WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/BOP/S/15 
6 April 2009 
 
 (09-1678) 
Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions  
  
 
CONSULTATIONS WITH ECUADOR 
 
Background Document by the Secretariat
 
 
 
1. This document has been prepared in accordan ce with paragraph 12 of the Understanding on 
the Balance-of-payments Provisions of the GATT 1994. 
I. RECENT MACROECONOMIC AND TRADE DEVELOPMENTS  
A. RECENT ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE  
2. Ecuador's economic performance has been relatively strong until recently.  After a period of 
slight contraction in late 2006 and early 2007, Ecuadorian economic gr owth accelerated in late 2007;  
GDP growth for 2008 has been estimated at 5.3%, compared to 2.5% for 2007.1  The increase in GDP 
per capita has also been significant, of some 50% between 2003 and 2007 (Table 1).  Exports of goods and services, particularly petroleum expor ts, have underpinned grow th, although private 
consumption and gross capital formation have also expanded at solid rates. 
3. There was a turnaround in this situation, however, starting from the third quarter of 2008, and 
growth is expected to have slowed  down considerably since;  the cont ribution of net exports to growth 
has become negative, as exports have declined and imports have continued to  increase.  Ecuador has 
been faced with a substantial reduction in oil pri ces and a global recession with a substantial impact 
on its exports.  The effect of the recession has b een compounded by the recent appreciation of the US 
dollar vis-à-vis  other currencies, which has shaved o ff competitiveness from Ecuador's non petroleum 
exports.  In this respect, Ecuador's real effectiv e exchange rate appreciated by some 15% between 
January 2008 and end February 200 9, taking it back to 2003 levels.
2  GDP growth for 2009 is forecast 
by the Ecuadorian authorities to be around 3.2%.3  However, these estimates may prove too optimistic 
if current trends continue. 
4. Inflation has remained low in the past few years, but it accelerated in 2008 on account of 
higher prices for food imports.  The increase in the Consumer Price Index in the twelve-month period 
to December 2008 was 8.8%, although it decelerated somewhat in the first two months of 2009, to 
7.9% in February.   
5. Since March 2000, the U.S. dollar has been th e currency of legal tender.  Reflecting the 
monetary scheme adopted in 2000, the Central Bank does not act as lender of last resort and cannot 
                                                      
1 IMF (2009), Ecuador and the IMF.  Consulted at:  http://w ww.imf.org/external/country/ECU/ 
index.htm. 
2 Banco Central del Ecuador (2009), Información Estadística Mensual No. 1884  February 2009.  
Consulted at:  http://www.bce.fin .ec/docs.php?path=/home1/estadisticas/bolmensual/IEMensual.jsp. 
3 Domestic demand is forecast to increase by 3.8%, supported by a 6.4% increase in gross capital 
formation, and a 4.4% rise in final co nsumption.  Net exports are forecast to subtract from growth, as exports of 
goods and services are estimat ed to expand by just 0.8%, while imports are expected to grow by 5.3%.  See:  
Banco Central del Ecuador, Previsiones Económicas 2008-09:  Producto Interno Bruto.  Previsión Anual .  
Consulted at:  http://www.bce.f in.ec/frame.php?CNT=ARB0000955. WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 2  
 
conduct an active and independent monetary policy.  Since July 2008, the Central Bank has been regulating lending fix interest rates;  it establishes an interest rate ceilings for four types of credit segments:  commercial, consumer, housing and micr o-credits.  For example, the maximum reference 
rate for the commercial segment was 9.33% in Apri l 2009.  Through its use of the U.S. dollar, the 
Ecuadorian economy absorbs the effect of currency fluctuations which may be dissociated from its 
own economic cycle. 
6. Fiscal policy is the main tool for macroeconom ic adjustment.  The Constitution mandates that 
the State maintain a disciplined fiscal policy.  During the whole 2003-07 period, the non-financial 
public sector balance was in surplus (ranging from 0. 7 to 2.1 % of GDP), reflecting in part the 
increase in oil prices and improved tax administration.  However, during that same period, the central 
Government's fiscal position recorded a deficit, de spite the increase in revenue from the petroleum 
and non-petroleum sectors.  This is a reflection of the strong increase in both current and capital 
expenditure during 2004-07.  
7. The reforms introduced by the Fiscal Respons ibility, Stabilization and Transparency Law 
(Law No. 72, Official Journal of 4 June 2002), set fiscal deficit limits:  annual growth of primary 
central government expenditure must not exceed 3.5%  in real terms (excluding capital spending);  and 
the fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP (excludi ng oil export revenue) must decrease by 0.2% each 
year.  The Law also sets a public debt limit of 40% of GDP.  However, some factors have maintained expenditure growth relatively high, such as the incr ease in the remunerations bill and an increase in 
capital spending.  In general, spending remained relatively inflexible as there was a practice of 
earmarking a considerable share of tax revenue to different areas and levels of Government;  an 
important portion of the tax revenue earmarking was el iminated in 2008.  On the other hand, the debt 
burden has been falling in recent years, public de bt totalled US$10,028.5 million in December 2008, 
accounting for 19.2% of GDP, down from 40% in 2003, and well below the limit set in 2002.  Private debt totalled US$6,652 million on the same date.  
Table 1 
Basic economic indicators, 2003-08 
Real Sector  2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 I 2008 II 2008 III 
Nominal GDP (current market 
prices, U$ million)  24,899.5 28,635.9 32,642.2 37,186.9 41,763.2 .. .. .. 
Real GDP (Constant 2000 US$ 
million) 18,122,3 19,572.2  20,747.2  21,553.3  22,090.2  5,750.5 5,906.2 5,976.4 
Real GDP growth rate (%) 3.6 8.0 6.0 3.9 2.5 0.3 2.7 1.2 
Domestic Demand 1.4 8.9 8.2 5.5 4.0 -1.5 4.1 5.3 
 Final Consumption 4.7 4.5 6.9 5.3 3.8    
  Private consumption 1.4 3.6 3.5 3.7 6.1 0.6 2.3 2.6 
  Government consumption 5.2 4.7 7.3 5.5 3.5 1.9 3.1 2.2 
 Gross Capital Formation -0.2 4.9 10.9 3.8 2.5 -2.1 8.3 7.4 
Exports of goods and services 9.6 15.9 9.0 8.9 2.2 1.9 2.3 -3.9 
Imports of goods and services -3.9 11.1 13.7 9.3 7.3 -2.4 5.5 6.2 
Per capita GDP, US$ 2,230 2,506 2,814 3,115 3,366 .. .. .. 
Gross capital formation (as 
% of GDP) 26.4 25.7 26.8 26.8 26.8    
Government accounts (as % 
of GDP)         
Total revenue  (non-financial 
public sector) 24.1 25.0 24.6 27.0 29.4 9.1 10.7 11.4 
Oil revenue 5.8 6.5 5.9 7.7 7.2 3.9 4.9 4.8 
   Non oil sector revenue 18.0 17.8 18.5 20.0 20.9 4.8 5.3 5.9 
   Import tariffs 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 
Total expenditure (non-
financial public sector) 23.0 23.0 23.9 23.8 27.4 7.1 9.3 11.3 
Current expenditure 17.9 18.0 19.0 19.1 20.0 5.0 6.6 7.5 
Capital expenditure 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 7.4 2.2 2.7 3.8 
Table 1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 3 
 
 
Real Sector  2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 I 2008 II 2008 III 
Non-financial public sector 
balance 1.6 2.1 0.7 3.3 2.1 1.9 1.4 0.1 
Primary balance 4.4 4.5 2.9 5.4 4.0 2.3 1.8 0.4 
Central Government overall 
balance -0.4 -1.0 -0.5 -0.2 -0.1 .. .. .. 
External Debt (million US$) 16, 756.1 17,210.6 17,237. 2 16,977.4 17,257.7 17,966.6 17,126.1 17,222.2 
  Public External Debt  11,484.0 11,059.4 10,850.5 10,215.3 10,605.2 11,234.6 10,402.1 10,247.2 
Money and credit          
M2 (12-month rate of change) -0.5 19.2 20.4 15.4 18.3 23.0 25.2 23.7 
Interest rates         
Average rate on loans (30-83 
days) 14.63 11.66 9.86 10.21 10.72 10.17 9.59 9.31 
Inflation        
Consumer price index (% 
change, end of period 
annualized)  7.9 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.3 6.6 9.7 10.0 
Exchange rate         
Real effective exchange rate 
(1994=100) 91.22 95.16 98.19 98.18 102.85 107.33 106.16 100.64 
 
.. Not available 
 
Source : Central Bank of Ecuador, at:  http://www.bce.fin.ec/ docs.php?path=/home1/est adisticas/bolmensual/ 
IEMensual.jsp. 
8. Ecuador's current account of the balance of payments has been in surplus throughout the 
2005-third quarter of 2008 period.  The surplus increased  substantially in 2006 and 2007, and again in 
the first half of 2008, when it reached record leve ls (Table 2).  The surplu s increase reflected mainly 
higher export values of petroleum and petroleum products, responding mainly to the surge in 
international prices, although there was also an in crease in the value of non-petroleum exports.  
Starting in the third quarter of 2008, with prices co ming down, the value of exports of petroleum and 
derivatives contracted, while non-petroleum exports  stagnated reflecting the slowdown in global 
activity.  Imports, however, continued to increase, as economic activity in Ecuador slowed down less 
rapidly than in the rest of the wo rld, and the real effective exchange rate appreciated, making imports 
more competitive.   
9. The authorities estimate that the current account went into deficit in the last quarter of 2008, 
and are forecasting a defic it of US$3.24 billion for 2009.4 
Table 2 
Balance of Payments (millions of US$)  
Transactions\Period 2005 2006 2007 2007 III 2007 IV 2008 I 2008 II 2008 III 
1 Current Account 
(A+B+C+D) 347.7 1,617.5 1,650.0 632.8 569.1 1,280.4 1,260.8 96.7 
A Merchandise 758.3 1,768.4 1,823.0 640.3 585.9 1,201. 9 1,401.0 170.2 
A1 Exports  10,467.7 13,176.1 14,870.2 3,970.0 4,419.4 4,785.3 5,669.6 5,348.5 
   Merchandise 10,247.2 12,903.9 14,556.2 3,886.1 4,325.7 4,682.4 5,558.8 5,242.4 
      Petroleum and 
 derivates 5,869.8 7,544.5 8,328.6 2,358.9 2,631.7 2,964.2 3,757.0 3,420.6 
      Non-petroleum exports 4,230.2 5,183.6 5,992.7 1,467.4 1,632.0 1,658.5 1,739.8 1,757.4 
      Unregistered trade  147.2 175.8 234.8 59.8 62.0 59.7 62.1 64.4 
   Other exports 220.5 272.2 314.0 83.9 93.7 102.8 110.8 106.1 
A2 Imports  -9,709.4 -11,407.7 -13,047.1 -3,329.8 -3,833.6 -3,583.3 -4,268.6 -5,178.3 
   Merchandise -9,686.6 -11,384.9 -13,024.3 -3,324.1 -3,827.9 -3,577.6 -4,262.9 -5,172.6 
      Consumption goods -2,353.8 -2,598.4 -2,923.5 -736.3 -909.1 -829.3 -940.9 -1,158.2 
      Other goods -7,212.1 -8,681.0 -9,993.9 -2,560.7 -2,890.9 -2,711.5 -3,284.2 -3,975.6 
      Unregistered trade  -120.7 -105.4 -106.9 -27.1 -27.8 -36.9 -37.8 -38.8 
   Other imports -22.8 -22.8 -22.8 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 -5.7 
Table 2 (cont'd) 
                                                      
4 WTO document WT/BOP/N/65/Rev.1, 2 March 2009 (in Spanish). WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 4  
 
Transactions\Period 2005 2006 2007 2007 III 2007 IV 2008 I 2008 II 2008 III 
B Services -1,129.9 -1,304.7 -1,371.5 -338.1 -372.4 -336.5 -397.8 -404.3 
   B1 Receipts  1,012.1 1,036.5 1,200.1 316.7 308.1 324.0 355.2 372.7 
      Transport 335.2 352.2 347.6 92.7 91.5 86.8 99.2 103.5 
      Travel 485.8 489.9 623.4 168.7 163.0 165.4 187.4 206.6 
      Others services 191.2 194.4 229.1 55.3 53.6 71.8 68.6 62.5 
   B2 Payments -2,142.0 -2,341.3 -2,571.6 -654.8 -680.6 -660.5 -753.1 -776.9 
      Transport -1,042.5 -1,170.9 -1,327.0 -348.5 -370.7 -356.3 -388.5 -459.0 
      Travel -428.6 -466.3 -504.0 -125.9 -127.2 -133.0 -136.6 -135.3 
      Others services -670.9 -704.1 -740.6 -180.4 -182.7 -171.2 -227.9 -182.6 
C Income -1,941.6 -1,950.0 -2,047.1 -526.4 -523.0 -402.3 -500.3 -412.0 
   C1 Receipts 86.4 165.0 258.6 72.5 70.3 58.3 42.0 49.5 
   C2 Payments  -2,028.1 -2,115.0 -2,305.7 -598.9 -593.3 -460.6 -542.3 -461.5 
      Remuneration of 
 employees  -5.8 -5.2 -5.3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 
      Direct investment  income -1,003.9 -977.4 -1,160.0 -336.2 -257.6 -197.3 -171.7 -225.2 
      Portfolio investment 
 income -372.3 -416.4 -399.0 -137.1 -62.3 -137.1 -62.3 -136.2 
      Other investment  income -646.1 -716.0 -741.4 -124.2 -271.9 -124.8 -306.9 -98.7 
D Current Transfers 2,660.9 3,103.9 3,245.6 857.1 878.6 817.3 757.9 742.8 
   D1 Remittances  2,453.5 2, 927.6 3,087.8 814.5 825. 6 759.6 711.5 706.6 
   D2 Other transfers 
 (inflows) 327.9 306.2 307.0 84.4 88.5 84.4 78.6 80.9 
   D3 Transfers (outflows) -120.4 -129.9 -149.2 -41.8 -35.5 -26.7 -32.2 -44.7 
2 Capital and Financial 
Account -101.7 -2,088.9 -275.0 -259.3 -743.7 -661.6 663.3 237.7 
A Capital account  13.0 18.6 22.1 6.1 6.9 4.8 5.8 6.2 
B Financial account -114.8 -2,107.4 -297.0 -265.4 -750.6 -666.4 657.5 231.6 
   B1 Direct investment  493.4 270.7 194.3 188.0 -286.1 419.8 102.3 299.6 
   B2 Portfolio investment) 365.9 -1,383.9 -118.3 -192.5 -138.2 102.2 64.1 -196.9 
   B3 Other investment -974.0 -994.3 -373.0 -260.9 -326.3 -1,188.4 491.1 128.9 
3 Errors and Omissions 420.1 340.7 11.6 45.3 26.9 57.3 39.6 72.6 
Global Balance of 
Payments (1+2+3) 666.1 -130.6 1,386.6 418.8 -147.7 676.1 1,963.7 407.0 
Financing -666.1 130.6 -1,386.6 -418.8 147.7 -676.1 -1,963.7 -407.0 
   Reserves -709.6 123.6 -1,497.5 -406.8 90.3 -622.7 -1,959.6 -408.3 
   Exceptional financing 43.5 7.1 110.9 -12.1 57.4 -53.4 -4.2 1.4 
 
Source : Central Bank of Ecuador. 
B. DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE  
10. In accordance with the latest available CO MTRADE figures, merchandise exports (f.o.b.) 
totalled US$13.79 billion in 2007, while merchandise imports (c.i.f..) reached US$13.57 billion.  In 
2008, following data from the Central Bank of Ec uador, imports c.i.f. of goods amounted to 
US$18,685.5 million, while exports amounted to US $16,038 million.  Ecuador's exports increased 
substantially between 2005 and mid 2008,  before starting to decline.   
(a) Composition of trade 11. Petroleum is the main export product and its importance increased substantially in the 2005-
mid 2008 period hand-in-hand with higher prices.  Average crude petroleum exports accounted for 
some 60% of total exports in 2007, compared to 39% between 2000 and 2003.
5  Ecuador exported 
127.35 million barrels of oil in 2008, up from 124.1 m illion in 2007;  total revenue due to petroleum 
exports reached US$10.57 billion in 2008, up from US$7. 43 billion in 2007( the average price of the 
barrel of oil exported by Ecuador increased from US$59.86 in 2007 to US$82.99 in 2007).  Since 
mid 2008, however, the share of petroleum products  has fallen, reflecting lower prices.  Average 
petroleum export prices for Ecuador declined from a peak of US$117.36 a barrel in June 2008, to 
                                                      
5 COMTRADE data is used for the analysis due to its disaggregation.  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 5 
 
 
US$26.09 in December of the same year, and US$26.79 in February 2009.  As a result, revenue from petroleum exports fell from US$1.22 billion in J une 2008 to US$288.7 m illion in February 2009.
6 
12. Ecuador is also an important exporter of bana nas, which accounted for 9.4% of total exports 
in 2007, down from a share of 18.4% in 2003.  Ot her important agricultural exports include coffee, 
cocoa, shrimps, flowers and unpr ocessed fish.  Agricultural produc ts accounted for some 30.7% of 
total exports in 2007, down from 46% in 2003 (Chart I).  The average share of manufactures in total 
exports decreased from 10.1% in 2003 to 7.8% on 2 007.  Some of the main export products include 
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, and iron and steel.   
13. Some 67.2% of imports were manufactured goods in 2007, down from over 77% in 2003.  
The main import categories are machinery and trans port equipment, and chemical products.  Imports 
of fuels and mining products accounted for 22.2% of  the total in 2007, up from 11.3% in 2003, and 
those of agricultural products for 9.5%, down from 10.7% in 2003.   
(b) Geographical distribution of trade 
14. Exports are relatively concentrated with fi ve trading partners accounting for over three 
quarters of the total in 2007.  The United States is the main destination for Ecuador's exports, 
accounting for 43.3% of the total in 2007 (Chart 2) .  The second major destination is the European 
Union, with 12.7%, followed by Peru (10.8%), Chile (4.8%) and Colombia (4.7%).  While petroleum and its derivatives account for slightly more than  three quarters of exports to Peru, exports to 
Colombia consist mainly of manufactures.  
15. Imports are somewhat more geographically dive rsified than exports, with the five main 
providers accounting for some 60 % of total imports in  2007.  The main sources of Ecuador's imports 
in that year were the United States (20.6%), Co lombia (11%), the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 
(9.7%), the European Union (9 .2%), and China (8.3%).   
 
                                                     
 
6 Banco Central del Ecuador (2009), Boletín Mensual , February 2009.  Consulted at:  
http://www.bce.fin. ec/documentos/PublicacionesN otas/Catalogo/IEMensua l/m1884/IEM-412.xls. WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 6  
 
Chart 1
Merchandise trade by product, 2003 and 2007
2003 2007
(a)    Exports (f.o.b.)
Total: $6,038 million
(b)    Im ports (c.i.f.)
Manufactures
Total: $6,534 million Total: $13,565 million
Source:   UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.3).Total: $13,800 millionBananas
18.2%Not specified
0.2%
Other 
agriculture
17.2%Other mining
0.2%Manufacatures
10.1%
Agriculture
Fuels
43.2%Bananas
9.4%
Other 
agriculture
12.8%
Fuels
60.0%Other mining
0.8%Manufactures
7.8%Not specified
0.6%
MiningAgriculture
Mining
Other 
agriculture
1.5%
Chemicals
16.9%
Other semi-
manuf.
7.7%Machinery & 
transport eqpt.
37.1%Other manuf.
16.3%
Other mining
1.0%Fuels
10.2%Food
9.2%
Chemicals
15.5%Other 
agriculture
1.1%Food
8.4%
Agri.
ManufacturesMiningAgri.
MiningFuels
20.8%
Other 
mining
1.4%
Other semi-
manuf.
7.0%Machinery & 
transport eqpt.
29.9%Other manuf.
14.8%Not 
specified
1.0%Crustaceans, 
frozen
4.6%
Fish, prepared
6.3%Crustaceans, 
frozen
4.3%
Fish, prepared
4.2%
  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 7 
 
 
Chart 2
Merchandise trade by main origin and destination, 2003 and 2007
2003 2007
(a)    Exports (f.o.b.)
Total: $6,038 million
(b)    Im ports (c.i.f.)
Total: $6,534 million Total: $13,565 million
Source:   UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.3).Colombia
6.0%
Total: $13,800 millionPeru
10.5%Others
5.7%
United States
40.6%
Peru
10.8%Other America
12.4%
Chile
11 %Other Europe
9.0%Japan
1.4%
Italy
6.3%Other Asia
4.7%
AmericaUnited States
43.3%
Spain
2.4%
Venzuela
5.8%Chile
4.8%Other America
16.4%Spain
2.4%
Colombia
4.7%
Brazil
6.1%Other EU15
2.8%
Italy
3.2%Other Europe
7.5%Japan
0.8%Other Asia
2.0%Others
4.0%
EuropeAsia
AmericaEuropeAsia
United States
18.8%
Colombia
13.8%
Other America
19.8%EU25
13.0%Other 
Europe
0.7%Japan
4.8%
China
7.4%Other Asia
7.9%Others
2.0%
United States
20.6%
Colombia
11.0%
Brazil
5.4%Other America
20.2%EU25
9.2%Other Europe
0.8%Japan
3.6%
China
8.3%Other Asia
6.5%Others
4.8%
America AmericaEuropeEuropeAsiaAsia
Venzuela
9.7%
 WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 8  
 
II. TRADE POLICY FEATURES AND DEVELOPMENTS 
A. T
RADE POLICY FRAMEWORK  
16. Under the Foreign Trade and Investment Law (L aw No. 46, Official Journal of 19 December 
1997), foreign trade has been singled out as a matter of  national priority.  In accordance with the Law, 
trade policy should be geared at:  promoting export growth and diversificati on;  facilitating export and 
import activities;  promoting the efficiency of th e domestic industry and ensuring that it competes 
internationally according to fair and equitable trad e practices;  and fostering regional integration as 
well as multilateral agreements.  The Foreign Tr ade and Investment Council (COMEXI), a body 
where several Ministries par ticipate, is responsible for the formul ation of Ecuador's trade policy.   
17. Ecuador is a member of the Andean Community, together with Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru.  
The Cartagena Agreement calls for the formul ation of a common trade policy among member 
countries, but this goal has not been as yet achieved, and trade policy decisions are mainly taken at the 
national level.  The Andean Community's customs union has yet to be finalized, and the full application of a common external tariff has been pos tponed several times.  As a result, tariff schedules 
of member countries differ one from another.  This notwithstanding, the Andean Community has 
developed common rules governing trade relations not only among its members but also with non-
member countries in a number of areas, including customs procedures, technical regulations, contingency measures and intellectual property.   
18. As part of its efforts to foster regional integration, Ecuador maintains Latin American 
Integration Association (LAIA) partial-scope agre ements with Chile, Cuba, the MERCOSUR member 
countries and Mexico.  Under the partial-scope ag reement with Chile (Economic Complementarity 
Agreement No. 32 of 20 December 1994), in effect since 1995, tariffs have been eliminated on the 
vast majority of goods with the exception of some 230 mainly agricultural products.  Under the 
agreements with Cuba (Economic Complementarity  Agreement No. 46 of 10 May 2000) and Mexico 
(Partial-Scope Renegotiation Agreement No. 29 of 30 April 1983) tariff preferences are granted on a 
very limited number of products .  Under Economic Complementarity Agreement No. 59 of 
18 October 2004, in effect for Ecuador since Ma rch 2005, Ecuador together with Colombia and 
Venezuela, and the MERCOSUR countries put in place a 15-year tariff reduction chronogram with the aim of establishing a free-trade area.   
B. T
ARIFFS  
19. Ecuador bound 100% of its tariff lines when it acceded to th e WTO;  tariff bindings are 
contained in Schedule CXXXIII, and range from 5 to 85.5%.  The average bound rate is 21.2%, 
compared to an average applied MFN rate of 10.1 on 1 January 2009;  the average bound rate for 
agricultural goods is 25.6%, while that for non-agricultural goods is 14.6%.  Duties on non-
agricultural goods are bound at levels ranging from 5 to 40% per cent, with the lowest rates applying 
mainly to chemicals and the highest to motor vehi cles.  Some 98% of tariff lines are bound at 30% or 
less.  With respect to agricultural products, th e lowest bound rates are on seeds, and the highest on 
certain poultry cuts and offal.  Ecuador's tariffs ar e bound at levels that are considerably lower than 
those of comparable countries in the region, so me of which are among Ecuador's main trading 
partners.  As an example, Peru's average bound  tariff is 30.1%, while Colombia's is 42.9%. 
20. Before the recent measures adopted for balan ce-of-payments purposes (see below), all import 
tariffs were ad valorem .  Under the Andean price band system, Ecuador applies variable tariff rates to 
certain agricultural products which rise or fall in accordance with international prices.  Ecuador does 
not apply seasonal duties.  Ecuador imposes a 0.5% ad valorem  levy on imported goods, other than 
inputs for the production of pharmaceuticals, to fina nce the Children's Development Fund;  this levy 
is not imposed on domestic products.  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 9 
 
 
21. Ecuador's applied tariff comprises 7,229 10-digit lines.  The average tariff calculated by the 
WTO for 1 January 2009 is 10.1%;  this is lo wer than the average reported in the 2005 TPR of 
Ecuador (11.4%).  The average tariff for non-agricult ural products was 9%, while that for agricultural 
goods (WTO definition) was 17.3% (Table 3).     
22. Between end 2007 and end 2008, tariff changes were introduced on some 5,100 tariff lines, or 
70.5% of the tariff universe, through Executive Decree No. 592 (COMEXI Resolution No. 389 of 
21 August 2007), published in the Official Journal (Registro Oficial) of 15 October 2007, its annexes 
and subsequent modifications.7  The stated scope of the tariff changes introduced was to increase 
domestic competitiveness by making imports of need ed inputs and capital go ods generally duty free, 
while raising tariffs for non-basic c onsumer goods.  All in all, the cha nges resulted in a 1.7 percentage 
point tariff reduction of the affected lines.  As a r esult, the overall tariff fell by some 1.2 percentage 
points. 
Table 3 
Ecuador, Tariff Statistics, January 2009 
Description Number of lines Share/percent 
Duty-free lines 3,637 50.3 
Non ad valorem tariff 0 0.0 
Lines subject to quotas 0 0.0 
Non-ad valorem tariff with no AVEs 0 0.0 
Simple average tariff rate 7,229 10.1 
   WTO agriculture 950 17.3 
   WTO non-agriculture (excl. petroleum) 6,233 9.0 
   ISIC 1 406 13.1 
   ISIC 2 107 0.5 
   ISIC 3 6,715 10.1 
   First stage of processing 830 10.3 
   Semi-processed 2,410 5.8 
   Fully processed 3,989 12.7 
Domestic peaks 54 0.7 
International peaks 2,143 29.6 
Overall standard deviation 7,229 12.1 
 
Source:  WTO, Trade Policies Review Division. 
23. The tariff changes introduced altered considerab ly Ecuador's tariff structure.  Before the 
changes, duty rates were: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% ;  automobiles were subject to a 35% rate;  
trucks to 10% and CKD packages to a 3% tariff.   After the tariff changes introduced through 
Executive Decree No. 592, the tariff structure became mo re polarized, with a wider level of dispersion 
and a higher number of rates:  15 versus the prev ious seven.  The number of duty-free lines increased 
substantially, to 3,637, or 50.3% of all tariff lines, from just 248 (3.4% of all tariff lines) before the 
changes.  The scope of duty-free goods has now been extended considerably, to include most inputs 
and capital goods.  On the other end of the spectrum,  tariff rates were increased for over 1,200 tariff 
lines, to rates generally above 20%, and that go up to  85.5%.  The most substantial increase took place 
in November 2008, through COMEXI Resolution No . 458, which covered 940 tariff lines or 13% of 
the total.  In almost all cases, a pplied levels were raised to their WTO bindings (in some cases there is 
no exact correspondence due to the fact that applied and bound tariffs are in different HS 
nomenclatures).  
24. Products that can enter Ecuador duty-free are generally inputs, raw materials and capital 
goods;  finished goods, particularly for consumption purposes, are subject to a higher rates.  However, 
since agricultural products are generally subject to  higher than average rates, taking into account the 
                                                      
7 Modifications contained in COMEXI Resolutions No. 404, published in the Official Journal of 
16 November 2007;  No. 418, 11 April 2008;  No. 1,067, 20 May 2008;  No. 424, 6 June 2008;  No. 423, 3 July 2008;  No. 430, 8 August 2008;  No. 428 and 429, 11 August 2008;  No. 431, 14 August 2008;  No. 433, 
10 September 2008;  No. 443, 22 October 2008;  No. 443-A, 24 October 2008;  No. 448, 457, 458 and 459, 
16 December 2008. WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 10  
 
processing degree, the average applied rate for goods  in the first stage of processing, at 10.3%, is 
above the average tariff applied on semi-process ed goods (5.8%), although lower than for fully 
processed products (12.7%).  
25. Ecuador grants duty-free treatment to all im ports from Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela, 
provided that they comply with the Andean Commun ity's origin requirements.  Ecuador also grants 
duty-free treatment to the vast majority of imports  (some 99.5% of tariff lines) from Peru.  Ecuador 
also grants preferential treatment for imports from countries with which it has LAIA agreements.  The 
preferences granted depend on the scope of the agreement. 
26. Under the commitment on minimum access opport unities contained in the WTO Agreement 
on Agriculture, Ecuador operates tariff quotas in respect of 17 four-, six- or eight-digit lines.  The 
products concerned are turkeys, chicken cuts, wheat , barley, maize, sorghum, malt, starch, soybean 
oilcake, rapeseed oilcake, milk powder and gluc ose.  All products for which tariff quotas can be 
operated are covered by the Andean price band system. 
27. Ecuador maintains a number of special regimes that offer tariff concessions.  The main ones 
are the conditional refund, maquila and free zone regim es.  Ecuador also has a number of other special 
import regimes specified in its Customs Law (Ley Orgánica de Aduanas) that offer tariff concessions 
to importers subject generally to temporary admission conditions.
8    
28. Other than to tariffs and to the contribution to the Children's Development Fund, imports are 
subject to charges for storage and in some cases for other customs services.  They are also subject to a 
value added tax (VAT) at a rate of 12%. and to a "redeemable quota".  The latter is a contribution 
assessed on all imports except those originating in  the Andean Community (but not on domestic 
products) equal to 0.025% of their f.o.b. value, but not be less than US$5 per consignment.  Upon 
accumulation of US$500 in paid up redeemable quot as, importers obtain a certificate which can be 
cashed in for its nominal value after 10 years.  A special consumption tax (ICE) at varying specific 
rates is applied to certain domestic or imported prod ucts, including cigarettes, beer, aerated beverages, 
alcohol and alcoholic beverages, some types of motor vehicles, aeroplanes, helicopters, yachts and 
recreational craft, as well as on telecommunication and radio services.   
C. IMPORT RESTRICTIONS AND LICENSING  
29. Ecuador prohibits the importation of a small numb er of products, regardless of their origin.  
The prohibited imports include used clothing and ot her worn articles classified under tariff heading 
HS 6309;  used tyres (HS 4012);  vehicles and used parts thereof (HS Chapter 87), with some exceptions;  used engines, also with some excep tions (HS 8407 and 8408);  and used parts except for 
certain remanufactured parts (HS 8409).
9 
30. COMEXI Resolution No. 183, published in the Offi cial Journal of 5 May 2003, lays down the 
import licensing procedures applicable in Ecuador.  Through COMEXI Resolution No. 297, published 
in the Official Journal of 19 January 2005, th e list of products subject to import licensing 
requirements was reduced.  The regime was notified to the WTO in June 2005.10  Some 1,250 10-digit 
tariff items are subject to licensing requirements, mo stly chemicals, plant products, food preparations, 
animal products, vehicles, among others.  Import licences are approved by various bodies, depending 
on the product;  however, the licensing process is carried out electronically through the Central Bank's 
                                                      
8 These regimes (temporary import with re exportation in the same state;  temporary importation for 
inward processing;  customs storage;  free and special  storage;  and duty-free re placement) are described in 
Table III.4 of the Secretariat's report for the firs t Trade Policy Review of Ecuador.  WTO document 
WT/TPR/S/148/Rev.1, 25 July 2005. 
9 COMEXI Resolutions Nos. 182 and 184, Official Journal of 8 April 2003. 
10 WTO document G/LIC/N/1/ECU/2, 15 June 2005.  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 11 
 
 
Internet website without having to apply to ot her administrative bodies.  Time-limits for licence 
processing and licence validity depend on the issuing body. 
31. The importation of all products subject to Ecuador ian technical regulations for a value fob of 
US$5,000 or over requires the submission of a special  form (INEN-1) to obtain which importers must 
submit a certificate of conformity with an Ecua dorian national standard, an ISO international 
technical standard or of certain forei gn standards considered of repute.   
D. CONTINGENCY MEASURES  
(a) Anti-dumping and countervailing measures 
32. Ecuador has traditionally made scant use of anti-dumping and countervailing measures.  In 
this respect, Ecuador has not adopted any c ountervailing duty measure or conducted any 
investigations in this area, since its accession to  the WTO in 1996.  Ecuador has applied anti-dumping 
duties only on one occasion since becoming a WT O Member:  the case in question was a 1998 
investigation of imports of cement originating in  Mexico.  The measure was, however, terminated 
following consultations with Mexico. 
(b) Safeguard measures 
33. Since 1996, Ecuador has notified to the WTO the initiation of 11 safeguards investigations;  
four of them are under Section 16 of the Protocol of Accession of the People's Republic of China to the WTO.
11  Three of them resulted in th e imposition of definitive measures.12  Two of the 
investigations were initiated in 2008.  The impositi on of definitive safeguard measures on imports of 
medium density fibreboard was challenged in the WT O by Chile.  Consultations were held in January 
2004, but a panel was not established;  the me asure remained in force until January 2005. 
34. In its latest notification on the special sa feguard provisions to the WTO Committee on 
Agriculture, Ecuador indicated that it did not invoke  the special safeguard provisions in 2001, 2002, 
2003, 2004 or 2005.13 
E. PREFERENTIAL ACCESS TO THIRD MARKETS  
35. Ecuador benefits from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) schemes of Australia, 
Bulgaria, Canada, the European Union, Japan , New Zealand, Russia, Switzerland and the 
United States.   
36. Most of Ecuador's exports to the United Stat es receive duty-free treatment under the Andean 
Trade Preference Act (ATPA), and the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act 
                                                      
11 The products affected by the investigations were:  tableware or kitchenware (HS6911.10.00) and 
ceramic tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, other than of porcelain or china 
(6912.00.00);  ceramic flags and paving, hearth or wa ll tiles (6907.90.00, 6908.90.00);  textile products 
(219 subheadings);  taps, cocks and valves for domestic use, (8481.80.10);  tyres (4011.1000, 4011.2000);  
paper and paper board (4804.1100, 4805.6090, 4805 .7090, 4805.8090, 4805.1100, 4805.1900, 4805.2400, 
4805.2500);  ceramic, porcelain and china products (6912.0000);  glazed cer amic flags and pa ving (6908.9000, 
6907.9000);  medium density fibreboard (4411);  matches (3605);  and sandals (6401.9900, 6402.2000, 
6402.1900, 6402.9900, 6403.1900, 6403.2000, 6403.5 100, 6403.5900, 6403.9900, 6404.1100, 6404.1900, 
6405.1000, 6405.2000, 6405.9010).   
12 Regarding ceramic, porcelain and china products ;  glazed ceramic flags an d paving (6908.9000 and 
6907.9000);  medium density fibreboard;  matches;  and sandals. 
13 WTO document G/AG/N/ECU/18, 21 June 2006. WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 12  
 
(ATPDEA), which extended and broade ned the benefits under the ATPA.
14  Benefits under the 
ATPA/ATPDEA are, however, likely to be terminat ed by end 2009 at the latest. Benefits were 
extended until 31 December 2008 by the Andean Trad e Preference Act, (United States Public Law 
No. 110-191);.  Public Law No:  110-436 further exte nded the period of applic ation of the benefits, 
but amended the ATPA to prohibit the extension of duty-free treatment or other preferential treatment 
to Colombia or Peru after 31 December 2009.  Prefer ential treatment is to be extended in principle to 
Ecuador only until 30 June 2009, but in practice will remain in effect through 31 December 2009, 
unless the US President reports to specified c ongressional committees on or before 30 June 2009. 
37. Since the inclusion of petroleum and derivativ es in the scope of products that may benefit 
form preferential access to the U.S. market, Ecuador  has become an important beneficiary of the 
ATPA/ATPDEA.  In 2006, last year for which there is full information, Ecua dor provided 39% of all 
U.S. imports under the ATPA/ATPDEA, being the main  beneficiary mainly account of the strength of 
imports of petroleum products.  Total exports to  the US market under ATPA/ATPDEA in 2006 were 
US$5.33 billion, twice as much as in 2004;  some 76 % of all Ecuadorian exports to the United States 
benefited from ATPA/ATPDEA in the same y ear, while only 1% benefited from the GSP.15 
38. Ecuador also benefits from the unilateral preferences accorded by the LAIA member 
countries to Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay under th e regional market-opening agreements signed in 
1983.  The preferences consist in the elimination of  tariffs on a limited number of products defined by 
each member country.   
III. THE TRADE MEASURES APPLIED AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECT 
39. In January 2009, Ecuador imposed trade m easures for balance of payments purposes, 
including both price-based measures (tariff increases)  and quantitative restrictions to imports.  The 
legal basis for these measures are:  COMEXI Resolu tion No. 466, of 19 Janua ry 2009, published in 
the Official Journal No. 512, of 22 January 2009;  COMEXI's Executiv e Commission Resolution 
No. 467, of 22 January 2009;  COMEXI Resolution No. 468 of 30 January 2009;  and COMEXI's Executive Commission Resolution No. 469 of 12 February 2009.  
40. The trade measures applied by Ecuador cover 630 HS subheadings, at a 10 digit level, or 
some 8.7% of all tariff lines;  they are mostly durable consumer goods and transport equipment, as 
well as textile and clothing products, and footwear .  The measures are applied on imports from all 
trading partners. 
41. The price-based measures consist of:  (a) a tariff increase of 30 or 35% ad valorem  on 75 HS 
tariff subheadings (slightly over 1% of all tari ff lines);  (b) a tariff increase consisting on the 
application of a specific tariff to be applied on top of the ad valorem  rate in place, for 
284 subheadings, representing some 3.9% of all tariff lines.  The specific rate is US$12/kilo for textile 
and clothing products, and US$10/pair for footwear.  The tariff increases adopted through the recent 
measures come on top of those described previously , which took place in 2008, and raised the applied 
rates of these products to their WTO bindings.  The quantitative restrictions adopted apply to 
271 subheadings, accounting for 3.7% of  all tariff lines;  for 248 of these lines, a quota equivalent to 
70% of their 2008 import value has been set;  for the other 23 lines the quota is equivalent to 65% of 2008 imports.  Quotas are not distributed by country, but  by importer;  they have been pre-assigned to 
importers taking into account their imports in the 2006-08 period.  New impor ters have been assigned 
                                                     
 
14 Following the broadening of the scope of benefits under the ATPDEA, to include imports of 
petroleum and petroleum derivatives, as well as textiles  and clothing, and footwear, only a limited number of 
products, including certain textiles, articles of appare l, rum and canned tuna do not enjoy any preferences. 
15 Office of the United States Trade Representative (2007), Third Report to the Congress on the 
Operation of the Andean Trade Preference Act as Amended, 30 April 2007 .  Consulted at:  
http://www.ustr.gov/assets/Trade_Dev elopment/Preference_Programs/ATPA/asset_upload_file186_11132.pdf.  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 13 
 
 
5% of the quota for each subheading.  Quotas must be filled on a quarterly basis;  they are not transferable or negotiable.  Quotas not used in the first two quarters of a year are cancelled. 
42. The measures applied by Ecuador affect a volume of trade of US$4.3 billion (2008), 
equivalent to some 23% of its total 2008 c.i.f. imports.  Imports of the products subject to the 
measures, as a group, increased by some 25% in  value terms between 2007 and 2008.  Total quotas 
imposed on these products for 2009 are US$2.28 billion, of which US$702.97 million correspond to 
products subject to quotas of 65% of their 2008 im port volume, and US$1,425.47 million to products 
subject to quotas equivalent to 70% of their 2008 import level. 
43. The measures applied have an effect on imports from a number of trading partners.  Table A1 
identifies the effect of the restrictions on imports  from five of Ecuador's main individual trading 
partners.  The table only presents imports of those co untries among the five that are relevant exporters 
of the product in question;  for a few products, it s hows imports from other sources.  For the analysis, 
COMTRADE data for 2007, the last year available , has been used, and products have been grouped 
and are presented at a 4-digit HS level, since it w as not possible to process the data by country at a 
more disaggregated level.  The total value of  exports affected by the measures in 2007 is 
U$3.43 billion, some 25.3% of total exports in that  year.  Colombian exports to Ecuador of products 
subject to the measures invoked for balance-of-pay ments reasons totalled US$575 million in 2007, or 
38.6% of Colombian exports to Ecuador in that y ear, while Chinese exports of those products totalled 
US$474.63 million in 2007, (42.3% of all Chinese exports to Ecuador in  that year);  U.S. exports 
reached US$302.93 million in 2007, (10. 84% of U.S. exports to Ecuador in that year);  Peru's exports 
totalled US$146.79 million (30.6% of Peruvian export s to Ecuador in 2007);  and Chile's reached 
US$166.93 million (about a third of  total exports to Ecuador). 
44. Exports of a number of other countries are also affected by the measures.  Some of these 
countries are large exporters into Ecuador of speci fic products, for example, automotive products and 
their parts.  This is the case of Japan and Kor ea, where the measures touched on automotive products 
with exports of some US$335 million for Japan in 2007 (some two thirds of imports from Japan in 
that year) and US$197 million for Korea (48.6% of to tal imports from Korea).  Also, imports of some 
US$100 million from Panama (over 20% of imports from Panama in 2007) were affected by the 
measures;  these products were mainly washing ma chines (HS 8450), and reception apparatus of TV 
and telephony (HS 8527 and 8528). 
45. In the context of the last TPR of Ecuador in  2005, the WTO Secretariat identified 585 tariff 
lines for which the applied rates were the same as the bound rates.  Following the changes introduced 
in the tariff structure in 2008, there were al most 2,000 lines for which applied and bound rates 
coincided.  After the application of the January  2009 measures, applied rates exceed bound rates for 
358 of those lines (4.95% of all tariff lines).  In the case where ad valorem  or specific duty import 
surcharges have been used, ra tes exceeding bindings have been identified by Ecuador.
16  In the case of 
quantitative restrictions, the effect is harder to assess , since the restrictions have been applied on top 
of applied tariffs which coincide with their bound levels.  While in strict terms bound rates are not 
exceeded for these products, the price effect of the quot a is equivalent to that of a tariff increase.  
46. As a result of the measures, Ecuador's average ta riff increased slightly to 10.2% (Table 4).  
This, however, only captures the increase in the 75 tariff subheadings where ad valorem  rates were 
used;  the effect would be larger if, for example, ad valorem  equivalents were considered for the lines  
 
                                                      
16 See Ecuador's notification contained in WTO document WT/BPO/N/65 of 24 February 2009. WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 14  
 
subject to specific duties.
17  Also, as noted before, quantitative r estrictions have similar effects on 
prices to tariff increases, but these effects are diffi cult to identify, since it would be necessary to 
estimate the tariff increase equivalent to the quota fo r each tariff subheading affected, and for this it 
would be necessary to calculate the price elasticity of demand for each products.  Also as a result of 
the measures, Ecuador's tariff structure has been modified, and is now characterized by the presence 
of quantitative restrictions and specific duties, whic h were previously absent from the tariff structure. 
Table 4 
Ecuador, Tariff Statistics, March 2009 
Description Number of lines Share/percent 
Duty-free lines 3,633 50.3 
Non ad valorem  tariff 284 3.9 
Non-ad valorem tariff with no AVEs 284 3.9 
Lines subject to quota 271 3.7 
Simple average tariff rate 7,229 10.2 
   WTO agriculture 950 17.3 
   WTO non-agriculture (excl. petroleum) 6,233 9.0 
   ISIC 1 406 13.1 
   ISIC 2 107 0.5 
   ISIC 3 6,715 10.1 
   First stage of processing 830 10.3 
   Semi-processed 2,410 5.8 
   Fully processed 3,989 12.7 
Domestic peaks 54 0.7 
International peaks 2,143 29.6 
Overall standard deviation 7,229 12.1 
 
Source:  WTO, Trade Policies Review Division. 
47. Although the effect of quantitative restrictions on prices is the same as that of tariffs, quotas 
frequently cause an additional social loss, si nce the quota generally provokes an additional 
misallocation of resources.  In the case of the tariff, part of these resources return to the coffers of the 
state in the form of tariff proceed s.  In the case of the quota, howev er, the proceeds go to whoever the 
quota is assigned to, since the assignment of the quota creates a rent.  In this particular case, the 
proceeds of the quota will be collected by the importe rs to whom the quota has been pre-assigned, in 
accordance with the Annex to COMEXI Resolution No. 467. 
                                                      
17 The calculation of these ad valorem  equivalents is complicated by the fact that the same specific duty 
is applied on a large number of pro ducts with different price levels.  Th e resulting protection would then vary 
considerably according to th e price of each product.  For example, if a pair of shoes with an import value of 
US$50 faces an additional duty of US$10, the resulting added protection would be 20% in ad valorem  terms;  
for a pair of shoes with an import value of US$20, the resulting added protection would be 50%.    WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 15 
 
 
Table A1 
Main Trading Partners per product subject to the Balance of  Payments applied by Ecuador, at a 4-digit HS level, 2007  
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
0101 World 336.6  
0101 Peru 106.8 31.7 
0101 USA 85.9 25.5 
0101 Chile 40.4 12.0 
    
0106 World 58.1  
0106 USA 30.3 52.1 
0106 Chile 1.9 3.3 
0106 Peru 0.7 1.3 
    
0203 World 5,486.2  
0203 Chile 990.9 18.1 
0203 USA 655.8 12.0 
0203 Colombia 142.7 2.6 
0203 Peru 26.1 0.5 
    
0301 World 8.7  
0301 USA 8.7 100.0 
    
0710 World 439.6  
0710 Chile 438.8 99.8 
0710 USA 0.8 0.2 
    
0806 World 14,115.7  
0806 Chile 9,857.9 69.8 
0806 USA 3,639.6 25.8 
0806 Peru 292.9 2.1 
    
0808 World 34,757.3  
0808 Chile 33,176.3 95.5 
0808 USA 1,429.0 4.1 
0808 China 107.0 0.3 
0808 Peru 24.2 0.1 
    
1104 World 5,764.1  
1104 Chile 5,744.8 99.7 
1104 USA 0.2 0.0 
    
1704 World 25,490.9  
1704 Colombia 15,813.6 62.0 
1704 Peru 3,003.0 11.8 
1704 USA 1,138.3 4.5 
1704 Chile 683.3 2.7 
1704 China 82.6 0.3 
    
1806 World 19,405.0  
1806 Colombia 6,194.2 31.9 
1806 USA 2,323.0 12.0 
1806 Chile 2,123.6 10.9 
1806 Peru 1,069.7 5.5 
1806 China 44.1 0.2 
    
1901 World 22,525.2  
1901 Colombia 2,885.1 12.8 
1901 Chile 1,117.6 5.0 
1901 Peru 739.6 3.3 
1901 USA 450.0 2.0 
1901 China 1.8 0.0 
    
1902 World 3,319.3  
1902 Peru 1,159.7 34.9 
1902 Chile 491.2 14.8 
1902 USA 127.1 3.8 
1902 China 87.9 2.6 
    
1904 World 9,828.9  
1904 Chile 3,038.8 30.9 
1904 Colombia 2,314.9 23.6 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 16  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
1904 Peru 1,612.8 16.4 
1904 USA 1,014.2 10.3 
    
1905 World 30,825.2  
1905 Peru 13,710.7 44.5 
1905 Colombia 12,095.9 39.2 
1905 USA 2,043.7 6.6 
1905 Chile 1,133.8 3.7 
1905 China 3.7 0.0 
    
2002 World 4,232.0  
2002 Chile 2,635.5 62.3 
2002 Peru 1,389.6 32.8 
2002 USA 29.6 0.7 
2002 Colombia 2.7 0.1 
    
2004 World 5,077.0  
2004 USA 1,925.0 37.9 
2004 Colombia 257.4 5.1 
2004 Chile 72.8 1.4 
2004 China 0.2 0.0 
    
2007 World 7,746.7  
2007 Chile 4,833.7 62.4 
2007 Colombia 772.2 10.0 
2007 Peru 287.7 3.7 
2007 USA 104.4 1.3 
2007 China 19.0 0.2 
    
2008 World 11,493.7  
2008 Chile 7,531.7 65.5 
2008 USA 1,479.4 12.9 
2008 Colombia 667.8 5.8 
2008 Peru 66.9 0.6 
2008 China 3.1 0.0 
    
2101 World 17,622.2  
2101 Colombia 16,304.7 92.5 
2101 USA 135.5 0.8 
2101 China 5.4 0.0 
    
2104 World 4,804.4  
2104 Chile 2,052.3 42.7 
2104 Peru 1,397.3 29.1 
2104 Colombia 1,124.5 23.4 
2104 USA 198.4 4.1 
2104 China 6.1 0.1 
    
2106 World 80,772.3  
2106 Chile 31,760.9 39.3 
2106 Colombia 19,206.9 23.8 
2106 USA 11,526.6 14.3 
2106 Peru 3,887.6 4.8 
2106 China 806.6 1.0 
    
2201 World 145.5  
2201 USA 63.4 43.6 
    
2202 World 28,590.2  
2202 Colombia 22,793.3 79.7 
2202 Peru 1,418.0 5.0 
2202 USA 1,121.4 3.9 
2202 Chile 696.8 2.4 
2202 China 0.3 0.0 
    
2203 World 8,602.9  
2203 Colombia 4,566.2 53.1 
2203 USA 831.1 9.7 
2203 Chile 300.9 3.5 
2203 Peru 40.6 0.5 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 17 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
2204 World 12,288.7  
2204 Chile 6,712.0 54.6 
2204 USA 142.2 1.2 
2204 China 5.3 0.0 
2204 Colombia 0.1 0.0 
    
2205 World 138.7  
2205 USA 3.3 2.4 
    
2206 World 832.7  
2206 USA 829.5 99.6 
    
2208 World 27,727.7  
2208 USA 530.9 1.9 
2208 Colombia 397.1 1.4 
2208 Chile 129.8 0.5 
2208 China 0.7 0.0 
2208 Peru 0.2 0.0 
    
2309 World 35,130.5  
2309 Peru 14,192.4 40.4 
2309 USA 6,199.4 17.6 
2309 Colombia 5,843.4 16.6 
2309 Chile 556.4 1.6 
2309 China 357.8 1.0 
    
3303 World 21,817.4  
3303 Colombia 8,885.4 40.7 
3303 USA 2,642.1 12.1 
3303 Peru 1,935.5 8.9 
3303 Chile 298.9 1.4 
3303 China 5.4 0.0 
    
3304 World 44,325.6  
3304 Colombia 19,922.4 44.9 
3304 Peru 6,676.7 15.1 
3304 USA 4,565.7 10.3 
3304 Chile 1,774.1 4.0 
3304 China 562.2 1.3 
    
3305 World 46,629.3  
3305 Colombia 12,813.4 27.5 
3305 Peru 6,084.0 13.0 
3305 USA 2,218.7 4.8 
3305 Chile 547.0 1.2 
3305 China 45.0 0.1 
    
3306 World 24,154.4  
3306 Colombia 17,569.0 72.7 
3306 USA 717.1 3.0 
3306 Peru 33.4 0.1 
3306 China 11.9 0.0 
    
3307 World 24,440.0  
3307 Colombia 7,455.9 30.5 
3307 USA 3,878.4 15.9 
3307 Peru 1,886.7 7.7 
3307 Chile 356.2 1.5 
3307 China 45.4 0.2 
    
3401 World 19,725.0  
3401 Colombia 10,859.1 55.1 
3401 USA 523.4 2.7 
3401 Peru 399.0 2.0 
3401 Chile 125.4 0.6 
3401 China 30.4 0.2 
    
3402 World 42,868.4  
3402 Colombia 25,875.8 60.4 
3402 Peru 6,327.7 14.8 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 18  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
3402 USA 2,993.4 7.0 
3402 Chile 286.5 0.7 
3402 China 131.9 0.3 
    
3922 World 2,622.6  
3922 China 1,167.9 44.5 
3922 Colombia 394.7 15.0 
3922 USA 281.2 10.7 
3922 Peru 40.7 1.6 
3922 Chile 17.3 0.7 
    
3923 World 47,659.4  
3923 Colombia 12,617.3 26.5 
3923 Peru 9,209.0 19.3 
3923 Chile 6,531.1 13.7 
3923 China 5,415.1 11.4 
3923 USA 2,474.5 5.2 
    
3924 World 16,489.5  
3924 China 5,153.7 31.3 
3924 Colombia 2,695.6 16.3 
3924 Peru 2,646.1 16.0 
3924 USA 2,158.6 13.1 
3924 Chile 207.5 1.3 
    
3926 World 31,504.2  
3926 China 9,465.2 30.0 
3926 USA 6,925.9 22.0 
3926 Colombia 4,853.8 15.4 
3926 Peru 606.8 1.9 
3926 Chile 413.1 1.3 
    
4011 World 117,016.9  
4011 China 23,131.6 19.8 
4011 Colombia 14,629.0 12.5 
4011 Japan 12,200.0 10.4 
4011 Brazil 9,800.0 8.4 
4011 USA 6,782.3 5.8 
4011 Peru 5,637.3 4.8 
4011 Chile 1,373.1 1.2 
    
4202 World 26,186.1  
4202 China 11,325.3 43.2 
4202 USA 3,236.2 12.4 
4202 Colombia 3,176.6 12.1 
4202 Peru 533.1 2.0 
4202 Chile 156.2 0.6 
    
4203 World 2,023.5  
4203 Colombia 539.7 26.7 
4203 USA 464.9 23.0 
4203 China 418.1 20.7 
4203 Chile 75.1 3.7 
4203 Peru 7.3 0.4 
    
4304 World 1.6  
    
4818 World 57,857.9  
4818 Colombia 34,919.2 60.4 
4818 Peru 13,954.4 24.1 
4818 Chile 7,267.7 12.6 
4818 USA 1,011.5 1.7 
4818 China 91.9 0.2 
    
4820 World 12,322.3  
4820 Colombia 4,891.3 39.7 
4820 China 3,394.2 27.5 
4820 Chile 1,999.6 16.2 
4820 USA 694.1 5.6 
4820 Peru 156.7 1.3 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 19 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
4901 World 51,903.9  
4901 Colombia 10,419.8 20.1 
4901 USA 7,602.6 14.6 
4901 Peru 2,326.2 4.5 
4901 Chile 1,988.4 3.8 
4901 China 278.1 0.5 
    
4902 World 6,622.6  
4902 Colombia 3,725.7 56.3 
4902 USA 1,108.5 16.7 
4902 Peru 373.5 5.6 
4902 Chile 33.1 0.5 
4902 China 3.6 0.1 
    
4907 World 1,611.5  
4907 USA 481.1 29.9 
4907 China 6.6 0.4 
4907 Chile 2.7 0.2 
    
4911 World 14,577.2  
4911 Chile 5,267.3 36.1 
4911 Peru 4,566.1 31.3 
4911 Colombia 1,602.3 11.0 
4911 USA 1,124.9 7.7 
4911 China 396.4 2.7 
    
5702 World 1,429.8  
5702 USA 214.8 15.0 
5702 China 100.1 7.0 
5702 Colombia 32.9 2.3 
5702 Peru 8.0 0.6 
5702 Chile 0.8 0.1 
    
5703 World 4,720.7  
5703 USA 2,088.9 44.3 
5703 Colombia 723.7 15.3 
5703 Chile 236.9 5.0 
5703 China 138.9 2.9 
5703 Peru 20.3 0.4 
    
5705 World 2,040.2  
5705 Colombia 824.2 40.4 
5705 USA 503.1 24.7 
5705 China 169.6 8.3 
5705 Chile 94.4 4.6 
5705 Peru 0.4 0.0 
    
6101 World 523.0  
6101 Colombia 269.5 51.5 
6101 China 140.2 26.8 
6101 Peru 22.9 4.4 
6101 USA 22.5 4.3 
6101 Chile 0.5 0.1 
    
6102 World 500.7  
6102 Colombia 289.8 57.9 
6102 China 91.9 18.4 
6102 Peru 33.3 6.7 
6102 USA 12.9 2.6 
6102 Chile 0.8 0.2 
    
6103 World 4,563.4  
6103 China 2,074.2 45.5 
6103 Colombia 258.4 5.7 
6103 USA 247.7 5.4 
6103 Peru 247.4 5.4 
6103 Chile 84.8 1.9 
    
6104 World 9,408.7  
6104 China 4,502.4 47.9 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 20  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
6104 Colombia 1,589.4 16.9 
6104 USA 465.5 4.9 
6104 Peru 229.6 2.4 
6104 Chile 92.3 1.0 
    
6105 World 3,120.4  
6105 Colombia 1,086.6 34.8 
6105 Peru 368.8 11.8 
6105 China 192.9 6.2 
6105 Chile 25.5 0.8 
6105 USA 19.6 0.6 
    
6106 World 6,111.4  
6106 Colombia 3,250.8 53.2 
6106 China 655.0 10.7 
6106 Peru 609.1 10.0 
6106 USA 286.8 4.7 
6106 Chile 5.5 0.1 
    
6107 World 3,361.0  
6107 Colombia 2,582.6 76.8 
6107 China 439.9 13.1 
6107 Peru 55.5 1.7 
6107 USA 31.2 0.9 
6107 Chile 21.0 0.6 
    
6108 World 10,566.3  
6108 Colombia 5,624.9 53.2 
6108 China 3,813.3 36.1 
6108 Peru 202.9 1.9 
6108 Chile 79.3 0.8 
6108 USA 67.0 0.6 
    
6109 World 21,837.8  
6109 China 8,748.3 40.1 
6109 Colombia 5,703.3 26.1 
6109 Peru 1,062.3 4.9 
6109 USA 300.1 1.4 
6109 Chile 157.7 0.7 
    
6110 World 6,806.7  
6110 China 1,495.6 22.0 
6110 Colombia 883.5 13.0 
6110 Peru 872.5 12.8 
6110 Chile 148.2 2.2 
6110 USA 79.5 1.2 
    
6111 World 3,770.3  
6111 China 801.3 21.3 
6111 Colombia 725.3 19.2 
6111 Peru 398.0 10.6 
6111 USA 296.5 7.9 
6111 Chile 6.1 0.2 
    
6112 World 2,819.9  
6112 Colombia 1,489.7 52.8 
6112 China 549.0 19.5 
6112 Peru 210.3 7.5 
6112 Chile 10.9 0.4 
6112 USA 5.3 0.2 
    
6113 World 5.5  
6113 USA 2.7 48.9 
6113 China 1.8 33.5 
    
6114 World 3,028.7  
6114 Colombia 1,707.0 56.4 
6114 Peru 420.3 13.9 
6114 China 72.3 2.4 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 21 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
6114 USA 61.4 2.0 
6114 Chile 23.5 0.8 
    
6115 World 4,018.1  
6115 China 2,614.1 65.1 
6115 Colombia 489.1 12.2 
6115 Peru 144.9 3.6 
6115 USA 98.2 2.4 
6115 Chile 76.7 1.9 
    
6116 World 757.0  
6116 China 270.3 35.7 
6116 USA 199.1 26.3 
6116 Chile 83.3 11.0 
6116 Peru 9.0 1.2 
6116 Colombia 3.1 0.4 
    
6117 World 584.6  
6117 Colombia 201.7 34.5 
6117 China 115.3 19.7 
6117 Peru 13.5 2.3 
6117 Chile 7.7 1.3 
6117 USA 7.4 1.3 
    
6201 World 1,679.2  
6201 Colombia 617.9 36.8 
6201 China 393.7 23.4 
6201 USA 170.5 10.2 
6201 Chile 124.2 7.4 
6201 Peru 82.0 4.9 
    
6202 World 1,740.8  
6202 Colombia 611.2 35.1 
6202 China 399.9 23.0 
6202 USA 160.4 9.2 
6202 Peru 71.0 4.1 
6202 Chile 66.4 3.8 
    
6203 World 21,658.6  
6203 China 7,201.3 33.2 
6203 Colombia 5,330.7 24.6 
6203 Peru 1,944.5 9.0 
6203 Chile 766.6 3.5 
6203 USA 293.3 1.4 
    
6204 World 24,553.1  
6204 Colombia 8,442.8 34.4 
6204 Peru 4,317.4 17.6 
6204 China 2,834.4 11.5 
6204 USA 1,326.2 5.4 
6204 Chile 607.1 2.5 
    
6205 World 11,522.1  
6205 China 4,357.8 37.8 
6205 Colombia 3,385.1 29.4 
6205 Peru 1,288.2 11.2 
6205 Chile 114.0 1.0 
6205 USA 74.3 0.6 
    
6206 World 5,004.4  
6206 Colombia 1,617.2 32.3 
6206 USA 703.7 14.1 
6206 Peru 700.1 14.0 
6206 China 586.0 11.7 
6206 Chile 63.1 1.3 
    
6207 World 705.0  
6207 Peru 157.7 22.4 
6207 Colombia 137.1 19.4 
6207 China 96.3 13.7 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 22  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
6207 Chile 26.7 3.8 
6207 USA 18.0 2.6 
    
6208 World 911.7  
6208 China 300.1 32.9 
6208 Peru 143.7 15.8 
6208 Colombia 52.2 5.7 
6208 Chile 47.9 5.3 
6208 USA 22.2 2.4 
    
6209 World 2,709.7  
6209 Colombia 1,134.1 41.9 
6209 China 249.9 9.2 
6209 USA 249.6 9.2 
6209 Peru 94.2 3.5 
6209 Chile 20.5 0.8 
    
6210 World 490.3  
6210 China 132.1 26.9 
6210 Colombia 106.8 21.8 
6210 Chile 90.4 18.4 
6210 USA 73.2 14.9 
6210 Peru 3.7 0.8 
    
6211 World 2,580.6  
6211 China 1,077.4 41.7 
6211 Colombia 417.1 16.2 
6211 USA 147.5 5.7 
6211 Peru 116.0 4.5 
6211 Chile 40.2 1.6 
    
6212 World 14,550.4  
6212 Colombia 10,414.5 71.6 
6212 China 2,809.5 19.3 
6212 USA 241.4 1.7 
6212 Chile 149.2 1.0 
6212 Peru 75.0 0.5 
    
6213 World 168.9  
6213 China 40.6 24.0 
6213 Peru 36.7 21.7 
6213 Chile 10.8 6.4 
6213 USA 1.8 1.1 
6213 Colombia 0.1 0.1 
    
6214 World 253.5  
6214 China 54.8 21.6 
6214 USA 40.9 16.1 
6214 Chile 5.0 2.0 
6214 Peru 3.4 1.3 
6214 Colombia 1.7 0.7 
    
6215 World 852.7  
6215 China 387.2 45.4 
6215 Colombia 136.6 16.0 
6215 USA 54.8 6.4 
6215 Peru 20.9 2.4 
6215 Chile 16.7 2.0 
    
6216 World 286.9  
6216 USA 78.7 27.4 
6216 China 77.7 27.1 
6216 Chile 74.4 25.9 
6216 Peru 17.5 6.1 
6216 Colombia 1.5 0.5 
    
6217 World 507.7  
6217 Colombia 342.1 67.4 
6217 USA 27.5 5.4 
6217 Peru 25.7 5.1 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 23 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
6217 China 22.3 4.4 
6217 Chile 6.2 1.2 
    
6401 World 1,185.5  
6401 Colombia 564.3 47.6 
6401 Chile 420.7 35.5 
6401 USA 108.7 9.2 
6401 China 47.2 4.0 
6401 Peru 10.9 0.9 
    
6402 World 76,415.9  
6402 China 37,613.9 49.2 
6402 USA 4,322.5 5.7 
6402 Colombia 1,205.1 1.6 
6402 Chile 1,097.4 1.4 
6402 Peru 170.9 0.2 
    
6403 World 25,937.0  
6403 Colombia 5,288.2 20.4 
6403 Brazil 4,726.3 18.2 
6403 Panama 4,720.0 18.1 
6403 Peru 2,122.3 8.2 
6403 China 1,962.8 7.6 
6403 USA 1,460.0 5.6 
6403 Chile 229.1 0.9 
    
6404 World 15,778.4  
6404 Panama 5,783.7 36.7 
6404 China 2,308.2 14.6 
6404 Chile 1,204.2 7.6 
6404 Peru 1,034.8 6.6 
6404 Colombia 714.0 4.5 
6404 USA 419.2 2.7 
    
6405 World 2,132.9  
6405 USA 658.7 30.9 
6405 China 375.1 17.6 
6405 Chile 277.0 13.0 
6405 Peru 221.9 10.4 
6405 Colombia 44.7 2.1 
    
6601 World 1,501.6  
6601 China 1,126.1 75.0 
6601 USA 37.8 2.5 
6601 Colombia 13.0 0.9 
6601 Peru 9.1 0.6 
6601 Chile 8.1 0.5 
    
6907 World 16,154.2  
6907 China 12,183.4 75.4 
6907 Colombia 1,038.6 6.4 
6907 USA 9.2 0.1 
    
6908 World 40,392.8  
6908 Colombia 15,151.6 37.5 
6908 China 7,940.6 19.7 
6908 Peru 3,754.8 9.3 
6908 Chile 427.2 1.1 
6908 USA 106.9 0.3 
    
6911 World 7,220.5  
6911 China 5,508.5 76.3 
6911 Colombia 487.1 6.7 
6911 USA 54.8 0.8 
6911 Peru 5.8 0.1 
6911 Chile 2.9 0.0 
    
6912 World 3,640.1  
6912 China 2,218.2 60.9 
6912 Colombia 660.8 18.2 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 24  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
6912 USA 210.1 5.8 
6912 Peru 171.9 4.7 
6912 Chile 3.2 0.1 
    
7009 World 5,321.0  
7009 China 1,354.0 25.4 
7009 Chile 1,260.8 23.7 
7009 Colombia 1,065.0 20.0 
7009 USA 337.9 6.4 
7009 Peru 58.9 1.1 
    
7013 World 13,833.8  
7013 Colombia 4,612.4 33.3 
7013 China 3,454.6 25.0 
7013 USA 1,047.1 7.6 
7013 Chile 18.1 0.1 
7013 Peru 2.0 0.0 
    
7113 World 5,236.3  
7113 USA 1,630.9 31.1 
7113 Colombia 977.7 18.7 
7113 China 232.9 4.4 
7113 Peru 25.7 0.5 
    
7117 World 10,141.0  
7117 Peru 5,443.2 53.7 
7117 Colombia 2,076.6 20.5 
7117 USA 964.1 9.5 
7117 China 855.0 8.4 
7117 Chile 2.0 0.0 
    
7321 World 7,849.5  
7321 Colombia 1,736.7 22.1 
7321 USA 542.1 6.9 
7321 China 418.0 5.3 
7321 Chile 417.3 5.3 
7321 Peru 62.9 0.8 
    
7323 World 10,580.5  
7323 China 4,267.0 40.3 
7323 USA 2,726.8 25.8 
7323 Peru 482.7 4.6 
7323 Colombia 171.6 1.6 
7323 Chile 48.5 0.5 
    
7615 World 5,549.4  
7615 Colombia 2,462.2 44.4 
7615 China 1,221.1 22.0 
7615 USA 519.4 9.4 
7615 Peru 226.6 4.1 
7615 Chile 98.1 1.8 
    
8210 World 644.7  
8210 Colombia 528.6 82.0 
8210 China 60.8 9.4 
8210 USA 43.5 6.7 
8210 Peru 2.9 0.4 
    
8212 World 7,372.1  
8212 USA 882.1 12.0 
8212 China 46.1 0.6 
8212 Peru 3.0 0.0 
8212 Colombia 1.0 0.0 
8212 Chile 0.9 0.0 
    
8414 World 44,203.0  
8414 USA 14,231.8 32.2 
8414 China 5,664.8 12.8 
8414 Colombia 1,328.7 3.0 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 25 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
8414 Peru 419.1 0.9 
8414 Chile 45.0 0.1 
    
8418 World 62,081.8  
8418 Colombia 21,083.8 34.0 
8418 USA 10,232.2 16.5 
8418 Chile 7,284.0 11.7 
8418 China 4,007.3 6.5 
8418 Peru 1,728.2 2.8 
    
8423 World 3,568.9  
8423 USA 1,165.3 32.7 
8423 China 835.9 23.4 
8423 Chile 258.5 7.2 
8423 Colombia 122.5 3.4 
8423 Peru 0.1 0.0 
    
8450 World 45,552.5  
8450 USA 12,143.8 26.7 
8450 Korea 11,927.8 26.2 
8450 China 10,447.5 22.9 
8450 Chile 451.5 1.0 
8450 Colombia 65.9 0.1 
8450 Peru 3.1 0.0 
    
8509 World 15,827.8  
8509 China 6,815.5 43.1 
8509 USA 2,990.4 18.9 
8509 Colombia 536.4 3.4 
8509 Chile 322.3 2.0 
8509 Peru 151.3 1.0 
    
8516 World 31,256.6  
8516 China 16,548.2 52.9 
8516 USA 6,075.9 19.4 
8516 Colombia 650.6 2.1 
8516 Chile 132.4 0.4 
8516 Peru 98.1 0.3 
    
8517 World 46,088.3  
8517 USA 16,986.1 36.9 
8517 China 9,682.1 21.0 
8517 Colombia 182.3 0.4 
8517 Peru 45.1 0.1 
8517 Chile 12.6 0.0 
    
8518 World 19,327.9  
8518 China 6,594.5 34.1 
8518 USA 5,187.3 26.8 
8518 Colombia 230.0 1.2 
8518 Peru 20.7 0.1 
8518 Chile 11.5 0.1 
    
8521 World 20,737.2  
8521 China 10,522.4 50.7 
8521 USA 2,220.7 10.7 
8521 Peru 146.5 0.7 
8521 Chile 12.9 0.1 
8521 Colombia 0.2 0.0 
    
8523 World 10,193.4  
8523 USA 3,421.7 33.6 
8523 Chile 1,024.0 10.0 
8523 Peru 725.6 7.1 
8523 Colombia 189.1 1.9 
8523 China 176.1 1.7 
    
8526 World 14,651.4  
8526 USA 3,121.0 21.3 
8526 China 9.0 0.1 
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 26  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
8527 World 48,939.7  
8527 Panama 35,725.1 73.0 
8527 China 7,749.5 15.8 
8527 USA 3,081.3 6.3 
8527 Colombia 1,108.1 2.3 
8527 Peru 252.1 0.5 
8527 Chile 45.0 0.1 
    
8528 World 91,040.8  
8528 Panama 38,959.8 42.8 
8528 China 27,891.8 30.6 
8528 USA 8,876.4 9.7 
8528 Peru 317.7 0.3 
8528 Chile 10.5 0.0 
8528 Colombia 5.1 0.0 
    
8529 World 20,623.0  
8529 USA 8,098.2 39.3 
8529 China 3,770.3 18.3 
8529 Colombia 209.0 1.0 
8529 Peru 41.9 0.2 
8529 Chile 24.8 0.1 
    
8539 World 18,086.7  
8539 China 8,444.6 46.7 
8539 Colombia 2,928.1 16.2 
8539 USA 2,107.1 11.6 
8539 Peru 58.4 0.3 
8539 Chile 3.5 0.0 
    
8702 World 31,594.6  
8702 China 9,458.9 29.9 
8702 Colombia 713.2 2.3 
8702 USA 68.9 0.2 
    
8703 World 534,380.5  
8703 Korea 197,346.7 36.9 
8703 Japan 135,051.1 25.3 
8703 Colombia 58,666.3 11.0 
8703 USA 20,185.1 3.8 
8703 China 7,050.3 1.3 
8703 Chile 374.9 0.1 
8703 Peru 305.2 0.1 
    
8704 World 500,037.8  
8704 Japan 213,420.4 42.7 
8704 Thailand 172,463.6 34.5 
8704 Colombia 50,684.7 10.1 
8704 USA 22,022.8 4.4 
8704 China 10,610.6 2.1 
8704 Chile 34.8 0.0 
8704 Peru 14.4 0.0 
    
8705 World 13,573.9  
8705 USA 10,567.5 77.9 
8705 China 869.4 6.4 
    
8706 World 31,690.7  
8706 Japan 17,468.6 55.1 
8706 Brazil 12,354.4 39.0 
8706 China 783.8 2.5 
8706 Colombia 395.3 1.2 
    
8711 World 53,881.8  
8711 China 40,225.4 74.7 
8711 Colombia 7,776.1 14.4 
8711 USA 934.0 1.7 
8711 Peru 5.8 0.0 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 27 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
8712 World 6,516.7  
8712 China 5,188.4 79.6 
8712 USA 186.7 2.9 
8712 Chile 97.3 1.5 
8712 Colombia 19.9 0.3 
8712 Peru 4.0 0.1 
    
8802 World 63,422.3  
8802 USA 1,280.6 2.0 
8802 Colombia 68.5 0.1 
    
8901 World 5,689.4  
8901 China 5,556.6 97.7 
8901 USA 76.5 1.3 
8901 Colombia 56.3 1.0 
    
8902 World 15,866.9  
8902 Peru 702.8 4.4 
8902 USA 0.1 0.0 
    
9004 World 5,192.7  
9004 USA 1,642.8 31.6 
9004 China 824.6 15.9 
9004 Colombia 154.1 3.0 
9004 Peru 82.0 1.6 
9004 Chile 31.0 0.6 
    
9019 World 7,749.9  
9019 China 2,337.2 30.2 
9019 USA 1,940.1 25.0 
9019 Colombia 1,124.5 14.5 
9019 Chile 480.4 6.2 
9019 Peru 39.4 0.5 
    
9102 World 5,986.0  
9102 USA 1,530.4 25.6 
9102 China 1,050.7 17.6 
9102 Peru 140.4 2.3 
9102 Colombia 38.6 0.6 
9102 Chile 25.9 0.4 
    
9105 World 2,304.1  
9105 China 1,162.3 50.4 
9105 USA 94.9 4.1 
9105 Peru 30.1 1.3 
9105 Colombia 14.6 0.6 
9105 Chile 0.6 0.0 
    
9206 World 1,413.9  
9206 China 688.7 48.7 
9206 USA 327.9 23.2 
9206 Peru 2.2 0.2 
9206 Colombia 0.0 0.0 
9206 Chile 0.0 0.0 
    
9207 World 2,090.0  
9207 USA 851.9 40.8 
9207 China 549.9 26.3 
9207 Chile 21.6 1.0 
9207 Peru 0.1 0.0 
    
9302 World 807.6  
    
9303 World 247.3  
9303 USA 193.9 78.4 
    
9304 World 187.0  
9304 USA 173.0 92.5 
    
9305 World 10.1  
Table A1 (cont'd) WT/BOP/S/15 
Page 28  
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
9306 World 1,775.8  
9306 USA 518.5 29.2 
    
9307 World 135.8  
    
9401 World 20,322.4  
9401 China 6,147.0 30.2 
9401 USA 2,420.8 11.9 
9401 Colombia 1,960.2 9.6 
9401 Peru 530.8 2.6 
9401 Chile 172.6 0.8 
    
9403 World 39,274.4  
9403 China 10,571.9 26.9 
9403 USA 8,024.9 20.4 
9403 Colombia 4,768.7 12.1 
9403 Peru 1,670.7 4.3 
9403 Chile 1,332.8 3.4 
    
9404 World 5,134.0  
9404 China 1,835.9 35.8 
9404 USA 1,101.9 21.5 
9404 Colombia 1,032.9 20.1 
9404 Peru 419.2 8.2 
9404 Chile 57.4 1.1 
    
9405 World 26,935.5  
9405 China 13,590.2 50.5 
9405 Colombia 3,162.9 11.7 
9405 USA 3,007.8 11.2 
9405 Peru 669.0 2.5 
9405 Chile 26.9 0.1 
    
9503 World 25,098.1  
9503 China 19,811.2 78.9 
9503 USA 1,589.6 6.3 
9503 Colombia 569.0 2.3 
9503 Chile 144.6 0.6 
9503 Peru 58.1 0.2 
    
9504 World 9,015.5  
9504 USA 3,102.3 34.4 
9504 China 2,790.4 31.0 
9504 Colombia 363.1 4.0 
9504 Peru 300.3 3.3 
9504 Chile 22.7 0.3 
    
9505 World 8,546.0  
9505 China 6,732.6 78.8 
9505 Chile 306.2 3.6 
9505 USA 249.2 2.9 
9505 Colombia 183.2 2.1 
9505 Peru 131.5 1.5 
    
9506 World 15,385.9  
9506 China 7,349.8 47.8 
9506 USA 2,518.2 16.4 
9506 Colombia 314.1 2.0 
9506 Peru 228.0 1.5 
9506 Chile 57.7 0.4 
    
9603 World 10,698.3  
9603 Colombia 2,837.4 26.5 
9603 China 2,657.0 24.8 
9603 USA 886.6 8.3 
9603 Chile 237.7 2.2 
9603 Peru 13.4 0.1 
    
9608 World 9,983.3  
9608 Colombia 2,385.9 23.9 
Table A1 (cont'd)  WT/BOP/S/15 
 Page 29 
 
 
HS Code 4 digits Partner Va lue (US$ thousands) Shares (%) 
9608 China 1,656.0 16.6 
9608 USA 624.1 6.3 
9608 Peru 537.4 5.4 
9608 Chile 35.7 0.4 
    
9609 World 5,111.0  
9609 China 1,306.8 25.6 
9609 Colombia 269.6 5.3 
9609 Peru 252.3 4.9 
9609 USA 146.4 2.9 
9609 Chile 86.7 1.7 
    
9613 World 2,052.0  
9613 China 308.7 15.0 
9613 USA 58.2 2.8 
9613 Peru 1.2 0.1 
9613 Colombia 0.7 0.0 
9613 Chile 0.5 0.0 
    
9616 World 2,230.5  
9616 USA 1,733.4 77.7 
9616 Colombia 173.1 7.8 
9616 Peru 106.0 4.8 
9616 China 73.0 3.3 
9616 Chile 0.1 0.0 
    
9618 World 538.5  
9618 China 122.7 22.8 
9618 Colombia 100.1 18.6 
9618 USA 94.1 17.5 
9618 Peru 56.3 10.5 
9618 Chile 3.0 0.6 
    
9701 World 520.4  
9701 China 302.7 58.2 
9701 USA 105.3 20.2 
9701 Peru 12.3 2.4 
9701 Colombia 5.2 1.0 
9701 Chile 2.7 0.5 
    
9702 World 25.2  
9702 China 19.2 76.2 
9702 USA 4.0  
    
9703 World 31.0  
9703 USA 8.1 26.0 
 
Source : WTO Secretariat, based on COMTRADE data and in formation provided by the Ecuadorian authorities. 
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