 2011.   
101. In order for higher capacity and more sophisticat ed mobile services to be delivered, related 
adjustments are underway in Members' regulator y regimes in spectrum allocation decisions and 
frequency assignments.  The European Commission has instituted new technical specifications that 
allow frequencies currently assigned to GSM and 3G  services to be opened up to 4G services, which 
is an important step to facilitate the issuing of 4G licenses.38  The United States Federal 
Communications Commission (FCC), for its part, has proposed steps to allow spectrum now assigned 
to television broadcast services to be opened up to new wireless broadband services.39  T h e  U K ' s  
Ofcom is undertaking an assessment of the implicat ions for competition of its plans for the largest 
ever single award of mobile spectrum, which it expects to be used for mobile broadband.40  I n  
addition, Ofcom is proposing to allow the resale of radio spectrum by mobile operators;  it believes the flexibility will help satisfy the intense dema nd.  Meanwhile, industry associations are calling on 
South Africa to make more spectrum available, a nd to improve administrative procedures for issuing 
spectrum to mobile broadband services.  Nepal and Ba ngladesh have faced difficulties in this regard.  
                                                      
37 European Commission, Press Release, 19 April 2011.  
38 European Commission, Press Release, 18 April 2011. 
39 FCC Press Release, 30 November 2010. 
40 Ofcom, Press Release, 22 March 2011.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 31 
 
 
  Nepal's regulator claims new entrant 3G service supp liers cannot be licensed at this time because of 
lack of available spectrum and that all available frequencies are currently used by the Nepal Telecom 
and NCell.  In Bangladesh, following complaints  by operators, the government recently agreed to 
revise the spectrum fees. 
102. Regarding other regulatory measures relevant to the period under review, India has recently 
instituted mobile number portability and the UAE has announced plans to do so by the end of this 
year.  The introduction of number portability w as experiencing delays in Rwanda, where the 
government has stalled its initiative, and in Kenya, where the largest mobile operator, Safaricom, is 
said to be slow on implementation. Efforts to combat a proliferation of specialized taxes in this sector 
are also underway.  In the United States, legislati on has been proposed that would introduce a ban on 
any new taxes to be imposed on mobile phone ser vices.  In the European Union, the Commission 
opened infringement proceedings against Hunga ry regarding a tax on telecommunications.41 In 
Senegal, the President intervened to rescind a cont roversial measure passed in May 2010 that involved 
imposing a tax on incoming in ternational phone calls. 
103. In the case of financial services, the shape of the new regulatory landscape is becoming 
clearer, but significant uncertainties remain.  Proposals and regulations have been put forward by 
global, regional and national policy-setting bodies, which will change the structure, supervision and 
governance of financial services worldwide.   The new regulatory frameworks will vary by 
jurisdiction, but the net effect will be stricter regulation and supervision of financial services and 
service suppliers.   As the regulatory perimeter wi dens, so does the number and range of supervisory 
bodies in some jurisdictions, e.g. the US Fina ncial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and the 
European Systemic Risk Board. Even if non-discr iminatory, and not necessarily meant to restrict 
trade, new regulations will affect the supply of fina ncial services by foreign financial institutions.  In 
this context, trade policy measures in financ ial services, while generally stable across the 
Membership, seems to have responded to specifi c circumstances in the markets concerned. 
104. On 11 November 2010, the European Parliament voted the Directive on Alternative 
Investment Fund Managers (AIFM), which will enter into force in June 2011; from that date EU 
Member States will have a transition period of two y ears in order to implement it.   Therefore, the 
entry into force of the Directive in each EU Member State is expected by mid-2013. This Directive aims to provide for an internal market for AI FMs and a harmonized and stringent regulatory and 
supervisory framework for their activ ities.  It is applicable to all EU AIFMs which manage alternative 
investment funds (both EU and non-EU funds), i rrespective of whether or not those funds are 
marketed in the EU; to non-EU AIFMs which manage  EU funds (irrespective of whether or not they 
are marketed in the EU); and to non-EU AIFMs wh ich market funds in the EU (both EU and non-EU 
funds). 
105. The Directive is expected to have a profound structural impact on the fund industry, offering 
the opportunity of a single European market. Follo wing the transposition of the Directive into national 
legislation by mid-2013, EU AIFMs will benefit from a "passport" enabling them to market EU funds 
to EU professional investors in their home Member State or cross-border in other Member States following a notification. After an additional trans itional period of two years (i.e. as of mid-2015), the 
passport regime will be extended to the marketing of non-EU funds, managed by both EU AIFMs and 
non-EU AIFMs.  Between mid-2015 and mid-2018, this  harmonized passport regime will co-exist 
with the national placement regimes of the EU Member States.  After that three-year period of 
co-existence, national placement regimes will be abolished. 
106. Some restrictions introduced over this period ar e directly targeted at the supply of financial 
services by foreign institutions.  This has been the case for the restrictions on reinsurance services 
                                                      
41 European Commission, Press Release, 14 March 2011. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 32  
 
  introduced by Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, and to a lesser extent, Mexico.  The Algerian Ministry of 
Finance issued the Decree on Compulsory Reinsura nce Cession, according to which insurers will be 
obliged to cede 50% of their reinsurance business to  the state-owned reinsurer, Compagnie Centrale 
de Reassurance (CCR), from January 2011. 
107. Reversing market reforms introduced in 200 7, the Brazilian Nationa l Council of Private 
Insurers (CNSP) published last year two new resolutions (224/2010 and 225/2010) that prevent 
domestic and foreign insurers operating in Brazil from reinsuring their businesses within their own 
financial group (for example, to a "sister" insurer or reinsurer) located outside Brazil, and making it 
mandatory for insurers established in Brazil to place at least 40% of their reinsurance with locally 
admitted reinsurers. The 40% rule went into eff ect on 31 March 2011.  Befo re this regulation was 
enacted, local reinsurers had the right to look at every reinsurance risk and had the first right of 
refusal, but in practice a substantial portion (often  up to 100%) of large Brazilian risks were being 
placed abroad. 
108. Following that trend, on 21 February 2011 the Argentine Insurance Regulator laid down a 
new regulatory framework (Resolution 36.615/2011), effective 1 September 2011, which prohibits 
cross-border reinsurance operations, subject to a fe w exceptions.  Prior to that regulation, overseas 
reinsurers were allowed to engage in reinsu rance business from their home country, either upon 
registration with the regulator or via a broker authoriz ed to operate in Argentin a.  The practical effect 
of the new regulation is that local cedants will onl y be allowed to cede reinsurance risks to locally-
based Argentinean reinsurers, Arge ntineans subsidiaries, or branches of foreign companies.  Foreign 
reinsurance companies that do not set up local operations in Argentina by 1 September 2011 will only 
be allowed to enter into reinsurance contracts in the absence of local capacity, and subject to the 
regulator's prior approval on a case-by-case basis.  On 6 December 2010, the Mexican Ministry of 
Finance and Public Credit amended the rules on the registration of foreign re insurers, requiring that 
all non-Mexican reinsurers that reside in countri es with which Mexico has a double taxation treaty in 
force and that are registered within Mexico, subm it a residency certificate issued by their home tax 
authorities.  Foreign reinsurers that assume ri sks from Mexican insurance companies must be 
registered, and that registration must be renewe d every year.  Failure to submit the registration 
renewal filing on time can result in the cancellation of  the registration with a potential for substantial 
increases in reserve and regulatory capital re quirements of the Mexican cedent company. 
109. Foreign investment in state-owned banks has been recently restricted in Vietnam.  In a 
circular released on 22 April, the Central Bank d ecided that foreign investors seeking to buy 15% or 
more of a Vietnamese state-owned bank must have total assets of at least US$20 billion in the year 
before they acquire the stake.  Foreign investment is considered as strategic in the banking sector at 
the 15% level and foreign holdings in Vietnamese banks can be rai sed up to 20% only with explicit 
government approval.  The government also restrict ed investments in stat e-owned banks currently 
being privatized.  Strategic, major or founding invest ors in other banks in Vietnam will not be allowed 
to exceed the strategic 15% level in state-owned banks undergoing privatization. The new rules will 
enter into effect on 1 June 2011.
42   
110. Private capital flows to emerging economies have  surged since early 2009, encouraged by 
positive growth in emerging economies, expansive m onetary policies in advanced economies, long-
term investor portfolio rebalancing,  and abundant global liquidity.  In this context, a larger number of 
emerging economies are increasingly resorting to capital controls with a view to preventing capital 
inflows from appreciating their currencies.  Unlike episodes in the past, in many cases these are not 
broad-based quantitative capital controls, but more targeted measures that may nonetheless affect the 
operations of financial institutions – both domestic and foreign – and therefore the supply of financial 
                                                      
42 Investment and Trade Promotion Center, 27 Apr il 2011, at http://www.itpc.gov.vn/investors/news/ 
2011-01-04.123579/04/2011-04-27.455621   WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 33 
 
 
  services.  For example, the Korean authorities announced (in April this year) that effective 
1 August 2011 a levy of up to 0.2% will be applie d on foreign debt owed by banks.  The levy will 
apply to non-deposit foreign debt at commercia l banks, Korea Development Bank, Export-Import 
Bank of Korea, Industrial Bank of Korea, credit business units of the agriculture and fisheries 
cooperatives and Korea Finance Corp. 
111. Financial liberalization measures have also been implemented over this pe riod, particularly in 
China.  In a move to allow foreign banks to unde rwrite corporate bonds in the interbank bond market, 
China's corporate bond market oversight body rel eased in April 2011 criteria for underwriters and 
opened up a one-week period for new applicants, during which time many US and other foreign 
institutions applied.  In addition, at the last  US-China Strategic Economic Dialogue, held in 
Washington in May 2011, China committed to allow US and other foreign banks incorporated in 
China to sell mutual funds, obtain licenses to act as mutual fund custodians, and act as Margin 
Depository Banks in Qualified Foreign Institutiona l Investor (QFII) futures transactions.  Chinese 
authorities also confirmed that there are no barriers preventing foreign banks from selling other types of wealth management products to customers or  engaging in custodian business with insurance 
companies, and pledged to advance toward allowing US and other foreign insurance companies to sell 
mandatory third-party liability auto insurance in  what is now the world's largest market for 
automobiles.
43 
112. Measures affecting the presence of natural pe rsons (mode 4) introduced over the reporting 
period mostly clarify or slightly modify th e conditions governing access for pre-existing access 
programmes. 
113. In Australia, the government has introduced a number of changes to visa subclasses 
457 (Business Long Stay) and 442 (Occupational Trainee) .  Most notably, effective 15 February 2011, 
seven occupations were removed and four were ad ded to the classification list of occupations for 
which these visas may be granted.   
114. Policy guidelines issued by the Canada in Janua ry 2011 explicitly extend the scope of the 
intra-corporate transfer category of workers.  Th e guidelines state that foreign nationals who have 
worked for an entity abroad as independent contract ors, rather than as employees, can also qualify to 
work in Canada as intra-corporate transferees.   The Canadian government also introduced new 
requirements for labour market opinions pertaining to the Temporary Foreign Worker Programme on 
1 April 2011.  In particular, employers are requi red to provide additional supporting documentation, 
meet new compliance criteria and, if applicable, demonstrate past compliance. 
115. Starting on 15 February 2011, Russia's work permit programme for highly-skilled workers 
was broadened to include a coupl e of additional categories, and registration requirements were 
simplified for all highly qualified fo reigners who stay in the country for less than 90 days.  A number 
of new compliance requirements for companies em ploying such workers we re also introduced. 
116. In the United Kingdom, the permanent cap on th e annual admission of foreign workers took 
effect on 6 April 2011.  The system foresees two types of Tier 2 Certificates of Sponsorship.  First, 
"Unrestricted Certificates", which may be used to sponsor workers exempt from the annual cap.  
Amongst those eligible under this first type are intr a-corporate transferees, whose permitted duration 
of stay under the new system will differ dependi ng on their UK salary.  The second type, "Restricted 
Certificates", is required for workers in categories subject to the cap.  For the period April 2011 to 
                                                      
43 "The 2011 US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue U.S. Fact Sheet – Economic Track", US 
Department of the Treasury, 10 May 2011, at  http ://www.treasury.gov/press-cen ter/press releases/Pages/ 
TG1172.aspx WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 34  
 
  April 2012, "Restricted Certificates" have been ca pped at 20,700.  All Tier 2 applicants are also 
subjected to new eligibility and English language requirements. 
117. On 2 January 2011, the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 was 
signed into law in the United States.  The legi slation extends by one year until 2015 the border 
security fee that certain employers of H-1B (non-agricultural specialty worker) and L-1 (intra-
company transfer) visa holders must pay. 
118. The Swiss Federal Council has increased the 2011 work permit quotas for foreigners on 
assignment in Switzerland for more than 90 days by  1,000.  The quota for B-permits, which are used 
for long-term assignments, is capped at 4,000 ( up from 3,000 in 2010), while the one for L-permits, 
which are issued for a period up to one year ( but are extendable up to 24 months) is unchanged at 
8,000.  Additionally, the Federal Council is  reserving 3,000 L-permit quota numbers and 500 
B-permit quota numbers for foreign service providers from EU or EFTA countries. 
119. Procedural requirements related to the entry of foreign workers have been altered in a number 
of instances.  The application process for Colomb ian temporary workers visas, for example, was 
recently simplified.  Foreigners are no longer require d to submit a Certificate of Proportionality that 
confirms that at least 80% of their employer's workforce is made up of Colombian nationals.  In New 
Zealand, new compliance requirements were introduced on 29 November 2010 for employers wishing to hire foreign workers.  Employers are now requ ired to show that they have taken reasonable 
precautions and exercised due diligence to ensure th e foreigners they employ are authorised to work 
in the country. 
120. Other recent measures concern modifications to  the maximum permitted duration of stay for 
certain categories of foreign work ers.  Cases in point are the Czech Republic, where long-term visit 
visas are now issued for an initial duration of 6 m onths, reduced from the one year period previously 
granted; the United Arab Emirates, where work a nd corresponding residence permits are issued for a 
maximum duration of two years, reduced from the three years previously allowed, and 
Chinese Taipei, where nationals of 31 countries ar e allowed to visit the country, including for 
business purposes, for 90 days per trip, up from the previous 30 days maximum duration. 
121. Affecting also the movement of people to and from the UK, particularly as tourists, is the 
UK's air passenger duty (APD).  The duty is charge d on the carriage of passengers flying from a UK 
airport on an aircraft that exceeds a minimum take-off weight (10 tons) and seat capacity (20 seats for passengers).  Destinations have been divided into four bands.  Concerns have been raised about the 
fact that passengers travelling to destinations of similar distances but in different bands pay different 
duties. – for example, passengers travelling to d estinations in the Caribbean currently pay a higher 
APD charge than those travelling to destinations in the US that are further away from the UK.
44  In 
March 2011, the UK Government issued a consultation pa per with a review to reform the tax structure 
for air transport services. 
122. New regulations will affect foreign investment  approval in China.  On 25 February 2011, 
China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) issued the Circular on Issues Concerning Administration 
of Foreign Investment (Shang Zi Han [2011] No. 72 ) (Foreign Investment Circular), which delegates 
certain powers from Central MOFCOM to the provincial commerce departments, and simplifies or removes some approval requirements.  In addition, the Circular also calls for stronger examination 
and approval supervision of foreign investments in service industries, in particular specially regulated 
sectors (such as financial leasing and internationa l express delivery services), sensitive industries 
(such as micro-lending and credit rating) and industr ies involving large inflows of funds (such as 
                                                      
44 See Reform of Air Passenger Duty, consultation paper issued by the UK Government 
(HM Treasury), March 2011.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 35 
 
 
  venture capital and equity investment ).  However, the Circular does not provide details of how this 
supervision will be enforced. While  the rules for approval of foreign investment seem to have been 
simplified, those for foreign acquisition of Chinese enterprises have been tightened. On 3 February 
2011, the State Council issued a circular, Guo Ban Fa [2011] No. 6 setting out the security review 
system for foreign investors seeking to acquire Chinese enterprises. Accord ing to the Circular, 
effective from 5 March 2011, national security revi ews are required in cases where investment by 
foreign investors will lead to their obtaining control over a list of business activities, some of which service-related, such as important transportation services and, eventually, infrastructure facilities. 
III. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT MEASURES  
123. The introduction of new crisis-related economic st imulus programmes is less pronounced than 
in the past.  Annex 2 provides the list of the few specific government support measures implemented 
since mid-October 2010.  Reported measures concer n mainly the extension of programmes put in 
place before this period which were intended to help address the difficulties resulting from the global 
crisis.  The Annex contains fewe r new measures than those in previous reports.  This may indicate 
that there are less and less new economic stimulus pl ans put in place three years after the outbreak of 
the crisis.  It may also be a reflection of the fact that not all delegations provided information on 
relevant measures and that it is more difficult to mon itor this sort of actions using other non-official 
sources. 
124. Over the period under monitoring, governme nt support measures were reported in the 
following areas:  provision of export credit and guarantees; loans and guarantees (mainly for SMEs); financial support to "green industries"; and extension of government support to farmers. 
125. Some government support measures put in place fo llowing the outbreak of the financial crisis 
are being phased out.  For example, the EU announced, on 1 December 2010, a decision to gradually phase out those temporary actions taken in the contex t of the global financial crisis, while agreeing to 
prolong, until 31 December 2011, its state aid cris is framework subject to stricter conditions.  The 
stated aim is to gradually return  to a normal market functioning.  The EU's Temporary Framework to 
support business access to finance maintains those measures that address on-going market failures.  
But firms in difficulty are from now on excluded from the scope of the Temporary Framework to ensure an appropriate restructuring of the economy .  As on 1 January 2011, every bank requiring state 
support in the form of capital or impaired asset measures have to submit a restructuring plan. 
IV. DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE FINANCING 
126. Last year's monitoring report confirmed the sharp improvement with respect to the 
availability of trade finance in global markets, after the contraction experienced in 2009.  The 
recovery of both finance and trade has translated in  fast growing volumes of trade finance transactions 
and falling prices for trade finance.  Since the be ginning of 2011, "spreads" for the confirmation of 
letters of credit have continued to fall, to reach ve ry low levels (a few basis points above the policy 
rates) on the "best" Asian risks, while pricing on other trade finance products (import loans, pre-
shipment export loans) are returning to quasi-norma l levels in the main trading routes (e.g. within 
North America, Europe, Asia, and between Asia a nd the rest of the World). The continued rise of 
commodity prices is also resulting in a renewed in terest of trade financiers towards commodity 
producing countries, notably in Africa, Latin Amer ica and Asia.  Commodity exports experience no 
shortage of financing. 
127. On the other hand, recent market intelligence su rveys provided by the International Chamber 
of Commerce point to the sharp increase in the sensi tivity of banks towards risk, reflected in the area 
of trade finance by a growing scrutiny of documenta tion in the process of endorsement of letters of 
credit, and increased collateral requirements for obt aining financing and guarantees, particularly in WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 36  
 
  low-to-middle income countries.
45 These increased requirements mean that small and medium sized 
enterprises in these countries are subject to greater  difficulties in accessing trade finance at an 
affordable cost. This development is not entirely su rprising in a global and local banking environment 
in which capital had become scarcer and the selectiv ity of risks greater. In addition, new regulatory 
requirements aimed at securing financial transactions , including more stringent information to be 
provided on counterparty banks and traders in poorly  (or non-) rated countries, are increasing the cost 
of doing business in these areas altogether, deterring banks  and investors.  As a result, the "lower end" 
of the trade finance market (importers in poor Afri can, East European, Asia and other countries) rely 
increasingly upon development bank risk mitigation instruments. 
128. These remaining difficulties were brought to the a ttention of the international community.  At 
the G20 Seoul Summit in November 2010, the Heads of States and Governments adopted a 
Declaration which, in paragraph 44 (Fighting Pr otectionism and Promoting Trade and Investment 
Section), stated: "… to support LIC capacity to trade (…), we note our commitment to (…) support measures to increase the availability of trade financ e in developing countries, particularly LICs. In 
this respect, we also agree to monitor and asses s trade finance programs in support of developing 
countries, in particular their coverage and impact on LICs, and to evaluate the impact of regulatory 
regimes on trade finance". 
129. The preliminary report from the WTO Expert Group on Trade Finance on the above-
mentioned monitoring and assessment of trade fi nance programs in support of developing countries 
was presented to the March 2011 meeting of th e G20 Sherpas.  The report recommends that:  
- Members of the G-20 should ask the MDBs and the World Bank group, which have 
benefited from recent recapitali zations, to expand as a matter of priority their coverage of 
low-Income Countries, and further expand risk limits to allow for greater support to countries in which local financial instituti ons cannot support trade and traders cannot 
afford credit conditions. Two priority re gions are clearly emerging from the above 
picture: Africa and Asia.  
 
- The creation of a permanent trade finance facilitation program by the African 
Development Bank, the only region where it is mi ssing, must be expedited.  Time is of 
essence in offering greater capacity to African  traders. Besides, the foundations and the 
limits of intervention of all other institutions mu st be augmented, in particular that of the 
Asian Development Bank.  The expansion of  trade finance facilitation programmes and 
similar schemes do not cost the taxpayer a single dollar.  TFFPs and similar schemes are 
risk mitigation instruments that are run on a private-sector, demand-basis, with a focus on 
clients in developing countries.  All instituti ons operating such programs are running net 
operating profits on it, while serving the wider purpose of facilitating trade in places of the word where private markets would not necessarily operate. 
 
- To strengthen financial inclusion in low income countries and ensure that current efforts 
be sustained in the medium-run, it is reco mmended that donors continue to support trust 
fund-based technical assistance aimed at developing trade finance departments in small to medium-sized financial institutions around the world.  The support provided to the EBRD 
and the IFC has been helpful in this regard, and is contributing to place trade finance at 
the heart of development of soft infrastru ctures for the development of trade in 
developing countries.  Other MDBs should be nefit from similar trust funds and training 
resources. 
 
                                                      
45 International Chamber of Commerce (2011), "Rethinking Trade and Finance, ICC Global Survey on 
Trade and Finance 2011", Publication no. 710, 2011 Edition.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 37 
 
 
  - The structural trade finance market gap that exist in low income countries may as well 
exist in other developing countries, as slightly higher level of development.  For example, 
support is also provided by trade finance fa cilitation programs to local tier 2 and tier 3 
banks, supporting small and medium sized en terprises, in countries such as Brazil, and 
Mexico.  The lack of rating of some of these institutions or enterprises may be a barrier to 
international banks endorsing letters of cred it.  Hence the focus of this report on low 
income countries – IDA eligible should not divert current resources allocated to supporting trade of such traders.    
- Given the expected utility of a comprehensiv e trade finance dataset, it is recommended 
that multilateral agencies, national statistical in stitutes and central banks (in the context of 
the BIS) coordinate and establish a comprehe nsive and regular collection of trade credit 
in a systematic fashion.  
 - The dialogue between the Basel Committee a nd Multilateral institutions concerned should 
lead to concrete steps addressing the unint ended consequences of the Basel II and III 
frameworks on the availability of trad e finance for low income countries. 
 
V. TRADE AND SELECTED ECONOMIC TRENDS 
130. Global trade and output slowed in the middle of 2010, but earlier fears of a "double dip" 
recession did not materialize.  Year-on-year increases in world merchandise exports were noticeably 
smaller in Q3 and Q4 than in the first half of the year, with developing economies still contributing 
more than half of the additional growth (Chart 10).  Part of the decline in year-on-year growth rates 
can be explained by the diminishing influence of the low base from which trade was recovering in the 
first half of 2009, while some can be attributed to  an easing of growth in the later periods.  The pause 
in the trade recovery appears to have been only te mporary, as available monthly data for the fourth 
quarter of 2010 and the first quarter  of 2011 show the pace of the tr ade expansion picking up again. 
131. The WTO recorded a 14.5% increase in the vo lume of world merchandise exports for 2010, 
and is forecasting a further 6.5% expansion in 2011.  Exports of devel oped economies should grow 
more slowly than the world average this year at 4.5%, compared to 9.5% in the rest of the world 
(including developing economies and the Commonwealth  of Independent States).  In value terms, 
world merchandise exports rose by 22% in 2010 to reach US$14.9 trillion.
46 
 
                                                      
46  More information on WTO trade statistics for 2010 and details of the forecast for 2011 are presented 
in WTO Press Release of 7 April 2011. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 38  
 
  9 7 91013 1410
-7
-18 -19-1312 117 7566101214
13
-5
-13-14-1231615
11 1013 1314212528
23
-12
-31-33-2542826
1817
-40-30-20-10010203040
2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2008Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2009Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2010Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4Chart 10
Contributions to year-on-year growth in world merchandise exports, 2007Q1 - 2010Q4
Source:Percentage change in US$ values
NoteContribution of developed economies Contribution of developing economies + CIS a
World merchandise exports, year-on-year percentage change
a Includes significant re-exports.
Due to scarce data availability, Africa and Middle East regional totals are under-represented by about 5% and  
10% respectively.
WTO Secretariat estimates based on data compiled from IMF International Financial Statistics; Eurostat 
Comext Database; Global Trade Atlas and National Statistics. 
132. The trade forecast is clouded by a number of significant risk factors, including rapidly rising 
primary commodity prices, turmoil in oil exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa, the 
on-going debt crises in smaller euro area economi es, and the devastating earthquake and nuclear 
accident in Japan.  Recent research on the eco nomic effects of disasters suggests that the 
consequences of the earthquake for trade in Japan and the rest of the world should be small for the 
whole of 2011, but that there could be important shifts in bilateral trade flows in the short run.47  Too 
little data is available at present to assess the full im pact of the disaster, but the biggest hits to trade 
and production are expected in  the second quarter of 2011. 
133. In their latest Economic Outlook48, the IMF has predicted a strengthening of the global 
economic recovery while acknowledging a number of  downside risks.  Declining but still high 
unemployment and reduced fiscal support from governme nts should continue to  weigh on growth in 
advanced countries, whereas overheating poses a great er threat to emerging market economies. They 
expect world output to increase by 4.4% in 2011 (down from 5.0% in 2010), with advanced 
economies growing 2.4% and emerging markets adva ncing 6.5%.  These figures are calculated using 
purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates.  At  market exchange rates the IMF projects global 
output growth of 3.5% in 2011, down from 3.9% in 2010.  (No breakdown is  provided for developed 
and developing economies.)  Despite the smaller exp ected growth rate of GDP in 2011 compared to 
2010, the recovery is becoming more self-sustaini ng since private demand is playing an increasingly 
prominent role. 
                                                      
47 Gassebner, Martin, Keck, Alexander and Teh, Robert (2010) "Shaken, not Stirred: The Impact of 
Disasters on International Trade", Review of  International Economics, 18(2): 351-368. 
48 IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2011.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 39 
 
 
  1. Trade in goods 
134. Monthly indices from the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) provide a 
timely indication of current trends in the volume of world trade (Chart 11).  According to these 
statistics, global trade (average of exports and imports) rose 0.3% in February over the previous 
month, following an increase of 1.7% in January.  Because preliminary volume estimates are volatile 
and subject to large revisions, a measure of "mom entum", defined as the average of the last three 
months over the previous three, is sometimes pref erable for identifying underlying trends.  By this 
measure, trade momentum rose to 3.5% in Februa ry from 3.1% in January and has been increasing 
since last November, which suggests a strengthening of the trade recovery in 2011.  Momentum for developing countries was stronger than for develo ped ones on both the export and import sides.  
Developing Asian economies saw their exports and im ports grow faster than any other country or 
region tracked by the CPB in Q4 (8.0% on the export side and 3.2% on the import side).  During the same period, advanced economies collectively reco rded a 1.4% rise in their exports and a 0.1% 
increase in their imports. 
135. Trade growth rates tend to be smaller in volu me terms than in value terms when commodity 
prices are rising, as they have been doing over the last two years.  Chart 12 shows IMF commodity 
price indices from January 2005 to April 2011.  Prices for food and metals both surpassed their pre-crisis peaks in April by 5% and 22%, respectively. Meanwhile, energy prices were rapidly approaching their previous high point after rising 140% since February 2009.  Higher oil prices could 
take a toll on the economies of importing countries, but exporting countries would benefit from greater foreign exchange earnings.  Since oil and ot her primary products are mostly priced in dollars, 
countries whose currencies have recently appreciated  against the US currency are partly insulated 
from the recent price hikes. 
136. Chart 13 shows merchandise exports and imports of selected WTO Members from 
January 2007 to April 2011 depe nding on data availability (lead ing developed economies are only 
shown through March).
49  Exports from the United States were up by 19% year-on-year in 
March 2011 to reach US$131 billion, while imports increased by almost the same amount (18%) to 
US$191 billion.  The US merchandise trade deficit for the month was US$59 billion, higher than the 
post-crisis low of US$32 billion but still well below the US$94 billion recorded in February 2009.   
137. The European Union's exports to the rest of  the world increased by 21% year-on-year in 
March to US$192 billion while imports  were up 20% to US$205 billion  The EU's goods trade deficit 
of US$13 billion was smaller than that of the United States, but this figure obscures important 
differences between individual EU Member States.  For example, Germany recorded a surplus of 
US$26 billion in the latest month, whereas France and the United Kingdom each had deficits of 
US$10 billion and US$14 billion, respectively.    
138. China's exports in April were 30% higher than  a year ago at US$156 billion, while imports 
were up 22% over the same period to US$144 billion.  China's average monthl y trade surplus over the 
last 12 months was roughly US$15 billion, while the surplus for April was US$11 billion.   
139. Japan's exports and imports in  March were up 8% and 24%, respectively, over the same 
period last year to US$72 billion and $69 billion.  The country's trade surplus dropped to US$2.4 billion from US$7.9 billion in February, mos tly due to surging imports.  Whether this had 
anything to do with the recent earthquake is difficult to say.   
 
                                                      
49 Figures are not seasonally adjusted. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 40  
 
  50100150200250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Chart 11
Volume of monthly exports and imports, January 2000 - February 2011
50100150200250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
OECD excluding Turkey, Mexico, Republic of Korea, and Central European countries.
CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.(Indices, 2000 = 100)Exports
Imports
World
a
Source:Emerging economies Advanced economiesaWorld
 
  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 41 
 
 
  050100150200250300Chart 12
Prices of selected  primary co mmodities, January 2005 - April 2011
(Indices of current dollar values, 2005=100)
Source: International  Monetary Fund.Food
Metals
Energy
 
140. For the disaster to have a significant effect on world and regional trade flows, we would 
expect to see large declines in Japan's exports in  the month of the earthquake and in subsequent 
months.  There does appear to be some softening of exports in the country's trade statistics for March, 
but it is not dramatic.  Although exports in March were up 8% yea r-on-year, they were up 19% in 
February and also up 19% on average over the 6 months preceding the earthquake.  Exports of 
automotive products in March were down from the pr evious month and 12% below their average level 
over the past year.  However, shipments of office  and telecom equipment actually rose in the latest 
month and were more or less in line with their average over the previous 12 months.  In both automotive products and electronics, exports of co mponents were actually stronger than exports of 
finished goods. 
141. The earthquake in Japan occurred in the middle of March, so a larg er decline could be 
obscured by robust shipments earlier in the month. It is also possible that some of the goods that were 
shipped were produced before the disaster t ook place, and lost production will only show up in 
exports with a lag.   However, based on this lim ited amount of data it appears that the overall trade 
impact of Japan's disaster may be relatively small.   However, this information is far from conclusive, 
and it will be important to monitor the trade statistics of Japan and its trading partners very closely in 
the coming months. 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 42  
 
  010203040506070
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11050100150200250
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11020406080
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
050100150200250
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11020406080
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
0306090120150
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
020406080100120140160
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11Chart 13
Monthly merchandise exports a nd imports of selected economies, January 2007 - April 2011
United States Japan(US$ billion)
European Union (27) extra-trade France
Germany United Kingdom
China
01020304050
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
0510152025
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11Republic of Korea
Brazil
0510152025303540
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11India
 
  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 43 
 
 
  051015202530
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
0510152025
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11024681012141618
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11024681012
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
010203040
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
0510152025
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11
0510152025
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11Indonesia South Africa
Chinese Taipei Singapore
Malaysia Thailand
Turkey
010203040
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11Mexico
Source :  IMF, International Financial Statistics;
GTIS; GTA database; national statistics.Exports ImportsChart 13 (continued)
 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 44  
 
  2. Trade in commercial services  
142. Commercial services exports and imports of leading economies expanded at a modest pace in 
dollar terms in the first quarter of 2011.  Exports  from the United States rose to US$137.4 billion from 
US$128.8 a year ago, while imports increased to US$92.4 billion from US$87.5 billion during the 
same period.  However, year-on-year growth rates for exports and imports fell slightly to 7% and 6% 
in Q1 from 8% and 7% in Q4. 
143. Data on services trade for the first quarter of 2011 are not available yet for the European 
Union, but figures for member countries provide an i ndication of recent trends .  Exports and imports 
of Germany, France and the United Kingdom were a ll up year-on-year in Q1.  Germany's exports 
were 5% higher than a year ago at US$58.3 billion while imports were 3% higher at US$59.5 billion 
(figures include intra-EU trade).  France's exports of services were worth US$31.7 billion in Q1 (up 
4% year-on-year) while imports were valued at US$29.7 billion (up 2%).  The United Kingdom saw 
its exports and imports expand to US$65.3 billion (+3% y-o-y) and US$44.7 billion (+4% y-o-y).  
The euro/dollar exchange rate only increased by about 1% between 2010Q1 and 2011Q1, so the 
figures above are not strongly affected by currency movements. 
144. Japan's exports of commercial services expanded by 12% to US$38.5 billion in Q1 compared 
with the same period in the previous year, while imports advanced 7% to US$39.9 billion.  However, 
Japan's currency appreciated by 10% between 2010Q 1 and 2011Q1, which means that export growth 
in yen terms was much less and that imports dec lined slightly.  The Japanese earthquake triggered a 
sharp rise in the yen against the dollar and would also  have had an impact on services transactions, so 
these figures should be interpreted with caution.   
145. Brazil's exports increased by 17% between the first quarter of 2010 and the first quarter of 
2011, and imports rose 23% during the same interval.  Although the Brazilian real appreciated by 8% 
against the dollar during the year ending in Q1, th is did not outweigh the increase in the number of 
transactions. 
3. GDP and employment 
146. While unemployment remained high in leading developed economies, it turned downwards in 
the United States and Japan in 2011Q1.  The jobl ess rate was nearly unchanged in the European 
Union in the first quarter, but German unemployment fell to its lowest level since the first half of 
2002.  At the same time, GDP growth softened in th e United States and Japan slid back into recession, 
but output growth picked up strongly in the European Union (Chart 14).   
147. In the United States, joblessness fell to 8.9% in th e first quarter of this year from 9.6% in the 
fourth quarter of last year.  Government figures on employment in April were also encouraging, as 
private sector payrolls swelled by 240,000, the larg est such increase since February 2006.  However, 
GDP growth fell to 1.7% (annualized rate) in Q1, down from 3.1% in Q4.  If sustained, improvements 
in labor market conditions could stimulate demand and out put and alleviate protectionist pressures in 
the coming months. 
148. The European Union's GDP grew at a 3.1% annua l rate in 2011Q1 after recording growth of 
just 0.9% in 2010Q4. The first quarter performan ce was the strongest since Q2 of 2010 and the second 
strongest since Q1 of 2007.  However, unemploym ent only declined slightly in Q1 to 9.5%, down 
from 9.6 in Q4.  Output and employment in Germany did better than the EU average in the latest 
period, as GDP grew at a 6.1% annualized  rate and unemployment fell to 6.4%. 
  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 45 
 
 
  02468101214
-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterChart 14
GDP growth and unemployment rates of selected economies, Q1 2007 - Q1 2011
(Annualized percentage change over previous  quarter and percentage of labour force)
United States
0246810121416
-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008
Q3 2008
Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009
Q3 2009
Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010
Q3 2010
Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterEuropean Union (27)
02468101214
-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter024681012
-14.0-10.0-6.0-2.02.06.010.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter
4681012
-12.0-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007
Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009
Q1 2010
Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter
246810
-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterFrance Germany
Italy United Kingdom
 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 46  
 
  02468
-18.0-14.0-10.0-6.0-2.02.06.010.014.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterChart 14  (continued)
Japan
0246
-18.0-14.0-10.0-6.0-2.02.06.010.014.018.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008
Q2 2008
Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009
Q2 2009
Q3 2009Q4 2009
Q1 2010
Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterRepublic of Korea
-2-1012345678910111213
-18.0-16.0-14.0-12.0-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.010.012.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter4681012
-25.0-20.0-15.0-10.0-5.00.05.010.015.0
Q1-2007
Q2-2007Q3-2007Q4-2007Q1-2008Q2-2008Q3-2008
Q4-2008
Q1-2009Q2-2009Q3-2009Q4-2009
Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010
Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter
01234
-2.00.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.016.018.020.022.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007
Q4 2007
Q1 2008
Q2 2008
Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009Q2 2009
Q3 2009
Q4 2009
Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010
Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter
01234
-2.00.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.016.018.020.022.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009
Q3 2009
Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterBrazil Chile
China a, bIndia b
a    GDP growth estimated based on year-on-year changes reported by China's National Bureau of Statistics.
b    Unemployment data not available.
 
  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 47 
 
 
  0123456
-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007
Q1 2008
Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterChart 14 (continued)
Australia
Source :  Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and National Statistics.246810
-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007
Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009
Q1 2010
Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterCanada
02468101214
-2.00.02.04.06.08.010.012.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2008Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter02468101214161820
-25.0-20.0-15.0-10.0-5.00.05.010.015.020.025.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007Q3 2007
Q4 2007
Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009Q2 2009
Q3 2009
Q4 2009Q1 2010Q2 2010
Q3 2010
Q4 2010Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarter
1216202428
-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007
Q4 2007
Q1 2008
Q2 2008
Q3 2008
Q4 2008
Q1 2009
Q2 2009
Q3 2009
Q4 2009
Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010
Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterIndonesia Turkey
South Africa
GDP (LHS) Unemployment rate (RHS)0246810
-4.00.04.08.012.016.0
Q1 2007
Q2 2007
Q3 2007
Q4 2007Q1 2008Q2 2008
Q3 2008
Q4 2008Q1 2009
Q2 2009
Q3 2009Q4 2009Q1 2010
Q2 2010
Q3 2010Q4 2010
Q1 2011
% of labour force% change over previous quarterArgentina
 
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 48  
 
  149. Japan's GDP growth turned negative in Q4 of  2010 (-3.0%, revised downwards from -1.3%) 
and the decline accelerated in Q1 of 2011 (-3.7%).  This meant that Japan was back in recession 
according to the conventional definition of two cons ecutive quarters of declining output.  How much 
of the fall in output in Q1 can be attributed to the earthquake is difficult to say, but he largest impact 
is expected to be felt in Q2 since the disaster oc curred toward the end of the quarter.  Unemployment 
had fallen to 4.7% in the first quarter from 5% in th e previous quarter, but it is likely to rise in Q1 as 
the idling of productive capacity reduces the demand for labor. 
  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 49 
 
 
  ANNEX 1 
Trade and Trade-Related Measures1  
(Mid-October 2010 to end-April 2011) 
 
  
VERIFIED INFORMATION  
Country/ 
Member 
State Measure Source/Date Status 
Argentina Initiation on 14 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  bed linen 
(NCM 6302.60.00; 6302.91.00; 6302.93.00; 6302.99.10; 
6302.99.90) from Brazil WTO document G/ADP/N/209/ARG, 
31 March 2011   
Argentina Initiation on 15 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of paper and paperboard, coated 
on one or both sides with kao lin (China clay) or other 
inorganic substances, with or without a blinder, and with 
no other coating, whether or not surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed,  in rolls or rectangular 
(including square) sheets, of any size  
(NCM 4810.13.89; 4810.13.90; 4810.19.89; 4810.19.90) 
from Austria; China; Finland; Korea, Rep. of; and the 
United States WTO document G/ADP/N/209/ARG, 
31 March 2011   
Argentina Initiation on 16 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of glass fibres (including glass 
wool) and articles thereof  (NCM 7019.39.00) from Mexico WTO document G/ADP/N/209/ARG, 
31 March 2011   
Argentina Temporary export quota (500 tonnes) on certain species 
of fish "Hoplias malabaricus and H.cf lacerdae" (NCM 0302.69.44; 0303.79.54) Resolución No. 960/2010 -  Secretaría 
de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (14 December 2010) Effective until 
31 December 2010 
Argentina Termination on 28 December 2010 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of polypropylene 
yarns (NCM 5402.48.00; 5402.59.00) from Brazil 
(initiated on 11 February 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/ARG, 
31 March 2011   
Argentina Reintroduction of impor t prohibition on used garments 
(NCM 6309.00) Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (10 May 2011)    
Argentina Termination on 24 January 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of manual kitchen lighters (NCM 
9613.80.00) from China  (investigation initiated on 
11 July 2009, and provisional duty imposed on 
29 March 2010) WTO document  G/ADP/N/202/ARG, 
9 August 2010 and Resolución No. 
9/2011 Comercio Exterior - 
Ministerio de Industria y Comercio 
(13 January 2011)   
Argentina Introduction of non-automatic import licensing 
requirement (Certificado de  Importación de Vehículos 
Automóviles "CIVA") for certain motor cars and other motor vehicles (of a cylinder capacity exceeding 2,500 
cc) (NCM 8703.24.10; 8703.24.90; 8703.33.10; 
8703.33.90) WTO document 
G/LIC/N/2/ARG/22/Add.1, 
21 March 2011   
Argentina Update of the list of "c riterion values" (valores criterio 
de carácter precautorio) for exports of  certain products, 
i.e. natural honey (NCM 0409.00.00); and fresh apples, pears and quinces (NCM 0808.10.00; 0808.20.10) for certain specified destinations Resoluciones Generales AFIP No. 
3052/2011 (24 February 2011), and 
No.  3058/2011 (3 March 2011)   
Argentina Initiation on 4 March 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  electric motors of an output 
exceeding 0.12 KW but not exceeding 3 KW (NCM 
8501.40.19) from China Resolución No. 38/2011 Comercio 
Exterior - Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (3 March 2011)    
Annex 1 (cont'd) 
                                                      
1 The inclusion of any measure in this table implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether 
or not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature.  Moreover, nothing in the table implies any judgement, either direct or  indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any 
WTO agreement or such measure's impact on, or relationship with, the global financial crisis. WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 50  
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Argentina Some flexibilities intr oduced to Resolución No. 45/2011 
(on non-automatic import licences) for certain iron and 
steel products, mechanical appliances, and electric lamps 
(NCM 7219.34.00; 7306.40.00; 7306.61.00; 7307.29.00; 
7307.91.00; 7312.10.90; 7326.90.90; 8481.10.00; 8481.20.90; 8481.80.99; 8483.40.10; 9405.40.10), and for certain items imported by "direct users".  The 
flexibilities entail that the li cences be issued "without 
delay".  The "direct user" status is subject to approval by 
the Ministry of Industry Resolución No. 77/2011 Comercio 
Exterior - Ministerio de Industria y 
Comercio (4 March 2011)  Effective 
10 March 2011 
Argentina Termination on 9 March 2011 (without measure) of anti-
dumping investigation on im ports of electric pumps 
(NCM 8413.70.80; 8413. 70.90) from China (initiated on 
16 September 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/195/ARG, 
22 February 2010 and Resolución No. 
46/2011 Comercio Exterior - 
Ministerio de Industria y Comercio 
(9 March 2011)   
Argentina Extension of the lists of products subject to non-
automatic import licensing. Products covered are, i.e. 
motor vehicles, auto-parts, motorcycles, bicycles, textiles and clothing, electr onic and media equipment's, 
and informatics equipment's (selected items in sections 
NCM 2916; 2929; 3902; 3919; 3920; 4016; 4810; 4819; 
4821; 5208; 5209; 5211; 5407;  5509; 5513; 5515; 5516; 
6005; 6006; 6506; 6911; 6912;  7007; 7009; 7013; 7014; 
7217; 7219; 7306; 7307; 7308;  7312; 7318; 7326; 7408; 
7615; 8202; 8205; 8207; 8305;  8403; 8409; 8413; 8414; 
8418; 8426; 8433; 8450; 8471;  8472; 8480; 8481; 8482; 
8483; 8484; 8501; 8502; 8507; 8511).  For a few products (NCM 8711.10.00; 8711.20.10; 8711.20.20; 
8711.20.90; 8711.30.00; 8711.40.00; 8711.50.00), 
importers may benefit from easier procedures subject to the issuance of an exemption certificate by the Ministry 
of Production WTO document 
G/LIC/N/2/ARG/22/Add.1, 21 March 
2011   
Argentina Initiation on 28 March 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  photographic plates, 
sensitised for X-ray (NCM 3701.10.29) from the United States Resolución No. 58/2011 Comercio 
Exterior - Ministerio de Industria y 
Comercio (28 March 2011)    
Argentina Initiation on 6 April 2011 of anti-dumping investigation 
on imports of straight slaw blades (NCM 8202.91.00; 8202.99.90) from India Resolución No. 74/2011 Comercio 
Exterior - Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (6 April 2011)    
Argentina Initiation on 6 April 2011 of anti-dumping investigation 
on imports of sunglasses, a nd frames and mountings for 
spectacles, goggles or the like, and parts thereof (NCM 
9003.11.00; 9003.19.10; 9003.19.90; 9004.10.00; 
9004.90.10) from China Resolución No. 75/2011 Comercio 
Exterior - Ministerio de Industria y Comercio (6 April 2011)    
Argentina Termination on 11 April 2011 (without measure) of anti-
dumping investigation on imports of 
chlorodifluoromethane (NCM 2903.49.11) from China (initiated on 29 September 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/195/ARG, 
22 February 2010 and Resolución No. 
76/2011 Comercio Exterior - 
Ministerio de Industria y Comercio 
(6 April 2011)   
Argentina Update of the list of "c riterion values" (valores criterio 
de carácter precautorio)  for imports of a variety of 
products, i.e. milk and cream, plastics, rubber, man-made filaments, man-made staple fibres, knitted or 
crocheted fabrics, headgear, ceramic products, glass and 
glassware, other base meta ls; cermets, miscellaneous 
articles of base metal, refrigerators and freezers, electrical machinery, optical fibres, musical instruments, 
miscellaneous manufactured articles (NCM 0402; 3907; 
3916; 3926; 4008; 4016; 5407;  5516; 6001; 6005; 6006; 
6505; 6912; 7013; 7019; 8104;  8308; 8418; 8543; 9001; 
9209; 9606; 9607), from specific origins  Resoluciones Generales Nos. 
2951/2010, 2952/2010, 2953/2010, 
2970/2010, 2978/2010, 2979/2010, 2993/2010, 2994/2010, 2995/2010, 
2998/2010, 2999/2010, 3024/2011, 
3025/2011, 3026/2011, 3040/2011, 3041/2011, 3042/2011, 3051/2011, 3057/2011, 3070/2011,  3086/2011 
Administración Federal de Ingresos 
Públicos - Aduanas (Various dates)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 51 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Argentina, 
Brazil, 
Paraguay and 
Uruguay 
(Mercosur) Temporary authorization to increase the Mercosur 
Common Tariff applied rates, but not over their bound 
levels, for imports of 14 tariff lines (certain toys: NCM 
9503.00.10; 9503.00.21; 9503.00.22; 9503.00.31; 
9503.00.39; 9503.00.40; 9503.00.50; 9503.00.60; 9503.00.70; 9503.00.80; 9503.00.91; 9503.00.97; 
9503.00.98; 9503.00.99) Decisión No. 60/10 del Consejo del 
Mercado Común (16 December 2010)  Effective 
1 April 2011 to 
31 December 2011 
Argentina, 
Brazil, 
Paraguay and 
Uruguay 
(Mercosur) Temporary increase of the Mercosur Common Tariff (to 
35%) for imports of prepared or preserved peaches, 
including nectarines (NCM 2008.70.10; 20080.70.90). Paraguay given a waiver on this measure Decisión No. 61/10 del Consejo del 
Mercado Común (16 December 2010)  Effective 
1 April 2011 to 
31 December 2011 
Australia Termination on 22 December 2010 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of   clear float 
glass (CFG) in nominal thicknesses of 3 mm-12 mm (HS 7005.29.00) from China, Indonesia, and Thailand (initiated on 19 April 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/AUS, 
15 March 2011   
Australia Termination on 20 January 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of linear-low 
density polyethylene (LLDPE), in various grades, in 
pelletised form, with a density of less than 0.94 g/cm3  
(HS 3901.10.00; 3901.90.00) from Canada; Korea, Rep. of; and the United States (initiated on 30 July 2010)  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)    
Australia Additional consumer pr ice index adjustment for the 
calculation of new rates of customs duties for certain 
products such as alcoholic beverages (HS 2203; 2204; 
2205; 2206; 2207; 2208) and tobacco products (HS 2401; 2402; 2403) resulting in increase of the customs and excise duties Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)  Effective 
1 February 2011 
Australia Termination on 3 March 2011 of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of "hollow structural sections"- electric resistance welded pipes made of carbon steel, 
comprising circular hollow sections or rectangular or 
square hollow sections, galvanized and non-galvanized (HS 7306.30.00; 7306.61.00; 7306.69.00) from China (imposed on 25 May 2007)  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)    
Australia Initiation on 15 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of pineapple fruit (FSI and consumer) (HS 2008.20.00) from Indonesia  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)    
Australia Initiation on 15 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of pineapple fruit (consumer) 
(HS 2008.20.00) from Thailand (Thai Pineapple 
Canning Industry Corp Ltd)  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)    
Australia Additional safety screening measures on some food 
items imported from certain regi ons of Japan, as a result 
of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)    
Azerbaijan Temporary elimination of  import tariffs and value added 
tax on scientific instruments and equipment  Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan 
to the United Nations (27 April 2011) Effective 
13 December 2010 
to 1 January 2016 
Azerbaijan Temporary elimination of  import tariffs and value added 
tax on certain products to be used on the development of 
the non-oil sector  Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan 
to the United Nations (27 April 2011) Effective 
25 January 2011 
Azerbaijan New Decree implementing certain measures simplifying 
and increasing transparency in customs procedures   Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan 
to the United Nations (27 April 2011)   
Belarus Introduction of non-automatic licensing requirement  for 
exports of rubber pneumatic tyres (HS 4011.10.00) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
1 November 2010 
Belarus Introduction of non-automatic licensing requirement  for 
imports of malt beer from Ukraine (HS 2203.00.01; 
2203.00.09) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
3 January 2011 
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 52  
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Belarus Termination on 18 January 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of malt beer (HS 
2203.00.09) from Ukraine (initiated on 8 April 2010) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011)   
Belarus Temporary restriction on exports of rapeseed oil (HS 
1514), rapeseed and flax (HS 1204.00; 1205)  Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
16 March 2011 to 
16 September 2011
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 5% and 10% to zero) 
on special portal machinery (HS 8426.12.00; 
8426.30.00; 8426.41.00) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 
April 2011) Effective 
13 November 
2010 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 5% to zero) on 
cooking coal (HS 2701.12.10) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
18 November 
2010 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs (from 5% and 
15% to zero) on certain food products, i.e. seed potatoes, 
potatoes for the manufacture of starch, white cabbages, 
buckwheat for sowing (HS 0701; 0702; 0703; 0704; 
1008.10) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
23 November 
2010 to 1 June 
2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Increase of import tariffs (from zero to 5%) on elevators 
(HS 8428.32.00) and conveyors (HS 8428.39.90) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
15 December 
2010 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Increase of export tariffs on copper cathode (HS 
7403.11.00) (from zero to 10%), and not alloyed nickel (HS 7502.10.00) (from 5% to 10%) Custom Union Commission 
Resolutions Nos. 839 and 892 (19 December 2010) Effective 
19 December 2010 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 5% to zero) on 
compounded rubber (HS 4005.99.00)  Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
21 December 
2010 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary introduction of tariff rate quotas on imports 
of certain food products, i.e. bovine meat (HS 0201; 
0202), pork and pork trimmings (HS 0203), and poultry 
(HS 0207) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December 
2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Reduction of import tariffs on certain products, i.e. 
(from 5% to zero) on heparin and its salts (HS 
3001.90.91); and (from 25% to 15%) on dumpers designed for off-highway use (HS 8704.10.10) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
7 January 2011 
Belarus, Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs (from 15% to 5%) 
on paper and paperboard weighing less than 150 g/m
2, of 
a kind used as a base for photosensitive, heat-sensitive 
or electro-sensitive paper or  paperboard (HS 4810.13.80; 
4810.19.90; 4810.22.10; 4810.29.30) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
28 January 2011  
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Initiation on 11 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of colour-coated steel (HS 
7210.70.80; 7210.90.30; 7210.90.80; 7212.40.80; 7212.60.00; 7225.99.00) from China  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011)   
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 10% to zero) on self-
propelled railway coaches (HS 8603.10.00) and railway coaches, not self-propelled (HS 8605.00.00) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
16 February 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 10% to zero) on 
certain types of flour and cereal products (HS 
1103.19.90; 1104.29.18; 1104.29.30)  Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
17 February 2011 
to 30 June 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Increase of import tariffs (from 5% to 10%, but not less 
than €0.15/kg (US$0.21)) on nonwovens, whether or not 
impregnated, coated, cove red or laminated weighing 
more than 150g/m2 (HS 5603.94.90)  Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
24 February 2011 
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Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to zero) on 
certain types of grains, i.e. durum wheat, common 
wheat, meslin, rye, barley, oats, and corn (HS 1001; 1002; 1003.00; 1004.00; 1005) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
1 March 2011 to 
30 June 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, Russian Federation Reduction of import tariffs (from 15% to 5%) on  certain 
refrigerators and freezers equipment (HS 8418.99.10)  Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
17 March 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs on palm oil and its 
fractions, whether or not re fined, but not chemically 
modified (HS 1511) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
17 March 2011  
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to US$50/tonne) 
on certain types of sugar (HS 1701.11.10; 1701.11.90; 
1701.91.00) Permanent Delegation of Belarus to 
the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
31 March 2011 to 
30 April 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Introduction of specific import tariff (€0.3/kg (US$0.4)) 
on top of current import duty (15%) on chain and parts 
of iron and steel the constituent material with a 
maximum cross-sectional dimension of 16 mm or less 
(HS 7315.82) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
4 April 2011  
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian 
Federation Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to zero) on 
certain food products, i.e. bulb onions and shallots 
(HS 0703.10.19), carrots (HS 0706.10.00), and beetroots 
(HS 0706.90.90) Permanent Delegations of Belarus, 
Kazakhstan and the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 April 2011) Effective 
4 April 2011 to 
30 June 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Creation (merge) of a new tariff line (HS 7105.10.00 - 
diamonds) with an import tariff of 10%, resulting in an 
increase of import tariffs on dust and powder of natural 
or synthetic precious or semi-precious stones 
(HS 7105.10.00.01) (from 5% to 10%); and in a decrease of import tariffs on other diamonds 
(HS 7105.10.00.09) (from 20% to 10%) Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011) Effective 
7 April 2011 
Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, 
Russian Federation Temporary elimination of import tariffs on civil aircraft 
(HS 8802.40.00) Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011)   
Bolivia, 
Plurinational State of  Temporary export restrictions of certain products, i.e. 
soya beans (HS 1201.00.10; 1201.00.90); sunflower 
seeds (HS 1206.00.90); flours and meals of oil seeds or 
oleaginous fruits (HS 1208.10.00); oil-cake and other solid residues of soyabean oil (HS 2304.00.00); and  oil-
cake and other solid residues (HS 2306.30.00), under a 
new Food Security Policy  Decreto Supremo 725 
(6 December 2010)   
Brazil Initiation on 23 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  plates, sheets, film, foil and 
strip, of poly(ethylene tere phthalate) of a width not less 
than 5 micrometre but not exceeding 50 micrometre 
(NCM 3920.62.19; 3920.62.91; 3920.62.99) from 
Mexico, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates WTO document G/ADP/N/209/BRA, 
28 March 2011   
Brazil Initiation on 10 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of light weight coated paper 
(NCM 4810.22.90) from Belgium, Canada, Finland,  
Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States WTO document G/ADP/N/209/BRA, 
28 March 2011   
Brazil Temporary tariff increase on imports of tools for 
pressing, stamping or punching (from 14% to 25%, 
NCM 8207.30.00), and of mould for metal (from 14% to 
30%, NCM 8480.41.00) Camex Resolution No. 87 
(14 December 2010)   
Brazil Temporary tariff reducti on (to 2%) on imports of two 
Information Technology (IT) products and extension of 
tariff reduction on 21 IT products (NCM Chapter 85)  Camex Resolution No. 89 
(14 December 2010) Effective until 
30 June 2012 
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Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Brazil Temporary tariff reducti on (to 2%) on imports of 226 
capital goods and extension of tariff reduction on 
316 products (NCM Chapters 39;  82; 84; 85; 86; 89; 90)  Camex Resolution No. 90 (14 
December 2010) Effective until 30 
June 2012 
Brazil Initiation on 21 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of line pipe up to 5 inches 
(NCM 7304.19.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/BRA, 
28 March 2011   
Brazil Initiation on 22 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  stainless steel cookware 
(NCM 7323.93.00) from China and India WTO document G/ADP/N/209/BRA, 
28 March 2011   
Brazil Temporary tariff increase (from 20% to 35% ) on 
imports of toys (14 lines in NCM 9503.00)  Camex Resolution No. 92 
(28 December 2010) Effective until 
31 December 
2011 
Brazil Extension of a temporary tariff reduction (from 12% to 
zero) on imports of terephthalic acid and its salts 
(NCM 2917.36.00), under an import quota of 150,000 
metric tonnes Camex Resolution No. 2 
(20 January 2011) Effective from 
11 February 2011 
to 31 July 2011 
Brazil Initiation on 6 April 2011 of  anti-dumping investigation 
on imports of citric acid (NCM 2918.14.00; 2918.15.00) 
from China  Camex Circular No. 14 (6 April 2011)   
Brazil Initiation on 18 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of flat-rolled products of iron or 
non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, clad, 
plated or coated (NCM 7210.30.10; 7210.49.10; 
7210.61.00; 7210.70.10) from Australia; China; India; 
Korea, Rep. of; and Mexico Camex Circular No. 16 
(15 April 2011)   
Canada Termination on 1 Novemb er 2010 (finding rescinded) of 
anti-dumping duties on refined sugar (HS 1701.91.90; 
1701.99.90; 1702.90) from Denmark, Germany, the 
Netherlands, and the United Kingdom (imposed on 
6 November 1995)  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CAN, 
16 March 2011   
Canada Termination on 1 Novemb er 2010 (finding rescinded) of 
countervailing duties on refi ned sugar (HS 1701.91.90; 
1701.99.90; 1702.90) from the EU (imposed on 
6 November 1995)  WTO document G/SCM/N/219/CAN, 
18 March 2011 
  
Canada Termination on 6 Decemb er 2010 (finding rescinded) of 
anti-dumping duties on imports of waterproof footwear 
and bottoms (HS 6401.10.19;6401.10.20;  6401.92.11; 6401.92.12; 6401.92.92; 6401.99.12; 6401.99.19; 
6401.99.20; 6402.19.90; 6402.91.90; 6403.19.90; 
6403.40.00; 6403.91.00; 6404.11.99; 6404.19.90) from 
China (imposed on 8 December 2000)  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CAN, 
16 March 2011   
Canada Enhance border and impor t controls on imports of all 
food and animal feed products from certain regions of 
Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Canada to 
the WTO (12 May 2011)  Border controls 
effective 
24 March 2011, 
and import 
controls effective 
1 April 2011 
China Termination of the import bans on poultry products (HS 
0207) originating in: Idaho and Kentucky (USA) 
(13 December 2010), Greece (15 December 2010), 
Manitoba - Canada (15 December 2010), Sweden 
(17 January 2011), and Turkey (17 January 2011), due to 
low pathogenic avian influenza Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)    
China Import ban on poultry products (HS 0207) from 
Morbihan - France (12 January 2011), and Gotlands - 
Sweden (23 February 2011), due to Newcastle disease  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)    
China Import ban on artiodactyl and artiodactyl products from 
Bulgaria (1 February 2011), and the Democratic People's 
Republic of Korea (23 February 2011), due to foot and 
mouth disease Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (2 May 2011)    
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
China Initiation on 23 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of photographic paper and 
paper board (HS 3703.10; 3703.20; 3703.90) from the EU, Japan, and the United States WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CHN, 
29 April 2011   
China Initiation on 28 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of di stiller's dried grains with or 
without solubles (HS 2303.30) from the  United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CHN, 
29 April 2011   
China Termination on 28 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of polyester film (HS 3920.32.00) 
from Korea, Rep. of  (imposed on 25 August 2000)  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CHN, 
29 April 2011   
China Entry into force of the 2011 Tariff Implementation Plan 
resulting in the decrease of certain import tariffs, i.e. 
gasoline engines  (HS 8407.34.10) (from 10% to 5%), 
turbo engines (HS 8411.99.10) (from 5% to zero), motor 
vehicles chassis (HS 8704.23.00) (from 15% to 10%), and gear boxes (HS 8708.40.30) (from 6% to 3%). The 
Plan also results in an increase of import tariffs on other 
selected products Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)  Effective 
1 January 2011 
China Termination on 16 January 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of dimethyl cyclosiloxane  (HS 2931.00.00; 
3824.90.90) from Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, 
and the United States   (imposed on 16 January 2006) Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (2 May 2011)    
China Termination on 12 Fe bruary 2011 (expiry without 
review) of anti-dumping duties on imports of 
benzofuranol,7-hydroxy (HS 2932.99.10) from the EU, 
Japan, and the United States (imposed on 12 February 
2006) Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (2 May 2011)    
China Termination on 8 April 2011 of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of cold-rolled Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip 
(HS 7219.31.00; 7219.32.00; 7219.33.00; 7219.34.00; 7219.35.00; 7219.90.00; 7220.20.10; 7220.20.90) from Japan and Korea, Rep. of (imposed on 18 December 2000)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (2 May 2011)    
China Export quotas for rare earth minerals announced on 28 
December 2010 Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)    
China Increase of export tariffs on certain rare-earth minerals 
(from 15% to 25%) neodymium "ND" (HS 2805.30.11) 
and lanthanum chloride; (f rom 20% to 25%) ferroalloy 
containing rare earth elements more than 10%  
(HS 7202.99.91) Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)  Effective 
1 January 2011 
China Coal export quota for 2011 set at  38 milli on tonnes Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)    
China Import ban on certain food products and feeds from 
some regions of Japan (12 Prefectures), as a result of the nuclear crisis  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)  Effective 
8 April 2011 
Colombia Reduction of import tariffs on close to 4,000 lines  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (18 May 2011)  Effective 
5 November 2010 
Colombia Modification of import tariffs on 508 lines (HS Chapters 
10; 11; 19; 30; 32; 35; 39; 42;  44; 48; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 
55; 56; 58; 59; 60; 63; 65; 68;  69; 70; 73; 74; 76; 79; 82; 
83; 84; 85; 86; 89; 90; 96), in 246 cases resulting in 
decrease and in 262 cases in increase of tariff rates (from 
5% to 10% or 15%) Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (18 May 2011)  Effective 
23 February 2011 
Colombia Reduction of import tariffs on 40 lines (HS Chapter 87) Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (18 May 2011)  Effective 
24 February 2011 
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Colombia Temporary reduction of import tariffs (by 50%) on 
certain products, i.e.  machinery and equipment, spare 
parts (HS 3917.23.90; 3917.31.00; 3917.32.99; 
3917.33.10; 3917.33.90; 3926.90.30; 3926.90.40; 
3926.90.90; 8428.10.90; 8428.20.00; 8428.32.00; 8428.33.00; 8428.39.00; 8504.21.19; 8504.22.10; 8504.31.90; 8504.33.00) to be used on mining and hydrocarbon sub-sectors Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (18 May 2011)  Effective until 
16 August 2015 
Colombia Establishment of tempor ary import quotas (contingentes 
de importación) on (116 un its) compression-ignition 
internal combustion piston engines of an output not 
exceeding 130 Kw (HS 8408.90. 10), and (651 units) on 
compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines 
of an output exceeding 130 Kw (HS 8408.90.20), for the 
agro-industry sector Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (18 May 2011)  Effective 
11 April 2011 
until 
10 April 2012 
Costa Rica Termination on 21 October 2010 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of canned tuna 
(HS 1604.14.90) from Brazil a nd El Salvador (initiated 
on 12 June 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/CRI, 
6 April 2011    
Costa Rica Measure to facilitate trade through the implementation 
of an export fast track channel (carril rápido para 
productos de exportación) in the custom of Pe ňas 
Blancas Permanent Delegation of Costa Rica 
to the WTO (2 May 2011) Effective 
24 February 2011 
Dominican 
Rep. Import prohibition on "rebuilt" vehicl es Permanent Delegation of the 
Dominican Republic to the WTO (4 May 2011) Effective 
1 March 2011 
Dominican Rep. Trade facilitation measures w ith the establishment of a 
new Customs valuation Code, and electronic declaration of customs forms Permanent Delegation of the 
Dominican Republic to the WTO (4 May 2011)   
Ecuador Establishment of a temporary quota (300,000 kg) on 
imports of turkey meat and edible offal (HS 0207.25.00),  for imports from the Andean  Community except Bolivia 
(Plurinational State of) Resolución No. 596 Consejo de 
Comercio Exterior e Inversiones 
(9 November 2010) Effective until 
31 December 
2010 
Ecuador Establishment of a temporary import prohibition on 
frozen turkey cuts and offal (HS 0207.27.00), for 
imports from the Andean Community except Bolivia 
(Plurinational State of) Permanent Delegation of Ecuador to 
the WTO (13 May 2011) Effective until 
31 December 2010 
Ecuador Temporary imposition of  a specific tariff (US$0.07/kg) 
on imports of onions and shallots (HS 0703.10.00) from 
Peru, exceeding the annual quota of 35,473,000 kg Permanent Delegation of Ecuador to 
the WTO (13 May 2011)   
Ecuador Increase of import tariffs (from 35% to 40%) on certain 
vehicles (HS 8703.21.00; 8703.22.10; 8703.22.90; 
8703.23.10; 8703.23.90; 8703.31.10; 8703.31.90; 
8703.32.10; 8703.32.90; 8704.21.10; 8704.31.10) Permanent Delegation of Ecuador to 
the WTO (13 May 2011)   
Egypt Initiation on 11 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  PVC floor and wall covering 
(HS 3918.10) from China  Permanent Delegation of Egypt to the 
WTO (12 May 2011)   
EU Initiation on 27 October 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of certain iron or steel fasteners, 
other than of stainless steel , i.e. wood screws (excluding 
coach screws), self-tapping screws, other screws and 
bolts with heads (whether or not with their nuts or washers, but excluding screws turned from bars, rods, 
profiles or wire, of solid section, of a shank thickness 
not exceeding 6 mm and excluding screws and bolts for fixing railway track construc tion material), and washers 
(HS 7318.12.90; 7318.14.91; 7318.14.99; 7318.15.59; 
7318.15.69; 7318.15.81; 7318.15.89; 7318.15.90; 
7318.21.00; 7318.22.00) from Malaysia (possible circumvention of anti-dumping measures of imports from China imposed in 2009) Commission Regulation No. 966/2010 
(27 October 2010) 
  
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
EU Termination on 16 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of  "steel wire ropes - SWR", steel 
ropes and cables, including locked coil ropes, excluding 
ropes and cables of stainless steel, with a maximum 
cross-sectional dimension exceeding 3 mm  (HS 7312.10.82; 7312.10.84; 7312.10.86; 7312.10.88; 
7312.10.99)  from India (imposed on 12 August 1999) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011  
  
EU Termination on 18 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of  certain stainless steel fasteners and 
parts thereof  (HS 7318.12.10; 7318.14.10; 7318.15.30; 
7318.15.51; 7318.15.61; 7318.15.70; 7318.16.30)  from 
Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam (imposed on 19 
November 2005)  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011    
EU Temporary suspension of import tariffs for the CXL 
concessions sugar quota of sugar (HS 1701) (300,000 
tonnes) during the 2010-11 marketing year Commission Regulation No. 
1100/2010 (26 November 2010)  Effective 
December 2010 to 
August 2011 
EU Termination on 1 December 2010  (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of "HTY" high 
tenacity yarn of polyesters (other than sewing thread), 
not put up for retail sale, in cluding monofilament of less 
than 67 decitex (HS 5402.20.00) from Korea, Rep. of; 
and Chinese, Taipei (initiated on 8 September 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011 and EU Regulation 
No. 1105/2010 (29 November 2010)   
EU Initiation on 4 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  vinyl acetate 
(HS 2915.32.00) from the United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011    
EU Termination on 8 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of granular polytetrafluoroethylene 
(PTFE), containing not more than 3% of other monomer 
unit than tetrafluoroethylene, without fillers, in the form 
of powder or pellets, with the exclusion of micronized material, and its raw polymer (reactor bead), the latter in wet or dry form (HS 3904.61.00) from China and the Russian Federation (imposed on  8 December 2005) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011    
EU Termination on 16 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of glyphosate (HS 2931.00.95; 3808.30.27) from China (imposed in February 1998) EU Decision (2009/383/EC) 
(14 May 2009) and EU Regulation No. 1187/2010 (13 December 2010) Measures 
suspended on 
14 May 2009, and 
extended until 
14 February 2011 
EU Initiation on 17 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  graphite electrodes of a kind 
used for electric furnaces, with an apparent density of 
1.5g/cm3 or more and an electrical resistance of 7 µ Ω.m 
or less (HS 8545.11.00; 8545.90.90) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/EEC, 
28 March 2011    
EU Termination  on 20 January 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of purified 
terephthalic acid and its salts of a purity by weight of 99.5% or more (HS 2917.36.00 ) from Thailand (initiated 
on 22 December 2009) EU Decision No. 2011/32/EU 
(19 January 2011)   
EU Termination on 20 January 2011 (without measure) of 
countervailing investigati on on imports of purified 
terephthalic acid and its salts of a purity by weight of 
99.5% or more (HS 2917.36.00 ) from Thailand (initiated 
on 22 December 2009) EU Decision No. 2011/31/EU 
(19 January 2011)   
EU Initiation on 26 January 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  oxalic acid, whether in 
dihydrate (CUS number 0028635-1 and CAS number 6153-56-6) or anhydrous form (CUS number 0021238-4 
and CAS number 144-62-7) and whether or not in 
aqueous solution (HS 2917.11.00) from China and India  Commission Notice 2011/C 24/07 
(26 January 2011)   
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
EU Termination on 26 January 2011 (without measure) of 
safeguard investigation on impor ts of  wireless wide area 
networking (WWAN) modems with a radio antenna and 
providing Internet Protocol  (IP) data connectivity for 
computing devices and including Wi-Fi routers comprising a WWAN modem (WWAN/Wi-Fi routers) 
(HS 8471.80.00; 8517.62.00) (in itiated on 30 June 2010)  WTO documents G/SG/N/6/EEC/5, 
5 July 2010 and G/SG/N/9/EEC/2, 
31 January 2011   
EU Initiation on 16 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  polyethylene terephthalate 
having a viscosity number of 78 ml/g or higher, 
according to the ISO Standard 1628-5 (HS 3907.60.20) 
from Oman and Saudi Arabia Commission Notice 2011/C 49/10 
(16 February 2011)   
EU Initiation on 16 February 2011 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of  polyethylene terephthalate 
having a viscosity number of 78 ml/g or higher, according to the ISO Standard 1628-5 (HS 3907.60.20) from Oman and Saudi Arabia Commission Notice 2011/C 49/11 
(16 February 2011)   
EU Initiation on 17 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  sodium cyclamate 
(HS 2929.90.00) from China limited to two producers 
(Fang Da Food Additive "Shen Zhen" Limited and Fang 
Da Food Additive "Yang Quan" Limited) Commission Notice 2011/C 50/07 
(17 February 2011)   
EU Temporary suspension of import tariffs (to zero) on 
certain cereals, i.e. common wheat of low and medium 
quality (HS 1001.90.99), and feed barley (HS 1003.00), 
for all imports under reduce-duty tariff quotas Commission Regulation No. 177/2011 
(24 February 2011) Effective 2010-11 
marketing year 
EU Termination on 3 March 2011 (without measure) of anti-
dumping investigation on imports  of  wireless wide area 
networking (WWAN) modems with a radio antenna and 
providing Internet Protocol  (IP) data connectivity for 
computing devices and including Wi-Fi routers comprising a WWAN modem (WWAN/Wi-Fi routers) 
(HS 8471.80.00; 8517.62.00) fr om China (initiated on 
30 June 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/202/EEC, 
5 October 2010 and Commission 
Regulation No. 209/2011 
(2 March 2011)   
EU Termination on 3 March 2011 (without measure) of 
countervailing investigation on imports of  wireless wide 
area networking (WWAN) modems with a radio antenna and providing Internet Protoc ol (IP) data connectivity 
for computing devices and including Wi-Fi routers 
comprising a WWAN modem (WWAN/Wi-Fi routers) (HS 8471.80.00; 8517.62.00) fr om China (initiated on 
16 September 2010) Commission Notice 2010/C 249/08 
(16 September 2010) and Commission 
Regulation No. 209/2011 
(2 March 2011)   
EU Termination on 9 March 2011 of countervailing duties 
on imports of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film 
(HS 3920.62.19; 3920.62.90) from India (imposed on 
8 March 2006)   Commission Notice 2011/C 68/05 
(3 March 2011)   
EU Termination on 10 March 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of stainless steel 
bars and rods, not further worked than cold-formed or cold-finished, other than bars and rods of circular cross-
section of a diameter of 80 mm or more (HS 7222.20.21; 
7222.20.29; 7222.20.31; 7222.20.39; 7222.20.81; 
7222.20.89) from India (i nitiated on 1 April 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/202/EEC, 
5 October 2010 and Commission 
Decision (2011/154/EU) 
(9 March 2011)   
EU Introduction of specific and detailed procedures for 
imports of polyamide and me lamine plastic kitchenware 
(HS 3924.10.00) from China and Hong Kong, China.  Imports to be submitted to a declaration confirming that 
the items meet the requirements concerning the release 
of primary aromatic and formaldehyde Commission Regulation No. 284/2011 
(22 March 2011)  Effective 
1 July 2011 
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
EU Introduction of limited temporary special conditions for 
imports of feedstuffs and foodstuffs from regions of 
Japan affected by the nuclear crisis. Imports to be 
submitted to a declaration attesting that: (i) the product 
has been harvested and/or processed before 11 March 2011; and (ii) it doe s not contain levels of 
radionuclides iodine-131, caesium-134, and caesium-137 above the maximum levels provided by Euratom Commission Regulation No. 297/2011 
(25 March 2011) and Commission 
Implementing Regulation No. 351/2011 (11 April 2011) Effective 
26 March 2011 to 
30 June 2011 
EU Termination on 31 March 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of  footwear with uppers of leather or 
composition leather, excluding sports footwear, footwear 
involving special technology, slippers and other indoor 
footwear and footwear with a protective toecap 
(HS 6403.20.00; 6403.51.05; 6403.51.11; 6403.51.15; 
6403.51.19; 6403.51.91; 6403.51.95; 6403.51.99; 6403.59.05; 6403.59.11; 6403.59.31; 6403.59.35; 
6403.59.39; 6403.59.91; 6403.59.95; 6403.59.99; 
6403.91.05; 6403.91.11; 6403.91.13; 6403.91.16; 6403.91.18; 6403.91.91; 6403.91.93; 6403.91.96; 
6403.91.98; 6403.99.05; 6403.99.11; 6403.99.31; 
6403.99.33; 6403.99.36; 6403.99.38; 6403.99.91; 6403.99.93; 6403.99.96; 6403.99.98; 6405.10.00) from China and Viet Nam (imposed on 5 October 2006)   Commission Notice 2011/C 82/04 
(16 March 2011)   
EU Temporary suspension of import tariffs for an 
exceptional tariff quota of sugar (HS1701) (300,000 tonnes) in the 2010-11 marketing year Commission Regulation No. 302/2011 
(28 March 2011)  Effective 
1 April 2011 to 
30 September 
2011 
EU Initiation on 19 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of concentrated soy protein 
products, containing by weight  65% or more of proteins 
(N x 6.25) calculated on the dry matter by excluding added vitamins, minerals, amino acids and food 
additives (HS 2106.10.20; 2106.90.92; 2309.90.10; 
2309.90.99; 3504.00.90) from China  Commission Notice 2011/C 121/26 
(19 April 2011)   
Hong Kong, 
China Temporary import ban on certain food products, i.e. 
vegetables (HS 0701; 0702;  0703; 0704; 0705; 0706; 
0707; 0708; 0709; 0710; 0711 - except 0701.10.00 and 0714), fruits (HS 0803; 0804; 0805; 0806.10.00; 0807; 
0808; 0809; 0810; 0811; 0812), chilled or frozen meat 
and poultry (HS 0201; 0202; 0203; 0204; 0205; 0206; 0207; 0208; 0209), eggs (HS 0407 - except 0407.00.40; 
0407.00.50; 0407.00.60),  seafood (HS 0301; 0304; 
0306; 0305; 0306; 0307: except 0301.10.10; 0301.10.30; 0301.10.40; 0301.10.90; 0301.91.00; 0301.92.10; 
0301.99.11; 0301.99.14; 0301.99.15; 0301.99.19; 
0306.19.00; 0306.21.11; 0306.21.20; 0306.22.11; 0306.22.20; 0306.23.10; 0306.23.30; 0306.24.10; 
0306.24.20; 0306.29.10; 0306.29.20; 0307.10.11; 
0307.10.30; 0307.21.10; 0307.29.20; 0307.31.10; 0307.39.20; 0307.41.30; 0307.49.30; 0307.49.40; 
0307.59.20; 0307.60.30; 0307.91.20; 0307.99.20; 
0307.99.30; 0307.99.90), and dairy products (HS 0401; 0402; 0403; 0404 - except 0403.10.00)  from Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Hong Kong, 
China to the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
24 March 2011 
India Termination on 11 November 2010 (duty lapsed) of anti-
dumping duties on imports of maleic anhydride "MAN" (HS 2917.14.00) from China; Indonesia; and Chinese, Taipei (imposed on 18 September 2008) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Termination on 18 November 2010 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of seamless tubes, 
pipes & hollow profiles of ir on, alloy or non-alloy steel 
(other than cast iron), whet her hot finished or cold 
drawn or cold rolled, of an external diameter not 
exceeding 273 mm or 10" (HS 7304) from China 
(initiated on 12 January 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
India Initiation on 7 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of melamine (HS 2933.61.00) 
from the EU, Indonesia, Iran, and Japan  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Initiation on 7 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of morpholine (HS 2933.39.17) 
from China, EU, and the United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Termination on 18 December 2010 (duty lapsed) of anti-
dumping duties on imports of sodium cyanide-I 
(HS 2837.11) from Korea Rep. of, and the United States 
(imposed on 27 December 1999) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Initiation on 20 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of aniline (HS 2921.41) from 
the EU  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Initiation on 20 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of geogrid/geostrips/geostraps 
made of polyester or gla ss fiber in all its forms 
(including all widths and lengths) (HS 3902.10.00; 
3914.00.90; 3920.10.19; 3926.90.99; 5503.40.00; 5603.31.30; 5603.94.00; 5604.90.00; 5903.10.90; 
5911.10.00; 5911.31.50; 5911.31.90; 5911.90.90; 
7019.40.00; 7019.59.00; 7019.90.10; 7019.90.90) from 
China WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IND, 
19 April 2011   
India Elimination of import tariffs on onions (HS 0703.10.10) 
(from 5% to zero) and on shallots (HS 0703.10.20) 
(from 30% to zero) Notification No. 127/2010-Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (21 December 2010)   
India Addition of natural rubber (HS 4001.21; 4001.22; 
4001.29) to the list of products subject to tariff rate 
quotas Notification No. 128/2010-Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (22 December 2010)   
India Initiation on 27 December 2010 of safeguard 
investigation on imports of N1, 3-dimethyl butyl-N 
phenyl paraphenylenediamine "PX-13 or 6-PPD" 
(HS 2934.20; 2925.20; 3812.10; 3812.20;  3812.30) WTO document G/SG/N/6/IND/28, 
7 January 2011   
India Initiation on 11 January 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of pentaerythritol 
(HS 2905.42.00) from the EU (excluding Sweden) Notification No. 14/43/2010-DGAD 
Ministry of Commerce & Industry - 
Department of Commerce (11 January 2011)   
India Initiation on 4 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of phosphoric acid of all grades 
and all concentrations (exc luding agriculture/fertilizer 
grade) (HS 2809.20.10) from Israel and Chinese, Taipei Notification No. 14/44/2010-DGAD 
Ministry of Commerce & Industry - 
Department of Commerce 
(4 February 2011)   
India Import tariffs set at 5% for all items of machinery, 
including prime movers, instruments, apparatus and 
appliances, control gear and transmission equipment and auxiliary equipment (includi ng those required for testing 
and quality control) and co mponents, required for the 
initial setting up of a solar pow er generation project or 
facility  Notification No. 1/2011-Customs 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (6 January 2011)   
India Introduction of export tariffs on certain products, i.e. 
(10%) de-oiled rice bran oil cake (HS 2306), snake skin 
(HS 41), raw fur lamb skins (HS 4301); (15%) cycle 
saddle leathers,  hydraulic/packing/belting/washer 
leathers, picking band leathe rs, strap/combing leathers, 
tanned leather (HS 41), ferr ous waste scrap, remelting 
scrap ingots of iron or steel (HS 7204); and (25%) 
luggage leather-case hide or  side/suit case/ hand bag 
luggage/cash bag leather, i ndustrial harness leather, 
transistor case/camera case leathers (HS 41) Notification No. 27/2011-Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (1 March 2011) Effective 
1 March 2011 
India Additional increase of export tax on iron ore fines (HS 
2601.11.30; 2601.11.40) (from 5% to 20%), and on iron 
ore lumps and pellets (HS 2601.11.10; 2601.11.20) (from 15% to 20%). Notification No. 27/2011-Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (1 March 2011) Effective 
1 March 2011 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
India Extension of export ban on pulses (HS 0713) (originally 
implemented on 27 June 2006)  Notification No. 35 (RE-2010)/2009-
2014-Customs, Ministry of Finance - 
Department of Revenue (23 March 2011) Effective until 
31 March 2012 
India Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 30%) on engine 
or gearbox or transmission mechanism in pre-assembled form but not mounted on a chassis or a body assembly  (HS 8703; 8711) Notification No. 31/2011-Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (24 March 2011) Effective 
24 March 2011 
India Reduction of the minimum export price "MEP" (from 
US$275/metric tonne (13 March 2011) to 
US$225/metric tonne (23 March 2011) to 
US$170/metric tonne (31 March 2011)) on onions; and 
(from US$1,400/ metric tonne  to US$600/ metric tonne) 
on  Bangalore Rose and Krishnapuram onions (HS 
0703.10.10) Notifications Nos. 36 (RE-010)/2009-
2014 and 41 (RE-2010)/2009-2014 
Customs, Ministry of Finance - 
Department of Revenue 
(23 March and 31 March 2011)   
India Termination of export ban on cotton yarn (HS 5205; 
5206; 5207).  Exports subject to registration with the 
Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) Notification No. 40 (RE-2010)/2009-
14-Customs, Ministry of Finance - 
Department of Revenue 
(31 March 2011) Effective 
31 March 2011 
India Reduction of import tariffs on certain products, i.e. 
(from 5% to zero) on stainless steel scrap; (from 5% to 
2.5%) ferro-nickel; and (fro m 7.5% to 2.5%) vanadium 
pent oxide Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (6 May 2011) Effective 
1 April 2011 
India Reduction of export duty on iron ore pellets (from 15% 
to zero)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (6 May 2011) Effective 
1 April 2011 
India Initiation on 29 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of phthalic anhydride "PAN" 
(HS 2917.35.00) from Israel; Korea, Rep. of; and Chinese, Taipei  Notification No. 14/1/2011-DGAD 
Ministry of Commerce & Industry - 
Department of Commerce (29 April 2011)   
India Import ban on certain products, i.e. live pigs (HS 0103); 
eggs and eggs products (HS 0207; 0407.00.10; 0407.00.90; 0408.11.00; 0408.19.00; 0408.91.00; 
0408.99.00); domestic and wild birds (HS 0103; 0105; 
0106.31.00; 0106.32.00; 0106.39.00); products of animal origin (from birds) intended for use in animal 
feeding or for agriculture or industrial use; semen of 
domestic and wild birds including poultry;  unprocessed meat and meat products from avian species (HS 0207); 
unprocessed feather (HS 0505.90; 0606.10); and day-
old-chicks, ducks, turkeys,  and other newly hatched 
avian species (HS 0103; 0105), due to avian influenza Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (6 May 2011) Effective mid-
October 2010 to 
30 April 2011 
Indonesia Termination on 25 Oc tober 2010 (no application for 
continuation received) of  anti-dumping duties on 
imports of paracetamol (H S 2924.29.90) from China and 
the United States (imposed on 25 October 2005)   WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IDN, 
4 April 2011   
Indonesia Termination on 11 Nove mber 2010 (no application for 
continuation received) of  anti-dumping duties on 
imports of wheat flour (HS 1101.00.10) from China and 
India (imposed on 11 November 2005)   WTO document G/ADP/N/209/IDN, 
4 April 2011   
Indonesia Suspension of import tariffs on rice (HS 1006.30.90)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
22 December 
2010 to 31 March 
2011 
Indonesia Import prohi bition on certain shrimp species 
(HS 0306.13.00; 0306.23.30)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
23 December 
2010 
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Indonesia Import regulation on proc urement, circulation, sale, 
supervision, and control on alcoholic beverages 
(HS 2203.00.10; 2203.00.90; 2204.10.00; 2204.21.11; 
2204.21.12; 2204.21.21; 2204.21.22; 2204.29.11; 
2204.29.12; 2204.29.21; 2204.29.22; 2204.30.10; 2204.30.20; 2205.10.10; 2205.10.20; 2205.90.10; 2205.90.20; 2206.00.10; 2206.00.20; 2206.00.30; 
2206.00.40; 2206.00.90; 2208.20.10; 2208.20.20; 
2208.20.30; 2208.20.40; 2208.30.10; 2208.30.20; 2208.40.10; 2208.40.20; 2208.50.10; 2208.50.20; 
2208.60.10; 2208.60.20; 2208.70.10; 2208.90.10; 
2208.90.20; 2208.90.30; 2208.90.40; 2208.90.50; 
2208.90.60; 2208.90.70; 2208.90.90)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
28 December 
2010 
Indonesia Easier administrative procedures on imports of final 
goods by manufacturers Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011   
Indonesia New regulations on imports  of cosmetic products  Perman ent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011   
Indonesia Temporary revised import control procedures for steel 
and iron (HS 7208; 7209; 7210; 7211; 7212; 7213; 7214; 
7215; 7216; 7217; 7229; 7301;  7304; 7305; 7306; 7307; 
7308; 7312; 7314; 7317) Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December 
2012  
Indonesia Temporary revised impor t regulations for used capital 
goods (HS 7315; 8405; 8407; 8408; 8409; 8411; 8413; 
8414; 8417; 8418; 8422; 8423;  8425; 8426; 8427; 8429; 
8430; 8431; 8439; 8440; 8441;  8442; 8443; 8444; 8445; 
8446; 8447; 8448; 8451; 8452;  8453; 8454; 8456; 8457; 
8458; 8459; 8460; 8461; 8462;  8463; 8464; 8465; 8477; 
8478; 8479; 8480; 8483; 8501;  8502; 8514; 8517; 8708; 
8801; 8802; 8803; 8804; 8805;  8901; 8902; 8903; 8904; 
8905; 8906; 8907; 9022) to promote economic 
development Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December 
2011  
Indonesia Determination of list of entry point (selected seaports) 
for certain food products, i.e. preparation of meat; 
sugars; cocoa, preparations of cereals, flour, starch or 
milk; and  preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other 
plants (HS 1601; 1602; 1603; 1604; 1605; 1704; 1806; 
1901; 1902; 1904; 1905; 2002; 2007; 2008) Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (29 April 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December  
2012  
Indonesia Extension of the list of products subject to non-
automatic import licensing.  Products covered include, 
i.e. electronics and household appliances (HS 7321; 8413; 8414; 8415; 8418; 8419); textiles (HS 6105; 
6301); footwear (HS 6401; 6402; 6403; 6404; 6405); 
and food and beverages (HS 1601; 1602).  Pre-shipment 
inspection requirements reinforced Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December  
2012  
Indonesia Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to zero) on 
certain food products, food components, animal feed;  
(HS 2301.10.00; 2301.20.00; 2309.90.20; 3102.10.00); and mineral and chemical fertilizers (HS 3105.60.00)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
24 January 2011 
to 31 December  2011  
Indonesia Initiation on 22 March 2011 of safeguard investigation 
on imports of tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds of synthetic fibres (HS 6306.12.00) WTO document G/SG/N/6/IDN/13, 
28 March 2011   
Indonesia Initiation on 26 April 2011 of  safeguard investigation on 
imports of polypropylene in granule form products 
(HS 3902.10.20) WTO document G/SG/N/6/IDN/14, 
28 April 2011   
Indonesia Temporary introduction of special conditions for imports 
of  certain food products (HS 0201; 0202; 0203; 0204; 0205; 0207; 0208; 0209; 0210;  0401; 0402; 0403; 0405; 
0406; 0703; 0708; 0709; 0710;  0711; 0712; 0713; 0802; 
0804; 0805; 0810; 0811; 0812;  0813; 0814; 0909; 1003; 
1102; 1106; 1207; 1209; 1210;  1211; 1212; 1601; 1602; 
1603; 2306; 3502) from Japan, as a result of the nuclear 
crisis  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Indonesia New tax policy, imposing a higher fee (Royalty taxes) 
on foreign films (HS 3706) Permanent Delegation of Indonesia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011)   
Israel Initiation on 11 January 2011 of safeguard investigation 
on imports of glass wool a nd rock wool (HS 6806.10.00; 
7019.39.19) WTO document G/SG/N/6/ISR/2, 
12 January 2011   
Jamaica Termination on 9 December 2010 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of ordinary 
portland grey cement (HS 2523.29) from the Dominican 
Republic (initiated on 30 April 2010) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/JAM, 
6 April 2011    
Kazakhstan Temporary export prohi bition on light distillates, 
kerosene, and gasoil (HS 2710.19.21; 2710.19.25) Permanent Delegation of Kazakhstan 
to the United Nations (11 April 2011) Effective 
30 October 2010 
to 6 May 2011 
Kazakhstan Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to zero) on raw 
cane-sugar (HS 1701.11) Permanent Delegation of Kazakhstan 
to the United Nations (11 April 2011)   
Kazakhstan Modification of impor t tariffs on certain products, 
i.e. un-vulcanized rubber mixtures (HS 4005.99.00); 
transport vehicles (HS 87); gold, silver, platinum and 
palladium (HS 7106.91.10; 7108.12.00; 7108.20.00; 7110.11.00; 7110.21.00); lorries (HS 8704.10.10); 
separate kinds of milling-cereal products (HS 
1103.19.90; 1104.29.18; 1104.29.30); bonded fabric (HS 5603.94.90); certain tropical oils (HS 1511.10.90; 
1511.90.11; 1511.90.19; 1511.90.99); in some cases 
resulting in decrease or increase of tariff rates  Permanent Delegation of Kazakhstan 
to the United Nations (11 April 2011)   
Korea, Rep. 
of Termination on 11 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of uncoated woodfree paper 
(HS 4802.55; 4802.56; 4802.57) from China and 
Indonesia (imposed on 7 November 2003) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/KOR, 
4 April 2011   
Korea, Rep. 
of Temporary reduction of import tariffs on certain 
products, i.e. pork (HS 0203.29), fish (HS 0303.74; 
0304.29), milk powder (HS 0402.10; 0402.21; 0402.29), coffee (HS 0901.11; 0901.12), frozen orange juice 
(HS 2009.11), soap (HS 3401.20), and lauryl alcohol 
(HS 3823.70)  Permanent Delegation of Korea to the 
WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
28 January 2011 
until 30 June 2011 
Korea, Rep. 
of Import suspension on certain food products, i.e. 
spinaches (HS 0709.70), celeries (HS 0709.40), turnips 
(HS 0706.10), mushrooms (HS 0709.59), and sand launce (HS 0303.79; 0305.59.70; 0305.69.90) from some regions of Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Korea to the 
WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
May 2011 
Kyrgyz 
Republic Initiation on 15 October 2010 of safeguard investigation 
on imports of poultry eggs (HS 0407.00.30) WTO document G/SG/N/6/KGZ/3, 
25 October 2010   
Kyrgyz 
Republic Establishment of temporary export duties on certain 
agricultural products (HS 1004.00; 1005; 1213; 1214; 
2301; 2302; 2304; 2306; 2308)  WTO document G/AG/N/KGZ/3, 
7 January 2011 Effective 
5 November 2010 
to 5 May 2011 
Macedonia, 
Former 
Yugoslav Rep. of Temporary export ban on wheat and meslin  (HS 1001) WTO document G/AG/N/MKD/12, 
8 March 2011 Effective 
10 March 2011 to 
10 September 2011 
Macedonia, Former 
Yugoslav 
Rep. of Temporary export ban on wheat flour (HS 1101.00) WTO document G/AG/N/MKD/13, 
19 April 2011 Effective 
8 April 2011 to 
15 September 
2011 
Malaysia Stricter import controls  on all food products from Japan, 
as a result of the nuclear crisis  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
27 April 2011 
Mexico Measures to simplify trade procedures (continuation of 
the programme "Programa de Impulso a la Competitividad" established in August 2010) through 
actions such as the simplification of export and import 
procedures  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (20 April 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Mexico Elimination of special requirements on imports of 
cosmetics  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (20 April 2011) Effective 
26 January 2011 
Mexico Termination on 2 D ecember 2010 of countervailing 
duties on imports of frozen bovine meat 
(HS 0202.10.01; 0202.20.99; 0202.30.01) from the EU 
(imposed on 4 June 1994) WTO document G/SCM/N/219/MEX, 
14 April 2011 
  
Mexico Termination on 28 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of cold rolled sheet (HS 7209.16.01; 
7209.17.01) from Bulgaria (imposed on 30 June 1999) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/MEX, 
14 April 2011   
Mexico Initiation on 9 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of poultry meat and edible offal 
(HS 0207.13.03; 0207.14.04) from the United States  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (10 May 2011)   
Mexico Initiation on 25 February 2011 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of dicloxacillin 
(HS 2941.10.08) from India Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (10 May 2011)   
Mexico Initiation on 12 March 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of monobutyl ethers of ethylene 
glycol (HS 2909.43.01) from the United States  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (10 May 2011)   
Moldova Temporary export ban on wheat and blend of wheat and 
rye (meslin) (HS 1001.90.910) WTO document G/AG/N/MOL/3, 
11 March 2011 Effective 
3 February 2011 
to 1 May 2011 
Morocco Termination on 30 November 2010 (without measure) of 
safeguard investigation on imports of woven carpets, 
machine-made from man-made or other textile materials, whether or not of pile cons truction and whether or not 
made up (HS 5702.32.00; 5702.39.00; 5702.42.00; 
5702.49.00; 5702.52.00; 5702.59.00; 5702.92.00; 
5702.99.00; 5705.00) (in itiated on 19 July 2010) WTO documents G/SG/N/6/MAR/6, 
24 August 2010 and 
G/SG/N/9/MAR/3, 12 January 2011   
Morocco Prior import declarati on (DPI) requirement on ceramic 
tiles, flagstones, cubes and the like (HS 6908) WTO document G/LIC/N/1/MAR/2, 
26 January 2011 Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
30 September 
2011 
Nepal Nepal Trade Integration Strategy with the aim of 
promoting exports of certain commodities (cardamom, 
ginger, honey, lentils, tea, noodles, medicinal herbs and 
essential oils, hand made paper, silver jewellery, iron 
and steel products, wool, and pashmina) and the 
development of some services sub-sectors (i.e. tourism, health, education, engineering) Permanent Delegation of Nepal to the 
WTO (9 May 2011)   
New Zealand Initiation on 15 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of wire nails, bright (plain) and 
galvanised (coated), of va rious lengths and diameter 
(other than collated or for collation) (HS 7317.00.09) 
from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/NZL, 
21 March 2011 
  
New Zealand Initiation on 7 Fe bruary 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of peaches in preserving liquid, 
in containers up to and including 4 Kg. (HS 2008.70.09) from Spain Permanent Delegation of New 
Zealand to the WTO (9 May 2011) 
  
Nigeria Withdrawal of certain items, i.e. cassava (HS 
0714.10.00), toothpicks (HS 3926.90.90; 4421.90.90), 
furniture (HS 9401.10.00; 9401.90.09; 9403.10.00; 
9404.90.00), health and energy drinks (HS 2202.90.00), and textile fabrics and article s thereof  from the import 
prohibition list. Imports subject to an import tariff (20% 
except for energy drinks 10%) and a new levy (20%, 
except for cassava of 15%)  Federal Ministry of Finance 
BD.12237/S.403/Vol.I/206 (19 November 2010) 
  
Nigeria Extension of age limit for importation of used cars (HS 
8703.10.00; 8703.90.00) from 10 years to 15 years Federal Ministry of Finance 
BD.12237/S.403/Vol.I/206 
(19 November 2010)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Pakistan Initiation on 4 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of writing/printing paper 
(HS 4802.55.10; 4802.56.00; 4802.57.00; 4802.61.00; 
4802.62.00; 4810.13.10; 4810.13.20; 4810.13.90; 
4810.14.00; 4810.19.10; 4810.19.90) from China, 
Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand WTO document G/ADP/N/209/PAK, 
15 February 2011 
  
Pakistan Extension of age limit for importation of used cars from 
3 years to 5 years, under the personal baggage, gift and 
transfer of residence scheme Permanent Delegation of Pakistan to 
the WTO (9 May 2011) Effective 
8 December 2010 
Pakistan Elimination of export ban on wheat and wheat products 
(HS 1001; 1101.00.10)  Permanent Delegation of Pakistan to 
the WTO (9 May 2011) Effective 
13 December 
2010 
Pakistan Initiation on 21 January 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of soda ash (sodium carbonate) 
"N2CO 3" (HS 2836.20.00) from Kenya National Tariff Commission Notice 
ADC No. 24/2010/NTC/SA 
(21 January 2011)   
Pakistan Initiation on 23 Febr uary 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of formic acid 85% and above 
(HS 2915.11.00) from China and Korea, Rep. of Permanent Delegation of Pakistan to 
the WTO (9 May 2011)   
Paraguay New Decree granting up preference in government 
procurement favouring local bidders (from 5% to 70% 
preference margin) depending on the product, and setting a single margin of 40% for national industries or locally manufactured products   Permanent Delegation of Paraguay to 
the WTO (17 May 2011) Effective 
4 March 2011 
Peru Easier customs procedures through the use of a single 
window Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (3 May 2011)   
Peru Termination on 13 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of woven fabrics of cotton and 
polyester/cotton mixes (d rill) (HS 5208.12; 5208.13; 
5208.19; 5208.22; 5208.23; 5208.29; 5208.32; 5208.33; 
5208.39; 5209.11; 5209.12; 5209.19; 5209.21; 5209.22; 5209.29; 5209.31; 5209.32; 5209.39; 5514.21) from 
Brazil (imposed on 11 November 2005)   WTO document G/ADP/N/209/PER, 
5 May 2011   
Peru Termination on 29 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
duties on imports of white cement  (HS 2523.21) from 
Mexico (imposed on 15 October 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/PER, 
5 May 2011   
Peru Reduction of import tariffs to zero on 131 tariff lines 
(HS 04; 10; 17; 71; 74 76; 78; 79; 80); to 6% on 2,487 
tariff lines (HS 01; 02; 03; 04; 05; 06; 07; 08; 09; 10; 11; 
12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19;  20; 21; 22; 24; 25; 26; 27; 
28; 29; 30; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36;  37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 
44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51;  52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 
59;62; 63; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 73; 81; 82; 83; 84; 
85; 87; 88; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97); and to 13% (and then to 11%) on 792 tariff lines (HS 02; 07; 08; 09; 
10; 16; 18; 20; 50; 51; 52; 53;  54; 55; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 
63; 64; 84)  Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (13 May 2011)   
Peru Termination on 9 January 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of zip fasteners 
and parts thereof (HS 9607.11; 9607.19; 9607.20) from 
Chinese, Taipei (initiated on 30 October 2009) WTO document G/ADP/N/202/PER, 
22 September 2010 and Permanent 
Delegation of Peru to the WTO 
(3 May 2011)   
Peru Termination on  1 February 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of cups of paper or paperboard 
(HS 4823.60.00) from Mexico (imposed on 4 February 2006) Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (3 May 2011)   
Peru Termination on  7 February 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of hot and cold rolled steels  (HS 7208.25; 7208.26; 7208.27; 7208.37; 7208.38; 7208.39; 7208.51; 
7208.52; 7208.53; 7209.27) from Ukraine and the 
Russian Federation (imposed on 8 December 1999) Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (3 May 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Peru Termination on  13 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
duties (provisional) on impor ts of woven fabrics of 
polyester staple fibres, mixe d mainly or solely with 
viscose rayon staple fibres  (HS 5515.11.00) from India 
(imposed on 14 October 2010) Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (3 May 2011)   
Peru Termination on  1 April 2011 of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of cups of paper or  paperboard  (HS 4823.60.00) 
from Argentina (imposed on 5 April 2006) Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (3 May 2011)   
Philippines Elimination of import tariffs (3%) on wheat 
(HS 1001.10.00; 1001.90.19)  Permanent Delegation of Philippines 
to the WTO (13 May 2011)   
Philippines Extension of the elimin ation of import tariffs on cement 
and clinker (HS 2523.10.90; 2523.90.00)  Permanent Delegation of Philippines 
to the WTO (13 May 2011)   
Philippines Elimination of import tariffs (to zero) on 91 tariff lines  Permanen t Delegation of Philippines 
to the WTO (13 May 2011)   
Philippines Temporary import ban on some food products, i.e. live 
animals, meat, dairy products, plants, fruits, seeds, and 
animal feeds (HS 01; 02; 04; 06; 07; 08; 12; 23) from 
certain regions of Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Philippines 
to the WTO (13 May 2011) Effective 
24 March 2011 
Russian 
Federation Temporary import ban on meat and meat products from 
specified origins (Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, 
France, Germany, Netherlands , Serbia, Spain, Turkey, 
and the United States) Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011) Effective 
October 2010 to 
April 2011 
Russian 
Federation New regulation prohibiting the use of poultry meat 
(except refrigerated, mechanically rolled and collagen 
raw poultry meat) in the production of certain food 
products, i.e. baby food, dietary (medical) food, 
specialized food products fo r pregnant and lactating 
women Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 
Russian Federation Reduction of US import quotas for the year 2010 for 
poultry (from 750,000  to 600,000 tonnes) (HS 0105; 
0207) Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011) Further reduction 
of the quota to 
350,000 tonnes 
Russian 
Federation Amendments to the "Industrial Assembling Investment 
Regime", introducing new local content requirements for 
domestic car assembly industries (30% of the cars subject to be manufactured with locally produced engines or transmissions) Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations 
(11 May 2011) Effective until 
31 December 
2020 
Russian Federation Temporary import ban on some food products from 
certain regions of Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the United Nations (11 May 2011) Effective 
23 March 2011 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Reduction of import tariffs (from 7.5%-20% to 5.5%-
6.5%) on 112 tariff lines, and (from 25% to 15%) on 10 seasonal goods  Permanent Delegation of Saudi 
Arabia to the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
10 December 2010 
Kingdom of 
Saudi Arabia Temporary reduction of import tariffs (from 10%-25% 
to 5%) on 180 consumer goods  Permanent Delegation of Saudi 
Arabia to the WTO (11 May 2011) Effective 
February 2011, for three years 
Serbia Temporary export ban on wheat and meslin (HS 
1001.10.00; 1001.90.99) and wheat and meslin flour 
(HS 1101.00.11; 1101.00.15; 1101.00.90).  On 
1 April 2011, partial replacement of the ban on flour with the establishment of an export quota of 11,000 tonnes/month Permanent Delegation of Serbia to the 
United Nations (12 May 2011) Effective 
16 March 2011 
Separate 
Customs 
Territory of 
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Special safeguard (price-based) measure on imports of 
chicken legs and wings (HS 0207.13.11; 0207.14.11; 0210.99.12; 1602.32.10) WTO document G/AG/N/TPKM/86, 
21 March 2011 Effective 
19 November 2010 
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 67 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Separate 
Customs 
Territory of 
Taiwan, 
Penghu, Kinmen and 
Matsu Temporary reduction of import tariffs on certain 
products, i.e. (from 5% to 3.75%) butter 
(HS 0405.10.00; 0405.90.10); (from 6.25% to 4.68%) 
raw cane sugar (HS 1701.11.00); (from 17.5% to 
13.12%) other refined sugar (HS 1701.99.90); (from 6% to 3%) flours of maize (HS 1102.20.00); and (from 3% 
to 1.5%) soya beans (HS 1208.10.00) Permanent Delegation of the Separate 
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu  to the WTO (28 April 2011) Effective 
1 December 2010 
to 31 May 2011 
Separate 
Customs 
Territory of 
Taiwan, 
Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Initiation on 6 December 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of Portland cement (Type I and 
II) and its clinkers (HS 2523.10; 2523.29) from China WTO document 
G/ADP/N/209/TPKM, 
2 February 2011   
Separate 
Customs 
Territory of 
Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and 
Matsu Temporary reduction of import tariffs on certain 
products, i.e. (from 6.5% to 3.25%) durum wheat 
(HS 1001.10.00), other wheat and meslin 
(HS 1001.90.00); (from 17.5% to 8.75%) wheat flour (HS 1101.00.10); (from 7% to 3.5%) manioc starch 
(HS 1108.14.10); (from 20% to 10%) groats, meal of 
wheat (HS 1103.11.00); and (from 10% to 7.5%) milk 
and cream powder (HS 0402.10.00; 0402.21.00)  Permanent Delegation of the Separate 
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu  to the WTO 
(28 April 2011) Effective 
10 February 2011 to 9 August 2011 
Separate 
Customs 
Territory of 
Taiwan, 
Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Temporary "suspension of acceptance of inspection 
applications" on all imported food products from certain 
regions of Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of the Separate 
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu  to the WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
26 March 2011 
Singapore Import ban on certain f ood products, i.e. vegetables, 
fruits (HS 0701; 0702; 0703; 0704; 0705; 0706; 0707; 0708; 0709; 0710; 0711; 0712;  0713; 0714; 0803; 0804; 
0805; 0806; 0807; 0808; 0809;  0810; 0811; 0812; 0813; 
0814; 0910; 1211; 1212; 1404;  2001; 2002; 2003; 2004; 
2005; 2006; 2008; 2103), meat (HS 0201; 0202; 0203; 
0206), seafood (HS 0301; 0302; 0303; 0304; 0305; 
0306; 0307; 1604; 1605), and dairy products (HS 0401; 0402; 0403; 1704; 1806; 2105; 2202) from Japan, as the result of the nuclear crisis  Permanent Delegation of Singapore to 
the WTO (20 May 2011) Effective 
23 March 2011 
South Africa Increase of import tariffs (from zero to 15%) on towers 
and lattice masts for telegraph lines or electric power lines (HS 7308.20.10)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
11 March 2011 
South Africa Increase of import tariffs (from zero to 5%) on 
aluminium extrusions (bars, rods and profiles) 
(HS 7604.10.35; 7604.10.65; 7604.21.15; 7604.29.15; 
7604.29.65)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
11 March 2011 
South Africa Decrease of import tariffs (from 10% to zero) on glass 
ampoules (HS 7010.10)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
18 March 2011 
South Africa Decrease of import tariffs on certain products, i.e. (from 
22% to zero) on woven fabric of polyvinyl alcohol of a 
width of 30 mm or more but not exceeding 60 mm, 
weighing 60 g/m2 or more but not exceeding 130 g/m2 
(HS 5906.10);  (from 15% to zero) on tyre cord fabric of 
high tenacity yarn of ny lon or other polyamides, 
polyester or viscose rayon (HS 5902.10; 5902.20; 5902.90); and (from 10% to zero) on polymerised 1, 2 
dihydro-2, 2, 4-trimethyl-quinoline (HS 2933.49.10)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (16 May 2011) Effective 
8 April 2011 
Switzerland Export subsidies for horses (HS 0101.10; 0101.90) 
(maximum Sw F 60,000 (US$67,735) for the year 2010 
and Sw F 150,000 (US$169,338) for the year 2011) granted by the Canton of Jura Permanent Delegation of Switzerland 
to the WTO (18 April 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Thailand Initiation on 16 December 2010 of safeguard 
investigation on imports of glass block (HS 7016.90.00) WTO documents G/SG/N/6/THA/1 
and G/SG/N/7/THA/1/Suppl.1, 
7 January 2011 Provisional duty 
imposed on 
15 January 2011 
Thailand Temporary stricter impor t requirements for imports of  
food with risk from radi onuclide contamination from 
Japan, as the result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Thailand to 
the WTO (12 May 2011) Effective 
12 April 2011 
Tunisia Reduction of import tariffs  (from 36% to 30%) on 
certain products (raw materials, semi-finished products, 
and capital goods)  included in HS Chapters 25 to 97 Permanent Delegation of Tunisia to 
the WTO (25 January 2011)   
Turkey Reduction of import tariffs (from 20% to zero) on 
certain live animals (HS 0102.90) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011) Effective 
28 October 2010 
Turkey Reduction of import tariffs (from 225% to 30%) on 
certain sheep (HS 0204) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011) Effective 
22 December 2010 
Turkey Initiation on 13 January 2011 of an investigation (for 
increasing MFN rates) on imports of apparel and 
clothing accessories (HS 5111; 5112; 5208; 5209; 5210; 
5211; 5407; 5408; 5512; 5513;  5514; 5515; 5516; 6101; 
6102; 6103; 6104; 6105; 6106;  6107; 6108; 6109; 6110; 
6112; 6201; 6202; 6203; 6204;  6205; 6206; 6207; 6208; 
6211) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (16 May 2011) Provisional duty 
to be  imposed on 22 July 2011 
Turkey Termination on 27 January 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of  poly(ethylene  terephthalate) in primary 
forms (HS 3907.60.20) from China; India; Indonesia; Korea, Rep. of; Malaysia; Ch inese, Taipei; and Thailand 
(imposed on 27 January 2006) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011)   
Turkey Termination on 27 January 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of  woven pile fabrics and chenille fabrics 
(HS 5801) from China (imposed on 27 January 2006) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011)   
Turkey Initiation on 19 February 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on dioctyl ortophthalates "DOP" 
(HS 2917.32.00) from Romania Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011)   
Turkey Reduction of import tariffs (from 130% to zero) on 
certain products, i.e. wheat (HS 1001), oat (HS 1004), 
and buckwheat (HS 1008) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011) Effective 
25 February 2011 
Turkey Initiation on 28 February 2011 of safeguard 
investigation on imports of poly(ethylene terephthalate), 
having a viscosity number of 78 ml/g or higher (HS 3907.60.20) WTO document G/SG/N/6/TUR/16, 
28 March 2011   
Turkey Increase of import tariffs (from 30% to 45%) on meat 
(HS 0201; 0202) Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (3 May 2011) Effective 
19 March 2011 
Ukraine Termination on 26 October 2010 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of  screw compressor (HS 8414.40.10; 
8414.40.90; 8414.80.71) from Belarus, Belgium, Finland, and Italy (im posed on 26 October 2005) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/UKR, 
10 March 2011   
Ukraine Export tariffs reduction (from 24% to 21%) on scrap 
metal postponed from 2011 to 2012 (HS 7202.99.80; 
7204.21; 7204.29.00; 7204.50.10; 7218.10.00; 7401; 
7402.00.00; 7403.12.00; 7403.13.00; 7403.19.00; 7403.21.00; 7403.22.00; 7403.23.00; 7403.29.00; 
7404.00; 7405.00.00; 7406; 7414.90.00; 7415.29.00; 
7415.39.00; 7418.19.00; 7419.75.03; 7602.00; 7802.00.00; 7902.00.00; 8002.00.00; 8101.91.90; 8105.10.90; 8108.10.90; 8113.00.40)  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the United Nations (16 May 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 69 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Ukraine Export permit requirement  for non-ferrous metals only 
granted to specialized metallurgical processing plants 
with  export certificates of quality, extended until the 
year 2015 (HS 7202.99.80; 7204.21; 7204.29.00; 
7204.50.10; 7218.10.00; 7401; 7402.00.00; 7403.12.00; 7403.13.00; 7403.19.00; 7403.21.00; 7403.22.00; 7403.23.00; 7403.29.00; 7404.00; 7405.00.00; 7406; 
7414.90.00; 7415.29.00; 7415.39.00; 7418.19.00; 
7419.75.03; 7602.00; 7802.00.00; 7902.00.00; 8002.00.00; 8101.91.90; 8105.10.90; 8108.10.90; 8113.00.40)  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the United Nations (16 May 2011)   
Ukraine Termination on 25 December 2010 (without measure) of 
safeguard investigation on imports of ferroalloys 
(HS 1001.10.00; 1001.90.99; 1002.00.00; 1003.00.90; 
1005; 1008.10.00) (initia ted on 12 February 2010) Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the United Nations (16 May 2011)   
Ukraine Termination on 28 December 2010 (without measure) of 
safeguard investigation on imports of mineral or 
chemical fertilisers containing three nutrient elements: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with a nitrogen 
content exceeding 10% (H S 3105.20.10) (initiated on 
3 February 2010) WTO document G/SG/N/9/UKR/3, 
10 February 2011 
  
Ukraine Initiation on 29 January 2011 of safeguard investigation 
on imports of certain products of crude oil processing 
(gasoline of the brand A-76 (A-80), A-92, A-95, diesel oil, heating oil, condensed gas, road bitumen, machine 
oil) (HS 2710.11.41; 2710.11.45; 2710.19.31; 
2710.19.41; 2710.19.45; 2710.19.49; 2710.19.61; 2710.19.63; 2710.19.65; 2710.19.69; 2710.19.49; 
2710.19.51; 2710.19.61; 2710.19.81; 2711.12.94; 
2711.12.97; 2711.13.10; 2711.13.97, 2711.14.00; 
2711.19.00; 2713.20.00) WTO document G/SG/N/6/UKR/8, 
13 April 2011 
  
Ukraine New regulation requiring the mandatory registration of 
export contracts for certain agricultural and food 
products (i.e. wheat, and grain mixture with wheat; corn; barley; rye; peas; buckwheat; millet; oat; soya beans;  
seeds of sunflower; rape and flax; cones of hop; white 
granulated sugar of sugar b eet; wheat and rye flour; meat 
and by-products of slaughtered animals and poultry; 
powdered milk; dairy butter; and vegetable oils), at the 
Agrarian Exchange (AE) or other commodity exchanges, 
which are certified in accordance with legislation on 
standards for the sale or supply of goods, and which are 
authorized by the AE to part icipate in exchange trading Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the United Nations (16 May 2011) Effective 
1 February 2011 
Ukraine Termination on 10 March 2011 (without measure) of 
anti-dumping investigation on imports of new pneumatic 
tyres of rubber, for motor cars  (HS 4011.10.00) from 
Belarus (initiated on 20 March 2010) Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the United Nations (16 May 2011)   
Ukraine Termination on 6 April 2011 (without measure) of 
safeguard investigation on im ports of refrigerators, 
freezers and other equipment for refrigerator or freezer, 
electric or other types (HS 8418) (initiated on 
6 May 2010) WTO Document G/SG/N/9/UKR/4, 
13 April 2011    
Ukraine New extension of export quotas and licensing 
requirements on certain agricultural products such as 
wheat and blend of wheat and rye (meslyn), spelt (HS 1001.10.00; 1001.90.99), corn (HS 1005), barley (200,000 tonnes), and rye (HS 1002.00.00) and 
buckwheat (HS 1008.10.00).  The export quota for corn 
(HS 1005.90.00) was increased (from 2,000 tonnes to 5,000 tonnes). Measure entered into force on 28 December 2010 WTO documents 
G/AG/N/UKR/5/Add.1, 
10 January 2011 and 
G/AG/N/UKR/5/Add.2, 7 April 2011  Effective until 
30 June 2011 
(measure first extended until  
31 March 2011) 
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 70  
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Ukraine Initiation on 4 April 2011 of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of  float gla ss (thermally polished) 
(HS 7005.29.25; 7005.29.35; 7005.29.80) from Belarus, Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation, and Turkey  Ukraine Interdepartmental 
Commission for International Trade 
(April 2011)   
Ukraine Implementation of non-automatic import licensing 
requirement for raw cane sugar (HS 1701.11) WTO document G/LIC/N/2/UKR/2, 
17 May 2011 Effective 
18 March 2011 
United States Termination on 5 N ovember 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings (HS7307.23) from Chinese Taipei (imposed on 
16 June 1993); Japan (imposed on 25 March 1988); and 
Korea, Rep. of (imposed on 23 February 1993) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011 
  
United States Termination on 15 N ovember 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of non-frozen apple juice concentrate (HS 2009.70; 2009.79; 2106.90) from China (imposed on 5 June 2000) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011 
  
United States Initiation on 18 November 2010 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of   multilayered wood flooring, 
composed of an assembly of two or more layers or plies 
of wood veneers in combination with a core (HS 4409.10.05; 4409.10.20; 4409.29.05; 4409.29.25; 
4412.31.05; 4412.31.25; 4412.31.31; 4412.31.40; 
4412.31.51; 4412.31.60; 4412.31.91; 4412.32.05; 4412.32.25; 4412.32.31; 4412.32.56; 4412.39.10; 
4412.39.30; 4412.39.40; 4412.39.50; 4412.94.10; 
4412.94.31; 4412.94.41; 4412.94.51; 4412.94.60; 4412.94.70; 4412.94.80; 4412.94.90; 4412.94.95; 
4412.99.06; 4412.99.10; 4412.99.31; 4412.99.41; 
4412.99.51; 4412.99.57; 4412.99.60; 4412.99.70; 4412.99.80; 4412.99.90; 4412.99.95; 4418.71.10; 4418.71.20; 4418.71.90; 4418.72.20; 4418.72.95; 4418.79.00; 4418.90.46) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011 
  
United States Initiation on 18 November 2010 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of   multilayered wood flooring, 
composed of an assembly of two or more layers or plies 
of wood veneers in combination with a core (HS 4409.10.05; 4409.10.20; 4409.29.05; 4409.29.25; 
4412.31.05; 4412.31.25; 4412.31.31; 4412.31.40; 
4412.31.51; 4412.31.60; 4412.31.91; 4412.32.05; 4412.32.25; 4412.32.31; 4412.32.56; 4412.39.10; 
4412.39.30; 4412.39.40; 4412.39.50; 4412.94.10; 
4412.94.31; 4412.94.41; 4412.94.51; 4412.94.60; 4412.94.70; 4412.94.80; 4412.94.90; 4412.94.95; 
4412.99.06; 4412.99.10; 4412.99.31; 4412.99.41; 
4412.99.51; 4412.99.57; 4412.99.60; 4412.99.70; 4412.99.80; 4412.99.90; 4412.99.95; 4418.71.10; 
4418.71.20; 4418.71.90; 4418.72.20; 4418.72.95; 
4418.79.00; 4418.90.46) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/219/USA, 
28 March 2011   
United States US Manufacturing Enhancement Act of 2010 
"Miscellaneous Tariff Bill" extending until 
31 December 2012 temporary suspensions of import tariffs on certain products used by manufacturers, i.e. 
raw materials, chemicals, yarns, and items not 
manufactured domestically (items in HS Chapters 16; 20; 21; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33;  34; 42; 44; 55; 62; 63; 64; 
69; 71; 84; 85; 87; 90; 92) Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011)   
United States Termination on 5 D ecember 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of sparklers (HS 3604.10.10; 3604.10.90) from China (imposed on 18 June 1991) Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 71 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
United States Termination on 22 December 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of superalloy degassed chromium (HS 8112.21) from Japan (imposed on 22 December 2005) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011   
United States Termination on 29  December 2010 of countervailing 
duties on imports of top-of-t he-stove stainless steel 
cooking ware (HS 7323.93; 9604.00) from Korea, Rep. of (imposed on 20 January 1987) WTO document G/SCM/N/219/USA, 
28 March 2011   
United States Termination on 29 December 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of  top-of-the-stove  stainless steel cooking ware 
(HS 7323.93) from Korea, Rep. of (imposed on 
20 January 1987) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011   
United States Termination on 29 December 2010 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of porcelain-on-steel cooking ware, top of the 
stove (HS 7323.94) from Chinese, Taipei (imposed on 
2 December 1986) WTO document G/ADP/N/209/USA, 
7 April 2011   
United States Termination on 23 January 2011 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of forged stainle ss steel flanges (HS 7307.21.10; 
7307.21.50) from India and Chinese, Taipei (imposed on 9 February 1994) Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Termination on 3 Fe bruary 2011 (no participation by 
domestic parties in SNR) of anti-dumping duties on 
imports of granular polyt etrafluoroethylene resin 
(HS 3904.61) from Japan (imposed on 24 August 1988) Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011)   
United States Special tax (2%) on foreign persons who receive a 
specified federal procurement payment, if the goods or 
services provided to the US Government are manufactured or provided in any country that is not party to an international pr ocurement agreement with the 
United States Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Termination on 10 March 2011 of anti-dumping duties 
on imports of magnesium metal  (HS 8104.11; 8104.19; 
8104.30; 8104.90) from the Russian Federation 
(imposed on 15 April 2005) WTO document G/ADP/N/202/USA, 
22 September 2010 and  Permanent 
Delegation of the United States to the 
WTO (11 May 2011)   
United States Initiation on 19 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of bottom mount combination 
refrigerator-freezers (HS 8418.10.00; 8418.21.00; 8418.99.40; 8418.99.80) from Korea, Rep. of and Mexico  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 19 April 2011 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of bottom mount combination 
refrigerator-freezers (HS 8418.10.00; 8418.21.00; 
8418.99.40; 8418.99.80) from Korea, Rep. of  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 19 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of steel wheels with a wheel 
diameter of 18 to 24.5 inches (HS 8708.70.05; 
8708.70.25; 8708.70.45; 8708.70.60) from China  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 19 April 2011 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of steel wheels with a wheel 
diameter of 18 to 24.5 inches (HS 8708.70.05; 8708.70.25; 8708.70.45; 8708.70.60) from China Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 20 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of certain steel nails having a shaft length up to 12 inches (HS 7317.00.55; 7317.00.65; 7317.00.75) from the United Arab Emirates Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
United States Initiation on 20 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of galvanized steel wire 
(HS 7217.20.30; 7217.20.45; 7229.20.00; 7229.90.50) from China and Mexico   Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 20 April 2011 of countervailing 
investigation on imports of galvanized steel wire (HS 7217.20.30; 7217.20.45; 7229.20.00; 7229.90.50) from China Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
United States Initiation on 20 April 2011 of anti-dumping 
investigation on imports of  certain stilbenic optical 
brightening agents (HS 2921.59.40; 2921.59.80; 
2933.69.60; 3204.20.80) from China and Chinese, 
Taipei  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (11 May 2011) 
  
Viet Nam New procedures for rice exports, setting stricter 
conditions such as requirement of at least one 
warehouse with a storage capacity of 5,000 tonnes, and a 10 tonnes/hour processing milling facility   Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 
Viet Nam Extension until 31 December 2011 of automatic import 
licensing requirements on certain steel products 
(HS 7029; 7210; 7211; 7212; 7213; 7321; 7323; 7324), 
(originally introduced from July 2010 to 
31 December 2010) Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011)   
Viet Nam Reduction of import tariffs (by 1% and 6%) on 924 
items (including agricultural, forest and aquatic 
products, construction materials and electronic 
products)  Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011)   
Viet Nam Increase of export tariffs (from zero to 10%) on certain 
jewellery (HS 7108; 7113; 7114;  7115)  products  and 
gold (HS 8718)  Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011) Effective 
1 January 2011 
Viet Nam Stricter import controls on certain food products  from 
Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011)  Effective 
11 March 2011 
Viet Nam Partial elimination (for certain products, i.e. pork, beef 
and poultry hearts, livers, kidneys) of temporary import 
ban on frozen animals offals, (originally implemented in July 2010) Permanent Delegation of Viet Nam to 
the WTO (27 May 2011) The ban was 
partially lifted  on 
28 March 2011 
 
 
 
 
  
NON-VERIFIED INFORMATION  
Country/ 
Member 
State Measure Source/Date Status 
Algeria Reduction of import tariffs on sugar and cooking oil WSJ (26 January 2011)   
Algeria Cancellation of impor t certification requirement on 
quality control and origin of the goods Press reports (24 March 2011)  Effective 24 March 
2011 
Bangladesh "Transit fees" instead of duties to be charged on goods 
in transit from India to its north-eastern states The Economic Times 
(4 November 2010)   
Bolivia, 
Plurinational 
State of Extension of tariff elimination on sugar imports until 
August 2011 Los Tiempos (11 March 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 73 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Brazil New law regulating government purchases, including 
"buy Brazilian" clause requirements, and granting 
preference (up to 25% price preference) for local and Mercosur firms Press reports referring to Presidential 
Decree No. 495 (25 November 2010)   
Brazil New rules for steel imports fixing minimum import 
price  Dowjones Newswires 
(4 February 2011)   
Brazil Import licence requirements on leather goods  Press reports (29 November 2010)   
Brazil Increase of import tariffs on certain products, i.e. (from 
14% to 25%) tools for pre ssing, stamping or punching 
(NCM 8207); and (from 14% to 30%) moulds for metal 
or metal carbides for injection or compression types 
(NCM 8480) Press reports (14 December 2010) Effective 
14 December 2010 
Brazil Increase of import tariffs (from 14% to 20%) on amino-
resins (NCM 3909) Press reports (14 December 2010) Effective 
17 February 2011 
China Import regulations on wind turbines and telecomm 
equipment gradually being liberalized The Washington Post 
(16 December 2010)   
China Requirements for certification tests on wind turbines. 
Only local test certificates were accepted by the National Energy Administration Press reports (1 January 2011)   
Dominican 
Republic Import restrictions on wood from Guat emala  Hoy (15 February 2011)   
El Salvador Elimination of export subs idies EFE (17 December 2010) Effective 
1 February 2011 
India Authorization to export 500,000 tonnes of sugar Reuters (15 December 2010)   
India Export ban on onions (imposed end of Dece mber 2010)  PTI (20 December 2010) and Reuters 
Limited (17 February 2011) Lifted on 
17 February 2011 
India Increase of import tariffs (to 14%) on jute goods  UNB (26 January 2011)   
India Measures to reduce administrative costs for exporters, 
i.e. speedier clearance procedures and enhanced related 
infrastructure Reuters (8 February 2011)   
India Import restrictions on solar-power technology  WTO document WT/TPR/OV/13, 
24 November 2010 and Wall Street 
Journal (8 February 2011) Effective 
April 2011 
India Export ban on milk and milk derivative s (HS 0402)  Press reports (18 February 2011)   
India Extension of export ban on casein, caseinates, other 
casein derivatives, and casein glues (HS 3501) Press reports (18 February 2011)   
India Termination of export ban on certain types of non-
basmati rice and onions  Deccanherald.com 
(11 February 2011)   
India Termination of export ban on suga r  AgraEurope (21 February 2011)   
India Introduction of import tariff (60%) on s ugar  AgraEurope (21 February 2011)   
India Termination of export ban on rice and wheat  AFP (23 February 2011)   
Annex 1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
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  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
India Stricter import controls on certain food products from 
Japan, as a result of the nuclear crisis.  According to 
AFP import ban on all foods imported from Japan 
implemented on 5 April 2011. Asia Pulse Limited 
reported that the  import ban was lifted on 7 April 2011 The Economic Times (4 April 2011), 
AFP (5 April 2011), and Asia Pulse 
Limited (7 April 2011)   
India Termination of export ban on iron ore  Financial Times (6 April 2011)   
India Increase of duty free import garment  quota (from 
2 million/piece to 10 million/piece) for imports from Bangladesh   Asia Pulse Pty Limited 
(23 April 2011)   
Kazakhstan Increase of export tariffs (from US$20/tonne to 
US$40/tonne) on crude oil  Press reports (January 2011)   
Libya Elimination of import tariffs on certain food items, i.e. 
wheat-based products, rice, vegetable oil, sugar and 
infant milk  Financial Times (13 January 2011)   
Macedonia, 
Former 
Yugoslav 
Rep. of Stricter regulation on imports of meat and pou ltry  Press reports referring to Official 
Gazette No. 86/2010 (November 2010)   
Morocco Temporary elimination of import tariffs (135%) on 
milling wheat  Grain Market Report GMR No. 406 
(25 November 2010) Effective 
16 September 2010 
to 
31 December 2010 
Morocco Temporary reduction of import tariffs on certain 
products, i.e. (from 80% to zero) durum wheat; (from 
49% to 2.5%) gluten; and (to 2.5%) hybrid cars  Grain Market Report GMR No. 406 
(25 November 2010) Effective 
9 November 2010 
to 
31 December 2010 
Morocco Import ban on cars older than 5 years  Press reports referring to Law No. 44-
10 (1 January 2011)   
Morocco Compensation system  for importers of soft milling 
wheat to keep supplies stable  Financial Times (13 January 2011)   
Nigeria Import ban on aircraft older than 20 years  Airliner World (February 2011)   
Nigeria National preference in government procurement on the  
purchase of local assembled or produced cars and machineries  GTA Measure No. 2262 
(30 March 2011)   
Sierra Leone Export ban on rice and palm oil  AFP (15 February 2011) Effective 
15 January 2011 
Sierra Leone Reduction of export  tariffs (from 6.5% to 3%) on 
diamonds AFP (21 March 2011)   
Sri Lanka Reduction of import ta riffs on certain capital goods and 
vehicles (by 25%)  Dowjones Newswires 
(22 November 2010)   
Syria Reduction of import tariffs on certain food products, 
and reduction of consumption tax on coffee and sugar  The Economist (12 March 2011)   
Tanzania Export ban on certain food products, i.e. maize 
(originally imposed in January 2009) Grain Market Report GMR No. 405 
(28 October 2010) The ban was lifted 
on 8 October 2010 
Turkey Initiation on 20 January 2011 of safeguard 
investigation on imports of woven fabrics (HS 5801)  Press reports referring to Foreign 
Trade Communique No. 2011/1 (20 January 2011) Provisional duty to 
be imposed on 21 July 2011 
Annex 1 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 75 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Viet Nam Increase of the minimum export price for broken rice 
(25% grade) up to US$445/tonne fob (measure taken 
by the Viet Nam Food Association) Grain Market Report GMR No. 405 
(28 October 2010)   
Viet Nam Ministry of Industry issued a "List of dispensable 
import goods and non-encouraged import consumer 
goods" for government procurement purposes, covering 
certain products (1,500 tariff lines), i.e. agricultural products, cosmetics, clothing and apparel, footwear, 
washing machines, sewing machines, notebooks, 
mobile phones, automobiles, cameras, watches, musical 
instruments, and toys Press reports referring to Ministry of 
Industry and Trade Decision No. 1380 (25 March 2011)   
 WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 76  
 
  ANNEX 2 
 
General Economic Stimulus Measures1 
(Mid-October 2010 to end-April 2011) 
 
 
 
VERIFIED INFORMATION  
Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
China Support programme (Y 17.5 b illion (US$2.7 billion)) included in 
the 2011 budget for the purchase of  agricultural machinery  Permanent Delegation of 
China to the WTO (13 May 2011)    
EU Extension of state aid to f acilitate the closure of uncompetitive 
coal mines  Council Decision 
(2010/787/EU) 
(10 December 2010) Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December 2027 
EU Extension of the short-term export credit insurance schemes for 
certain Member States (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, and Norway) Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Austria Extension of a temporary stat e aid scheme (overall budget €300 
million (US$428.4 million)) aimed at  granting aid to enterprises 
of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary 
(Vorübergehenden Gemeinschaftsrahmen) EU State Aid SA. 32171 
(2010/N)  (30 March 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Czech Republic Extension of the aid scheme "limited amounts (CZK 1 billion 
(US$58.6 million)) of compatib le aid scheme (N 236/09) EU State Aid SA. 32664 
(2011/N)  (6 April 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Czech Republic Extension of the Czech Republic  Framework of subsidised 
interest rates Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32665 (6 April 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Denmark State aid (overall budget DKr 800 million (US$153.3 million), 
annual budget DKr 100 million (US$19.2 million)) through a 
direct grant for Radio Channel FM4 EU State Aid SA. 32019 
(2010/N)  (23 March 
2011)  Effective 
1 November 2011 
to 
31 October 2019 
Annex 2 (cont'd) 
                                                      
1 The inclusion of any measure in this table implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether 
or not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature.  Moreover, nothing in the table implies any judgement, either direct or  indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any 
WTO agreement or such measure's impact on, or relationship with, the global financial crisis.  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 77 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Estonia Extension of a temporary state aid scheme "compatible limited 
amount" (overall budget €13 million (US$18.6 million)) aimed at 
granting aid to enterprises of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32104 (2010/N)  (13 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
France Extension of a temporary stat e aid scheme (overall budget €50 
million (US$71.4 million)) aimed at granting aid to enterprises of 
up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary  EU State Aid SA. 32140 
(2010/N)  (24 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
France Extension of the scheme "Régime temporaire relatif aux aides 
sous forme de garanties (N 23/09)" EU State Aid SA. 32183 
(2011/N)  
(24 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
France Extension of the scheme "Régime temporaire relatif aux aides 
sous forme de taux d'intérêt bonifié (N 15/09)" EU State Aid SA. 32182 
(2011/N)  (28 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
France Extension of the temporary aid scheme (overal budget €700 
million (US$999.6 million))  for farmers "Régime temporaire 
d'aides d'Etat à montant limité ad aptées, pour le secteur agricole, 
au contexte de la crise économique et financière"(initially 
adopted on 2 December 2009)  EU State Aid SA. 32173 
(2010/N)  
(31 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 March 2011 
Germany Extension of the temporary aid scheme "Federal Framework for 
low interest loans" Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32030  
(17 December 2010)  Effective 1 
January 2011 to 31 December 2011  
Germany Extension of a temporary state ai d scheme aimed at granting aid 
to enterprises of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary (scheme initially implemented on 30 December 2008) Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32031  
(17 December 2010)  Effective 
1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011  
Germany Extension of a temporary state aid scheme "Guarantee Scheme 
under the Temporary Framewor k" (overall budget €2.5 billion 
(US$3.6 billion))  Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32032  
(17 December 2010)  Effective 
1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011  
Germany Extension of the temporary aid scheme (overall budget €100 
million (US$142.8 million)) "Fed eral Framework for small 
amounts of compatible aid in agriculture" for farmers (€15,000 
(US$21,420)) (initially adopted on 23 November 2010)  EU State Aid SA. 32170 
(2010/N)  (9 February 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Annex 2 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 78  
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Greece Extension of a temporary state aid scheme "compatible limited 
amount" (overall budget €2 billion (US$2.9 billion) aimed at 
granting aid to enterprises of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32512 (2011/N)  (28 February 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Hungary Extension of a temporary state ai d scheme aimed at granting aid 
to enterprises (non-financial companies) of up to €500,000 
(US$714,000) per beneficiary (s cheme initially implemented on 
30 December 2008) Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32040  
(20 December 2010)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Hungary Extension of the Guarantee scheme  granting aid in the form of 
guarantees for investment and working capital loans (including 
financial leasing for the proc urement of production assets) 
through the Rural Credit Guarantee Foundation for SMEs Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32306 
(20 December 2010)  Effective 
21 February 2011 
to 
31 December 2011 
Hungary Extension of the Temporary aid scheme (Ft 10 billion 
(US$53.7 million) for granting aid in the form of loans with 
subsidised interest rate (N 78/09)) EU State Aid SA. 32215 
(2011/N)  (24 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Hungary Extension of the temporary aid scheme (overall budget 
€18.2 million (US$26 million)) for farmers (€15,000 per 
beneficiary) (initially adopted on 5 January 2010) Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32061 (2010/N) (31January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Italy Extension of the guarantee scheme (overall budget €200 million 
(US$285.6 million)) "temporary aid scheme for granting aid in the form of guarantees" Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32035 
(1 December 2010)  Effective 
1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 
Italy Extension  of  the aid scheme "limited amount of compatible aid 
under the Temporary Framework" (budget €1 billion 
(US$1.4 billion)) aimed at granti ng aid to enterprises of up to 
€500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary, and of subsidized interest rates until 31 December 2013 (scheme initially implemented on 29 May 2009) Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32036 
(20 December 2010)  Aid effective until 
31 December 2011  
Annex 2 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 79 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Italy Extension  of  the aid scheme "s oft loan" aimed at granting aid to 
enterprises in the form of re duced interest rates on loans 
concluded before the 31 December 2010 Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32039 (20 December 2010)  Effective 
1 January 2011 to 
31 December 2011 
Lithuania Extension of a temporary state aid scheme "compatible limited 
amount" (overall budget LTL 182.7 billion (US$74.8 billion)) 
aimed at granting aid to enterprises of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32575 (2011/N)  (23 February 2011)  Effective 
1 March 2011 to 
31 December 2011  
Netherlands Prolongation of the scheme (overall budget €2.81 million 
(US$4 million)) "limited amounts of compatible aid (guarantees 
for working capital) for undertakings active in the primary 
production of agricultural products" EU State Aid SA. 32160  
(10 February 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Netherlands Prolongation of Dutch limited amou nts of compatible aid scheme 
(N 156/09) EU State Aid SA. 32506 
(2011/N)  (18 February 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Poland Temporary aid scheme (Zl 400,000 (US$146,407)) in the form of 
soft loan for manufacturing industry  EU State Aid N 217/10 
(19 October 2010)  Effective 
15 November 2010 
to 15 May 2011 
Portugal "Subsidized credit line (initially €750 million (US$1 billion) and 
increased to €800 million (US$1.2 billion))". Modification of the 
state aid scheme N 13/2009 "Limited amount of aid", initially 
adopted on 19 January 2009 a nd extended on 7 January 2011 Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32616 (2011/N) 
(24 March 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Romania Temporary state aid (€30 milli on (US$42.8 million)) to support 
access to finance in the agriculture sector Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the 
EU Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 31478 (2010/N) (28 January 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Romania Extension of the temporary aid scheme granting aid in the form 
of guarantees  Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State 
Aid SA. 32551 
(29 March 2011)  Effective 
1 March 2011 to 31 December 2011  
Annex 2 (cont'd) WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
Page 80  
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Romania Temporary state aid (€304 million (US$434 million)) for primary 
production of agricultural products  Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU 
Delegation. EU State Aid SA. 32174 (2010/N) (20 April 2011)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Slovenia Temporary state aid to help farmers (€3.8 million 
(US$5.4 million))  Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
N 396/10 
(22 November 2010)  Effective until 
31 December 2011 
Sweden State guarantee (overall budget €500 million (US$714 million)) 
for Volvo Personvagnar AB through the Swedish National Debt 
Office (Riksgäldskontoret) to co-finance the development of 
environment-friendly cars Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State 
Aid N 520/10 
(16 December 2010)  Effective 
20 December 2010 
to 
20 December 2020 
United Kingdom Extension of a temporary st ate aid scheme (overall budget 
€500 million (US$714 million)) aimed at granting aid to enterprises of up to €500,000 (US$714,000) per beneficiary  Public information 
available on the European 
Commission's website 
transmitted by the EU Delegation. EU State Aid 
SA. 32110 (2010/N) 
(10 January 2011)  Effective 
1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011  
Japan Financial aid (¥33 billi on (US$407.7 million)) through the 
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry for 160 capital 
investment projects aiming at reducing the use of rare earth 
minerals Permanent Delegation of 
Japan to the WTO 
(11 May 2011)   
Japan "Enhanced Facility for Global Cooperation in Low Carbon 
Infrastructure and Equity Investment" (E-FACE) aimed at 
promoting a package of infrastructure related exports. The E-
FACE aims at mobilizing private capital through Japan Bank for 
International Cooperation ˊs (JBIC) equity participation, 
guarantee functions and loans Permanent Delegation of 
Japan to the WTO 
(11 May 2011) Effective 
1 April 2011 
Korea, Rep. of Korean Hidden Champion Programme of the Export-Import 
Bank of Korea (KEXIM) providing tailored loans and guarantees 
at market rates according to the risk profile of the borrower, for 
selected SMEs  with high t echnologies and growth potential 
(112 identified as of April 2011). The total amount of  the programme is not fixed, and the programme is not aimed at specific sectors Permanent Delegation of 
Korea to the WTO 
(29 April 2011) 
  
Annex 2 (cont'd)  WT/TPR/OV/W/5 
 Page 81 
 
 
  Country/ 
Member State Measure Source/Date Status 
Korea, Rep. of Financial aid (W 48  billion (US$44.3 million) for the period 
2011-13) through the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) to 
non-profit R&D organizations for pre-marketing testing, 
verification equipment, and infras tructure for new and renewable 
energy developed by SMEs Permanent Delegation of 
Korea to the WTO 
(16 May 2011) 
  
New Zealand Extension of the Short-Te rm Trade Credit Guarantee (ST-TCG) 
scheme (originally established in 2009) Permanent Delegation of 
New Zealand to the WTO (2 May 2011) Effective until 
June 2014 
Peru Elimination of economic stim ulus measures (Plan de Estímulo 
Económico - PEE initiated in February 2009) Permanent Delegation of 
Peru to the WTO 
(3 May 2011)   
Singapore Export Coverage Scheme (E CS) intended to cover insolvency 
and protracted defaults of end buyers (coverage up to 90%). 
Originally scheduled to be effective from 1 March 2009 to 
28 February 2010. (The ECS was extended until 
31 January 2011) WTO Document 
WT/TPR/OV/W/3, 
14 June 2010 and 
Permanent Delegation of Singapore to the WTO (13 May 2011) Scheme expired on 
31 January 2011 
Switzerland State aid (Sw F 12 million (US$13.5 million) additional per year 
for 2011 and 2012) for tourism promotion Permanent Delegation of 
Switzerland to the WTO (9 May 2011)   
Ukraine Financial support for cattle breeders (breeding farms Hrv 1,900 
(US$238) and multiplicati on farms Hrv 1,000 (US$125)) Permanent Delegation of 
Ukraine to the United 
Nations (16 May 2011) Effective 
2 March 2011 
United States Extension of the excise tax credit (US$0.45/gallon) for ethanol 
producers, included in the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance 
Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010  Permanent Delegation of 
the United States to the 
WTO (11 May 2011) Effective until 
31 December 2011  
Uruguay Temporary financial support for milk producers (up to 
US$30,000) for the purchase  of livestock feeding products,  
granted by the Banco Republica Oriental del Uruguay Permanent Delegation of 
Uruguay to the WTO 
(16 May 2011)   
 
 
  
 
NON-VERIFIED INFORMATION  
Country/ 
Member 
State Measure Source/Date Status 
Sri Lanka Tax breaks for certain sector s, i.e. agriculture, fishery, and 
construction Dowjones Newswires 
(22 November 2010)   
Viet Nam Preferential lending rates in US dollars for exporters operating in 
certain "key" sectors, i.e. agricultu re, fisheries, rubber, textiles and 
garment through the Vietnam Commercial Joint Stock Bank for 
Industry and Trade Press reports referring to 
Ministry of Industry and 
Trade Decision No. 1380 
(25 March 2011)   
 
 
 
   
 
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