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Trade Policy Review Body    
 
*In Original language only/ En langue originale seulement /En el idioma original solamente . 
  
JAPAN 
DRAFT MINUTES  OF THE MEETING* HELD ON 1 AND 3 MARCH 2023  
Delegations are invited to submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the 
Secretariat ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , or to  tprd@wto.org ) no later tha n 
5 May 2023. 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
 
JAPON 
PROJET DE COMPTE RENDU DE LA RÉUNION* TENUE LES 1ER ET 3 MARS 2023  
Les délégations sont invitées à soumettre  leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles concernant leurs 
propres déclarations au Secrétariat ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , ou 
tprd@wto.org ) le 5 mai 2023 au plus tard.  
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
 
JAPÓN 
PROYECTO DE ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN* CELEBRADA LOS DÍAS 1 Y 3 DE MARZO DE 2023  
Las delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría ( Daniela  Salas : danielamariana.salas@wto.org , 
o tprd@wto.org ) a más tardar el 5 de mayo de 2023  las correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir 
en sus propias declaraciones.  
 
 
_______________  
 
 
 
 
 
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
JAPAN 
DRAFT  MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  3 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPAN  ................................ .........  5 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  8 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  13 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPAN AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ............  72 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by Japan are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/438/Add.1 and will be available online at 
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The 15th Trade Policy Review of Japan was held on 1 and 3  March  2023. Due to the absence of 
the TPR B Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez (Mexico), the Chair of the DSB, 
H.E. Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme (Botswana), chaired the meeting in accordance with the Rules 
of Procedures of the TPRB. She welcomed the delegation of Japan, headed by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, 
Deputy Assistant Minister, Economic Affairs Bureau, Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy 
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;  H.E. Mr Kazuyuki Yamazaki , Permanent Representative of Japan 
to the WTO;  the rest of the delegation; and the discussant, H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado 
(European  Union ). 
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider partic ipation of the Membership.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The Report by Japan  is contained in document WT/TPR/G/ 438, and that of the 
WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 438. 
1.4.  Questions by t he following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Singapore; China; the Philippines; Thailand; Israel; the United  Kingdom; Australia; Chile; Iceland; 
Switzerland; Argentina; Chinese  Taipei; the European  Union; the United  States; Costa  Rica; 
the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia; Brazil; Türkiye; Norway; the Dominican  Republic; Colombia; Canada; 
Ukraine; New  Zealand; Hong  Kong,  China; Brunei  Darussalam; India; and the Russian  Federation . 
The following delegations submitted written questions after  the deadline: the Republic of Korea, 
Kazakhstan, the Republic of Moldova, Malaysia, Ecuador, and Indonesia.  
1.5.  The Chairperson first recalled some elements of Japan's previous Review and developments 
since then, as well as identified some key issues arising from the advance written questions 
submitted by Members for the current TPR.  
1.6.  During the previous TPRB meeting held on 6 and 8  July 2020, Members had commended Japan 
on its key role in the global trading system, its integration in the world economy and glo bal value 
chains, the results of its macroeconomic policy, its policies to promote women's economic 
empowerment and its response to the COVID -19 pandemic. For the current Review, Members 
through their advance written questions sought information on issues relating to fiscal sustainability, 
the impact of the Yen's recent depreciation, measures to address Japan's declining workforce and 
ageing population, and plans to further increase the role of women in the economy.  
1.7.  At the time of the previous Review, Membe rs had praised Japan for its long -standing  support 
and active participation in the multilateral trading system. They referred to the Joint Statement 
Initiatives on E -Commerce and on Investment Facilitation for Development, the Joint Declaration on 
Women an d Economic Empowerment, and the Statement on MSMEs, as well as its contribution to 
advance WTO  reform and engagement in the negotiations on fisheries subsidies and services 
domestic regulation. They also highlighted Japan's strong track record with WTO not ification 
obligations in almost all areas. At the same time, Members also referred to Japan's increased focus 
on RTA initiatives. For the current Review, several Members requested more details on: the role of 
the Indo -Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for 
Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), GSP utilization and eligibility, a bilateral agreement with 
the United  States, and Japan's plans for future RTAs.  
1.8.  With regard to trade policy, at the time of the previous Re view, Members, while commending 
the high degree of predictability in Japan's tariff regime, encouraged a reduction of the complexity 
and peaks of its customs tariff. While Japan was commended for its trade facilitation efforts, it was 
encouraged to improve  efficiency in the handling of goods at the border and ensure that technical 
regulations do not impede trade. For the current Review, in the advance written questions, some 
Members expressed interest in learning more inter alia about: plans to simplify the  tariff; the 
provision of missing ad valorem  equivalents; regulations for customs brokers; export control 
regulations; export restrictions related to semi -conductors; export support measures; SPS measures 
deviating from international standards; government procurement procedures; and numerous 
intellectual property right matters.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  1.9.  In terms of sectoral trade policies, Members were interested in having more clarity on: 
domestic support for agriculture in general; conditions and criteria for direct payments; meth ods of 
tariff quota allocation and fill rates; agricultural self -sufficiency targets; plans and incentives to 
promote renewable energies and decarbonize the economy; support for "critical products and 
materials", specifically for producers of chips and sem i-conductors; foreign participation in financial 
services; the role of the Digital Agency; and rules for data storage and transfer.  
1.10.  In total, Japan received 787  advance written questions from 34  delegations for this Review, 
out of which 700  were sent withi n the established deadline, covering a broad range of topics. Prior 
to the meeting, Japan already provided written replies to the questions submitted within the 
established deadline.  
1.11.  The meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater deta il issues of interest 
to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. It was also an opportune 
moment for Japan to update the Membership on the impact of COVID -19 on its economy. The 
Chairperson looked forward to a fruitful exchange.  
1.12.  The Chairperson closed her introductory remarks by wishing Japan a very successful 
15th Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPAN ( H.E. MR AKIHIRO  OKOCHI)  
2.1.  First, Japan would like to express our heartfelt condolences to those who lost their beloved 
family members and friends in the devastating earthquake in Türkiye and Syria, as well as in the 
cyclone disaster in New  Zealand.  
2.2.  Today, I am very pleased to be he re representing Japan, I would like to express our sincere 
appreciation to the Chair, Ambassador Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme of Botswana. Japan also extends 
its warmest thanks to Ambassador João Aguiar Machado of the European  Union, whom we are 
honoured to h ave as a discussant. We would also like to acknowledge the WTO  Secretariat, especially 
Mr Willy Alfaro, Director of the TPR Division and his team's dedicated work over the past months. 
We also extend our thanks to all the ambassadors and delegates who are participating in today's 
meeting.  
2.3.  For this review, we received more than 600  questions from over 30  Members. We are pleased 
to have been able to answer almost all of them, including those submitted after the deadline.  
2.4.  The Trade Policy Review Mechanism worked very effectively in ensuring transparency of trade 
policies and practices of WTO Members and contributed to maintaining and strengthening the 
multilateral trading system. Japan has passionately  supported the activities of the TPRM. On this  
occasion, we would like to reiterate the importance of transparency in strengthening the WTO 
functions, and very much welcome the Seven th Appraisal Exercise initiated after MC12.  
2.5.  Japan has achieved economic growth as a trading nation and has been consiste ntly committed 
to free and fair trade, and to the multilateral trading system. Japan's attitude has remained 
unwavering  even in the midst of the current situation where protectionist trends after the COVID -19 
pandemic and global economic uncertainty have b ecome apparent. I would like to introduce some 
of our country's key initiatives during the review period.  
2.6.  Since the previous review, the global environment has undergone dramatic changes, including 
the COVID -19 pandemic, the Russia n Federation 's invasion o f Ukraine, worsening climate change, 
and natural disasters. In Japan, the potential growth rate remains sluggish against the backdrop of 
a declining birth -rate, aging population, and low productivity growth rate.  
2.7.  The COVID -19 pandemic revealed that a supp ly chain that is excessively dependent on a 
specific country or region cannot secure the healthcare needed for citizens and cannot ensure stable 
production for companies.  
2.8.  The Russia n Federation 's invasion of Ukraine is creating unthinkable death and destru ction to 
the Ukrainian people. The brutal actions against Ukraine is a clear violation of the fundamental 
principles of international law, which is the basis of the WTO, and pose a serious threat to world 
peace and security.  
2.9.  Facing these difficulties, Prim e Minister Kishida formulated the "Grand Design and Action Plan 
for a New Form of Capitalism" in June  2022. The New Capitalism has four priority areas: 
(i) investment in people and distribution ; (ii) investment in science technology and innovation ; 
(iii) investment in start -ups; and ( iv) investment in green transformation  (GX) and digital 
transformation  (DX).  
2.10.  The first three areas, human capital accumulation, including the facilitation of labour mobility 
by improving skills; advanced technology development; and start -up incubation are critically 
important in Japan where we are facing future labour shortages. In addition, digital transformation 
and green transformation are key areas to facilitate the transition to a post -COVID -19 society, as 
well as a new source of value -added.  
2.11.  In addition, many Members asked in their written questions about Japan's recent measures 
for intellectual property (IP). Japan is very conscious that creating, protecting, and utilizing 
intellectual property is vital for eco nomic growth. During the review period, Japan revised the Basic 
Act on Science and Technology, and set a new target of achieving about JPY  30 trillion (about 
USD 220 billion) of R&D investment by the Government and JPY  120 trillion (about USD  880 billion) 
of R&D investment by the public and private  sectors combined over the next decade.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  2.12.  In these increasingly difficult times, the scope of national security is rapidly expanding to the 
areas of economy and technology, and Japan will address national and econom ic security, as well as 
prioritize sustainable and inclusive growth. The Economic Security Promotion Act enacted in 
May 2022 provides a framework for ( i) ensuring the stable supply of critical goods ; (ii) ensuring the 
stable provision of key infrastructure  services ; (iii) supporting the development of cutting -edge 
critical technologies ; and ( iv) keeping patent applications undisclosed. These measures are clearly 
consistent with the WTO  Agreement . 
2.13.  The multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core is the cornerstone of global trade 
and continues to be a pillar of Japan's trade policy. Japan has proactively participated in each of the 
WTO's three functions.   
2.14.  Regarding the negotiation function, Japan, as co -convener of the e -commerce negotiations in 
the WTO, is leading the formation of high -level rules, including the liberalization of data flow, "Data 
Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)". The DFFT, advocated by former Prime  Minister Abe at the 2019 
Davos  Forum, was shared as a foundational concept for data utiliz ation and the launch of the "Osaka 
Track" was declared at the G20 Osaka  Summit. As the importance of digitalization of the economy 
is widely recognized and further strengthened due to the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, we will 
further accelerate negotiat ions in order to expand the circle of cooperation among the volunteer 
countries and to bring about concrete results.  
2.15.  We have been constructively engaged in negotiations on agriculture, including negotiations 
with reference to non -trade-related concerns. In particular, given the current situation, food security 
is one of the issues that we need to tackle in an urgent manner. Also, as one of the biggest net 
food-importing countries in the world which relies on imports for more than 60% of our food needs, 
food security is at the forefront of citizens' concerns throughout Japan. From this viewpoint, we are 
prepared to participate in the discussions, including the technical ones, to find pragmatic outcomes.  
2.16.  We have also been actively engaged in the negotiations o n fisheries subsidies. Currently, we 
are in the domestic process of concluding the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies adopted at MC12, 
and we recently contributed approximately CHF  760,000 to the newly established fund based on this 
agreement, as the first M ember to do so.  
2.17.  On dispute settlement, Japan continues to set out to achieve, as the utmost priority, a DS 
reform that will contribute to a long -lasting solution to the structural and functional problems of the 
Dispute Settlement System in the WTO. In this  regard, we  will participate actively in the informal 
discussions currently led by Members, so that the Members will be able to achieve DS reform by  2024 
as agreed at MC12 . 
2.18.  Next, we will introduce our efforts regarding regional trade and investment agreements.  As 
part of efforts to build a free and fair economic order based on rules, Japan is promoting economic 
partnership agreements such as the CPTPP. The CPTPP is of significant importance in that it spreads 
high-standard, balanced rules for a new era of trade around the world and will play a very important 
role in the future economic order of the Indo -Pacific region and beyond. Since the last Review, the 
UK-Japan EPA and RCEP agreements have entered into force, and the EPA/FTA ratio of Ja pan's trade 
now accounts for about 80% of total trade.  
2.19.  Against this backdrop, Japan's tariffs are among the lowest in the world. Japan's simple 
average tariff rate for all items is 4.6%, and the simple average effective tariff rate is 6.3% on an 
applied ba sis. In FY2022, about 40% of all items, excluding those under preferential tariff systems, 
were duty -free. In addition, in June  2020, Japan formulated an action plan to promote the 
digitization of customs procedures and the automation of customs inspection s by actively 
incorporating AI and other advanced technologies, and all possible measures are being taken to 
improve the environment for the expansion of cross -border logistics by further developing economic 
partnership agreements and other measures.  
2.20.  Regar ding investment -related agreements, 55  investment -related agreements have been 
signed or entered into force. Including those currently under negotiation, 94  countries and regions 
and about 93% of Japan's total outward direct investment will be covered. In June 2021, Japan 
decided on the "Strategy for Promoting Foreign Direct Investment into Japan" and aims to increase 
the balance of inward direct investment to JPY  80 trillion, or 12% of GDP, by 2030. Attracting highly WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  skilled human resources, technology, an d abundant funds from overseas will contribute to 
strengthening the growth potential of the Japanese economy as a whole and to revitalizing local 
economies.  
2.21.  Next, I would like to discuss development and economic cooperation. Japan strongly 
recognizes the i mportance of Aid for Trade (AfT), which supports developing countries' own efforts 
in various aspects, especially for the capacity building that is necessary for trade expansion in 
developing countries, and for improving infrastructure to boost trade. Japan has been one of the top 
donors to the AfT. To promote international trade, Japan has provided assistance through the WTO 
and the International Trade Cent re (ITC), including AfT assistance totalling approximately 
USD 10 billion in 2020.  
2.22.  Japan is also taki ng the lead in development in Africa. At the 8th Tokyo International 
Conference on African Development (TICAD8) held in Tunisia in August last year, Japan, as a 
"partner that grows together with Africa", proposed initiatives that emphasize "investment in people" 
and "quality of growth" in order to realiz e the resilient Africa that Africa itself aspires to be. In terms 
of concrete measures, the "Africa Green Growth Initiative" has been launched with a total 
public -private investment of USD  4 billion, and the business community has welcomed a plan to 
establ ish a "start -up investment fund" of over JPY  10 billion (about USD  74 million), targeting 
start-up companies engaged by energetic young people in Japan and Africa.  
2.23.  In addition, Japan attaches great importance to the implementation of the WTO Trade 
Facilita tion Agreement in developing countries and strongly supports the international harmonization 
and simplification of customs procedures in cooperation with the WCO and other relevant 
organizations. Most recently, for example, Japan has supported Laos in impr oving its customs 
clearance system through risk management, and Cambodia in introducing an Authorized Economic 
Operator (AEO) system. The WCO also supports human resource development in the field of customs 
in Pacific Island countries and Africa in coopera tion with JICA. Furthermore, Japan contributes funds 
to the Customs Co -operation Fund (CCF) established in the WCO on a voluntary basis each year, 
and provides technical cooperation through the WCO to a wide range of regions.  
2.24.  Japan provides preferential tariffs under the GSP scheme to 131  developing countries, and 
has extended the term of validity of these tariffs to 2031. With regard to imports from least 
developed countries (LDCs), the percentage of LDC products eligible for duty-free and quota -free 
treatment has been expanded to about 98% of the products, exceeding the agreed level in the 
Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration.  
2.25.  With regard to accession to the WTO, Japan also places importance on the integration of 
developing count ries into the multilateral trading system and has been actively involved in the 
accession process of LDCs such as Timor -Leste, as well as supporting Sudan's new accession as 
Chair of the Working Party on Accession since 2016.  
2.26.  Twelve years have passed since  the Great East Japan Earthquake struck Japan on 
11 March  2011. Many countries and regions have either lifted or relaxed restrictions on imports of 
Japanese food products introduced by some Members after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power 
Plant accident. We would like to express our gratitude to those Members for responding with 
objective assessment based on scientific evidence. Japan sincerely hopes that the remaining import 
restrictions will be lifted or relaxed as soon as possible.  
2.27.  Finally, w hen the WTO  was launched in 1995, the future of the WTO was bright and more was 
expected of the Organization, but now, 28  years after its launch, the breakdowns that were 
unforeseeable at the time are becoming apparent, and the repair work is urgently needed. While 
some of the repairs may be patchwork, others may require extensive remodelling.  
2.28.  Japan  reaffirms its commitment to cooperating with all WTO Members in the reform of 
the WTO. In this regard, Japan commits to working to ensure transparency and a level playing field 
to foster an enabling business environment, and to support the integrity and sustainability of a 
rules-based multilateral trading system.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  First, I would like to thank the delegation of Japan for the opportunity to act as a discussant 
for this 15th Trade Policy Review of Japan.  
3.2.  I would like to welcome the Japanese delegation, headed by Mr Akihiro  Okochi (Deputy 
Assistant Minister and Ambassa dor in charge of Economic Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs)  and my good colleague, Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, and his team here in Geneva.  
3.3.  I would also like to thank both Japan and the Secretariat for their Reports, which enable 
Members to form a deeper understanding of Japan's trade and economic policies and are the basis 
for our exchanges today. I would like to recall that my remarks today are made in a personal 
capacity.  
3.4.  Japan occupies a very special place in my life and in my heart. Its people, society, traditions, 
culture, sense of aesthetics impressed me forever.  
3.5.  When I was posted in Tokyo (1989 -1994), Japan was exiting a decade (the  80s) of strong 
economic growth, incredible wealth generation and technological advancement and a formi dable 
competitor. Japan ran huge trade surpluses with the U nited States, the E uropean  Union (and many 
others) and competing in the Japanese market was a serious challenge for European and other 
trading partners. Relations were tense. These were the times o f "Structural Impediments Initiatives", 
"Framework Talks", "numerical targets" and many other trade and economic measures aimed at 
rebalancing trade relations with Japan.  
3.6.  Now, f ast forward 33  years, Japan has undergone significant changes. Not only Japan went 
through several decades of sluggish economic growth, indeed a deflationary economy, but it 
managed to develop harmonious trade relations with the rest of the world to become an equal 
partner. In my humble opinion, Japan is testimony that a major count ry with a powerful and 
competitive economy, with a very different history, culture, traditions, and ways of organi zing its 
society, can develop harmonious relations with its partners and integrate into the world trading 
system based on a solid commitment t o market principles and shared values.  
3.7.  Now, coming back to this review , I will, in my role as a discussant, organi ze my remarks and 
observations around three broad headings.   
3.8.  Firstly , I will take a look at how Japan has performed since the last TPR in 2020. Secondly, 
I will try to identify the main changes in Japan's trade and investment policies since then. Finally,  
as one of the key interests of this transparency exercise is the fee dback of Members, I will try to 
highlight the main issues and areas of interest in this review, based on the Members' advance 
questions.  
Japan's performance since the last Trade Policy Review  
3.9.  First, the  overall economic context. Similarly to the last Revie w in July  2020, this review too 
comes at an exceptionally difficult and challenging time for the global economy, for international 
cooperation and the multilateral trading system as well as to Japan itself.  
3.10.  Since the previous Review, wide -ranging changes have taken place in the environment 
surrounding Japan, driven by the COVID -19 pandemic and its impact on global supply chains and 
economic growth, the Russian  Federation's aggression against Ukraine, and the challenges posed by 
climate change.  
3.11.  At home, Ja pan has continued to face a declining and ageing population, stagnant economic 
growth, and experienced first -hand the impact of climate change in the form of frequent and 
intensified natural disasters.  
3.12.  From January  2020 to October  2022, Japan's macro -economic policies continued to be guided 
by a three -pronged strategy, namely bold monetary policy based on quantitative and qualitative 
easing, a flexible fiscal policy, and structural reforms. This economic strategy, which has been in 
place since 2013 and has  come to be named "Abenomics" in reference to the late P rime Minister  Abe, WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  was intended to revitalize business investment and private consumption and, in this way, overcome 
the prolonged deflation in the Japanese economy. However, looking at the continued sluggish 
performance of the economy over the years, one wonders whether this strategy has really delivered. 
I would be interested to hear the views of the Japanese delegation as to whether this strategy has 
delivered the expected results.  
3.13.  Economic growth rates during the review period were very moderate, unsurprisingly marked 
by the direct impact of the COVID -19 pandemic, subsequent supply -chain disruptions, and the 
resulting global economic slowdown.  
3.14.  However, with the impact of COVID -19 waning, social an d economic activities are picking -up 
and the recent improvements in employment and income levels seem to indicate that Japan's 
economy is returning to the pre -pandemic state.  
3.15.  As already highlighted in the previous Review and again this time, Japan continues to have 
the highest ratio of public debt to GDP among developed countries, at some 263% of GDP. In most 
other countries this would be a serious source of concern. I understa nd that in Japan's case most 
public debt is in domestic hands but in the current environment of increasing interest rates, the 
question arises about the fiscal sustainability in the medium term. I will be interested to hear the 
views of the Japanese delega tion in this regard.  
The main changes and developments in Japan's economic, trade and investment policies  
3.16.  Here, it is not my intention to be comprehensive with regard to the many policy initiatives 
that the Japanese Government launched in the last two and a half years. Instead, I'll be highlighting 
some policy initiatives and changes that are the most notable during the period under review and 
reflect attempts to address current challenges.  
3.17.  The first, is the greater emphasis placed by the Government of Japan on national and 
economic security issues.  This is not unique to Japan as many other Members are contemplating 
similar policies to address similar concerns. Japan has been building its eco nomic security policy as 
a means to address emerging geopolitical and geo -economic challenges, its own declining 
competitiveness in advanced and new technologies, vulnerabilities in supply chains as exposed by 
the COVID -19 pandemic and intensifying threats  such as cyber -attacks on its key infrastructure. 
The Russia n Federation 's invasion of Ukraine invigorated Japan's economic security debate and 
policy.  
3.18.  In May  2022, Japan enacted the Economic Security Promotion Act (ESPA), which is an 
important "umbrella" legislation that sets up a single policy framework, and enacts a series of new 
measures. Also in 2022, Japan adopted a new National Security Strategy (NSS) in which the 
Government takes a more holistic and expansive view of national security, incorporating  "economic 
security" as a national security concept.  
3.19.  These policies are now being implemented. The key challenge here is how to balance the 
strengthening of economic security with preserving competition in the market, ensuring fair 
treatment and a level p laying field and respecting international commitments. It would be interesting 
to hear the views of the Japanese Government in this regard.  
3.20.  A second theme, indeed  an important challenge, relates to demographics.  Japan's ageing 
population coupled with a dec lining birth -rate poses an enormous challenge for the management of 
the labour market and for the continued prosperity of the country. The Government has undertaken 
various reforms to increase labour supply, increase productivity and wages over the recent years. 
These labour market reforms seem to have been successful in raising employment. The Government 
has also announced new measures to tackle what it calls "the alarming decline" in Japan's birth -rate. 
These measures, however, seem to target more parents  who already have children (child support 
payments, childcare services) rather than addressing the underlying issue which is why young people 
are increasingly reluctant to marry and start families. Failing to address that, another option, used 
by many coun tries, is to allow for more migrant workers. I would be interested to hear the views of 
the Japanese Government in this respect.  
3.21.  A third theme relates to climate change and environmental sustainability  which are 
increasingly intrinsically linked to global  trade and economy and Japan is no exception. In 2020, WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  Japan set a goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050. And in 2021 it announced 
its new target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 46% in 2030 from its 2013 levels.  
3.22.  Japan has ado pted a number of strategies to this end, including an Environment Innovation 
Strategy and a Green Growth Strategy both in 2020. These are aimed to promote green innovations 
and finance among other objectives with a view to support the transition to a net z ero economy. 
Japan also adopted in 2021 a new Strategic Energy Plan (SEP) that sets the direction for energy 
policy for the coming years towards the realization of these objectives and targets. It would be 
interesting to know if the implementation of these strategic policies ha s already led to progress in 
cutting emissions in Japan.  
3.23.  A fourth topic relates specifically to Japan's economic and trade policies. Integration into the 
world economy through the participation in the multilater al trading system as well  as via regional 
and bilateral trade and investment agreements, remains a critically important part of Japan's overall 
economic strategy.  
3.24.  The WTO system remains a central pillar of Japan's trade and investment policy. Japan has 
shown its strong commitment to the WTO over the years through its engagement and determination 
in bringing about progress and reform in this Organization.  
3.25.  Japan made an important contribution to the outcome of MC12 and is actively engaged in the 
WTO reform d iscussions. Japan's supports the conduct of negotiations in a flexible manner among 
like-minded Members as a way to develop rules in a changing environment. It participates in the 
ITA, ITA2 , and also in a number of Joint Statement Initiatives. Japan also c ontributes significantly 
to the technical assistance programmes of the WTO. Very recently, Japan became the first WTO 
Member making a donation to the new Fisheries Trust Fund, thus contributing to making the Fund 
operational.  
3.26.  But over the years, Japan has  also been active in developing a bilateral and regional trade 
agenda as a complement to the multilateral trading system. Japan has 21  FTAs signed and in force 
(the most recent ones being the Japan -UK Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement and the 
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) and has 3  FTAs under 
negotiation. Long gone are the days when Japan characterized itself as being a "Friend of Article  I" 
of the GATT , Japan now has become a "Friend of Art icle XXIV", and I do hope  a really "True Friend 
of Art icle XXIV" . In this regard, I would be interested to learn about the Japanese Government's 
plans to notify the agreement reached with the U nited States in 2019 to the CRTA and indeed to 
complete that agreement since it has only  partial trade coverage.  
3.27.  Looking at the more recent past, and as we have passed the unfortunate one –year 
anniversary of the start of the war in Ukraine last Friday, it is worth recalling that Japan suspended 
MFN treatment to the Russian  Federation in Apri l 2022, announced the prohibition of new Japanese 
investment in the Russian  Federation - in line with measures taken by other G7 nations - and 
imposed an import ban on certain goods and applied export measures against the Russian  Federation 
and Belarus.  
Main areas of interest in this T rade Policy Review   
3.28.  As Japan is one of the world's largest economies and an important trading and investment 
partner for most WTO Members, it is not surprising that Japan received a large number of questions 
for this review, around 7 80 questions from 30  WTO Members.  
3.29.  I already touched upon the measures to counteract Japan's demographic challenge, which 
have created interest from many WTO Members. In addition, Japan's policie s and plans to promote 
greater women's participation in the economy have also raised interest. While the gender wage gap 
in Japan has been narrowing over the years, it still remains large compared to other advanced  
economies. Japan could offer some insight s on the most recent measures, and also indicate whether 
and when it intends to ratify the ILO Convention No.  111 on Discrimination in Respect of Employment 
and Occupation.  
3.30.  With national security in economic and trade policies gathering more relevance, Mem bers are 
showing considerable interest in Japan's Economic Security Promotion Act. Questions have been 
asked about the process and criteria by which Japan determines what is a "key product", "essential WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  infrastructure service", and "advanced critical techno logy" and which types of enterprises are eligible 
for the subsidies.  
3.31.  In the WTO context, Japan has stated its commitment to finding a long -lasting solution to the 
WTO Dispute Settlement System, in cluding matters concerning the Appellate Body. While the wor k 
on restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System continues, some Members have asked 
whether Japan is considering joining the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration (MPIA) arrangement 
that provides a temporary framework for resolving trade dispu tes in the WTO.  
3.32.  Japan's bilateral and regional economic partnership agreements is another area of interest to 
Members. The Reports make only brief references, for example, to the trade agreement  between 
the United  States and Japan which I referred to earl ier. Members are interested to learn more about 
this agreement as well as the plans ahead for Japan's regional and bilateral trade agenda.  
3.33.  While it is acknowledged and appreciated that Japan's FDI framework  continues to be liberal, 
with only few sectoral restrictions, a screening requirement for foreign investment remains in place 
with the screening threshold lowered from 10% in company shares to 1% in 2020. A number of 
Members have raised questions about Japan's screening requirements for FDI, measures to  attract 
FDI and FDI restrictions in some (services) sectors.  
3.34.  In trade and environmental issues,  the areas of interest include whether Japan has any plan 
to establish its own Emission Trading System (ETS) and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.  
3.35.  However, some issues seem to carry over from the last TPR in 2020. For example, there is a 
continuing interest and concern in Japan's sanitary and phytosanitary  (SPS) measures.  
3.36.  In the same vein, Japan's agricultural sector  remains an area of interest. The enforcem ent 
and implications of the new agricultural self -sufficiency and food security targets by 2030 give rise 
to a number of questions from Members.  
3.37.  Japan being also an important fishing  nation, Members are seeking an update from Japan on 
its progress towards  depositing its instrument of acceptance of the WTO  Agreement  on Fisheries 
Subsidies – phase one. There is also interest to learn more about the steps taken against IUU fishing 
that Japan has stated it will discourage. Similarly to the agriculture sector, there is increased interest 
about the impact of a set of self -sufficiency targets by 2032 on the import and export of seafood 
products into  and out of Japan.  
3.38.  Members have also been keen in learning more about the effectiveness of Japan's IPR 
protection fr amework and enforcement measures as well participation of foreign companies in the 
public procurement market.   
3.39.  The areas highlighted above were just some of the many areas in which WTO Members have 
manifested a clear interest during this transparency exercise. I am confident that Japan, in the 
replies that it has already provided and further clarifications during th is meeting, will be able to 
address these and other issues relating to its trade policies and practices.  
Concluding Remarks  
3.40.  According to the Secretariat Report and projections by the IMF, the recovery of Japan's 
economy is expected to continue in 2022 and  2023. With very limited room for fiscal and monetary 
policies to support sustainable growth, structural policies become ever more important for Japan. 
Trade policy needs to be re -considered in this context. In this regard, caution is needed against the 
temptation of using trade restrictive measures to cushion structural reforms.  
3.41.  Uncertainty around the pandemic and the war in Ukraine pose significant downside risks to 
the Japanese economy.  
3.42.  However, I remain optimistic that with its policies geared at innov ation, digitalization, 
environmental sustainability, as well as improved productivity and human -capital investment, and 
preserving openness in international trade, Japan will be able to tackle these challenges successfully.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  3.43.  With its strong reliance on global value chains and free and open trade, Japan needs to 
continue to play an active role in reforming the WTO and show a stronger leadership in defending 
the multilateral trading system.  
3.44.  I hope that we will have a constructive and useful exc hange over the next few days in order 
to improve our understanding of Japan's policies and practices and their future direction. I wish 
Japan a very successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
SINGAPORE  
4.1.  The Singapore delegation warmly wel comes Mr Akihiro  Okochi , Ambassador in charge of 
Economic diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and the Japanese delegation. We would like 
to express our appreciation to Japan for the comprehensive Government Report and statement. We 
also thank the  Chair, Ambassador Atahliah  Molokomme, the discussant, Ambassador João Aguiar 
Machado (EU), and the Secretariat, for their thoughtful and insightful Reports. Allow me to make 
three points.  
4.2.  First, as the world 's fourth  largest trading nation, Japan continu es to play an extremely 
important role in the global economy. For over 50  years, Japan has consistently been ranked among 
the top  five countries in terms of global manufacturing output. According to the Secretariat 's Report, 
manufactured products accounted for about 85.6% of Japan 's total merchandise exports in 2021, 
which underlines Japan 's importance as a key node in global trade and a major manufacturing centre. 
Additionally, Japan remains a world leader in innovation and technology, having prod uced inventions 
ranging from the rice -cooker to the QR code, from selfie sticks to emojis.  
4.3.  In this context, as G7 Chair this year, Japan has the unique opportunity to leverage multilateral 
cooperation to steer the global agenda to focus on pressing issues  such as post -pandemic recovery 
and climate change mitigation. Domestically, we commend Japan 's goal to achieve net zero 
greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and its proposal on Data Free Flow with Trust, which makes an 
important contribution to shaping the d iscourse on digital transformation.  
4.4.  Second, Singapore and Japan share long -standing , multi -faceted, and robust bilateral political 
and economic relations. The 2002 Agreement between Japan and Singapore for a New -Age Economic 
Partnership Agreement (JSEPA) marked Japan 's first -ever free trade agreement, and continues to 
anchor our bilateral economic relationship. Apart from covering traditional goods and 
services -related issues, the JSEPA  also covers cooperation in key growth areas such as info -comm 
technolo gy; science and technology ; tourism ; and human resource development. In addition, the 
JSEPA  has a standalone chapter on small and medium enterprises, which is the first of its kind, and 
reflects the importance that both countries attach to MSMEs. Since its  entry into force, bilateral trade 
has increased by over 100% to reach US D 48.9 billion in 2022, and Japan and Singapore were each 
other 's fourth  largest source of foreign direct investment. In the face of rapidly evolving global and 
technological changes,  Singapore looks forward to working closely with Japan to conduct a 
substantive review of the JSEPA .  
4.5.  Singapore and Japan are committed to continually identify new areas of cooperation. Just two 
weeks ago, the first Japan -Singapore Economic Dialogue brough t together public and private sector 
representatives to exchange views on how to enhance bilateral economic cooperation in emerging 
areas such as start -up ecosystems, enhancing supply chains, and the digital economy. Japan and 
Singapore are also partners i n several plurilateral agreements, including the ASEAN -Japan FTA, the 
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which benefit ed 
from the leadership of the late P rime Minister  Shinzō  Abe, and the Regional Comprehensive 
Economic Partnership (RCEP). These agreements serve as important building blocks to strengthen 
the rules -based multilateral trading system. As highlighted in Japan 's Government Report, such 
agreements "will enhance the transparency of the respective member country 's economic policy and 
reinforce the competitiveness of its industries, which will bring about positive impacts on the 
multilateral trade negotiations ". 
4.6.  Third, Singapore and Japan are like -minded partners, and strong supporters of the WTO. 
Together with Australia, Japan , and Singapore are co -convenors of the Joint Statement Initiative 
(JSI) on E -Commerce, and we are fully committed to working hand -in-hand to advance the 
negotiations to formulate meaningful global rules to govern E -Commerce. In additi on, we commend 
Japan 's long -standing contributions to provide capacity building and technical assistance, to support 
developing and LDC Members ' efforts to achieve their development objectives and better integrate 
into the global economy. This is exemplified by Japan leading the way to contribute to the WTO 
Fisheries Funding Mechanism, which provides assistance to help developing and LDC Members w ith 
the implementation of the landmark Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. As a staunch "friend of the 
system ", it is timely for Japan to join the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA), WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  which will be fully aligned with the goal of the vas t majority of WTO Members to restore a fully and 
well-functioning dispute settlement system.  
4.7.  In closing, I would like to acknowledge the active and constructive role that 
Ambassador  Yamazaki has played in the WTO, as well as the valuable contributions of his capable 
team at the Japanese Mission in Geneva. We wish Japan a very successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
CHINA  
4.8.  Let me first warmly w elcome Mr  Akihiro  Okochi , Deputy Assistant Minister and Ambassador in 
charge of Economic Diplomacy at the Ministry of F oreing Affairs ; Ambassador Mr Kazuyuki  Yamazaki , 
permanent Representative of Japan to the WTO; and the delegation of Japan to this TPR. I would 
like to thank the Government of Japan and the Secretariat of the WTO for their preparation of this 
TPR and the d iscussant Ambassador Mr João Aguiar Machado  for his insightful comment.  
4.9.  Japan is China's close neighbour. We are deeply connected culturally and economically. As two 
major economies in the Asia -Pacific region, we both have made important contributions to t he 
growth, prosperity, and stability of the region through bilateral, regional, and multilateral 
cooperation. For the past decades, our bilateral trade and investment have been well integrated. 
China has been Japan's largest trading partner since 2007. Jap an is China's third largest trading 
partner, second export destination and second source of import in 2022.  
4.10.  China and Japan are both staunch supporters to the multilateral trading system and value the 
core principles of the WTO. In this regard, China comme nds Japan's comprehensive engagement in 
MC12 negotiations, its constructive contribution to JSIs discussions such as e -commerce and 
investment facilitation, and its sustained development efforts at the WTO. Notably, Japan is the first 
donor to the Fisherie s Funding Mechanism, helping developing and least -developed countries to 
implement the Agreement of Fisheries Subsidies.  
4.11.  However, we notice that some trade and trade -related policies adopted by Japan recently 
seem to run counter to what it safeguards at th e WTO. Therefore, at today's meeting, I have to 
express our concerns over some of Japan's trade policies and measures.  
4.12.  First, Japan's restrictive measures on the ground of national security. On trade, Japan 
continues to expand its End -user List subject to export control during this review period. It is 
regrettable to note that another 25  Chinese companies and even scientific research institutions were 
added in the End -user List for unfounded reasons. On investment, the Economic Security Promotion 
Act implem ented in August  2022 adopts a "preliminary review system" for foreign companies 
investing in specific sectors. Such measures are discriminatory and protective in nature. China calls 
for Japan to take a prudent attitude when taking measures in the name of n ational security. Any 
measures to adopt should be evidence -based rather than assumption.  
4.13.  Second, Japan's government intervention to regional and global supply chain. Since 2020, in 
order to have industries back home or to where the Japanese Government sele cted, a large number 
of government subsidies have been allocated as incentives. In the meantime, it becomes an active 
player in building "small yards and high fence" for high -tech industries and actively participates in 
seeking agreements to disrupt global  supply chain well established under the market principles by 
arbitrary government interventions. China would like to remind that such acts would never bring the 
world a more resilient supply chain. On the contrary, they are trade -distorting in nature and threaten 
the stability and predictability of regional and global supply chain. It runs counter to the WTO rules 
and the market economy basic principles as Japan always touts. It is a typical non -market practice. 
It eventually will bring harm to every stake holder including those in Japan.  
4.14.  Third, Japan's irresponsible action to the global environment. Japan's decision to release the 
Fukushima effluent into the ocean is a direct threat to every effort people make to protect the ocean, 
protect the earth. It is our great pity to see that Japan, a constructive participant in the trade 
environment discussions at the WTO and a strong advocate of sustainable development for fishery 
resources, would adopt such an action. China calls for Japan to take responsible actio ns in line with 
its commitment and obligations in the WTO and other international organizations.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.15.  As is shown in the Secretariat Report, Japan has adopted effective policies aiming at economic 
recovery from the pandemic and in the meantime addressing the st ructural problems of its economy. 
China expects Japan to continue playing its positive role in trade and economic cooperation regionally 
and globally. To this end, it is important for every Member to oppose trade protectionism and 
unilateralism, safeguardi ng open trade and enhance the multilateral trading system.  
4.16.  Finally, we thank Japan for providing replies to our advance questions. They are being studied 
carefully. I wish the TPR of Japan a full success and the Japanese delegations a good stay in Geneva.  
PHILIPPINES  
4.17.  The Philippines warmly welcomes and congratulates the delegation of Japan led by 
H.E. Mr Akihiro Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador 
in charge of Economic Diplomacy , as well as H .E. Mr Kazuyuki  Yamaza ki of the Permanent Mission 
of Japan on their 15th Trade Policy Review. We also thank Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado of the 
European  Union for his insightful comments as discussant, and the WTO Secretariat for its 
comprehensive Report.  
4.18.  We also associate wi th the ASEAN statement to be delivered by Indonesia noting the 
significant role that Japan plays in the region as its fourth  largest trading partner and third -largest 
source of FDI. We are also happy to celebrate the 50th anniversary of ASEAN -Japan relatio ns this 
year and affirm the sustained cooperation through the "ASEAN -Japan Economic Co -creation Vision " 
focused on the four pillars of sustainability, innovation, connectivity , and human capital.  
4.19.  The Philippines enjoys long -standing  bilateral relations with Japan given our shared values 
and interests as well as increasing volume of people -to-people exchanges, and as an aside, I have 
recently read that there are now more than 460  Japanese restaurants registered in the Philippines, 
that is a threefold increase from 2012, so I can say the Philippines has converted into a Ramen 
nation.  
4.20.  A few weeks ago, President Marcos visited Japan to strengthen our partnership on several 
priority areas such as agriculture, renewable energy, digital tra nsformation, infrastructure, defence , 
and security.  
4.21.  Japan is our largest bilateral development partner and is providing critical support for the 
development of sustainable mass transportation and infrastructure in the country. We also signed 
our first bila teral trade agreement with Japan through the Philippines -Japan Economic Partnership 
Agreement, which entered into force in 2008.  
4.22.  Bilaterally, Japan is the Philippines ' second major trading partner in the world with total 
bilateral trade amounting to USD  23.5 billion in 2022 and our third largest foreign investor. Among 
the Philippine top exports to Japan are digital monolithic integrated circuits, ignition wiring sets, 
nickel intermediate products, bananas, and transport vessels.  
4.23.  As noted in both Reports b y the Secretariat and Japan, the outbreak of the COVID -19 
pandemic adversely affected the Japanese economy. However, Japan's economy has been 
recovering amid continued strong policy support since 2021. More specifically, to address its 
demographic crisis, Japan has undertaken various reforms to increase labour supply, productivity, 
and wages in recent years and we would encourage continued mode  4 liberalization for skilled 
workers. We have taken note of the people -centred nature of the Government 's Grand De sign and 
Action Plan for a New Form of Capitalism to transform Japan 's economy through investments in 
innovation, decarbonization , and the digital economy.  
4.24.  The Philippines further notes that since the last Trade Policy Review in 2020, Japan has ratified 
its Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with the United  Kingdom and the Regional 
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP). Japan is also negotiating six new economic 
partnership agreements (EPAs) adding to its current network of 19. It is  also participating in the 
negotiations in all the pillars of the Indo -Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).  
4.25.  Likewise, Japan is a firm supporter of the multilateral trading system and an active Member 
of the WTO, demonstrated by its strong engagement in emerg ing areas such as services domestic WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  regulation, investment facilitation for development, micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), 
environmental sustainability, plastics and last but not the least, its co -convenorship in the JSI on 
E-commerce. We also ap plaud Japan for becoming the first donor to contribute to the WTO Fisheries 
Funding Mechanism.  
4.26.  We note the significant developments in the economic policies of Japan, and we appreciate 
the opportunity to learn more about these policies through this Trade P olicy Review. Our delegation 
has submitted advance written questions and we thank the delegation of the Japan for its timely 
responses.  
4.27.  In closing, the Philippines looks forward to further enhancing the mutually beneficial economic 
relations with Japan in  the bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
THAILAND  
4.28.  Thailand would like to associate itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by 
Ambassador Dandy  Iswara of Indonesia.  
4.29.  We thank H.E. Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister and Ambassador in ch arge of 
Economic Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for his Report and Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado (European  Union) for his stimulating  analysis of Japan 's trade policies. I would 
also like to thank the Secretariat for the comprehensive Report. 
4.30.  Thailand and Japan have a long -standing and cordial relation, dating back more than  600 
years. The two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1887, or 135  years ago, with the 
establishment of the Declaration of Amity and Commerce between J apan and Siam, making Japan 
one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with Thailand and one of Thailand 's foremost 
economic partners.  
4.31.  Thailand and Japan have also developed strong cultural and educational links. Many Thai have 
studied in Japa n, myself included, and there is a significant community of Thai people living in Japan 
and vice  versa. Japanese language, culture, and cuisine are extremely popular in Thailand.  
4.32.  Japan has been providing development aid to Thailand for several decades, foc using on a wide 
range of areas, including infrastructure  development, education, healthcare, and environmental 
conservation, including Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Bangkok Mass Transit System 
(Red line), and Bangkok Mass Rapid Transit (Chaleom Ratch amongkon: Blue  line), to name but a 
few. 
4.33.  With respect to trade relations, Japan has been Thailand 's second largest trading partner for 
many years, with the total trade value approximately USD  60 billion per  year. Thailand exports a 
range of goods to Japan, including automobiles, electronic devices, machinery, and food products, 
while Japan exports machinery, chemicals, and electronic devices to Thailand. Conversely, Thailand 
is Japan 's sixth largest trading partner globally and first among ASEAN count ries. 
4.34.  Japan is also a major investor in Thailand. At the end of 2021, Japan 's FDI position in Thailand 
amounted to over USD  94 billion, comprising almost 6,000  Japanese companies, making Japan the 
largest foreign investor in Thailand, accounting for 32% (o ne-third) of total FDI position in Thailand. 
Japanese investment has been mainly focused on the automotive, electronics, and petrochemical 
sectors.  
4.35.  Thailand and Japan have collaborated at many levels in numerous fora, including the WTO.  
4.36.  At the WTO, Thailan d commends Japan for its active participation in upholding the rule s-based 
multilateral trading system, including the JSIs on e -commerce, investment facilitation for 
development, the establishment of a WTO informal working group for MSMEs, and services dom estic 
regulation. Japan is a party to the plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and a 
signatory to the Information Technology Agreement (ITA), and participated in the ITA expansion 
negotiations.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.37.  At regional level, Thailand and Japan are fo unding members of APEC and are original parties 
of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).  
4.38.  At a bilateral level, both countries have been involved in various trade agreements, notably 
the Japan -Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA ), which came into effect in 2007 and 
was Japan's first bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) with an Asian country. Under the Agreement, 
over 90% of Japan's imports from Thailand and over 80% of Thailand's imports from Japan were 
granted duty -free or prefe rential tariff treatment, where the utilization rate of Thai exports to Japan 
has reached more than 80%. This, together with the ASEAN -Japan Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (AJCEP) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has significantly  
boosted bilateral trade and encouraged greater investment between Thailand and Japan.  
4.39.  Before I conclude, it would be a remiss of me if I forgot to mention the long -standing concerns 
about Japan 's trade policies.  
4.40.  First of all, the tariff structure of Japa n continues to have a large number of non -ad valorem  
rates. Moreover, agriculture remains highly protected by tariff and non -tariff measures and 
supported by subsidies. Each year, Japan enacts new SPS  regulations covering large share of 
agricultural import s and Thailand 's vegetable and fruits continue to face strict SPS  requirements, 
which greatly restrict our agricultural exports to Japan.  
4.41.  We also request the Japanese Government to provide more information about the support 
programs for rice (e.g., rice p addy utilization program and rice overseas market expansion project).  
4.42.  Finally, corporate subsidies, mostly through Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) 
and state-development bank and agencies, continue to play an important role in Japan 's trade and 
industrial policies. Our preliminary study suggests that more than USD  1 billion worth of Thailand 's 
current exports to Japan are put at risk from Japan 's unfavourable trade measures implemented 
since January  2020.  
4.43.  In closing, Thailand is pleased to participate in the 15th TPR of Japan today. We would like to 
express our sincere thanks to Ambassador Kazuyuki Yamazaki and his team in Geneva for amicable 
and positive working environment between our two missions. We thank Japan for replying to  our 
questions and we wish Japan every success in its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
ISRAEL  
4.44.  Israel would like to thank you  Chair;  the discussant Ambassador H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado 
(European  Union) ; Japan ; and the Secretariat for the detailed Reports. Israe l also welcomes 
Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in 
charge of Economic Diplomacy, from Tokyo , as the head of the delegation.  
4.45.  Israel and Japan have had close ties that extend beyond economic and trade relations dating 
back to 1952, with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries. Since then, our 
relationship has only grown and evolved. Our ties run deep, including not only bilateral trade but 
also cultural and intellectual exc hanges and cooperation in science and technology — the last being 
an area in which both of our countries excel.  
4.46.  Japan is an important trade partner for Israel. Trade in goods between Israel and Japan 
amounted to USD 3.2 billion in 2021. Japan 's imports from  Israel are dominated by electrical 
equipment, chemical products, scientific and optical instruments, and general machinery ; while 
Israel 's imports from Japan are dominated by transportation machinery, general machinery, 
electrical equipment, and chemical products. Trade in services has seen a steady increase in recent 
years, standing in 2021 at around USD 180 million.  
4.47.  In terms of Japan 's economy since its last T rade Policy Review , there have been generally 
positive developments. However, we are paying clo se attention to the ratio of public debt to GDP, 
which stands at around 263%, making Japan the highest among developed countries. This, coupled 
with the challenges posed by an aging and declining population, is an area we are keen to learn 
more about, incl uding how Japan plans to address it.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.48.  Japan has been a keen advocate of international trade, which is reflected in its degree of 
openness and integration into the world economy and global value chains. Israel commends this 
ongoing commitment to internationa l trade.  
4.49.  At the WTO, Japan is a key driver of initiatives aiming to develop the MTS further. In this 
regard, Japan and Israel have had close dialogue and cooperation in areas such as the e -commerce 
joint statement initiative, where we both share some commo n interests and where Japan has been 
taking a leading role.  
4.50.  Similarly, in domestic regulation, we look forward to a successful implementation. In 
transparency, Japan and Israel are co -sponsors of a proposal aiming to improve transparency across 
the board at the WTO. We also recognize Japan 's active role across the WTO in a multitude of areas.  
4.51.  Israel submitted questions to Japan during this exercise, and we look forward to reviewing 
the replies in detail. The areas of interest for Israel include telecommuni cation and government 
procurement.  
4.52.  As we approach MC13, Israel looks forward to Japan 's contributions and constructive role 
across various ongoing initiatives towards a successful Ministerial.  
4.53.  Finally, Israel looks forward to continuing our close collabor ation with the Japanese delegation 
headed by Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki.  
4.54.  Israel wishes Japan a very successful T rade Policy Review . 
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.55.  Chair, thank you for leading this important scrutiny of one of the WTO 's biggest economies. 
In this new era of UK -EU cooperation let me thank Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado for setting up 
our discussion today. And let me also warmly welcome Japan 's delegation to their Trade Policy 
Review today, led by Deputy Assistant Minister  and Ambassador in charge of Eco nomic diplomacy , 
Mr Akihiro  Okochi . 
4.56.  Our nations enjoy deep historical ties going back centuries and Japan is now one of Britain 's 
closest partners in Asia. Indulge me a moment, as a lapsed historian, to take stock of the progress 
we have made together sinc e English seafarers established first trading stations at Hirado  Island in 
the 17th Century.  
4.57.  Today, Japan is a key partner with whom we share a vibrant bilateral trading relationship. 
Decades of partnership in automotive and electronics manufacturing , IT, energy, life sciences , and 
financial services have provided the foundations for a dramatic expansion of industrial ties. 
From 2012 to 2020, Japanese foreign direct investment in the UK almost tripled. In 2021, Nissan 
chose the great city of Sunderland as i ts flagship global EV  Hub, investing GBP 1 billion in EV 
manufacturing and a gigafactory. Japanese firms contribute to the UK 's leading position in offshore 
wind. A Marubeni consortium is developing one of the world 's largest floating offshore wind farms i n 
Scotland. From large tech to pharma to megabanks, there are now around a thousand Japanese 
companies operating in the UK.  
4.58.  This association is deep and wide -ranging, underpinned by our bilateral FTA, the 
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, which  came into force in 2021, further updating 
our collaborative and reciprocal relationship for the 21st century. The UK and Japan have also shown 
ambition in areas dear to the heart of the DG and vital to supporting trade like digital, on which we 
launched o ur digital partnership, in December  2022.  
4.59.  When our two Prime Ministers met in London on 11  January, Prime  Minister Sunak spoke of 
"an unbreakable bond that reaches halfway around the world ". And that 's why, recogni zing that our 
security is shared and indiv isible, they signed a landmark deal on military cooperation - the 
Reciprocal Access Agreement.  
4.60.  And we hope that our membership of CPTPP will further elevate the ties between the UK and 
its 11  Pacific partners, including Japan, to a new level. We are gratef ul to Japan for their support to WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  the UK in that process and anticipate that this will not only promote trade and investment between 
our two great nations, but also demonstrate our ongoing commitment to the Indo -Pacific region as 
a whole.  
4.61.  We commend Prime  Minister Kishida 's agenda of driving the transformation of Japan 's 
economy by digiti zation and investments in green technology and human capital. And we encourage 
Japan to match its high ambition with corresponding actions. As identified in our advance written 
questions, there are several strategic areas where we would like to collaborate more closely with 
Japan. Some of these are global issues, like decarboni zation and digitali zation, where all countries 
need to do more. But to reali ze ambitions  in this area, we must focus on ensuring that businesses 
can make the most of these opportunities, by tackling the practical challenges that they may face: 
streamlining bureaucratic processes is a key example of this. Across the piece, we hope the UK can 
provide valuable expertise and support, and we look forward to continuing to work with Japan on 
realizing these mutual opportunities.  
4.62.  We are glad to see that maintaining and strengthening the multilateral trading system is a 
main pillar of Japan 's trade pol icy. And I pay tribute to the wise guidance that Ambassador Yamazaki 
provides to his team in this House. Plurilateralism has brought much -needed energy and dynamism 
to the WTO. We are grateful for Japan 's cooperation in plurilateral initiatives, in particu lar as one of 
the co -convenors for the E -commerce JI, which will deliver modern global rules on digital trade that 
are fit for purpose in the 21st century and support the digital economy. This is a top priority for 
the UK and we look forward to working wit h Japan to conclude substantive negotiations in 2023. We 
also appreciate Japan 's efforts to launch certification requests for the Services Domestic Regulation 
JI in December  2022.  
4.63.  We wholeheartedly agree with Minister  Nishimura 's assessment , in his speech to the Centre 
for Strategic and International Studies , that we must never allow ourselves to fall into protectionism 
and using industrial subsidies to compete against one another. Our countries support a robust and 
effective multilateral trading system, cr ucial to the future functioning of the international order, and 
we must ensure industrial policies do not disrupt these important trade links. The UK will support 
Japan in holding high the banner of free trade.  
4.64.  We therefore welcome Japan 's focus under thei r G7 presidency on global economic recovery, 
strengthening economic security, and improving cooperation with the Global South. In the past year 
we have stood side by side with Japan and all G7 partners in supporting Ukraine against 
President  Putin's unprov oked aggression against Ukraine, and we will continue to stand together for 
Ukraine's freedom, for international law, and our rules based multilateral trading system.  
4.65.  We are pleased that the G7 Trade Track is now in its third year, an initiative pioneered under 
our own 2021 Presidency. We will support Japan to achieve practical outcomes particularly in the 
delivery of a comprehensive package on economic security that will help create a more resilient 
global trading system.  
4.66.  To conclude, as the annual cherry blossom viewing season approaches, we wish Japan a 
similarly serene Review and a florescence of success in their strategic trade programme, with the 
UK as a close partner.  
4.67.  And, in the spirit of a belated Trade Valentines, permit me to close with a short v erse of 
optimism in the best of Japanese tradition:  Trade friendship blossoms,  rooted in our shared values,  
garden of Progress.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.68.  Australia is pleased to participate in this 15th Trade Policy Review of Japan and  thanks Japan 
and the Secretariat for  their detailed and comprehensive Reports.  It goes without saying that 
Australia and Japan are neighbours, great friends, and great  partners in our region. But we are also 
neighbours, great friends , and great partners here at  the WTO. Our partnership at th e WTO is built 
upon the common deep reliance we have  on an open and predictable global trading environment. 
Together we share a strong  commitment to the rules -based multilateral trading system and 
the WTO.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.69.  Australia appreciates Japan 's commitment and close cooperation on WTO reform,  including 
on our shared priority on reform of the Dispute Settlement System. As  Ambassador  Okochi said: 
significant repair work is needed. You are an important  contributor to this work, but we would like 
to make a suggestio n of how Japan could  contribute even more strongly. We encourage Japan to 
join the Multi -Party Interim  Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) to fully protect and enforce rights 
and ensure the  binding resolution of disputes, while we continue to work toward s an enduring 
solution.  Australia welcomes Japan 's leadership in driving progress on the Joint Statement  
Initiatives. We commend Japan as our fellow co -convenor, together with Singapore, of the  JSI on 
e-commerce and active participation in the JSIs on serv ices domestic  regulation, investment 
facilitation for development and the informal working group on  micro, small, and medium -sized 
enterprises. We also commend Japan 's record of  notification compliance, and its demonstrated 
commitment to transparency as on e of the  key pillars of the WTO and the rules -based global trading 
system.  
4.70.  Australia is pleased to note Japan 's participation in the various trade and environment  
discussions underway at the WTO. We look forward to continuing to share our  experiences on 
achieving net -zero carbon emissions by 2050. We also look forward to  deepening our collaboration 
on sustainability issues at the WTO - including in the second  wave of fisheries subsidies negotiations. 
Australia would also like to congratulate Japan  on its re cent donation to the Fisheries Funding 
Mechanism.  
4.71.  Even great friends have differences. If there is one area where we think improvements can  
be made in Japan 's trade regime – it is on agriculture. We heard from Ambassador  Okochi  that 
important reforms have been undertaken to reduce tariffs, however we note that there  a still a 
number of very high tariff  peaks on agriculture goods. We encourage Japan to  continue to contribute 
more strongly in agriculture negotiations here at the WTO and  would wel come in particular Japan 's 
further support for reform of trade -distorting  domestic support entitlements. With over 
USD 800 billion in annual global support to  agriculture, 87 % of which distorts markets or harms the 
environment, addressing  distorting subsidies is critical for global food security, environment and 
climate objectives.  
4.72.  Japan is a crucial bilateral trading partner for Australia. The Japan -Australia Economic  
Partners hip Agreement (JAEPA) is the central pillar of this relationship and trade under  the 
agreement has increased 24 % since entry into force in 2015.  
4.73.  Our bilateral trade relationship is complemented by our close engagement at the regional  
level. We are both fou nding members of the Regional Comprehensive Economic  Partnership and the 
Comprehensive and Progressive Trans -Pacific Partnership. We will  continue to work closely with 
Japan on negotiations for the Indo -Pacific Economic  Framework for Prosperity to tackle 
contemporary trade issues, including with respect to  supply chains, digital trade, and the clean 
energy transition.  
4.74.  This close cooperation is underpinned by deepening engagement on strategic trade and  
economic issues. Australia looks forward to continuing t o collaborate closely with Japan  including in 
the WTO, APEC, OECD and G20 and we welcome Japan 's focus on economic  security as G7 host 
in 2023.  
4.75.  Australia recogni zes the economic challenges Japan continues to face from the COVID -19 
pandemic, including the i mpact of supply side constraints on exports, and the rising cost  of living. 
Australia commends Japan 's efforts on economic revitali zation, including Prime  Minister Kishida 's 
key economic policies, "new capitalism " and "digital garden state ", aimed at promo ting structural 
wage growth and investment. Australia encourages Japan  to continue pursuing economic reform and 
revitali zation.  
4.76.  Australia wishes Japan a successful and constructive Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  CHILE  
4.77.  Chile quisiera brindar un afectuoso saludo a la delegación de Japón, encabezada por el 
Sr. Akihiro Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y Embajador 
encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . Saludamos también 
a todos los miembr os de la Misión Permanente de Japón, y en especial al Embajador 
Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, con quien hemos trabajado el último tiempo buscando avanzar en objetivos 
comunes dentro de esta Organización. Asimismo, quisiéramos reconocer el notable trabajo realizado 
tanto por la Secretaría como por Japón en la elaboración de los respectivos informes y felicitamos 
al ponente, Embajador João Aguiar Machado de la Unión  Europea.  
4.78.  Permítame hacer un poco de historia para destacar que las relaciones comerciales entre Chile 
y Japón son de larga data, ya que se remontan al siglo  XIX. Antes de la era Meiji, un primer buque 
japonés llegó a puertos chilenos y, algunos años después, en 1897, nuestros países suscribieron el 
Tratado de Amistad de Comercio y Navegación, dando paso al es tablecimiento formal de relaciones 
bilaterales. El auge del comercio entre ambos países y su temprano interés por la otra ribera del 
Océano  Pacífico facilitaron el estrechamiento de relaciones comerciales entre Chile y Japón, siendo 
un vínculo que históric amente se ha caracterizado por su especial estabilidad y que ha demostrado 
ser fructífero, promoviendo conjuntamente una mayor integración a través del desarrollo de un 
diálogo político, cultural y comercial.  
4.79.  Una piedra angular de esta última esfera es el Acuerdo de Asociación Económica Estratégica 
Chile-Japón, que entró en vigor en 2007, abordando materias tales como comercio de bienes, 
medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, servicios e inversiones, entre otros. Cabe destacar que éste fue 
el primer acuerdo c omercial bilateral firmado por Japón con un país de América del Sur y en el caso 
de Chile, constituyó un paso significativo que permitió continuar con la estrategia de profundizar su 
inserción en Asia Pacífico. Este acuerdo, en efecto, ha permitido que Jap ón se sitúe actualmente 
como el cuarto socio comercial de Chile y uno de los mayores inversionistas en nuestro país. En este 
último ámbito es preciso destacar el importante rol del Comité Empresarial Chile -Japón (Chile -Japan 
Business Committee), instancia permanente para la cooperación privada, que tiene como objetivo 
contribuir al aumento de los negocios entre ambos países, mediante la difusión e implementación 
de los beneficios obtenidos en nuestros acuerdos comerciales, y cuya reunión en 2022 coincidió c on 
la conmemoración de los 125  años de relaciones de amistad. En nuestra fructífera relación bilateral 
podemos destacar también la suscripción del Acuerdo de Doble Tributación en 2016.  
4.80.  Esta sinergia se expresa en otros espacios donde Chile y Japón trabaja n colaborativamente: 
ambos son activos miembros de APEC donde aspiramos a una mayor integración económica regional, 
a través de la cooperación y el intercambio de buenas prácticas, creando un régimen de comercio e 
inversión libre y abierto; destacamos tamb ién nuestra membresía en la OCDE; nuestra participación 
en el CPTPP; y la cooperación en el marco de la Alianza del Pacífico, donde Japón es miembro 
observador desde 2013.  
4.81.  A nivel de la OMC, los intereses de Chile y Japón también concuerdan ampliamente, ap oyando 
un sistema multilateral fuerte basado en reglas transparentes y no discriminatorias que otorgue 
previsibilidad, pero que a su vez se adapte al escenario actual. De este modo coincidimos en diversas 
iniciativas como el Acuerdo sobre Facilitación de C omercio, Reglamentación Nacional en el ámbito 
de Servicios, Mipymes y Facilitación de Inversiones para el Desarrollo, donde agradecemos, en 
nuestra calidad de co -facilitador, la constructiva participación de Japón. Del mismo modo 
destacamos el liderazgo qu e Japón ha demostrado en el marco de la iniciativa sobre comercio 
electrónico.  
4.82.  El presente examen de política comercial ha dado cuenta del impacto de  la COVID -19 en la 
economía japonesa, a pesar de lo cual Japón ha mantenido su compromiso con la liberaliz ación del 
comercio en el marco del sistema multilateral centrado en la OMC, así como con un régimen no 
discriminatorio, abierto y basado en normas, cosa que valoramos.  
4.83.  Adicionalmente, Japón sigue siendo una de las principales fuentes mundiales de inversió n 
extranjera lo que, como señalamos, se expresa también en las cifras de inversión japonesa en 
nuestro país. Por otro lado, destacamos los esfuerzos de Japón por sostener un crecimiento 
sostenible e inclusivo, reflejado en sus planes para conseguir emision es netas de gases de efecto WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  invernadero igual a cero para 2050; así como el fomento de la participación de mujeres y personas 
mayores en su economía, para hacer frente a sus desafíos demográficos.  
4.84.  Finalmente, en el marco de este examen, Chile ha formulado preguntas relacionadas con su 
Programa Estratégico sobre Propiedad Intelectual para 2022, evolución de sus políticas sobre 
manufacturas, telecomunicaciones y rol de las pymes en el comercio. Agradecemos enormemente 
las respuestas a dichas consultas.  
4.85.  Desea mos a Japón un exitoso decimoquinto  examen de sus políticas comerciales.  
ICELAND  
4.86.  It is with the pleasure that Iceland welcome s the distinguished delegation of Japan to the ir 
Trade Policy Review , led by Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and 
Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy , H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi . We would also like to express 
appreciation to the WTO Secretariat  and Japan for the Reports prepared ; as well as to the  discuss ant, 
Ambassador Aguiar  Machado, for the excellent framing  of the issues for our discussions today . 
4.87.  Japan  is a highly developed country job  with strong market orientation and Iceland welcomes 
the active participation and strong commitment demonstrat ed by Japan to the smooth functioning 
of the multilateral trading system.  
4.88.  As stated in the TPR Report , Japan's economy during this review period has been negatively 
affected by the COVID -19 pandemic, as well as other factors that have been and still are ch allenging 
the global e conomy, most notably the Russia n Federation 's illegal war of aggression  on Ukraine .  
4.89.  Iceland welcomes the actions taken by Japan to counter the impact of those factors, noting 
that as is often the case, they may have a disproportionat ely adverse  impact on women.  At the 
MC12 in June last year, Ministers acknowledged for the first time the importance of addressing 
women's economic empowerment at the WTO , and by doing so, recognize d the positive benefits that 
it will have on our economies . This  is well known to  Japan and Iceland welcomes actions taken by 
Japan 's Government to reduce the gende r pay gap as  well as to increase women's participation  in 
the labour market.  
4.90.  As one of the co-chairs  of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender , Iceland welcomes 
the good cooperation of our countries in advancing gender equality. The sharing of  best practices 
related to policies and rule -making on advancing women's economic empowerment  is an important 
element of the work of the Informal Working G roup, and i n the spirit of supporting relevant data 
gathering in this field, Iceland has submitted in advance written questions on participation of women 
in the economy of Japan. We welcome the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best 
practi ces and the promotion of gender equality within trade.  
4.91.  Finally, Iceland once again appreciated Japan's f irm support to the multilateral trading system 
and its active engagement with the WTO . We wish the delegation of Japan every success for th eir 
Trade Policy Review.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.92.  Allow me to join others by extending a warm welcome to the Japanese delegation led by 
Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic 
Diplomacy , Mr Akihiro  Okochi. I would also  like to thank the Secretariat for its substantive and 
comprehensive contribution to this review as well as Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado of the 
European  Union for his insightful observations.  
4.93.  Switzerland and Japan share a long history of bilateral diplom atic and economic relations 
which started more than 150  years ago. More recently, Japan and Switzerland concluded landmark 
free trade and economic partnership agreement in 2009.  On a personal note, as the then Deputy 
Chief Negotiator of Switzerland, I keep  very fond memories of those negotiations.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.94.  Today, Japan is Switzerland 's second largest export market in Asia  and Switzerland is the 
sixth largest source of FDI in Japan.  These few f acts illustrate the importance  of the economic 
relation between our two countries.  
4.95.  As the third largest economy in the world, a member of the G7 and the G20, Japan is a key 
WTO Member. Indeed, Japan has always been a keen supporter of the multilateral trading system. 
Proof of this is Japan 's active and remarkable engagement in the deliberations in virtually all WTO 
bodies, as well as its participation in the plurilateral agreements ITA  I and II, the GPA, and the Joint 
Statement Initiatives on e-commerce, domestic regulation, investment  facilitation for development, 
trade and environmental sustainability , and MSMEs. On the latter, we appreciate Japan 's inclusion 
of a MSMEs chapter in its Government Report.  
4.96.  This commitment is exemplary, a source of inspiration for all of us and we would like to take 
this opportunity to commend Japan for its constructive contribution to a rule s-based multilateral 
trading system.  
4.97.  Switzerland and Japan share many interests across the whole spectrum of trade areas. This 
is reflected in a very close col laboration in a number of informal groups and coalitions including, the 
Friends of the System, the Ottawa Group and the G10. Our two countries also engage actively in the 
WTO reform process to improve the functioning of the Organization.  
4.98.  As we face unprec edented challenges affecting the environment, we appreciate Japan 's strong 
consideration of sustainab ility issues in the conduct of its economic policies and its efforts to combat 
climate change. We note its plan to achieve net  zero greenhouse gas emission s by 2050 and the 
goal of reducing emissions by 2030 to 46% from its 2013 levels.  
4.99.  I made it clear that Japan is a very important partner for Switzerland, at the WTO and beyond. 
We therefore pay particular attention to this review. Sharing similar positions  to those of Japan in 
the field of agriculture, we naturally read the related chapters with great interest and asked a number 
of questions in this subject. Likewise, we posed some questions on tariffs, rules of origin and a 
selected SPS measure on the impo rt of Swiss beef.  
4.100.   The point that probably retained our attention the most is the new Economic Security 
Promotion Act, adopted in May  2022, which notably provides for a framework for ensuring a stable 
supply of "key products" and "essential infrastructure s ervices ". The Report of the Secretariat 
mentions that implementing regulations are under preparation. We asked Japan to elaborate on the 
kind of measures that are envisaged by this new Act and which sectors are concerned.  
4.101.   We look forward to the opportunity  to engage on the few topics we raised and wish Japan a 
very fruitful T rade Policy Review .  
ARGENTINA  
4.102.   Quisiera sumarme a los Miembros que han dado la bienvenida a la delegación de Japón, 
presidida por el Sr.  Akihiro  Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto en la Ofici na de Asuntos Económicos y 
Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ; y 
extender nuestro reconocimiento a nuestras y nuestros colegas de la Misión Permanente de Japón 
en Ginebra por su excelente labor. Permíta me también agradecer al Embajador João  Aguiar  Machado 
de la Unión  Europea por su presentación.  
4.103.   Argentina y Japón tienen una relación bilateral estratégica en virtud de los valores 
compartidos de democracia, paz, derechos humanos y respeto por el derecho in ternacional. La 
relación bilateral se caracteriza por ser de estrecha amistad, que se extiende a lo largo de 125  años 
de relaciones diplomáticas.  
4.104.   Desde el último EPC de Japón los encuentros de alto nivel entre nuestras autoridades se han 
mantenido, destacá ndose la reciente visita que el Canciller  Hayashi realizó a nuestro país en enero, 
en el marco de la cual mantuvo reuniones con el Presidente de la nación, el Canciller y el Ministro 
de Economía.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.105.   También hemos avanzado en entendimientos sobre inversiones y  cooperación en materia de 
energías renovables, usos pacíficos de la energía nuclear y en los ámbitos espacial y satelital.  
4.106.   Con respecto al intercambio comercial bilateral, Argentina desea destacar la importante 
recuperación del comercio bilateral de bien es en 2021, que ascendió a USD  1.862  millones, 
resultando en el mayor valor de los últimos seis años y representando un incremento interanual de 
casi 79%. Los principales productos exportados por Argentina fueron manufacturas agrícolas, 
productos de la pes ca y minerales, mientras que las principales importaciones que realizamos desde 
Japón fueron manufacturas industriales.  
4.107.   Para expandir nuestro comercio bilateral estamos negociando la apertura del mercado de 
carne bovina de todo el país, así como el acceso para frutas frescas.  
4.108.   Actualmente, 60  empresas japonesas poseen inversiones en Argentina y se considera que 
existe un importante potencial para incrementarlas. Las inversiones japonesas en Argentina son 
particularmente significativas en el sector automotri z, en minería de litio, empresas prestadoras de 
servicios y de desarrollo de software. Consideramos particularmente relevantes las oportunidades 
de expansión de inversiones en minería (especialmente en litio, cobre y oro) y en energía (tanto en 
hidrocarbur os como en energías renovables).  
4.109.   La economía de  Japón se caracteriza por un elevado nivel de diversificación, de ingreso y de 
desarrollo. Recientemente, las tasas de crecimiento del PIB real han sido moderadas y la economía 
se ha visto afectada por dificultades derivadas de diversas cuestiones, tales como las dificultades 
económicas planteadas por la pandemia de l COVID -19. No obstante, observamos con beneplácito 
que después de dos años de contracción, en 2021 la economía volvió a crecer moderadamente . 
4.110.   En este marco, reconocemos los esfuerzos en pos de una economía neutral en emisión de 
gases de efecto invernadero para 2050; así como las reformas destinadas a aumentar los salarios 
de los trabajadores y las trabajadoras.  
4.111.   Argentina destaca especialmente el trabajo de Japón como co -coordinadores de la Iniciativa 
Conjunta sobre Comercio Electrónico y su activa participación en la negociación de facilitación de 
inversiones para el desarrollo. Destacamos la contribución de Japón al Fondo de Pesca, que permiti rá 
comenzar a proveer asistencia técnica de acuerdo al Acuerdo sobre  Subvenciones a la Pesca. 
Asimismo, agradecemos la información provista sobre las políticas públicas implementadas por 
Japón en pos de una mayor inclusión de la mujer en la estructura econ ómica y productiva del país 
y esperamos ver un activo involucramiento de Japón en el Grupo Informal sobre Comercio y Género.  
4.112.    En el marco de este examen de política comercial, las preguntas presentadas por Argentina 
apuntan a ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre las acciones que está desarrollando Japón para 
simplificar su estructura arancelaria, las condiciones bajo las que se implementan cambios en los 
tipos arancelarios y consolidación de aranceles; las medidas de política comercial y de inversiones 
para alcanzar la neutralidad de las emisiones de carbono para el año 2050, entre otras. Agradecemos 
las respuestas recibidas que serán analizadas detenidamente por nuestros y nuestras colegas en 
Buenos  Aires; y esperamos continúe el fluido diálogo bilateral ent re nuestras delegaciones.  
4.113.   Finalizando, y además de reiterar nuestro reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de 
intercambiar opiniones y consideraciones sobre las políticas y prácticas comerciales de Japón, 
resaltamos una vez más la importancia de este ej ercicio de transparencia en todos sus aspectos y 
deseamos a la delegación de Japón la exitosa conclusión de este ejercicio.  
SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU  
4.114.   On behalf of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinme n and Matsu, I would 
like to extend our warm welcome to the delegation of Japan led by Deputy Assistant Minister of the 
Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy , H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi. 
I would also like to thank the Secretari at for its comprehensive Report, and Ambassador 
João Aguiar  Machado  for his valuable observations and comments.  
4.115.   Japan's economy is the world 's third largest by nominal GDP, and is well recognized as of 
high development, diversification, and strong market orientation. Its economic performance has had WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  significant influence on the rest of the world. We are pleased to see that during the period under 
review (January  2022 to October  2022), Japan 's real GDP growth had rebounded to 1.7% in 2021 
from -4.6% in 2020 , which was heavily impact of COVID -19.  
4.116.   Japan 's economy faces considerable challenges posed by an ageing and declining 
populations. We face a similar situation. We commend Japan 's reforms to increase labour supply, 
productivity and wages over the recent y ear to offset the impact of ageing population on the labour 
market.  
4.117.   Japan 's merchandise trade had recovered strongly in 2021 and had exceeded pre -pandemic 
levels. This is a welcome sign since Japan is a major trading economy on a global scale and is our 
third largest trading partner. The total value of our bilateral trade had amounted to USD  88.22  billion 
in 2022, representing a 3.39% growth compared to 2021. With the recent lifting of cross -border 
travel restrictions and the continuous growth of bilateral merchandise trade, we expect our bilateral 
services trade will regain its momentum.  
4.118.   Our trade relations with Japan are close, multifaceted , and mutually complementary, in 
particular in the high -tech and ICT sectors. The semi -conductor industry and its supply chain are 
prime example of this mutually beneficial relationship. Japan supplies us with the crucial machines 
and materials for manufacturing most of the advanced IC chips. In return, Japan serves as one of 
the most important markets for semi -conduc tors and ICT products we produced. This partnership 
underscores the importance of our trade relations with Japan.  
4.119.   Japan has been one of our top sources of foreign direct investment (FDI). Our strong and 
cooperative trade and investment partnership with Ja pan has recently risen to an even closer and 
higher level, evidenced by the increasing two -way investment flows in the semi -conductor industry. 
In 2021, the Taiwan Semi -Conductor Manufacturing Corp. (TSMC) announced a joint investment 
project with Japanese  partners for a cutting -edge wafer manufacturing facility valued at 
USD 8.6 billion in Kumamoto Prefecture. This investment will create about 7,500  direct and indirect 
jobs. The total estimated economic benefits in 10  years after its entering into operatio n will amount 
to nearly USD  32 billion.  
4.120.   We appreciate the assistances and facilitating measures that the Japanese governments at 
every level granted to this joint investment project. This project is a good example showing that 
Members can work together by facilitating and promoting more trade an d investment to produce 
greater mutual economic welfare and make our supply chain more resilient and stable.  
4.121.   On the multilateral dimension, Japan has been on almost all the fronts for further liberalizing 
and opening trade and investment. We are pleased t o work closely with Japan, together with many 
other Members, in promoting Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) to ensure that the WTO is 
fit-for-purpose. We particularly appreciate Japan 's contribution in advancing the negotiations under 
JSI on E -Commerce. W e also recognize Japan 's active participation and contribution in other JSIs, 
including services domestic regulations, investment facilitation for development (IFD) and MSMEs, 
and look forward to further collaboration with Japan to bring about more concret e deliverables. We 
must also recognize Japan 's contribution to the Fisheries Funding Mechanism, which is the first 
contribution from WTO Members.  
4.122.   Based on our shared interests, we will continue our close cooperation on the ongoing 
multilateral negotiations , including agriculture, fishery subsidies and the issue on expansion of TRIPS 
decision. We also look forward to collaboration and joint efforts with Japan in WTO reform.  
4.123.   We wish Japan a successful T rade Policy Review and look forward to an even closer and  
mutually beneficial economic ties with Japan in the future.  
EUROPEAN UNION  
4.124.   On behalf of the European  Union, I would like to extend a very warm welcome to the 
Delegation of Japan, led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister. I would also like to th ank 
the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Japan for their comprehensive Reports, which form the 
basis for our discussion today. Let me thank the discussant, H.E.  Ambassador Aguiar  Machado, for 
the introduction to the main developments in Japan 's econom y and its trade with the rest of the WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  world since the country 's last Trade Policy Review. The EU appreciates the commitment of Japan to 
this important transparency exercise.  
4.125.   Japan is a close and strategic partner of the EU. This partnership is based on more  than 
trade – we have shared values and principles such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, 
good governance, the commitment to multilateralism, and open market economies. Japan and the 
EU maintain a close and constructive dialogue and cooperation in the United  Nations, the WTO, 
the OECD, the G20 and the G7, and for the latter we wish every success for the current Japanese 
chairmanship.  
4.126.   Under our bilateral Strategic Partnership Agreement, the EU and Japan are strengthening 
their relations across a w ide range of areas, from enhanced political cooperation to trade and 
investment, from development to the digital transformation, from climate action and energy to 
research and innovation, and from security cooperation to sustainable growth. The EU -Japan 
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) enhanced our strategic partnership further and set up an 
elaborate institutional structure for bilateral discussions on matters covered by the agreement, which 
allows for close coordination, exchange of information and jo int actions.  
4.127.   In 2021, Japan was the EU 's seven th export partner and the eighth import partner 
accounting for 2.9% of EU 's external trade. EU -Japan trade has now fully recovered from the 
COVID -19 crisis. FDI investment in both directions has also been signi ficant. The EU is Japan 's 
second most important investment destination.  
4.128.   The EU -Japan Digital Partnership advances cooperation on a wide range of digital issues to 
foster economic growth and achieve a sustainable society through an inclusive, sustainable, 
human -centric digital transformation based on our common values and we are looking forward to 
progress on our ongoing negotiations to complement the bilateral EPA with provisions on data flows 
and protection of personal data and privacy.  
4.129.   We appreciate Japan 's commitment and on -going efforts to facilitate trade flows and 
commend the new Japanese Customs Law that is expected to significantly limit the import of fake 
goods sent directly to consumers.  
4.130.   The EU, in its questions, has raised several issues, among other s on SPS measures, 
government procurement, and services.  
4.131.   As regards SPS, we welcome Japan 's commitment to ensure speedy, simplified and 
science -based import procedures, adherence to international standards, avoiding duplicative 
assessments of elements har monized at EU level, and we look forward to practical steps in this 
regard.  
4.132.   We invite Japan to further improve foreign companies ' opportunities to participate in 
government procurement for instance through abolishing non -regulatory barriers and by operati ng 
more transparent and accessible information channels.  
4.133.   We pointed out that there are unequal conditions of competition in the sector of express 
delivery companies for postal, courier , and express services. We invite Japan to redress these, in 
particular to make sure that domestic and international express delivery service companies are 
subject to the same customs clearance procedures and costs.  
4.134.   Recent years have seen the global trading system face new challenges, emergencies , and 
threats. In this context,  it is essential that the international community work to maintain and 
strengthen rules -based economic cooperation. The WTO - and its reform – must be at the centre of 
those efforts. The EU therefore highly appreciates Japan 's commitment to maintaining and  improving 
the multilateral trading system.  
4.135.   Restoring a fully functioning Dispute Settlement System remains one of the EU 's top reform 
priorities. In the meantime, we invite Japan to join the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration (MPIA) 
arrangement that provides a temporary framework for resolving WTO disputes.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.136.   Making progress on multilateral and plurilateral discussions are also essential pillars of WTO 
reform. The EU welcomes Japan 's participation in the successful outcome of the fisheries negotiations 
at MC12 and commitment to a result on the outstanding issues by MC13. The EU also welcomes, 
Japan 's contributions to various joint statement initiatives including on e -commerce, investment 
facilitation, the TESSD and the plastics dialogue. In addition, we would welcome Japan joining other 
initiatives such as on fossil fuel subsidy reform.  
4.137.   An important pillar of WTO reform is the reinvigoration of the deliberative function – on 
which the EU has recently circulated a submission - to address global challenges  with an impact on 
the trading system, including on state intervention in support of industrial sectors. The EU 
appreciates its ongoing close cooperation on issues related to the level playing field and on 
addressing non -market and other unfair trade pract ices and looks forward to Japan 's active 
participation in future WTO deliberations on these issues.  
4.138.   Finally, the EU commends Japan 's commitment and contribution to technical assistance 
under the aegis of the WTO and its recent donation to the fisheries tr ust fund.   
4.139.   The EU is grateful to Japan for having replied in a comprehensive manner to the advanced 
questions. I wish Japan a very successful Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.140.   On behalf of the United  States, I am pleased to participate in Japan 's fifteenth  Trade Poli cy 
Review. I would like to welcome the Japanese delegation, led by Deputy Assistant Minister and 
Ambassador Akihiro  Okochi. We thank the Japanese delegation for ongoing collaboration at the WTO, 
and appreciate Japan 's effort to respond to our written quest ions.  
4.141.   Japan is a vital strategic partner to the United  States, and a key nation in world trade. Within 
the WTO and other multilateral fora, the United  States highly values its close working relationship 
with the Government of Japan, and its cooperation on  many topics of mutual interest. One of our 
top trade priorities with Japan is advancing Indo -Pacific Economic Framework negotiations. We  have 
made great progress since launching the IPEF in May  2022, and thank Japan for the positive and 
constructive role that it plays in the IPEF negotiations. We further appreciate Japan 's ongoing support 
for creating a high -standard agreement that can create sustainable and inclusive economic growth 
throughout the region.  
4.142.   We are also working closely with Japan throughout  Japan 's G7 host year. Japan 's G7 
presidency has laid out two imperatives for our collective work. First, reaffirm the importance of a 
free and fair trading system as an integral part of the international order based on the rule of law. 
Second, mitigate th e strategic risks that have become evident through recent crises, as part of a 
robust discussion on economic security. We could not agree more with these priorities.   
4.143.   Finally, we welcome Japan 's strong support for the U.S. host year of APEC and our theme of 
"Creating a Resilient and Sustainable Future for All ". We look forward to welcoming Japan, and all 
APEC economies, to Detroit in May for the APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade meeting where  we 
will engage on ways APEC can advance sustainable and inclusive trade.  
4.144.   Bilaterally, we welcome Japan 's engagement with us in the U.S. -Japan Partnership on Trade, 
which was launched in 2021. Through our Partnership, we  have coordinated efforts to respond  to 
third-country digital regulations of concern, exchanged information on the non -market and 
trade-distorting practices of third countries, and engaged in concrete action to eradicate forced 
labour in global supply chains, including through the launch of our U.S. -Japan Task Force on the 
Promotion of Human Rights and International Labour Standards in Supply Chains. Importantly, we 
have also used our Partnership on Trade to raise remaining trade barriers of concern.  
4.145.   Japan is one of the United  States ' closes t multilateral partners, yet in the context of this 
TPR, it is important to acknowledge significant trade barriers, particularly non -tariff barriers, that 
limit the ability of U.S. industry to access Japan 's market. And as allies, it is important to be abl e to 
speak honestly with one another about these issues, and work towards making real progress towards 
resolving them.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.146.   As a result, the United  States continues to look to Japan to take new, bold steps to increase 
transparency, reduce unnecessary regulation, abide by international standards, and remove other 
barriers to trade. I want to highlight a few specific examples: First, we remain concerned about lack 
of access to Japan 's automotive market for U.S. exports due to an array of non -tariff barriers. These 
include non -acceptance of U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety standards, spectrum assignments that 
do not follow global standards and prevent U.S. technology from functioning in Japan, and subsidy 
schemes that provide disproportionate benefits to Japanese manufacturers. Second, a number of 
market access barriers remain for U.S. agricultural products. For example, imports of certain key 
agricultural products are carried out by state trading enterprises, such as with Japan 's highly 
regula ted and non -transparent importation and distribution system for rice and dairy products, which 
distorts both consumption and imports.  
4.147.   Finally, in the area of transparency, U.S. companies across a range of sectors continue to 
cite concerns about the extensi ve role advisory councils and other government -commissioned groups 
enjoy in the development of regulations and policies in Japan, as well as inadequate implementation 
of public comment procedures and other methods of stakeholder consultation. In particular , there 
have been several recent examples where public comment opportunities for new regulations or 
policies were non -existent or unnecessarily short, and where new policies were directly financially 
beneficial to specific advisory council members who reco mmended them. These practices are not 
aligned with our close work with Japan on the promotion of good regulatory practices in multilateral 
settings.  
4.148.   Notwithstanding the particular concerns we have raised, the United  States acknowledges 
and welcomes effort s and concrete measures by Japan to facilitate further market opening through 
domestic reforms and through further bilateral negotiations. The United  States looks forward to 
continued close partnership with the Government of Japan in working towards our sh ared goals.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.149.   Quisiera unirme a los saludos de bienvenida a la delegación de Japón, y a los 
agradecimientos al ponente y a la Secretaría por sus informes.  
4.150.   Costa  Rica desea resaltar la contribución de Japón a la OMC.  Japón es un Miembro 
comprometid o con el sistema multilateral de comercio y la OMC , y participa activamente en las 
discusiones sobre la reforma de la Organización y en las negociaciones en curso.  
4.151.   Compartimos con Japón la importancia de avanzar en la agenda comercial multilateral para 
abordar los desafíos actuales del comercio internacional. En particular, Costa  Rica desea destacar y 
agradecer el liderazgo de Japón como coorganizador de la iniciativa conjunta sobre comercio 
electrónico y compartimos su interés en concluir estas negociacio nes este año. De igual forma, nos 
complace su participación y compromiso con el resultado de las negociaciones sobre reglamentación 
nacional en el ámbito de los servicios y con las negociaciones en curso sobre facilitación de las 
inversiones para el desarr ollo. Costa  Rica también agradece su contribución a los debates 
estructurados sobre comercio y sostenibilidad ambiental.  
4.152.   Japón es la tercera economía mundial, y es, además, un referente global de excelencia en 
la región Asia -Pacífico y un socio estratégico  para Costa  Rica. Japón es el segundo destino de 
nuestras exportaciones en Asia y también el segundo país de origen de nuestras importaciones de 
esta región. Las exportaciones costarricenses de bienes a Japón crecieron en promedio por año 
un 28% entre 2012 y 2021, mientras que las importaciones de bienes desde Japón, a su vez, 
crecieron un 24,5% en el último año, lo que demuestra la alta complementariedad de nuestras 
economías. La relación bilateral entre Japón y Costa  Rica también ha sido muy fructífer a en términos 
de inversión extranjera directa, pero aún existe un considerable potencial en este campo. 
Compartimos el interés en buscar formas de diversificar los flujos comerciales y de inversión entre 
nuestras economías.  
4.153.   Quisiera resaltar algunas áreas  que llamaron nuestra atención en la evolución reciente de la 
política comercial y sus perspectivas económicas:  
4.154.   En primer lugar, el informe de la Secretaría señala una estructura arancelaria compleja, con 
aranceles ad-valorem , específicos y compuestos y ot ros tipos de derechos. Los tipos arancelarios WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  más altos están concentrados en productos agrícolas, para los que el promedio NMF aplicado es 
del 18% frente al 3,4% para productos no agropecuarios. Nos interesaría saber más sobre las 
implicaciones de esta co mplejidad y escalonamiento en la competitividad de los sectores más 
protegidos, en particular el agrícola y sus efectos en el consumidor.  
4.155.   Con relación a sus perspectivas económicas, el informe de la Secretaría destaca que la 
economía japonesa continúa su r ecuperación este año, pero persisten amenazas como, por ejemplo, 
los efectos de la guerra en Ucrania, las perturbaciones de la cadena de suministro global, el aumento 
de precios de los productos básicos y la sostenibilidad de la deuda. El comercio internac ional y en 
particular las exportaciones han jugado un papel fundamental en la recuperación de su economía y 
el comercio exterior sigue siendo uno de los motores de la tercera economía mundial; el combinado 
de las exportaciones e importaciones de mercancías  superó el 30% del PIB en 2021.  
4.156.   La recuperación económica de Japón se ha visto beneficiada por políticas y reformas en tres 
áreas: en primer lugar, la estabilización de la mano de obra mediante el fomento de la participación 
de las mujeres y las personas m ayores, lo que ha aumentado el empleo y compensado la repercusión 
del envejecimiento poblacional. En segundo lugar, una mayor integración de Japón en la economía 
mundial mediante acuerdos comerciales (Japón es parte de 19  acuerdos de asociación económica).  
Y, en tercer lugar, mejoras del clima empresarial gracias a una gobernanza empresarial más eficaz, 
mayor flexibilidad y movilidad laborales y políticas destinadas a apoyar las mypimes. Nos interesaría 
saber la evaluación que hace Japón de estas políticas y cómo piensa que podrán seguir contribuyendo 
a su crecimiento económico.  
4.157.   En los informes también se señala que entre otras políticas más amplias para aumentar el 
crecimiento económico figuran la promoción de la transformación digital y la inversión ecológ ica, el 
apoyo a las empresas emergentes, la reactivación regional mediante la digitalización y la mejora de 
la seguridad económica. A este respecto, Costa  Rica seguirá con gran interés l as acciones de Japón 
en temas de transformación digital y de inversión  ecológica.  
4.158.   En el contexto de este examen, Costa  Rica presentó varias preguntas a Japón. Agradecemos 
su atención y examinaremos con detalle sus respuestas.  Finalmente, quisiera desear a Japón un 
exitoso examen de su política comercial.  
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARA BIA 
4.159.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia is very pleased to take part in the fifteenth  Trade Policy Review 
of Japan and would like to extend a very warm welcome to its distinguished delegation headed by 
H.E. Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Ambassador and Deputy Assistant Minist er of the Economic Affairs Bureau.  
4.160.   We thank Japan and the WTO Secretariat for their detailed and comprehensive Trade Policy 
Review Reports. We also thank the discussant H.E.  Mr João Aguiar  Machado, Ambassador and 
Permanent Representative of the European  Union to the WTO for his insightful comments.  
4.161.   During the period 2020 to 2022, Japan's economic policies were guided by structural reforms 
based on diversification, strong market orientation and accurate development purposes. Japan's real 
GDP growth rates re mained moderate in most years, and it stood at 1.7% in 2021.  
4.162.   In 2020 and 2021, Japan adopted several large supplementary budgets in relation to 
COVID -19 pandemic, and the Government of Japan took a number of actions linked to competition 
policy. In 2020, f or example, the Government announced that necessary and temporary coordination 
between competitors to ensure supply and distribution of related goods and services would not 
violate the Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Tr ade (AMA). Also, 
we would like to highlight the new Act for the Promotion of Ensuring National Security, adopted in 
May 2022, which is the framework of stable supply of key products, essential infrastructure services 
and advanced critical technologies.  
4.163.   With regard to foreign investment, Japan is one of the major global sources of foreign 
investment, and its investments abroad reached USD  2 trillion in 2021. In Japan, foreign investment 
is governed by the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (FEFTA) which was amended in 2020 
lowering the screening threshold from 10% in company shares to 1%.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.164.   Japan is an active member of the WTO, and it places high priority on the reinforcement of 
the multilateral trading system. Simultaneously, through economic partnerships , Japan expanded 
trade and growth by having 19  FTAs with 23  trading partners. We also praise Japan for granting 
preferential tariff treatment to 131  developing economies under its GSP  scheme which was extended 
until 2031.  
4.165.   The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and Japan have a strong trade relationship supported by their 
shared membership in the G20. Trade exchange between the two countries exceeded SAR  125 billion 
in 2021  which ranks Japan as th e third trade partner of Saudi  Arabia. Furthermore, Japan is the 
second largest importer from Saudi  Arabia and the sixth largest exporter to Saudi  Arabia. Mineral 
products are the major commodities imported by Japan from Saudi  Arabia exceeding SAR  99 billion 
in 2021. Vehicles and parts, on the other hand, are the main commodities imported by Saudi  Arabia 
from Japan exceeding SAR  14 billion in the same year. Moreover, Saudi -Japanese Business Council 
remains very active in paving the way for closer economic c ooperation and generating valuable 
business opportunities between the two countries.  
4.166.   To conclude, I would like to express my thanks to H.E.  Mr Kazuyuki Yamazaki, Ambassador 
and Permanent Representative of Japan to the WTO, and his delegation for the excell ent cooperation 
between our two missions. I also congratulate Japan for its solid economic performance, and I wish 
the delegation of Japan a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
BRAZIL  
4.167.   Let me start by joining others in welcoming the Japanese delegation, he aded by Ambassador 
Akihiro  Okochi (Deputy Assistant Minister in charge of Economic Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign 
Affairs), and also Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, who leads Japan 's team based in Geneva. We 
thank Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado for his  insightful analysis and you, Chair, for your opening 
remarks.  
4.168.   I would also like to express Brazil 's sincere appreciation to the Japanese Government and 
the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive Reports.  
4.169.   Japan is a key partner for Brazil in many senses. Our bilateral relations have been enhanced 
to a "Global and Strategic Partnership" since 2014. First and foremost, our countries have deep 
human ties. We are home to the largest Japanese community abroad: over 2  million people in Brazil 
comprise the so cal led "Nikkei community". Japan, for its turn, accounts for the fifth largest Brazilian 
community abroad.  
4.170.   These human ties explain to a great extent the contribution of Japan to Brazil 's 
industrialization process since the 1960s, in particular in sectors suc h as autos, mining, steel, ship 
building , and electronics, among others. The stock of Japanese FDI in Brazil is currently around 
USD 23 billion, with more than 700 Japanese companies operating in our territory.  
4.171.   The Japanese cooperation has also been essential to the development of our agriculture. In 
the early 20th century, with the help of the Japanese traditional expertise, we were able to diversify 
the production of grains, employ new technologies to fertilize our crops and implement phytosanitary 
measures. In the 1970s, the Japanese cooperation on agriculture research in the Brazilian savannah 
contributed to Brazil 's soybean production and productivity, fundamental features of Brazil 's 
agri-business  today. We recognize and thank the key role of the  Nikkei community and Japan in 
converting Brazil into one of the biggest food producers in the world.  
4.172.   Our total trade with Japan amounted to USD 11.9 billion in 2022, growing 11.4% from 2021 
and getting back above pre -COVID -19 levels. Brazilian exports remain concentrated on commodities, 
such as corn, iron ore, poultry meat , and coffee. On the other hand, Japan exports mostly 
manufactured products to Brazil, such as auto parts, chemicals, machinery and equipment. Mostly, 
our imports from Japan ar e linked to the presence of Japanese multinational companies in the 
industrial sector.  
4.173.   As the third largest economy in the world, Japan underpins global economic and financial 
stability with its traditionally solid macro -economic policies. It is also a cri tical source of foreign 
investment to the world economy, as highlighted by the Secretariat 's Report.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.174.   However, we noticed that trade reforms have not advanced during the review period. The 
Secretariat shows that Japan 's MFN applied tariff structure remains very complex, with 272 tariff 
rates, 136 different ad valorem rates, 75 different specific rates, among other characteristics. There 
is also a very high level of protectionism in the agricultural sector, where non -tariff barriers are 
frequent and tariffs a re more than five times higher than in manufacturing, at 18% on average. 
Regarding domestic support to agriculture, there seems to be a growing tendency to recur to 
production subsidies, to volume or price -based agricultural special safeguards (SSGs) sever al times 
to out of quota imports and to SPS measures.  
4.175.   We believe that the stagnation in trade reforms is one of the reasons why our bilateral trade 
with Japan has been less dynamic, in relative terms, when compared to other Asian partners. Brazil 
would lik e to point out to some areas where we need to make progress, if we are to resume a more 
consistent pattern of growth in our bilateral trade.  
4.176.   We believe it is in Japan 's interest to diversify its sources of food supply to mitigate adverse 
effects of supply shocks and inflation. Brazil would like to see an improvement in its access to the 
Japanese agricultural market.  
4.177.   Some sanitary and phytosanitary practices implemented by Japan are more rigorous than 
international standards and not necessarily reasonable fr om a scientific perspective. For instance, 
the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes Brazil as "foot -and-mouth disease" 
free as a whole and "foot -and-mouth disease" free without vaccination in certain regions. We have 
long been waiting for  clearance for our beef and pork exports. The treatment we have been receiving 
from Japan is dissimilar than the one conceded to other trading partners that are exporting the same 
products to the Japanese market. We addressed this issue in our questions.  
4.178.   We hope we can improve market access to pork exports originating from the States of 
Paraná, Rondônia and Rio  Grande do Sul in Brazil, which have the same sanitary standards and 
status as Santa  Catarina, for which there is already some quota allocation for p ork exports. We urge 
Japan to speed up the process of evaluation of sanitary risks. In the same vein, we request that the 
Japanese Government take the necessary measures to conclude in a timely fashion the phytosanitary 
risk assessment for the import of fr esh fruits from Brazil.  
4.179.   Finally, taking into account the huge amount of Japan 's FDI stock in Brazil, it would be 
beneficial for trade and investment flows to implement measures that would facilitate visa 
requirements for our business communities.  
4.180.   Brazil a ppreciates Japan 's policy statement in the Government Report about the WTO. We 
commend Japan 's active engagement and participation in this Organization, in which we share many 
common goals, such as reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading syste m and finding a 
long-lasting solution to the Dispute Settlement System. In this light, we invite Japan to consider 
joining the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) as an alternative means to 
avoid "appeals in the void" while a definite  solution to settling disputes is pending.  
4.181.   We thank Japan for the written replies to our questions, on issues such as dispute settlement 
reform, SPS measures, agriculture, and competition policy, among other issues. They were 
forwarded to our capital for e xamination and follow -up. 
4.182.   Let me conclude, by wishing Japan a very successful and constructive Trade Policy Review.  
TÜRK İYE 
4.183.   We welcome the delegation of Japan headed by Mr  Akihiro Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister 
of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassa dor in charge of Economic Diplomacy . We thank the 
Secretariat and the Government of Japan for their Reports as well as discussant  Ambassador  
João Aguiar Machado for his invaluable remarks.  
4.184.   First of all, we thank Japan for its responses to our questions.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.185.   During the review period, the pandemic hit the Japanese economy hard, but robust 
government support and the reopening of the economy led to a partial recovery. Supported by 
macroeconomic policies, the growth is expected to strengthen.  
4.186.   As world 's third large st economy, we believe that Japan 's responses to structural challenges 
in the global economy is vital. We hope that progress in Japan in the post -pandemic era through 
innovation and reform in green and digital technologies will present a good example for a  further 
inclusive, resilient and climate -friendly trading environment.  
4.187.   In this context, we welcome Japan 's decarbonization policies with net -zero greenhouse gas 
target by 2050 and the goal of reducing emissions by 2030 to 46% from its 2013 levels.  
4.188.   In addition, we would like to hear more on Japan 's post -pandemic human resource 
development policies. Experiences shared by Japan in this context would be useful for a sustainable 
and resilient post -pandemic growth.  
4.189.   Furthermore, we commend Japan 's active part icipation in the work of the WTO. We are 
pleased to collaborate with Japan in several Joint Statement Initiatives.  
4.190.   Türkiye and Japan have a Strategic Partnership since 2013, thus we attach importance to 
further strengthening our ties in all fields.  Japan i s our third biggest trade partner in the Asia -Pacific 
region.  We hope to maintain our bilateral trade in a more balanced manner.  
4.191.   In this context, considering that Japan remains one of the major global sources of foreign 
investment, we would be pleased to s ee more direct investments from Japan.  
4.192.   We also look forward to the conclusion of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), on 
the basis of mutual interests of both countries.  
4.193.   In conclusion, we would like to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Kazuyuk i 
Yamazaki and his able team for the preparation for this review, as well as their contributions to WTO 
activities.  
4.194.   We wish Japan a successful Trade Policy Review.  
NORWAY  
4.195.   Norway would like to join others in welcoming the delegation from Japan to this revi ew and 
thank the Secretariat and Japan for their Reports. We would also like to thank Ambassador 
João Aguiar Machado  for his excellent remarks as discussant.  
4.196.   Let me start by saying that Japan is a very close partner for Norway, both bilaterally and in 
the WTO. Norway and Japan have a close and broad bilateral economic and trade relationship. Our 
economies are complementary and mutually reinforcing, and our industrial exchanges have steadily 
grown into sophisticated value chains that benefit both countries.  
4.197.   Norway and Japan also share a number of economic priority areas such as energy, maritime 
transport and seafood, and a common ambition to transform our economies and adapt our societies 
to a low -emission future in accordance with the Paris Agreement.  
4.198.   In the present geopolitical situation, diversifying trade, maintaining stable supply chains and 
keeping control of critical infrastructure have become more important. However, we should be very 
careful not to let protectionism and trade wars tea r down the system that has served our economies 
so well for so many years.  
4.199.   In this respect, Norway commends Japan 's staunch defence of the multilateral trading 
system. We also deeply appreciate the role Japan continues to play in bringing the multilateral 
trading system forward as well as its unwavering commitment to battle protectionism and managed 
trade.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.200.   I will concentrate my remarks on two sectors, but before I would like to say that we share 
the comments that many Members have made today not least our a ppreciation for Japan's 
engagement in the WTO,  and with that as well , I would like to join Singapore , Australia , 
the European  Union, and  Brazil who have also urged Japan's participation in the MPIA. 
4.201.   Norway and Japan are both key maritime nations supporting  open and non -discriminatory 
market conditions for international maritime transport.  
4.202.   Against this backdrop we appreciate the efforts and results achieved by Japan and other 
members on including commitments for maritime transport in various international a nd bilateral 
agreements. This should eventually pave the way for enhanced commitments for maritime transport 
and better reflections of market realities also in the WTO context. By doing so we can contribute to 
strengthen the systemic function and relevance  of the WTO as the platform for rules -based 
international trade.  
4.203.   Based on our shared interests, we look forward to continuing a close and constructive 
co-operation with Japan and other Members in the work for predictable and transparent rules and 
commitmen ts for maritime transport in the international trade architecture, including in the WTO.  
4.204.   Fish and seafood represent a key aspect in the trade relations between Norway and Japan. 
A wide range of Norwegian seafood is exported to Japan. Products like salmon, trout, mackerel , and 
capelin are particularly in demand and seafood from Norway represent an important part of the 
Japanese cuisine.  
4.205.   However, Norwegian seafood do not enjoy the same market access conditions as seafood 
from Chile, the United Kingdom,  or the European  Union countries, putting pressure on the prices 
consumers have to pay for seafood in times where inflation in food items is a concern to many.  
4.206.   Japanese companies are also present in the Norwegian seafood value chain. This 
underscores that Norwa y and Japan have a common interest in securing open markets, predictable 
rules, and resilient value chains for trade in seafood.  
4.207.   Norway welcomes Japan 's efforts in strengthening cooperation with like -minded countries 
and sees a potential for strengthening our bilateral relationship in this regard. With a heightened 
perception of risk associated with supply chain disruptions, Norway has stated its willingness to work 
with the Japanese Government to deve lop our bilateral trade and investment relations further 
through an Economic Partnership Agreement, to the mutual benefit of both countries.  
4.208.   Norway wishes Japan a successful Trade Policy Review.  
REPÚBLICA  DOMINICANA  
4.209.   En primer lugar, quisiera dar una muy co rdial bienvenida a la delegación de Japón 
encabezada por el Embajador Akihiro  Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos 
Económicos y Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones 
Exteriores . 
4.210.   La República  Dominica na se complace en formar parte de esta decimoquinta  revisión de las 
políticas comerciales de Japón. Asimismo, mi delegación quisiera felicitar al gobierno de Japón y a 
la Secretaría de la OMC por sus informes, así como al ponente, S.E.  João Aguiar  Machado,  
Representante de la Unión  Europea, por sus valiosos comentarios.  
4.211.   Sobre los informes presentados, nuestra delegación valora cuando se destaca que la 
economía de Japón se caracteriza por un elevado nivel de desarrollo, diversificación e ingreso, así 
como po r una sólida orientación al mercado.  
4.212.   Se constata también que , en el 2020, al igual que en la gran mayoría de países, la economía 
japonesa registró una rápida contracción como consecuencia de la pandemia de l COVID -19, siendo 
el consumo privado y la inversi ón empresarial, los factores más afectados.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.213.   Observamos cómo durante el período objeto de este examen, las políticas macroeconómicas 
de Japón siguieron estando orientadas por una dinámica política monetaria basada en la expansión 
cuantitativa, una política  fiscal flexible, y reformas estructurales.  
4.214.   Un tema a considerar que se señala en los informes, que ocurre en otros países muy 
desarrollados, lo constituye el envejecimiento de la población japonesa, lo cual también afecta su 
situación fiscal. La población  del Japón ascendía en el 2021 a 125 ,7 millones de habitantes. Su 
economía se enfrenta a los importantes desafíos que plantea el envejecimiento y la disminución de 
la población, donde el 28% de esta tiene más de 65 años.  
4.215.   Las relaciones de la República  Dominicana y Japón se fortalecen cada día. En el año 2021, 
con la asistencia del Presidente de la República, se celebró en nuestro país el 65  aniversario de la 
llegada del primer grupo de inmigrantes japoneses a la República  Dominicana, en el cual se 
destacar on los aportes y contribuciones de la población japonesa al desarrollo de nuestro país, en 
áreas como la agricultura, la pesca, el trasporte, la producción agropecuaria (especialmente en el 
arroz, frutas y vegetales), y en la creación de empresas independi entes. Actualmente más de 800 
descendientes de japoneses residen en República  Dominicana, sirviendo como puente para el 
fortalecimiento de las relaciones entre ambas naciones.  
4.216.   La República  Dominicana agradece y valora el reiterado esfuerzo del Gobierno del  Japón y 
de la Agencia Japonesa de Cooperación Internacional en cooperar con nuestro país, especialmente 
durante la situación de salud global ocasionada por la pandemia de l COVID -19. 
4.217.   Respecto a la relación económica entre ambos países, valoramos el reconocimiento realizado 
por la delegación japonesa durante nuestro reciente examen de políticas comerciales, en el sentido 
de que , el Acuerdo Comercial de la República  Dominicana  con Estados  Unidos y los países de 
Centroamérica (DR -CAFTA), es una platafor ma ideal para que las empresas japonesas que fabrican 
productos para el mercado norteamericano expandan sus operaciones globales. Igualmente, 
valoramos el reconocimiento de parte las empresas japonesas que operan en las Zonas Francas de 
la República  Domini cana, a los procedimientos de despacho de aduana que de manera rápida y 
adecuada, se realizan en nuestro país.  
4.218.   Al concluir, queremos aprovechar la ocasión para agradecer nuevamente a la delegación de 
Japón, y desearle un exitoso examen de su política come rcial. 
COLOMBIA  
4.219.   Mi delegación saluda al Sr. Okochi y a su delegación que viajó desde Tok io, al 
Embajador  Yamazaki, al Representante Permanente Adjunto Sr. Hikota  y a toda la Misión de Japón 
en Ginebra, y les desea el mejor de los éxitos en este examen de p olítica comercial. Agradecemos 
los informes del Gobierno y de la Secretar ía, así como las prontas respuestas a las preguntas que 
formulamos. Agradecemos también el informe del Embajador Aguiar  Machado y el trabajo de la 
Secretar ía, en la preparación de est e importante examen.  
4.220.   Colombia valora ampliamente su alianza histórica y de cooperación con Japón, que cubre 
aspectos tan diversos como el fortalecimiento de la democracia, la consolidación de la paz, la 
educación, y por supuesto, la promoción del comercio  bilateral.  
4.221.   Para este examen de política comercial, Colombia se alegra al constatar que la economía 
japonesa tiene un desempeño adecuado, y observa como un modelo varios de sus indicadores. Una 
economía japonesa sana, dado su enorme tamaño, es siempre una  buena noticia para los 
exportadores y productores de todo el mundo.  
4.222.   Son múltiples los aspectos positivos de la economía japonesa y de sus prácticas comerciales, 
tal como los reseñan los dos informes bajo estudio. Hoy queremos hacer tres comentarios en el  
marco de este examen . 
4.223.   En primer lugar, manifestar una preocupación. A pesar de que los dos informes son 
relativamente escuetos en materia de volúmenes de subsidios, tanto en relación con los impuestos 
directos e indirectos de las zonas especiales Hozei y sus zonas francas, como  en general a través de 
mecanismos directos y de intermediación financiera a través de bancos de desarrollo, notamos con WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  preocupación el crecimiento de los niveles de subvenciones en Japón en los últimos años según 
cifras disponibles en la OECD, el FMI y v arios análisis independientes . Más que aranceles, el Japón 
usa los subsidios para controlar el mercado interno. Estos cuantiosos incentivos afectan nuestra 
capacidad de competir y de desarrollar un sector agrícola y un sector industrial sostenible. En un 
mundo en el que las grandes economías elevan significativamente su apoyo doméstico, los países 
medianos y chicos tenemos siempre las de perder. Según nuestras estimaciones, el 90% de las 
medidas de subsidios del Japón desde su último periodo de examen, afec tan a la región 
latinoamericana, incluso por encima de otras regiones. En línea con lo anterior, nos inquieta que los 
números sobre el monto total de las subvenciones otorgadas por Japón es muy diverso en distintas 
fuentes de información, como por ejemplo la OCDE, el FMI y las notificaciones en la OMC, 
especialmente aquellas relativas a las otorgadas por sus bancos de desarrollo.  
4.224.   En segundo lugar, queremos agradecer desde ya a Japón por sus respuestas sobre un 
importante número de preguntas realizadas por C olombia, en temas muy variados como por 
ejemplo: la contratación pública ecológica, las estrategias adoptadas para la promoción de las 
exportaciones de productos agrícolas y forestales, los lineamientos de la Ley de Facilitación de las 
Exportaciones de Pro ductos Agrícolas de Japón de 2020, los cambios introducidos por las reformas 
políticas destinadas a las pequeñas y medianas empresas, el objeto y sentido de las "empresas 
emergentes universitarias ", la participación del Japón en distintas organizaciones y Arreglos de 
Ordenación Pesquera (RFMOs y RFMAs), y su balanza comercial y de nacionalidad en términos de 
regalías por el uso de la propiedad intelectual, en particular con Latinoamérica. Estas preguntas y 
sus respuestas son inquietudes y a la vez oportunidades para consolidar relaciones comerciales más 
estrechas.  
4.225.   En tercer lugar, queremos resaltar que el Japón ha sido tradicionalmente un motor de la 
economía mundial y también del sistema multilateral de comercio. Japón siempre ha tenido un 
destacado rol de liderazgo en esta Organización. A la luz de los retos y oportunidades que 
enfrentamos hoy en el sistema, en particular los desafíos del cambio climático y los obstáculos que 
afrontan los pilares de esta Organización, animamos a Japón a mant ener y redoblar sus esfuerzos 
para mejorar y fortalecer esta casa, así como para mantener la obligatoriedad de sus disciplinas.  
4.226.   Finalmente, consideramos que esta es una excelente oportunidad para invitar a Japón a 
unirse al procedimiento arbitral multipar tito de apelación provisional basado en el artículo  25 del 
ESD. Estamos convencidos de que la incorporación de Japón a esta iniciativa redundará en beneficio 
de todos los Miembros y fortalecerá nuestros esfuerzos conjuntos para abordar los desafíos de un 
Órgano de Solución de Diferencias operativo mientras se normaliza el Órgano de Apelación. 
Esperamos que Japón se una a nosotros en esta importante iniciativa que brinda acceso a la justicia.  
4.227.   Deseamos a la delegación de Japón un exitoso examen de políticas comerciales. Colombia 
está siempre abierta a fortalecer su relación comercial estratégica y desea reconocer los positivos 
vínculos de trabajo en múltiples temas entre las dos misiones en Ginebra.  
NEW ZEALAND  
4.228.   New Zealand welcomes this opportunity to partici pate in th e Trade Policy Review of Japan.  
We further wish to welcome Mr  Akihiro  Okochi and H.E. Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki delegation 
to Geneva. We thank both the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Japan for their extensive 
and detailed work in prepar ing this review, and the insightful remarks from the discussant.  
4.229.   New Zealand deeply values our strong economic partnership with Japan, which is supported 
by long -standing and complementary business relationships. Japan is our fourth -largest trading 
partner , an important source of high -quality investment, a key market for our exports – particularly 
high-value goods and services – and a crucial partner for our shared transformation to green 
economies.  
4.230.   Japan and New  Zealand also share many of the same values, including our strong 
commitment to free and open trade, multilateral cooperation, peace and security, international law, 
human rights , and the international rules -based order.  
4.231.   New Zealand and Japan enjoy close collaboration across a range of WTO work stre ams, 
including in relation to strengthening the rules -based system through the Ottawa  Group on WTO WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  reform. We look forward to continuing this close collaboration through the recently launched 
Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate.  
4.232.   There are many areas i n which Japan has demonstrated leadership at the WTO, including 
providing the Chair of Committees such as the Committee on Market Access. It is a co -chair of the 
JSI on e-commerce, and has been an active participant in as negotiations on services domestic 
regulation and investment facilitation for development, as well as workstreams on MSMEs and 
women 's economic empowerment. We congratulate Japan for the critical role it has played to 
advance these and other issues, and look forward to ongoing work together  on these issues. We 
also encourage it to consider participation in other initiatives such as the Ministerial Statement on 
Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform and the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA).  
4.233.   New Zealand commends Japan for moving forward with its acceptance of the Agreement on 
Fisheries Subsidies in the WTO. We urge Japan to ensure its fisheries subsidies do not contribute to 
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing or overfishing and overcapacity, and we look forward to 
the dep ositing of Japan 's instrument of acceptance.  
4.234.   Another important connection with Japan is our shared membership of the Comprehensive 
and Progressive Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (RCEP), which provide a framework for further liberali zation and diversification of trade. 
We value our strong working relationship with Japan within these important agreements to maintain 
their effectiveness, integrity , and high standards.  
4.235.   New Zealand has appreciated o ur on -going dialogue with Japan on CPTPP tariff -rate quota 
administration and looks forward to continuing to work constructively with Japan on the full 
utilization of market access opportunities under the agreement.  
4.236.   New Zealand has noted a plateau in Japa n's agricultural support, following 10 years of 
consistent reduction. We hope Japan will continue to gradually reduce its support to agriculture, 
while still providing government policies for sustainable agriculture and vibrant rural communities. 
We remain  interested in the reforms Japan plans to undertake in order to reduce trade -distorting 
forms of agricultural support.  
4.237.   Over many years, New  Zealand has sought to deepen collaboration with Japan 's agricultural 
sector. Since 2014, successive Prime  Ministers have reaffirmed our Partnership in Food and 
Agriculture, which sees us sharing technical knowledge and export systems to support Japan 's food 
system. We also hope that Japan will support ongoing efforts to secure strengthened WTO disciplines 
on WTO members ' domestic support to agriculture.  
4.238.   New Zealand also commends Japan for its ambitious commitment to reduce greenhouse gas 
emissions, including through efforts to develop renewable energy sources. We urge Japan to 
rationali ze its ongoing investment in coal -powered plants and coal burning technology, in line with 
its stated 2050 Carbon Net Zero goals.  
4.239.   Finally, New  Zealand applauds Japan 's continued progress towards a more resilient, 
dynamic, and inclusive economy as it recovers from the COVID -19 pandemic. We recogni ze Japan 's 
record of accomplishment as a leader within regional and global economic architecture, and warmly 
welcome its ongoing leadership in international trade and trade policy.  
4.240.   With those reflections, New  Zealand congratulates Japan on its Trad e Policy Review and we 
look forward to deepening our already strong, constructive trading relationship.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.241.   I would like to start by extending a warm welcome to the delegation of Japan led by 
Mr Akihiro Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister of the  Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in 
charge of Economic Diplomacy . I would also like to thank the discussant H.E.  Mr João 
Aguiar  Machado  of the European  Union for his insightful remarks, and the Secretariat for preparing 
the comprehensive Report.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.242.   Hong Kong,  China and Japan have been enjoying robust trade and economic relations. Japan 
is our sixth largest partner in merchandise trade. Despite the pandemic, our bilateral trade in goods 
recorded an encouraging year -on-year growth of 11.5% in 2021, with t rade value amounting to 
USD 50.1 billion.  
4.243.   Japan is also our fifth largest partner in services trade. In 2020, our bilateral trade in services 
amounted to US D 5.2 billion. With the lifting of COVID -19 travel restrictions in Hong  Kong, we look 
forward to more business and tourist travels between Hong  Kong and Japan, which would benefit 
the travel and transport services of both sides.  
4.244.   We have the following observations on Japan 's trade policy regime.  
4.245.   First, on trade facilitation, we appreciate Ja pan's active contributions in capacity building 
and experience sharing at the Committee on Trade Facilitation throughout the years, including its 
responses to the pandemic. We also welcome Japan 's efforts to further digitali ze and simplify its 
customs proc edures by introducing the Smart Customs Plan 2020 and amending its Customs Act 
in 2021.  
4.246.   Second, on tariff. We appreciate that Japan has bound 98% of its total tariff lines at a simple 
average rate of 6.4% and the percentage of duty -free tariff lines has sl ightly increased from 40.5% 
in 2019 to 40.9% in 2022. However, Japan 's rather complicated MFN applied tariff structure and 
application of non -ad valorem  rates in 7.3% of its tariff lines have reduced the predictability of its 
tariff regime. We would encour age Japan to consider converting the non -ad valorem  rates to 
ad valorem  ones.  
4.247.   Turning to agriculture, we note that Japan 's agricultural sector remains relatively protected: 
the average applied MFN rate for agricultural products was 18% in 2022, compared wi th 3.4% for 
non-agricultural products. We also note that Japan provided a range of support to the sector through 
border measures and domestic measures, with "amber box " measures making up 22% of Japan 's 
agriculture domestic support notified to the WTO. We would encourage Japan to further liberali ze 
trade in its agricultural sector.  
4.248.   Finally, on services. The services sector, which constitutes the backbone of Japan 's economy, 
was hard hit by the pandemic in 2020 before its recovery in 2021. As both Hong  Kong,  China and 
Japan are services -oriented economies, we look forward to working even closer with Japan in the 
multilateral context with a view to pursuing progressive liberali zation of trade in services.  
4.249.   Japan has been an active and constructive Member of the rules -based multilateral trading 
system. Hong  Kong,  China looks forward to continuing close working relationship with Japan on 
issues of mutual concern, and deepening our bilateral ties on all fronts.  I would like to thank Japan 
for their replies to our written questions and wish Japan a successful and fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
BRUNEI  DARUSSALAM  
4.250.   Brunei  Darussalam associates itself with the ASEAN statement to be delivered by Indonesia, 
and joins in warmly welcoming the delegation from Japan led by H .E. Ambassador Akihiro  Okochi , 
Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.  
4.251.   We thank the Government of Japan and the WTO Secretariat for their comp rehensive reports 
and H .E. Ambassador João Aguiar Machado of the European  Union for his role as the discussant.  
4.252.   Brunei  Darussalam and Japan established diplomatic relations on 2  April 1984, and we have 
a strong, long -standing, bilateral relationship with Japan that covers many areas of cooperation from 
trade and investment, energy, health, education , and people -to-people exchanges.  
4.253.   In 2021, Japan ranked second in terms of Brunei  Darussalam' s export partners, valued at 
BND 3.021  billion t hat mainly comprises of oil and gas products. Meanwhile our import from Japan 
consists of machineries, transport equipment , and metal products.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.254.   Moreover, we value the presence of Japanese companies in the country that has played an 
important role towards t he realization of Brunei  Darussalam's  economic diversification goal and at 
the same time, generated local employment.  
4.255.   In this connection, as our countries work to achieve a more sustainable growth post 
COVID -19, Brunei  Darussalam looks forward to further strengthen our bilateral cooperation across 
many sectors including through the review of the Brunei -Japan Economic Partnership Agreement 
(BJEPA).  
4.256.   Brunei  Darussalam and Japan are also closely linked through ASEAN. We have maintained 
robust economic coopera tion through the ASEAN -Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership 
(AJCEP) and most recently the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). We look 
forward to celebrating the "50th Year of ASEAN -Japan Friendship and Cooperation " and we welcome 
the st rengthening of ASEAN -Japan Economic Relationship as one of the outcomes of the 
ASEAN -Japan Commemorative Summit this December with a focus to enhance cooperation in supply 
chain resilience, digitalization, human resources development and connectivity, amon g others.  
4.257.   We commend Japan 's continued commitment to trade liberalization under the multilateral 
trading system centred on the WTO. Brunei  Darussalam also appreciates Japan 's active engagement 
in this Organization, including its role as co -convener of the  JSI on e-commerce which 
Brunei  Darussalam  is a party to. We also value our engagement with Japan in the various multilateral 
fora including APEC, CPTPP , and IPEF.  
4.258.   Brunei  Darussalam has submitted several questions in relations to the reports by Japan and 
the Secretariat and we thank them for their responses.  
4.259.   Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to wish Japan a successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
CANADA  
4.260.   I would like to warmly welcome the Japanese delegation to Geneva and thank them and 
their col leagues in Tokyo for their work on this T rade Policy Review . I would also like to thank 
Ambassador  Yamazaki  of Japan  and Ambassador Aguiar  Machado of the European  Union as well as 
the Secretariat for its support.  
4.261.   Japan is a vital bilateral, regional, and multilateral partner for Canada. At the heart of our 
strong relationship is a decades -long shared commitment to the rules -based trading system with 
the WTO at its core.  
4.262.   Our bilateral relationship has reached new heights following a 2019 agre ement between our 
two countries on a shared vision for a free and open Indo -Pacific region and to strengthen our 
strategic partnership. We look forward to both continuing to implement the Canada -Japan Six Shared 
Priorities and collaborating to advance shar ed economic security objectives.  
4.263.   In a regional context, our mutual commitment to free, fair, inclusive, and rules -based trade 
is well reflected in our joint effort to uphold the high standards of the CPTPP. We look forward to 
expanding the Agreement and en suring that it continues to serve as a model RTA that reflects 
21st century trading realities.  
4.264.   Within the WTO, this commitment is demonstrated by the leading role Japan plays in 
supporting the various different functions  of the Organization . We acknowledg e, appreciate, and 
applaud Japan 's active engagement in the work of the Ottawa Group, and its leadership as one of 
the co -conveners under the Joint Statement Initiative on e -commerce. We also recognize Japan 's 
contribution as the first donor to the new Fis heries Fund, which will support implementation of the 
WTO's new Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies across the Membership.  
4.265.   As any strong bilateral trade relationship, there are also some issues that we would like to 
draw the Japanese delegation 's attention to , namely: ensuring a level -playing field for imported 
forestry products and rationalizing foreign audit requirements for foreign competent authorities.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.266.   In its supplementary budget in December  2022, Japan enacted additional subsidies, totalling 
nearly USD 400 million, for its forest industry that could displace foreign forest products with 
Japanese products. This follows other recent measures that have deployed vast sums to support the 
consumption of domestic forest products in the name of easing disruptions  caused by the 
Russia n Federation' s invasion of Ukraine and the COVID -19 pandemic. We encourage Japanese 
forestry and trade officials to create a business environment that offers a level playing field for 
imported forestry products that are sustainably har vested. For its part, the Canadian forest sector 
is committed to continuing to act as a reliable, sustainable , and ethical supplier of the wood that is 
used to construct homes and buildings across Japan.  
4.267.   Regarding audits of foreign competent authorities fo r food safety and plant health, we 
respectfully request that Japan consider the frequency of its audits; we also question to what extent 
these requirements are based on current assessments of risks to human, animal, or plant health. 
Canada is proud to act as a leading supplier of compliant, safe , and healthy food and agricultural 
products for Japanese households, restaurants, and industry. Adopting audit frequency based on 
risk would reduce an unnecessary economic burden for both industry and consumers whil e 
continuing to ensure safety.  
4.268.   Turning to dispute settlement, we share Japan 's sense of urgency to address the current 
impasse at the Appellate Body. Canada and Japan remain steadfast in their efforts to work towards 
a multilateral and long -lasting solutio n in the form of a fully and well -functioning Dispute Settlement 
System accessible to all Members by 2024. In the meantime, the MPIA represents the best means 
to provide binding dispute settlement with access to appellate review in disputes between its 
participants. We strongly encourage Japan to join the MPIA. This would send an important signal of 
support for functioning dispute settlement.  
4.269.   Canada looks forward to continuing its close collaboration with Japan as a bilateral, regional, 
and multilateral pa rtner. We are grateful for Japan 's contribution to the rules -based international 
order over many decades. Japan 's current active engagement at the WTO is especially appreciated 
as we work to defend and strengthen the Organization and look ahead towards MC1 3.  
4.270.   We welcome Japan 's G7 Presidency this year and stand ready to work with Japan on its 
priorities, including the outcomes of the G7 Trade and Investment Track.  
4.271.   Finally, we appreciate this opportunity to exchange views with Japan on all aspects of its 
trade policy and wish the Japanese delegation the utmost success during this review process.  
UKRAINE  
4.272.   On behalf of Ukraine, I would like to warmly welcome the distinguished delegation of Japan 
led by H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi.  We would also like to express our a ppreciation to the Japanese 
Government and to the WTO Secretariat for their hard work while preparing to the 15th Trade Policy 
Review of Japan.  
4.273.   Ukraine welcomes the opportunity to participate in this event and to know more about main 
developments, achievements and challenges in Japan 's trade, economic and investment policies 
since the previous Review in 2020.  
4.274.   We commend Japan for quick recovering from the negative impact of the COVID -19 
pandemic with renewal of GDP growth rate trend by 1 .7% in 2021 and strong increase of trade 
volumes exceeding pre -pandemic levels after the fall in 2019 and 2020.  
4.275.   We underscore Japan 's strong market orientation and openness to international trade, 
particularly facing such multiple challenges as s upply chain disruptions and increasing protectionist 
movements, and we share the need of strengthening international cooperation with the goal to 
ensure more diversified and stable supply sources providing economic security dimension and 
consistency with t he rule of law.  
4.276.   Recognizing Japan 's active participation in the WTO and its significant contributions towards 
multilateral trade liberalization, we confirm our readiness for further joint work on strengthening the WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  rules-based multilateral trading system, c entred on the WTO, to improve trade environment 
worldwide.  
4.277.   Being the third  largest economy in the world, Japan ranks third among Ukraine 's trade 
partners in Asia and Pacific countries.  
4.278.   Until 2022, our trade turnover was continuously increasing, even despi te implications of the 
COVID -19 pandemic. In particular, it grew by 29 .8% in 2019 -2021 (from USD  1.2 billion to 
USD 1.6 billion).  
4.279.   Last year, because of the disastrous repercussions of the Russian  Federation 's unprovoked 
and unjustified war of aggression ag ainst Ukraine, the volume of mutual trade in goods between 
Ukraine and Japan fell more than twofold and amounted to USD  750.2 million in 2022.  
4.280.   Tremendous consequences of the war of aggression in Ukraine are significant for 
international trade, which plays  a pivotal role for development of both Ukrainian and Japanese 
economies as well as for the global economy, and therefore require continued global response and 
securing supply chains, specifically in terms of food and energy supply.  
4.281.   Taking this opportunity , we would like to express our sincere respect and gratitude to Japan 
for the continued support and assistance of Ukraine and deep solidarity with the Ukraine  people, for 
the imposition of strong sanctions against the aggressor State, for all coordinated a ctions taken by 
Japan together with the international community, aimed to restore free and open international order, 
shaken by Russian  Federation 's aggression against Ukraine.  
4.282.   We warmly welcome this year 's leadership of Japan in the G7 and appreciate focus ing on 
Ukraine in the priorities of the Group of G7 Ambassadors, we are particular ly thankful for all the 
support provided to secure Ukraine 's economic recovery and development, including ensuring the 
stable trade. All political commitments made at interna tional fora such as G7, G20, OECD, etc. , to 
address issues related  to the war are of vital importance for Ukraine.  
4.283.   Ukraine applauds developments in Japan 's energy policy aimed, among other things, at 
securing a stable energy supply and resolving environmen tal sustainability issues, including related 
to trade.  
4.284.   Considering the difficult  situation in our energy sector and the unstable electricity supply, 
due to  the Russia n Federation' s terrorist attacks against Ukrainians, we are very grateful to the 
Japanese  Government for humanitarian and emergency grant assistance to support winterization of 
our electricity system and to protect the people of Ukraine, including help getting them through the 
winter.  
4.285.   We appreciate that Japan actively encourages the private se ctor to join the recovery of our 
country. We welcome implementation of relevant energy projects in cooperation with Japan 
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and appreciate the readiness of Japan to help with the 
restoration of critical infrastructure of Ukraine, in particular by providing the necessary equipment 
and facilities.  
4.286.   Ukraine is extremely interesting in further developing trade and economic relationship with 
Japan, despite the war and ongoing challenges.  
4.287.   The significant economic, scientific , and technical potential of Japan is an important factor 
for our bilateral collaboration. We are determined to continue to use the opportunities opened up by 
the transformation of our economy and further integration into the EU. We pay a special attention 
to cooperation with Japan Business Federation "Keidanren " and hope for boosting win -win business 
relations and expanding our bilateral trade and investment.  
4.288.   Given the importance of this TPR exercise, Ukraine submitted questions to Japan concerning 
measures taken to address the negative impact of the population ageing on Japanese economy, 
particularities of Japan 's tax regime, regulation of Japan 's export credit agencies activity, experience 
in the area of promotion of innovation developments by universities, specifics of insurance against 
nuclear risks, creation of decarbonization leading areas, etc.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.289.   We wish Japan a very successful Trade Policy R eview and look forward to further 
strengthening our bilateral cooperation.  
INDIA  
4.290.   Let me begin by extending a warm welcome to the delegation of Japan led by 
Mr Akihiro  Okochi , Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in 
charge  of Economic Diplomacy  of Japan. India is pleased to be a part of the 15th Trade Policy Review 
of Japan. My delegation would further, like to commend the Government of Japan, the delegation in 
Geneva as well as the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive r eports. I also thank the discussant 
H.E. Ambassador  João Aguiar Machado of European  Union for his insightful remarks.  
4.291.   India and Japan share "Special Strategic and Global Partnership ". Friendship between the 
two countries has a long history, rooted in spiri tual affinity and strong cultural and civilizational ties. 
Frequent high -level visits have boosted and further strengthened bilateral relations. India and Japan 
have steadily broadened their ambit of cooperation in diverse fields. I wish to highlight some of the 
recent initiatives. The India -Japan Digital Partnership was launched in October  2018, furthering 
existing areas of cooperation as well as new initiatives in S&T and ICT, focusing more on "digital ICT 
technologies " including the setting up "start-up hub" between India and Japan. The Supply Chain 
Resilience Initiative (SCRI) was launched in 2020 by India together with Australia and Japan, with 
an objective to ensure resilience of supply chains through diversification in the Indo -Pacific region. 
The Ind ia-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership was launched in 2021 to jointly explore the 
possibilities of enhancing India 's industrial competitiveness. Apart from these, the two countries also 
partner in various other areas like skill development, energ y, transport, logistics, manufacturing, 
engineering sectors, to name a few.  
4.292.   Economic and commercial relations are an important pillar of this relationship. The signing 
of the historic India -Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and its 
implementation from August  2011 has accelerated economic and commercial relations between the 
two countries, however, immense potential remains that needs to be harnessed. Japan 's bilateral 
trade with India totalled US D 20.57  billion during FY  2021-22. Jap an is the fifth largest investor in 
the Indian economy with cumulative, FDI inflows of USD 38.13  billion from April  2000 until 
September  2022. In recent years, Japanese FDI into India has mainly been in electrical equipment ; 
general machinery ; chemicals and pharmaceuticals ; financial and insurance ; construction ; 
transportation ; wholesale and retail; and services sectors.  
4.293.   It is worth mentioning that of over 1 ,455 Japanese companies operating in India 
manufacturing firms account for more than hal f of them. With the Japanese companies being market 
leaders in several Indian consumer sectors, we hope that the feedback from the Japanese private 
sector reflects more concretely in the trade concerns raised by Japan in various WTO bodies. Number 
of India n companies present in Japan is also increasing with over 100  Indian companies now working 
in Japan. Japan supports India 's efforts for accelerated economic development particularly in priority 
areas like power, transportation, environmental projects and p rojects related to basic human needs. 
Accumulated commitment as of date is over JPY  6.876  billion with 77  ongoing projects. During the 
visit of Hon ourable Prime  Minister Mr  Kishida in March  2022, both Prime  Ministers expressed 
intention to realize JPY 5 trillion of public and private investment and financing over the next five 
years, to finance appropriate public and private projects of mutual interest in India.  
4.294.   While Japan remains an open economy, some of the policies that are restrictive in nature 
are com ing in the way of realizing the full potential of our economic partnership. I take this 
opportunity to highlight a few of them. High tariffs on food products like wheat, rice, vegetables, 
stringent regulatory requirements for sectors like pharmaceuticals, organic products, stringent 
technical quality regulations in textiles and apparels sector, use of restrictive private standards 
leading to WTO plus demands from exporters, SPS measures, reluctance to sign mutual recognition 
agreements and market access res trictions in sectors like IT services, pharmaceuticals, steel , etc,. 
have resulted in excessive cost burden and barriers to our exporters of goods and services. We have 
heard similar concerns today from other trade partners of Japan. We hope that Japan wil l review 
these requirements to make them simpler, and reduce the regulatory barriers to trade, consistent 
with international norms and standards.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.295.   Also, as part of this TPR exercise, my delegation has submitted several questions on various 
schemes, policies  and measures of Japanese Government in areas like goods, agriculture, services, 
and intellectual property. We look forward to reviewing the answers provided by the delegation of 
Japan to our questions.  
4.296.   We appreciate the commitment of Japan to the multilat eral trading system and their active 
engagement at the WTO. Both India and Japan have a shared interest in a strong and effective 
multilateral trading system, and we will continue to work closely with Japan, towards achieving this 
shared objective. We also  remain committed to further expanding and deepening of our bilateral 
trade and investment ties for our mutual benefit. In closing, India wishes the delegation of Japan a 
productive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.297.   At the outset , I would like to appeal to you,  Chair, regarding  the statements of a couple of 
delegations who spoke before me and whose intervention s certainly contain politicized elements 
which evidently go beyond the topic  of today's meeting and the mandate of the TPRB. We believe 
that repeating those political allegations  over and over again will not make them true or relevant to 
the functioning of  the WTO. So, I would kindly ask you, Chair, to approach those delegations and 
request them to strictly follow the mandate of the TPRB and the rules of procedure of th is body.  
4.298.   I would like to welcome the delegation of Japan at its 15th Trade Policy Review . We expect 
that this exercise will generate valuable insights an d help Japan enhance the transparency of its 
trade regime.  
4.299.   We regret Tokyo 's decision to refuse to conduct its TPR in a proper manner. The precedent 
to blatantly ignore submitted questions was first set by the United  States  at its TPR  in 
December  2022, and  now we witness Japan following this example, making Japan 's commitments 
to transparency in trade meaningless. This dangerous trend is detrimental to the multilateral trading 
system and harmful for the work of Organization.  
4.300.   As Members can recall, during the recent TPR of Malaysia, the Chair of the meeting stated 
in his final remarks that the Review will be concluded after all submitted questions are answered in 
full. I hope that Japan will live up to its WTO obligations and w ill leave no question unanswered, so 
its TPR can be considered successfully concluded.  
4.301.   The Russia n Federation  and Japan have a long history of trade relations that is difficult to 
nullify. In 2022, the Russia n Federation  ranked 18th among Japan 's trading p artners in terms of 
trade volume. Russian export to Japan grew by 13.4% during that year and reached 
USD 12.2 billion.  
4.302.   The Report by the Japanese Government states that  "Japan has been committed to trade 
liberalization under the multilateral trading syste m centered on the WTO. Japan is determined to be 
fully engaged in this non -discriminatory, open and rule -based regime ".  
4.303.   Regrettably, no number of written assurances of commitment to trade liberalization can 
make up for Japan 's actions in practice. The rec ent series of unilateral restrictions is hardly 
compatible with the principles of non -discrimination and free trade declared by Japan.  
4.304.   Since 2022, Japan has joined anti -Russian sanctions and restrictive measures enforced by 
some WTO Members. Japan revoked  the Russia n Federation' s most favoured nation (MFN) status. 
Tokyo also prohibited the supplies of vital industrial equipment to the Russia n Federation . In 
addition, Japan imposed discriminatory price cap mechanism for oil and petroleum products of 
Russian  origin. New investments by Japanese companies in my country, as well as lending for joint 
projects, are also banned.  
4.305.   Such actions severely compromise trade liberalization, dilute the role of the WTO and 
contribute to further fragmentation and erosion of t he multilateral trading system. Not only are these 
measures illegal in the WTO, but they also have severe negative consequences for the world 
economy, affect trade in goods and exacerbate global economic, energy and food crises.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.306.   We would like to once again  remind the WTO Membership that applying political reasoning 
to trade and economics would only do harm to the multilateral trading system and along with it – to 
all trade participants in our interconnected world. Actions speak louder than words. We call up on 
Japan to return to the path of constructive cooperation.  
4.307.   There is a saying in Japan "to lose face " (in Japanese: menboku o us hinau). In our view, by 
conducting such a policy towards the Russia n Federation , openly violating its obligations within the 
WTO and ignoring the established procedure of the TPR, the Japanese Government is losing its face 
and its traditional reputation of a trustworthy partner.  
4.308.   The Russia n Federation  trusts that Japan would not drift further towards unilateralism and 
protectionis m and would instead set its course towards maintaining a stable multilateral trading 
system.  
REPUBLIC OF KOREA  
4.309.   I would like to extend our warm welcome to the delegation of Japan for its 15th Trade Policy 
Review, led by Ambassador Akihiro  Okochi , I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to 
Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki and his team for their active engagement in Geneva. My special 
thanks also go Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado of the European  Union for his insightful 
observations and co mments as discussant, and to the Secretariat for its informative Report . 
4.310.   The Republic of Korea and Japan have been expanding  trade relations over the decades, 
leveraging  geographic proximity and complementary structures. As of 2021, Japan was Korea's 
third-largest trading partner while Korea was fourth largest to Japan, despite the declining  of 
bilateral trade in  2020 due to the COVID -19 pandemic, it has been steadily growing since then and  
the trade volume has been eventually recovered to the pre -pandemic levels exceeding 
USD 85 billion.  
4.311.   Moreover, bilateral investment cooperation is also on a path to recovery playing a significant 
role in mutually complementing our supply chains.  On top of the bilateral ties, the two countries 
have been broadening collectiv e efforts by jointly participating in mega -FTAs like RCEP and regional 
initiatives, including IPE F in addressing rapidly changing trade environment and tackling common 
global challenges such as climate change.  
4.312.   The Republic of Korea  takes note of Japan's  efforts in maintaining the spirit of o pen and  free 
trade during the then-pressing  circumstances , this has been instrumental in mitigating disruption s 
in the supply chains and effectively responding  to the effects of the global trade contraction . 
4.313.   Within WTO, the Republic of Korea welcomes Japan's commitment , and values our 
cooperation  with Japan on various issues of mutual concern. Firstly, the Republic of Korea recognizes 
that Japan attaches importance to ensuring its transparency commitment to Members while 
constructively participate in efforts to improve the overall transparency in the Organization. On the 
WTO reform front, the Republic of Korea acknowledges  that Japan actively engages in  ongoing 
reform discussions to explore ways to enhance the effectiveness of the WTO's monitoring, 
negotiating , and dispute settlement functions with a  view to delivering outcomes meeting the needs 
of today's global economy.  
4.314.   Furthermore, the Republic of Korea recognizes Japan's leadership as a co -convenor of the 
Joint Statement Initiative on E -commerce and its efforts to facilitate meaningful progress on a range 
of areas including TESSD. More broadly, Japan has been contributing to the global economy through 
strengthening its efforts to enhance the openness, stabili ty, and the transparency of international 
trade in various communities like APEC,  G20, and OECD, as the Republic of Korea and Japan continue 
the joint participation in major economic efforts, the Republic of Korea expects that this collaboration 
will help advance  our bilateral trade and investment growth in a more sustainable manner . Given 
the growing importance of the two countries' role in global trade and investment, the Republic of 
Korea believes  that it is crucial for us to constructively cooperate to seek ways to  contribute to the 
global economy while overcoming common challenges posed by the recent structural shifts  such as 
carbon neutrality and digital  transformation.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.315.   In spite  some differences from time to time, the Republic of Korea and Japan are un ited in 
support of a strong multilateral trade system, this unity is ever more required in this difficult time 
of global turbulence and uncertainty in pursuit of resilient, sustainable , and inclusive economic 
growth, the Republic of Korea firmly  believes t hat the rules -based multilateral  trading system will 
become more important.  
4.316.   The Republic of Korea affirms that it will spare no effort in  continuing our constructive 
engagement with all Members  including Japan, in addition, the Republic of Korea looks forw ard to 
Japan's leadership a s the Chair of the  G7 this year i n addressing global concerns to the advantage 
of the whole international society . 
4.317.   In closing, I wish the delegation of Japan a very successful T rade Policy Review.  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  
4.318.   Let me start  by expressing our appreciation and thanks to the Government of Japan and as 
well to the Secretariat for preparing this review and the reports that were submitted. I would 
particularly welcome the delegation from Tokyo led by H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy  Assistant 
Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy. I would 
also like to express appreciation to Ambassador  Yamazaki and his team here in Geneva as well to 
the esteemed discussant the Ambassador Aguiar  Machado ; and to you, Chair, for the work in 
preparing this review . 
4.319.   The Republic of Moldova welcomes the chance to comment on Japan's trade policy 
development since the last Review bearing in mind the importance and the role it is playing as a 
bilateral partner fo r the Republic of Moldova, but as well as its position as a strong advocate of the 
rules-based multilateral trading order . 
4.320.   We welcome Japan's active participation in efforts to strengthen and revitalize the WTO 
involvement in a range of important initiativ es, including on E -commerce, Services Domestic 
Regulation, Investment Facilitation for Development, and on MSMEs. Japan has also been an 
important partner in the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions and, as we 
are approaching the I nternational Women 's Day, I would like to emphasize the importance of actions 
oriented towards women empowerment and welcome  Japan 's support  for the Buenos  Aires 
Declaration on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment . We are looking forward to continuing 
actions in this field.  
4.321.   We commend Japan for its role in the multilateral trading system and for its ongoing support  
for the mechanism that ensure s prosperity for all communities, and we encourage it to continue to 
have a strong voice within this  Organization.  
4.322.   Since this review includes a period of acute economic instability globally, we are pleased  to 
note and to welcome the positive st eps which the Japanese Government has taken to mitigate the se 
shocks, notably through the expansion of digital services for administrative procedure for i mports  
and exp orts. It is encouraging to see that in this economic difficult period , actions such as this, 
demonstrate that solutions can be found, notably digital ones,  which can accelerate best practice 
sharing and improve the free trading environment . As we know, this also builds on previous efforts 
of the Government to improve customs procedures as indicated in the previous  Review.  
4.323.   We would also like to commend Japan good transpare ncy record and would encourage  it to 
continue its efforts in this sense, setting a positive example .  
4.324.   From a bilateral perspective, we share more than 30 years of bilateral relations with Japan, 
having as a basis more than 40  agreements in different areas. Our bilateral trade increased  in the 
last years, but still, it is quite modest. We are looking forward for ways to improve this situation, a 
considerable potential being in the food and agriculture sector, while trade promotion events are 
important and, for example, the Republic of Mo ldova will take part in Expo Osaka 2025, we  believe 
that developing trade arrangements might be an additional avenue to be explored ; and like other 
Members and as indicated by the discuss ant, we would be interested to learn more on Japan plans  
in regard to  regional and bilateral trade arrangements . WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.325.   We have also addressed specific question s on how the Republic of Moldova could improve 
its use of the unilateral trade preferences offered on the GSP scheme by Japan.  
4.326.   On another bilateral aspect, while trade is modest , I am pleased to say that Japan accounts  
for one of the most important partners of the Republic of Moldova when it comes to investment with 
a considerable  number  of companies present in our country investing in various fields, including  ICT 
electron ics, automotive industry , and agriculture .  
4.327.   One of the sectors  that we are particularly pleased to express our gratitude to Japan  is the 
development assistance that has been provided to the Republic of Moldova throughout the years 
and recently it is humani tarian support to the Republic of Moldova, we have various program mes 
being implemented in our country  some of them in economic or trade -related field , in the agricultural 
field, but as well for the development of SMEs , energy , and some  other social projects. We are 
pleased to note that this  appreciation goes not only for our bilateral cooperation but when it comes 
also to WTO  and to the multilateral trading system as Japan is also a major supporter and donor or 
various initiatives withi n WTO.  
4.328.   In conclusion,  the Republic of Moldova welcomes Japan's commitment to the rules -based 
multilateral trading system and its very active and admirable participation in various initiatives.  We 
also look forward to working closely with the team here in G eneva but also in Tokyo to strengthen 
our good cooperation.  
MALAYSIA  
4.329.   To begin with, allow me to warmly welcome H .E. Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant 
Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy  of Japan 
as the h ead of delegation, our fellow colleague here Ambassador Kazuyuki Yamazaki as well as the 
Japanese delegation to its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.330.   Our appreciation goes to the Japanese Government and the WTO Secretariat for the 
comprehensive review reports tha t have been our reference for this review exercise. We also thank 
H.E. Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado from the European  Union for his insights and assessment of 
Japan 's trade policy development since its last Review back in 2020.  
4.331.   Malaysia welcomes the opp ortunity to participate in Japan 's 15th Trade Policy Review , and 
we also associate ourselves to the ASEAN statement to be delivered by Indonesia.  
4.332.   Malaysia would like to commend Japan for its continued efforts to facilitate international 
trade. We acknowled ge Japan 's participation in various free trade arrangements and regional 
integration efforts that promotes access to the Japanese market and attract investment.  
4.333.   At the multilateral front, Malaysia appreciates Japan 's diligent and constructive participatio n 
in many WTO initiatives that Malaysia has also taken part in, particularly Japan 's contributions to 
the negotiations on the JSI on investment facilitation for development, JSI on e -commerce, as well 
as the fisheries subsidies. In particular, we laud Japa n's recent contribution to the WTO Fisheries 
Funding Mechanism which we believe would assist the developing and least developed country 
Members in the process of implementing the newly adopted Fisheries Subsidies Agreement.  
4.334.   Bilaterally, Malaysia and Japan enjoy an increasingly robust economic relationship. Total 
trade in 2022 increased significantly by 23.0% to USD  37.9 billion. In the same period, Malaysia 's 
exports to Japan increased by 31.2% to USD  20.51  billion compared to USD  16.65  billion in 2020, 
while imports increased by 14.5% to USD  17.39  billion compared to USD  16.16  billion in 2021.  
4.335.   Malaysia and Japan are also key partners at the regional level, by virtue of our shared 
membership in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific P artnership 
(CPTPP), and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) which entered into force 
in 2022.  
4.336.   For this review, Malaysia had submitted written questions on areas such as agriculture, 
intellectual property rights, government procurement , and green growth. Malaysia is keen to WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  understand the latest developments in these areas, particularly relating to the ESG adoption, green 
government procurement , and sustainability issues.  
4.337.   We would like to take this opportunity to thank the de legation of Japan for responding to 
our questions and we shall examine the responses with great interest.  
4.338.   We wish the delegation of Japan a productive and successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
ECUADOR  
4.339.   Damos la bienvenida a la delegación de Japón presente e n esta reunión, en particular a 
quien la lidera, el Sr. Akihiro  Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y 
Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores , así como 
a los miembros su Misión e n Ginebra. Un reconocimiento especial al Embajador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, 
Representante Permanente de Japón ante la OMC, por su ardua labor en esta casa.  
4.340.   Ecuador desea sumarse al reconocimiento por el trabajo realizado tanto por la Secretaría de 
la OMC como po r las autoridades japonesas para la elaboración de los reportes analizados en el 
marco de este examen, así como el objetivo análisis del ponente, Embajador João Aguiar Machado . 
4.341.   Coincidimos en reconocer la notable estabilidad normativa y económica de Japón.  Por un 
lado, se observa que en el periodo de análisis muchas de las políticas se mantienen constantes o se 
han ajustado con arreglo a su espíritu mientras que, por otro lado, existen nuevos esquemas, planes 
e iniciativas que tienen por objeto atender apre miantes retos actuales.  
4.342.   Entre las nuevas políticas, Ecuador ve con interés los planes para conseguir emisiones netas 
de efecto invernadero igual a cero para 2050, lo que va de la mano de sus estrategias de Innovación 
Ambiental y de Crecimiento Ecológico. E n este contexto, también es destacable el plan de 
descarbonización de los aeropuertos.  
4.343.   Adicionalmente, el Plan de Aduanas Inteligentes 2020 con miras a fomentar la digitalización 
de los procedimientos aduaneros y la automatización de la inspección aduanera , pone de manifiesto 
su compromiso con las medidas que faciliten el comercio a través de uso de nuevas tecnologías.  
4.344.   No podemos dejar de pasar por alto los desafíos que la pandemia COVID -19 presentó en el 
período de análisis. Los resultados demuestran que l as políticas macroeconómicas implementadas 
por Japón le permitieron generar una importante recuperación de sus exportaciones e importaciones, 
llegando a superar sus niveles prepandemia. En este punto, quisiera expresar nuestro 
agradecimiento por el apoyo y  solidaridad que Japón brindó a mi país durante esta crisis de salud 
pública mundial, que tuvo efectos particularmente duros en Ecuador.  
4.345.   A pesar de las fortalezas económicas y comerciales que he referido, para mi país hay algunos 
factores que quisiéramos r elievar. Encontramos qu e la estructura de aranceles aplicados del Japón 
sigue siendo compleja, que hay escasa participación de empresas extranjeras en el mercado de 
contratación pública, y requerimos además precisiones sobre el registro de organismos extra njeros 
de evaluación de la conformidad, entre otros.  
4.346.   Las preguntas presentadas por mi delegación en el contexto de este examen de políticas  
comerciales incluyen algunos de estos temas, así como otras vinculadas a la aplicación de su Sistema 
Generalizado de  Preferencias, medidas normativas y reglamentos técnicos, reglamento para las 
monedas virtuales y su estrategia de crecimiento a través de la negociación de Acuerdos de 
Asociación Económica. Agradecemos de antemano las repuestas que Japón nos proporcionará  en los 
próximos días sobre estos temas de interés.  
4.347.   En el ámbito multilateral, queremos destacar el firme compromiso de Japón con los 
diferentes temas de discusión en la OMC en los que compartimos aspiraciones comunes, entre ellos, 
la ratificación del Acue rdo sobre  Subvenciones a la Pesca, los procesos plurilaterales de 
negociaciones sobre comercio electrónico y facilitación de inversiones para el desarrollo, las 
iniciativas ambientales – particularmente contaminación por plásticos así como los diálogos sob re 
comercio y sostenibilidad ambiental -, además de los grupos informales de trabajo sobre mipymes, 
comercio y género, e incluye también la Coalición de Ministros de Comercio por el Cambio Climático. WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  Tenemos una agenda intensa con visiones compartidas cuyo propósito es fortalecer esta 
Organización y consolidar su relevancia ante los retos globales.  
4.348.   En el ámbito bilateral, nuestro intercambio comercial supera los USD 700 millones. En  2022, 
entre las principales exportaciones de Ecuador a Japón se encuentran l os productos agrícolas en 
conserva (31,2% del total de exportaciones); banano (24,4%); camarones (23,6%); cacao (5,2%); 
flores naturales (4,1%).  
4.349.   Para el mismo año, las importaciones de Japón a Ecuador se centraron en otras 
manufacturas de metales (29,6% de l total de importaciones); automóviles livianos (9,6%); 
vehículos pesados (6,6%); motores y sus partes (4,5%).  
4.350.   Como se puede apreciar, Ecuador y Japón tenemos un intercambio muy fructífero y hace 
poco celebramos nuestro primer centenario de relaciones dipl omáticas. La reciente visita del Ministro 
japonés de Asuntos Exteriores, Sr. Hayashi Yoshimasa, a  Ecuador confirma el excelente estado de 
las relaciones entre ambos países que aspiramos a profundizar aún más en el futuro cercano.  
4.351.   Quiero finalizar esta inte rvención augurándole a Japón una exitosa conclusión de este 
examen de sus políticas comerciales.  
INDONESIA ON BEHALF O F ASEAN  
4.352.   First of all, Indonesia would like to make a statement on behalf of ASEAN.  
4.353.   It is a great pleasure to warmly welcome the delegation from Japan led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, 
Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic 
Diplomacy  of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, to their 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.354.   We thank the Government of Japan and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive reports, 
as well as H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado of the European  Union for his role as discussant.  
4.355.   For ASEAN, Japan has long been one of ASEAN 's key trade and investment partners. In fact, 
the year 2023  marks the 50th commemorative year of ASEAN -Japan relations. In this regard, Japan 
and ASEAN have undertaken concrete and mutually beneficial cooperation activities throughout the 
years.  
4.356.   Despite the ongoing global economic slowdown, ASEAN -Japan economic re lations still 
manage to thrive. On trade, for example, in 2020, ASEAN's total trade with Japan was 
USD 214 billion, with exports to Japan worth USD 104 billion and imports from Japan worth 
USD 110 billion. However, in 2021, trade between ASEAN and Japan re bounded, with total trade 
amounting to USD 240 billion.  
4.357.   Furthermore, ASEAN 's foreign direct investment (FDI) from Japan in 2020 and 2021 was 
recorded at USD 11.7 billion and USD 11.8 billion respectively. These numbers signify the positive 
sign of resilie nce as well as the continued strength of the ASEAN -Japan economic relationship.  
4.358.   Despite this positive progress, and the fact that Japan has been ASEAN 's fourth -largest 
trading partner and third -largest source of FDI in 2021, it is still crucial to continue  harnessing the 
potentials for economic cooperation, especially with regard to Japan -ASEAN trade and investment 
relations.  
4.359.   As such, we view that concrete implementation of some key cooperation initiatives between 
ASEAN -Japan, such as the renewed ASEAN -Japan 10-Year Strategic Economic Cooperation Roadmap 
2016-2025, will be instrumental.  
4.360.   Moreover, through the implementation of ASEAN -Japan Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (AJCEP), both ASEAN and Japan can also enjoy a range of benefits, including tariff 
concessions, that can help to further increase trade, as well support economic growth, job creation 
and sustainable development in the region.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.361.   Furthermore, we also encourage Japan to continue its active engagement in regional 
economic integration initiatives.  In this vein, we welcome the Regional Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (RCEP) Agreement in November  2020.  
4.362.   ASEAN also commends Japan for its strong commitment to the multilateral trading system, 
including its contribution and constructive involvement in  several areas of work and negotiations at 
the WTO.  
4.363.   Together with Japan, ASEAN reaffirms our strong commitment to uphold an open, inclusive, 
transparent, non -discriminatory, and rules -based multilateral trading system as embodied in 
the WTO.  
4.364.   Last but not least, several ASEAN member States in the WTO have submitted written 
questions to Japan, and we would like to express our appreciation in advance to Japan 's written 
responses.  
4.365.   Finally, we would also like to thank the Japanese delegation for th eir constructive 
engagement and commend the contribution of H.E.  Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki and members 
of the Japan Permanent Mission in Geneva for their hard work. We wish Japan a successful 15th Trade 
Policy Review.  
INDONESIA  
4.366.   Let me join our fellow Me mbers in giving the warmest welcome despite this freezing Geneve 
weather to the delegation from Japan, led by Deputy Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs, 
Mr Akihiro  Okochi.  
4.367.   We would also like to thank the Secretariat for its comprehensive Report, Chair  and the 
discussant, Ambassador João Aguiar Machado of the European  Union for leading today 's discussions.  
4.368.   We still remember the last Trade Policy Review in 2020, in which Japan became the first 
WTO Member who conduct the Review in the virtual hybrid mode,  amidst the COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.369.   Let me start by commending Japan for its continuing economic achievements during the 
review period. As mentioned in the Secretariat Report, Japan's economy is the third largest in the 
world by nominal GDP which stood at USD  4.9 billion and growth rate stood at 1.7% in 2021.  
4.370.   In this regard, Indonesia welcomes the continuous efforts of the Government of Japan in 
trade and investment liberalization as central to Japan's overall economic strategy.  
4.371.   We applauded Japan 's three -pillar strategy which is a combined efforts of both fiscal and 
monetary policy expansion and structural reform, which were intended to strengthen business 
investment and private consumption, with a view to overcoming the prolonged deflation and 
revitalizing the  Japanese economy.  
4.372.   Since 1 July 2008, the Indonesia -Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) has been 
in effect for 15  years. IJEPA is Indonesia's first bilateral trade agreement, this milestone clearly 
reflects Japan 's position as one of Indonesia 's most important trading partners with a total trade 
transaction valued at USD  32 billion in 2021.  
4.373.   Furthermore, in the context of ASEAN, this year ASEAN is celebrating the 50th anniversary 
of ASEAN -Japan Friendship and Cooperation. Several collaborative acti vities and action plans were 
developed during Indonesia's presidency to commemorate the aforementioned event.  
4.374.   On the multilateral front, Indonesia also commends Japan 's firm commitments and 
continuous contribution to the rules -based multilateral trading sy stem. This includes the 
implementation of Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies adopted at the MC12  in June  2022 by becoming 
the first donor to the WTO Fisheries Funding Mechanism. Such funding mechanism will enable the 
provision of technical assistance and cap acity building to help developing and least -developed 
country members in implementing provisions related to the aforementioned agreement.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.375.   Despite these positive progress, however, there are still some key challenges that will 
hamper our common efforts in s tepping up our bilateral relations. In this regard, I would like to raise 
our concern about Japan's trade policies, particularly its high level of protection in the agricultural 
sector through tariffs and inspection. Indonesia also would also ask for a mor e elaborate description 
on Japan 's fisheries management and its impact to the environment.  
4.376.   Furthermore, Indonesia would also like to raise on other concerns related to the services 
sector, intellectual property rights, and investment, all of which are alre ady reflected in our written 
questions. To this end, we expect the Government of Japan to provide clear clarification and response 
to these concerns.  
4.377.   Finally, we would like to wish this review every success.  
MAURITIUS  
4.378.   We warmly welcome the delegation of Japan led by H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant 
Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy ; and 
congratulate Japan for pursuing its 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.379.   We thank both Japan and the Secret ariat for their respective reports. We also thank 
Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado for his insightful remarks as discussant that helped start today 's 
discussion.  
4.380.   We note that Japan has recently adopted and is implementing the Grand Design and Action 
Plan for  a New Form of Capitalism with a view to resolving social issues and achieving economic 
growth. We are confident that such measures will make the Japanese economic and social structures 
more resilient and sustainable, especially in the wake of the COVID -19 pandemic and other 
international and domestic challenges. We are also pleased to note that recent labour market reforms 
to address the demographic challenge have been successful in raising the level of employment and 
offsetting the impact of an ageing pop ulation.  
4.381.   Mauritius would like to congratulate the Japanese authorities for its planned reduction of its 
carbon emissions to 46% by 2030, and for the promotion of green innovations and finance in this 
regard. As a small island vulnerable to the effects of c limate change, we fully appreciate the 
significance of this.  
4.382.   Mauritius and Japan enjoy excellent bilateral relations and we share common values. Over 
the years, Mauritius has benefit ed from technical assistance and capacity building projects by Japan 
in ma ny fields, including meteorological services, geotechnical matters, coastal ecosystem 
management and coastal surveillance. In the wake of the Wakashio oil spill, Japan readily stepped 
in to help.  
4.383.   We thank Japan for its continued assistance provided to Maur itius for our port development 
and maritime security among others. We look forward to continue working with Japanese authorities 
for the sustainable development of our fisheries sector and the blue economy.  
4.384.   We commend Japan for extending the effective peri od of the GSP scheme to 31  March  2031. 
The GSP scheme has improved market access for many developing countries, including Mauritius. 
We, however, note a trade balance that is highly in favour of our Japanese friends, and that our 
exports remain at a relati vely low level and limited to only a few products. We believe there could 
be more exports but we must work together towards simplifying access.  
4.385.   Mauritius believes a comprehensive economic partnership agreement with Japan would be 
helpful to further consoli date our economic and trade relations.  
4.386.   On the regional point, Mauritius commends Japan for the numerous projects in Africa 
announced during TICAD  8 in Tunisia last year such as the launch of an investment fund for start -ups 
and the Green Growth Initiative for Africa. Furthermore, with the coming into force of the AfCFTA, 
we feel that a lot of opportunities will open up for Japan to further develop its trade ties with Africa. 
Mauritius looks forward to working with the Japan in this regard.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.387.   Both Mauritius an d Japan are committed to trade liberalization and we are supporters of a 
non-discriminatory, open and rule s-based WTO regime. We commend Japan for its contribution 
towards the implementation of trade -facilitating measures in the areas of customs and servic es, 
impediment of export restrictions, temporary removal or reduction of tariffs on essential medical 
goods, and improvement of transparency overall. We note that Japan is an important donor to 
various WTO technical assistance activities including the TFA.  Given that Mauritius is yet to fully 
implement its Category  C measures, we look forward to working with Japan in fulfilling our TFA 
commitments.  
4.388.   We also seize this opportunity to commend Japan for its proactive role as a co -convener of 
the e-commerce join t statement initiative as well as for its contribution to the discussions on services 
domestic regulation and investment facilitation for development.  
4.389.   In concluding , I would like to recogni ze that our colleague, Ambassador Kazuyuki Yamazaki , 
is very able a nd active beyond WTO and during recent elections at the ITU.  
4.390.   We wish the delegation of Japan a very successful Review.  
JAMAICA  
4.391.   Jamaica joins other WTO Members in welcoming the delegation of Japan, at this, its 
15th Trade Policy Review. We thank H.E. Mr Akihiro Okochi , Deputy Assistant Minister, and his team 
for their comprehensive Report.  
4.392.   We convey thanks to the discussant, Ambassador João Aguiar  Machado , for expertly 
outlining key issues to be elaborated upon during today 's review. We also thank the Chair and the 
Secretariat for their respective contributions to this exercise.  
4.393.   Jamaica and Japan enjoy excellent relations of friendship, mutual respect, and collaboration. 
Commencing in 1964, this relationship has grown from s trength to strength and bolstered through 
regular engagements, exchange of official visits, including at the highest level, as well as educational 
and cultural exchanges. In recent years, we have launched the Jamaica -Japan Friendship 
Association, which rep resents a new dimension of the "J-J" partnership.  
4.394.   We are appreciative of the technical and economic cooperation between our two countries. 
Jamaica has been a recipient of official development assistance (ODA) in the form of grants, loans, 
and technical as sistance to support our efforts to improve infrastructure, boost agricultural 
production, and hone local skills in forestry and fisheries as well as civil engineering and public 
health; the latter being particularly critical to Government of Jamaica 's resp onse to the COVID -19 
pandemic.  
4.395.   Jamaica, therefore, looks forward to commemorating 60  years of our bilateral partnership 
with Japan in 2024 as well as to celebrating the Japan -Caribbean Friendship Year, for which 2024 
was designated by the Government of Ja pan. 
4.396.   We have also collaborated on issues of mutual interest at the regional level through 
CARICOM, and in multilateral fora, including the WTO and UN agencies in Geneva.  
4.397.   We would like to commend, up front, the sterling leadership of Ambassador 
Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, Japan 's Permanent Representative, through whom Japan has remained a 
constructive partner on important issues on the agenda of the various Organizations in Geneva. We 
hope to continue this partnership as we work to advance the work of the WTO.  
4.398.   Japan is undoubtedly one of the world 's most influential trading economies. As such, we 
appreciate the Government 's efforts to maintain Japan 's macroeconomic stability and economic 
growth over the period under review. Confidence in the Government 's management of its domestic 
and international affairs has allowed it to maintain its position among the top sources of foreign 
investment, and the top 30 economies in the world.  
4.399.   We note positively that the Government has sought to address compounding issues related 
to the COVID -19 pandemic, its demographic challenges and high debt -GDP ratio. Japan has WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  acknowledged that ongoing work is necessary to maintain credibility to meet its external obligations 
and its fiscal responsibilities. As such, we note with optimism the OECD 's projection that real GDP 
growth will remain moderate at 1.8% in 2023.  
4.400.   We appreciate further the attention being given to labour and other market reforms, which 
aim to increase Japan 's productivity, accelerate digitali zation, investment, and research  and 
development. While the Secretaria t's Report indicates that the COVID -19 pandemic adversely 
affected its merchandise exports and imports, Japan 's combined value of merchandise exports and 
imports showed robust recovery in 2021; exceeding pre -pandemic l evels. We also note that services 
exports and imports rebounded in 2021. This is commendable and the Government 's efforts to 
sustain this upward trajectory should be supported.  
4.401.   Like Jamaica, Japan understands the serious and adverse impact of climate chang e on our 
collective existence. We therefore welcome the Government 's announcement of plans to achieve net 
zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. We appreciate its elaboration of a revised long -term 
strategy under the Paris  Agreement to promote green innova tions and finance, among other 
initiatives. Such strategies offer opportunities for increased discussion and future collaboration 
among all Members.  
4.402.   A net importer of fish and fish products, Japan has a well -developed fisheries sector, 
accounting for 3.94 % of the global capture production in 2019. Given concerns related to the 
sustainability of global fish stocks, we welcome the Government 's indication that the 
WTO Agreement  on Fisheries Subsidies is undergoing the ratification process. We applaud the stro ng 
demonstration of Japan 's commitment through its significant contribution to the WTO Fisheries 
Funding Mechanism in February. This is line with the Japan 's commitment to ensure sustainable use 
of marine living  resources.  
4.403.   Jamaica reiterates the importanc e of the WTO fisheries, which although partial, seeks to 
prohibit or limit certain forms of subsidies, namely those that contribute to illegal, unreported, and 
unregulated fishing, and addresses other related issues, which are critical for developing count ries.  
4.404.   Japan 's active participation in the multilateral trading system is further evidenced in the 
delegation 's use of the WTO Dispute Settlement System. We see this as a strong testament of its 
belief in the ability of the system to deliver on our shared objectives of building a fair, transparent , 
and rules -based multilateral trading system. Action to simplify its  customs procedures, limit its use 
of trade remedies, and improve its intellectual property rights regime have also been undertaken by 
Japan. 
4.405.   However, Members have raised concerns about issues related to Government 's procurement 
procedures; screening requirements for FDI; revision and coverage of the Nippon Export and 
Investment Insurance Act; protection of geographical indications to name a  few. Jamaica looks 
forward to the exchange with the Japan in this regard.  
4.406.   Jamaica appreciated the opportunity to exchange on Japan 's trade policies. We extend best 
wishes to the delegation for a successful 15th Trade Policy Review.  
FIJI 
4.407.   Fiji welcomes the delegation of Japan to its 15th Trade Policy Review led by 
Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bure au and Ambassador in 
charge of Economic Diplomacy . We thank the Government of Japan for it Report as well as the Report 
compiled and reported by the Secretariat. The efforts by the discussant H.E. Ambassador João Aguiar 
Machado of the European  Union provid es additional insights into the Report which is appreciated.  
4.408.   Japan is no doubt a trade giant in its own right, an economy that has historically proven 
itself as highly developed and a member of the OECD. The Japanese products and technologies are 
pronounce d and have gained significant proportion of market share globally given their precision 
and value for money.  
4.409.   Japan 's Report highlighted climate change and environmental sustainability and Japan 's 
accelerated steps to achieve net -zero emissions is welcomed.  We also noted with appreciation WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  Japan 's efforts to meet the food safety standards in line with Codex requirements which resulted in 
the lifting of import restrictions on food products.  
4.410.   Fiji and Japan share a long -standing relation since the establishment of our diplomatic 
relations in 1970. We share common aspects of culture, coupled with geographical and environment 
constraints such as natural disasters and climate change.  
4.411.   Japanese economy over the years has made substantial contribution towards Fiji 's 
development aspiration similarly with a number of Pacific Island countries.  
4.412.   Trade between  Fiji and Japan continues to flourish and at present, it accounts for 
approximately 3.9% of Fiji 's total trade.  
4.413.   In relation to investment, a total of 10  Japanese proje cts were registered for the period 2015 
to 2019 in Fiji with a total worth of approximately F JD 0.6 million. Out of these projects, 50% have 
been in the services sector, we hope that Japan will invest more in Fiji in the near future in the areas 
of digital  technologies and e -platforms.  
4.414.   Speaking of investment, Fiji provides an environment for investment in a number of sectors, 
such as light and green manufacturing, commercial agriculture, services – tourism, ICT, Business 
Process Outsourcing Sectors (BPOs), to name a few. Fiji provides some of the best incentives in 
these sectors, and we have some of the best advanced technology that could serve the region and 
the world well with 4G plus mobile network and fast internet connectivity.  
4.415.   Investing in Fiji, gives  access to over 10  million consumers in the Pacific market and also 
another 9.9  million people in Australia and New  Zealand.  
4.416.   Tourism is a key revenue source for Fiji, between 2015 and 2019, Japan visitor arrivals to 
Fiji grew at an average of 24% whilst to urism earnings from Japan totalled at 8.5%, making Japan 
a potential tourism market for Fiji 's future growth.  
4.417.   The re -introduction of direct flights between Narita and Nadi, played a key role in facilitating 
the direct access of Japanese tourists to Fiji t o enjoy our white sandy beaches, warm tropical 
environment , and Fijian hospitality. In relation to tourism, Fiji commend s the Japanese Government 
for withholding the release of wastewater from its Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant as this 
would have gr ave consequence s on Fiji 's tourism sector and the livelihood of our population who are 
generally dependent on our oceans and seas for survival.  
4.418.   As for the World  Expo 2025, Fiji looks forward to being part of Osaka for the event, the Expo 
is expected to present ideas toward s the achievement of Agenda 2030 and beyond.  
4.419.   The bilateral cooperation between our two countries helped enhanced key areas of priority 
in Fiji such as the Grass -Roots Human Security Projects (GGP) ; Pacific LEADS Programme 
(Scholarship) ; Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship for 2019 ; Rights, Empowerment and 
Cohesion (REACH) for Rural and Urban Fijians Project , and the Overseas Development Assistance 
(ODA) programme extended through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).  
4.420.   Other potential areas of cooperation include MSMEs , agriculture , light manufacturing and 
processing plants, information and communications technologies, multinational corporations to meet 
our niche tourism market , and medical and pharmaceutical se ctor. 
4.421.   Fiji looks forward to enhancing trade with Japan through the Indo -Pacific Economic 
Framework (IPEF) as an opportunity to elevate trade and economic relations with respect to the 
IPEF pillars.  
4.422.   In relation to market access, Fiji benefits from Japan 's Generali zed System of Preference s 
(GSP) on agricultural, fisheries and industrial products. Agricultural and fisheries products benefit 
from tariff reductions, including duty -free treatment, whereas industrial products principal duty -free 
treatment. While G SP rates on some sensitive industrial items are 20 %, 40%, 60% or 80 % of most  
favoured  nation rates.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.423.   Fiji and Japan share no preferential market access offers, thus trade is carried out at the 
basic MFN rate, however, there are non -tariff barriers such as h igh quality and standards demand 
and other biosecurity issues. The supply chain between our two countries at times are affected by 
the distance and the volume of demand.  
4.424.   At the WTO in Geneva, the Japanese delegation headed by H.E. Ambassador 
Kazuyuki  Yama zaki is highly active in various WTO engagements and we thank them for all their 
constructive engagements and efforts.  
4.425.   Looking ahead, Fiji will work closely with Japan through our respective government agencies 
and private sector partnerships to grow our bilateral and economic relationship further. We will also 
maintain the positive engagement we enjoy with the Japanese delegation here in Geneva and at 
other multilateral for a.  
4.426.   We wish the Japanese delegation every success for its Review.  
KAZAKHSTAN  
4.427.   Kazakh stan warmly welcomes the delegation of Japan led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy 
Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy . 
We express our gratitude to the Government of Japan for their informative Report and statement. 
We also thank Ambassador João Aguiar Machado for his insightful comments as a discuss ant and 
the WTO Secreta riat for its comprehensive Report.  
4.428.   Kazakhstan enjoys strong bilateral cooperation with Japan and attaches high importance to 
further deepening its economic and trade relations . Japan is a key and fifth  largest trading partner 
of my country in the Asia -Pacific region . In 2022 , our bilateral merchandise trade increased by mo re 
than half despite the uncertainties in the global trad ing environment and constituted USD 1.9 billion.  
4.429.   Aside from trade, Japan is one of the top 10 largest investors in Kazakhstan's economy, 
accounting for almost USD  8 billion of investments. More than 60  enterprises with Japanese capital 
are successfully ope rating in Kazakhstan, including leading companies, such as INPEX, Sumitomo, 
and Marubeni Corporations.  
4.430.   Taking this opportunity, we would also like to express high gratitude to the Government of 
Japan for the humanitarian aid and assistance provided to my country in the fight against COVID -19 
pandemic.  
4.431.   We commend Japan for its  sound and resilient economic performance despite the challenges 
in the global economy and for implementing an ambitious trade -related reform agenda over the 
period under review . Particularly , we note a strong f ocus on  the 2021 strategy for promoting foreign 
direct investment aimed at creating a new digital green market, building an innovation ecosystem , 
and accelerating the development of business environment in response to  global env ironmental 
challenges.  
4.432.   Kazakhstan also welcomes the ongoing comprehensive reforms initiated by Japan under the 
Economic Security Promotion Act adopted in May  2022, with a view  of ensuring a stable supply of 
key products and essential infrastructure service s, as well as enhancing the development of 
inventions and production of advanced technologies . 
4.433.   We believe that the efforts  of the Government of Japan in the implementation of structural 
economic reforms resulted in maintaining its position as a world top t hree large economies and 
sixth most competitive economy according to the World Economic Forum  Report.  
4.434.   We recognize Japan's commitment and engagement in the rules -based multilateral trading 
system and constructive work in the WTO . Particularly , we commend J apan's contributions  to the 
discussions on agriculture, fisheries subsidies, WTO's response to the pandemic , and for its role as 
co-convener of the Joint Statement Initiative on E-Commerce and the active participation in the 
Services  Domestic Regulation, and Investment Facilitation for Development initiatives.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.435.   We would like to support other Members and eco statements that greater liberalization of 
agriculture  would contribute to competitiveness and that Japanese consumers would be the  main 
beneficiaries of these policy reforms . 
4.436.   Kazakhstan thanks Japan for the written replies to our questions addressing exports 
promotion and financial aid issues.  
4.437.   In conclusion, we would like to congratulate the delegation of Japan and the W TO Secretari at 
for the hard work and efforts that went to preparing for this T rade Policy Review .  
4.438.   We would also like to express our appreciation for to the active role here at the WTO  to 
Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki  and his team in Geneva . As representative of the MC 12 Chair 
country, I also would like to express  our gratitude to the Government of Japan for making the 
successful outcomes of the MC12 realistic . 
4.439.   We wish the delegation of Japan every success for the 15th Trade P olicy Review.  
URUGUAY  
4.440.   Uruguay desea brindar la más cordial bienvenida a la delegación de Japón, encabezada por 
el Sr. Akihiro  Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y Embajador 
encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores , en oportunidad de l 
decimoquinto examen de sus políticas comerciales, a quien agradecemos por su presentación. 
Asimismo, agradecemos a la Secretaría por su completo informe y el Embajador João Aguiar 
Machado, por su demostrativa interpretación del análisis realizado.  
4.441.   A nive l bilateral, nuestros países se encuentran en uno de sus mejores momentos, luego de 
la visita oficial del Presidente de Uruguay, Luis  Lacalle  Pou, en octubre  de 2022, durante la cual se 
logró entre otros objetivos, la apertura del mercado japonés para la lengua bovina uruguaya.  
4.442.   En cuanto al comercio bilateral, durante el año 2022, se registró  un crecimiento de 20% de 
las exportaciones de nuestro país mientras que las importaciones se han mantenido estables. El 
producto estrella, desde el año 2019 hasta la actualidad, sigue siendo la carne bovina de alta calidad.  
4.443.   El 2022 ha sido un año récord de exportaciones uruguayas a Japón, con la perspectiva de 
una tendencia ascendente en los próximos años, gracias a las habilitaciones sanitarias obtenidas 
durante 2018 y 2019. Entendemos que hay una complementariedad productiva entre nuestros 
países, y sobre todo en el rol de Uruguay como proveedor de alimentos seguros, inocuos y 
consistentes en el tiempo.  
4.444.   El área de inversiones se destaca la realizada por el conglomerad o NH Foods, empresa que 
adquirió uno de los principales frigoríficos del país, las operaciones de Takiron en industria liviana y 
de Yazaki en el sector de autopartes, entre otras.  
4.445.   Por otra parte, cre emos que hay un rol importante de Uruguay en la Estrategi a de 
Crecimiento Verde de Japón.  
4.446.   En cuanto al plano regional, Uruguay es un gran defensor de alcanzar un acuerdo 
MERCOSUR -Japón.  
4.447.   A nivel multilateral, ambos coincidimos en que la OMC juega una función central en el 
sistema multilateral de comercio basado e n normas. Esto nos brinda un escenario de certidumbre 
necesario para asegurar que los Acuerdos de esta casa sigan siendo relevantes y a la altura de las 
circunstancias que nos imponen los desafíos globales.  
4.448.   Trabajamos juntos en la implementación de los com promisos asumidos en la Duodécima  
Conferencia Ministerial, el "Paquete de Ginebra ", en la implementación del acuerdo para impedir los 
subsidios a la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada, en la reforma de la OMC, entre otros 
temas.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.449.   Agradecemos los e sfuerzos de Japón para implementar el paquete de recomendaciones y 
declaraciones del Grupo Informal sobre Mipymes, destinadas a incrementar la participación de las 
pequeñas y medianas empresas en el comercio internacional. Observamos con beneplácito el 
desarrollo de programas de apoyo a estas empresas en temas tales como las compras públicas, el 
uso de herramientas de propiedad intelectual, el desarrollo del comercio electrónico y temas 
vinculados a los derechos humanos, entre otros. En ese sentido, alentam os a que continúen sus 
esfuerzos con la plena implementación del conjunto de recomendaciones. Contamos con su apoyo 
para continuar logrando resultados en el Grupo Informal sobre Mipymes, aportando sus experiencias 
y temas de interés de cara a la Decimoterc era Conferencia Ministerial.  
4.450.   La OMC es una Organización multilateral y las mipymes son un asunto global. Necesitamos 
la voz y los aportes de los Miembros dentro del Grupo Informal sobre este tema, para mejorar el 
desarrollo de masa crítica y de buenas prác ticas.  
4.451.   Nuestros mejores deseos para un exitoso examen de política comercial.  
TUNISIE  
4.452.   Ma délégation a le plaisir de participer au quinzième examen de la politiques commerciales 
du Japon et souhaite la bienvenue à la délégation japonaise conduite par S.E.  M. Akihiro  Okochi, à 
qui nous exprimons notre considération pour l'exposé exhaustif sur la situation économiques et la 
politique commerciale de son pays.  
4.453.   Je remercie également S.E.  M. João Aguiar  Machado pour les remarques pertinentes 
développées dans sa p résentation et félicite le Secrétariat pour le rapport complet qu'il nous a soumis 
à l'occasion de cet examen.  
4.454.   Au cours de la période d'examen considérée, grandement impactée par la pandémie, le 
Japon a su maintenir sa position comme puissance économique m ondiale et acteur principal dans le 
système commercial multilatéral  
4.455.   Les rapports du Secrétariat et du Japon, qui sont à l'examen, dressent un tableau exhaustif 
et détaillé de l'état de d'une économie solide, stable et compétitive qui s'est montrée résilien te face 
aux crises. Nous soulignons, à ce titre, en particulier, un taux moyen d'inflation ne dépassant pas 
le 1% durant la période à l'examen, bien maîtrisé en 2022, malgré la hausse des cours 
internationaux de l'énergie et de la dépréciation du yen.  
4.456.   Les politiques budgétaires et monétaires souples et audacieuses accompagnées de réformes 
structurelles ont permis au Japon de remédier aux difficultés démographiques liées au vieillissement 
de sa population, d'augmenter l'offre de main -d'œuvre et de la pro ductivité et de préserver des taux 
de croissance du PIB réel, modéré la plupart des années.  
4.457.   La diversité de la production japonaise à forte valeur ajoutée, l'investissement publique et 
privé dans la recherche et le développement de la numérisation, ont per mis également au Japon 
d'afficher, durant la période d'examen une balance des paiements excédentaire, et de réaffirmer la 
confiance dans la solvabilité de son économie, en dépit d'un ratio de la dette publique au PIB élevé, 
en comparaison avec d'autres pay s développés.  
4.458.   Membre fondateur de l'OMC, le Japon continu de défendre un système commercial 
multilatéral fondé sur des règles, ouvert, libéral et équitable, garantissant la stabilité et la 
transparence des transactions. Nous saluons, à ce titre, son rôle constructif, récemment à la CM12, 
particulièrement dans les négociations sur les subventions à la pêche et la dérogation à l'accord 
ADPIC, permettant d'atteindre des résultats probants sur ces deux axes. Nous nous attendrions à 
ce que le Japon continue à a gir constructivement pour arriver au terme de la CM13, à des solutions 
globales et efficaces pour la durabilité de la pêche et l'accès équitable aux thérapeutiques et 
diagnostiques et à la lutte contre les futures pandémies.  
4.459.   L'engagement du Japon en faveur  du système commercial multilatéral se dégage, par 
ailleurs, à travers sa recherche active à conclure des accords de partenariat économique dans 
différentes zones régionales et à diversifier ses mécanismes d'aide pour le commerce et le 
développement.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.460.   Dans ce cadre, nous nous félicitons des résultats de la huitième Conférence internationale 
de Tokyo sur le développement de l'Afrique (TICAD  8) qui s'est tenue à Tunis les 27 et 28  août 2022, 
et qui ont réaffirmé l'engagement du gouvernement japonais à établir des partenariats fructueux 
avec les pays du continent africain afin de parvenir à une croissance commune et d'aider à la 
construction d'une solide économie africaine. Le Japon s'est engagé dans cette perspective à:  
• investir 30  milliards  d'USD au cours des trois prochaines années par les secteurs public et 
privé japonais pour soutenir le développement en Afrique.  
• allouer 4  milliards  d'USD au domaine du développement des énergies vertes.  
• octroyer environ 5  milliards  d'USD de prêts pour des investissements dans les 
infrastructures, et 300  millions d'USD de nouveaux prêts pour renforcer la production 
agricole et lutter contre l'insécurité alimentaire.  
• former environ 300  000 cadres africains au cours des trois prochaines années dans les 
domaine s de l'industrie, de la santé, de l'éducation et l'agriculture.  
4.461.   Au niveau bilatéral, les relations séculaires, politiques et commerciales tuniso -japonaises, 
établies en juin  1956, année de l'indépendance de la Tunisie, ne cessent de se développer, 
notammen t dans le cadre des sessions de la Commission Mixte, dont la 10ème s'est tenue à Tokyo 
en février  2019, ou des accords de coopération technique et de développement d'infrastructures 
ainsi que les protocoles d'accords entre les agences spécialisées.  
4.462.   La coop ération technique et financière avec le Japon remonte à 1975 avec l'ouverture d'un 
bureau de représentation de la JICA. Nous saluons, à cet endroit, le rôle de cette agence et l'appui 
considérable qu'elle fournit pour la mise en œuvre de nombreux projets d e coopération, 
particulièrement axé sur le développement durable, la lutte contre le changement climatique et 
l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des Tunisiens.  
4.463.   Nous citons à ce titre, les prêts octroyés pour le projet de construction de la Station de 
dessalement d'eau de mer à Sfax, la Centrale Electrique de Rad ès, le Programme "Amen Social" 
destiné à atténuer les répercussions négatives du COVID -19 sur les personnes vulnérables.  
4.464.   Nous soulignons, également, l'accord de don de 1,2  milliard de JP Y, signé en  mars 2022 
entre le gouvernement tunisien et la JICA, pour le projet de construction de navires de surveillance 
des pêches qui seront livrés en octobre  2023.  
4.465.   Ce projet permettra de renforcer le système de suivi, de contrôle et de surveillance des 
pêches m aritimes en Tunisie, et d'améliorer la gestion des ressources halieutiques, contribuera 
efficacement à la mise en œuvre efficace de l'accord sur la subvention à la pêche de juin  2022.  
4.466.   Nous regrettons, toutefois, que le volume des échanges commerciaux entre  la Tunisie et le 
Japon reste assez modeste. Les exportations tunisiennes sur le marché japonais, limitées aux 
produits de la mer (thon) et au textile, n'ont pas dépassé les 33  millions d'USD en 2022 et ont ainsi 
accentué le déficit de notre balance commer ciale vis à vis du Japon, marquée par un faible taux de 
couverture de 17%.  
4.467.   Nous encourageons, à ce niveau, les autorités japonaises à donner une suite favorable à la 
demande du Ministère du commerce et du développement des exportations tunisien en vue de f aire 
profiter de son schéma de préférences (SGP), une liste précise de produits tunisiens qui 
comprendrait: les produits de la mer (surtout le thon rouge et le homard), la pâte alimentaire, les 
vêtements et les chaussures ; et d'étudier la proposition de c e Ministère, concernant la conclusion 
d'un accord de commerce différentiel avec le Japon sur la base de l'échange de concessions 
douanières sur deux listes de produits déterminés.  
4.468.   Nos deux pays, faudrait -il le souligner, sont déterminés à renforcer davant age leur 
coopération traditionnelle dans tous les domaines y compris l'agriculture et les nouvelles 
technologies, et à capitaliser sur les acquis politiques et économiques et les cadres institutionnels 
existants.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.469.   Je voudrais, en conclusion, saluer l'Ambass adeur  Yamazaki, ainsi que son équipe à Genève, 
pour leur engagement actif aux travaux de l'OMC et souhaiter à la délégation japonaise un examen 
fructueux de sa politique commerciale.  
PARAGUAY  
4.470.   La República de Paraguay quisiera extender un cordial saludo a l a delegación de Japón en la 
persona del Jefe de delegación, Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y 
Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores , 
Sr. Akihiro  Okochi . También quisiéramos agradec erle a usted, Sra. Presidenta, por la conducción de 
este examen, así como al ponente y a la Secretaría por la elaboración del exhaustivo informe.  
4.471.   Paraguay y Japón comparten históricos lazos de amistad, recientemente se cumplieron 100 
años del establecimien to de nuestras relaciones bilaterales. Además, durante el periodo bajo análisis 
por este examen, Japón fue el 11° socio comercial de Paraguay.  
4.472.   Como resalta el informe de la Secretaría, la economía de Japón se caracteriza por un alto 
desarrollo y diversific ación. Esto puede apreciarse en el comercio bilateral entre Paraguay y Japón, 
el cual no solo es deficitario para Paraguay, sino que además las exportaciones de Paraguay están 
altamente concentradas. Un solo producto agrícola representa alrededor del 95% d e las 
exportaciones de Paraguay a Japón, mientras que los 10 principales productos de exportación de 
Japón a Paraguay (NAMA) suman el 48,6% de sus exportaciones al país.  
4.473.   Es esta alta dependencia a los commodities  agrícolas en general la que guía las accion es de 
Paraguay en esta Organización y en nuestras relaciones comerciales bilaterales, ya que nuestra 
economía y la subsistencia de una parte importante de nuestra población dependen en gran medida 
de estos.  
4.474.   Una parte importante del sésamo cultivado en Para guay, por ejemplo, se destina a Japón. 
Este producto, además del interés económico, tiene un elemento de desarrollo y social para Paraguay 
por su amplia utilización por pequeños productores y para la sustitución de cultivos ilícitos.  
4.475.   Japón, como un país im portador neto de alimentos, y Paraguay tienen una importante 
complementariedad económica. Pero para poder beneficiarnos de esto, necesitamos avanzar en 
todos los elementos de las negociaciones agrícolas. Un mercado menos distorsionado y mayores 
oportunidad es de acceso a mercado, y no solo disciplinas más estrictas en restricciones a las 
exportaciones, permitirán brindar más seguridad alimentaria a Japón. Esperamos poder seguir 
trabajando juntos en las negociaciones para alcanzar un resultado satisfactorio y  balanceado para 
ambos países y para todos los Miembros  
4.476.   Con Japón compartimos igualmente trabajos en varios otros órganos e iniciativas conjuntas 
en el marco de la OMC, agradecemos en especial su liderazgo como coor ganizador en las discusiones 
sobre comercio electrónico . Esperamos seguir avanzando en las discusiones de este año y que las 
necesidades de los países en desarrollo sean tenidas en cuenta.  
4.477.   Otro elemento importante que seguimos con atención es el referente a las medidas sanitarias 
y fitosani tarias. Aunque el marco jurídico y los procesos en Japón son largos y muchas veces 
complicados, hemos tenido en el pasado buenas experiencias en las que pudimos resolver con Japón 
problemas de capacidad con las herramientas y la cooperación prevista en el Acuerdo MSF para los 
países en desarrollo.  
4.478.   Por lo que no quisiera perder la oportunidad para solicitar a Japón que acelere los procesos 
administrativos para el análisis de riesgo correspondiente para la apertura del mercado japonés para 
la carne bovina paraguaya, que se encuentra en proceso desde hace algunos años.  
4.479.   En nombre de mi país, reitero mis felicitaciones a quienes tienen a cargo la conducción de 
este examen y a los delegados de la Misión Permanente de Japón.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  CAMBODIA  
4.480.   At the outset, Camb odia associates itself with the statement of ASEAN  delivered by 
Indonesia . My delegation is pleased to participate in the 15th Trade Policy Re view of Japan.  
4.481.   I would like to warmly welcome the delegation of Japan led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy 
Assistant M inister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy  
of Japan. Our special thanks also go to the discuss ant, H.E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado of the 
European  Union , for his insightful remarks and for outlining some interesting q uestions . We 
appreciate the  Report prepared by the  Secretariat and the Government of Japan which outline recent 
developments in Japan, trade policies and practices . 
4.482.   Cambodia and Japan enjoy  long-standing and friendly relations, not only on trade but also 
in other areas as well, including infrastructure, education, and social development, just to name a 
few. Cambodia wishes to congratulate Japan for maintaining its position as the third largest economy 
in the world. We also commend Japan for their remarkable  economic achievements, including 
economic resilience, low inflation rates, and the ability to maintain sound fiscal and liberal trade 
policy despite the COVID -19 pandemic and global challenges such as food , energy, and cost of living 
crises.  
4.483.   In terms of economic ties, Japan is an important trade and investment partner for Cambodia. 
Bilaterally, Cambodia and Japan have enjoyed a strong and highly complementary economic 
relationship through bilateral and regional initiatives, especially through the ASEAN Pl us mechanism, 
such as ASEAN -Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP), and the new Regional 
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP). We believe that RCEP will provide a 
significant boost to trade and investment between Cambodia and Japan , and with the other 
13 participating countries . 
4.484.   In terms of bilateral trade, according to Cambodia's General Department of Customs and 
Excise, bilateral merchandise trade between Cambodia and Japan totalled USD  1.948  billion in 2022, 
rising by 12.33% from  a year earlier; but in the total trade Cambodia's exports accounted for a 
60.22% share of the bilateral trade, although this is quite significant, it nonetheless represents a 
negative growth as export from Cambodia to Japan is actually down by 2.85% on a yearly basis, if 
compared to export in 2021. Regardless, Japan remains the fourth largest buyer of Cambodia's 
merchandise in 2022 accounting for 5.22% of the global total trade of USD  22.483  billion . 
4.485.   As for investments, in accordance with the national bank s of Cambodia statistics, as of 
December  2021, Japan is the fifth biggest investor in Cambodia, accounted for about USD  2.4 billion  
after China, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Viet Nam. Japanese investors in Cambodia, largely 
operated in industry ; banki ng; hotels and tourism ; construction and r eal state; and especially 
supermarkets and retail , restaurants, and services.  
4.486.   Let me take th is occasion to acknowledge the critical role and contribution of Japan in the 
multilateral trading system that is open, tr ansparent, inclusive , and non -discriminatory . We also 
recognize the effort of Japan in contributing to the ongoing discussions on the different issues at the 
WTO with the aim to reinforce the relevance of the multilateral trading syste m. 
4.487.   On ASEAN -Japan coo peration, Japan remains an important partner of ASEAN in all areas 
within the ASEAN -led cooperation mechanism. We also appreciate the preferential schemes provided 
by Japan to the LDC for both goods and services.  
4.488.   Finally, we commit to working closely with  Japan especially with the delegation of Japan in 
Geneva to strengthen our good cooperation for economic prosperity and sustainable development, 
we wish Japan a successful 15Th Trade Policy Review.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.489.   Kyrgyz  Republic warmly welcomes the delegation of Japan led by H.E. Mr Akihiro  Okochi, 
Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic 
Diplomacy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.490.   We would like to thank the WTO Secretariat  and the Government of Japan for preparing such 
comprehensive and detailed reports on the 15th Review of trade policies and practices of Japan. We 
would also like to thank the discussant, H.E.  Mr João Aguiar  Machado (European  Union) for his 
insightful com ments.  
4.491.   Since the beginning of its membership in WTO Japan has demonstrated the highest 
dedication to WTO rules and as seen in the Report has convincingly shown its commitment to trade 
liberalization under the multilateral trading system centred on the WTO continuously.  
4.492.   Japan is an active participant in all the initiatives within the WTO, including e-commerce, 
investment facilitation for development, MSMEs, and services domestic regulation. Japan also is a 
party to the WTO plurilateral agreements, such as A greement on Government Procurement and 
Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
4.493.   Last year we celebrated the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations 
between the Kyrgyz  Republic and Japan. During this time, we were able to establish friendly ties  in 
political, economic, cultural, and humanitarian cooperation.  
4.494.   We would like to express our appreciation for all the support and assistance provided for the 
development of the Kyrgyz  Republic and overall, the Central  Asian countries.  
4.495.   For many years, sev eral projects aimed at the sustainable development of rural areas have 
been implemented in the Kyrgyz  Republic  through the Japan International Cooperation Agency. One 
of the successful ones is "One Village -One Product ".  
4.496.   Also, in the past 30  years, thousan ds of our specialists have been trained in JICA training 
centres, in various Japanese universities. Since 2007, government officials of the Kyrgyz  Republic 
have passed educational program mes and improved their qualifications in Japanese universities. 
Today , the graduates of JICA program mes are already contributing to the development of our 
country through public service, occupying important positions in the country.  
4.497.   Meanwhile, we recognize that the level of bilateral trade does not correspond to the existi ng 
potential.  
4.498.   The trade turnover between the Kyrgyz  Republic and Japan in January -November  2022 
amounted to USD 17.23  million. In comparison, in the same period of 2021, the trade turnover 
amounted to USD 79.29  million.  
4.499.   The Kyrgyz  Republic export s to Jap an mainly are honey, oilseeds, parts and accessories for 
appliances and machines, finished textiles , and jet fuel.  
4.500.   The goods of imports from Japan are machinery, equipment for industry, gears and engines, 
rubber products (tires), products made of ferrous m etals, spare part for vehicles, electronical 
machines and apparatus, medicines , etc. 
4.501.   The Kyrgyz  Republic considers these numbers to be insufficient and our Government is 
interested in filling this gap. We should increase the number of business events which  would lay 
forward the progress in economic relations.  
4.502.   Given the fact that Japan is one of the leading economies in the world, we would be 
interested in attracting advanced technologies and innovations from Japan for the development of 
the national economy. From our side, we could increase the export of agricultural products, and 
services (tourism: historical and recreational).  
4.503.   In order to foster trade relations between our countries, our countries need to frequently 
organize business bridging events  to boost B2B links between our business circles in the format of 
investment for a and send special trade missions to each other to help traders meet with their 
potential partners.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.504.   For example, the Government of Japan in cooperation with the European Bank o f 
Reconstruction and Development organi zed the Central Asian Investment Forum in Tokyo in 
December  2022.  
4.505.   The Kyrgyz  Republic also plans to take part in the international exhibition "EXPO -2025", 
which will be held in 2025 in Osaka (Japan).  
4.506.   Taking this opportunity, the Kyrgyz  Republic wishes a very successful 15th Trade Policy 
Review to the delegation of Japan.  
EL SALVADOR  
4.507.   En nombre del Gobierno de El  Salvador, deseo unirme a los oradores que me han precedido, 
dando un cordial saludo a la distinguida delegación de Japón, encabezada por el S r. Akihiro  Okochi , 
e Asuntos Económicos y Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el Ministerio de 
Relaciones Exteriores , a los funcionarios que nos visita n desde capital, así como, su destacado equipo 
en Gine bra, con ocasión del decimoquinto examen de política comercial.  
4.508.   Permítanos agradecer tanto al Gobierno de Japón, como a la Secretaría de la OMC, por la 
preparación y presentación de los informes detallados para el presente ejercicio, los cuales 
seguramente  serán de gran utilidad en el desarrollo del mismo, poniendo en relevancia la evolución 
en materia económica y comercial de este Miembro para el período objeto de examen, especialmente 
en tiempos postpandemia.  
4.509.   De la misma forma agradecemos al Embajador Sr.  João Aguiar  Machado de la 
Unión  Europea, por sus importantes comentarios y reflexiones, los cuales contribuirán a enriquecer 
nuestras discusiones.  
4.510.   Las relaciones entre Japón y El  Salvador continúan reforzándose a través de los años, a 
pesar de ser nacione s geográficamente distantes. A lo largo de los años, Japón ha ido ganando 
espacio como destino de las exportaciones salvadoreñas, en productos como el café y los textiles. 
Japón exporta a El  Salvador principalmente vehículos y partes de vehículos.  
4.511.   Por otr o lado, Japón se mantiene como uno de los países que brindan mayor cooperación y 
ayuda para el comercio a El  Salvador, destacándose y a manera de ejemplo, los proyectos de 
asistencia técnica y cooperación en materia de infraestructura en puertos y aeropuer tos, y la red 
vial del país.  
4.512.   Es de resaltar que Japón mantiene su posición como una de las economías más grandes y 
competitivas del mundo, ocupando el tercer lugar.  
4.513.   Aún en un contexto poco favorable y en medio de las distintas crisis que afectan a todos los 
países de la OMC, se destacan los elevados niveles de crecimiento, desarrollo económico y social, 
que permiten a Japón tener uno de los niveles de vida más elevados del mundo.  
4.514.   Especial atención reciben las reformas implementadas, para hacer frente a l os desafíos 
demográficos que enfrenta, las cuales tienen como destino aumentar la oferta, la productividad y 
los salarios de la mano de obra.  
4.515.   Así como, las reformas estructurales que tienen por objeto aumentar la productividad, en 
particular mediante la a celeración de la digitalización, la expansión de las inversiones y el aumento 
del gasto en investigación y desarrollo.  
4.516.   Pasando al marco multilateral, El  Salvador comparte la visión de Japón de continuar 
apoyando y fortaleciendo el sistema multilateral del comercio, impulsando un entorno libre, justo, 
previsible y estable para el comercio y las inversiones.  
4.517.   Se destaca la activa y constructiva participación  de Japón en el trabajo ordinario, la agenda 
de negociación, los temas de vanguardia y la reforma de la Organización.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.518.   Japón continúa demostrando, su liderazgo en la promoción de la iniciativa relativa a la 
Declaración Conjunta sobre el Comercio Electrónic o, junto con Australia y Singapur, los 
coorganizadores, de la cual El  Salvador es parte.  
4.519.   Asimismo, es de señalar el apoyo de Japón a las discusiones sobre comercio y género en el 
marco del grupo informal.  
4.520.   Para concluir, deseo transmitir a la delegación d e Japón los mayores deseos de éxito en este 
su decimoquinto examen de política comercial.  
KENYA  
4.521.   I take this opportunity to warmly welcome the delegation of Japan led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, 
the Deputy Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Amb assador in charge of Economic 
Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to Geneva for the 15th Trade Policy Review.  
4.522.   I also wish to thank today 's discussant H.E.  Mr João Aguiar  Machado of the European  Union, 
for setting the scene for this Trade Policy Review. Allow me to further acknowledge the Secretariat 's 
dedicated efforts toward s preparing a comprehensive Report.  
4.523.   Kenya acknowledges Japan 's active and constructive engagement at the WTO and recognizes 
that this Trade Policy Review comes at a time when  the world is still recovering from the devastating 
effects of the COVID -19 pandemic. Kenya applauds Japan for its valiant efforts to counter the 
resultant downturn.  
4.524.   We note that the country 's economy rebounded in 2021, with an estimated growth of 2.6% 
according to the IMF, on the back of strong exports and public consumption and investment. The 
IMF forecast a GDP increase of 3.2% in 2022, underpinned by the entry into force of the Regional 
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Trade Agreement.  
4.525.   In 2021, Japan 's exports were valued at USD  757.5  billion, accounting for 3.5% of the 
world 's exports during the year and positioning Japan as the fourth largest exporter in the year. The 
country was the second largest exporter of motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed 
for the transport of persons, with exports being valued at USD  85.6 billion. Japan 's export 
concentration was 0.1, indicating that Japan has diversified its export destination market.  
4.526.   On the other hand, Japan 's imports in the year were valued at USD  772.7  billion, which 
made up 3.5% of the world imports in the year, ranking the country as the fourth largest global 
importer in 2021. Japan 's chief import product in 2021 was petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous mineral s (crude). The country imported approximately USD  63.1 billion worth of the 
product.  
4.527.   Bilaterally, Kenya enjoys long -standing cordial political and trade relations with Japan. 
In 2021, Kenya 's exports reached an all -time high of USD  61.2 million, with an av erage annual 
increase of 11% between 2017 and 2020. There was a single drop in export performance over the 
last decade in 2020, recovering immediately in 2021. Kenya 's principal export product to Japan 
in 2021 was titanium ores and concentrates, accounting  for 29.6% of Kenya 's exports to the country. 
Other key export products include coffee at 15.3%, waste and scrap of copper at 15.2%, and cut 
flowers at 14.3%. The top five export products constituted 88.1% of Kenya 's total exports to Japan, 
indicating a mo derately high concentration of the export basket.  
4.528.   Kenya 's imports from Japan were valued at USD  892.3  million in 2021, an increase by 
USD 68.98  million, from USD 823.3 million  in 2020. Kenya 's chief import from Japan in 2021 was 
motor cars and other motor vehicles at USD  358.8  million.  
4.529.   Kenya commends Japan 's front -line role in trade and development through initiatives such 
as Aid for Trade and Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD). Notably, the 
Japan International Cooperation A gency (JICA) has had long -term impactful partnerships with 
Kenya 's public and private sectors to provide capacity -building and technical assistance. The scope 
of the partnership has been diverse, covering economic infrastructure development; agriculture an d WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  rural development ; human resource development ; health support ; water and sanitation ; as well as 
environmental management.  
4.530.   Kenya looks forward to a more fruitful trade relationship with Japan and wishes the 
delegation a successful Trade Policy Review.  
HONDURAS  
4.531.   En representación del Estado de Honduras, permítame comenzar dando una muy cálida 
bienvenida a toda la delegación de Japón encabezado por su Jefe de delegación  S.E. Akihiro  Okochi, 
Viceministro Adjunto en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y Embajador encarg ado de la diplomacia 
económica en el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Japón. Saludamos a nuestros colegas y 
amigos de la Misión de Japón en Ginebra, les agradecemos por su informe y su declaración inicial.  
4.532.   Extendemos nuestro reconocimiento a usted Pr esidenta, por su conducción, a la Secretaría 
por la calidad de su informe y al ponente , Embajador João  Aguiar  Machado , por sus valiosas 
observaciones.  
4.533.   Japón es la tercera economía del mundo por volumen de PIB, orientada al comercio y 
diversificada.  
4.534.   El Informe sobre la competitividad mundial de 2019 del Foro Económico Mundial, señala que 
Japón ocupaba la sexta posición y los mejores resultados se registraron en las esferas de la 
infraestructura digital, la salud y la infraestructura física.  
4.535.   Según la OCDE, el  sector financiero del Japón ha resistido relativamente bien la crisis 
provocada por la pandemia y se ha notado que la proporción de préstamos fallidos en la economía 
del Japón es relativamente baja y que la suficiencia de capital de las principales instit uciones 
financieras parece estar en consonancia con otras economías importantes.  
4.536.   Observamos con atención que , de conformidad con informes de la OMPI, en 2020 el Japón 
registró los tiempos de tramitación más cortos entre las principales oficinas de propieda d intelectual 
y se situó en el cuarto lugar mundial, en cuanto a rapidez.  
4.537.   De los informes evaluados, notamos que con la Ley Antimonopolio transformada, la 
introducción de un nuevo sistema de clemencia permite a la Autoridad Competente, reducir la 
cuantía del recargo en función del grado de cooperación de la empresa durante la investigación, y 
se elimina la limitación del número de empresas que pueden beneficiarse del programa de clemencia 
en una investigación, razón por la cual se adoptaron directrices sob re el sistema de clemencia 
aplicable a los casos de cooperación en la investigación, temas que revierten interés de estudio de 
parte de nuestras autoridades competentes.  
4.538.   Desatacamos los esfuerzos realizados por el Japón por incorporar la Declaración sobre la 
Neutralidad en Carbono para 2050 y su objetivo de reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto 
invernadero para 2030 y prestamos atención al compromiso con la actualización del nivel de 
cumplimiento de las cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climátic o, el calentamiento global y la 
revisión del plan de acción del Gobierno.  
4.539.   En ese mismo orden de ideas, no perdemos de vista que el Japón mantiene una política de 
contratación pública que promueve la protección del medio ambiente y durante el período objet o de 
examen, se notificaron dos revisiones de la Política Básica de Promoción de la Contratación Pública 
Ecológica y las normas de aplicación relativas a la Ley de Contratos Ecológicos.  
4.540.   El Japón ha venido aplicando un enfoque holístico en sus propios esfue rzos de Ayuda para 
el Comercio, y también ha prestado una amplia asistencia, en particular en las esferas de la creación 
de capacidad productiva, así como en la política y los reglamentos comerciales.  
4.541.   Nuestros socios japoneses han brindado , a nuestro país , apoyo para abordar problemas 
relacionados con la pobreza, la seguridad pública, las causas fundamentales de la migración, así 
como material de emergencia en la recuperación tras la pandemia de COVID -19 y ayuda para la 
construcción de infraestructura produ ctiva entre otros.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.542.   El Gobierno japonés por medio del Centro de Cooperación Internacional y del programa de 
intercambio cultural con Centroamérica y el Caribe, "Juntos 2023 ", reafirmó su compromiso de 
reducir la contaminación atmosférica con mayor uso de en ergías renovables y concientizar sobre las 
buenas prácticas en producción de energía renovable.  
4.543.   En el ámbito espacial, se prevé la liberación de un microsatélite del Organismo Integrado 
Centroamericano en el que participa Honduras desde el Módulo Experimen tal Japonés "Kibo" en la 
Estación Espacial Internacional.  
4.544.   Con respecto a nuestro comercio bilateral, este refleja una balanza comercial con carácter 
deficitario para nuestro país, y en el año 2021, importamos alrededor de USD 211 millones en 
vehículos, hi erro y artefactos mecánicos ; y exportamos USD 91 millones café, pescados y frutas.  
4.545.   Este año celebraremos ochenta y ocho años desde el establecimiento de las relaciones 
diplomáticas, las cuales se han ido consolidando con el paso del tiempo y esperamos seguir 
fortaleciéndola en los diferentes ámbitos.  
4.546.   Nuestros países continuaran empeña ndo sus esfuerzos para lograr que avance el sistema 
multilateral de comercio auspiciado por la OMC basado en los principios de apertura, transparencia, 
no discriminación e inclusión.  
4.547.   Finalmente, Honduras se congratula de participar en este ejercicio de tran sparencia y aprecia 
la oportunidad de intercambiar y examinar las políticas y prácticas comerciales de Japón, y les 
deseamos éxitos en la presentación del examen de sus políticas comerciales.  
KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN  
4.548.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is delighted to partic ipate in the 15th Trade Policy Review of Japan, 
and would like to warmly welcome H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister, Economic 
Affairs Bureau, and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 
as well as H.E   Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, Permanent Representative of Japan to the WTO and 
wish them and their delegation a very successful Review.  
4.549.   We would also like to thank the WTO Secretariat for their efforts in preparing the detailed 
report and the discussant H .E. Mr João Aguiar  Machado , Ambassador and Permanent Representative 
of the European  Union to the WTO his insightful remarks and active discussion.  
4.550.   Japan has always been an important partner of the Kingdom of Bahrain, sharing a strong 
economic relationship.  
4.551.   The value of our total non -oil bilateral trade with Japan continues to reach high levels, 
amounting to more than USD 669 million last year.  
4.552.   Japan is also a major destination for Bahraini aluminium, making up a large share of the 
USD 155 million  exports t o Japan last year, along with USD 511 million  of Japanese imports to the 
Kingdom of Bahrain the same year, ranking eighth in our overall imports.  
4.553.   We are therefore encouraged by the findings of the Report, that Japan's economy is 
characterized by high deve lopment, diversification, and income levels as well as by strong market 
orientation.  
4.554.   In closing, we would like to thank the discussant for their remarks and active discussion and 
the WTO Secretariat for their efforts in preparing the detailed Report and we would like to wish Japan 
every success in its Trade Policy Review.  
PAKISTAN  
4.555.   We wish to warmly welcome the Japanese delegation led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi Deputy 
Assistant Minister, Economic Affairs Bureau, Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy, Ministry 
of Foreign Affairs at this 15 Trade Policy Review of Japan.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.556.   We wish to convey o ur thanks to the discussant H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado for providing 
insightful comments to lead the discussions at this TPR. Our thanks to the Secretariat for its work 
on this Review.  Pakistan appreciates the opportunity to participate at this Trade Poli cy Review.  
4.557.   During the period under review, Japan 's economy was not sparred by the pandemic, but the 
Government took bold actions to get the economy back quickly to its pre -pandemic growth level.  
4.558.   Japan 's consistent policies aiming for sustainable growth in the backdrop of various 
challenges is commendable. Japan is the third largest economy in the world and a highly developed 
country, these speak volume of the commitment of the Government to pursue effective growth 
policy.  
4.559.   Japan is one of Pakistan 's importan t trading partners in the region. While trade surpluses 
are in favour of Japan, the trade potential between the two countries remains underexploited. The 
current memorandum of understanding to deepen trade relations would need to further develop to 
take ad vantage of the trade opportunities. To also support and take advantage of the trade existing 
opportunities, Pakistan would very much welcome any trade facilitation such as rising the threshold 
to assess the import duties which currently stands at USD  90. 
4.560.   At the same time , we are also recipient of ODI from Japan. It might be fruitful and deepen 
Pakistan -Japan trade ties if more of this funding is used to develop Pakistan 's export capacity and 
products to high end markets like Japan.  
4.561.   Japan is a strong support er of the multilateral trade system and a very active Member at 
every level led by H .E. Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki and his team at the Geneva Mission.  
4.562.   We wish to commend Japan 's contribution to support developing countries ' integration into 
the multilate ral trading system. The various assistances and especially through aid for trade are 
highly appreciated.  We wish Japan a successful T rade Policy Review . 
GEORGIA  
4.563.   At the outset let me join the previous speakers in warmly welcoming the delegation of Japan 
in Geneva to this 15th Trade Policy Review  headed  by H.E. Ambassador Akihiro  Okochi . We would 
like to thank both , the Government of Japan and the WTO Secretariat , for their comprehensive 
reports, we would also like to thank the  discuss ant is H.E. Ambassador João  Aguiar  Machado for his 
very insightful remarks and observations . 
4.564.   Georgia acknowledges the important leadership role of Japan, as one of the largest 
economies, placed in the developing and further strengthening of a rules -based multilateral trading 
system . We applaud Japan for its unwavering support and commitment to the core values and 
principles underpinning the multilateral trading system and for  its active and constructive 
engagement in ongoing multilateral and plurilateral negotiations u nder the auspices of the WTO.  
4.565.   In this respect, we would like to particularly underline Japan's active and constructive 
participation in the joint statement initiative on e -commerce , in the investment  facilitation for 
development, the establishment of a W TO informal working group s for MSMEs and services domestic 
regulation .  
4.566.   Japan's economic performance was hardly hit by the global COVID -19 pandemic, resulting 
in economic slowdown,  as well as subsequent supply chains disruption, culminating  in a negative 
growth rate of  nearly  5% in 2020.  However, as the Secretariat's Report noted, Japan's 
post-pandemic  economic recovery has resulted in a significant growth of both merc handise exports 
and imports and exceeded pre -pandemic l evels. In 2021, the combined value o f merchandise  exports 
and import exceeded to equivalent of  30% of GDP for the first time since 2014.  
4.567.   We are delighted to stress that since the establishment of the diplomatic relations between 
Georgia and Japan in 1992, close cooperation in bilateral and m ultilateral formats have been 
dynamically developing in many important areas . With th e support from the Government of Japan, 
multiple technical assistance program mes have been implemented under the aegis of the Japan 
International Cooperation Agency  (JICA) developing the vital sectors of the Georgian economy . I WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  would like to use this opportunity to extend our most sincere gratitude and appreciation for the 
Government of Japan for its continued support . 
4.568.   As a highly -developed economy and major global trade r and investor, Japan represents  an 
important economic and strategic partner for Georgia, despite the geographical distance, our two 
countries maintain close and mutually beneficial bilateral  relations including the constructive trade 
and economic cooperation .  
4.569.   Trade indicators continue to demonstrate positive dynamic of our bilateral trade cooperation. 
In 2022, the volume of bilateral trade between Georgia and Japan has grown by 57% in comparison 
to 2021 as it constituted USD 322 million, for the last years we have been witnessing a positive 
trend i n bilateral trade between our two nations and we look forward to its further strengthening 
and in tensification .  
4.570.   Furthermore, Japan remains one of the major global sources of foreign inv estors. 
Cooperation between Georgia and Japan in the field of investments has been actively developing for 
the last years, resulting in a signing of bilateral agreements between the two countries for the 
liberalization, promotion, and protection of investm ents on 29  January  2021. We are confident that 
this agreement coupled with a favourable business -friendly climate will further stimulat e the growth 
of Japanese direct investments in my country.  
4.571.   In conclusion, we would like to wish the delegation of Japan s uccessful and productive Trade 
Policy Review.  
PERÚ  
4.572.   Perú desea dar la más cordial bienvenida a su S.E.  Sr. Akihiro  Okochi, Viceministro Adjunto 
en la Oficina de Asuntos Económicos y Embajador encargado de la diplomacia económica en el 
Ministerio de Relacion es Exteriores de Japón , así como a su honorable delegación. Igualmente , Perú 
se suma a los agradecimientos expresados por otras delegaciones, respecto al informe presentado 
sobre el desempeño macroeconómico y el régimen de política comercial del Japón en o casión de su 
decimoquinto  examen de política comercial . Asimismo, agradecer a la Secretaría por el informe de 
alcanzado a los Miembros y al Embajador João Aguiar Machado de la Unión  Europea por sus 
acertados y precisos comentarios como ponente.  
4.573.   Nuestra de legación saluda el constante crecimiento y el admirable control inflacionario de la 
economía japonesa basada, principalmente, en el sector de servicios y la manufactura. Asimismo, 
apreciamos el empeño de Japón por procurar un crecimiento sostenible e inclu sivo y lo alentamos a 
continuar sus esfuerzos en la reducción de emisiones de gas es de efecto invernadero.  
4.574.   La relación de amistad y cooperación entre Japón y Perú tiene lazos  históricos  profundos 
gracias a una importante inmigración de ciudadanos japonese s a nuestro país desde el siglo XIX, la 
segunda más grande luego de la que se dirigió al Brasil. Japón es uno de los países que ha marcado 
a la sociedad  peruana en aspectos tan diversos que van desde la gastronomía, el comercio, la 
agricultura, la economía  y la pintura .  
4.575.   En lo que se refiere a las relaciones comerciales bilaterales, Japón es nuestro segundo socio 
comercial en Asia gracias a un acuerdo de Asociación Económica Estratégica moderno y ambicioso, 
que se encuentra vigente desde el 1  de marzo  de 2012. Si bien nuestros intercambios se redujeron 
en 2020 debido a la pandemia, nuestro comercio superó los USD  3.890  millones en 2021. Ese mismo 
año la exportación peruana a Japón creció en un 52% gracias a la mayor venta minerales  y ciertos 
combustibles, de stacando los envíos de zinc, estaño y plomo. Mientras que nuestras importaciones 
de Japón aumentaron también un 39%, en el mismo año, por la mayor adquisición de bienes 
automotrices como neumáticos y vehículos. Cabe resalta que Japón es el quinto proveedor  de 
vehículos del Perú, con una participación del 10% del total del mercado. Creemos, sin embargo, que 
existen muchas otras oportunidades comerciales mutuas que seguir aprovechando, particularmente 
en el sector agropecuario,  textil y pesquero, por ejemplo,  el Perú puede fortalecer su posición como 
abaste cedor de café, plátanos y espárragos, así como para productos de otros sectores, incluyendo 
las prendas de algodón.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.576.   Asimismo, esperamos fortalecer la atracción de inversiones japonesas en los sectores de 
manufacturas, servicio de minería, alta tecnología y energías renovables cabe precisar que 
recientemente  entró en vigor el convenio que permitirá que las autoridades tributarias de ambos 
países cuenten con un mecanismo eficiente que evite la do ble tributación internacional respecto de 
los impuestos sobre la renta, y así enfrentar la evasión  y la e lusión fiscal internacional . Este acuerdo 
ha comenzado a surtir efectos del 1  de enero  de 2022. 
4.577.   Pasando al sistema multilateral, no quiero dejar de sal udar el activo rol y los esfuerzos de 
Japón en este foro,  especialmente en procesos como el de subvenciones a la pesca, sabemos que 
están haciendo sus mejores esfuerzos para ratificar el Acuerdo al igual que el Perú, así que lo 
seguimos alentando en ese em peño. 
4.578.   Igualmente, agradecer el respaldo concreto  brindado por el Gobierno japonés para 
acompañar a los países en desarrollo y menos adelantados a implementar este histórico acuerdo de 
subvenciones a la pesca , a través de una importante donación de más de m edio millón de dólares, 
la primera que se ha podido materializar OMC. 
4.579.   De otro lado, entendemos que una de las prioridades de Japón en esta casa es lograr una 
reforma que contribuya a una solución duradera de los problemas estructurales y funcionar en el 
sistema de solución de las diferencias . En ese sentido,  mientras d uren las negociaciones con miras 
al restablecimiento del Sistema de Solución de Diferencias y a fin de salvaguardar la integridad del 
sistema de comercio internacional,  Perú desea alentar a Japón a evaluar y considerar positivamente  
una adhesión o una unión al procedimiento arbitral multipartito de apelación provisional, conocido 
como MPIA, el cual ha demostrado a través de la solución de su primer caso, ser una opción viable 
que ha permitido  preservar  dos niveles de adjudicación mediante  una revisión imparcial , asegurando 
el carácter vinculante del Sistema de Solución de Diferencias.  
4.580.   Finalmente, valoramos que este examen haya servido de marco para que Japón renueve su 
compromiso con la estab ilidad y la solidez del sistema multilateral de comercio. En este contexto 
Perú quisiera manifestar su especial reconocimiento al importante papel que ha jugado en los 
trabajos de esta Organización el Embajador Kazuyuki  Yamazaki, y a sus activos  colaboradores, en 
apoyo a diversas iniciativas que se vienen desarrollando y que Perú comparte, especialmente en el 
área del comercio electrónico y la reglamentación nacional en materia de servicios . 
4.581.   Deseamos a nuestros queridos amigos japoneses un exitoso examen de su política comercial.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.582.   I would like to welcome Ambassador João Aguiar Machado for accepting to act as discuss ant 
as well as the Secretariat for the preparations to have th is success ful Review. I would also like to 
welcome the Deputy Assi stant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of 
Economic Diplomacy  of Japan , Ambassador Akihiro  Okochi and his delegation to their 15th Trade 
Policy Review.  
4.583.   This review is coming at a time when Japan , like most nations was affecte d negatively by 
the COVID -19 pandemic and the supply chain constraints that followed among others. This affected 
both consumption  and business investment , which we have heard from the Honourable Ambassador 
and with the impact of the COVID -19 now waning,  economic activities, we understand are set to be 
improving  notably  in the foreign trade arena . 
4.584.   Japan has remained one of the biggest players in the global trade with total value exports 
in 2021 amounting JPY  83.1 trillion, an increase of 21.5% from 2020. Thi s has been due to the 
policies being implemented by the Japanese Government .  
4.585.   The long -standing  support to the economic development of developing and least developed 
countries is well appreciated , as seen in various technical assistance programmes that Jap an has 
extended.  
4.586.   Zimbabwe and Japan have cordial trade and economic relations that have seen more 
engagement  more engagement through the Tokyo International Conference on African Development 
(TICAD). We appreciate the message by the Japanese Government at the eighth TICAD conference WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  held in Tunisia, where Japan and Africa cemented their partnership. The initiatives as announced by 
Japan, will see more young entrepreneurs  benefiting from the investment fund of more than 
JPY 10 billion which the Deputy Minist er has just confirmed has been launched.  
4.587.   In terms of  technical cooperation between Japan and Zimbabwe, we have found ourselves 
benefited through J ICA on capacity building, especially as we implement the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement.  As the land locked the country , JICA assisted our revenue authority ZIMRA in easing 
cross-border trading . We implemented the one -stop border post in Chirundu , a border we share with 
the Zambia, and through a grant, a new bridge was constructed across the Zambezi River to assist 
the movement of freight destined as far as Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A 7km 
patch of the North -South corridor in a mountainous area was constructed through a grant by the 
Japanese Government which is further evidence of the productive relationship that Zimbabwe 
continues to enjoy with Japan.  
4.588.   In terms of direct exp orts and imports  between our two countries, there is need to do more, 
especially support to our industrialization agenda and value chain initiatives.  We export a number of 
commodities which ideally we should value add beneficiate  within Zimbabwe itself , and we are 
actively seeking increase d the Japanese inve stments to partner with us , as we travel that path  of 
industrialization and modernization . 
4.589.   We applaud the policies that Japan is implementing especially in the support to aid for trade 
initiatives , as these contribut e to enhancing the trade  capacities of d eveloping countries , Zimbabwe 
included . 
4.590.   For the work that is before us today, Zimbabwe will continue to support the positive 
developments in Japan  and we look forward to a successful Trade Policy Review.  
BANGLADESH  
4.591.   At the outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes H.E.  Mr Akihiro  Okochi, Head of 
delegation and Deputy Assistant Minister, Economic Affairs Bureau, Ambassador in charge of 
Economic Diplomacy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and thank for his introductory presentation at the 
15th Trade Policy Review . We also thank H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado , Ambassador and P ermanent 
Representative  of the E uropean  Union for his insightful discussions. Our sincere appreciation goes 
to the Government of Japan and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive reports.  
4.592.   Japan has been committed to trade liberalization under the multilateral trading system 
centred on the WTO and e ngaged in non -discriminatory, open , and rule s-based regime. Japanese 
trade policy priority is complemented by a goal of continuous expansion and deepening of trade 
relations through regional and bilateral approaches. It attaches high importance to reducing  gaps in 
the level of development between nations, to promoting the further integration of developing and 
LDCs into the global economy, and to the need to make economic development more sustainable. 
Despite above, Japan's MFN applied tariff structure remai ns complex. Out of 272  tariff rates, there 
are 136  different ad valorem , 75 different specific, and others are alternate, compound, as well as 
some other types of duties. As a development friendly country, Bangladesh expects Japan will 
continue DFQF market  access and other forms of development assistances to Bangladesh and LDCs 
for certain periods after graduation.  
4.593.   Bangladesh and Japan have historically been strong bonded nations and relationship 
between two is centuries old. Japan is one of the desired de stinations of Bangladeshi students, 
researchers under Monogakabasu, JDS and other scholarship schemes. Both countries have been 
enjoying excellent bilateral trade and economic relations since establishment of diplomatic 
relationship in 1972, though bilater al trade is tilted towards Japan. As a leading export destination 
of Bangladeshi products in Asia and 11th globally, Japanese exports was USD  2.55 billion , while 
Bangladeshi exports was USD  1.5 billion in 2022. Major imported items from Japan are iron and 
steel, mineral fuels, oils, vehicles, and others, while Bangladeshi exported items include RMG, leather 
products, shrimps , etc.  
4.594.   Bangladesh offers investor friendly and congenial climate for foreign investors. Almost all of 
the sectors allowed foreign inve stment without capping. To promote FDI, Bangladesh signed 
Avoidance of Double Taxation Treaty with 36  countries including Japan. Bangladesh has taken WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  initiative to establish 100  Economic Zones to create structured and balanced investment. JICA has 
been dev eloping a Japanese Economic Zone targeting USD  1.5 billion. Bangladesh has also been 
implemented and implementing several mega -projects with Japanese support, which included Deep 
Seaport, Coal -fired Power Plant, Metro Rail project, and invites Japanese Government and investors 
to invest in human resource and other mega projects and Economic Zones.  
4.595.   To conclude, we wish the delegation of Japan a productive and successful TPR. Bangladesh 
delegation will continue to work closely with the Japanese delegations, l ed by H.E.  Mr Kazuyuki 
Yamazaki , Ambassador and P ermanent Representative  to the WTO, to strengthen the multilateral 
trading system while we strive to enhance our bilateral trade.  
ANGOLA  
4.596.   The delegation of Angola warmly congratulates Japan for this 15th Trade Policy Review based 
on a serious document, and active participation that highlights the challenges and opportunities of 
Japanese important presence in world trade and global economy. We have acknowledged with regret 
the profound negative impacts of the p andemic crisis in Japanese economy and society, but we 
mainly applaud the strong economic recovery from late 2021 onwards centred on the recovery of 
private consumption and business reinvestments.  
4.597.   It is clear from both reports of Japan and the Secretariat,  the importance of global and 
multilateral trade in the impressive retrieval of Japanese economy. Corporate profits remain high, 
there is a significant improvement of labour market and employment, and most economic indicators 
are returning to the pre -pande mic levels and rates. Nonetheless, the Japanese economy faces new 
inflation pressures that became a global problem in the aftermath of the pandemic crisis and the 
effects of the dramatic extension of the war in Ukraine.  
4.598.   Japan is also a country facing the oceanic defiance of climate change and demographic 
transition. The Japanese economy suffers from labour market shortages due to the low birth rate 
and a rampant population aging. It is especially important for countries as Angola to learn from the 
economic  and social strategies in place merging the State, the Government , and public and private 
enterprises. Japan is firmly enhancing domestic market demands through a structural process 
labelled the virtuous cycle from income to spending, merged with increasing wages to generate 
wider private consumption as structural factor  for economic development and social harmony.  
4.599.   Angola can only congratulate this paramount economic development strategy that is truly a 
paradigmatic lesson for those believing that economic growth can be sustained with poor wages and 
huge labour exploitati on. 
4.600.   The delegation of Angola also ascertains Japan firm commitment to a multilateral trading 
system centred on the WTO, engaged in a non -discriminatory, open, fair and rule s-based regime. 
We fully agree and support Japan efforts to achieve an expeditious r eform of the WTO that will 
contribute to a long -lasting solution to the structural and functional problems of the dispute 
settlement system, including dysfunctions concerning the Appellate Body. It is urgent and imperative 
to find a novel and lasting solut ion for the arbitration key role of the WTO  
4.601.   Angola and Japan are important trade partners and JICA Agency has a great participation in 
our cooperation. In 2019, prior to the pandemic crisis, our exports to Japanese economy reached 
USD 6.86 billion, and the  imports had a volume of JPY 3.99 billion. The COVID -19 pandemic crisis 
has eroded this bilateral trade exchanges in almost 62% in 2020, and a slow recovery reignited from 
mid-2021. Angola exports are mainly of crude oil, and our country imports from Japan  cars, other 
vehicles and machinery parts. There is a huge space for progress, development , and diversification 
of bilateral trade relations. Angola would like to receive more Japanese investment, namely in key 
areas for the industrialization of our countr y in strategic sectors as mining and agroindustry. Japan 
has an exemplar cooperation with Angola and among several ongoing programs, our country needs 
to stress the importance of Japanese decades of efforts in helping demining our fields and roads 
after al most 40 years of devastating war. Recently, Japan made an important contribute for demining 
the region of Kavango in the province of Cuando  Cubango. It is this mutual trust and helpful 
cooperation that will certainly build a novel future of increasing bila teral trade and investments 
between Japan and Angola.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  NEPAL  
4.602.   My delegation warmly welcomes the Japanese delegation led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy 
Assistant Minister of the Economic Affairs Bureau and Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy 
and commends  him for the insightful highlights of the 15th Trade Policy Review of Japan. We thank 
H.E. Mr João Aguiar Machado (European  Union) as discussant of the Review. My delegation thanks 
the Government of Japan and the WTO Secretariat for the valuable reports.  
4.603.   My delegation highly values Japan 's continued commitment and active participation in the 
multilateral trading system. We also commend its openness to international trade and its integration 
into the global economy. We are pleased to take good note that inf lation rates did not exceed 1% 
during the period under review while real GDP growth rates remained moderate in most years and 
in 2021, the growth rate stood at 1.7 %. Similarly, Japan's balance of payments featured a current 
account surplus during the perio d under review. As one of the developed economi es, we praise the 
active and constructive roles of Japan for the strengthening of multilateral trading system in all the 
pillars of the WTO. The regular notifications made during the review period are commenda ble.  
4.604.   We always welcome the offers of the preferential tariff treatment to 131  developing 
economies and highly appreciate for the extension of this facility until 2031 after the review made 
in 2021. The announcement of its plan to achieve net zero greenhou se gas emissions by 2050 and 
a goal of reducing emissions by 2030 to 46 % from its 2013 level are appreciable. Moreover, we 
commend the smart custom plan issued in 2020 with a view to promoting digitization of custom 
procedures and automation of custom insp ection.  
4.605.   Nepal and Japan have been enjoying cordial relations ever since we established diplomatic 
relations in 1956. Japan has been contributing to the socio -economic development of Nepal since 
the beginning. As the best wisher of Nepal 's peace, developmen t and prosperity, Japan has been 
assisting in the form of grant, loan, and technical assistance. Major areas of cooperation include 
human resource development, health, infrastructures development, agriculture development, 
environment protection, and among others. Tanahun Hydropower project with the capacity 
of 140MW and Nagdhunga tunnel in the Prithvi Highway are major ongoing projects supported by 
Japan. Furthermore, the support of COVID -19 vaccine is highly appreciable.  
4.606.   We value the interests of Japanese investors choosing Nepal as their investment destination, 
around 278  companies are investing in Nepal in the areas of tourisms, services and manufacturing 
followed by agriculture, and among others.  
4.607.    Air Connectivity is important for tourism promotion as we ll as business activities. Now, 
Kathmandu and Tokyo are connected from the direct flights, Nepal airlines is providing this service 
which has contributed to reduce the cost and time significantly.  
4.608.   On merchandise trade front, Japan is an important trading partner of Nepal. Based on the 
primary data, Nepal has imported from Japan goods worth of NPR 6.2 billion in 2022 while it has 
exported to Japan goods amounted to NPR 1.3 billion in the same year.  
4.609.   Nepal is importing vehicles and spare parts, electronic goo ds, machinery and equipment, 
medical equipment from Japan while Nepal is exporting pashmina products, ready -made garments, 
woollen goods, carpets, handicrafts, felt products, tea and coffee, Nepali paper and paper products, 
among others.  
4.610.   The trade data of goods shows a significant trade gap in Nepal 's bilateral trade with Japan. 
However, this can also be an opportunity for further collaboration and cooperation on reducing the 
gap by further exploring and exploiting trade, investment, and tourism potentials for mutual benefit.  
4.611.   A good number of Nepali nationals have chosen Japan as their destination for higher 
education, learning Japanese language and culture, business promotion, and skill development 
training. In this regard, the MoU to provide training for Nepali youths as industrial worker in Japan 
under Japan International Training Cooperation Organization (JITCO) on 3  December  2003 is a 
corner stone. We appreciate the Government of Japan for its offers of several scholarships for the 
government officials to pursue the higher -level education in the Japanese universities under JDS 
program me.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  4.612.   Finally, I take this opportunity to extend sincere thanks to the Government of Japan for its 
supports and expect the continued supports in the days to come. Nepal looks forward to 
strengthening its relations with Japan in the days ahead. My delegation wishes a successful Trade 
Policy Review of Japan.  
PANAMÁ  
4.613.   Deseo ante todo saludar atentamente a S .E. Sr.  Akihiro Okochi y a la delegación japonesa 
que lo acompaña, por su destacada preparación para este decimoquinto examen de las políticas 
comerciales de Japón. Deseo también saludar al Embajador João  Aguiar  Machado, quién actúa como 
ponente en este examen, y a la vez agradecer a la Secretaría por su informe.  
4.614.   Queremos re saltar que Panamá y Japón mantienen fuertes lazos de amistad y cooperación 
de larga data en los planos bilateral, regional y multilateral. Japón ha sido por varias décadas uno 
de los principales interlocutores comerciales de Panamá.  
4.615.   Como testimonio de la v italidad de esta relación, Panamá y Japón, si bien alejados 
geográficamente, al estar situados en la misma cuenca del Pacífico han consolidado sus relaciones 
a través de intereses comunes, en particular, por el transporte marítimo. De acuerdo con las 
estad ísticas del Canal de Panamá, Japón es uno de los cinco principales usuarios de esta vía 
interoceánica.  
4.616.   Japón es un importante socio comercial y tiene una importante representación de sus 
empresas en Panamá. En la actualidad, las exportaciones panameñas a Japón lo representan el 
concentrado de cobre. Muy distantes se encuentran las exportaciones de despojos comestibles de 
animales, follajes, musgos y plantas, café, pescado congelado, chocolate y carnes de res congelada.  
4.617.   En 2020, Japón exportó USD 4.600 millones a Panamá. Los principales productos que Japón 
exportó a Panamá fueron barcos de pasajeros y de carga, grandes vehículos de construcción y autos. 
Durante los últimos 25 años las exportaciones de Japón a Panamá han tenido un decrecimiento a 
una tasa anu alizada de 1,75%, desde USD 7.150 millones  en 1995 a USD 4.600 millones  en 2020.  
4.618.   De acuerdo con el informe de la Secretaría, durante el período objeto de examen, Japón ha 
seguido brindando gran importancia a la apertura del comercio internacional, al igua l que su 
integración en la economía mundial y en las cadenas de valor mundiales. Observamos también que 
las políticas macroeconómicas del Japón siguieron estando  orientadas por una política monetaria 
audaz basada en la expansión cuantitativa y cualitativa,  una política fiscal flexible y reformas 
estructurales. Las tasas de crecimiento del PIB real siguieron siendo moderadas en la mayoría de 
los años; en 2021, la tasa de crecimiento fue del 1,7%.  
4.619.   Notamos que durante el período objeto de examen Japón no reali zó cambios significativos 
en las autoridades encargadas de todas las cuestiones aduanera. No obstante, en junio  de 2020, 
publicó el Plan de Aduanas Inteligentes 2020 con miras a fomentar la digitalización de los 
procedimientos aduaneros y la automatización  de la inspección aduanera.  
4.620.   Panamá aprovecha la ocasión para reconocer el compromiso de Japón con el sistema 
multilateral de comercio, sus iniciativas y el liderazgo mostrado en los últimas Conferencias 
Ministeriales, y la notable actividad de su delegació n. Como Miembro de la OMC, Japón ha trabajado 
para el cumplimiento de sus reglas, promover la liberalización del comercio y la eliminación de 
barreras comerciales.  
4.621.   Reconocemos su activa participación en las negociaciones de la iniciativa conjunta sobre 
facilitación de las inversiones, reglamentación nacional de los servicios, sistema de solución de 
diferencias de la OMC, además, es uno de los coordinadores de la inic iativa de comercio electrónico, 
todos temas de mucha importancia también para Panamá.  
4.622.   Japón es muy activo también en las negociaciones sobre subvenciones a la pesca. De 
acuerdo con el informe de la Secretaría, la última estrategia global de Japón en mater ia de pesca se 
define en el Plan Básico de Pesca revisado, publicado el 25  de marzo  de 2022; el cual pretende 
alcanzar una serie de objetivos de autosuficiencia para 2032. Hacemos un llamado para que sus WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  políticas nacionales y propuestas en las negociacion es sobre subvenciones a la pesca, sea 
consistente con el mandato y genere consenso entre los Miembros.  
4.623.   Aplaudimos el interés de Japón en seguir fortalecimiento los vínculos económicos y de 
cooperación con las economías emergentes e igualmente reafirmamos nuestro interés en continuar 
robusteciendo la relación estratégica con Japón.  
4.624.   Nos mantendremos atentos al desarrollo de la discusión durante este examen y reitero la 
disposición de Panamá en continuar reforzando los lazos de cooperación en los planos bila teral, 
regional y multilateral con Japón con miras a promover el comercio y las inversiones. Le deseamos 
éxito en este decimoquinto examen de su política comercial.  
VIET NAM 
4.625.   Viet Nam would like to join other Members in warmly welcoming the distinguished de legation 
from Japan led by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister, Ambassador in charge of Economic 
Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan to their 15th Trade Policy Review. We would like 
to express our appreciation to the Government o f the Japan and the WTO Secretariat for the 
preparation of comprehensive reports for this review. We also would like to thank the discussant 
H.E. Mr João Aguiar Machado, Permanent Representative of the European  Union to the WTO for his 
insightful observati ons. 
4.626.   First of all, Viet  Nam associates itself with the ASEAN Joint Statement delivered by Indonesia.  
4.627.   At the regional level, Viet  Nam highly appreciates Japan 's active and constructive 
participation in the global and regional mechanisms to tackle challenges  to global trade. We would 
continue working with Japan to strengthen extensive cooperation at regional and international 
frameworks such as Viet  Nam-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (VJEPA), WTO, Asia -Pacific 
Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), Eurasian  Cooperation Forum (ASEM), East Asia Summit (EAS), 
ASEAN+3, ASEAN -Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP), ASEAN Regional Forum 
(ARF), and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) with a 
view to making positive  and constructive contributions to the maintenance of stability, cooperation, 
and development in the region and the world.  
4.628.   Viet Nam also acknowledges Japan 's constructive engagement in the multilateral trading 
system, including its active participation in several areas of work and negotiations at the WTO, such 
as COVID -19 response, fisheries subsidies, food security, aid for trade, MSMEs , etc. 
4.629.   At the bilateral level, the year 2023 would witness the 50th anniversary of diplomatic 
relations between Viet  Nam and Japan. The bilateral relationship is said to have infinite potential as 
the two countries are approaching a period of great development. Therefore, the year 2023 would 
be a good opportunity for Viet  Nam and Japan to develop further the comprehensiv e strategic 
partnership, reaching out to the region and the world as partners for mutual benefits.  
4.630.   Japan is among the leading trading partner of Viet  Nam. In 2022, the total trade volume 
between Japan and Viet  Nam reached USD  47.6 billion, up 10.9% compared to 2021. In terms of 
investment, Japan ranks third among 141 countries and territories investing in Viet  Nam with 
4,978  projects with total capital of more than USD  68.9 billion. These projects cover numerous 
sectors, including the manufacturing a nd processing industry, real estate business, wholesale and 
retail, repair of automobiles, motors and motorbikes, and construction.  
4.631.   Before closing our statement, our delegation would also like to commend the contribution of 
H.E. Ambassador Kazuyuki  Yamazak i and his able team at the Mission in Geneva for their active 
engagement and contribution to the work of the WTO. Viet  Nam looks forward to further enhancing 
the mutually beneficial economic relations with Japan in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral  fora 
and we wish the Japanese delegation a successful outcome of this Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF JAPAN  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
Introduction  
5.1.  I highly appreciate the insightful remarks made by the discussant, Ambassador Aguiar M achado 
on Wednesday, as well as our Chair, Ambassador Molokomme for  your excellent management of the 
long meeting on the first day and for the concluding remarks you will soon deliver at the end of this 
meeting.  
5.2.  I would also like to show our appreciation t o all the Members who have made interventions, 
sometimes in perfect Japanese, and all those who have submitted the written questions. Let me also 
extend our great thanks to the Secretariat team for all the work they have put into Japan's 15th Trade 
Policy Review.  
5.3.  I sensed that there was enormous interest in the Japanese economy and its trade policies, and 
high expectations for Japan's contribution to the global economy. This time, as before, each 
Member's intervention has helped and will help us look at our  own policies from different angles and 
improve them.  
5.4.  There were also concerns raised by some Members over Japan's policies. I so much appreciate 
those interventions as well. Hereafter, I would like to briefly respond to several comments or 
questions raise d on Wednesday.  
Economic Environment  
5.5.  Since 2013, under Abenomics, Japan's GDP has expanded to a historically high level both in 
nominal and real terms, and consumer prices rebounded as a result of this policy and are no longer 
in a deflationary situation.  And now, under the New Capitalism policy, Japan is taking initiatives to 
further develop the achievements gained through Abenomics.  
Population aging and women empowerment  
5.6.  I appreciate some Members' interests in Japan's efforts in labour market policy. In response to 
its ageing population and declining workforce, Japan has been making efforts to create an 
environment where women can smoothly find work even after having their first children.  
5.7.  The labour force participation rate for women has increased sign ificantly over the last decade. 
Women workers increased by about 3.4  million between 2012 and 2021. The employment rate of 
women in the child -rearing period (aged 25 to 44) has increased by more than 10 % to 78.6% during 
the same period. In addition, the nu mber of women executives in listed companies has also risen 
5.8 times, which could contribute to narrowing the gender wage gap in Japan, because one of the 
main causes behind the gap seems to be the low ratio of women in management positions in the 
workfor ce. 
5.8.  I would also like to mention that the number of foreign workers in October  2022 reached a 
record high of 1.82  million. In 2022, Japan launched 218 policies to further improve the environment 
for accepting foreign nationals.  
ILO Conventions  
5.9.  As for ILO C onvention No.  111, Japan recognizes the importance of its ratification. Further 
examination of its consistency with domestic legislation is still required and we have held annual 
meetings to exchange opinions with the representatives of workers and employe rs on unratified ILO 
Conventions, including Convention No.  111. 
5.10.  We will further consult with those representatives and continue to make efforts.  
Public Debt  
5.11.  A question on Japan's efforts to reduce public debt was raised by the discussant and some 
Members.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  5.12.  While Japan is facing substantial deficits mainly due to expenditures to support the economy 
in response to COVID -19 and increased prices, the Japanese government aims to achieve a primary 
surplus in FY2025. To achieve this goal, we believe it crucial to b oost growth potential by advancing 
the New Capitalism Policy, to improve expenditure efficiency through well -targeted spending, and 
to further stabilize financial resources.  
Trade and Investment Regimes  
WTO  
5.13.  Japan's delegation was particularly pleased to h ear Members' positive assessment about the 
role Japan plays in the WTO; including our open trade policy and practice during the pandemic, our 
efforts on WTO reform, e -commerce and other JSIs as well as financial contribution to Fisheries 
Subsidies Voluntar y Fund. During such challenging times as today, maintaining and strengthening 
the multilateral trading system continue to be our foremost priority.  
Dispute Settlement  
5.14.  Japan continues to actively work together with other Members for DS reform. As it is important 
to ensure a means for a definitive legal settlement of disputes for the rule s-based multilateral trade 
system, it remains Japan's utmost priority to have a fully and well -functioning DS system pursuant 
to the mandate adopted at the MC12. We will,  in the meantime, also continue to consider the 
possibility of utilizing alternative means including MPIA.  
Regional Trade Agreement  
5.15.  I would also like to reiterate that Japan remains committed to ensuring that Japan's RTAs are 
WTO-consistent.  Some Members commented on our trade agreement with the United  States and its 
compliance with their obligations under GATT Article  24. Japan is coordinating with the US on the 
notification to the WTO and will proceed with the appropriate procedure at an appropriate time  after 
the completion of coordination.  
Foreign direct investment to Japan  
5.16.  I would like to respond to comments regarding FDIs to Japan. Some Members asked for 
further clarification about the recent amendment of Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act 
(FEFTA) . Amended Act requires foreign investors seeking a 1% share of listed companies with 
importance to national security, public safety, public order , and Japan's economy to submit prior 
notification and undergo a screening process.  
5.17.  While Japan recognizes that  the unrestricted exercise of shareholders' rights is important for 
strengthening corporate governance, it also places great importance on preventing foreign 
shareholders' activities that could undermine the country's security.  
5.18.  I would like to stress that Japan has been exempting foreign investors from prior notification 
in cases not involving such risks. With that, I am confident that direct investment which is healthy 
for the Japanese economy will be promoted.  
Economic security dimension  
5.19.  Many Members have  called for detailed explanation on the Economic Security Promotion Act 
enacted in May  2022.  
5.20.  At the outset, I would like to stress that the Act is consistent with the WTO  Agreement . 
Article  90 of the Act stipulates that "due attention shall be paid to consistency with treaties and other 
international agreements".  
5.21.  I would also like to reiterate that the Act is non -discriminatory. To give a clear example, 
foreign companies can apply for an approval for a plan to ensure stable supplies of specified critica l 
products so long as they meet the requirements for that, and approved foreign companies are eligible 
for subsidies or other governmental supports in the same way as domestic companies.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  Trade Policies  
Tariffs  
5.22.  Some Members also pointed out that the structu re of Japan's tariff regime is complex. I would 
like to stress that the total percentage of duty -free rates and ad valorem  rates account for more 
than 90% of the total tariff lines. For some of the remaining products, non -ad valorem  rates are set 
due to sp ecific conditions of each item in the domestic industry. In addition, we consider that the 
tariff regime is sufficiently transparent, as all tariff rates are listed in the relevant laws.  
5.23.  If you have any questions or need further clarification, Japan will b e ready to explain in detail 
at any time.  
SPS 
5.24.  Regarding animal and plant health, as a Member of the WOAH and IPPC, Japan decides import 
measures based on scientific risk assessments in accordance with the SPS  Agreement  and relevant 
international standards,  and also determines whether trading partners' SPS measures are 
scientifically reasonable or not in the same way. When Japan conducts a risk assessment, Japan 
closely consults with a requesting Member based on sufficient information provided by the Member 
and examines its request according to the results of the risk assessment. We are confident that this 
procedure is consistent with the SPS  Agreement  and relevant international standards, and the 
information about the whole procedure will be made public to e nsure transparency.  
5.25.  Japan will continue to provide necessary information to Members as promptly as possible in 
order to ensure transparency in accordance with the SPS agreement.  
TBT 
5.26.  Several Members referred to Japan's measures regarding the TBT (Technical Barriers to 
Trade) Agreement, specifically its compliance with international standards.  
5.27.  In general, they are based on relevant international standards, to the maximum extent 
possible, in accordance with the TBT  Agreement . Regarding Japanese Industrial Stan dards (JIS) and 
Japan Agricultural Standards (JAS), 97% and 77% of them are harmonized with relevant 
international standards.  
ALPS Treated Water from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station  
5.28.  There was a statement on the "release of the Fukushima effluent", but let us emphasize that 
the water to be discharged will have been sufficiently purified below the regulatory standard, and 
that will be then further diluted.  
5.29.  Japan has been carrying out this process under the IAEA's independent and rigorous review 
and wi ll never allow the discharge in a manner that adversely affects human health and the marine 
environment.  
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)  
5.30.  Regarding the comments on the Government Procurement, Japan, as a Party to the 
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), has made a wide range of efforts to increase 
opportunities for foreign suppliers to gain access to the Japanese market. Japan has voluntarily 
established non -discriminatory, fair and transparent procedures that exceed the level stipulated in 
the GPA . 
5.31.  Japan has also made efforts to promote the transparency of procurement processes in order 
to make them more user -friendly for foreign participants. The central government publishes an 
annual schedule of its procurement plans well in advance and holds sem inars on its procurement for 
foreign entities and diplomatic corps stationed in Tokyo. In addition, for the convenience of foreign 
participants, the Japan External Trade Organi zation (JETRO) has established an English -language 
portal site on government pro curement on its website.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  Sectoral Policies  
Agriculture  
5.32.  Japan takes note of many comments on Japan's agricultural policies.  
5.33.  To begin with, Japan has long been the world's second largest net importers of food, with 
imports of USD  74.8 billion and exports of USD  9.2 billion in 2021. Japan has certainly contributed 
to the well -being of food exporting economies.  
5.34.  Food security has been one of the biggest issues for Japanese agriculture, and become an 
even more urgent issue, as the COVID -19 pandemic an d the heightened geopolitical tensions have 
raised concerns about supply chain disruptions and the soaring prices of agricultural products and 
inputs such as fertilizers. In order to address these globally shared problems of food insecurity as 
well as the environmental challenges, Japan will make its agriculture and food system more resilient 
and sustainable in a way that does not affect trade flows in agricultural goods.  
5.35.  Japan's measures on agricultural and forestry products are consistent with the 
WTO Agreement s, including domestic support, tariffs system, and Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) 
administration As for TRQ administration, including state trading, Japan has been making the utmost 
efforts to keep the quota administration fair and transparent through WTO n otifications and 
information sharing on the official websites of the relevant Ministries.  
Climate change and sustainability  
5.36.  We appreciate Members' interests in how the Japanese government will achieve 
internationally committed targets of reducing greenhous e gas emissions by 46% in 2030 and of net 
zero by 2050.  
5.37.  Let me introduce some of the most recent initiatives taken by Japan. Late last year, Japan 
announced the "Basic Policy for the Realization of GX" and announced the specifics of the 
"Pro-Growth Carbon Pricing" concept, which was one of the key elements in the New Capitalism 
Policy.  
5.38.  One element in this concept is that Japan will support upfront investment by raising funds 
through GX Economic Transition Bonds. With the funds, the Japanese government and t he private 
sector will work together to realize more than JPY  150 trillion of public and private investments in 
GX over the next 10  years , in order to simultaneously achieve international commitments such as 
carbon neutrality by 2050 and to strengthen industrial competitiveness and economic growth.  
5.39.  Japan also has released the timeline for the future introduction of carbon pricing. The 
emissions trading in Japan will phase in a trial operation in FY2023, and then start its full -scale 
operation  from FY2026. In addition, the carbon surcharge, which is designed to be increased 
according to the amount of CO2 emissions per unit of fossil fuel, is scheduled to start in 2028.  
Manufacturing  
5.40.  Some Members raised concerns about the WTO -consistency of Japa n's industrial subsidy 
programs. I would like to stress that those programs are designed and operated in a 
non-discriminatory manner and thus are consistent with the WTO  Agreement . 
Conclusion  
5.41.  I hope that Japan's robust and unwavering commitment to this mec hanism is loud and clear 
to all Members.  
5.42.  As I mentioned on Wednesday, the multilateral trading system is facing unprecedented 
challenges. Given the need to address those challenges, Japan will closely continue to cooperate 
with WTO Members on WTO reform in cluding issues such as DS reform, securing a level playing 
field, and addressing non -market and unfair trade practices.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  DISCUSSANT  
5.43.  First, I would like to thank the whole Japanese delegation for their hard work in replying to 
over 700  questions, which dem onstrates Japan's commitment and respect to this important 
transparency exercise and peer review, which Japan itself advocated to create during the 
Uruguay  Round.  
5.44.  I also wish to thank the Head of Japanese delegation, Ambassador Okochi, for providing very 
comprehensive overviews and replies both on Wednesday and today of the main recent 
developments in Japan's economic, social and trade policies.  
5.45.  Today, I would like to convey my impressions and make some observations on the key 
overarching messages I heard  during this review from over 50 WTO Members that resonated the 
most with me. I will not go into the details of all the trade concerns flagged by Members, as I am 
sure that Japan has taken good note of those and addressed them just now.  
5.46.  First, I was impre ssed by the number of Members that stressed the key role that Japan plays 
as their main or key bilateral or regional trade and investment partner. Clearly, Japan is a key 
partner for Members across different continents and levels of development. Japan also  rightfully 
received strong appreciation for its commitment to development and economic cooperation with 
developing countries and LDCs.  
5.47.  Several Members expressed hope for even closer partnerships and increased trade and 
investment flows. In this regard, w e heard some encouragements to advance some of the trade 
reforms - e.g. in the agricultural sector, SPS measures, non -tariff barriers, some services sectors 
etc. - that would hopefully increase the dynamism of economic and trade ties between Japan and its 
partners even further.  
5.48.  Furthermore, we heard unequivocally that Japan remains a reliable and key partner also in 
this Organization. I think that this review demonstrated without any doubt that the multilateral 
trading system, with the WTO at its core, con tinues to be a central pillar of Japan's trade policy. 
Members sincerely appreciated Japan's unwavering support and commitment to the WTO and its 
active participation in each of the WTO's three functions and the ongoing WTO reform discussions.  
5.49.  In this vei n, a number of Members encouraged to join the MPIA while the work on restoring 
a fully functioning dispute settlement system continues. Also, calls were made for Japan to join the 
fossil fuel subsidy reform. I think it is the time for Japan to step up its leadership role even further, 
especially as we now start the countdown towards developing meaningful outcomes for the 13th WTO 
Ministerial Conference in Abu  Dhabi.  
5.50.  On the new challenges, emergencies and threats in the world, it is more important than ever  
to maintain and strengthen the rules -based cooperation, open and predicable global trading 
environment and promote resilient value chains. We all count on Japan to play its part commensurate 
to the size of its economy and share in world trade.  
5.51.  Members were cognisant that Japan is currently facing a multitude of simultaneous and 
complex challenges, both internationally and domestically. Members were very interested in learning 
about Japan's forward -looking policies that aim to resolve social issu es as well as re -activate 
economic growth, through the promotion of digital and green transformations and investment in 
people, science and innovation. We can only encourage Japan to pursue with its various reforms 
aimed at increasing labour productivity a nd human capital, environmental sustainability and fight 
against the climate change, innovation, digitali zation, while preserving openness and fairness in 
international trade.  
5.52.  Furthermore, as Japan is increasingly focussing on national and economic securi ty in its 
economic and trade policies, Members will no doubt continue to observe closely the careful balance 
between strengthening of economic security and ensuring fair treatment. We have taken good note 
of Japan's stated commitment to ensure transparency  and a level playing field to foster an enabling 
business environment, and to support the integrity and sustainability of the rules -based multilateral 
trading system.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  5.53.  Finally, I am confident that Japan will take back home for further reflection the areas o f its 
trade policies where Members expressed concerns and encouraged further improvements.  
5.54.  I wish to congratulate Japan for this very successful Review and also thank once again the 
delegation of Japan for the honour of acting as the discussant to the Tra de Policy Review of one of 
the most prominent WTO Members and world economies.  
JORDAN  
5.55.  We would like to join other delegations in welcoming H.E.  Mr Akihiro Okochi , Deputy Assistant 
Minister, Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy at Ministry of Foreign Affairs and 
H.E. Mr Kazuyuki Yamazaki and the entire Japanese delegation, and to congratulate them for the 
efforts excreted in preparing Japan's 15th Trade Policy  Review and Report.  
5.56.  Our appreciation is also extended to the discussant H.E.  Mr João Aguiar Machado for his 
insightful and excellent remarks, and the secretariat for the informative Report, which provides a 
comprehensive picture of the main developments in  the Japanese trade regime for the period under 
review.  
5.57.  We commend Japan 's commitment towards its WTO obligations, keep taking a key role in 
WTO initiatives, and providing supports to strengthen the multilateral trading system, assists in its 
implementatio n, and encouraging sustainable developments.  
5.58.  The report shows the positive developments in the Japanese economy and the continued 
structural reforms to green and digital economy, in spite of the different challenges that is due to 
pandemic and recent globa l economic crises, the economic and trade policy developments aim at 
integrating its economy into the global market, mainly under the multilateral trading system.  
5.59.  The bilateral trade between Jordan and Japan amounted in 2022 around USD 437 million and 
we are always keen to expand our good trade and economic relations with Japan and to explore 
further areas of mutual interest; on bilateral and multilateral levels.  
5.60.  Japan enjoys a very positive and involving international presents which covers positive effect 
beyond trade.  
5.61.  Finally, allow me to thank Japan for this very successful Trade Policy Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.62.  We want to thank the delegation of Japan for their active engagement in this review. We also 
want to take this opportunity to acknowledge the hard w ork and effort of the delegation from Tokyo 
and also reiterate our appreciation for the close collaboration and friendship we enjoy with 
Ambassador Yamazaki and the Japanese Mission here in Geneva.  
5.63.  Like many others who spoke on day one, I have a strong pe rsonal connection to Japan, having 
lived in rural Ibaraki prefecture for two years. It is a pleasure to continue to strengthen U .S.-Japan 
relations as well as partnering to improve the multilateral trading system.  
5.64.  As part of the review, the U .S. acknowled ged some significant trade barriers U.S. exporters 
face in the Japanese market and we appreciate your engagement on and responses to these 
concerns.  We have submitted some additional follow -up written questions as part of this review.  
5.65.  You will see that w e have asked for additional information on Japan 's internal coordination 
mechanisms between various ministries. We see great potential for increasing WTO Committee work 
on Members ' efforts to create and maintain domestic coordination systems as these mecha nisms are 
essential for meeting WTO transparency obligations and promoting inclusive trade policies. We invite 
Japan to consider sharing its own experiences with interagency coordination as part of our ongoing 
reform efforts.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  5.66.  On WTO reform, we welcome Jap an's continued engagement in our collective efforts to bring 
about needed changes at the WTO to ensure we are focused on addressing relevant and real world 
challenges facing the global economy.  
5.67.  The United  States shares Japan 's goal of reforming the Dispute  Settlement System. There is 
considerable work ahead of us if we are to reach consensus on the establishment of a 
well-functioning dispute resolution system. We share your interest in examining and supporting 
alternative means of resolving trade concerns b etween Members. We note that many Members 
encouraged Japan to join the multi -party interim appeal arrangement. Given that Japan has chosen 
not to participation in that initiative, we take that as Japan having some structural concerns with 
the approach.  We  welcome Japan 's further engagement to ensure that all interests are reflected in 
the WTO Dispute Settlement System.  
5.68.  In conclusion, we want to acknowledge the valuable contributions Japan has made, and 
continues to make to strengthen and support the globa l trading system.  
5.69.  Thank you for your partnership and friendship and congratulations on your 15th Trade Policy 
Review.  
CHINA  
5.70.  Just as discussant, Ambassador Aguiar  Machado mentioned at the first day  of the  meeting, 
one of the main changes in Japan 's economic  and trade policies in this review period is the greater 
emphasis placed by the Government of Japan on national and economic security issues. Like 
Ambassador Aguiar  Machado, China also expressed its concern in both its statement and written 
questions and w ould like to hear Japan 's view in this regard.  
5.71.  We thank Japan for its initial responses to our written questions. However, our concerns have 
not been fully addressed. We noticed that for some sensitive issues, Japan provided information but 
avoided the true focus. For instance, Japan explained the policy objectives of its export control 
regime and make it clear it is not targeting specific country. China would like to point out that the 
goal of the policy does not necessarily justify the content, structu re and impact of policies and related 
practices. Measures based on legitimate policy objective may also deviate from its original goal in 
the implementation. Especially when there is improper "coordination" with so -called "like -minded" 
allies, it is very l ikely to constitute a de facto discriminatory measure.  
5.72.  The Chinese side wishes to reiterate that overstretching the concept of national security and 
abusing export control measures, are not in line with the basic principles of the WTO. It will only 
underm ine the stability of the global industrial and supply chain, increase the cost of international 
trade, and weaken the country's economic competitiveness.  
5.73.  During the first day 's meeting, many Members affirmed the overall openness of Japan's 
economic and tr ade regime, as well as its active role and contribution to the multilateral trading 
system. China agrees with those observation, and believes that this is an important reason why 
Japan's economy has made great achievements. Japan's once popular product in the world – Sony 
Walkman was mentioned. It is fair to say that Walkman and the glory of Japanese electronic products 
is a symbol of Japan's successful integration into the global value chain.  
5.74.  We hope that in any closely integrated industrial chain that ha s been formed, Japan will not 
seek separation or decoupling, which will cause Japanese companies to lose their huge market and 
the driving force for future innovation, and thus ultimately damage Japan 's own interests.  
5.75.  Japan also mentioned that the WTO is c urrently facing unprecedented challenges. In China 's 
view, one of the most important reasons is that in the face of a world full of changes and 
uncertainties, sliding towards unilateralism and protectionism has become an easy option. In this 
regard, certai n member set a bad example. China hopes and believes that Japan, as a victim of 
unilateralism and protectionism once upon a time, has a clear understanding of this.  
5.76.  China hopes that Japan will continue to maintain a free, open and inclusive policy, strengthen 
cooperation with Members including China and uphold true multilateralism. China looks forward to 
Japan 's constructive role in WTO reform negotiation and preparat ion to a successful MC13. China WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  believes that this will contribute to Japan 's own further development as well as the global economic 
recovery.  
BRAZIL  
5.77.  We would like to congratulate Japan its Trade Policy Review, for the hard work with more than 
700 question s, it was a very productive and useful exercise. As we said on the first day, our capital 
is reviewing the answers that Japan has provided to our questions, and we will promptly submit any 
follow -up questions  that Brazil might have.  
5.78.  We look forward to cont inuing our constructive engagement and collaboration between our 
delegations here in Geneva, in particular in the areas we highlighted in our first  intervention such as 
WTO reform, MPIA, SPS measures,  market access , and reforming on agriculture . 
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.79.  Let me first thank Japan for the comprehensive overview presented last Wednesday and this 
morning of the main developments occurred in its trade and economic policy during the review 
period.  
5.80.  The EU is pleased to note that this review has been useful for better understanding the trade 
policy of Japan and hopes that it will duly take into account some of the challenges highlighted by 
Members.  
5.81.  We would also like to thank Japan for having provided timely replies to the questions raised 
by the EU. On a lim ited number of issues, we had submitted follow -up questions.  
5.82.  These relate to the results and progress in the Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures; 
certification by foreign registered conformity assessment bodies; effectiveness of voluntary 
measures to block IP -infringing websites and discrimination of foreign companies in accessing to 
financing for developing facilities under the Specific Port Facility development Project Basic Plan.  
5.83.  The discussion on the first day of the review has shown that many Mem bers share the EU 's 
positive views about the constructive role that Japan plays within the WTO and promoting 
rules-based in international trade.  
5.84.  We look forward to continuing our bilateral cooperation with Japan in the framework of 
EU-Japan EPA including to take forward our bilateral discussions on data flows and also to resolve 
some of concerns such as regarding SPS.  
5.85.  We are also looking forward to our continued cooperation in all the relevant multilateral for a 
including restoring the WTO fully functioni ng Dispute Settlement System, and the reinvigoration of 
the deliberative function.  
5.86.  On behalf of the EU, I congratulate Japan for concluding this productive and successful 
Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
5.87.  At the T rade Policy Review  of the United  States  in Decembe r 2022 my delegation stated that 
the decision of the U .S. delegation not to answer a large batch of duly submitted written questions 
set a dangerous precedent. We warned that if we would allow one Member to violate its WTO 
obligations with impunity, others  would inevitably follow in its wake. Unfortunately, we were right. 
Now Japan has unilaterally decided that delivering on its transparency commitments is somehow 
optional. This is not the case. Annex  3 of the Marrakesh Agreement, establishing the TPRM, and  the 
Rules of Procedure of this Body do not provide any excuses to leave advance written questions 
unanswered. In fact, p.22 of the Rules of Procedure clearly states that all questions, received before 
the deadline, should be answered before the start of t he TPR meeting.  
5.88.  In his opening remarks on Wednesday, the Head of the Japanese delegation declared that 
"Japan commits to working to ensure transparency " and "to support the integrity and sustainability WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  of a rules -based multilateral trading system" . We heard the same slogans in today 's intervention by 
the distinguished Head of the Japanese delegation, and they were also underlined by the 
distinguished discussant, Ambassador of the European  Union H.E.  Mr Aguiar  Machado. In fact, 
contrarily to those assura nces Tokyo, by not engaging in the questions and answers  exchange within 
its TPR, deliberately violates its transparency obligations and knowingly breaks the rules of the 
multilateral trading system . We took note that in his today 's intervention the distin guished Head of 
the delegation of Japan did  not react on this thorny issue. We understand it as the Japanese 
delegation has no arguments and has nothing to say in its defence.  
5.89.  To conclude, I would like to reiterate once again that mixing politics with trad e and economics 
is extremely dangerous for all Members and the multilateral trading system.  We hope that Japan 
honours its WTO commitments and returns to constructive cooperation.  
  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  The 15th Trade Policy Review of Japa n has provided us with a good opportunity to assess and 
enhance our understanding on the wide range of trade policies and practices of Japan since its last 
Review in 2020 and acknowledge the challenges it faces.  
6.2.  The review has benefit ed from the constructi ve and informative participation of Japan's 
delegation, headed by Mr  Akihiro  Okochi, Deputy Assistant Minister, Economic Affairs Bureau, 
Ambassador in charge of Economic Diplomacy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; from the insightful 
comments of the discussant , H.E. Ambassador João Aguiar Machado, Permanent Representative of 
the European  Union to the WTO; and from the 56 delegations that took the floor during this meeting. 
I would like to thank them all for their contribution to this exercise.  
6.3.  Members stressed the importance of Japan to world trade and economic prosperity, praising 
its recovery from the COVID -19 pandemic despite the disruption of global supply chains, challenges 
posed by the war in Ukraine, and the adverse impact of climate change in the form of  more frequent 
and intensified natural disasters.  
6.4.  Many Members stated that Japan was one of their top trading and investment partners, and 
often their main export/import market. With national security in economic and trade policies 
gathering more relevanc e and momentum, Members were concerned with some measures envisaged 
under Japan's Economic Security Promotion Act which is considered a centrepiece of the Japanese 
economic policy. Japan has been encouraged to clarify the process and criteria by which it 
determines what is a "key product", "essential infrastructure services", and "advanced critical 
technology" and which types of enterprises are eligible for the subsidies mentioned in the Act.  
6.5.  Members appreciated that Japan's FDI framework continues to be l iberal, with only few sectoral 
restrictions. However, they have raised concerns about the screening requirements for FDI, 
measures to attract FDI and FDI restrictions in some sectors. Some Members were concerned about 
the sustainability of Japanese fiscal policy given its increasing ratio of public debt to GDP and the 
impact of Japan's declining and ageing population.  
6.6.  Members commended Japan for its active participation in upholding the multilateral trading 
system including its contribution to the MC12 out comes, its participation in WTO reform, as well as 
its constructive contribution to JSIs discussions on e -commerce, investment facilitation for 
development, the establishment of a WTO informal working group for the MSMEs, and services 
domestic regulation. Japan was applauded for being the first donor to the WTO Fisheries Funding 
mechanism, aimed to help developing and least -developed countries implement the Agreement on 
Fisheries Subsidies. They also appreciated Japan's continued development and trade relat ed 
technical assistance in various fields, including the implementation of the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement; and the extension of the GSP scheme to 31  March  2031. Some Members invited Japan 
to join the Multi -Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MP IA). 
6.7.  Some Members commended Japan for its bilateral economic cooperations via Japan's Economic 
Partnership Agreements, and its active engagement in regional frameworks such as the Asia -Pacific 
Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the Indo -Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Some other 
Members requested more details on the role of the IPEF and the Comprehensive and Progressive 
Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), GSP utilization and eligibility, a bilateral agreement 
with the United  State s, and Japan's plans for future RTAs.  
6.8.  Regarding trade policy, while lauding the high degree of predictability in Japan's tariff regime, 
some Members were concerned about the complexity of the Japanese tariff regime and the plans to 
simplify the tariff; the  provision of missing ad valorem  equivalents; regulations for customs brokers; 
export control regulations; export restrictions related to semi -conductors; export support measures; 
SPS measures deviating from international standards; government procurement procedures; and 
numerous intellectual property right matters. Japan was encouraged to reduce the complexity and 
peaks of its customs tariff especially in agriculture. Although Japan was also commended for its trade 
facilitation efforts, including the digit alization and automation of customs procedures amid the 
economic turmoil, it was encouraged to further increase transparency, reduce unnecessary 
regulation, and remove other barriers to trade.  WT/TPR/W/ 224 
 
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  6.9.  In term of sectoral trade policies, some Members hailed Japan for its decarbonization policy 
(net-zero greenhouse gas by 2050), the place dedicated to MSMEs, and the strong export and import 
recovery. Other Members requested additional information on: domestic support for agriculture in 
general; conditions and criter ia for direct payments; methods of tariff quota allocation and fill rates; 
agricultural self -sufficiency targets; plans and incentives to promote renewable energies and 
decarbonize the economy; support for "critical products and materials", specifically for producers of 
chips and semi -conductors; foreign participation in financial services; the role of the Digital Agency; 
and rules for data storage and transfer.  
6.10.  In total, Japan has received 787  advance written questions from 34  delegations fo r this 
Review, out of which 700 were sent within the established deadline, covering a broad range of topics. 
In addition, 6 more additional and 105 follow -up questions were submitted after the first day. Prior 
to this meeting, Japan already provided writte n replies to most questions.  
6.11.  Japan's delegation has clearly demonstrated that it places a high value on the Trade Policy 
Review Mechanism and the multilateral trading system with its active engagement over the two -day 
meeting and its ability to respond to a very high number of advance written questions. This reflects 
the importance of Japan in the multilateral trading system and the interest of Members in engaging 
with Japan on its trade and related policies.  
6.12.  The above points are some of the key issues tha t emerged in our discussion over the past 
days. I hope that Japan's delegation will consider and further reflect on these issues and on the 
many constructive comments that it received during the Review. Members look forward to receiving 
answers to any outs tanding and follow -up questions within the customary one month, at which time 
this Review will conclude.  
 
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