WT/REG383/1  
 
14 January 2020  
(20-0307) Page: 1/37 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT  BETWEEN THE GUAM PA RTICIPATING STATES  
(REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA , AZERBAIJAN, GEORGI A AND UKRAINE)  
(GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement between the 
GUAM participating States (Republic of Moldova, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine),  has 
been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility and in full consultatio n 
with the Parties. The factual presentation reproduces as closely as possible the 
terminology used in the Agreement and in the comments provided and does not imply 
official endorsement or acceptance by the Secretariat of such terminology. The report 
has b een drawn up in accordance with the rules and procedures contained in the 
Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and 
thus does not imply any value judgement by the Secretariat regarding the contents of 
the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Rohini Acharya  
(tel: +41 22 739 5874). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to  Thakur Parajuli  (tel: +41 22 739 5473). 
 
 
  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Table o f Contents  
 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMEN T ................................ ................................ ................................ . 3 
2   CHARACTERISTIC E LEMENTS OF THE AGREE MENT  ................................ ....................  10 
2.1   Background information  ................................ ................................ .............................. 10 
3   PROVISIONS ON TR ADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ...........  11 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ .................. 11 
3.1.1    General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ........  12 
3.1.3    Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ............................  14 
3.1.4    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 16 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 16 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................. 17 
3.4   Regulatory provisions of the agreement  ................................ ................................ ........ 17 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  17 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosa nitary measures  ................................ ................................ ..... 17 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ....................  18 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ...........................  18 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ................................  18 
3.4.4    Subsidies and state -aid ................................ ................................ ...........................  18 
3.4.5    Customs -related procedures ................................ ................................ .....................  18 
3.4.6    Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 18 
3.4.6.1    Services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  18 
3.5   Sector -specific provisions of the agreement  ................................ ................................ ...19 
4   GENERAL PROVISIO NS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  19 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 19 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....19 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 19 
4.3.1    General exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 19 
4.3.2    Security exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 19 
4.4   Accession and withdrawal  ................................ ................................ ............................ 19 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ............................... 19 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....20 
4.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ........... 20 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 22 
4.9   Intellectual property rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 22 
4.10   Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 22 
4.11   Environment  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 22 
4.12   Labour  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 22 
4.13   Electronic co mmerce  ................................ ................................ ................................ .22 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  23  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  The Republic of Moldova, 
Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine  
 
Date of Signature:   20 July 2002  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  10 December 2003  
 
Date of Notification:   3 April 2017  
 
Full implementation :  10 December 2003   
 
 
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  The Free Trade Agreement involving the GUAM States  is the 10th regional trade agreement 
(RTA) in force involving Georgia, the 8th RTA in force involving Moldova and the 17th RTA in force 
involving Ukraine notified to the WTO. The size and struc ture of the economies of the Parties are 
varied, with Ukraine the largest economy of the four with a GDP of USD 109,321 million, followed 
by Azerbaijan with a GDP of USD 40,670 million , Georgia at USD 15,139 million and Moldova at 
USD 8,085 million in 2017 .  
1.2.  Table 1.1 shows their ranking in international trade in merchandise, ranging from 36 to 101 
for exports and 32 to 101 for imports. While imports by the Parties are dominated by manufacturing 
(65.3% of imports for Georgia, 66.9% for Moldova, 66.1% for Uk raine and 70.4% for Azerbaijan), 
agriculture and manufacturing are important exports for three of the four Parties: 33.6% and 40.8% 
respectively for Georgia, 42.9% and 52.8% respectively for Moldova and 44% and 46.3% 
respectively for Ukraine. Fuels and min ing products account for 91.6% of Azerbaijan's exports.  Their 
trade to GDP ratios are relatively similar , at 53 for Georgia, 52.6 for Ukraine, 52.2 for Moldova and 
42.4 for Azerbaijan.   
Table 1.1. GUAM members: Merchandise Trade Profiles  
Member  Population 
2017  
(million)  Merchandise trade - 2017  Rank in 
world tradea 
- 2017  GDP 
USD 
million 
(2017)  Trade 
(% 
GDP, 
2015 -
2017)  Exports 
USD 
million  
% world 
exports  
Imports 
USD 
million  
% world 
imports  
Exports  
Imports  
Azerbaijan  9.9 15,800  0.09 8,600  0.05 51 77 40,670  42.2 
Georgia  3.7 2,728  0.02 7,981  0.04 99 79 15,139  53.0 
Moldova  3.5 2,425  0.01 4,832  0.03 101 101 8,085  52.2 
Ukraine  44.8 43,199  0.24 49,421  0.27 36 32 109,321  52.6 
a excluding intra -EU trade.  
Source:  World Trade Profile -WTO and WDI -World Bank.  
 
1.3.  Georgia had a growing global trade deficit during the period 2000 -2017, principally due to 
import growth exceeding growth in exports. With regard to trade with other Parties, it s largest 
trading partners are  Ukraine and Azerbaijan. Trade with Moldova is relatively small , although 
growing,  with imports growing  more rapidly than exports during this period.  With regard to trade 
with Ukraine, Georgia has maintained  a trade deficit , while its trade deficit with Az erbaijan widened  
(except between 2012 and 2014 when it had a surplus).  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Chart 1.1 Georgia: Merchandise trade with world and GUAM parties, 2000 -2017  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.4.  Moldova has also maintained a global trade deficit during the period 2000 -2017. The deficit 
widened during the period up to 2007 and has remained relatively stable since then. Among the 
other Parties to the Agreement, Moldova trades mainly with Ukraine, an d to a lesser extent with 
Georgia and Azerbaijan. During the period 2000 -2017 it maintained a trade deficit with Ukraine, and 
trade surpluses with  Georgia and Azerbaijan.  
Chart 1.2 Moldova: Merchandise trade with world and GUAM parties, 2000 -2017  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
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  1.5.  During the period 2000 -2017 Ukraine's overall trade balance globally has been largely in deficit 
since 2005. Ukraine, as the largest economy among the Parties has s ignificant trade relations with 
the other Parties. For most of  the period 2000 -2017 it maintained a trade surplus with all three 
Parties.  
Chart 1.3 Ukraine: Merchandise trade with world and GUAM parties, 2000 -2017  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.6.  During the period 2000 -2017, Azerbaijan's global trade balance was in surplus for most of the 
period, widening significantly between 2006 and 2008 and 2009 and 2014, mainly because of an 
increase in exports during t hese periods. Trade with the Parties during this period shows that while 
Azerbaijan maintained a widening trade surplus with Georgia, its trade  balance  with Ukraine was 
initially in deficit, followed by two years of large surpluses (2010 and 2011), and since then again 
mostly in deficit.  Trade with Moldova has been relatively small in comparison but in deficit for most 
of the period.  
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  Chart 1.4 Azerbaijan: Merchandise trade with world and GUAM parties, 2000 -2017 
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.7.  Chart 1.5 -1.8 show the Parties product composition of global and bilateral trade during the 
three -year period before the Agreement entered into force (2000 -2002) and the most recent 
three -year period for which data a re available (2015 -2017) by broad HS Section.   
1.8.  Chart 1.5 for Georgia shows that during 2000 -2002 before the Agreement entered into force, 
of its main global imports of minerals , machinery , chemicals, and prepared foods, which accounted 
for 50% of its globa l imports, only minerals formed a key import from Azerbaijan (88%), while from 
Moldova only machinery was a key import (15%), with the most important import category being 
articles of stone and plaster (47%). With regard to imports from Ukraine among its f our largest 
global import categories, machinery, prepared foods  (together accounting for 38% of its imports 
from Ukraine), and to a lesser extent minerals and chemicals (which accounted for respectively 9% 
and 6% respectively) were key imports from Ukraine .  
1.9.  By 2015 -2017, while the share of prepared foods and to some extent minerals had declined in 
Georgia's global imports, its main global imports remained minerals, machinery, chemicals (together 
accounting for 48% of global imports), along with motor vehic les whose share increased from 7% 
of imports to 9%.  In comparison, its imports from Azerbaijan continued to be dominated by minerals 
(84%) ; however the structure of imports from the other two Parties had changed: with regard to 
imports from Moldova, only chemicals and prepared foods  among Georgia's main global imports 
were key imports from Moldova (accounting for 26% and 24%  of imports from Mo ldova ), while other 
key imports were  articles of stone, plaster ( accounting for 19% of imports from Moldova); with 
regard to imports from Ukraine the share of prepared foods had increased considerably from 25% 
to 35%, while those of base metals and machin ery had declined.  
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  Chart 1.5 Georgia: Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2000 -2002 (inner circle); 2015 -2017 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.10.   Chart 1.6 shows  the product composition  of Moldova's global exports and imports and bilateral 
imports  from the Parties  during 2000 -2002 and 2015 -2017 by broad HS Section. In 2000 -2002, of 
Moldova's main global imports of minerals, machinery, chemicals and textiles (which accounted for 
61% of its global imports), none featured among the largest imports from Azerbaijan, whi ch were 
dominated by vegetables and prepared foods (together accounting for 100% of imports from 
Azerbaijan), while only minerals were among key imports from Georgia (21%) while chemicals 
accounted for 2% of imports and vegetables and prepared foods accoun ted for 75% of imports from 
Georgia. Of Moldova's largest global imports, minerals and to a lesser extent chemicals and 
machinery were also key imports from Ukraine , in addition to prepared foods.  
1.11.   In comparison, by 2015-2017 while remaining important in Mo ldova's main global imports the 
shares of minerals, chemicals and textiles had fallen while that of machinery had increased slightly. 
However, the structure of imports from the other Parties had changed considerably. Its largest 
imports from Azerbaijan wer e plastics (72%) , while the share of vegetables and prepared foods had 
fallen to 11% each. Among Moldova's largest global imports, chemicals (44%) and machinery (2%) 
were also important imports from Georgia, along with imports of prepared foods (37%) and 
vegetables (15%). With regard to imports from Ukraine, only machinery figured among key imports 
from Ukraine (7%), while other import categories such as prepared foods, base metals and wood 
and articles of wood accounted for 50% of total imports from Ukrain e.  
2 7 
11 
21 
11 2 3 2 2 5 17 7 3 2 3 3 4 
7 
20 
11 
5 4 2 7 17 9 2 3 6 Georgia's global imports5 4 2 6 
8 
7 
47 15 2 4 4 3 
24 
26 5 3 19 3 3 7 3 Georgia's imports from Moldova
88 4 2 7 2 
84 2 4 2 6 Georgia's imports from 
Azerbaijan
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 70 million
2015 -17: USD 444 million
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 753 million
2015 -17: USD 7,648 millionTotal: 
2000 -02: USD 0.25 million
2015 -17: USD 11 million2 7 
25 
9 
6 2 2 3 21 13 6 3 9 
4 
4 
35 
5 7 2 2 2 18 7 2 4 Georgia's imports from Ukraine
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 48 million
2015 -17: USD 439 million
8 
20 
15 
7 2 5 23 5 11 3 3 9 
17 
19 
12 2 4 3 14 3 10 4 Georgia's global exports
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 329 million
2015 -17: USD 2,349 million
WT/REG383/1  
 
- 8 - 
 
  Chart 1.6 Moldova: Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2000 -2002 (inner circle); 2015 -2017 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade Database . 
 
1.12.   Chart 1.7 shows the product composition of global imports and exports and bilateral imports 
from the Parties by Ukraine during 2000 -2002 and 2015 -2017 by HS Section. Of Ukraine's 2 largest  
global imports in 2000 -2002, minerals and machinery, which accounted for 58% of its global 
imports, minerals accounted for 55% of its imports from Azerbaijan, while machinery accounted for 
5% of imports; minerals accounted for 22% of its imports from Georgia, while machinery accounted 
for a much smaller 2% and other products such as veget ables and prepared foods accounted for 
71% of imports from Georgia; whereas machinery accounted for 13% and minerals only 3% of 
imports from Moldova, while prepared foods, base metals and articles of stone and plaster accounted 
for 55% of imports from Mold ova. 
1.13.   During the period 2015 -2017, of Ukraine's three largest imports of minerals, machinery and 
chemicals which accounted for 59% of its global imports, minerals accounted for 85% of its imports 
from Azerbaijan, but minerals and machinery together accounte d for only 4% of imports from 
Georgia, from which the largest imports were prepared foods and vegetables (together accounting 
for 76% of imports from Georgia. Of Ukraine's three largest imports globally , machinery accounted 
for 8% and minerals 3% of import s from Moldova, while base metals and prepared foods accounted 
together for 57% of its imports from Moldova.  
2 4 8 
27 
10 4 4 10 3 4 14 3 2 5 3 4 
7 
11 
12 
6 2 2 8 3 7 16 6 2 3 8 Moldova's global imports43 
32 21 2 1 15 
37 44 2 2 Moldova's imports from Georgia
76 24 0 11 
11 
3 
72 3 0 Moldova's imports from 
Azerbaijan
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 0.1 million
2015 -17: USD 0.4 million
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 903 million
2015 -17: USD 4,280 millionTotal: 
2000 -02: USD 0.1 million
2015 -17: USD 2 million3 8 
48 7 3 2 2 3 4 9 7 2 2 5 6 
2 
27 
2 4 6 8 3 5 15 7 3 6 Moldova's imports from Ukraine
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 154 million
2015 -17: USD 422 million
3 
15 
2 
43 3 18 3 5 2 8 2 
26 
3 
15 
5 2 14 2 2 15 6 7 Moldova's global exports
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 561 million
2015 -17: USD 2,349 million
WT/REG383/1  
 
- 9 - 
 
  Chart 1.7: Ukraine:  Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2000 -2002 (inner circle); 2015 -2017 (outer cir cle). 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.14.   Chart 1.8 shows the product composition of Azerbaijan's global imports and exports and 
imports from the other Parties  by HS Section.  During the period 2000 -2002, of Azerbaijan's largest 
imports of machinery, minerals , base metals and motor vehicles (which accounted for 65% of global 
imports), minerals (26%) and base metals (6%), along with prepared foodstuffs (24%) and 
chemicals (20%) were its main imports from Georgia. Base metals and machinery were also 
Azerbaijan's  largest imports from Ukraine (accounting together for 50% of imports from Ukraine) 
followed by prepared foodstuffs and vehicles and aircrafts. However, of Azerbaijan's largest global 
imports only machinery was a key import from Moldova accounting for 14% of imports; other key 
imports from Moldova were prepared foodstuffs and articles of stone, plasters, which together 
accounted for 83% of imports.  
1.15.   During 2015 -2017 Azerbaijan' s largest imports were machinery and base metals which 
accounted for 40% of global  imports followed by prepared foods, chemicals and motor vehicles 
(together accounting for 24% of global imports). Of these, base metals and prepared foodstuffs 
were the most important import categories from Georgia (accounting for 56% of imports from 
Georgia) and Ukraine (accounting for 53% of imports from Ukraine), followed by live animal imports. 
With regard to imports from Moldova prepared foods continues to account for a significant although 
smaller share of imports (15%) as well as machinery (11%), wh ile the share of imports of chemicals 
grew to 26%.  
2 4 
43 
7 4 3 4 5 15 5 8 2 3 4 
26 
14 
7 2 4 6 19 7 7 Ukraine's global imports27 
42 22 3 2 5 13 
63 2 5 6 2 10 Ukraine's imports from Georgia
16 
9 
55 2 6 2 5 4 4 
85 5 5 Ukraine's imports from 
Azerbaijan
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 12 million
2015 -17: USD 162 million
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 15,569 million
2015 -17: USD 42,068 millionTotal: 
2000 -02: USD 12 million
2015 -17: USD 69 million9 
33 
3 3 2 3 11 11 13 6 4 3 8 
26 
3 2 5 9 31 8 3 6 Ukraine's imports from Molodva
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 52 million
2015 -17: USD 65 million
2 4 2 3 
11 
9 
2 2 2 4 42 10 3 5 2 
21 
10 
7 
8 5 3 2 24 10 2 2 5 Ukraine's global exports
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 16,255 million
2015 -17: USD 39,305 million
WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Chart 1.8: Azerbaijan: Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2000 -2002 (inner circle); 2015 -2017 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background information  
2.1.  The Agreement on Establishment of a Free Trade Area among the GUAM Participating States 
(hereinafter "the Agreement") between Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Azerbaijan was signed on 20 
July 200 2 and entered into force on 10 December 2003. It was notified by Moldova under GATT 
Article XXIV:7(a) and the Understanding on GATT Article XXIV, as well as under Article V:7(a) of the 
GATS on 3 April 2017. While the Agreement was notified as having provis ions on both trade in goods 
and services, there are no specific commitments on services in the Agreement. The Factual 
Presentation therefore only covers trade in goods  and related provisions .  
2.2.  The text of the Agreement is available on the WTO's RTA Databas e at:  
http://rtais.wto.org/rtadocs/620/TOA/English/GUUAM%20Agreement.pdf  
2.3.  The Agreement has 27 Articles as described in Table  2.1.  
Table 2.1: Structure of the Agreement  
Article  
Preamble   
Article 1  General provisions  
2 8 
5 
16 
6 
2 2 2 2 2 13 26 10 2 3 2 6 
8 
4 
8 
4 
2 
3 
2 
16 24 8 2 3 8 Azerbaijan's global imports44 
39 2 14 1 8 
12 
15 
26 4 9 9 3 11 3 Azerbaijan's imports from 
Moldova
2 
24 
26 20 5 5 6 3 4 2 3 10 
7 
14 
2 
6 
7 42 8 4 Azerbaijan's imports from 
Georgia
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 9 million
2015 -17: USD 64 million
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 1,423 million
2015 -17: USD 8,831 millionTotal: 
2000 -02: USD 1 million
2015 -17: USD 5 million2 3 3 
17 
3 
3 2 
30 20 13 4 10 
5 
2 
38 
3 8 2 3 2 15 6 6 3 Azerbaijan's imports from 
Ukraine
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 52 million
2015 -17: USD 358 million
89 2 2 8 4 
89 2 6 Azerbaijan's global exports
Total: 
2000 -02: USD 2,076 million
2015 -17: USD 11,397 million
WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Article  
Article 2  Working Body for coordination of the actions of the Contracting Parties relating to the 
implementation of the provisions of the Agreement  
Article 3  Customs duties, as well as taxes and dues having equivalent effect and quantitative 
limitations  
Article 4  Technical and other special requirements (limitations)  
Article 5  Dues and formalities related to import and export of commodities  
Article 6  Unification and/or harmonization of customs proce dures  
Article 7  Commodity classification  
Article 8  Internal taxes and other dues of fiscal character  
Article 9  Procedure of application of indirect taxes  
Article 10  Subsidies  
Article 11  Transit  
Article 12  Re-export  
Article 13  Manufacturing cooperation and scientific and technical cooperation  
Article 14  Exceptions  
Article 15  Antidumping compensational and special measures  
Article 16  Sphere of application of the Agreement regarding commodities  
Article 17  Services  
Article 18  Competition in business activities  
Article 19  Public procurement  
Article 20  Intellectual property protection  
Article 21  Settlement of disputes  
Article 22  Correlation of this Agreement with other obligations and rights of the Contracting 
Parties  
Article 23  Correlation of this Agreement with bilateral free trade agreements of the Contracting 
Parties  
Article 24  Amendments and supplements  
Article 25  Entry into force  
Article 26  Accession  
Article 27  Denunciation  
Source:  Text of the Agreement . 
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  To achieve the goals of the Agreement, the Parties shall cooperate in establishing a free trade 
area including the elimination of customs duties, and taxes and duties having equivalent effect and 
quantitative restrictions on their mutual trade; removal of other obstacles to the free movement of 
goods and services; establishment and development of an effective system of mutual sett lement of 
payments and accounts in trade and other operations; cooperation in trade and economic policy to 
achieve the goals of the Agreement including in industry, agriculture, transport, finance, investment, 
the social sphere and fair competition; and th e harmonization of the Parties legislation to facilitate 
the proper and effective functioning of free trade  (Article 1) . 
3.2.  The Parties shall not apply customs duties and taxes and duties having equivalent effect and 
quantitative restrictions on imports originating in the customs territories of any of the other Parties.1 
From the date of entry into force of the Agreement no quantitative restrictions and tariffs on imports 
from the other Parties shall be introduced. Any measures in force at the tim e of entry into force of 
the Agreement were to be phased out gradually and notified to the Working Body and Depository 
(Georgia) of the Agreement within 12 months.  
 
                                                
1 Quantitative restrictions according to the Agreement include any measures, whose implementation 
establishes material obstacles or limitations on imports (or exports) of a commodity originating in the territory 
of one of the Parties by another Party, inclu ding quotas, licensing, price controls or other conditions of supply 
and any other special import (or export) requirements, which directly or indirectly limit the rights of importers 
(or exporters) compared to the rights of sellers or consumers of similar commodities in the originating Party 
(Article 3). The provisions are without prejudice to the rights of the Parties to take measures under Articles 14 
and 15 of the Agreement and to fulfil obligations under any other international agreement.  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  3.3.  All duties and fees (except customs duties, taxes and duties having equivalent status) impo sed 
by the Parties in connection with import (or export) to other Parties shall not exceed, within 
reasonable limits, actual expenses (Article 4).2 The Parties shall inform the Working Body about the 
types of duties and fees and aim to simplify and unify t heir customs formalities.  
3.4.  Under Article 24 the Agreement may be amended and supplemented by mutual agreement 
between the Parties. The amendments and supplements shall be drawn up as protocols that shall 
become integral parts of the Agreement. They shall en ter into force in accordance with Article 25 of 
the Agreement which states that entry into force shall take place on the date of deposit of the second 
notification about fulfilment of all necessary internal national procedures by the Parties.  
3.1.2   Liberalizatio n of trade and tariff lines  
3.5.  The Parties' tariff commitments were implemented when the Agreement entered into force in 
2003. Table s 3.1-3.4 show tariff and trade liberalization under the Agreement by the Parties.  
3.6.  In 2003, 622 tariff lines in Georgia 's app lied MFN tariff (5.9% of the tariff schedule) were duty 
free.3 Around 0.4%, 3.4% and 3.6% of Georgia's imports during 2000 -2002 respectively from 
Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine entered duty free under these lines. When the Agreement entered 
into force all remining 9,89 3 tariff lines (94.1%) were liberalized for imports from the other Parties; 
during 2000 -2002 imports under these tariff lines accounted for respectively 99.6%, 96.6% and 
96.4% of Georgia's imports from Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine.   
Table 3.1: Georgia - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -
out 
period  Number  
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Georgia's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Georgia's imports from 
GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002) US D milliona % of Georgia's imports from 
GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002)  
Azerbaijan  Moldova  Ukraine  Azerbaijan  Moldova  Ukraine  
2003 
(MFN)  622 5.9 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.4 3.4 3.6 
2003 9,893 94.1 69.3 0.2 46.5 99.6 96.6 96.4 
Remain 
dutiable  - - - - - - - - 
Total 10,515 100.0  69.6 0.2 48.2 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is f or HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from WTO -IDB and UNSD Comtrade.  
3.7.  In 2003 when the Agreement entered into force, 4,489 lines (42. 4% of the tariff) in Moldova's 
tariff were duty free on an MFN basis.4 While no imports from Azerbaijan entered under these tariff 
lines during the 2000 -2002 period , 9.8% and 77.8% of Moldova's imports from Georgia and Ukraine 
did. Upon entry int o force of the Agreement Moldova removed tariffs on all the remaining 6,112 tariff 
lines ( 57.6% of the tariff) for imports from the other Parties. In 2000 -2002 no imports from 
Azerbaijan entered Moldova under these tariff lines, but 90.2% and 22.2% respect ively originated 
in Georgia and Ukraine.   
                                                
2 The Article relates inter alia  to duties and formalities in connection with: quantitative restrictions; 
licensing; currency controls; statistical records; documents, documentation and authentication of documents; 
analysis and examinations; and quarantine, health, fumi gation and other import and export related 
procedures.  
3 In 2003 Georgia's applied MFN tariff consisted of 10,515 lines at the HS nine -digit level. Of these lines 
10,359 lines (98.5% of the tariff) were subject to ad valorem  rates of duty while 156 lines h ad specific rates of 
duty. 
4 In 2003 Moldova's applied MFN tariff consisted of 10,601 tariff lines at the HS nine -digit level of which 
10,336 lines (97.50%) had ad valorem  rates of duty. Of the remaining lines 225 (2.15%) had specific rates of 
duty, 40 lin es had other duties.  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 13 - 
 
  Table 3.2: Moldova - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -
out 
period  Number  
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Moldova's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Moldova's imports 
from GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002) US D milliona % of Moldova's imports from 
GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002)  Azerbaijan  
Georgia  
Ukraine  
Azerbaijan  
Georgia  
Ukraine  
2003 
(MFN)  4,494 42.4 0.0 0.0 119.4  0.0 9.8 77.8 
2003 6,107 57.6 0.0 0.1 34.0 0.0 90.2 22.2 
Remain 
dutiable  - - - - - - - - 
Total 10,601  100.0  0.05 0.1 153.3  100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is f or HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Moldova and from WTO-IDB. 
3.8.  In 2002 (the closest year to the year of entry into force of the Agreement for which the tariff 
is available)  1,785 tariff lines (16.4% of the tariff) in Ukraine's tariff were duty free on an MFN basis.5 
Around 15.2%, 10.1% and 11.8% respectively of imports from Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova 
entered Ukraine during 2000 -2002. In 2003 when the Agreement entered into force Ukraine 
liberalized all the remaining lines subject to MFN duties under which 84.8% 89.9% and 88.2% of 
imports from respectively  Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova entered Ukraine in 2002 -2002.  
Table 3.3: Ukraine - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -
out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Ukraine's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Ukraine's imports from 
GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002) US D milliona % of Ukraine's imports 
from GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002)  Azerbaijan  
Georgia  
Moldova  
Azerbaijan  
Georgia  
Moldova  
2002 
(MFN)  1,785 16.4 1.8 1.2 6.1 15.2 10.1 11.8 
2003 9,128 83.6 10.3 10.9 45.8 84.8 89.9 88.2 
Remain 
dutiable  - - - - - - - - 
Total 10,913 100.0  12.1 12.2 51.9 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is f or HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Ukraine and from ITC.  
3.9.  In 2002 (the closest to the year of entry into force of the Agreement for which the tariff is 
available) before the Agreement entered into force 116 lines (1.1% of the tariff) in Azerbaijan's 
applied tariff were duty free for imports from all sources.6 Around 34.4% and 2.5% of Azerbaijan's 
imports under these lines were from Georgia and Ukraine during 2000 -2002; there were no imports 
                                                
5 In 2002 Ukraine's applied MFN tariff consisted of 10,913 lines at the HS ten -digit level of which 9,128 
lines (83.64%) had ad valorem  rates of duty. All the remaining 1,785 tariff lines had specific rates of duty.  
6 In 2002 Azerbaija n's applied tariff consisted of 10,569 lines at the HS ten -digit level of which 9,713 
lines (91.9%) were subject to ad valorem  rates of duty. Of the remaining lines 855 lines had specific rates of 
duty while one line had no rate.  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  from Moldova of these products.  In 2003 when the Agreement entered into force, Azerbaijan 
removed tarif fs on all remaining lines for imports from the other Parties. In 2000 -2002 around 
65.6%, 100% and 97.5% of imports from respectively Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine entered 
Azerbaijan under these tariffs.  
Table 3.4: Azerbaijan - Tariff elimination commitments  under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -
out 
period  Number  
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Azerbaijan's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Azerbaijan's imports 
from GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002) US D milliona % of Azerbaijan's imports 
from GUAM Parties  
(2000 -2002)  
Georgia  Moldova  Ukraine  Georgia  Moldova  Ukraine  
2002 
(applied ) 116 1.1 3.7 0.0 1.3 34.4 0.0 2.5 
2003 10,453  98.9 7.0 1.2 51.6 65.6 100.0  97.5 
Remain 
dutiable  - - - - - - - - 
Total 10,569  100.0  10.7 1.2 52.9 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is for HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Azerbaijan and from ITC.  
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.10.   Tables 3.5 -3.8 show liberalization by the Parties by broad HS Section  and for all the Parties 
tariff liberalization took place across all HS Sections when the Agreement entered into force in 2003.  
Table 3.5 Georgia: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% Number  
of lines  Duty -free lines 
under the  
MFN 2003  Number of duty -free lines 
under the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2003  
I 9.2 794  794  
II 11.5 681 41 640  
III 6.3 128  128  
IV 16.5 828  828  
V 12.6 256  256  
VI 7.3 1,247  17 1,230   
VII 9.6 350 16 334  
VIII 12.2 137  137  
IX 11.7 215 1 214  
X 4.0 247 1 246  
XI 10.3 1,341   1,341   
XII 12.6 114  114  
XIII 11.6 273 3 270  
XIV 12.0 67  67  
XV 6.1 1,118  27 1,091   
XVI 3.1 1,751  362 1,387   
XVII 10.3 295 15 280  
XVIII 4.6 403 130 273  
XIX 12.0 28  28  
XX 8.7 237 7 230  
XXI 12.0 7  7  
Total  8.4 10,517  620 9,895  - 
Note:  For the calculation of MFN averages, specific rates are excluded.  
 Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from WTO -IDB and UNSD Comtrade.  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  Table 3.6 Moldova: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% Number  
of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the  
MFN 2003  Number of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2003  
I 12.6 799 11 788  
II 11.1 719 46 673  
III 7.3 129 39 90  
IV 11.2 917 56 861  
V 1.8 258 184 74  
VI 2.9 1,252  600 652  
VII 4.2 350 112 238  
VIII 8.7 138 31 107  
IX 1.2 215 191 24  
X 4.5 250 74 176  
XI 7.7 1,342  427 915  
XII 12.9 114 11 103  
XIII 10.0 272 35 237  
XIV 4.7 67 46 21  
XV 1.1 1,115  974 141  
XVI 1.8 1,692  1,264  428  
XVII 3.0 309 109 200  
XVIII 3.6 390 213 177  
XIX 15.0 29  29  
XX 7.9 237 69 168  
XXI 7.1 7 2 5  
Total  5.7 10,601  4,494  6,107  - 
Note:  For the calculation of MFN averages, specific rates are excluded.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Moldova and from WTO -IDB. 
Table 3.7 Ukraine: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% Number  
of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the  
MFN 2002  Number of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2003  
I 14.6 812 16 796  
II 7.6 631 128 503  
III 5.9 131 30 101  
IV 25.1 872 6 866  
V 3.6 269 74 195  
VI 6.4 1,391  312 1,079   
VII 5.7 388 69 319  
VIII 12.4 143  143  
IX 2.3 218 101 117  
X 8.6 250 82 168  
XI 6.1 1,364  335 1,029   
XII 18.1 114  114  
XIII 12.2 271  271  
XIV 8.7 68 2 66  
XV 5.5 1,127  115 1,012   
XVI 5.8 1,830  342 1,488   
XVII 7.8 340 71 269  
XVIII 7.4 423 93 330  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 16 - 
 
  HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% Number  
of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the  
MFN 2002  Number of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2003  
XIX 9.3 28  28  
XX 16.4 236 2 234  
XXI 0.0 7 7   
Total  7.5 10,913  1,785  9,128  - 
Note:  For the calculation of MFN averages, specific rates are excluded.  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Ukraine and from ITC.  
Table 3.8 Azerbaijan: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  Applied 
Average 
tariff  
% Number  
of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the applied 
tariff 2002  Number of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2003  
I 12.4 791 1 790  
II 12.4 720  720  
III 9.9 128  128  
IV 14.7 836 1 835  
V 7.1 255 7 248  
VI 4.4 1,246  49 1,197   
VII 9.0 353 1 352  
VIII 14.8 138  138  
IX 9.8 215  215  
X 12.0 249  249  
XI 12.6 1,343   1,343   
XII 15.0 114  114  
XIII 14.1 273  273  
XIV 14.8 66 1 65  
XV 7.3 1,118  3 1,115   
XVI 5.9 1,723  10 1,713   
XVII 4.5 335 9 326  
XVIII 6.4 395 14 381  
XIX 1.7 27 20 7  
XX 14.9 237  237  
XXI 0.5 7  7  
Total  9.1 10,569  116 10,453  - 
Note:  For the calculation of overall  averages, specific rates are excluded.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Azerbaijan  and from IDB -WTO.  
 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.11.   There are no tariff rate quotas (TRQs) under the Agreement. Among the Parties, only  Ukraine 
maintains WTO TRQs on imports of raw cane sugar . 
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.12.   There are no provisions on rules of origin  in the Agreement . The Parties were expected, within 
six months of signing the Agreement, to work out a Protocol on Rules of Definition of C ountry of 
Origin of Commodities, which shall constitute an integral part of the Agreement (Article 16).  The 
Parties indicate that the Protocol on Rules of Origin is being negotiated. In May 2006, the Parties 
signed the Protocol on Temporary Rules of determ ination of the country of origin of goods of Guam 
Participating States. Under these rules the Parties agreed to provisionally use the Rules of WT/REG383/1  
 
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  determination of the country of origin of goods approved by the Decision of the Heads of 
Governments of the Commo nwealth of Independent States (CIS) on 30 November 2000.  
3.13.   The Parties agree the freedom of transit is an important condition for meeting the goals of 
the Agreement. Shipments in transit shall therefore not be subject to groundless delays or 
restrictions.  Transit through the territories of the Parties shall be based on the principle of freedom 
of transit without any distinction or discrimination between the flag of the ship, origin, location of 
consignment, port of call or departure or any conditions relating  to the commodities being shipped, 
or vessels transporting the commodities. The conditions of transit, including fares for transport and 
service tariffs shall be determined by the Basic Multilateral Agreement on International Transport 
for Development of E urope -Caucasus -Asia Corridor of 8 September 1998.  According to Ukraine, the 
agreement was ratified by the Law of Ukraine N 1440 -III on 10 February 2000. According to Moldova  
these rules have been replaced by bilateral transport related rules between itself and the other  
Parties.   
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.14.   Under Article 3 the Parties commit to not apply taxes and duties and quantitative restrictions 
on exports  to each other . Any exemption from this commitment was to be gradually removed and 
notified to the Working Body and Depository (Georgia) of the Agreement  within 12  months of entry 
into force of the Agreement . According t o Georgia no exemptions have been notified.  Furthermore, 
from the date of entry into force of the Agreement no new export restrictions or measures having 
equivalent effect shall be introduced in trade between the Parties . According to Ukraine, while it 
does not maintain export taxes or restrictions under the Agreement, it does  maintain duties on 
exports of goods to Moldova under the Treaty on a Free Trade Area between Members of the 
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) of 18 October 2011.  Azerbaijan mai ntains a ban on 
exports of metal waste and scrap.  
3.15.   All duties and fees (except customs duties, taxes and duties having equivalent status) 
imposed by the Parties in connection with export (or import) to other Parties shall not exceed, within 
reasonable limit s, actual expenses (Article 4).7 The Parties shall inform the Working Body about the 
types of duties and fees and aim to simplify and unify their customs formalities.  
3.16.   Unauthorized re -exports are not permitted. The Parties shall exchange lists of bodies 
permitted to authorize re -exports of products.  According to the Parties no lists have been exchanged.  
The Parties shall also not prevent business entities from including provisions concerning re -export 
of commodities in their contracts (Article 12).  
3.4  Regulator y provisions of the agreement  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.17.   With regard to technical and quality requirements each Party shall accord to the commodities 
originating in the other Parties and imported into its territory, treatment that is not worse than the 
treatment it accords  to commodities produced in its territory and any third parties (Article 4). The 
provisions of Article 4 shall be applied without prejudice to any measures that can be taken by the 
Parties to implement mutual recognition agreements on test results, quality  certificates and other 
similar agreements  or measures to be taken in case of threat to or possible threat to the life and 
health of humans, animals and plants.  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.18.   Apart from the provisions of Article 4 above, there are no specific provisions on sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures in the Agreement.  
                                                
7 The Article relates inter alia to duties and formalities in connection with: quantitative restrictions; 
licensing; currency controls; statistical records; documents, documentation and authentication of documents; 
analysis and examinations; and quarantine, health, fumigation and o ther import and export related 
procedures.  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.19.   In addition to the provisions of Article 4 above, the Parties agree to cooperate and exchange 
information in the fields of standardization, metrology and certification  with the purpose of removing 
technical barriers and other special trade requirements (limitations)  (Article 4).   
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.20.   There are no specific provisions on safeguards in the Agreement  although the Parties may 
apply safeguards in conformity with WTO provisions .  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.21.   The Parties shall follow the principles and provisions of the WTO rules in the application of 
anti-dumping and countervailing measures o n imports  (Article 15) .  
3.4.4   Subsidies and state-aid 
3.22.   Under Article 10 the Parties agree not to grant export and other subsidies to enterprises within 
their territories if the conditions of "fair competition" are violated as a result of such subsidies 
(paragrap h 1 of Article 10). They shall ensure transparency of measures related to the granting of 
subsidies through the exchange of information upon request by any Party. Subsidies other than 
State export assistance shall be monitored by the Working Body establish ed by the Agreement, 
which shall develop rules on their implementation, guided by international practice.  According to the 
Parties such rules were not develop ed. If any Party considers that the practice of granting subsidies 
is not compatible with Article 10:1, it may take necessary measures in accordance with procedures 
under Article 15 on anti -dumping and countervailing measures . 
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  
3.23.   The Parties shall take measures to simplify and unify their customs formalities, in particular 
throu gh the establishment of common formats of customs and shipping documentation, guided by 
existing international agreements and arrangements. They shall charge their competent authorities 
with the development of proposals to harmonize customs procedures and mutual recognition of 
customs documents and guarantees.  Registration, customs controls and clearance of imports shall 
be based on the Parties' national legislation and international law (Article 6).  
3.24.   According to the Parties two protocols were signed by th e Parties: (i) Protocol between the 
customs administrations of GUAM member States on mutual recognition of certain results of customs 
procedures for the movement of goods and vehicles across State borders of 27 March 2017 to 
facilitate the simplification o f customs procedures and accelerate the registration of the movement 
of goods and vehicles across the borders of the Parties; and (ii) Protocol between the customs 
administrations of the GUAM member States in the fight against customs offences related to t he 
movement of goods by air transport across the borders of the Parties on 5 October 2018 for 
combating customs offences in the movement of goods by air across the Parties' borders.  
3.4.6   Other regulations  
3.4.6.1   Services  
3.25.   Article 17 contains a rendez -vous clause on services. The Parties agree to c reate conditions 
for liberalization of their national markets for services  and shall strive to gradually remove 
restrictions on a reciprocal basis with a view to create conditions for the free provision of serv ices 
within the territory of the free trade area.  They shall define the types of services to which the 
Article  will apply and indicate the services which shall be given priority. They shall also reserve their 
rights to coordinate issues relating to liberalization of services at the multilateral and bilateral levels.  WT/REG383/1  
 
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  3.5  Sector -specific provisions of the agreement  
3.26.   The Parties, in Article 13 agree to promote the development of manufacturing cooperation 
and scientific and technical cooperation at inter -State (inter -branch or sectoral , and regional) level 
and at the level of business entities, including granting various fo rms of State support.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  There are no  specific  provisions on transparency in the Agreement . Under Article 10 on 
subsidies the Parties shall ensure the transparency of measures related to the granting of subsid ies. 
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  There are no provisions on current payments and capital movements  in the Agreement .  
4.3  Exceptions  
4.3.1   General exceptions  
4.3.  Paragraph 1 of Article 14 states that the Agreement shall not prejudice the rights of any Party 
to take generally accepted measures in international practice that are deemed necessary by the 
Party to protect its vital interests or those that are necessary for implementation of international 
treaties to which it is party or intends to become a party, i f such measures are not taken in an 
arbitrary or discriminatory manner. The measures may be taken to protect public morality and public 
order; human life and health; animals and plants; environment; artistic, archaeological and historical 
heritage; industr ial and intellectual property; the marketing of gold, silver or other precious metals 
and gems; preservation of non -renewable natural resources; and limitations on exports if internal 
prices of production are lower than the world price as a result of the i mplementation of State support 
programmes.  
4.3.2   Security exceptions  
4.4.  Paragraph 2 of Article 14 states that nothing in the Agreement shall prejudice any Party from 
introducing any measures of State regulation that it deems necessary to ensure national security, 
including prevention of leakage of confidential information relating to State secrets; trade in arms, 
military equipment, ammunition; shipments of fissile materials and sources of radioactive 
substances, utilization of radioactive waste; measures taken dur ing wartime or other force -majeure 
in international relations; and actions taken in pursuance of obligations under the UN Charter for 
maintenance of international peace and security.  
4.4  Accession and withdrawal  
4.5.  The Agreement is open for accession by any Stat e, subject to consent by the Parties, provided 
the State recognizes the goals and principles of the Agreement that are in force at the time of 
accession and is ready to fulfil these goals and principles. The accession shall be based on conditions  
set out i n a Protocol with the acceding State and subject to preliminary agreement and approval by 
all the Parties in accordance with their internal procedures (Article 26).  
4.6.  Any Party may denounce the Agreement through an official written notification of its intent ion 
to do so, communicated to the Depository (Georgia) six months before withdrawal. In case any Party 
violates the provisions of the Agreement , causing serious damage to the achievement of its goals, 
other Parties may suspend the Agreement or provisions o f the Agreement in respect of that Party. 
The provisions of the Agreement will continue to apply to that Party until all disputes and claims are 
settled (Article 27).  
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.7.  Implementation of the Agreement is to be monitored by a permanent  Working Body, which will 
also be responsible for proposals on the development of trade and economic cooperation between WT/REG383/1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  the Parties, settlement of issues, and coordination of economic policy to fulfil the goals of the 
Agreement  (Article 2) . The status and  functions of the Working Body were to be separately 
determined by the Parties. The Protocol approving the procedure for the establishment and activity 
of the Working Body was signed on 27 March 2017. The main functions of the Working Body include 
to imple ment the provisions of the Agreement; to consider topic issues in the implementation of the 
Agreement and to prepare relevant proposals based on the results of studies on these issues; to 
promote cooperation between the Parties with regard to implementatio n; and to consider the state 
of trade and economic cooperation between the Parties and prepare proposals to expand  such 
cooperation. The Working Body has met twice since its formation, in May and December 2018.  
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.8.  Under the general provisions of the Agreement disputes relating to the Agreement or its terms 
shall be resolved in accordance with the procedures set out in the Agreement for the settlement of 
disputes (Article 1, paragraph 3).  
4.9.  Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 15 on anti -dumping and countervailing measures, 
if a Party considers that another Party does not fulfil its obligati ons under the Agreement and if such 
non-fulfilment may cause damage to the economic interests of the former Party , it may request 
consultations. Such consultations between the two Parties shall take place within two months of the 
date of a written request,  with a view to finding a settlement acceptable to both Parties. A copy of 
the request shall be sent to all the Parties and any Party may take part in the consultations if it 
deems that its interests are affected.  
4.10.   If the Parties are unable to reach a mutua lly acceptable solution to the problem , the Party 
requesting consultations has a right to settle the dispute within the framework of a special 
conciliation recommended by the Working Body within 30 days from the receipt of the request . The 
resolution may t ake place through the establishment of working groups to study the case and make 
recommendations.  
4.11.   Failing the resolution of the dispute through this mechanism, the complaining Party has the 
right to withdraw its concessions  under the Agreemen t of an amount  equivalent to the nullification 
or impairment caused by the violation.  The measure shall be terminated immediately as soon as the 
measure taken by the Party complained against is repealed (Article 21). Finally, Article 21 also states 
that its provisions s hall be without prejudice to settlement of disputes among  the Parties through 
procedures set by international law.  
4.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
4.12.   According to Article 22 nothing in the Agreement shall be construed to prejudice  the fulfilment 
of obligations made by a Party under any other international agreement to which it is or will become 
party.  This provision, moreover, shall not prejudice the rights of a Party to independently determine 
its foreign economic relations with t hird parties.  Furthermore, Article 22 also states that the 
provisions of the Agreement shall not affect the rights and privileges granted by the Parties within 
the framework of economic associations, border trade, preferences for developing countries,  and 
free economic or trade areas regulated by internal legislation or international agreements.  Bilateral 
free trade agreements in force between the Parties at the time of entry into force of the Agreement 
shall be applied only to the extent to which their pro visions are compatible with the provisions of 
the Agreement  (Article 23) . 
4.13.   The Parties regional trade agreements, other than the Agreement (notified and non -notified) 
are presented in Table 4.1 below.   
Table 4.1 Georgia, Republic of Moldova,  Ukraine, Azerba ijan: Participation in other RTAs 
(notified and non -notified in force), as of 16 December  2019  
RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
GEORGIA  
Hong Kong, China - Georgia  13-Feb-19 Goods & 
Services  2019 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
China - Georgia  01-Jan-18 Goods & 
Services  2018 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EFTA - Georgia  01-Sep-17 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
EU - Georgia  01-Sep-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Turkey - Georgia  01-Nov-08 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Turkmenistan  01-Jan-00 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Kazakhstan  16-Jul-99 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Armenia  11-Nov-98 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Azerbaijan  10-Jul-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Ukraine  04-Jun-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)  30-Dec-94 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Russian Federation  10-May-94 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Uzbekistan  15-Oct-10 Goods  Not notified  
Georgia - Republic of Moldova  30-Mar-07 Goods  Not notified  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  
Turkey - Republic of Moldova  01-Nov-16 Goods  2016 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Republic of Moldova  01-Sep-14a Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area 
between members of the 
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)  09-Dec-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Central European Free Trade 
Agreement (CEFTA) 2006  01-May-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Republic of Moldova  19-May-05 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Kyrgyz Republic - Republic of 
Moldova  21-Nov-96 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Republic of Moldova  21-Dec-95 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Republic of Moldova  30-Mar-07 Goods  Not notified  
UKRAINE  
Canada - Ukraine  01-Aug-17 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Ukraine  01-Jan-16 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Ukraine - Montenegro  01-Jan-13 Goods & 
Services  2013 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area 
between members of the 
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)  20-Sep-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Ukraine  01-Jun-12 Goods & 
Services  2012 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Ukraine - Belarus  11-Nov-06 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Republic of Moldova  19-May-05 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Economic Zone (CEZ)  20-May-04 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Tajikistan  11-Jul-02 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - North Macedonia  05-Jul-01 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Kazakhstan  19-Oct-98 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Kyrgyz Republic - Ukraine  19-Jan-98 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Ukraine  18-Dec-96 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Azerbaijan  02-Sep-96 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Ukraine  04-Jun-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine -Turkmenistan  04-Nov-95 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Uzbekistan  01-Jan-96 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
AZERBAIJAN  
Ukraine - Azerbaijan  02-Sep-96 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Azerbaijan  10-Jul-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 22 - 
 
  RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS)  18-Dec-96 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - Azerbaijan  17-Feb-93 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
Tajikistan - Azerbaijan  15-Apr-95 Goods  Not notified  
Belarus – Azerbaijan  28-Sep-04 Goods  Not notified (none of the Parties is a 
WTO Member)  
Kyrgyz Republic – Azerbaijan  16-Apr-04 Goods  Not notified  
Kazakhstan – Azerbaijan  26-Jun-97 Goods  Not notified  
Uzbekistan – Azerbaijan  14-Sep-96 Goods  Not notified (none of the Parties is a 
WTO Member)  
Turkmenistan – Azerbaijan  11-May-96 Goods  Not notified (none of the Parties is a 
WTO Member)  
Republic of Moldova – Azerbaijan  16-Apr-96 Goods  Not notified  
a Provisional application.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: 
http://rtais.wto.org . 
4.8  Government procurement  
4.14.   The Parties agree to create conditions for the liberalization of national public procurement 
markets on the basis of non -discrimination and reciprocity (Article 19). There are no other provisions 
on Government procurement in the Agreement. Among the Parties, only Ukraine is a party to the 
WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement.  
4.9  Intellectual property rights  
4.15.   The Parties shall provide a ensure adequate, impartial and non -discriminatory protection of 
intellectual property rights, including measures to protect and compensate any violations of 
intellectual property rights, forgery and piracy. They s hall cooperate on intellectual property rights 
issues and upon demand by any Party, conduct consultations between experts on any problems 
concerning the functioning of existing and future international conventions on harmonization, 
management and strengthe ning of Intellectual property protection, international organizations such 
as the WTO and the WIPO as well as cooperation between the Parties and third parties on intellectual 
property rights  (Article 20) . 
4.10  Competition  
4.16.   Article 18 of the Agreement declares t he following to be incompatible with the objectives of 
the Agreement as far as they could influence trade within the free trade area: any arrangement 
between enterprises, associations of enterprises, collusion, which aims at or is a result of the 
removal, prevention, limitation or distortion of competition; or the unlawful use by one or several 
enterprises of a dominant position within all or a considerable part of the territory of the free trade 
area. 
4.11  Environment  
4.17.   There are no provisions on Environment in t he Agreement.  
4.12  Labour  
4.18.   There are no provisions on Labour in the Agreement.  
4.13  Electronic commerce  
4.19.   There are no provisions on electronic commerce in the Agreement.  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  ANNEX 1 
1. Tables A1.1 -A1.4 show tariff liberalization by the Parties under the Agreement by total, 
agricultural and industrial products. In 2003 Georgia's average applied MFN tariff was 8.4%, and 
11.9% and 7.4% for agricultural and industrial products, respectively.  The share of duty -free tariff 
lines was 5.9% overall, and 1.7% and 7.2% for agriculture and industrial products.  Upon entry into 
force of the Agreement, the share of dut y-free lines for imports from the other Parties rose to 100%, 
giving exporters from th e other Parties a 100% relative margin of preference over the MFN rate.  
Table A1. 1 Georgia: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
GUAM parties   
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapter 01 -24 HS Chapter 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2003 8.4 8.9 5.9 11.9 12.1 1.7 7.4 8.0 7.2 
GUAM  2003 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  For the calculation of tariff averages, specific rates are 
excluded.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from WTO -IDB. 
2. In 2003, Moldova's overall average applied tariff was 5.7% , and 11.4% and 4% for agricultural 
and industrial products. Around 42. 4% of the tariff was duty free for imports on an MFN basis. The 
share of duty -free lines was considerably lower for agricultural products (5.9%) compared to 
industrial products (54%). As a result of the Agreement the share of duty -free lines for imports from 
the other Parties rose to 100%, giving exporters from the other Parties a 100% relative margin of 
preference over the MFN rate.  
Table A1. 2 Moldova: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from GUAM parties   
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapter 01 -24 HS Chapter 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2003 5.7 10.0 42.4 11.4 12.2 5.9 4.0 8.7 54.0 
GUAM  2003 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  For the calculation of tariff averages, specific rates are 
excluded.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Moldova and from WTO -IDB. 
3. In 2002 Ukraine's overall average MFN tariff was 7.5%, and 15.2% and 6.8% respectively for 
agricultural and industrial products. The share of duty -free tariff lines was 16. 4% overall and 
considerably lower for agricultural products (7.4%) than for industrial products (19%). As a result 
of the Agreement the share of duty -free lines for imports from the other Parties rose to 100%, giving 
exporters from the other Parties a rela tive margin of preference of 100% over the MFN rate.  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  Table A1. 3 Ukraine: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
GUAM parties  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapter 01 -24 HS Chapter 25-97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  
Share of 
duty-free 
tariff 
lines (%)  Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2002 7.5 9.4 16.4 15.
2 19.6 7.4 6.8 8.4 19.0 
GUAM  2003 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  For the calculation of tariff averages, specific rates are 
excluded.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Ukraine and from ITC.  
4. In 2002 Azerbaijan's overall average applied tariff was 9.1%, an 13% and 8.3% for 
agricultural and industrial products respectively. The share of duty -free lines overall was 1.1%, 0.1% 
for agricultural products and 1.4% for industrial products.  As a result of the Agreement the share of 
duty-free lines rose to 100% for imports from the other Parties , giving exporters from these Parties 
a relative margin of 100% over the MFN rate.  
Table A1. 4 Azerbaijan: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from GUAM parties   
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapter 01 -24 HS Chapter 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Applied  2002 9.1 9.2 1.1 13.0 13.0 0.1 8.3 8.4 1.4 
GUAM  2003 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  For the calculation of tariff averages, specific rates are 
excluded.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Azerbaijan and from ITC. 
5. Tables A1.5 -A1.8 show market access conditions for the Parties' top 25 exports in each other's 
markets.  
6. Table A1.5 shows access for Georgia's top 25 global exports in the markets of the other Parties 
which accounted for 74% of its global exports  in 2000 -2002. These products fell under 145 tariff 
lines at the HS six -digit level in Azerbaijan's market  in 2002 , of which 7 were already duty free from 
all sources. As a resu lt of the Agreement the remaining 138 lines were liberalized by Azerbaijan. 
Georgia's  top 25 exports  fell under 173 lines at the HS six -digit level in Moldova's market in 2003 of 
which 76 lines were already duty free on an MFN basis. With the entry into fo rce of the Agreement 
the remaining 97 lines that were subject to MFN duty were liberalized for imports from Georgia . With 
regard to Ukraine, Georgia 's top 25 exports fell under 158 lines at the HS six -digit level in 2002 of 
which 35 were duty free  on an MF N basis. With the entry into force of the Agreement the remaining 
123 lines that were subject to MFN duty were liberalized for imports from Georgia.  
7. Table A1.6 shows market access for Moldova's top 25 global exports to the markets of the 
other Parties, whi ch accounted for 58.3% of its global exports in 2000 -2002. These products fell 
under 203 lines at the HS six -digit level in Azerbaijan's market of which none were duty -free in 
2002. As a result of the Agreement all 203 lines were liberalized by Azerbaijan.  Moldova's top 25 
exports fell under 200 lines at the HS six -digit level in Georgia's market, five of which were duty WT/REG383/1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  free in 2003. As a result of the Agreement the remaining 195 lines were liberalized by Georgia. With 
regard to Ukraine, Moldova's top 25 e xports fell under 212 tariff lines at the HS six -digit level in 
Ukraine's market of which 19 were already duty free on an MFN basis. As a result of the Agreement 
the remaining 193 tariff lines were liberalized for imports from Moldova.  
8. Table A1.7 shows acc ess for Ukraine's top 25 exports in the markets of the other Parties which 
accounted in 2000 -2002 for 41.5% of its top 25 exports. Ukraine's top 25 exports fell under 103 
tariff lines at the HS six -digit level in Azerbaijan's and Georgia's markets, of whic h none were duty -
free in 2002. As a result of the Agreement all 103 lines were liberalized by Azerbaijan. Ukraine's top 
25 exports fell under 105 tariff lines at the HS six -digit level in Moldova's market in 2003 of which 
13 lines were already duty free on  an MFN basis. As a result of the Agreement the remaining 92 
lines were liberalized by Azerbaijan.  
9. Table A1.8 shows access for Azerbaijan's top 25 exports in the markets of the other Parties 
which accounted in 2000 -2002 for 95.5% of its top 25 exports. Its top 25 exports fell under 107 
lines in Georgia's market at the HS six -digit level , of which 3 line s were already duty free on an MFN 
basis. As a result of the Agreement the remaining 103 lines were liberalized by Georgia. Azerbaijan's 
top 25 exports fell under 124 lines at the HS six -digit level in Moldova's market of which 84 lines 
were already duty f ree on an MFN basis. As a result of the Agreement the remaining 38 lines were 
liberalized by Georgia. With regard to Ukraine, Azerbaijan's top 25 exports fell under  122 lines at 
the HS six -digit level in Ukraine's market.  Of these lines 30 lines were alrea dy duty free on an MFN 
basis. Following entry into force of the Agreement the remaining 92 lines were liberalized by Ukraine. 
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 26 - Table A1. 5 Georgia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Georgia's top 25 exports to th e world.  
Georgia's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties' import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
220421  Wine of fresh grapes, 
incl. fortified wines, and 
grape must in containers 
of <= 2 l  8.5 0.0 51  51  0.0 69  69  0.0 51  51  
720449  Waste and scrap of iron 
or steel  8.3 5.0 4  4  0.0  4   5.0 4  4  
880230  Aeroplanes and other 
powered aircraft of an 
unladen weight > 2.000 
kg but <= 15.000 kg  7.5 0.5 2  2  0.0  2   0.0  2   
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated 
with platinum, in semi-
manufactured forms, for 
non-monetary purposes  4.2 15.0 4  4  0.0  4   2.8 4  4  
220110  Mineral waters and 
aerated waters, not 
containing sugar, other 
sweetening matter or 
flavoured  3.8 0.0 4  4  15.0 4  4  0.0 4  4  
080222  Fresh or dried hazelnuts 
or filberts "corylus spp.", 
shelled and peeled  3.5 0.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  10.0 1 1 1  
760200  Waste and scrap, of 
aluminium  3.4 3.0 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3   
310230  Ammonium nitrate, 
whether or not in 
aqueous solution  3.3 0.5 2  2  0.0  2   5.0 2  2  
260300  Copper ores and 
concentrates  3.3 0.5 1  1  0.0  1   2.0 1  1  
720230  Ferro-silico-manganese  3.3 0.5 1  1  0.0  1   15.0 1  1  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from 
bituminous minerals, 
crude  2.9 0.0  2   0.0  2   0.0  2   
261690  Precious metal ores and 
concentrates  2.5 0.5 1  1  0.0  1   0.0  1   
271600  Electrical energy  2.5 0.0  1   0.0  1   2.0 1  1   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 27 - Georgia's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties' import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
720429  Waste and scrap of alloy 
steel "ecsc"  2.1 5.0 1  1  0.0  1   5.0 1  1  
170199  Cane or beet sugar and 
chemically pure sucrose, 
in solid form  2.0 15.0 2  2  15.0 2  2  50.0 2  2  
740400  Waste and scrap, of 
copper  1.7 0.5 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3   
271000  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from 
bituminous minerals  1.6 12.9 35  35  0.0  37   0.0 31 15 31  
880330  Parts of aeroplanes or 
helicopters  1.4 0.5 2  2  0.0  2   10.0 2  2  
090240  Black fermented and 
partly fermented tea, in 
packings of >3 kg  1.4 10.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  0.0 1 1 1  
260200  Manganese ores and 
concentrates, with a 
manganese content of 
>= 20%, calculated on 
the dry weight "ecsc"  1.4 0.5 1  1  0.0  1   2.0 1  1  
220820  Spirits obtained by 
distilling grape wine or 
grape marc  1.2 0.0 11  11  0.0 19  19  0.0 11  11  
300490  Medicaments consisting 
of mixed or unmixed 
products for therapeutic 
or prophylactic purposes, 
in measured doses or put 
up for retail sale  1.1 0.0  4   0.0  4   7.5 4  4  
220210  Waters, incl. mineral and 
aerated, with added 
sugar, sweetener or 
flavour, for direct 
consumption as a 
beverage  1.1 0.0 1  1  15.0 1  1  0.0 1  1  
760120  Unwrought aluminium 
alloys  1.0 3.0 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3    
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 28 - Georgia's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties' import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines Under 
the Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
440792  Beech "fagus spp.", sawn 
or chipped lengthwise, 
sliced or peeled, whether 
or not planed, sanded or 
finger -jointed, of a 
thickness of > 6 mm  1.0 10.0 4  4  0.0  4   0.0  4   
Total  74.0 3.3 138 7 138 - 2.6 97 76 97 - 4.7 123 35 123 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by GUAM parties and UNSD -Comtrade.  
   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 29 - Table A1. 6 Moldova: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Moldova's top 25 exports to the world.  
Moldova's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
220421  Wine of fresh grapes, incl. 
fortified wines, and grape 
must, in containers of <= 2 l  18.3 0.0 51  51  0.0 49  49  0.0 51  51  
220430  Grape must, of an actual 
alcoholic strength of > 0,5% 
vol 5.3 15.0 5  5  0.0 5  5  0.0 5  5  
240110  Tobacco, 
unstemmed/unstripped  3.9 15.0 10  10  12.0 10  10  0.0 10  10  
080232  Fresh or dried walnuts, 
shelled and peeled  3.5 0.0 1  1  12.0 1  1  20.0 1  1  
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling 
grape wine or grape marc  3.2 0.0 11  11  0.0 11  11  0.0 11  11  
120600  Sunflower seeds  3.1 10.2 3  3  0.0  3   0.0 2 1 2  
701092  Carboys, bottles, flasks, 
jars, pots, phials and 
containers of a capacity of > 
0,33 l but <= 1 l  1.8 15.0 5  5  12.0 5  5  10.0 5  5  
100190  Wheat and meslin  1.7 5.0 3  3  12.0 3  3  0.0 2 1 2  
100510  Maize seed  1.6 0.5 5  5  12.0 5  5  0.0  5   
200970  Apple juice, unfermented, 
whether or not containing 
added sugar or other 
sweetener  1.5 0.0 6  6  27.0 6  6  30.0 6  6  
220429  Wine of fresh grapes, incl. 
fortified wines, and grape 
must in containers of > 2 l  1.5 0.0 34  34  0.0 33  33  0.0 34  34  
170199  Cane or beet sugar, 
chemically pure sucrose, 
solid form  1.1 15.0 2  2  12.0 2  2  50.0 2  2   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 30 - Moldova's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
620211  Women's or girls' overcoats, 
raincoats, and similar 
articles, of wool or fine 
animal hair  1.0 15.0 1  1  12.0 1  1  12.6 1  1  
020230  Frozen, boneless bovine 
meat 1.0 15.0 3  3  12.0 3  3  0.0 3  3  
120911  Sugar beet seed, for sowing  1.0 0.5 1  1  0.0  1   70.0 1  1  
151211  Crude sunflower or safflower 
oil 1.0 0.5 3  3  4.0 3  3  10.0 3  3  
841370  Centrifugal pumps, power -
driven  0.9 4.8 12  12  1.8 11 1 11  1.4 2 12 2  
220410  Sparkling wine of fresh 
grapes  0.9 0.0 4  4  0.0 4  4  0.0 5  5  
410121  Whole raw bovine hides and 
skins, weighing > 14 kg  0.9 15.0 1  1  15.0 1  1  5.0 1  1  
252020  Plasters consisting of 
calcined gypsum or calcium 
sulphate,  0.9 15.0 2  2  12.0 2  2  2.0 2  2  
640399  Footwear with outer soles of 
rubber, plastics or 
composition leather, with 
uppers of leather  0.9 15.0 10  10  14.0 10  10  25.0 10  10  
100300  Barley  0.8 0.5 2  2  12.0 2  2  0.0 2  2  
420212  Trunks, suit -cases, vanity -
cases, executive -cases, 
brief-cases and similar 
containers, with outer 
surface of plastics or textiles  0.8 15.0 5  5  12.0 5  5  25.0 5  5  
200990  Mixtures of fruit juices, incl. 
grape must, and vegetable 
juices, unfermented, 
whether or not containing 
added sugar or other 
sweetener  0.7 0.0 19  19  24.0 19  19  23.3 25  25   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 31 - Moldova's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Ukraine  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
040210  Milk and cream in solid form, 
of fat content of <= 1,5%  0.7 15.0 4  4  12.0 4  4  0.0 4  4  
Total  58.3 7.5 203 - 203 - 9.2 195 5 195 - 11.4 193 19 193 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by GUAM parties and UNSD -Comtrade.  
Table A1. 7 Ukraine: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Ukraine's top 25 exports to the world.  
Ukraine's top exp ort products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Moldova  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
271000  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from bituminous 
minerals  4.5 12.9 35  35  12.0 35  35  0.0  37   
720720  Semi-finished iron or non -alloy 
steel containing by weight >= 
0,25% of carbon  3.3 5.0 13  13  2.0 13  13  0.0  13   
721420  Bars and rods, of iron or non -
alloy steel, with indentations, 
ribs, groves or other 
deformations produced during 
rolling process  3.3 5.0 1  1  4.0 1  1  0.0  1    
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 32 - Ukraine's top exp ort products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Moldova  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
720711  Semi-finished iron or non -alloy 
steel containing, by weight, < 
0,25% of carbon, rectangular 
or square cross -section, width 
< twice the thickness  3.2 5.0 4  4  2.0 4  4  0.0  4   
720712  Semi-finished iron or non -alloy 
steel containing, by weight, < 
0,25% of carbon, square not 
rectangular cross -section, 
width >= twice the thickness  2.3 5.0 2  2  2.0 2  2  0.0  2   
721391  Bars and rods, hot -rolled, in 
irregularly wound coils, of iron 
or non -alloy steel, of circular 
cross-section < 14 mm in 
diameter  2.1 5.0 6  6  4.0 6  6  0.0  6   
720449  Waste and scrap of iron or steel 
"ecsc"  2.0 5.0 4  4  4.0 4  4  0.0  4   
100190  Wheat and meslin  1.9 5.0 3  3  12.0 3  3  15.0 3  3  
310210  Urea, whether or not in 
aqueous solution  1.8 0.5 2  2  10.0 2  2  0.0  2   
760120  Unwrought aluminium alloys  1.5 3.0 3  3  4.0 3  3  0.0  3   
281820  Aluminium oxide  1.5 0.5 1  1  8.0 1  1  0.0  1   
260111  Non-agglomerated iron ores 
and concentrates  1.3 0.5 1  1  12.0 1  1  0.0  1   
720851  Flat-rolled iron or non -alloy 
steel, width >= 600 mm, not in 
coils, simply hot -rolled, not 
clad, plated or coated, 
thickness > 10 mm, without 
patterns in relief  1.2 5.0 5  5  2.0 5  5  0.0  5   
720230  Ferro-silico-manganese  1.2 0.5 1  1  4.0 1  1  0.0  1    
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 33 - Ukraine's top exp ort products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Moldova  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
281410  Anhydrous ammonia  1.2 0.5 1  1  12.0 1  1  0.0  1   
720839  Flat-rolled iron or non -alloy 
steel, width >= 600 mm, in 
coils, simply hot -rolled, not 
clad, plated or coated, 
thickness < 3 mm, not pickled, 
without patterns in relief  1.2 5.0 2  2  2.0 2  2  0.0  2   
151211  Crude sunflower or safflower 
oil 1.2 0.5 3  3  4.0 3  3  15.0 3  3  
820730  Interchangeable tools for 
pressing, stamping or 
punching  1.1 15.0 2  2  7.0 2  2  8.0 2  2  
100300  Barley  1.1 0.5 2  2  12.0 2  2  15.0 2  2  
260112  Agglomerated iron ores and 
concentrates  1.0 0.5 1  1  12.0 1  1  0.0  1   
820900  Plates, sticks, tips and the like 
for tools, unmounted, of 
sintered metal carbides or 
cermets  0.8 15.0 2  2  7.0 2  2  8.0 2  2  
020210  Frozen full and half bovine 
carcases  0.8 15.0 1  1  12.0 1  1  15.0 1  1  
730511  Line pipe for oil or gas 
pipelines, with circular cross-
sections and external diameter 
> 406,4 mm, of iron or steel, 
longitudinally submerged arc 
welded  0.8 10.0 1  1  12.0 1  1  0.0  1   
720110  Non-alloy pig iron in pigs, 
blocks or other primary forms, 
with <= 0,5% of phosphorous  0.8 0.5 4  4  12.0 4  4  0.0  4    
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 34 - Ukraine's top exp ort products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share 
in 
global 
exports 
(%) Azerbaijan  Georgia  Moldova  
MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
720852  Flat-rolled iron or non -alloy 
steel, of width >= 600 mm, not 
in coils, simply hot -rolled, not 
clad, plated or coated, of a 
thickness >= 4,75 mm but <= 
10 mm, without patterns in 
relief  0.7 5.0 3  3  2.0 3  3  0.0  3   
Total  41.5 5.0 103 - 103 - 7.0 103 - 103 - 3.0 13 92 13 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by GUAM parties and UNSD -Comtrade.   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 35 - Table A1. 8 Azerbaijan: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Azerbaijan's top 25 exports to the world  
Azerbaijan's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Georgia  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from bituminous 
minerals, crude  67.2 12.0 2  2  0.0  2   0.0  2   
271000  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from bituminous 
minerals  20.6 12.0 35  35  0.0  37   0.0 31 15 31  
520300  Cotton, carded or combed  0.9 5.0 1  1  0.0  1   5.0 1  1  
281820  Aluminium oxide  0.8 8.0 1  1  0.0  1   5.0 1  1  
271600  Electrical energy  0.7 12.0 1  1  0.0  1   2.0 1  1  
080222  Fresh or dried hazelnuts or 
filberts "corylus spp.", 
shelled and peeled  0.7 12.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  10.0 1 1 1  
390110  Polyethylene with a specific 
gravity of < 0,94, in 
primary forms  0.6 12.0 2  2  0.0  2   0.1 2  2  
843143  Parts for boring or sinking 
machinery of subheading 
8430.41 or 8430.49  0.5 2.0 1  1  0.0  1   0.0  1   
240110  Tobacco, 
unstemmed/unstripped  0.4 12.0 10  10  0.0  14   0.0 10  10  
890600  Vessels, incl. warships and 
lifeboats  0.4 12.0 4  4  5.0 4  4  5.0 4  4  
240220  Cigarettes, containing 
tobacco  0.4 30.0 2  2  0.0 3  3  0.0 3  3  
520100  Cotton, neither carded nor 
combed  0.3 7.0 2  2  0.0  2   0.0  2   
760120  Unwrought aluminium 
alloys  0.2 4.0 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3   
721499  Bars and rods, of iron or 
non-alloy steel, only hot -
rolled, only hot -drawn or 
only hot -extruded  0.2 4.0 8  8  0.0  8   5.0 8  8   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 36 - Azerbaijan's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Georgia  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
290512  Propan -1-ol "propyl 
alcohol" and propan -2-ol 
"isopropyl alcohol"  0.2 8.0 1  1  5.5 1  1  5.1 2  2  
090230  Black fermented and partly 
fermented tea, whether or 
not flavoured, in packings 
of <= 3 kg  0.2 20.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  0.0 1  1  
740400  Waste and scrap, of copper  0.2 4.0 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3   
220820  Spirits obtained by 
distilling grape wine or 
grape marc  0.2 0.0 11  11  0.0 19  19  0.0 11  11  
852440  Magnetic tapes, recorded, 
for reproducing 
phenomena other than 
sound or image  0.1 0.0  3   0.0  3   7.3 3  3  
760200  Waste and scrap, of 
aluminium  0.1 4.0 3  3  0.0  3   0.0  3   
081090  Fresh tamarinds, cashew 
apples, jackfruit, lychees, 
sapodillo plums, passion 
fruit, carambola, pitahaya 
and other edible fruit  0.1 12.0 3  3  10.0 3  3  0.0 3  3  
847810  Machinery for preparing or 
making up tobacco  0.1 5.0 1  1  0.0  1   1.0 1  1  
870590  Special purpose motor 
vehicles  0.1 12.0 3  3  5.0 3  3  17.5 4  4  
630533  Sacks and bags, for the 
packing of goods, of 
polyethylene or 
polypropylene strip or the 
like  0.1 12.0 3  3  14.0 3  3  8.8 3  3   
  WT/REG383/1  
 
- 37 - Azerbaijan's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to GUAM parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Georgia  Moldova  Ukraine  
MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2003  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  MFN 2002  
Duty free lines 
Under the 
Agreement  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable lines  
Duty free lines  
843149  Parts of machinery of 
heading 8426, 8429 and 
8430 0.1 2.0 2  2  0.0  2   3.5 2  2  
Total 95.5 8.9 104 3 104 - 2.4 38 84 38 - 3.0 92 30 92 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by GUAM parties and UNSD -Comtrade.  
 
__________