WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
G/L/777 19 May 2006 
 
(06-2451) 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Original:  English 
  
 
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CLOSER ECONOMIC RELATIONS 
TRADE AGREEMENT (ANZCERTA) 
 
Biennial Report on the Operation of the Agreement
 
 
Communication from the Parties 
 
  The following communication, dated 8 May 2006, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegations of Australia and New Ze aland. It is organized in accordance to the Standard Format for 
Information on Regional Trade Agreements (WT/REG/W/6). 
 
_______________ 
 
 I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE AGREEMENT 
1. Membership And Dates Of Signature, Ratification And Entry Into Force 
The Parties to the Agreement are Australia a nd New Zealand.  The Free Trade Agreement is 
defined in Article 2 of the Agreement to include  the territory of Australia excluding its offshore 
territories, and territory of New Zealand, excl uding the Cook Islands, Ni ue and Tokelau. The 
Agreement is commonly known as the CER Agreement. 
 
 The Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 December 1982 and entered into force on 1 January 1983. (Annex 2 lists the amen ding documents to the CER Agreement). 
 
2. Type Of Agreement 
 The Agreement creates a free-trade area in conformity with the definition set out in 
Article XXIV: 8(b) of GATT 1994. 
 
3. Scope 
The free trade area established by the Agreemen t provides the framework for trade relations 
between Australia and New Zealand. 
 
  The CER Agreement covers trade in all goods (HS Chapters 1-97).  Th e products covered by 
the CER Agreement must originate in Australia or Ne w Zealand according to the rules of origin laid 
out in Article 3 of the Agreement, and clarified in Exchange of Letters 1988, 1992, and the Joint 
Understanding on Harmonisation of Customs Procedures.   Trade Ministers have agreed to adopt new 
rules of origin, based on the Change of Tariff Cl assification approach, which it is anticipated will 
come into effect from 1 January 2007.     The Agreement was expanded in 1988 with th e signing of the Protocol on Trade in Services. WT/REG111/R/B/3 
G/L/777 Page 2 
 
 
  The Agreement also contains provisions, inter alia , on competition, government purchasing, 
and dumping. 
 
4. Trade Data 
Total trade coverage of the Agreement is as follows: 
 
New Zealand: Imports from Australia
 
(NZ$000) 
 
Year Total Trade Trade Covered % of Trade Covered 
2003 6,818,549 6,818,549 100% 
2004 7,415,445 7,415,445 100% 
2005 7,289,323 7,289,323 100% 
  
Australia: Imports from New Zealand 
 
(A$000) 
 
Year Total Trade Trade Covered % of Trade Covered 
2003 5,006,161 5,006,161 100% 
2004 5,191,004 5,191,004 100% 
2005 5,405,346 5,405,346 100% 
 
 More detailed trade data can be found in Annex 1. 
 
 
II. TRADE PROVISIONS  
1. Import Restrictions  
 1.1 Duties and Charges 
  All tariffs and other duties and charges have  been removed under the CER Agreement (with 
the exception of goods subject to excise and all goods  subject to a goods and services tax (GST)). This 
provision is contained in Article s 4 and 5 of the 1983 CER Agreem ent and Articles 1 and 2 of the 
1988 CER Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods under which all transitional 
arrangements and temporary exceptions to the basic fr ee trade rule were eliminated as of 1 July 1990. 
  1.2 Quantitative Restrictions 
 
 All quantitative import restrictions are prohibite d under the CER Agreement.  This provision 
is contained in Article 5 of the 1983 CER Agreemen t and Article 2 of the 1988 CER Protocol on the 
Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods under whic h all transitional arrangements and temporary 
exceptions to the basic free trade rule were eliminated as of 1 July 1990.  
 1.3 Common External Tariff 
  Not applicable to the CER Agreement.   WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  2. Export Restrictions  
 2.1 Duties and Charges 
  No export duties or charges are imposed on trade between parties to the CER Agreement. 
 
 2.2 Quantitative Restrictions    All quantitative export restrictions are prohibite d under the CER Agreement.  This provision 
is contained in Article 8 of the 1983 CER Agreem ent in conjunction with the 1988 CER Protocol on 
the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods under wh ich all transitional arra ngements and temporary 
exceptions to the basic free trade rule were eliminated as of 1 July 1990.  
3. Rules Of Origin  
 The rules of origin are defined in a series of provisions/documents comprising Article 3 of 
ANZCERTA and subsequent clarification of, or am endment to, Article 3 in the 1988 Exchange of 
Letters and Joint Understandi ng on Harmonisation of Customs Polices and Procedures, and 
Exchanges of Letters dated 6 October 1992.  Th e 1992 Joint Understanding was replaced by an 
Arrangement concluded on 23 December 2003 between the Australian and New Zealand 
Governments containing minor additions to ensu re equity of treatment between integrated 
manufacturers and those that outsource production.  
 
 The minimum requirements for goods to be c onsidered to originate in the Free Trade Area 
are:   
- the last process of manufacture should ha ve occurred in Australia or New Zealand; 
and 
 - at least one half of the factory or work costs of the goods should be made up from 
expenditure on any of: 
 
 - materials originating in the Free Trade Area; 
 - labour and factory overheads incurred in the Free Trade Area; and 
 - inner containers originating in the Free Trade Area. 
  These elements have been defined in the 1992 Exchange of Lette rs referred to above. 
 
 At their annual CER Ministers’ Meeting, held on 11 December 2004, Australia and New 
Zealand agreed to reform the Rules of Origin under ANZCERTA.  On 3 February 2006, Ministers 
announced that final agreement had been reached to adopt a Change of Tariff Classification (CTC) 
approach for the rules.  Negotiations have been fi nalised and it is anticipated that the changes will 
come into effect on 1 January 2007. 
 The new rules provide for a five year transiti on period during which importers will be able to 
claim origin under the existing rules should they pr efer. A review of the re vised rules is to be 
completed within three years of their coming into effect.   All unmanufactured raw products of Australia and New Zealand are considered to originate in 
the Free Trade Area.  So too are products wholly  manufactured in either country from any of: 
unmanufactured raw products, materials wholly manu factured in the Free Trade Area, or imported 
materials that have been deemed or “determined”  to be of Free Trade Area origin.  Procedures for WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  “determining” a raw material to be of local or igin are set out in the 1988 Joint Understanding on 
Harmonisation of Customs Policies and Procedures.  
4. Standards  
 Under Article 12 of CER, Australia and New Zealand undertook to “examine the scope for 
taking action to harmonise requirements relating to such  matters as standards, technical specifications 
and testing procedures, domestic la belling and restrictive trade practices”.  A number of agreements 
and arrangements have been ne gotiated pursuant to this Article.  They are outlined below.  
 
4.1 Technical Barriers to Trade  
 
 As part of the 1988 Review of CER, Austra lia and New Zealand concluded a Memorandum 
of Understanding on Technical Barriers to Trade (MOU on TBT) .  In the MOU, both Governments 
reaffirmed their commitment to work  towards the harmonisation of standards, technical specifications 
and testing procedures.  Following Australia’s acceptance of the plurilateral GATT Agreement on 
Technical Barriers to Trade (the Standards Code) (now superseded by the WTO Agreement), undertakings which New Zealand and Australia ente red into in the MOU on TBT are governed by the 
provisions of the Agreement.  
The MOU on TBT has been reinforced by the development of the Agreement on Standards, 
Accreditation and Quality (ASAQ) , which was entered into by the Australian Commonwealth and 
State Governments and the New Zealand Gove rnment on 26 October 1990.  ASAQ ties the 
participating parties firmly to the principles of standards harmonisation and mutual acceptance of certification and accreditation, goals specifically encouraged by the WTO and TBT Agreement. 
 
The Joint Accreditation System (JAS-ANZ) 
was concluded on 30 October 1991.  The 
agreement was established to accredit quality syst ems conformity assessment bodies in order to 
remove the need for multiple audits in the New Zealand/Australian market. It was also designed to assist exports of goods and services to third c ountries by gaining international recognition of 
certificates of conformity issued by the conformity assessment bodies.  A revised JAS-ANZ Treaty concluded in 1998 provides for a modified govern ance structure and enhanced accountability and 
reporting procedures.  This system meets th e terms encouraged in Article 6.3 of the 
WTO TBT Agreement to conclude mutual rec ognition agreements on conformity assessment. 
 
 An  Agreement Between the Government of New Zealand and the Government of Australia 
establishing a system for the development of joint food standards  was established in 1995 to 
harmonise trans-Tasman food standards.  The Agr eement sets out principles for the development of 
food standards characterised by transparency, timeliness and accountability, including a commitment 
to consultation and public involvement .  Both countries are represented at all levels of the standards 
setting process, including on the Board of the Au stralia New Zealand Food Authority and on the 
Australia and New Zealand Food Regulation Minister ial Council.  In accordance with Article 9 of the 
Treaty, a review is underway to identify the exte nt to which the Treaty objectives have been met, 
identify (if possible) new measures to improve its op eration and clarify its scope. A previous review 
was held in 2000 and led to substantial amendments  to the Treaty which came into force on 1 July 
2002.  
The Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement (TTMRA )
 came into effect on 
1 May 1998.  Under TTMRA, a good which is legally able to be sold in one CER country can be 
legally sold in the other and a person who is regi stered to practise an occupation in one CER country 
is entitled to practise an equivalent  occupation in the other country.  Goods need only comply with the 
standards or regulation for the sale of goods applying in the jurisdiction in which they are produced or  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  through which they are imported.  Certain areas are excluded from trans-Ta sman mutual recognition 
as they are not standards-related barriers to trade.  These include the international obligations of each 
country’s intellectual property laws, customs controls  and taxation.  There are also five product areas 
which are not currently covered by TTMRA and ar e currently the subject of cooperative work 
programs aimed at arriving at one of three possible outcomes; mutual recognition, harmonisation, or 
permanent exemption from the coverage of the TTMRA. 
 
 On 10 December 2003 a Treaty was signed by the Governments of Australia and New Zealand establishing a joint scheme for the regulation of the quality, safety and efficacy of 
therapeutic products to resolve the special exem ption for therapeutic goods granted under the Trans-
Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement in 199 8. The Treaty provides a framework for this 
harmonised scheme and sets out the governance a nd accountability arrangements for the Australia 
New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority, the b ody which will be established to administer the 
scheme in both countries. In December 2005 it was announced that Australi a and New Zealand had 
agreed to defer the start date of the joint scheme to allow the resoluti on of some outstanding issues.  It 
is envisaged that legislation to im plement the joint scheme will be in troduced into both parliaments by 
mid 2006.  
 
4.2 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  
 
Article 18 of the CER Agreement specifically allows New Zealand and Australia to adopt 
measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, including the protection of indigenous or endangered animal or plant life.  Article 18 allows each country to impose quarantine 
requirements on imports.  But such requirements must not be used as a means of arbitrary or unjustified discrimination or a disguised restric tion on trade.  Under the 1988 Protocol on the 
Harmonisation of Quarantine Administrative Procedur es, Australia and New Zealand reaffirmed their 
commitment to the principle that quarantine requi rements should not be deliberately used as a means 
of creating a technical barrier to trade where this is not scientifically justified. 
 In September 1999, under Article 18, Austra lia and New Zealand jointly established the 
Consultative Group on Biosecurity Cooperation. Th e Group meets annually to discuss sanitary and 
phytosanitary issues of mutual interest. 
 
5. Safeguards 
 Article 17 contained provisions for tempor ary safeguards measures for goods covered by 
CER during a transition period, which ended in 1990.  Thus, no safeguard measures are applicable for 
goods covered by CER.  Both Australia and New Ze aland have notified the Safeguard Committee of 
this.   However, paragraph 11 of Article 17 conti nues to allow a Member State to initiate 
consultations in the event of sever e material injury or demonstrable threat thereof arising from the 
operation of CER in respect of goods.  Such consu ltation would be held pursu ant to paragraph 2 of 
Article 22, the General Consultation and Review Article.  
 
6. Anti-Dumping And Countervailing Measures 
 Article 4 of the ANZCERTA Protocol on Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods eliminated , 
from 1 July 1990, the availability of anti-dumping ac tions on goods covered by  CER.  In parallel, 
Parties to the Agreement extended the application of  their competition law prohibitions on the misuse 
of market power to trans-Tasman markets.  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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   There is continuing provision under Article 15.8 of the ANZCERTA for a Member State to 
request the other to take action, consistent with its international obligati ons, against dumped imports 
from a third country.  The procedures for handlin g third country anti-dumping (and countervailing) 
cases under CER were clarified in an Exchange of Letters in August 1992.   
 
 Article 16 of the Agreement provides that Parties to the Agreement shall only levy 
countervailing duties in accordance with the relevant provisions of the GATT.  
7. Subsidies And State-Aid 
Article 11 of the ANZCERTA established that the Member States agreed to work towards the 
elimination of all export subsidies and export incen tives on goods traded in the area.  Performance-
based export incentives specified in Annex D to the Agreement were phased out by 1987 in respect of 
goods traded in the area.  In the 1988 Agreed Minut e on Industry Assistance it was agreed that from 1 
July 1990 neither country would pay export incentiv es or like measures aimed at stimulating exports 
to the other at the expense of industry in that c ountry.  Australia and New Zealand also agreed that 
from the same date they would not pay produc tion bounties or like measures on goods which are 
exported to the other country.  They further undertook to try to avoid adoption of industry specific measures (bounties, subsidies and other financial support) which ha ve adverse effects on competition 
between industries in the free trade area.  If either  Party considers that such a measure must be 
adopted, notification and consultation commitments  apply.  These notification and consultation 
commitments were clarified as part of the 1992 Review  of CER, during which it was also agreed that 
each Government would give due consideration to representations from the other on the effect 
industry-specific non-financial measures may have on competition between industries in the Free 
Trade Area. 
 
8. Sector-Specific Provisions 
The sector-specific provisions contained in the Agreement are no longer operative. 
 
9. Other 
Customs Cooperation
 
 
Article 21 of the Agreement and the Joint Understanding on Harm onisation of Customs 
Policies and Procedures (1988) establishes a framework  for cooperation in customs administration.  
The main objective is that Customs Agencies will develop the closest possible working relationship 
by maintaining common approaches to the gr eatest extent possible and pursue harmonisation 
opportunities where possible. 
 
 The Joint Ministerial Statement on Rules of Orig in by the Australian Minister for Trade, the 
Hon Mark Vaile, and the New Zealand Minister for Trade Negotiations, the Hon Jim Sutton, on 28 August 2003 established a Joint Customs Committee to ensure a harmonised approach in the way 
that rules of origin are administered.    
 The last Customs Ministerial meeting was he ld in Auckland in July 2005 between the Hon 
Senator Chris Ellison and the Hon Rick Barker (fo rmer Minister for Customs).  Issues discussed 
included Customs regulatory issues associated with Trans-Tasman movement of freight, simplifying 
supply chain processes across the Tasman and the establishment of a Joint High Level Steering Group 
led by Deputy CEO/CE’s to scope, drive and monito r an agreed program of bilateral reform. Other 
matters on the agenda include revising the exis ting New Zealand and Australian Customs Cooperative  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  Arrangement and undertaking an analysis of the Customs-related capacity bu ilding needs of members 
of the Oceania Customs Organisation.    Government Procurement
 
 
The Australia New Zealand Government Procurement Agreement (ANZGPA, revised in 
1997) provides the framework for a single ANZ govern ment procurement market.  The Agreement is 
a mutual cooperation arrangement between the Au stralian Government, its State and Territory 
Governments and the New Zealand Government, that  aligns with the principles of the CER. It 
articulates the commitments of the jurisdictions to en sure the absence of inter-state and trans-Tasman 
application of preference schemes and other forms of discrimination in government procurement, based on the place of origin of suppliers, goods and services.  Each party is to provide, to suppliers, 
goods and services, including construc tion and related services, of the other party, equal opportunity 
and treatment no less favourable than that accorded to  domestic suppliers.  The parties also agree to 
promote opportunities for ANZ suppliers to compete for government business based on the principle 
of value for money.    The ANZGPA does not contain financial thresholds . It applies to procurement of all values. 
Exemptions include defence procurem ent of a strategic nature and urgent procurement in the event of 
emergencies. 
 
Coordination of Business Law
 
  The 2000 Memorandum of Understanding on  Business Law Coordination between 
New Zealand and Australia reflects the two count ries’ common understanding of coordination in 
business law and provides a framework for future coop eration on business law integration.  Objectives 
include lowering business costs through removing di fferences in laws and administrative systems, 
improving the effectiveness of the law, and reducing the cost of capital to business. 
  A revised Memorandum of U nderstanding was signed between Australia and New Zealand on 
22 February 2006. The new work program is focused on streamlining business regulation, and 
includes consideration of mutual recognition and/or further coordination of th e regulation of financial 
intermediaries, further coordination of disclosur e regimes in securities law and coordination of 
competition law.  
III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE  AGREEMENT 
 
1. Exceptions And Reservations 
 CER, through Article 18, allows standard exceptions from its provisions, for specified 
purposes, provided they are not used “as a means of arbitr ary or unjustified discrimination or as a 
disguised restriction on trade”.  The specified purposes are:  
- protection of essential security interests; 
- protection of public morals and prevention of disorder or crime; - protection of human, animal or plant life or health, including the protection of 
indigenous or endangered animal or plant life; 
- protection of intellectual or industrial prope rty rights or to prevent unfair, deceptive, 
or misleading practices ; 
- protection of national treasures or artistic, historical, anthropological, archaeological, 
palaeontological or geological value; 
- to prevent or relieve critical shorta ges of foodstuffs or other essential goods; WT/REG111/R/B/3 
G/L/777 Page 8 
 
 
  - to conserve limited natural resources; 
- in pursuance of obligations under international commodity agreements; - to secure compliance with laws and regulations relating to customs enforcement, to 
tax avoidance or evasion and to foreign exchange control; 
- to regulate the importation or exportation of gold or silver; 
- the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing 
of goods; 
- in connection with the products of prison labour. 
 2. Accession  
Article 24 of CER enables Australia and New Zeal and to agree to the association of any other 
State.  To this point in time Australia and Ne w Zealand are the only acceding parties and no other 
State has sought association with the Agreement.  
 
3. Dispute Settlement Procedures 
 There are no specific dispute settlement pro cedures under the CER Agreement.  However, 
Article 22 of the CER Agreement sets out the consu ltation and review mechanism that is aimed at 
ensuring that both New Zealand and Australia are happ y with the functioning of the Agreement.  If 
either New Zealand or Australia has a grievance co ncerning adherence to any part of the Agreement, 
the other country is obliged to enter into consulta tions to seek an equitable and mutually satisfactory 
solution. 
 
4. Relations With Other Trade Agreements 
 The Agreement is the main instrument govern ing economic relations between Australia and 
New Zealand.  Supporting the Agreement is a comp rehensive framework of instruments that focuses 
on removal of administrative impediments to trade (MOU on Business Law Coordination and Double 
Taxation Agreement), and standards harmonisation to  minimise non-tariff and access restrictions to 
trade (Joint Food Standards Agreement and the Tran s Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement).  As 
well, the Agreement was expanded in 1988 with th e signing of the Protocol on Trade in Services 
being examined in the Committee on Regional Trad e Agreements.  The Air Services Agreement, 
which entered into force on 25 August 2003, al so forms part of the supporting framework of 
CER instruments. 
  New Zealand and Australia are willing to consider free trade agreements with other significant individual economies or regional groupings,  where they would deliver faster and deeper 
liberalisation than the multilateral process, with th e objective of gaining better market access for our 
exporters, faster economic growth and stronger em ployment growth.  Such arrangements would need 
to demonstrate comprehensive sectoral coverage  and reflect the principles underpinning CER, 
including WTO consistency.   
5. Institutional Framework 
Article 22 of the Agreement commits Ministers of both countries to meet annually or 
otherwise as appropriate to review the operation of  the Agreement.  Australia and New Zealand hold 
annual trade and economic talks at senior official le vels, to precede annual Trade Ministers’ meetings.  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  ANNEX 1 
 
Australia’s top ten imports from New Zealand  
 
 CY2003 CY2004 CY2005 
 A$'000 A$'000 A$'000 
2709    Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude 225,921 247,993 282,664 
7108    Gold (including gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in 
semi-manufactured forms, or in powder form 197,752 216,357 229,729 
4801    Newsprint, in rolls or sheets 161,423 178,462 191,377 
4407    Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether or not 
planed, sanded or finger-jointed, of a thickness exceeding 6 mm 212,915 202,493 177,595 
0406    Cheese and curd 117,147 135,829 164,673 
2106    Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 84,424 92,453 107,459 
8418    Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing 
equipment, electric or other; heat pumps other than air conditioning 
machines 87,698 98,087 97,218 
2204    Wine of fresh grapes, including fortified wines; grape must other 
than that of 2009 45,009 69,668 96,242 
5703    Carpets and other textile floor coverings, tufted, whether or not 
made up 49,378 63,798 89,193 
3923    Articles for the conveyance or packing of goods, of plastics; 
stoppers, lids, caps and other closures, of plastics 74,925 77,694 85,489 
9988    Combined miscellaneous items of trade nes and confidential items: 
from Jul 91 on, excl HS Ch 29 codes confidentialised with Broad 
Commodity Details restrictions, likewise Ch 28 BCDs excepting that these 
ceased after Dec 94 (imports  on 69,986 77,788 144,138 
Total Merchandise Imports 5,006,161 5,191,004 5,405,346 
Source:  DFAT, STARS database 
 
 
New Zealand’s top ten imports from Australia  
 
 2003 2004 2005 
 NZ$'000 NZ$'000 NZ$'000 
2710    Oil (Not Crude) From Petrol & Bitum Mineral Etc. 484,752 525,845 629,093 
8703    Motor Cars & Vehicles For Transporting Persons 588,058 619,266 571,767 
2709    Crude Oil From Petroleum And Bituminous Minerals 171,447 518,169 264,215 
2818    Artfl Corundum W/Nt Chem Defnd Alum Oxid/Hydroxide 206,249 228,021 221,845 
3004    Medicaments Nesoi, Mixed Or Not, In Dosage Etc. Fm 209,462 179,358 211,474 
8704    Motor Vehicles For Transport Of Goods 125,715 126,723 128,913 
8524    Records, Tapes & Other Recorded Sound Media Etc. 94,348 111,601 128,176 
8471    Automatic Data Process Machines; Magn Reader Etc. 142,067 157,532 102,582 
2204    Wine Of Fresh Grapes; Grape Must Nesoi 113,759 106,875 101,779 
1905    Bread, Pastry, Cakes Etc.; Comm Wafrs, Emp Caps Etc. 80,867 83,700 88,833 
Total Merchandise Imports 6,818,549 7,415,445 7,289,323 
Source: Statistics New Zealand 
 WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  ANNEX 2 
 
AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND CLOSER ECONOMIC RELATIONS  
TRADE AGREEMENT (CER) AND AMENDING DOCUMENTS 
 
AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND CLOSER ECONOMIC RELATIONS TRADE AGREEMENT 
(1983 ) 
 - Annexes A- F and attachments (no longer operative) 
- Exchange of Letters on Fruit Ju ice Products (no longer operative) 
 TRADE IN GOODS
 
 - Protocol on Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods (1988) 
 (Fully implemented on 1 July 1990) 
- Exchange of Letters on Trans Tasm an Trade in Dairy Products (1988) 
 (No longer operative) - Mutual Determination on Quantita tive Export Restrictions (1988) 
 (Fully implemented on 1 July 1990) - Exchange of Letters on Annex F (1992) 
- Mutual Determination on Liberalisati on Under Specific Industry Plans (1988) 
 (No longer operative) - Exchange of Letters and Joint Understa nding on Harmonisation of Customs Policies and 
Procedures (1988) 
- Protocol and Agree Minutes on Harmonisation of Quarantine Administrative Procedures 
(1988) 
- Amendments to Article 3 - Rules of Origin - Exchange of Letters on Rules of Origin (1992) (no longer operative) 
- Exchange of Letters on Direct Shipment Rule (1992) - Exchange of Letters on Rules of Origin (2003)  
TRADE IN SERVICES
 
 - Protocol on Trade in Services (1988)  - Annex: Services Inscribed by  New Zealand and Australia  
  - As of 1988 
  - 1992 Review (Exchange of Letters) 
  - Annex as of 1992   - 1995 Review (Exchange of Letters)   - Annex as of 1995   - Exchange of Letters 1997, 1998, 1999   - Annex as of 1999 
 
THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR BUSINESS
 
 - Memorandum of Understanding on Harmonisation of Business Law (1988) - Memorandum of Understanding on the Coordination of Business Law (2000) 
- Memorandum of Understanding on Te chnical Barriers to Trade (1988) 
 - Exchange of Letters Amending th e Memorandum of Understanding on  
 - Technical Barriers to Trade (1992) - Exchange of Letters on Third Country Dumping  - Agreed Procedures for Handling Third Country Anti-Dumping Complaints  WT/REG111/R/B/3 
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  GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE  
 - Agreed Minute on Industry Assistance (1988)  - Letters amending the Agreed Minute on Industry Assistance (1989) 
  - Notification and Consultation Provisions 
 - Letters on the Agreed Minute on Industry Assistance (1992)  GOVERNMENT PURCHASING
 
 
- Agreed Minute on State Government Purchasing Preferences 
(New Zealand is now a party to the Co mmonwealth/State Gove rnment Procurement 
Agreement) 
 AVIATION
 
 
- Australia – New Zealand Single Aviation Market Arrangements (1996) - Memorandum of Understanding on Open Skies between Australia and New Zealand (2000) 
 
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