WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 18 November 2011 
 
(11-5994) 
Trade Policy Review Body 
28 and 30 September 2011  
 
 
 
TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
 
GUINEA AND MAURITANIA 
 
Record of the Meeting 
 
Chairperson:  H.E. Mr Bozkurt Aran (Turkey) 
 
  Page 
I.  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY  THE CHAIRPERSON ................................................................... 3  
II.  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF GUINEA ................................................ 4  
III.  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF MAURITANIA ...................................... 6  
IV.  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT .................................................................................................. 8 
V.  STATEMENTS BY  MEMBERS ......................................................................................................... ... 15 
VI.  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF GUINEA AND MAURITANIA AND 
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ........................................................................................................... ..... 26 
VII.  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY  THE CHAIRPERSON ...................................................................... 33  
 
 
    
 
    
 
     
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Advance written questions by WTO Memb ers and the replies provided by Guinea and 
Mauritania are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/250/Add.1-WT/TPR/M/251/Add.1 and will be available online at http://www.wto. org/english/tratop_e/tp r_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  
  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
1. The third review of the trade policy of Guin ea and the second review of the trade policy of 
Mauritania were held on 28 and 30 September 2011 .  The Chairperson, H.E. Mr Bozkurt Aran 
(Turkey) welcomed the delegation of Guinea, led by H.E. Mr Mohammed Dorval Doumbouya, 
Minister of Trade, and the delegation of Mauritani a, led by H.E. Mr Cheikh Ahmed Ould Zahaf, as 
well as the discussant, H.E. Mr Omar Hilale (Morocco). 
2. The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the trade policy reviews and the main elements of the 
procedures of the meeting.  The reports of  Mauritania and Guinea were contained in 
documents WT/TPR/G/250 and WT/TPR/G/251,  and those of the WTO Secretariat in 
documents WT/TPR/S/250 and WT/TPR/S/251. 
3. Questions posed by the following delegations had been communicated in writing at least 
two weeks before the meeting and had been passed on to the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania:  
United States;  European Union;  and Japan.  The following delegations had submitted written 
questions after the expiration of the tw o-week deadline:  Brazil and Canada. 
4. The Chairperson said that he had considered the reports prepared for this meeting by Guinea, 
Mauritania and the Secretariat.  It appeared from these reports that both economies were recovering 
well from the political turmoil that had undermined  their economic performance during the past 
six years.  Nevertheless, the reports stressed that the economies remained heavily dependent on exports of primary mining products , and failed to attract investments into other sectors for their 
diversification.  Accordingly, over the past six y ears, economic growth had b een erratic in Mauritania 
and basically weak in Guinea, with high poverty rates in both countries. 
5. Awareness of the need to fight corruption had led both Guinea and Mauritania to adopt 
legislation that dealt with government transparen cy and economic efficiency, notably Government 
Procurement and Mining Codes.  He would like to urge Guinea and Mauritania to implement the new 
laws promptly, with a view to improving their business environment and attracting the investment 
needed for the diversification of their economies. 
6. The Secretariat report noted that the applie d MFN tariff rates exceeded the bound rates on 
some 10 per cent of their total tariff lines.  Other duties and taxes on imports and lack of transparency in customs procedures further impeded trade.  He not ed that Members would be interested in the steps 
to be taken by Guinea and Mauritani a to address these inconsistencies. 
7. Overall, this review provided Members an opportu nity to exchange views on certain systemic 
issues of interest to all policy-makers.  These included: 
 Trade facilitation:   Measures to be implemented by Guinea and Mauritania to 
streamline customs procedures, including computerization and introduction of sound 
risk management systems, and full impl ementation of the WTO Customs Valuation 
Agreement. 
 Transparency:   Timely publication and notification to the WTO of all trade-related 
measures adopted by Guinea and Mauritania. 
 Intellectual property rights:   The need for improvement of protection of intellectual 
property rights (IPRs) by Guinea and Mauritania. 
 Trade in services:   Importance of specific commit ments under the GATS for foreign 
direct investment (FDI) in the services sectors of Guinea and Mauritania. WT/TPR/M/250 
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  II. OPENING STATEMENT BY THE RE PRESENTATIVE OF GUINEA 
8. International trade is a strong catalyst and a valuable tool for promoting socio-economic 
development, creating jobs, raisi ng incomes, reducing poverty and, hence, improving the population's 
living standards.  For my delegation, the trade polic y review is an important moment as it underlines 
the Guinean Government's strong determination to r espect its international commitments in order to 
integrate Guinea's economy into the multilateral trading system. 
9. Guinea's objective in this exercise is of course to promote the establishment of a regulatory, 
fiscal and institutional environment capable of en couraging Guinea's transparent integration into 
regional and international trade channels, supported by multilatera l cooperation and in accordance 
with the WTO's rules and disciplines. 
10. It is a particular source of satisfaction for me to recall that Guinea is emerging from a lengthy 
process of political and institutional change which, at the end of 2010 in a more serene climate and with the support and encouragement of the interna tional community, led to the organization of the 
first free, democratic and transparent elections th e country had known since it became independent on 
3 October 1958. 
11. My country has come far.  This meeting is taking place at a time when, after numerous 
upheavals that have marked its path and prof oundly undermined its economy, Guinea is seeing 
change.  Rejoining the family of nations, the Pr esident of the Republic Alpha Condé, has already 
given instructions for payment of all Guinea's contributions in arrears to the WTO. 
12. Although Guinea has substantial natural potential which includes vast areas of arable land, 
abundant minerals, fisheries, forestry, hydrol ogical, energy and human resources, its economic 
performance is still below par.  For example, in  the agricultural sector the potential existing is 
under-used with less than one quarter of arable la nd being farmed.  Agriculture employs 80 per cent 
of the population, but only provides 17 per cent of the GDP. 
13. To illustrate this situation, the year 2010 was ma rked by:  low level of wealth creation, with 
the GDP growing by only 1.9 per cent;  average per ca pita GDP growth of 1.1 per cent against a target 
of 1.9 per cent;  reduced purchasing power for the population with an estimated annual rate of 
inflation of 20.4 per cent, whereas wages have only risen slightly;  an increased budget deficit, on 
average 5.7 per cent against a target of 1.5 per cent;  a high level of debt servicing compared to exports of goods and services, amounting to 14  per cent against a target of 10 per cent. 
14. In order to give government action the necess ary impetus, the Government has embarked 
upon far-reaching reforms, mainly concerning:  re imposing the State's authority and modernizing 
government authorities;  a widespread campaign to promote public awareness of the need to establish 
a climate of peace and social harmony;  reform of the judicial system, the defence and security forces;  fighting impunity and corruption;  economic recovery with more effi cient management of government 
finance;  monetary stabilization;  harmonization of customs legislation with that of the Economic 
Community of West African States (ECOWAS);  str eamlining of customs procedures;  introduction of 
structures to promote the private sector;  revi sion of the Mining Code  and the Government 
Procurement Code, etc.;  preparation of an amb itious socio-economic basic infrastructure programme 
(water, electricity, telecommunications, transport, et c.);  boosting agriculture and promoting jobs for 
young people and women;  and establishing an office to promote private investment - single window. 
15. All the above measures should help in achieving the completion point of the Heavily Indebted 
Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC), which in the ne ar future will open up the path to cancellation  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  of US$2.5 billion of the US$3.1 billion debt.  This  will give the Government additional resources for 
financing investment in priority areas such as health , education, agriculture, water, electricity, etc. 
16. With a view to strengthening market economy m echanisms, the Government intends to take 
appropriate measures to reform its trade policy so  as to liberalize economic activities still further and 
enhance dialogue and partnership with the private sector and civil society through joint management 
of the economy in order to establish a competitive  environment in various sectors with growth 
potential. 
17. The following reforms should also be noted in addition to the measures mentioned above:  the 
management of government finance has been marked  by the principle of a unified budget, combined 
with spending based on the income  available;  total financial revenue amounted to GNF 2,498 billion 
compared to GNF 1,596 billion;  with regard to th e monetary situation over the same period, the 
figures for May 2011 compared to those for December 2010 show that the monetary base only rose by 
6.5 per cent, in comparison with 26.2 per cent one year  ago.  On the other hand, the monetary base fell 
by 1 per cent compared to an increase of 10.1 per cen t;  trade flows with the rest of the world show 
a 59.8 per cent rise in imports and 38.9 per cent in e xports;  and the rate of c overage fell from 84.6 per 
cent to 73.5 per cent. 
18. As you can see, this performance during the firs t half of 2011 is a source of both satisfaction 
and encouragement to continue the reforms which, we hope, will enable Guinea to regain its place in 
the global economy.  It is a harbinger of hope despite the many problems that remain. 
19. At the multilateral level, the Guinean Govern ment has made important commitments within 
the Uruguay Round framework by means of tariff bindings.  Guinea also applies Article 7 of the 
WTO Customs Valuation Agreement.  This is the oppor tunity for us to reaffirm Guinea's attachment 
to the multilateral trading system based on equitable a nd mutually beneficial rules for all, as well as 
its active participation in the D oha Development Round negotiations. 
20. It is the time for the Republic of Guinea to r eaffirm its commitment to the Doha Development 
Round and to express the hope that, at the 8th WTO Ministerial Conference, planned for 
December 2011, the LDCs will receive a package that allows them to derive greater benefit from the 
opportunities afforded by globalization. 
21. For my country, technical assistance and trade -related capacity-building constitute priorities 
for its poverty reduction programme.  Accordingly, the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) and 
Aid for Trade (AfT) could play a key role.  Nevertheless, as an LDC, Guinea faces supply-side 
constraints in relation to infrastructure and productivi ty and is highly vulnerable to fluctuations in 
commodity prices.  This is why it is hopeful that WTO Members and development partners will assist 
it in addressing supply-side constraints so as to enable  the country to take full advantage of the market 
access opportunities created at the multilateral level. 
22. This is the occasion for my delegation to call on  our partners for their support and assistance 
for the effective implementation of these programme s.  The economic partners hip agreements (EPAs) 
being negotiated at the subregional level should take into account the development concerns and 
needs of our countries.  Guinea remains committed  to maintaining an increasingly open economy in 
a securitized environment. 
23. Before this distinguished gathering, I should like to confirm that Guinea's economic 
development prospects are promising and that my country remains decisively committed to the pursuit 
of a liberal economy. WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 6 
 
 
  III. OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF MAURITANIA 
24. The TPRM is undeniably a tool that can help in understanding Members' trade policies.  
The essence and the goal of this mechanism must  enable the country reviewed to draw the 
conclusions it deems appropriate.  This revi ew is taking place a few months before the 
8
th WTO Ministerial Conference in Geneva, at a time when all WTO Members are actively engaged in 
working towards a balanced outcome that will specifi cally reflect the "development dimension" of the 
Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001.  Accordingly, Mauritania reiterates its attachment to 
the multilateral trading system and to its fundamental principles, which are a point of reference in our 
trade policy. 
25. My country is convinced that the TPRM is an important tool for transparency and can help to 
improve understanding of Members' trade policies.  I recall in this connection that in 2002 Mauritania 
successfully completed its first trade policy review.  I trust that the reports drawn up by the WTO Secretariat and the Mauritanian Government are sufficiently explicit to enable Members to 
comprehend the key elements of Mauritania's trade policy.  The Mauritanian delegation present at the 
meeting is of course at your disposal to provide any clarification required. 
26. In my opening statement, I shall try to descr ibe the major developments in our trade policy 
since the previous review in 2002.  Despite the majo r challenges to be met, notably in relation to the 
economy's lack of diversification, vulnerability to external shocks, the business climate and the 
relatively high rates of unemployment and poverty,  Mauritania has energetically pursued structural 
reforms in order to improve governance and the business climate. 
27. These reforms are closely linked to the political and socio-economic objectives set by 
Mauritania aimed at strengthening the rule of law and democracy, continuation of the economic 
liberalization policy and building stro ng economic growth and job creation. 
28. Through the choice and implementation of its trade policy, Mauritania has stepped up the 
process of liberalization, in particular by furt her tariff reduction, streamlining foreign trade 
procedures, eliminating non-tariff measures, crea ting an environment friendly to business and 
investment, and broadening and diversifying its trade relations. 
29. The measures introduced have also been direct ed at adapting domestic legislation to the 
WTO's principles and rules, enhancing the institutio nal framework for consultation with the private 
sector, and giving the latter a more important role to play in economic development. 
30. As regards investment, Mauritania has set up an agency responsible for promoting both 
domestic and international private investment to serve, inter alia , as a framework for State/private 
consultation;  in 2007, a Presidential Council for In vestment was set up with the task of acting as 
a platform for direct contacts between national and international investors and the President of the 
Republic. 
31. As regards foreign trade, customs procedur es and foreign trade formalities have improved 
considerably since 2002 and have been streamlined .  Much less time is now required for customs 
clearance. 
32. In connection with the customs, with a vi ew to streamlining a nd rationalizing customs 
taxation and making it transparent, Mauritania has c ontinued its tariff reform.  The objectives of the 
various measures taken are in compliance with Mauritania's WTO commitments, boosting investment, 
mitigating the effects of the food crisis on  the rural sector, and fighting corruption.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  33. To improve the business climate, Mauritania h as introduced commercial courts to deal with 
trade disputes, including those relating to intellect ual property;  legislation on standardization and 
government procurement, with the establishment of a Government Procurement Regulatory Authority;  and liberalization of the press, electronic and audiovisual media.  Significant progress has 
been made in this area. 
34. All these reforms have met the objectives set,  as can be seen from the positive results 
recorded despite an unfavourable economic environm ent caused in particular by the many problems 
faced by Mauritania over the period 2002-2009.  The process of openness and economic liberalization 
has been furthered by the signing of a number of b ilateral and regional trade agreements.  Their aim is 
regional economic integration and the agreements are consistent with the principles and rules of the 
multilateral trading system, making a decisive c ontribution to achieving the objectives of trade 
liberalization. 
35. At the multilateral level, Mauritania reaffirms its  attachment to the multilateral trading system 
and trade liberalization, which it considers benefi cial for growth, development and the population's 
well-being.  Nonetheless, it underscores the urgent n eed for the benefits to be equitably distributed 
among all countries. 
36. An ambitious work programme had been agreed at the 4
th WTO Ministerial Conference at 
Doha to meet the concerns of developing countries.  However, ten and a half years later, it has to be 
admitted that the results are below expectations and most of the deadlines have not been met. 
37. On the eve of the 8th WTO Ministerial Conference, it can be seen that there is still 
disagreement regarding a certain number of development-related i ssues.  All parties should work 
together in a constructive and positive wa y in order to reach a balanced outcome. 
38. In conclusion, I should like to stress that the economic reforms implemented by Mauritania 
are part of an ongoing process of adaptation to the changes and demands of the international 
environment. 
39. I should also like to reaffirm Mauritania's determ ination to join its efforts to those of other 
Members of the WTO to ensure that the multilateral trading system evolves in a stable, predictable 
and fair manner, a system within which each count ry may establish and tighten its economic ties with 
the rest of the world. WT/TPR/M/250 
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  IV. STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT (H.E. OMAR HILALE (MOROCCO)) 
GUINEA 
 
40. Since it last appeared before the Trade Policy Review Body of the World Trade Organization 
in September 2005, the Republic of Guinea has cont inued to introduce reforms undertaken as part of 
various structural adjustment programmes.  Gu inea has gone through fairly difficult socio-political 
times, accentuated by many widespread so cial disturbances, since the death of 
President Lansana Conté on 28 December  2008 and the takeover by the army and 
Captain Moussa Dadis Camara.  This change was marked by violence, including massacre by the 
military of peaceful demonstrators calling for change and good governance in the country on 
28 September 2009. 
41. When he came to power at the end of 2010, the first democratically elected President, 
Professor Alpha Condé, faced all sorts of problems and challenges following the two years of pillage 
by the military regime at all levels of the State.  The new Government inherited a disastrous situation 
and a State that was economically ruined, with  a population confronting the numerous problems 
caused by the serious deterioration in their liv ing standards.  This disturbing situation led 
President Alpha Condé to declare that he had "inherited a country but not a State".  The State's coffers were virtually empty and all the vital sectors in the economy were almost at a standstill. 
42. Despite these constraints, as soon as it was a ppointed, the new Government started to take 
large-scale measures to revive the country's economy as quickly as possible and to give investors 
renewed confidence.  Accordingly, it embarked upon a wide-ranging programme for the structural 
reform of the State and to make the population awar e of the need to establish a climate of peace and 
social harmony, focusing mainly on combating impunity and corruption;  a unified budget so as to mobilize and securitize domestic resources;  restor ation of the major macroeconomic balances;  
boosting agriculture and promoting jobs for young people;  adoption of new Mining, Government 
Procurement and Investment Codes;  implemen tation of ambitious programmes and economic and 
infrastructure development projects.  At the political level, the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI) announced the holding of parlia mentary elections on 29 December 2011, thus 
bringing to an end the country's transition. 
43. Despite the measures taken to ensure the c ountry's growth and ec onomic development, 
political instability and poor governance have had a significant impact on the country's economy.  
The change advocated and introduced by President Al pha Condé is intended to restore confidence and 
help to attract the foreign investment which Gu inea, a WTO Member since 1995, sorely needs in 
order for its economy to take off, utilizing the country's vast natural resources. 
44. The first positive results of this courageous  reform have not been slow in coming.  
For example, not only is the agricultural season e xpected to be promising, but a large amount of 
foreign currency has also been made available to th e Government and the private sector at the Central 
Bank of the Republic of Guinea in order to provi de effective support for the country's economic 
development efforts and for raising the population's living standards. 
45. Guinea's economy is based on the mining sector  (26 per cent of GDP and 95 per cent of 
export earnings) and agriculture (20 per cent of GDP) .  Guinea has an abundance of natural resources, 
including around one third of the world's reserve s of bauxite, as well as deposits of gold, diamonds, 
iron ore and uranium.  The share of exports in GDP  increased from 34 per cent in 2005 to 41 per cent 
in 2009, highlighting the strength of global dema nd for bauxite, diamonds a nd gold and the weakness 
of the rest of Guinea's economy.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  46. The measures taken by the Guin ean authorities to introduce adju stment programmes aimed at 
correcting the economic imbalances and spurring grow th have included the adoption of a sound policy 
for the management of public finances, a reducti on in government secur ity expenditure, partial 
solution of energy problems through the introduction of  new equipment, together with the adoption of 
the harmonized Common External Tariff (CET) of the West African Economic and Monetary Union 
(WAEMU) and broadening of the tax base.  These m easures, however, have not been enough to fully 
overcome the crisis, as the relevant  indicators have not improved sufficiently.  Inflation has continued 
to rise, up to an estimated average of 15.5 per cent at the end of 2010. 
47. In 2011, substantial FDI in the production of al umina and iron ore, and for port extensions, 
was planned.  This investment is for an amount co mparable to the country's annual GDP.  One of the 
Government's priorities is to restore macroeconomic  balances, particularly price stability.  During the 
period 2009-2010, however, the Centra l Bank encountered serious problems in fulfilling this task.  
In 2009, it had to finance most government expe nditure by expanding the supply of money.  
As domestic production did not increase, the increas ed supply of money meant higher inflation and 
exacerbated the sustained depreciation of the Guinean  franc.  The result was "dollarization" of the 
economy, which is still the case. 
48. The Government's declared objective to put in place the bases for economic development by 
fostering a dynamic private sector has been hamp ered by the obsolescence of the infrastructure, 
notably electricity supply problems and the conti nuing lack of a viable highway infrastructure and 
adequate storage facilities.  Supplies of water and electricity are included in the Government's new 
"emergency programme", for which co-financing is being sought for some 20 hydroelectric projects 
capable of meeting, or even largely exceeding, th e country's requirements.  In order to finance 
spending on infrastructure and on raising the popula tion's living standards, the Government is also 
seeking to raise the State's revenue from the mining sector. 
49. An analysis of Guinea's economy shows that, between 2005 and 2010, GDP grew at an 
average annual rate of 1.9 per cent, which wa s not enough to reduce poverty.  The result was 
a negative average per capita GDP growth rate of -0.3 per cent. 
50. Growth in the primary sector (18.3 per cent of GDP) fell short of the 5.8 per cent target, with 
an average of less than 3.4 per cent.  Secondary  sector value added (including mining) represents 
30.9 per cent of GDP on average.  Its average growth rate of 3.4 per cent is attributable to the positive 
performance of the mining sector, 16.4 per cent of GD P.  The tertiary sector continues to account for 
the bulk of GDP (46.9 per cent), with average annual growth of 2 per cent. 
51. Guinea's trade policy is also aimed at pursuing the process of harmonizing domestic 
regulations with WTO rules, stepping up exports by an average of 12 per cent a year over the next five years, and ensuring smoother operation of trade-related judicial structures. 
52. Despite the wide range of incentives in the I nvestment Code, Guinea's political and social 
instability means that it attracts little FDI, particular ly because of corruption within the administration, 
the shortcomings of the judicial system, and the lack of infrastructure.  Streamlining and accelerating administrative procedures by setting up a single window, and reducing the numerous fees and charges for enterprise creation should in future help to enhance the business climate. 
53. Agriculture is the priority sector in Guinea's de velopment policy.  It has many advantages that 
make it one of the most promising sectors for Guinea's economy, not only in terms of opportunities 
for trade, but also for improving food security and combating poverty.  The low level of technical 
support given to farmers, however, combined with limited access to loans and to agricultural advisory 
services, constitutes a real obstacle to developing ag ricultural production and exports.  This explains WT/TPR/M/250 
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  in part the strong dependence on food imports, subsid ized by the Government at high cost to the 
detriment of domestic production. 
54. The new mining policy adopted by the Gove rnment in 2011 is intended to improve 
governance in this strategic sector, lessen corruptio n and substantially increase the State's earnings.  
In the long term, this should allow more resources  to be mobilized to finance expenditure on the 
infrastructure needed for Guinea's economy to take off. 
55. Illegal fishing accounts for half of the fisheri es sector.  The needs expressed by Guinea to its 
development partners in order to apply regulations to the sector shoul d receive support, together with 
the efforts to upgrade hygiene and product quality.  Technical assistance in this area would no doubt 
improve food security, increase exports and elim inate the need for export restrictions for 
self-sufficiency purposes. 
56. Small-scale industries account for over 40 per cent of manufacturing, and also provide a large 
share of jobs in Guinea.  This sector therefor e plays an important role  in poverty reduction. 
57. Trade in services is generally open to foreign presence, which is large.  It is not very 
developed and contributes little or nothing to econo mic growth.  The banking sector does not play 
a role in making loans available, and only finances short-term loans for imports.  New legislation has 
been in place since 2010 to promote competition in developing telecommunications, but the poor performance and capacity of the current infrastru cture does not allow high speed connectivity at 
affordable cost, thus constituting a real handicap  to understanding and widespread use of new 
communication and information technologies by the population. 
58. The economic reforms carried out in Guinea repr esent an irreversible commitment to the full 
liberalization of trade.  Export, import and distribution activities have been deregulated.  
The Government's determination to transfer all trad e activities to the private sector is clearly reflected 
in the different legal texts drawn up by the new authorities. 
59. As Guinea is a signatory to the instruments of the Organization for the Harmonization of 
Business Law in Africa (OHADA), all laws governi ng trade in Guinea have been harmonized with 
those determined by OHADA, more specifically the law on free competition and pricing policy, the law on weights and measures, and the law on tourism. 
60. Guinea has also signed the Cotonou Economic Pa rtnership Agreement between the European 
Union and ACP countries.  Accordingly, like other countries in the West African sub-region, Guinea 
is currently negotiating the economic as pects of this Agreement through EPAs. 
61. Furthermore, Guinea has concluded standard b ilateral trade agreements with a number of 
countries.  These provide for most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment and do not grant any particular 
tariff preferences.  Guinea was also one of the fi rst countries to accede to the Global System of Trade 
Preferences (GSTP) Among Developing Countries.  In  addition, it signed the Agreement Establishing 
the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), and the International Coffee Agreement (ICA).  It is 
one of the 37 countries of sub-Saharan Africa e ligible under the African Growth and Opportunity 
Act (AGOA). 
62. Guinea's MFN tariff has been aligned on WAEM U's CET since 2005.  The simple average 
rate is 12 per cent.  Guinea has bound 41 per cent of  its tariff lines at ceiling rates, including all 
agricultural products, but only one third of non-ag ricultural products.  The average bound rate is 
around 39 per cent on agricultural products and 11 per cent on non-agricultural products.  On some 
10 per cent of the tariff lines, the a pplied rates exceed the bound rates.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  63. Guinea also imposes a whole range of fees, ta xes, and levies, whose total adds up to 
18 percentage points to the tariff.  It has, however, bound the "other duties and taxes" at zero on over 1,000 tariff lines.  The manifold exemptions given for certain imports cost Guinea over one third of its customs revenue.  This excessive taxation makes charges higher for companies and increases costs for 
consumers, and is thus a fa ctor in exacerbating poverty. 
64. Since 2008, Guinea has once again used a preshipment inspection system for imports with 
a value of US$3,300 or more.  Customs procedures need  to be streamlined in order to lower costs and 
enhance the competitiveness of imports for Guin ea's economy.  Despite the adoption of the 
WTO Customs Valuation Agreement, Guinea still uses reference values for a whole range of products 
(the Guinean authorities explain this by the freque ncy of under-valuation in customs declarations). 
65. In conclusion, I should like to emphasize that  Guinea is determined to pursue its economic 
liberalization programme for its successful integra tion into the global economy, with the following 
key objectives:  regaining international market sh are, rational organization of domestic trade, and 
enhancing the country's foreign trad e reputation at the global level. 
66. The challenges facing Guinea are many and thei r solution requires the implementation of 
stringent but necessary measures.  With this in mind,  Guinea intends to take fu ll advantage of all the 
market access opportunities offered by developed countries under various in ternational agreements. 
67. Meeting these objectives will require a level of  financial support that exceeds the Guinean 
Government's current possibilities.  Guinea is ther efore requesting trade-related technical assistance 
from all its development partners so that it can  build up its export capacity by implementing the 
activities identified in the priority action matrix of the Integrated Framework for Trade-Related 
Technical Assistance to LDCs. 
MAURITANIA 
 
68. Since the review of the trade policy of the Is lamic Republic of Mauritania in September 2002, 
the country has gone through a period of political an d institutional instability that continues to have 
implications for various economic, political a nd social spheres.  Between August 2003 and 
August 2005, for example, Mauritania was the subject of several attempted coups d'Etat , which led to 
a breakdown in trust among stakehol ders and economic investors a nd threatened its stability and 
security.  After that, up to April 2007, Mauritania went through a transitional period lasting around 
two years, marked by the change in  the political regime as a result of a coup d'Etat , followed by 
parliamentary, municipal and presidential elections. 
69. The following year, Mauritania became the target of terrorists and armed gangs and was 
directly affected by the food and energy crisis th at raged worldwide.  This unfailingly led to a new 
political and institutional crisis that destabilized the country at all levels a nd it went through another 
year of transition that lasted until the election of President Mohammed Ould Abdelaziz in 
March 2009. 
70. The new Government was appointed in Ap ril 2009 and immediately endeavoured to 
normalize the constitutional situation, making it a priority to undertake action for economic 
development based on good governance, fighting co rruption and introducing mechanisms capable of 
offsetting the negative impact of soaring food prices on the population, 
71. The political events in Mauritania were a setb ack for the series of reforms undertaken since 
the previous trade policy review in 2002;  neve rtheless, Mauritania's economy performed relatively 
satisfactorily from 2006 onwards, notably because of  the exploitation of the oilfields recently WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 12 
 
 
  discovered, as well as exports of iron ore, gold and copper.  Per capita income therefore almost 
doubled between 2004 and 2007 and the poverty rate fe ll considerably, from 46 per cent in 2004 to 
42 per cent in 2008.  Despite this perform ance, however, Mauritania remains an LDC. 
72. Mauritania's economy has a number of strengt hs such as its long coastline, favourable 
conditions for raising livestock and for farming, and abundant mineral resources.  Mauritania has also 
benefited from several external debt relief and cancellation initiativ es, part of the debt being 
considered "passive" as the creditors concerned are not claiming payment. 
73. Mauritania's Government has embarked upon a not able series of reforms to liberalize the 
economy, strengthen domestic legisl ation and, in general, create  a climate conducive to growth, 
particularly through the adoption of the Thir d Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for 
2011-2015, better management of government spendi ng, more stringent customs checks and their 
extension to oil exports. 
74. Since 2007, new legislation has governed the st atus of the Central Bank of Mauritania, 
principally with the objective of price stabilizati on, more flexible exchange rates and closer 
monitoring of the inflation rate. 
75. Mineral ores and fishing are Mauritania's majo r exports, even though most of the population 
works in farming, raising livestock or trade.  Prim ary and petroleum products are the largest imports.  
The increase in imports of food staples underlines the country's difficulties in increasing agricultural 
production and is a factor in the deterioration in the trade balance. 
76. After a sharp increase following the start-up of o il exploitation, the industrial sector continued 
to decline from 2007 to 2009 because of the slowdown in building infrastructure and the drying-up of 
external aid following the institutional change ove r this period.  Nevertheless, this negative 
performance was partly offset by increased exports of copper and gold.  It should be noted that the 
Mauritanian electricity market offers extremely inte resting prospects because of its deposits of natural 
gas and the country's geographical situation, whic h has potential for developing renewable energy. 
77. Mauritania is a net importer of services, whose share is increasing because of higher freight 
costs and hydrocarbons prices.  In 2009, however, spending on petroleum services fell, mainly because there was no drilling.  On the other ha nd, the revenue earned from fishing licences and 
tourism showed a sharp increase over the same period. 
78. As regards trade, the European  Union is still Mauritania's leading partner and is the main 
supplier and principal importer.  In Asia, only Chin a's share showed any notable increase.  The share 
of regional formal trade, excluding petroleum products  from Algeria, is neglig ible.  The concentration 
of Mauritania's foreign trade in terms of goods and partners makes it more vulnerable to fluctuations 
on global markets, particularly unstable  since the financial crisis in 2007. 
79. On the other hand, the national regime on competition in the primary and tertiary sectors 
constitutes a major challenge for Mauritania's economy.   In June 2011, the country planned to adopt 
legislation on government procur ement and opened up the telecomm unications, water and electricity 
sectors to competition under the superv ision of the Regulatory Authority. 
80. At the same time, like many developing co untries, Mauritania also faces the twofold 
challenge of sustainability of its fisheries resour ces and the need for integrated local exploitation, 
providing skilled labour.  Furthermore, the country also has to face the twofold problem of ensuring food security and an agricultural and livestock deve lopment strategy.  Increased customs tariffs on 
industrial products have a direct impact on the consumption of imported goods in this respect.  WT/TPR/M/250 
 WT/TPR/M/251 
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  81. After a spectacular improvement between 2001 a nd 2005 following the discovery of oilfields, 
FDI fell sharply in 2008 because of the noticeable decline in oil production.  It is nevertheless 
substantial and is becoming increasi ngly diversified, going to the fi nancial, transport and tourism 
sectors as well.  The poor state of the country's highway network, the difficulties in creating 
enterprises, the high cost of companies' production factors, all slow down the flow of foreign 
investment despite the country's vast economic potential.  Mauritania's withdrawal from ECOWAS, 
on the other hand, has been prejudicial to its exports to Senegal and Mali because of the higher 
customs tariffs on Mauritanian goods. 
82. Since 2008, Mauritania has benefited from the EU's "Everything but Arms" initiative whereby 
all goods from LDCs enter duty free with the exception of arms and ammunition.  Mauritania is also 
one of the AGOA countries given duty-free access to the United States market for certain goods up 
to 2015.  Lastly, it benefits from the Generalized System of Preferences. 
83. Mauritania is an original Member of the WTO a nd gives at least MFN treatment to its trading 
partners.  The rate applied is entirely ad valorem  and Mauritania has bound almost 40 per cent of its 
tariffs at ceiling rates.  The country is, however, one of the few WTO Members not to grant 
preferential tariffs to any other country. 
84. Mauritania is committed to strengthening of  the multilateral trading system and to 
a conclusion of the Doha Round that will help to  integrate developing countries into the global 
multilateral system, including the most vulnerable am ongst them.  Its participation in the WTO is, 
however, modest.  It has not met its notification ob ligations since 2002.  The WTO Secretariat's report 
highlights Mauritania's unsystematic recourse to the technical assistance offered by the WTO. 
85. In 2008, economic activities revived somewhat following an expansion of credit and 
industrial activities, as well as a considerable increa se in exports.  This r ecovery was jeopardized by 
the political crisis in 2009, which led to a drying -up of aid from Mauritania's partners.  Combined 
with the increase in the cost of food and th e slowdown in petroleum production, Mauritania's 
economy stagnated to a significant degree. 
86. The Mauritanian Government has nonetheless reaffirmed its commitment to continued 
institutional and structural changes.  For exam ple, the reforms set out in the PRSP echo the 
recommendations in the Diagnostic Trade Integra tion Study (DTIS), focusing on poverty reduction, 
integration of trade and stabilization of the economi c situation as the principal tools for recovery.  
Moreover, fisheries, farming, raising livestock, tour ism and industry have been identified as priorities 
calling for large-scale efforts because they generate jobs and economic prosperity. 
87. In addition, these reforms, combined with hi gher prices for iron ore and copper and support 
from donors, are portents of average annual growth of  5.2 per cent in real GDP and a basic deficit of 
1 per cent of the GDP, excluding petroleum.  The International Monetary Fund therefore forecasts 
that, in the long term, there will be a substantial increase in growth rates. 
88. As part of an updated trade strategy, Mauritania has identified a portfolio of 12 projects in 
various economic sectors such as small-scale industr ies, fisheries, customs administration or the 
building of international trade capacity, whose impl ementation is being prepared with assistance from 
UNDP. 
89. In conclusion, despite considerable internal pr oblems that noticeably slowed down the pace of 
reform, and the global economic situation, Mauritani a has promising strengths provided that these are 
combined with the continued structural reform  essential to the good health of the economy, 
particularly as regards improving the highway and port  infrastructure, regional trade, especially with WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 14 
 
 
  neighbouring countries, diversifica tion of exportable goods, and investment in training skilled labour.  
These aspects have already been identified by the Mauritanian Government and are capable of responding to the sustainable development requirement s set out by Mauritania in its declaration of 
8 December 1999 on good governance.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  V. STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS 
UNITED STATES 
 
90. The United States recognizes the trade and develo pment efforts of Guinea and Mauritania.  
Both countries have overcome significant political  challenges in recent years and have successfully 
undertaken the difficult transition from autocratic  rule to democracy.  Both countries had 
implemented a wide range of economic  and trade policy reforms prior to their last TPR and before the 
most recent political crisis in each country.  However,  since that time, the pace of reform has slowed 
substantially and even stalled in some areas.  We urge these Governments vigorously to resume their 
critical economic reform programmes.  Togeth er with increased political stability in these 
two countries, such efforts would help to pr omote increased trade and economic development. 
91. As the Governments of Guinea and Mauritania m ove forward with futu re economic reforms, 
we encourage them to give special attention to  measures to improve the business climate in their 
countries and to enhance their interna tional competitiveness.  The World Bank's Doing Business  
Report for 2011, for example, cites several ar eas in which the business environments in the 
two countries are not conducive to investment and entr epreneurial activity.  With  particular relevance 
to this trade policy review are the countries' relativ ely low rankings compared to others in the region 
in the Trading Across Borders area.  As the tw o Governments undertake efforts to improve the 
business and investment environments in their countries, we encourage them to incorporate 
business-enabling measures and trade capacity-build ing strategies into their respective national 
development plans. 
92. Today, I would like to review a few aspects of each Government's trade and investment 
policy regimes, and their impact on development, starting with Guinea.  The United States congratulates the Government of Guinea on hold ing its first post-independence democratic 
presidential election in 2010.  We encourage the Government of Guinea to continue its efforts to 
consolidate its democracy by holding legislativ e elections and promoting political stability, which 
could help make the country more attractive to investment, as well as trade and development 
opportunities.  In July 2011, President Barack Ob ama hosted Guinean President Alpha Condé at the 
White House to recognize Guinea's democratic tr ansition and encourage Guinea's Government and 
people to endorse practices that support con tinued peace, stability, and the rule of law. 
93. The United States and Guinea enjoy growing, im portant commercial relations in mining and 
other sectors.  In 2010, United States imports from Guinea were valued at nearly US$69 million, and 
consisted mostly of alumina ores.  United Stat es exports were valued at US$85 million in 2010.  
We are working in partnership with the Government  of Guinea to further expand our commercial ties.  
We are committed to encouraging Guinea's continue d development through increased trade.  Since 
Guinea's last TPR in 2005, the United States ha s provided over US$6.1 million in trade capacity 
building assistance to Guinea.  The United States encourages the Govern ment's efforts to diversify its 
economy through the development of the agricultural, fisheries and non-mining sectors, such as handicrafts and tourism. 
94. As we've noted broadly, the pace of economic reform in Guinea has slowed considerably 
since its last TPR in 2005.  We urge Guinea to re vitalize its efforts to liberalize its trade structure 
through tariff reform, to implement an investment ch arter, to continue to privatize parastatals, to 
engage in regulatory transparency, and to improve  protection of IPRs.  Economic reforms such as 
these should help ensure and support continued stab ility and increased prosperity in the country. 
95. The United States and Guinea share a commitmen t to strengthening the multilateral trading 
system through the WTO.  We share the belief that trade in services is important to Africa, and are WT/TPR/M/250 
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  pleased with Guinea's recognition that the servic es industry is crucial to development.  The 
United States believes that Guinea's specific comm itments in transport a nd tourism are important 
steps towards expanding its economic growth.  We hope that Guinea will expand its commitments in 
telecommunications and in other sectors, as it woul d send a strong signal to international investors 
about its resolve to create a favourable environment for trade and investment. 
96. So far, Guinea has made relatively few notifica tions to the WTO.  The lack of notifications 
appears to derive from a general lack of informati on and knowledge on the part of the officials in the 
responsible ministries that deal with the various  WTO Agreements.  The United States urges the 
Government of Guinea to increase its efforts to fu rther monitor its compliance with WTO Agreements 
and improve coordination and inte raction among the various ministries, technical and private-sector 
institutions. 
97. We note with interest that Guinea applies the ECOWAS CET, and we applaud Guinea's 
efforts to promote regional integration.  We ar e encouraged by Guinea's commitment to bind 
41 per cent of its tariff lines;  however, as the Secret ariat's report indicates, applied tariffs are above 
the bound rate for 10 per cent of tariff lines.  We urge the Government of Guinea to address this 
discrepancy as soon as possible.  We also note with concern that Guinea imposes a variety of levies, 
taxes, and fees, which could add as much as 18 per cent ad valorem  to the tariff. 
98. We appreciate the fact that Guinea is a party to  many of the international IPR agreements;  
but, as the Secretariat's report notes, infringements of  IPRs continue as a result of weak enforcement 
of legislation and low fines.  We urge the Governme nt of Guinea to continue its efforts to strengthen 
the protection and enforcement of IPRs.  Strengt hening IPR protection and enforcement will also 
improve Guinea's efforts to attract increased invest ment and to promote diversification and economic 
growth in key sectors. 
99. In terms of customs administration, Guinea has taken some steps to improve clearance 
procedures;  however, there are still considerable de lays and inconsistencies in its application.  
An overly time-consuming, bureau cratic, expensive, and corrupt clearance process can be a major 
deterrent to trade and we urge Guinea to conti nue to take steps to address this problem in 
a substantive way. 
100. The economy remains heavily dependent on minera l extraction.  Attempts to diversify the 
economy have met with limited success.  Investment is hindered among other things by high costs and 
various non-tariff trade barriers.  Utilities and tel ecommunications are managed by parastatals that 
have long been targeted for privatization.  We ur ge Guinea to pursue diversification, lower non-tariff 
barriers, and reinvigorate its privatization and reform programme as soon as possible. 
101. We welcome Guinea's commitment to increasing tr ansparency and reducing corruption;  these 
efforts are essential to maintaini ng a vibrant efficient economy.  We  are hopeful that the Government 
of Guinea will take important steps forward that  will further support and demonstrate its commitment 
in these areas as part of a reinvigorated and comp rehensive reform programme.  We look forward to 
continuing to work with Guinea both bilaterally and multilaterally to support it in its efforts. 
102. Turning to Mauritania, since the Republic of  Mauritania's previous review in 2002, the 
Government has implemented relatively few refo rms to improve the nation's business environment 
and to attract much-needed FDI.  Prior to 2002, th e Government of Mauritania pursued an ambitious 
structural reform programme, which transformed the country significantly, both in economic and 
political terms.  Those reforms were aimed at  reducing poverty and im proving the population's 
standard of living.  The previous reform programme was successful in revising numerous 
trade-related laws and regulations in order to modernize and bring them into line with multilateral  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  rules.  Recognizing the essential role that interna tional trade plays in achieving those aims, we hope 
that the Government of Mauritania will once agai n undertake efforts to pursue a vigorous reform 
programme, with trade liberalization as a key elemen t.  We encourage the Government of Mauritania 
to further enhance the transparency and predictability of  its trade regime as part of that broader effort.  
The United States urges the Government of Maur itania to increase its efforts to enhance its 
compliance with WTO Agreements, to improve IP R protection, and to improve coordination and 
interaction among the various ministries a nd technical and private-sector institutions. 
103. Total trade between our two countries is growing rapidly, and we are working in partnership 
with the Government of Mauritania to further in crease our trade and expand our commercial ties.  
The United States provides economic and technical assistance to Mauritania through our bilateral and 
regional assistance programmes in order to support th e country's growth and development, and this 
assistance has recently included s upport for trade facilitation. 
104. Regarding specific trade measures, we note that  Mauritania still benefits from the successful 
implementation of its previous reforms in the ar eas of customs valuation, the harmonization of 
VAT rates, the elimination of fiscal exemptions for State enterprises, the Investment Code, and the 
rationalization and reduction of MFN duties and taxes.   As a result, the current tariff regime is 
relatively simple and transparent.  However, we  note with concern that customs duties on certain 
products have increased in recent years.  The relati vely high tariffs applied to many consumer goods 
result in higher prices that directly affect the inco mes and standards of living  of consumers in this 
LDC.  We particularly urge the Government of Mauritania to address the gap between its applied and 
bound tariff rates.  According to the Secretariat's report, 11 per cent of Mauritania's tariff lines exceed 
bound rates.  We also encourage Mauritania to furt her extend its tariff bindings to the non-agricultural 
sector and to transpose all bindings into the Harmonized System nomenclature. 
105. We would very much like the Government of Ma uritania to renew its efforts to privatize and 
remove barriers to trade in services sectors, such as telecommunications and banking.  According to 
the Secretariat report, heavy State involvement and the lack of competition remain a major challenge 
for Mauritania and an obstacle to growth.  We urge the Government of Mauritania to improve 
competition and further open services activities to private investment. 
106. We wish to acknowledge the previous advan ces made by these Governments and highlight 
the gains from opening their markets that th ese countries experienced under previous reform 
programmes.  The United States believes that both Gove rnments have much work to do to foster more 
open trade and economic environments that promot e greater competitiveness, export diversification, 
and, perhaps most importantly, much-needed private investment.  We look forward to hearing about 
and discussing the pace of these reforms, as well as the timing of the next phase of Mauritania's 
reform programme during the course of this review .  The United States appreciates the Government of 
Guinea's and the Government of Mauritania's effort s in these important areas, and we look forward to 
working with them and with other Members as togeth er we take steps to strengthen the rules-based 
multilateral trading system. 
EUROPEAN UNION 
 
107. Mauritania and the Republic of Guinea have  experienced many political crises and 
uncertainties since the previous reviews of their trade policy, in 2002 and 2005, respectively.  The 
two countries have now made impressive progress in  the transition to a constitutional system and 
democratization, although recent difficulties ha ve undoubtedly had an impact on their economic 
performance and have also meant a modest level of im plementation of trade-related policies.  In view 
of this situation, we are particularly encouraged  to see that the two reports by the WTO Secretariat 
consider that the commodity-dependent economies of  Mauritania and Guinea ha ve resisted relatively WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 18 
 
 
  well and also present cautious positive prospects fo r the near future, provided that the domestic 
situation remains stable.  The two countries have decided to upgrade their economic infrastructure, 
their regulatory framework and, in general, their inve stment climate in order to persuade investors to 
return.  There can be little doubt that these efforts - notably the publication of the Investment Guide in 
Mauritania and Guinea's creation of an office to promote private investment - combined with 
measures to improve governance, facilitat e the achievement of this objective. 
108. As indicated by the WTO Secretariat, the EU is  the leading trading partner of Mauritania and 
Guinea.  The total figure for tr ade has steadily increased in recent years to reach almost €1 billion 
with Guinea and €1.3 billion with Mauritania in 201 0.  As LDCs, Mauritania and Guinea are entitled 
to duty- and quota-free access to the EU market  under the "Everything But Arms" initiative.  
Both countries have also been involved in the ne gotiations on the EPA with the EU, together with 
14 other West African countries, and this will furt her improve the duty- and quota-free access given to 
these two economies by continuing to facilitate struct ural reform and achieving even closer regional 
integration. 
109. As regards development cooperati on in general, the EU also has close ties with Mauritania 
and Guinea.  Although the political situation in th e two countries led to partial suspension during the 
period 2008-2010, development coopera tion with Mauritania has resumed fully and we hope that it 
will shortly be resumed with Guinea as soon as free a nd transparent parliamentar y elections have been 
held.  Mauritania's 2008-2013 strate gy paper defines the main sectors for our cooperation under the 
10
th European Development Fund (EDF), for a total of €156 million.  Activities within this framework 
focus on decentralization and better governance, infr astructure, possible budgetary support and other 
activities, including the management of flows of mi gration.  The European Investment Bank provides 
considerable financial support in the form of loans,  particularly for development of the mining sector 
(iron ore).  Substantial support is also  given to Mauritania's fisheries sector. 
110. With regard to Guinea, the EU remains committed to helping the country to return to the path 
of stabilization and economic growth.  In Ju ly 2010, the Commission mobilized €40 million in 
emergency funds to help Guinea to emerge fro m the crisis.  Additional funds under the 10th EDF will 
become fully available after the parliamentary el ections and will mainly be used for governance 
(economy, reform of the security sector, judicial reform), transport and social services. 
111. We view positively the inclusion of trade as an engine for economic development in the 
PRSPs of Mauritania and Guinea and the identifica tion of various trade-related aspects such as 
upgrading the infrastructure, the reforms pla nned in relation to taxation, institutional 
strengthening, etc.  Much remains to be done, ho wever, in order to achieve sustainable economic 
development and growth, which woul d be beneficial for the populations of Mauritania and Guinea, 
and some important measures could assist in this. 
112. As already emphasized during the previous TPRs, the major general challenges requiring 
immediate attention are the lack  of transparency in governance , the absence of competition and 
onerous and complex procedures.  The EU recognize s that some measures have been taken to meet 
these challenges and encourages the two c ountries to continue along those lines. 
113. With regard more particularly to trade-related issues that call for greater attention, I would 
like to mention the following:  concerning the custom s, we would like to urge Mauritania to continue 
modernizing its customs administration following the introduction of the ASYCUDA++ computerized 
customs system.  The WTO Secretariat's report ment ions that, since 2008, Guinea has once again been 
making use of the preshipment inspection system for certain imports;  we urge Guinea to review the 
merits of using this system on a cost-benefit basis and in general to streamline its customs procedures.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  114. In the area of services, the two countries have  seen the advantages of liberalizing the 
telecommunications sector, but other sectors lag behind, mainly because of lack of investment, which itself is often the result of restrictions on investment and cumbersome procedures.  We urge both countries to attract investment to key services sector s such as professional services, financial services, 
transport and telecommunications, whose development is essential for the functioning of all sectors of 
the economy. 
115. I have already mentioned competition, where upgrading the relevant legislation would be 
beneficial to the economy and consumers.  Measure s for the adoption (in the case of Guinea) and the 
revision (in the case of Mauritania) of government procurement legislation, ongoing promotion of 
investment and privatization of State-trading enterprises will complement these efforts. 
116. From the Secretariat reports we note that the two countries are not making full use of the 
opportunity to cooperate with the WTO Secretariat in  order to receive technical assistance for a better 
understanding of the WTO Agreements and so par ticipate more actively and effectively in the 
WTO's work.  We urge Mauritania and Guinea to ta ke advantage of this excellent opportunity on a 
more regular basis. 
117. The EU would also like to encourage both count ries to deepen their regional integration and 
to join in the work of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS);  adoption of the ECOWAS CET would be an important step towards a more integrated and more efficient regional market.  This aspect is also covered in our ques tions submitted in advance in writing and we look 
forward to learning more about the two countries' plans in this respect. 
118. In conclusion, as already mentioned on sever al occasions, Mauritania and Guinea are facing 
a certain number of daunting challenges for thei r development, for example, stability in the 
two countries, poverty reduction, sustainable ec onomic stability and growth.  These objectives can 
only be achieved together with far-reaching measures to improve governance, promote transparency, 
fight corruption, and improve socio-economic indicators, notably jobs and decent work.  We 
encourage Mauritania and Guinea to pursue their effo rts to achieve these objectives and we are certain 
that we will be able to see further progress at the next trade policy review. 
JAPAN 
 
119. I would like to start with Guinea's macroe conomic environment and policies.  About 
85 per cent of Guinean export products consist of al umina ore, gold, and other mining and quarrying 
products.  These are very important resources but su sceptible to international price fluctuations.  
To realize further economic development, Guinea need s to diversify its trade industries by promoting 
investment in various sectors as well as mining. 
120. In this regard, Japan notes that the Secretariat' s report sees corruption, the shortcomings of the 
judicial system, and the lack of infrastructure as major obstacles to attracting FDI.  The World Bank's 
Doing Business  indicators also suggest that construction permits, paying taxes, and protection for 
investors are areas which require further efforts.   Japan encourages Guinea to address these issues. 
121. With regard to trade and inv estment policies, Japan appreciates that Guinea established the 
"Technical committee responsible for applying the transaction value of the WTO Agreement in the 
customs clearance of goods" in 2010, in order to ensure that customs valuations conform to the 
WTO Agreements.  Further efforts to eliminate th e usage of reference values would be appreciated. 
122. Having said that, according to the Secretariat's re port, the applied rates exceed the bound rates 
on about 10 per cent of tariff lines.  In addition, Guinea imposes various charges on imports despite its WT/TPR/M/250 
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  commitment to bind the "other duties and taxes" at zero on many tariff lines.  Japan would like to 
know how Guinea intends to align these tariffs and other duties in a manner consistent with its 
commitments. 
123. As for sectoral policies, Japan welcomes Guin ea's policies to promote FDI in the mining 
sector, such as lifting its suspension to implem ent the Extractive Industries Transparency 
Initiative (EITI) announced this March, and tax c oncessions on mineral exploration and import of 
equipment for alumina processing facilities, which are planned for in the amendment of the Mining 
Code.  To further promote investment in this ar ea, Japan considers that it is important that the 
Guinean Government clarify the validity of the e xploration and mining rights which were authorized 
under the previous Government, since th is creates uncertainty for investors. 
124. Now, let me comment on Mauritania's m acroeconomic environment and policies.  
Mauritania's per capita GDP dram atically developed from about US$540 in 2004 to about US$1,150 
in 2008.  From the viewpoint of trade and investment in Mauritania, the contribution of mining and petroleum is apparent.  However, since prices of these products often fluctuate, it is clear that the 
Mauritanian economy requires diversification.  To ac hieve this objective, we expect that Mauritania 
will adopt policies to facilitate investment in va rious sectors through deregulation, development of 
infrastructure, and the provision of skilled workers. 
125. With regard to trade and investment policies,  Japan has learned that applied rates of around 
11 per cent of the tariff lines exceed their bound ra tes.  Japan would like to know how Mauritania 
intends to align these tariff lines in a ma nner consistent with its commitments. 
126. On sectoral policies, Japan commends Mauritani a's commitment to implement international 
regulations against illegal, unreported and unregulated  (IUU) fishing.  Yet the recent sharp decline in 
fish is very alarming and seems to require furthe r efforts.  Japan expects that Mauritania will 
introduce more policies to avoid over-fishing in orde r to achieve sustainable development and trade in 
this area. 
127. In conclusion, Japan would like to reiterate its hope that Guinea and Mauritania will further 
diversify their trade by promoting foreign investment , bring their trade schemes into line with their 
commitments, and develop their industries in a tr ansparent and sustainable manner.  Japan believes 
that improvements in these areas would ensure their sound economic a nd trade development. 
BRAZIL 
 128. It is a matter of great satisfaction for Braz il to participate in the TPRs of Guinea and 
Mauritania as the relations between Brazil and the African countries have experienced a very marked 
and positive change in momentum over the past few year s.  In past years, the already solid ties were 
deepened and strengthened and covered a broader range of areas.  Indeed, the creation of new 
embassies, the large number of presidential visits  to Africa, the intensification of technical 
cooperation programmes and the increasing of trade flows placed Brazil's long-term commitment to 
the African continent on a substantially higher pl ateau.  More recently, our Minister of External 
Relations paid a call to Africa, including a visit to  Guinea, last July, further enhancing already close 
relations. 
129. The magnitude of the challenges faced by Gu inea and Mauritania emanates quite clearly from 
the Secretariat and the Government reports.  Nevert heless, there are solid grounds for optimism based 
on the strengthening of democratic institutions in both countries and the Governments' stated 
commitment to better governan ce.  This circumstance provides a much-needed opportunity to  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  expedite economic, trade and ins titutional reforms crucial stepping stones for the acceleration of 
growth and development. 
130. We praise the Governments of Guinea and Maurita nia for their persistent efforts to improve 
transparency and to combat corruption and an ti-competitive practices.  In the same vein, the 
continuation of the efforts to alleviate poverty;  to address infrastructure debilities;  to create an 
enabling business environment;  and to update trade regulations and legislation, are also part of 
a successful development strategy. 
131. Trade relations between Brazil and the two c ountries have intensified throughout the past 
years.  During the period under review, bilateral tr ade flows with Guinea have tripled, while bilateral 
trade with Mauritania has doubled.  Naturally, ther e is still room for much improvement.  Exports 
from Guinea and Mauritania to Brazil are yet well be low their potential.  Once concluded, negotiation 
of the bilateral agreements on technical coope ration between Brazil and Guinea and Brazil and 
Mauritania will provide an institutional framework  that will strengthen cooperation between our 
countries. 
132. Bilateral cooperation with Guinea includes pr ojects in the health and social areas, 
development of technology and production of bi o-fuels, as well as projects to increase shrimp 
production.  In relation to bilateral cooperation w ith Mauritania, projects will be developed in the 
fisheries and aquaculture sector, health and professi onal education.  We entertain high hopes that 
strengthened cooperation in those areas, among othe rs, will help both countries to pave the way 
towards economic and social development. 
133. We have reasons to be confident that the recent democratic advances in Guinea and in 
Mauritania are only the beginning of a much-needed virtuous cycle, which will push both countries towards greater prosperity in coming years.  Braz il stands ready to further enhance its cooperation 
with both countries as we are convinced that strengt hening South-South Cooperation is an important 
means to enable the sharing of technologies and practices developed under similar social and 
economic conditions. 
CANADA 
 
Mauritania 
 
134. Canada would like to congratulate the G overnment of Mauritania on its economy's 
satisfactory performance since the previous trade pol icy review in 2002.  This positive performance is 
attributable to the economic policy conducive to growth introduced by the Government in 2008, 
despite a difficult international situation. 
135. Canada is happy to see that Mauritania has mana ged to emerge from the crisis following the 
elections on 18 July 2009.  With the lifting of international sanctions, the business climate and the 
confidence of operators should also improve.  Ac cording to the International Monetary Fund's 
analysts, in 2011 Mauritania's economy should once more record positive growth of 5.1 per cent, 
relying on high prices for mining products and the return of international donors. 
136. Thanks to a very attractive Mining Code, Maur itania has become one of the premier mining 
investment destinations in Africa and the world fo r Canadian firms.  Canadian investment in the 
mining sector in Mauritania dominates the commercia l relations between the two countries.  Indeed, 
many Canadian mining companies are prospectin g in Mauritania and two of them are actively 
exploiting gold and copper reserves.  The assets of  Canadian companies presently stand at roughly 
$4.2 billion. WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 22 
 
 
  137. Bilateral merchandise trade is, in turn, very modest.  Since the previous review, total 
merchandise trade between Canada and Mauritania has varied between  $2.4 million and $9.7 million.  
Canadian exports in 2010 reached $6.89 million versus $2.93 million in 2009.  Our recent exports to 
Mauritania were composed mainly of equipment fo r mining, and legumes.  In general, Canadian 
companies operating in Mauritania are satisfied with their relationship with the Mauritanian 
Government.  However they would appreciate the lifting of restrictions on the number of foreign 
workers they can hire and easing the process for obtaining work permits. 
138. Canada is pleased to note that, since its previ ous trade policy review, Ma uritania, with support 
from development partners, has continued to stre ngthen economic reforms in order to make its 
economy more competitive and better integrated in  the global economy.  Canada encourages the 
Government of Mauritania to continue to pursue e fforts to improve the business environment through 
enhanced legal security, the relaxing of employme nt legislation and the fight against fraud and 
corruption.  Canada is pleased to note that the G overnment, as one of its main trade policy objectives, 
is seeking to strengthen the role of mining as a vehicle for economic grow th and poverty reduction. 
The Republic of Guinea 
 
139. Canada and the Republic of Guinea mainta in overall good relations.  As the primary 
non-African investor in its economy, we are implic itly linked to the success of ongoing efforts to 
reform the business environment.  Canada wishes to  strengthen these ties, as evidenced by our interest 
in launching discussions towards a foreign investment  promotion and protection agreement, which we 
believe will help Guinea attract even more Canadi an investment.  Canada is hopeful that the 
upcoming trade mission to Guinea by the province of Quebec, scheduled for October 2011, will 
generate opportunities for both countries. 
140. Canada has a well-established trade relationshi p with Guinea.  There are also currently 
seven Canadian mining companies active in Guinea, with cumulative assets amounting to 
$244 million.  However, in recent years, two-wa y merchandise trade has decreased significantly, 
going from $90.4 million in 2008 to $58.7 million in  2010, driven by a drop in Canadian machinery 
exports and Canadian alumina ore imports. 
141. Guinea has a difficult business envi ronment, owing to poor regul ations in terms of the time 
and cost associated with starting a new business, a hi story of fiscal mismanagement, and a legacy of 
corruption under previous government regimes.  However, Canada expects that the return to 
constitutional order will attract incr eased FDI and rebuild trust with development partners.  Canada 
recognizes that the new Government has alread y announced progress on several policy initiatives, 
including the establishment of a one-stop investme nt agency, which will reduce entry formalities for 
investors from three months to one week, and micro-cr edit institutions to help small enterprises set up 
by women and young people. 
142. Canada actively followed Guinea's transition back  to democracy through participation in the 
International Contact Group on Guinea (ICG-G), th e principal multilateral transition initiative.  
Canada was part of the ICG-G initiative from Dece mber 2009 until its dissolution in February 2011.  
Canada would like to congratulate Guinea on the successful democratic elections of November 2010 
and looks with anticipation to the parliamentary elections planned for 29 December 2011.  This will 
be hugely important for Guinea as continued political stability will be necessary to attract FDI.  
We see that Guinea has significant mineral reserve s that are still unexplored, the development of 
which, under a stable regime, could bring benefits to all Guineans. 
143. Canada is also pleased by reports that constr uction and other sectors are likely to be boosted 
by the commencement of work on several larg e public infrastructure projects such as the  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  trans-Guinean railway, the rehabilitation of the Aut onomous Port of Conakry (PAC), improvements to 
Conakry International Airport and its adjoining r outes and services, as well as other important projects 
in the transport sector.  Canada notes that some 70 per cent of the Guinean p opulation is employed in 
the agricultural sector and encourages the continued development and modernization efforts currently 
under way. 
144. As the world's largest mining nation, Canada is pleased to see that Gu inea recently adopted 
a new Mining Code.  This Code will provide clarit y on the country's laws for potential investors, 
while allowing for the increased revenues necessary for the success of the poverty reduction strategies 
being pursued by Guinea.  Canada encourages  continued improvements in the overall legal 
framework to enhance alignment with intern ational standards and improve competitiveness. 
145. The establishment of sound military and public  sector management remains a particular 
challenge to ensure against corruption and rest ore macroeconomic balances.  However, Canada 
welcomes recent efforts on the part of the Guinean  Government to promote a better business climate 
through increased transparency an d accountability.  To this end, Canada is pleased by the recent 
commitment to bringing inherited fiscal defic its under control through revenue increases (to be 
subsumed by a single authority), coupled with expenditure reductions  through planned tax, subsidy 
and public sector reforms.  Canada also recognizes recent plans to reduce excess liquidity, stabilize currency and re-establish the credibility of the Gu inean franc;  points that are accentuated by the 
Central Bank's reopening of the foreign exchange bureau under a new licensing and regulatory system 
and the recent government announcement that the o fficial exchange rate will henceforth be 
determined by the commercial bank averages. 
146. In conclusion, Canada would like to reiterate its  thanks for being afforded the opportunity to 
put forth its suggestions regarding the current stat e of the business climate in both Mauritania and 
Guinea.  We continue to encourage respect for and u se of international instituti ons in order to further 
good governance and transparency in the wo rld of international business and trade. 
INDIA 
 
147. The Secretariat and Government reports of Guinea and Mauritania outline the huge economic 
and socio-development challenges faced by these count ries.  These are not something peculiar to them 
but common to many developing and less developed countries.  As evident from the statements made 
today by the respective delegations, both Guinea a nd Mauritania are aware of these challenges and are 
taking steps to address them through multidimensional reforms.  We hope that the Governments of 
Guinea and Mauritania will continue to reform thei r economic, investment and trade policies for the 
benefit of their people. 
148. Guinea has an abundance of natural resources,  including approximately one third of the 
world's reserves of bauxite, as well as deposits of  diamonds, gold and iron ore among others.  It also 
has a coastline rich in fish, vast hydroelectric poten tial and significant areas suitable for agriculture.  
Foreign investment has been channelled into  mining and quarrying, which have expanded 
considerably.  However, in spite of its significant resources, Guinea remains an LDC with high levels 
of poverty and unemployment.  It is encouraging to note that special emphasis has been placed by the 
Government of Guinea on the poverty reduction st rategy as a means of ensuring improved living 
standards for the country's population and preserving a climate of social peace and political stability. 
149. 
As pointed out in the Secretariat report, Guin ea's exports are more than 85 per cent dependent 
on mining products and are seriously affected by price fluctuations affecting such products in foreign 
markets.  The same applies to coffee and cocoa, which are Guinea's main exports after mining 
products.  The deficiencies in economic infrastruct ure also act as a major constraint.  There are WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 24 
 
 
  grounds, however, for optimism that the economi c situation in Guinea will improve following the 
country's first democratic elections in 2010.  This should assist in restoring confidence and helping attract the foreign investment that is essen tial for Guinea to drive its economy forward. 
150. In the case of Mauritania, its economy has pe rformed relatively well.  The discovery of 
oilfields and their exploitation since 2006 has pr ofoundly changed the country's growth dynamic, 
driving the rate of growth in GDP to 11.4 per ce nt.  Despite that, Mauritania also faces several 
challenges.  There is a large foreign presence in  Mauritania's two principal economic activities of 
mining and fisheries products.  Mauritania has earned  a large percentage of its income from selling 
licences to foreign companies, thus resulting in  intensified exploitation of its resources.  
We encourage Mauritania to focus on sustainable development of its resources integrated into the 
national economy. 
151. Present shortcomings notwithstanding, Mauritania has advantages for the development of its 
electricity sector, including large reserves of natu ral gas and broad expanses of desert with potential 
for solar and wind energy.  Mauritania has declar ed that it is decisively committed to better 
governance, which should help to reinforce its economic growth. 
152. India enjoys close and friendly relations with Gu inea and Mauritania.  We believe that there is 
considerable potential to further expand and deepen our existing relationship and economic 
cooperation in particular.  Our bilateral trade with Guinea amounted to US$400 million during 2009-2010, with our exports totalling US$79 million a nd imports of US$320 million.  The main items 
of export from India include drugs and pharmaceuticals, transport equipment, paints, plastics and 
linoleum.  The major items imported from Guinea consist of metals and cashew nuts.  
With Mauritania, India has bilateral trade of US$32 million, comprising exports worth US$30 million 
and imports of US$1.6 million.  Our exports includ e cotton textiles, chemi cals and pharmaceuticals, 
while imports consisted of metal scrap. 
153. India is a strong supporter of South-South co operation and partnership.  It has extended 
two lines of credit to Guinea for rehabilitation and extension of its electricity network and for 
improvements in its urban transport system.  A gift of 50 electric transformers went to Guinea to meet 
its electricity requirements.  India has also extended two lines of credit to Mauritania for agro-industries and a drinking water project, which are under implementation. 
154. Both Guinea and Mauritania have joined th e Pan African e-Network Project, which is 
a partnership between India and Africa designed to support distance education, telemedicine, 
e-governance, e-commerce, resource mapping, meteor ological and other services in African countries 
besides providing connectivity between African countries.  This project is fully funded by the Government of India and aims to provide connectiv ity for 53 African countries.  In Mauritania this 
project is fully operational and students are already taking advantage of tele-education.  In addition, 
India has been providing scholarships for training a nd skills development in diverse fields under the 
Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation prog ramme to both Guinea and Mauritania.  We look 
forward to working with them in the future to  promote and strengthen our cooperation further. 
NIGERIA 
 
155. Nigeria wishes to commend Guinea and Mauritania fo r their efforts since their previous trade 
policy reviews.  We note from the Secretariat report that Guinea has an abundance of natural 
resources, including around one third of the world' s reserves of bauxite, as well as deposits of 
diamonds, gold, and iron ore among others.  It also h as a coastline rich in fish, vast hydroelectric 
potential and significant areas suitable for agriculture.  However, Guinea has been unable to attract the 
capital necessary to exploit its immense potential because the count ry's business environment is  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  hardly conducive to investment.  Nigeria would like to know what efforts Guinea is making to attract 
the necessary capital to exploit the i mmense potential in the mining sector. 
156. My delegation also notes the efforts of Gu inea through its Poverty Reduction Strategy 
Programme, which recognizes the role trade plays in  combating poverty and contributes towards food 
security.  Despite the measures ta ken to ensure development, th e country is faced with major 
economic challenges, which include energy, revival of existing industries, transport and tourism.  
In that regard, it would be interesting if the de legation of Guinea would inform Members how they 
intend to overcome the challenges. 
157. Turning to Mauritania, my delegation is delighted  to note that, since its previous trade policy 
review, Mauritania's economy has performed relativel y well.  The discovery of oilfields and their 
exploitation since 2006 has profoundly changed the count ry's growth dynamic, driving the rate of 
growth in GDP to 11.4 per cent.  Consequen tly, per capita GDP almost doubled between 2004 and 
2007 from US$541 to US$958 and attained the figure of  US$1,157 in 2008.  We note the courageous 
policies adopted by Mauritania to liberalize a nd adjust its economy, in cooperation with its 
development partners, which made possible improveme nt in its economic situation.  The Secretariat 
report indicates that Mauritania has made considerab le efforts in reforming areas such as customs, 
trade and investment.  Despite the reforms, lack  of competition and corruption remain one of the 
major challenges.  It would be interesting to kno w the steps Mauritania is taking to overcome the 
challenge. 
158. Nigeria commends Guinea and Mauritania on boosting their economic development by 
ensuring the well-being of their people and their willingness to combat poverty by becoming more 
closely integrated into international trade.  Mauritania and Guinea offer substantial economic and 
commercial opportunities, not only in the mining and fi sheries sectors, but also in other areas of their 
economies. 
159. As indicated in the Secretariat report, the two countries are LDCs needing support from 
Members and we believe that Aid for Trade (AfT) w ould be of great help to them in ensuring that 
they are well placed to take advantage of the oppo rtunities afforded by their participation in the 
multilateral trading system.  At this juncture, we would like to use this opportunity to urge other 
WTO Members to explore all possible means to assist  the two countries to improve on what they have 
achieved so far. 
160. Finally, the modest level of implementation by Guinea and Mauritania of their 
WTO commitments in using trade to ensure welf are gains for their people must be commended.  
The delegations of Guinea and Mauritania have b een active WTO Members and have contributed to 
the Doha work programme. 
SENEGAL 
 161. I would like to congratulate the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania on the considerable 
efforts made by the respective Governments to ove rcome the enormous challenges that they face.  
As we have been able to see in the reports, both countries are emerging from a long period of 
difficulties but the new authorities have been able to take the necessary measures to counteract those 
difficulties, and these have been innovative enough to put their countries once again along the path to development.  These are courageous efforts wh ich should be underscored.  Accordingly, we 
encourage all WTO Members to support these countries and to help them as they attempt to achieve 
their development goals and to integrate them selves within the multilateral trading system. WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 26 
 
 
  VI. REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF GUINEA AND MAURITANIA AND 
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 
GUINEA 
 162. My delegation highly appreciates the various contributions and requests for clarification made 
by delegations.  These not only demonstrate your in terest in the Republic of Guinea, but also and 
primarily the concern for transparency that must prevail in the trade policies of Member States. 
163. As you know, since the previous trade policy review of Guinea in 2005, my country has been 
confronted by a series of socio-political upheavals that have unfortunately jeopardized the 
achievement of the many objectives it had set.  One of the results has been the slowdown in economic 
activities in general and trade in particular.  This is  why my statement is essentially intended to inform 
all Members of the practical measures already ta ken or planned by my Government to boost 
integration of the Guinean economy into the multilateral trading system. 
164. As we all know, the economic situation de pends on the political situation.  The 
new authorities in Guinea have therefore selflessl y employed themselves in promoting a climate of 
peace and social harmony, essential for the achievement of our development aspirations. 
165. Along the same lines, the Government is assiduously tackling the problem of poverty 
reduction.  With this aim in mind, strenuous efforts are being made to restore the major macroeconomic balances through stable monetary ma nagement and strict budgetary discipline, which 
should in the long term enable the completion point of the HIPC initiative to be reached and so 
generate additional resources to be used to fina nce ambitious development programmes and projects 
with growth potential.  In this connection, special attention is being paid to  alleviating unemployment 
among the vulnerable sectors of the population, especially women and young people. 
166. With regard to trade facilitation and regional trad e, I should like to reaffirm here that the 
Republic of Guinea effectively applies a custom s tariff aligned on the WAEMU CET and no import 
duty exceeds the level bound by our country. 
167. As to sectoral policies, the Guinean Governme nt has taken important measures to boost the 
sectors concerned.  In this connection, mention may be made, inter alia , of the revival of the 
agricultural sector in order to achieve food security  in the long term and export surpluses to regional 
and international markets, gene rating jobs and income for populations living in rural areas in 
particular;  facilitation measures are also available in  the form of customs exemptions for all imports 
of material and inputs intended for agriculture, rais ing livestock or fisheries;  capacity building for 
generating power and upgrading the transport and electri city distribution network;  revision of mining 
policy, which now takes into account the increased  positive socio-economic effects for the country 
and the contribution to sustainable integrated deve lopment for the benefit of the population in mining 
areas, as well as minimizing the environmental and social impact, together with observance of 
regulations on hygiene, health and security;  to gether with Guinea's accession to the Kimberley 
Process to combat trafficking in blood diamonds and to the EITI. 
168. It should also be noted that replies to the written questions concerning all the sectors and sent 
to us within the deadline have been  sent to the WTO Secretariat for transmission to Members.  As to 
the questions posed during the meeting, they will r eceive attention and replies will also be given to 
Members through the same channels. 
169. My delegation is aware of the efforts that s till have to be made to improve Guinea's trade 
policy and the challenges involved to enhance our c ountry's presence in world trade.  It therefore  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  undertakes to adopt all the necessar y measures to remove the constr aints and difficulties mentioned 
above, including continued trade facilitation by streamlining and accelerating customs procedures. 
MAURITANIA 
 170. The decrease in economic activity in Maurita nia, which has influenced the economic 
performance indicators in general, can be explai ned by the fact that between 2005 and 2009 the 
country went through an exceptional situation as a consequence of the change in political regime.  
These political changes have discouraged donors a nd all economic investors, particularly from 
abroad.  But starting in 2009 with the election of  the President Mohammed Ould Abdelaziz, new hope 
arose, and the country committed to socio-economic development, with the elaboration of the Action 
Plan 2009-2015 for implementation of the PRSP. 
171. In 2010, Mauritania met with its main econom ic partners in Brussels at a round table 
discussion on the financing of Mauritania's economy.   There was implementation in multiple fields 
such as infrastructure, roads, agriculture and urban developmen t.  Many reforms were also 
implemented in sectors such as social, educatio n and health services, vocational training and 
employment.  We have also embarked upon an unpre cedented fight against corruption, which has led 
to rationalization of the State's resources.  Give n the concern of certain speakers on the lack of 
transparency and on corruption, I would like to say that Mauritania has just set up an authority to 
regulate government procurement, on which governme nt and private sectors, as well as civil society, 
are represented. 
172. I can therefore assure you that the authorities of Mauritania, as well as all economic actors, 
are committed to building an economy that is able  to perform adequately but also sufficiently 
entrenched in the multilateral, re gional and national trading systems and will respect the WTO rules.  
Respect for these rules and the determination of th e Mauritanian authorities will allow us to achieve 
these goals.  We will make every effort to comply with WTO rules in order to continue benefiting 
from its assistance and expertise. 
DISCUSSANT 
 
173. I would like to point to some similarities betw een the two countries.  Firstly both countries 
have enormous wealth, mineral wea lth, oil wealth, as well as fisheries resources, but the major source 
of their wealth is their inhabitants.  But also thei r political leaders, who show great maturity in their 
decision-making and an acute awareness of their responsibility in the future of the countries. 
174. Secondly, these two countries have gone th rough difficult periods of instability, coup d'Etat , 
situations close to a civil war, as well as destabiliza tion.  Thirdly, another similarity is the responsible 
reaction to the crisis situation on the part of the l eadership of these two countries.  It is true that 
rebuilding the whole constitutional pr ocess has taken time but this can be explained by the depth of 
the crisis that these countries had experienced.  Finally, respect for its institutions, the proper 
establishment of the constitutional order, the commitment to the rule of law, democracy, respect for human rights and the launching of a democratic election process, free and credible, which in Mauritania has already led to the election of an internationally ac knowledged and legitimate 
leadership, with a similar process under way in Guin ea.  We can also draw a parallel in terms of 
commitment to the building of constitutional ins titutions and look towards the entrenchment of 
democracy and the development of resp ect for human rights in the future. 
175. We can also draw a parallel in terms of the economic difficulties.  As you know, these 
countries are LDCs with very limited revenue, obliged  to face an international economic crisis, a food 
crisis, and rising prices for basic food commodities, a la rge percentage of which they have to import.  WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 28 
 
 
  This situation has weighed very heavily in their budgets and has complicated, or indeed compromised, 
the planning of their national economic strategies. 
176. However a more positive comparison would be the commitment of both countries to 
economic reform.  Mauritania and Guinea have both committed themselves to putting in place 
credible and transparent economic institutions capable of assuming responsibility, modernizing 
legislation, and opening up the economy to the priv ate sector;  some institu tions have already been 
privatized, and legislation and rules for trade and business have also been brought up to standard, in 
cooperation with African, European  and international partners. 
177. We have seen how similar these countries are in their reaction and response to the 
international situation and commitments at the WTO.  As WTO Members, they have a number of 
commitments arising out of their previous TPRs, when various recommendations were made, some of 
which have been implemented and ot hers not.  I must stress that this is not owing to bad will or 
absence of political commitment, but is simply th e result of circumstanc es which were beyond the 
country's control.  As you are well aware, the survival of a country depends on its security, the 
security of its citizens, the entrenchment of the ru le of law, and these are essential prerequisites for 
building trade relationships with partners, b ilaterally, multilaterally and internationally. 
178. So a priority for these countries is to re-estab lish the rule of law through new leadership, 
a new Parliament, the building of a new business a nd trading climate which involves openness to the 
outside world, but at the same time ensuring that  the manpower is up to the challenge.  This will 
enable these two countries to start to realize thei r commitments in line with the WTO Agreements. 
179. We were very pleased to hear the content of their reports two days ago.  Through their 
presentations we got the sense that there is a strong commitment on the part of both countries to go forward.  Neither of them has questioned their co mmitments, on the contrary they have reaffirmed 
them, together with the determination to adopt the measures needed to comply with their international 
commitments within the WTO and also to pr ovide a response to their trading partners. 
180. In that regard, I am pleased to hear that bot h delegations have provided sincere responses to 
all the questions, and have also indicated their co mmitment to dealing with shortcomings, to making 
up for lost time, and to implementin g their commitments.  I am convinced that they have taken due 
note of the questions put to them, all of the questio ns that have arisen and the concerns raised, and 
also that, when both delegations return to their r espective capitals, they will report to their respective 
authorities and do what it is needed to provide res ponses to the questions raised during this TPR with 
a view to enabling them to implement the commitme nts that have been undertaken within this house. 
181. I therefore conclude with a call for understa nding but also support and assistance for these 
countries.  We have noted that both countries do not fully exploit the potential technical assistance being offered by WTO, and that would be one recommendation I would like to make.  Support should 
be provided to these two countries so that the experts, SME owners, customs officials and others are 
in a position to occupy their place in Africa and internationally. 
EUROPEAN UNION 
 
182. We have two further questions.  The first is re lated to our original question No. 25:  according 
to the Government report (page 28, paragraph 122), Gu inea considers that its tariff structure, with 
a maximum rate of 20 per cent, contributes to "h armonious development".  What does it therefore 
think of the efforts to introduce a fifth ECOWAS CET rate of 35 per cent, a significant increase in the 
rate, as far as Guinea's economic development prospects are concerned?  WT/TPR/M/250 
 WT/TPR/M/251 
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  183. The second concerns our original question No. 26:  could Guinea provide the document in 
question (ref. Rv2/Rabat02, en titled Schedules 1 and 2, of the Moroccan and Guinean products 
allowed entry free of duty and taxes with equiva lent effect in the Republic of Guinea and the 
Kingdom of Morocco)? 
UNITED STATES 
 
184. We would like to offer a couple of follow-up questions based upon advance written questions 
and we thank you again for your responses. 
For Guinea 
 
185. Guinea indicated that it was taking the following me asures to strengthen enforcement of IPRs:  
making the fight against counterfeiting a priority;  building public awareness;  using strong border 
measures;  and strictly applying the provisions of the Bangui Agreement.  We appreciate this 
clarification and Guinea's commitment to taking these measures.  We would further appreciate any 
explanation Guinea can provide to describe what steps it is taking to increase public awareness of the 
problems of counterfeiting and piracy. 
186. With regard to Guinea's response to page  46, paragraph 114:  as the revisions to 
Law No. 043/APM/CP of 9 August 1980 have not been passed by the National Assembly, is 
1980's Law No. 043/APM/CP the governing law at the moment? 
For Mauritania 
 
187. We note that Mauritania did not respond to a ll of our questions.  Please confirm that 
Mauritania will respond to all of our  questions within the month allowed by the TPR rules, including 
those regarding TBT and those regarding the effo rts Mauritania is making to combat counterfeiting 
and piracy at its borders and within the country. 
188. Mauritania's response to our question regardi ng page 51, paragraph 115, indicates that the 
Government requires compliance with certain forma lities (i.e. compulsory legal deposit) in order to 
obtain copyright protection.  Please advise whether a literary or artistic work will be protected by 
copyright if the work is not deposited. 
CAMEROON 
 189. My country has been trading with Guinea fo r some time, even prior to independence 
Cameroon was a recipient of Guinean exports.  D espite the numerous difficulties in Geneva my 
delegation did its utmost to be here  today to welcome and greet the delegations.  It seems to me that 
we were very right to come and we are delighted to have been able to hear this TPR.  We have heard 
about the crisis that both countries have lived th rough, we have heard about the natural resource 
wealth of both countries, about the mineral resources , and we have also heard that your leaders have 
been able to stabilize the respectiv e countries and set them on the path to modernity.  It is for that 
reason that we commend both delega tions and encourage them to implement the commitments they 
have made here. 
190. The discussant stressed the n eed to understand the situation of these two countries, and we 
very much echo his comments, stressing one point in particular.  Countries such as ours, in particular 
Guinea and Mauritania, took the risk of joining the bi g family of the WTO, shoulder to shoulder with 
major economies that can swallow or suffocate the smaller ones, but it is a big family where 
everybody has his place. WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 30 
 
 
  191. Cameroon would like to insist on one issue as  my delegation is the focal point of the 
ACP Group for AfT.  We note that the Secretariat reports stress the fact that AfT had experienced serious problems in Mauritania and Guinea, not onl y because flows have decreased but also because 
there has been failure to make fu ll use domestically.  My delegation would like to stress this point and 
make clear that, given the economic profile of these tw o countries, this needs to be dealt with head on 
and put at the very centre of the concerns of your respective administrations. 
192. As far as Mauritania is concerned, it is clearly stated that flows have decreased.  On page 27, 
paragraph 70, it is indicated that "Mauritania has f iled a request for an evaluation of trade facilitation 
needs but has been unable to complete the project", and we would invite the countries to take up this 
point.  As far as Guinea is concerned the figures pr esented are not especially positive and we see that 
there has been a considerable d ecrease between 2002 and 2009.  On page 95, paragraph 37, of the 
Secretariat report it is indicated that "Guinea remains very dependent on official development 
assistance for the implementation of its social and economic programmes" and that "robust mobilization of long-term resources is important for ensuring the effectiveness of its PRSP III". 
193. We would like to emphasize not only that dependence vis-à-vis  State aid is not good, but the 
mobilization of resources is still not enough.  We su ggest that a balance needs to be found promptly, 
for example through the development of production  capacity which, hand-in-hand with AfT, can 
enable an industrial and trading fabric to be gr adually developed and result in further independence, 
all of which would contribute to economic growth.  Therefore, my country wishes to encourage partner countries and donors not only to ensure stability  of aid, which is an essential prerequisite to 
ensuring sustainability, but also that they show flexibility in terms of disbursements and the 
appreciation of the situation when it comes to the implementation of various policies. 
CHINA 
 
194. Guinea and Mauritania are both LDCs.  Both countries have rich resources, which sometimes 
do not turn into economic benefits automatically.  Gladly, Mauritania did take advantage of the price 
surge of oil and precious metals to double its pe r capita income.  One common factor that has had 
negative impacts on economic growth of the two countr ies in the past decade or so is military coups.  
Now, with the political situation relatively stable, we hope both countries will be set on the track of 
real economic reform and take-off.  Things sta nding in the way may include obsolescence of the 
infrastructure, heavy State involvement in the economy, which impedes competition, poor 
enforcement of laws and regulations, and corruption.   To meet these challenges, the Governments of 
Guinea and Mauritania are encouraged to undertake reforms to streamline the administrative regime 
and improve the business and investment environment. 
195. Regarding trade policy and measures, both countri es recognize the role that trade can play in 
combating poverty and the importance of the WTO.  That being said, few reforms have taken place 
during the period under review in respect of customs,  trade or investment regulations.  This obviously 
is related to the instability of society, but in order to unleash great trade potential, both Guinea and 
Mauritania need to have in place national strategies i nvolving all the major stakeholders to guide trade 
reforms ahead. 
196. In so doing, the following areas deserve close attention by the authorities.  First, customs 
procedures need to be streamlined.  And both countri es still use reference values to a large extent for 
customs valuation.  Second, both countries have a lo w binding rate of around 40 per cent of total tariff 
lines.  Moreover, on some 10 per cent of the tariff lines, the applied rates exceed the bound rates.  
Third, both countries have complicated import regimes or procedures.  Apart from tariffs, 
Guinea imposes a whole range of fees, taxes, "supplem entary taxes" and levies, which altogether add 
up to 18 percentage points to the tariff.  Fo r Mauritania, numerous doc uments are required for  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  every import, while there is no clear list of the documents required to obtain an authorization to 
engage in trade.  This in practice de teriorates the non-discrimination and openness de jure . 
197. We agree with the discussant that both countries need more time to adapt.  But alongside the 
efforts made by Guinea and Mauritania themselve s, the two countries could benefit greatly from 
increased trade preferences and integration and well-designed technical assistance and 
capacity-building programmes, such as AfT and the EIF. 
198. China has been enjoying rapprochement with  both Guinea and Mauritania ever since the 
establishment of diplomatic relations.  In recen t years, economic cooperation has been deepening 
continuously.  In 2010, trade between China and Guinea reached US$476 million, representing an 
increase of 65.7 per cent over the previous year.  Sino-Mauritanian trade has performed even better, 
with the 2010 figure for bilateral trade amounting to  US$1.25 billion, growth of 13.9 per cent/year on 
year.  In addition, China has also contracted  projects of US$1 to US$2 billion in Guinea and 
Mauritania, respectively.  Investment of Chinese enterprises in the two countries is still modest, but 
has great potential to expand in the future. 
NIGER 
 
199. I do not have any particular point to raise but I would like to greet the delegations of 
Mauritania and Guinea for participating in the TPR exercise.  Guinea and Mauritania share with Niger 
the same historical, economic and geographical space, and Guinea, like Niger, is a member of ECOWAS.  The TPR is important because it allows us to have greater insight into the trade policy of 
a State not only domestically but also vis-à-vis  its neighbours and the international community. 
200. I am convinced that both delegations will be ab le to take advantage of the questions and 
recommendations made in order to bring into line their political and economic governance.  In this 
sense, I would like to underline that these two countri es are a source of pride in the subregion because 
of their political advances and the breaking of new ground in democratic governance.  I hope that, 
having made these advances, they will also be able  to make the necessary changes in their economic 
governance. 
BANGLADESH 
 
201. We appreciate the very responsible role that has been played by Guinea and Mauritania as 
Members of the LDC Group and we do value their re gular contributions to the deliberations and 
proceedings.  We are particularly happy to note th at Guinea has recently cleared all its outstanding 
dues to the WTO, and is no longer one of the Category 4 countries.  There is proof of these countries' capacity to respond promptly to any situation and we strongly believe that that spirit can be translated 
into other major trade reforms that have b een discussed here in quite extensive detail. 
202. We were particularly encouraged to hear th e points eloquently made by the discussant and we 
subscribe to the view that we need to make reasonable demands on these countries in due recognition 
of their very legitimate structural system a nd the challenges to thei r respective economies.  
We witness their vulnerability to various external shocks, to which they ha ve responded and tried to 
overcome individually.  In both countries, we ha ve seen a recent political development matched to 
their commitments to undertake br oad economic and trade policy reforms, and in this context we 
particularly welcome the recent announcement made by the Prime Minister of Guinea, as well as the 
Trade Policy Strategy for 2007 to 2015 outlined by Mauritania. 
203.
 The point that we continue to make on behalf  of the LDC Group is that trade policy reform, 
either in the form of a legal framework or institu tional mechanisms, cannot be seen in isolation from WT/TPR/M/250 
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  the overall political and economic environment, not onl y within the borders of the respective countries 
but also in the region itself.  And in that context we  are again particularly en couraged that the political 
situation in the region is moving towards stabilizat ion and we believe that this will have a positive 
impact on further economic and trade policy reforms in the two countries concerned. 
204. There is an issue of economic diversificati on as well as export diversification, which 
underlines the structural challenges in both economi es.  In this context, some very pertinent 
observations have been made in the Secretariat repor t and also by other delegations that participated 
in the discussions.  We would like to see the two dele gations remain engaged, particularly with other 
LDC Members, within the WTO context to see ho w we could meaningfully try to address these 
challenges.  Again, this underlines the importance of intensifying further interregional trade and 
cooperation which, in addition to other forms of  cooperation such as triangular cooperation, would 
definitely be highly beneficial.  We would also lik e to flag that any approach to intensifying or 
enhancing interregional trade and cooperation s hould be looked at beyond the narrow prism of 
political debate in order to derive tangible benefit from these processes.  We would agree with other 
delegations that have underscored the importance of  leveraging instruments such as AfT and the EIF 
to identify the capacity constraints, but especia lly the supply-side constraints, faced by the 
two countries, and if we get their further inputs in this regard we can definitely further build our 
arguments for the Group and put forward these c ases, so we would appreciate their continued 
engagement in this respect. 
205. Our final point regarding the capacity build ing of SMEs:  the case of LDCs provides 
a plethora of examples which the two countries could apply in comparable situations, and we believe 
that they could continue to use these models to boost this promising sector. 
206. Lastly, we firmly believe that the recommendations that have emanated from these 
deliberations will help both countries to undert ake the reforms to which they have committed 
themselves, and they will accept all the recommendations  and look at them in a constructive spirit so 
that we can continue to get the full benefits of the ongoing negotiations unde r the Doha Development 
Round and as part of the regular business of the WTO.  WT/TPR/M/250 
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  VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
207. This joint review of Guinea and Mauritania ha s allowed us to better  understand their recent 
trade developments and the challenges they f ace.  Our discussions have benefited from the 
participation of H.E. Mr Mohammed Dorval Doumbouy a (Minister of Trade), head of the delegation 
of Guinea;  and H.E. Mr Cheikh Ahmed Ould Zahaf, head of the delegation of Mauritania.  I am also 
grateful to H.E. Mr Omar Hilale for his valuable  contribution as discussant, and to Members for their 
constructive engagement in this review. 
208. Guinea and Mauritania have recently experienced  serious political turmoil which has severely 
affected their macroeconomic perfo rmance.  As a result, the annua l growth rate of the Guinean 
economy has remained below 5 per cent since 2005;  Mauritania has not performed any better, except 
in 2006, when the annual growth rate jumped to 11 per cent following the start-up of new oilfields. 
209. Members praised Guinea and Mauritania for havi ng organized democratic elections in 2009 
and 2010, respectively, and for their legal and institu tional reform efforts.  Some Members noted that 
investment in the largely untapped potential of Gu inea and Mauritania would benefit from sustained 
reforms to improve their business environment.  To this end, both countries are invited, inter alia , to 
fight corruption, facilitate trade, effectively enfo rce legislation, and strengthen their commitments 
under the GATS.  This, together with further assistan ce, mainly in human and infrastructural capacity 
building, would help diversify their economies and further reduce poverty. 
210. On the basis of the numerous statements made in  the course of this joint review, it appears 
that there remains room for further improvement of  the trade and trade-related policies of Guinea and 
Mauritania.  Areas where reforms could be benefi cial to their domestic economies and would serve 
their commitments to the multila teral trading system include: 
 - Trade facilitation:   Members expressed concerns about the large number of 
documents required for import and export clearance;  the costs related to preshipment inspection;  and the delayed implementation of the WTO Customs Valuation 
Agreement by Guinea and Mauritania. 
 - Bound and applied duties:   Noting that, on a significant proportion of tariff lines, 
applied rates exceed the bound levels, Memb ers urged Guinea and Mauritania to take 
steps to comply fully with their bindi ng commitments, and to simplify their tax 
systems. 
 - Intellectual property rights:   Members encouraged both Guinea and Mauritania to 
improve protection of IPRs, inter alia , by strengthening their institutional 
frameworks. 
 - Government procurement:   Members welcomed the efforts undertaken by both 
Guinea and Mauritania to adopt new procurem ent laws that are more transparent and 
respectful of international codes of good prac tice, and called for their prompt and full 
implementation. 
 - Sectoral policies:   Members expressed the hope th at the agricultural policies of 
Guinea and Mauritania achieve their food security objective, and that their sectoral policies (in mining and fisheries in particular) contribute to the sustainable exploitation of their resources, and to the development of their economies. WT/TPR/M/250 
WT/TPR/M/251 Page 34 
 
 
   - Notifications:   Members urged Guinea and Mauritania to comply with their 
notification obligations to the WTO. 
211. Members appreciated the responses provided by the delegations of Guinea and Mauritania. 
212. In conclusion, I believe that this review h as given us a comprehensive update on the trade 
regimes of Guinea and Mauritania.  Both Members are encouraged to pursue their reforms, and to 
further adhere to WTO rules and improve their mu ltilateral commitments with a view to enhancing 
the transparency and predictabilit y of their trade regimes and contributing to attracting foreign 
investment.  I advocate that Members support Guin ea and Mauritania in their continued efforts by 
providing further market access for their goods and services, and by being attentive to their requests 
for technical assistance. 
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