WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
27 July 2007 
 
 (07-3220) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects 
of Intellectual Property Rights Original:  English 
 
 
 
CHECKLIST OF ISSUES ON ENFORCEMENT1 
 
Responses from Slovenia  
 
Revision  
  
Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies 
 
 (a) Civil judicial procedures and remedies  
 1. Specify the courts which have jurisdiction over IPR infringement cases. 
  In deciding in disputes on intellectual property rights, the District Court of Ljubljana has the 
exclusive territorial jurisdiction at the first in stance, except for disputes between employers and 
employees in connection with inventions, shapes of  products, pictures, drawings and technical 
improvements (Courts Act, Official Gazette RS, No 100/2005 - official consolidated text and Official 
Gazette No 127/2006, Article 103(2)).  Appeal agains t its decision is examined by the Higher Court in 
Ljubljana (Courts Act, Article 104, p.1).  
  The Labour and Social Court in Ljubljana has the exclusive jurisdiction in disputes on rights 
and obligations relating to industrial propert y rights from the contract between employer and 
employee (Labour and Social Courts Act, Offi cial Gazette RS, No 2/2004, Article 5(1)(d), 
Article 8(2)).  Appeal against its decision is ex amined by the Higher Labour and Social Court in 
Ljubljana.  Before initiating procedures at the c ourt parties should try to solve the case in the 
obligatory conciliation procedure.  2. Which persons have standing to assert IP Rs? How may they be represented? Are there 
requirements for mandatory personal appearan ces before the court by the right holder? 
 
 Any right holder of an IPR, who or which is a natural or legal person, has standing to assert 
his/its rights (Code of Civil Procedure, Offici al Gazette RS, No 26/99,  43/2006, Article 76(1); 
Industrial Property Act (Official Gazette RS, No 51/2006 - official consolidated text), Article 120a; 
Copyright and Related Rights Act (Official Gazette  RS, No 44/2006 - official consolidated text) 
Articles 72, 142, 164.  In addition and subject to speci al conditions, this stands also for other forms of 
associations, which do not have lega l status of a natural or legal person (Code of Civil Procedure, 
Article 76(3) and for Collecting Societies, when collectively administering copyright and related 
rights (Copyright and Related Rights Act, Article 146 (1, point 8)). 
  In the proceedings conducted by District a nd High Courts and by the Supreme Court only a 
practicing lawyer or other person who pas passed the State judicial exam may act as an attorney (Code 
of Civil Procedure, Article 87(2); Copyright and Related Rights Act, Articles 142, 144(1), by an 
                                                     
 
1 Document IP/C/5. IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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  attorney (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 95), by an agent (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 
Article 144(2)).   There are no requirements for mandatory persona l appearances before the court of the right 
holder (Code of Civil Procedure, Articles 262, 282). 
 
3. What authority do the judicial authorities have to order, at the request of an opposing 
party, a party to a proceeding to produ ce evidence that lies within its control? 
  At the request of the opposing party judicial  authorities may order provisional measures or 
preservation of evidence (see below):   - At the request of one party the judicial authorities may order the opposing party to 
produce evidence which lies within control (C ode of Civil Procedure, Article 227(1)). 
 
 - If the opposing party does not produce evidence which lies within control, the court 
judges at its own discretion and due to all circumstances, what importance is to be 
given to the fact of the denial of access of information (Code of Civil Procedure, 
Article 227(5)). 
 4. What means exist to identify and protect confidential information brought forward as 
evidence?  
  
 In order to ensure protection of confidentia l information brought forward as evidence, the 
court may decide to exclude the public from court hear ings.  The judge is obliged to warn all parties 
that they have to respect the confidential nature of any relevant information which they receive in 
such hearings (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 294(1), and Article 295(4)).  In case of patent 
infringement litigations concerning patented process for new chemical compounds, the legitimate interests of the producer to protect business must  be taken into account (Industrial Property Act, 
Article 122(1)). 
 
5. Describe the remedies that may be ordered by the judicial authorities and criteria, 
legislative or jurisprudential, for their use ; 
 
 - injunctions;  - damages, including recovery of profits,  and expenses, including attorney's fees; 
 - destruction or other disposal of infringing goods and materials/implements for 
their production; 
 - any other remedies.  
 Injunctions
 
  In case of industrial property rights the Court may order the infringer to desist from a preparatory act for an infringement and the infringement itself (Industrial Property Act, 
Article 121(1)(a)). 
  In case of copyright and related rights: the Court may order the infringer to desist from a preparatory act for an infringement and the infri ngement itself (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 
Article 167(1) p.1)).   IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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   Damages, including recovery of profits , and expenses, including attorney's fees  
  In case of industrial property rights: damages including recovery of the profits, and expenses, 
including attorney's fees.  The infringer shall pay to  the owner of the right damages in the amount to 
be defined under general rules on compensation for damage, or the amount which is equal to agreed 
or customary license fee (Industrial Property Act, Ar ticle 121).  Damages include recovery of profits 
and expenses (Obligations Code, Official Ga zette RS, No 81/2001, 32/2004, 28/2006, Act, 
Articles 164, 168, 169).  The winning party is entitle d to recover from the oppo sing party all expenses 
due to the procedure, including attorney's fees (Code  of Civil Procedure, Articles 151, 154(1)).  The 
criterion for this is the actual existence of damage expenses.   In case of copyright and related rights: damages including recovery of the profits, and expenses, including attorneys fees.  The infringer sh all pay to the owner of the right damages in the 
amount to be defined under general rules on compen sation for damage, or th e amount which is equal 
to agreed or customary royalty or remuneration for legitimate use of such kind (Copyright and Related 
Rights Act, Article 168(1),(2)). Damages include rec overy of profits and expenses (Obligations Code, 
Articles 164, 168, 169).  The winning party is entitle d to recover from the opposing party all expenses 
due to the procedure, including attorney's fees (Code  of Civil Procedure, Articles 151, 154(1)).  The 
criterion for this is the actual existence of damage expenses. 
 
 Destruction or other disposal of infringi ng goods and materials/implements for their 
production  
 
 In case of industrial property rights: the cour t may order that the: a) objects of infringement 
be recalled from the channels of commer ce taking into account the interests of  bona fide  third parties, 
b) objects of infringement or the means of infringement that are owned by the infringer and intended or used exclusively or principally for infri ngement be destroyed (Industrial Property Act, 
Article 121(1)(b)(d)(e)). 
 
 In the case of copyright and related rights: the court may order that the: a) objects of infringement be irrevocably recalled from the channe ls of commerce, taking into account the interests 
of bona fide  third parties, b) objects of infringement or the means of infringement that are owned by 
the infringer and intended or used exclusively or pr incipally for infringement be destroyed (Copyright 
and Related Rights Act, Artic le 167(2), 167(4)(d), 167(5). 
 
 Any other remedies
 
  Publication of the judgement: Industrial Pr operty Act, Article 121(1)(g); Copyright and 
Related Rights Act, Article 167(1)(1)). 
  Moral damage
 
  In case of industrial property rights - the inventor or designer may file an action for 
recognition of the right to be named (Industrial Property Act, Article 118). 
  In case of copyright and related rights: The Court may award the author or performer equitable monetary satisfaction for non material damage (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 
Article 169).  
 Punitive damages
 
  In case of infringement of copyrights and subject to special conditions, the Court may order that the infringer pays to the right holder a royalt y increased by up to 200%.  The criteria are: (i) that IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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  an infringement has occurred intentionally or by gross negligence, (ii) the degree of culpability, 
(iii) the amount of agreed or customary remuneratio n, (iv) the achievement of a general preventive 
purpose sought by award of punitive damages (Co pyright and Related Rights Act, Article 168(3), 
168(4)).  6. In what circumstances, if any, do judici al authorities have the authority to order the 
infringer to inform the right holder of the identity of third persons involved in the 
production and distribution of the goods of services found to be infringing and of their 
channels of distribution? 
 
 In case of industrial property rights: the Court may upon a justified request of the party order 
that the information on the origin and distribution networks of the goods or services which infringe a 
right under the law be provided by the alleged in fringer (Industrial Property Act, Article 124(b)).  
  In case of copyright and related rights: the Court may upon a justified request of the party 
order that the information on the origin and dist ribution networks of the goods or services which 
infringe a right under the law be provided by the a lleged infringer (Copyright and Related Rights Act, 
Article 172).  
7. Describe provisions relating to the indemnification of defendants wrongfully enjoined.  
To what extent are public authorities and/or officials liable in such a situation and what 
"remedial measures" are applicable to them?    
 
 In case of abuse of enforcement procedures, general rules on damages (Obligations Code, 
Articles 10, 131-189) will apply for the indemnifica tion of the defendant (Enforcement and Securing 
of Civil Claims Act, Official Claims Act, Offici al Gazette No 2/2007, official consolidated text). 
  Public authorities are liable for damages, caused  by their officials to third parties in the 
administration or in connection with the administra tion of their duties, under general rules on damages 
(Obligations Code, Article 148). 
 
8. Describe provisions governing the length a nd cost of proceedings.  Provide any available 
data on the actual duration of proceedings and their cost. 
  The courts shall endeavour that the procedur es shall not entail delays and shall run under 
lowest costs possible (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 11).  
 The actual duration of proceedings and their co st depend on the complexity of each individual 
case (e.g. attorney's fees and Court taxes are proportional to the extent of sums claimed).  
 (b) Administrative procedures and remedies  
 
9. Reply to the above questions in relation to any administrative procedures on the merits 
and remedies that may result from these procedures. 
  Administrative procedures are not foreseen. 
  IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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  Provisional Measures  
 
 (a) Judicial measures  
 
10. Describe the types of provisional measures that judicial authorities may order and the 
legal basis for such authority. 
 
 In case of industrial property rights the Court may order provisional measures to secure non- monetary damages: interdiction to the alleged infringer the continuation of infringement already 
commenced and future infringements; seizure, excl usion from circulation and taking into custody the 
objects of infringement and means of infringement that  are intended or used exclusively or principally 
for infringement (Industrial Property Act, Article 123(5)(a)(b)).   In case of copyright and related rights the Court may order provisional measures to secure 
non-monetary damages: interdiction to the allege d infringer of the continuation of infringement 
already commenced and future infringements; seiz ure exclusion from circulation and taking into 
custody the objects of infringement and means of in fringement that are intended or used exclusively 
or principally for infringement (Copyright and Rela ted Rights Act, Article 170(1), 170(2), 170(5)). 
 
11. In what circumstances may such measures be ordered inaudita altera  parte ? 
  In case of industrial property rights: if there are probable grounds for belief that the 
provisional measures above may not be effective at a later time, the court may order and execute such 
measures without prior notification and hearing of the opposite party (Industrial Property Act, Article 123(3)). 
 
 In case of copyright and related rights: if there are probable grounds for belief that the 
provisional measures above may not be effective at a later time, the court may order and execute such 
measures without prior notification and hearing of  the opposite party (Copyright and Related Rights 
Act, Article 170(3)).  12. Describe the main procedures for the initia tion, ordering and maintenance in force of 
provisional measures, in particular relevant time-limits and safeguards to protect the 
legitimate interests of the defendant. 
 
 Initiation
 
  The procedures for provisional measures start on written application by a right holder. 
Enforcement and Securing of Civil Claims Ac t, Article 266(1); Industrial Property Act, 
Articles 123(1), 123a, 124(1); Copyright and Related Rights Act, Articles 170(1), 171(1). 
  Ordering and maintenance in force
 
 
 The court requires the applicant to show probable grounds for belief that a danger exists that 
the enforcement of claims will be made impossible or rather difficult, the adoption of a provisional 
measure is necessary to avoid damage difficult to repair or that a measure does not have more detrimental consequences for the alleged infringer th an would have the non-adoption of such measure 
for the owner of the right: Industrial Property Act,  Article 123(2); Copyright and Related Rights Act, 
Article 170(2). 
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   Time limits
 
  In its decision, the court is free to define th e duration of the provisional measure and, in cases 
in which the measure was ordered before the beginni ng of another proceeding, the deadline from such 
a beginning (Enforcement and Securing of Civil Claims Act, Article 277(1)). 
 
 Defendant's safeguards
 
  The defendant may file an opposition against a decision of adoption of a provisional measure. 
The court shall decide on opposition in 30 days: I ndustrial Property Act, Article 123(6); Copyright 
and Related Rights Act, Article 170(6). The Court ma y order the applicant to provide security for the 
defendant's damages which might occur due to th e provisional measure (Enforcement and Securing of 
Civil Claims Act, Article 270(2). The defendant himself may provide security for the right holders claims; in such a case the provisi onal measure is revoked (Enforcemen t and Securing of Civil Claims 
Act, Article 274(2) and (3). 
 
 The defendant has the right to claim damages,  caused with the provisional measure, if the 
measure had no legal ground (Enforcement and S ecuring of Civil Claims Act, Article 279). 
 
13. Describe provisions governing the length a nd cost of proceedings.  Provide any available 
data on the actual duration of proceedings and their cost. 
 
 The courts shall endeavour that the procedures shall not entail delays and shall run under the 
lowest cost possible (Code of Civil Procedure, Ar ticle 11; Enforcement and Securing of Civil Claims 
Act, Article 11(1)). The proceedings are summary (Industrial Property Act, Article 123(7); Copyright 
and Related Rights Act, Article 170(7)).   The actual duration of proceedings and their co st depend on the complexity of each individual 
case (e.g. attorney's fees and Court taxes are proportional to the extent of the sums claimed). 
 
 (b) Administrative procedures 
 
14. Reply to the above questions in relation to any administrative provisional measures. 
 
 Administrative procedures are not foreseen.  Special Requirements Related to Border Measures
 
 
15. Indicate for which goods it is possible to apply for the suspension by the customs 
authorities of the release into free circulati on, in particular whether these procedures 
are available also in respect of goods which involve infringements of intellectual property rights other than counterfeit trademark or pirated copyright goods as defined 
in the TRIPS Agreement (footnote to Article 51).  Specify, together with relevant 
criteria, any imports excluded from the app lication of such procedures (such as goods 
from another member of a customs union, goods in transit or de minimis imports).  Do 
the procedures apply to imports of goods put on the market in another country by or 
with the consent of the right holder and to goods destined for exportation?  
 
 Special requirements related to  border measures are defined by the Council Regulation (EC) 
No 1383/2003 of 22 July 2003 concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing 
certain intellectual property rights and the measure s taken against goods found to have infringed such 
rights (OJ L/196, 2.8.2003) and by the Act Implementing the Customs Regulations of the European Community, Official Gazette RS, No 25/2004, 28/2006, Articles 68-76.  IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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 Article 2 of Council Regulation EC No 1383/ 2003 covers besides c ounterfeit trademarks 
goods and pirated copyright goods also goods wh ich infringe patent, s upplementary protection 
certificate, national plant variety right under the law of that Member State or Community plant variety 
right and geographical indication of designation of origin. 
 
 The procedures do not apply to goods:   - bearing a trademark with the consent of the holder of that trademark, or to goods 
bearing a protected designation of origin or a protected geographical indication or 
which are protected by a patent or a supplementary protection certificate, by 
copyright or related right or by design right or a plant variety right and which have been manufactured with the consent of the right holder (Council Regulation EC 
No 1383/2003, Article 3(1)); 
 
 - of a non-commercial nature within the li mits of the duty-free allowance and there are 
no material indications to suggest the goods  are part of commercial traffic (Council 
Regulation EC No 1383/2003, Article 3(2). 
 
16. Provide a description of the main elements of the procedures relating to the suspension 
of the release of goods by customs authoriti es, in particular the competent authorities 
(Article 51), the requirements for an applic ation (Article 52) and various requirements 
related to the duration of suspension (Article 55).  How have Articles 53 (security or equivalent assurance), 56 (indemnification of the importer and of the owner of the goods) and 57 (right of inspection and information) been implemented?   
  The main elements of the conditions govern ing action by the customs authority are the 
following:   -  An application for the action is filed w ith the Customs Administration of the Republic 
of Slovenia, General Customs Directorate,  Ljubljana (Act on Implementation of the 
EU Customs Regulations, Article 68(1)). 
  - The application must contain all informa tion needed to enable the goods in question 
to be readily recognised by the customs au thorities and in particular (i) an accurate 
and detailed technical descrip tion of the goods; (ii) any specific information the right 
holder may have concerning the type or pa ttern of fraud; (iii) the name and the 
address of the contact person appointed by the right-holder. The application for action must also contain the declaration accepting liability in the event that a procedure by 
the Customs Authorities is discontinued owing to an act or omission by the right holder or in the vet that the goods in question are subsequently found not to infringe IPRs (Council Regulation EC No 1383/2003 , Article 4(5) and Article 6). 
 
 - When granting an application the Customs Administration of the Republic of 
Slovenia shall specify the period during whic h the customs authorities are to take the 
action. The period shall not exceed one year (Council Regulation EC No 1383/2003, 
Article 8(1)). 
 
 - The customs office shall give the applicant and persons involved the opportunity to 
inspect goods whose release has been susp ended or which have been detained 
(Council Regulation EC No 1383/2003, Article 9(3)). 
 IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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   - The decision granting the right holder's application for action shall immediately be 
forwarded to those customs offices of the Member States (in case of Slovenia the Customs Administration of the Republic of Slovenia) or States likely to be concerned by the goods alleged in the application to infringe an intellectual property right 
(Council Regulation EC No 1383/2003, Article  8(2)). There shall be no appeal 
against a decision issued by the Customs Ad ministration of the Republic of Slovenia; 
however, an action in the administrativ e proceedings may be filed with the 
Administrative Court of the Republic of Slovenia in Ljubljana. The court shall decide on the case at its seat in Ljubljana (Act Implementing the Customs Regulations of the European Community, Article 70(1)). 
 
 -  Security: the customs authority may order the right holder to post appropriate security 
for the expenses of transport and damages (Act on Implementation of the European 
Community Customs Regulations, Article 68(3)). 
 
 - The customs office may take the samples (Council Regulation EC No 1383/2003, 
Article 9(3)). 
 
17. Describe provisions governing the length a nd cost of proceedings.  Provide any available 
data on the actual duration of  proceedings and their cost.  How long is the validity of 
decisions by the competent authorities for the suspension of the release of goods into free 
circulation? 
 
 The proceeding shall be guided in a fast way,  under the lowest cost possible and shall not 
entail delays (General Administrative Procedure Ac t, Official Gazette RS, No 24/2006 - official 
consolidated text, Article 14). 
 
 The actual duration of proceedings and their co st depend on the complexity of each individual 
case.  
18. Are competent authorities required to act upon their own initiative and, if so, in what 
circumstances?  Are there any special provisions applicable to ex officio  action? 
 
 The customs authorities have no powers to act upon their own initiative. 
 19. Describe the remedies that the competent authorities have the authority to order and 
any criteria regulating their use.   
 
 Suspension or detention of the release of goods (Council Regulati on (EC) No 1383/2003, 
Article 9(1)).  
 Destruction of goods because of silence of the supposed infringer (Act Implementing the 
Customs Regulations of the European Community, Article 71(1)(2)).  
Criminal Procedures
 
 
20. Specify the courts which have jurisdiction  over criminal acts of infringement of IPRs. 
  The jurisdiction over criminal acts of  infringe ment of IPRs lies with the district Courts 
(Courts Act, Official Gazette RS, No 100/200 5 - official consolidated text, Article 99). 
  IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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  21. In respect of which infringements of which intellectual property rights are criminal 
procedures and penalties available? 
  
 Trademarks: unauthorized use of trademark or geographical indication (Penal Code, Official 
Gazette RS, No 95/2004 - consolidated text, Article 238(1). 
 
 Industrial designs: unauthorized use (Penal Code, Article 238(2). 
  Patents: unauthorized use of inventions and topographies (Penal  Code, Article 239). 
 
 Copyright (moral rights): infringement of the ri ght of paternity (Penal Code, Article 158(1)). 
  Copyright (moral rights): infringement of the right of respect (Penal Code, Article 158(1)).   Copyright (economic rights): whoever, with the intent to obtain for himself or for another a 
substantial unlawful material gain, reproduces, dist ributes, rents copies, publicly performs, publicly 
transmits, publicly presents, broadcasts or transforms  a copyright work without the permission of the 
author or another copyright holder, when such  permission is required by law (Penal Code, 
Article 159(1)).   Copyright (economic rights): whoever, with the intent to obtain for himself or for another a 
substantial unlawful material gain, puts into circula tion, or with intent of putting into circulation 
offers to the public copies of a copyright work, knowing that such copies were reproduced without 
authorization (Penal Code, Article 159(2)).   Copyright: whoever makes, acquires, sells or  lets another use implements, intended for 
breaking material gain was obtained and it was in th e perpetrator's intention to obtain such material 
gain (Penal Code, Article 159(3)).   Related rights (rights of performers): whoever,  without permission of a performer, without 
such permission is required by law, broadcasts, pr epares, puts into circulation or communicates to the 
pubic performance or a fixation of a performance, and thereby obtains substantial material gain (Penal 
Code, Article 160). 
  Copyright: whoever makes, acquires, sells or  lets another use implements, intended for 
breaking into computer systems (Penal Code, Article 309(3)).  22. Which public authorities are responsible fo r initiating criminal proceedings? Are they 
required to do this on their own initiative and/or in response to complaints? 
 
 The authorities responsible for initiating crimin al procedures are the Police and the District 
State Prosecutors.  Depending on the type of infringement they act ex officio  or on a complaint. 
 
23. Do private persons have standing to in itiate criminal proceedings and, if so, who? 
  Private persons, i.e. right holders, have sta nding to initiate criminal proceedings only in case 
of criminal acts under Articles 158 and 160 of the Penal Code. 
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  24. Specify, by category of IPR and type of in fringement where necessary, the penalties and 
other remedies that may be imposed: 
  - imprisonment; 
 - monetary fines; 
 - seizure, forfeiture and destruction of infringing goods and materials and 
implements for their production; 
 - other. 
  Trademarks/geographical indication - unauthori zed use: imprisonment for up to three years. 
The infringing goods and devices sh all be confiscated on an obligatory basis (Penal Code, 
Article 238(1), 238(3)).   Industrial designs - unauthorized use: imprisonment for up to three years.  The infringing goods shall be confiscated on an obligatory b asis (Penal Code, Article 238(2), 238(3)). 
 
 Patents: unauthorized use of inventions and topographies - imprisonment for up to three 
years. The infringing goods shall be confiscated  on an obligatory basis (Penal Code, Article 239). 
  Copyright (moral rights): infringement of the right of paternity - fine or imprisonment for up 
to one year (Penal Code, Article 158(1)). 
  Copyright (moral rights): infringement of the right of respect - fine or imprisonment for up to one year (Penal Code, Article 158(2)).  
 Copyright (economic rights): imprisonment for up to eight years.  The infringing goods and 
devices for their reproduction shall be confiscated on an obligatory basis (Penal Code, Article 159). 
  Related rights (rights of performers): imprisonment for up to eight years (Penal Code, Article 160).  
 Copyright: whoever makes, acquires, sells or  lets another use implements, intended for 
breaking into a computer system - imprisonment for up to one ear (Penal Code, Article 309(3)).   
25. Describe provisions governing the length and any cost of proceedings.  Provide any 
available data on the actual duration of proceedings and their cost, if any. 
  The courts shall endeavour that the procedur es and their costs depend on the complexity of 
each individual case (Code of Criminal Procudur e, Official Gazette RS, 63/94, Article 15). 
  The actual duration of proceedings and their costs depend on the complexity of each individual case. 
 
 The public prosecutor may file a summary char ge sheet on the basis of a crime report alone 
(Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 430(2)).   The acts of investigation shall be carried out  as quickly and efficiently as possible (Code of 
Criminal Procedure, Article 431(1)). 
  If the crime report is filed by the injured person (right holder) and within a period of one 
month from the receipt of the request by the public prosecutor the latter fails to prefer the summary 
charge sheet and notify the defendant that he ha s dismissed the charge or adjourned criminal  IP/N/6/SVN/1/Rev.1 
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  proceedings, the injured party (right  holder) shall be entitled to assume prosecution subjet to file the 
summary charge sheet with the court (Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 443).   The judge shall order that the charge sheet or  private charge be served on the defendant and 
shall schedule the main hearing immediately (wit hin a month) (Code of Criminal Procedure, 
Article 435(2)). 
  Once opened the main hearing shall proceed a nd end without interruption whenever possible 
(Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 443(1)).  
 An appeal against the judgement may be lodged w ithin eight days of receipt of a copy thereof 
(Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 443(3)).   
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