Risk Management Proposal 
 
Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption, 
(Vitis vinifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis 
labruscana  L.) 
 
from the Republic of Korea 
    
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION 
 
 
  
 
  
 
Date XXXXX 
 
  
 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 2 
  
 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 
Pastoral House 
25 The Terrace 
P O Box 2526 
Wellington 6140 
New Zealand 
 
Tel: 64 4 894 0100 
Fax: 64 4 894 0662 
  
Import and Export Standards 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 
   
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea 
 
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION 
   
Date xxxxx 
 
 
    
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 3 
 Contents 
 
Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 4  
Background ............................................................................................................................................ 4  
Commodity description.......................................................................................................... .............. 4  
Source information utilised for the risk management  proposal........................................................... 4  
Objective ................................................................................................................................................ 5  
Risk assessment ................................................................................................................................... 5  
Identified risk or ganism gr oups ................................................................................................ ........... 5  
Risk management ................................................................................................................................. 7  
Summary of proposed ri sk management m easures ........................................................................... 7  
Specific risk management measures pr oposed.................................................................................. 8  
Phytosanitary inspection and certification by QIA ......................................................................... 10  
Verification inspection on arrival in New Zealand .......................................................................... 10  
Auditing ............................................................................................................................... ................. 11  
Summary of the table grape export pathway from the Republic of Korea ................................. 12  
Proposed import health standard requirements ............................................................................. 13  
Pre-shipment requirem ents...................................................................................................... ......... 13  
Phytosanitary  measures......................................................................................................... ........... 13  
Inspection of the consignment .................................................................................................. ........ 13  
Transit requ irements ........................................................................................................... .............. 13  
Documentation .................................................................................................................. ................ 13  
References ............................................................................................................................... ........... 15  
Appendix 1: The end to end phytosanitary export process with Control Points ....................... 18  
Appendix 2: Risk organisms ............................................................................................................. 21  
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 4 
  
Purpose 
The purpose of this document is to: 
 Provide a summary of the risks asso ciated with fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L., 
Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L) for human consumption from the Republic 
of Korea. 
 Provide a rationale for the pr eferred phytosanitary measur es considered for managing 
the risks. 
 Seek stakeholder feedback on the proposed phytosanitary risk management measures 
in this risk management proposal for the importing requirements for fresh table 
grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana  L) for human 
consumption from the Republic of Korea. 
Background 
New Zealand is responding to a market access request for fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera  
L., Vitis labrusca  L. and Vitis labruscana L) for human consumption from the Republic of 
Korea. This pathway has the potential to intr oduce regulated organisms to New Zealand and 
therefore a risk assessment was conducted to  determine appropriate phytosanitary risk 
mitigation measures which are proposed in this document. 
Commodity description 
The commodity description “table grapes ” for human consumption is defined as 
commercially produced grapes (berries) with pedicel and peduncle, but without tendrils, 
stems, leaves, roots or any other plant part. 
Source information utilised fo r the risk management proposal 
The assessment of the risks and appropriate measures draws on th e significant body of 
information that already exists for this commodity and country. The following documents 
were used to identify risk organism groups on the table grape pathway to New Zealand from 
the Republic of Korea and appropriate measur es to mitigate their risk of entry and 
establishment in New Zealand; 
 Organism, commodity and pathway inform ation provided by the government of the 
Republic of Korea; 
 The recent MAF Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for the importation of table grapes from 
China (MAFBNZ 2009a); 
 The United States Department of Agriculture IRA for table grapes from the Republic 
of Korea (USDA 2002); 
 Organism specific information from the MA F IRA for the importation of pears from 
China (MAFBNZ 2009c) and the IRA for th e importation of stonefruit from the 
Pacific NorthWest (MAFBNZ 2009d); 
 Current MAF Import Health Standards (IHSs) for table grapes from Chile, Australia, 
Italy, China, USA and Mexico (MAF IHS 152-02) and historic trade information; 
 MAF Interception Database records of or ganisms intercepted at the New Zealand 
border on imported table gr apes (MAFBNZ, 2009b);  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 5 
  A general literature a nd internet search. 
Objective 
The objective of phytosanitary risk management  measures is to effectively manage known 
risks associated with the impor tation of fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera  L., Vitis labrusca  L. 
and Vitis labruscana  L) for human consumption from the Republic of Korea in a way that is 
consistent with New Zealand’s domestic legi slation and international obligations under 
Article 3.1 of the WTO Agreement on the Appl ication of Sanitary and Phytosanitary 
Measures (the SPS Agreement) (WTO 1995)]. 
Risk assessment 
Identified risk organism groups 
Risk organisms identified as being associated with table grapes from the Republic of Korea 
were grouped according to life cycle traits (for example internal or  external fruit feeders) and 
physical characteristics of the organism. With in each group, there were organisms which had 
been the subject of previous  risk assessments conducted by MAF. These risk assessments 
were conducted for different pathways (for example table grapes from China). Detailed 
information on specific organisms can be found in  the documents referred to in the section 
Source information . 
The risk organisms are allocate d into one of three groups on th e basis of their association 
with the commodity.  These gr oups are depicted in Table 1. 
Criteria for risk organisms to  New Zealand (Appendix 2); 
1. present in the Republic of Korea and absent from New Zealand, and  
2. likely to be present on the path way if risk was unmitigated, and 
3. known to be associated with fr uit (references c ited in section Source information ), and 
4. their hosts included species present in New Zealand, and 
5. if climatically they were able to  establish in New Zealand, and/or  
6. they are likely to cause high economic impact to New Zealand (e.g. fruit fly). 
All Tephritidae fruit flies are assessed as high risk organisms, even though the Republic of 
Korea is currently considered to be free of  fruit flies of concern on this pathway. Any 
incursions of fruit fly could disrupt trade a nd potentially mean large economic losses for New 
Zealand exporters of fruit fly host material. 
Table 1: Risk organism groups associated wi th table grapes from the Republic of Korea 
 Risk organism group Examples of risk organisms ( which require specific 
measures) 
External Arthropods  
- Large, mobile organisms - Cryptic, small mobile organisms 
- Cryptic, non- mobile organisms  
Adoxophyes orana Tetranychus kanzawai, Thrips palmi 
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  
Internal arthropods Tephritidae fruit flies Conogethes punctiferalis  
Drosophila suzukii 
Stathmopoda auriferella 
Pathogens Monilinia fructigena   
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 6 
 External Arthropods  
1. Large, mobile organisms 
The life stages associated with the commodity are large and/or colourful and therefore easily 
detectable. The life stages can be large egg mass es, big and/or colourfu l larvae/pupae or large 
adults. The risk organisms are generally highly mobile and easily move between fruit or off 
the fruit during harvest. The distance travelled by these risk or ganisms can be relatively large. 
A full assessment of the risk posed by the example Adoxophyes orana  on pears has been 
conducted previously (MAFBNZ 2009c). The likelihood of entry and establishment of A. 
orana were considered to be moderate, while  the potential economi c consequences of 
establishment in New Zealand were considered high. 
2. Cryptic, small mobile organisms 
The organisms in this group are small and less conspicuous. The detecti on of organisms from 
this group is more difficult and could need optical enhancement. The main life stage that is 
associated as a risk organism with table grape bunches is mobile. This life stage is capable of 
moving between fruit and moving off fruit by it s own means if it would reach New Zealand. 
The distance travelled by these organisms is often relatively small. A full assessment of the risk of example organisms in this group has been performed previously. The risks were assessed on table grapes for T. kanzawai  (MAFBNZ 2009a) and on citrus for T. palmi  
(MAFBNZ 2008). The likelihoods of entry of T. kanzawai  and T. palmi  were considered 
moderate to high and the likelihood of esta blishment low and high, respectively. The 
economic consequences of establishment of th ese two risk organisms in New Zealand were 
considered moderate to high. 
3. Cryptic, non-mobile organisms 
The organisms in this group are small and not ve ry conspicuous. The detection of organisms 
from this group is more difficult and may requi re optical enhancement. The main life stage 
that is associated as a risk organism w ith table grape bunches is non-mobile. Once the 
organisms have found an acceptable feeding site th ey remain there. The risk organism is not 
capable of moving from the fruit if it is dispos ed of, unless it develops into the mobile life 
stage, which means the fruit needs to remain in  a condition that allows further development. 
The distance travelled by the mobile life stages is relatively small. A full assessment of the 
risk of the example organism C. dictyospermi  has been conducted previously on pears 
(MAFBNZ 2009c). The likelihood of entry was cons idered to be low and the likelihood of 
establishment was considered moderate.  The potential economic consequences of 
establishment of C. dictyospermi  in New Zealand were considered moderate. 
Internal arthropods 
The life stages of this group asso ciated with the fruit feed with in the fruit, and these stages 
can only move limited distances. Detection of or ganisms in this group is limited, but often 
frass, external damages or secondary infecti ons are more obvious signs of infestation. The 
larvae inside the fruit need to develop into adults for dispersal. After the fruit has been 
discarded it needs to stay in a condition that allows the further development of larvae into 
adults. Some larvae are capable of very limite d dispersal if the fruit becomes unsuitable. A 
full assessment of the risk of example organisms D. suzukii  and C. punctiferalis on table 
grapes has been conducted previously (M AFBNZ 2009a). The likelihood of entry was 
considered low for D. suzukii  and moderate for C. puntiferalis, while the likelihood of 
establishment was considered high and m oderate, respectively. The potential economic 
consequences of establishment in Ne w Zealand were considered m
 oderate.  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 7 
 Pathogens 
Pathogens can be systemic to the plant or solely  infect the fruits. Often the fruits need to be 
damaged for an infection to take place. The pathogens mainly spread by air, rain, wind or 
mechanical damage. Sometimes asymptomatic but infected fruits are present. Often pathogens 
can only infect berries of a certain maturity. St rong infections of fruit are easily detectable. 
Infection of fruit can continue after the fruit ha s been discarded, but spread to other plants is 
limited. A full assessment of the ri sk of the example organism M. fructigena on table grapes 
has been conducted previously (MAFBNZ 2009a).  The likelihoods of entry were considered 
to be low for this pathogen and the likelihood of  establishment was considered to be high. The 
potential economic consequen ces of establishment in New Zealand were considered 
moderate. 
Risk management  
Summary of proposed risk management measures 
This risk management proposal proposes a co mbination of phytosanitary risk management 
measures including mandatory measures such as phytosanitary inspection for specific regulated organisms to New Zealand. The phytos anitary risk management measures proposed 
below are aligned with current standards a nd the pre and post harv est practises in the 
exporting country, where this alignment is possible without compromising New Zealand’s 
biosecurity.  
 pest free area  for fruit fly 
AND 
 pest free area or a systems approach (inc luding fruit bagging) or methyl bromide 
for Drosophila suzukii  
AND  
 a systems approach for  Monilinia fructigena  
AND  
 a systems approach (including fruit bagging)  or methyl bromide fumigation  for 
Adoxophyes orana, Conogethes punct iferalis, Stathmopoda auriferella, Tetranychus 
kanzawai  and Thrips palmi .  
AND  
 a systems approach (including fruit bagging)  for Chrysomphalus dictyospermi 
AND 
 phytosanitary inspection and certification pre-export . The Republic of Korea to 
have in place a supporting operational system  to maintain and verify the phytosanitary 
status of consignments 
Note: Only table grapes produced in accordan ce with the OAP and IHS and certified on a 
phytosanitary certificate may be imported into New Zealand from the Republic of Korea and 
MAF will verify this with inspection on arrival.  
A systems approach requires two or more meas ures that are independent of each other. In 
principle, systems approaches should be co mposed of a combination of phytosanitary 
measures that are possible to implement with in the exporting country. The combination of 
these phytosanitary measures reduces the risk to an acceptable level. The systems approach 
should be in accordance with ISPM 14 (IPPC 2002). 
The essential critical control po ints (CCPs) of the proposed p hytosanitary risk management 
measures across the pathway are described in th e “proposed pathway description” (Figure 1) 
and in the accompanying monitoring and veri fication procedures (Appendix 1). These CCPs  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 8 
 will form the basis of the Official Assuran ce Programme (OAP) agreed between the Republic 
of Korea and New Zealand. 
Specific risk management measures proposed 
Pest Free Area 
MAF currently recognizes the Repu blic of Korea as free of Tephr itidae fruit flies of concern 
with respect to pears (MAF 152-02) and can ex tend this to table grapes if appropriate 
documentation is provided. Methods and procedures  to verify the established country freedom 
for fruit flies must be in accordance with ISPM 26 (IPPC 2006) and will be agreed upon 
between the Republic of Korea and New Zeal and. The procedures should include, among 
others, monitoring for fruit flies, outbreak criter ia, emergency pest control measures and re-
instatement criteria. 
For all risk organisms, pest free area will need to  be based on research data to establish that 
table grape growing areas are free of the risk organism. The programme should include 
trapping, monitoring and methods for specimen id entification. The estab lishment of pest free 
areas should be in alignment with the inte rnational standards ISPM 4 (IPPC 1996) and/or 
ISPM 10 (IPPC 1999). MAF currently accepts pest free area for D. suzukii  if full 
documentation is provided on the pest free ar ea system, for instance trap types, trap 
placement, frequency of checking traps and outbr eak criteria, which will be agreed upon in 
the OAP. 
Fumigation with methyl bromide 
MAF currently accepts offshore fumigation wi th methyl bromide against the high risk 
external arthropods on table grapes as show n in Appendix 2. Methyl bromide fumigation 
treatment needs to align with treatment schedule s used for table grapes from other countries, 
where appropriate, and targeted at comparable risk organisms. It is noted however, that 
treatment with methyl bromide significantl y reduces the shelf-life of table grapes. 
Methyl bromide fumigation at one of the followi ng rates is considered efficacious against the 
high risk arthropods associated with tabl e grapes from the Republic of Korea: 
32 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 22°C and above;  
40 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 17-22°C;  
48 g/m3 for 2 hrs at 12-17°C.  
Fumigation with methyl bromide will be assessed as an equivalent measure effective against 
other organisms, when supporting evidence is  provided in accordance with ISPM 24 
(IPPC 2005). 
A systems approach 
The systems approach should be composed of a combination of phytosanitary measures that 
are possible to implement within the e xporting country. The combination of these 
phytosanitary measures reduces the risk to an acceptable level. 
The essential critical control po ints (CCPs) of the proposed sy stems approach are described 
below and identified in the “proposed pathwa y description” (Figure 1) and accompanying 
monitoring and verification procedures (Appendix 1).  
 Orchard Registration 
The designated National Plant Pr otection Organisation (NPPO) for the Republic of Korea will 
register all commercial  vineyards producing table grapes for export to New Zealand prior to 
the commencement of the growing season.  Only  commercially produced table grapes may be  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 9 
 imported into New Zealand. The Republic of Korea’s NPPO will verify orchards are 
complying with the export programme/workplan  agreed between the Republic of Korea and 
New Zealand.   
Registration is required to ensure approved harvesting techniques are followed and provide 
product traceability alon g the export pathway.   
 Packhouse/Cold Storage/Treatm ent Facility Registration 
The Republic of Korea’s NPPO w ill register all packing, cold st orage and treatment facilities 
processing table grapes for export to New Zeala nd prior to the commencement of the growing 
season.  The Republic of Korea’s NPPO will veri fy packing and cold storage facilities are 
compliant with packhouse operations, and sanita tion procedures are compliant with the export 
programme/workplan agreed upon between the Republic of Korea and New Zealand.  
Packhouse, cold storage and treatm ent facility registration is exp ected to limit the presence of 
attracted and packhouse associated  hitchhikers and allo w trace-back information in the event 
of non-compliance. 
 Integrated pest management 
All registered vineyards implement pest control activities and an integrated pest management 
(IPM) and monitoring programme. Chemical, bi ological and cultural control measures are 
applied when required and may be dependent  on the results of th e pest and disease 
monitoring. Records of contro l measures are retained. 
All diseased and infected plants/plant parts are removed and destroyed. Vineyards have 
programmes in place for weed c ontrol and pruning. The use of pe sticide treatments is limited 
to prevent the development of pesticide resistance. 
This general approach is exp ected to limit the presence of all risk organism groups. 
 Bagging of fruit 
Fruit for export is bagged as part of the IP M programme. Bagging must occur from the time 
of fruit set and fruit will remain bagged until harvest. The bags are light and made of rain 
proof paper. While specific efficacy data on the effectiveness of bagging for excluding risk organisms is 
currently not available, it is considered that bagging will prevent access to the table grapes for all but the very small organisms. It will also prevent organisms from laying eggs on or 
near the fruit. Moreover, in co mbination with vineyard pest surveillance and control, bagging 
reduces the potential for small sized risk organisms to be found on fruit bunches and spread between bunches. Bagging reduces damage cau sed, amongst others, by rain, birds and sun, 
thereby reducing secondary infect ions and the likelihood of inf ections by pathogens that can 
only infect damaged table grapes. The spread of  spores between fruit bunches is also limited 
by bagging. 
Bagging further limits access to the table grapes for hitchhikers, since berries will not be in 
direct contact with leaves or other parts of th e plants. To be an effective mitigation measure, 
the bags must not be removed until after harv est. If bags are removed prematurely then 
further measures are needed to ensure that table grapes do not beco me infected/infested. 
 Monitoring activities 
Specific monitoring activities  are required for the fungus M. fructigena. Where this risk 
organism is detected, appropriate management actions must be conducted to mitigate the risk 
for example, fungicide spray. Prior to the remova l of the bags from fruit, vineyards must be  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 10 
 inspected by an export NPPO-accredited person for the presence of this fungus. Fruit from 
vineyards where disease symptoms are found are not eligible for export to New Zealand that 
season. 
Vineyards must be monitored by a NPPO-accredite d person from the start of fruit formation 
for the presence of T. kanzawai , T. palmi, A. orana, C. dictyospermi, D. suzukii, S. auriferella 
and C. punctiferalis . The inspection frequency must be increased when populations are 
expected to increase because of climatic cond itions or a decrease in natural predator 
populations. When needed, chemical controls mu st be applied according to an export NPPO-
approved integrated pest contro l programme, but their use should be limited to ensure 
pesticide resistance does not occur.  This step is considered to verify ve ry low to negligible pest prevalence. 
 Fruit not eligible for export 
Fallen fruit, fruit showing signs of damage or  broken skin, pest infestations or where the 
bagging is absent, incomplete or where fruit has come into contact with the ground are not 
eligible for export to New Zealand. 
 Visual inspection during grading 
All export consignments must be inspected du ring grading and packing by technical staff 
using appropriate optical enhancement (for example 10x magnification with illumination for mites). Technical staff must be trained to recognize the high ri sk organisms and diseases of 
concern to New Zealand as depi cted in Appendix 2. Fruit must be visually examined for 
signs of damage to the skin or pest infesta tions and to remove any contamination during 
grading at the packhouse. Any fruit showing indications of pests or diseases, for example deformity, damaged or broken skin, or infestation or infection is not e ligible for export to 
New Zealand. 
 Packaging 
Table grapes from the Republic of Korea are packed in boxes with each box labelled identifying field, lot, date and size. The packag ing used should prevent in festation of the table 
grape bunches. This step is considered to prevent infestation and provide traceability if 
needed for non compliance. 
Phytosanitary inspection and certification by QIA 
All consignments must be sampled and visually  inspected for regulated organisms prior to 
phytosanitary certification by the exporting count ry’s NPPO. Where a regulated organism is 
detected, appropriate mitigation action will be c onducted or the fruit will not be exported to 
New Zealand. When no pests or diseases are found and all requirements of the IHS and OAP 
have been met a phytosanitary certificate will be  issued, which should be in accordance with 
the IHS and ISPM 7 (IPPC 2011). 
Verification inspection on arrival in New Zealand 
MAF may inspect a sample taken from each lot on arrival in New Zealand to verify pest 
management actions undertaken were effec tive. The sampling procedure will be in 
accordance with section 4.4 of th e MAF IHS 152-02. If a treatment has failed, or regulated 
organisms, extraneous plant material or tras h are intercepted, one or more of the following 
actions will be undertaken: re-s orting of the consignment, treatment where an efficacious 
treatment is available, re-shi pment or destruction of the c onsignment and/or the temporary 
suspension of the pathway on the detection of  regulated organisms for which pre-export  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 11 
 phytosanitary measures are required. The susp ension will continue until the cause of the non-
compliance has been identified and corrective actions have been implemented and approved 
by MAF. 
Note: Independent of the measures, phytosan itary sample inspection by the Republic of 
Korea’s NPPO and verification inspection upon arrival in New Zealand by MAF will take 
place. 
Auditing 
MAF will monitor interceptions of hitchhikers  and the appropriateness/effectiveness of 
phytosanitary measures on the commencement of trade.  Currently, th ese pests have their 
regulatory status classified  on the MAF Biosecurity Orga nisms Register for Imported 
Commodities (BORIC) (http:// www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/p ests-diseases/registers-
lists/boric/).   
 
Figure 1: Proposed export pathway  
 
 
5 1 3 
 
Table grapes 
transported to New 
Zealand Table grapes grown 
under IPM in e
xport 
QIA registered 
vineyards in Korea  Table grapes are graded 
and inspected – damaged 
and infested grapes are 
removed 7  
 
      
2 4 6 
8 Table grapes 
harvested and transported to QIA 
registered 
packhouses Table grapes are 
inspected by Korea NPPO and phytosanitary 
certificate issued Table grapes are 
inspected on arrival 
at the New Zealand 
border Table grapes not 
meeting IHS requirements a
re 
treated, reshipped 
or destroyed 
Table grapes given 
biosecurity 
clearance and distributed in New Zealand  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 12 
 Summary of the table grape export pathway from the 
Republic of Korea  
Pathway description 
The Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Service (QIA ) of the Republic of 
Korea has provided MAF with information re garding the commodity, production system, and 
pests and diseases. This inform ation, together with standard practices, was used to compile 
the proposed pathway description (see Figure 1) . The proposed phytosanitary export process 
with the critical control points in the proposed pathway is described in Appendix 1.  
1. Table grape vineyards are requi red to be registered and meet QIA standards before 
the season starts to be approved for expor t. Table grapes are generally grown under 
rain shelters. The grapes are bagged from fruit set to minimize damage, disease and 
pest infestation, contamination by chemicals and to improve fruit quality. For in field 
pest and disease control, only agricultural chemicals registered with the Korean 
government are used, provided that they m eet the standards of the importing country. 
Monitoring for pest free area is performed to provide supporting evidence where pest 
free area is the mitigating measure. 
2. Table grapes are harvested from August to October. The table grapes are collected in 
plastic containers and moved to the storage fa cilities. Fruits are pre-cooled at 0°C for 
between 2 and 48 hours. Packhouses receive table grapes from registered growers and lots are identified by vineyard/production unit code/variety/date of harvest for traceability. 
3. The table grapes are packed in QIA-regi stered pack houses, during which damaged 
fruits and fruits infested/infected by regulat ed organisms are removed and destroyed. 
The table grapes are packed into plastic cl amshells or directly into carton boxes. 
Cartons are handled to prevent infesta tion by contaminating organisms. Cartons 
exhibit traceability labels identifying vine yard/production unit c ode/variety/date of 
harvest. The table grapes are stored at 0°C and 85% humidity. Table grapes are treated if measures other then the syst ems approach are needed or preferred. 
4. QIA receives the inspection application fo r export and performs the phytosanitary 
inspection of the table grapes. If no pests/diseases are found, QIA issues the phytosanitary certificate, the consignment is sealed and the table grapes are cleared 
for export to New Zealand. 
5. Export documents including the phytosanitary  certificate specif ying any treatments, 
accompany each consignment that is either air or sea freighted. 
6. Fruit and relevant export documents are examined in New Zealand by MAF 
quarantine inspectors to ensure compliance with New Zealand’s phytosanitary requirements. 
7. Any consignment not complying with New Zealand’s phytosanitary requirements is 
treated, resorted, re-shipped or destroyed. The exporting country is notified of the non-compliance. 
8. Fruit receiving biosecurity cl earance is able to be distributed by the importer. 
 
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 13 
 Proposed import health standard requirements 
Phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk of the regulated organism groups on the import 
pathway include, pest free area, the use of a syst ems approach with criti cal control points or 
methyl bromide, as described above.  
The systems approach directed against the high ri sk regulated organisms is considered to also 
mitigate the risk posed by other potential risks on  the pathway. If (part of) the critical control 
points of the systems approach are not performed or if the equivalent measure is preferred, 
specific risks can be mitigated by equivalent m easures. Other risk mitigating treatments will 
be assessed as equivalent measures, when s upporting evidence is provid ed in accordance with 
ISPM 24 (IPPC 2005). 
Based on the evaluation of phytosanitary risk mitigation measures for the management of 
regulated organisms and regulated organism groups, the following specific import conditions 
for table grapes (Commodity Sub-Class: Fresh Fruit/ Vegetables) from the Republic of Korea 
are recommended including additional declarat ions to be included on the phytosanitary 
certificate: 
Pre-shipment requirements  
Only table g
rapes produced in accordan ce with the OAP and IHS and certified on a 
phytosanitary certificate may be imported into  New Zealand from the Republic of Korea. 
Phytosanitary measures 
MAF requires the Republic of Korea NPPO to undertak
e pest control activities that are 
effective against high risk regulated organi sms prior to the commodity arriving in New 
Zealand, and phytosanitary certification will need to attest to this a ccordingly. The high risk 
regulated organisms are: Adoxophyes orana, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Conogethes 
punctiferalis, Drosophila suzukii, Monilinia fructigena, Stathmopoda auriferella,  
Tetranychus kanzawai  and Thrips palmi . 
Inspection of the consignment  
MAF requires the Republic of Korea NPPO to sam
ple and visually inspect the consignment 
according to official procedures for all th e regulated organisms specified by MAF. A 
phytosanitary certificate should not be issued if live regulated  organism(s) or “unlisted” 
organism(s) are detected, unless the c onsignment is effectively treated.  
Transit requirements  
The Republic of Korea NPPO must ensure that th e consignm
ent (prior to  export) is held and 
transported in a manner to ensure that infest ation or reinfestation does not occur following 
phytosanitary certification.  
Documentation 
Officia
l Assurance Programme: Table grapes may only be imported into New Zealand 
from the Republic of Korea under the terms of  the OAP agreed between New Zealand and 
the Republic of Korea. 
Phytosanitary certificate:  Required and issued by the Republic of Korea NPPO when 
satisfied that the phytosanitary activities  required by MAF have been met.  
  
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Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 14 
 Additional declarations to the phytosanitary certificate  
(i) “The table grapes in this consignmen t have undergone pest control activities 
effective against Adoxophyes orana; Chrysomphalus dictyospermi; 
Conogethes punctiferalis; Drosophila suzukii; Monilinia fructigena; 
Stathmopoda auriferella, Thrips palmi  and Tetranychus kanzawai  in 
accordance with the Offici al Assurance Programme” 
AND 
(ii) “The Republic of Korea is free of fru it fly species of economic significance 
associated with fresh table grapes ve rified in accordance with the Official 
Assurance Programme” 
 
 
Note: Full details of the methyl bromide must be included in the “disinfestation and/or disinfection treatment” 
area of the phytosanitary certificate or as an endorsed attachment to the phytosanitary certificate. Details of the 
treatment duration, fumigant concentration and/or temperature must be recorded.  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 15 
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United States. A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest  Risk Assessment. Animal and Plant Health 
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14, Rome. 
IPPC (2005) International standards for phytosanitary measures. Guidelines for the determination 
and recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary measures. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, ISPM Publication No. 24, Rome.  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 16 
 IPPC (2006) International standards for phytosanitary measures. Establishment of pest free areas 
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and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, ISPM Publication No. 26, Rome. 
Kim D.S.; Cho M.R.; Lee J.H.; Jeon H.Y.; Choi Y.M. (2002) Seasonal migration of Apolygus 
spinolae (Hemiptera: Miridae) between grapevines and herbaceous plants. Journal of Asia-
Pacific Entomology  5: 1, 91-95. 
Landcare Research (2009) NZFUNGI – New Zealand Fungi. 
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Macfarlane, R P; Andrew, I G; Sinclair, B J; Harrison R A; Dugdale J S; Boothroyd I K G; Toft, 
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MAFBNZ (2008) Import Risk Analysis: Fresh Citrus Fruit (7 species) from Samoa. ISBN: ISBN 
978-0-478-33803-4. Online http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/citrus-samoa-ra.pdf. 
MAFBNZ (2009a) Import Risk Analysis: Table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ) from China. MAF 
Biosecurity New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-478-35726-4. Online: http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/im ports/risk/table-grapes-china-ra.pdf. 
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of Agriculture and Forestry. 
MAFBNZ (2009c) Import Risk Analysis: Pears ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Pyrus pyrifolia , and Pyrus  
sp. nr. communis ) fresh fruit from China. ISBN 978-0-478-35724-0. Online: 
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MAFBNZ (2009d) Import Risk Analysis: Fresh stonefruit from Idaho, Oregon and Washington 
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MAFBNZ (2009e) Balance in Trade, understanding how the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) 
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Trade, ISBN 978-0-478-33881-2. Online: http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/biosec/policy-laws/intl/sps/resources/new-zealand/balance-in-trade.pdf. 
MAF IHS 152-02. IMPORTATION AND CLEARANCE OF FRESH FRUIT AND 
VEGETABLES INTO NEW ZEALAND. Latest issue can be found online at  http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/ihs/152-02.pdf. 
Manson, D C M (1987) A list of New Zealand mites and their host plants. Science Information 
Publishing Centre; Wellington, New Zealand. (DSIR Bulletin No. 240. edition). 
MIFAFF (2010) PRA information of fresh Korean  table grapes. Official documentation of the 
National Plant Quarantine Service, the Republic of Korea. Date: 12 April 2010. 
Migeon, A; Dorkeld, F (2006) Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the 
Tetranychidae. Http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb. 
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Park J.Y.; Lee W.; Song D.U.; Seong K.Y.; Cho B.H.; Kim K.C. (1997) Leaf blight of kiwifruit 
caused by Pestalotiopsis menezesiana (Bress. & Torr.) Bissett and its ecopathology. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology  13: 1, 22-29. 
Park, J. D. Park, I. J. Han, K. P. (
1994)  Investigation of insect pests and injury characteristics of 
Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) on kiwi fruit tree. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 
33: 3, 148-152.  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 17 
 Park, K. T. Byun, B. K. (1991) Contributions to a knowledge of the Lepidoptera of Korea. 
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28-29. 
Ranganath, H. R. Kumar, N. K. K. Vikas K. (2008) Thrips species composition on grapes in 
Karnataka and Maharashtra. Journal of Horticultural Sciences  3: 2, 172-175. 
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Scientific Names for Insects and Allied Organism s. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of 
New Zealand; New Zealand. 
Seo, M.J.; Kang, E.J.; Kang, M.K.; Lee, H.J.; Seok, H.B.; Lee, D.H. Park, S.N.; Yu, Y.M.; Youn, 
Y.N. (2007) Phenotypic variation and genetic correlation of elytra colored patterns of 
multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmon axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Korea. 
Korean Journal of Applied Entomology  46: 2, 235-249. 
Spiller, D M; Wise, K A J (1982) A catalogue (1860–1960) of New Zealand insects and their 
host plants. DSIR; Wellington. 
Stephens, A. E. A. Dentener, P. R. (2005) Thrips palmi - potential survival and population 
growth in New Zealand. New Zealand Plant Protection  58: 24-30. 
Subic, M. (2007) reen grape capsid (Lygocoris spinolae Meyer-Duer) - occurrence and first 
economic damage in the Meimurje wine region. Glasilo Biljne Zastite  7: 1, 26-32. 
USDA (2002, revised). Importation of Grapes ( Vitis spp.) from Korea into the United States. A 
qualitative, pathway-initiated pest risk assess ment. APHIS, USDA, Riverdale, MD, USA. 
Walker, K. (2006) white-fringed weevil (Naupactus leucoloma) Pest and Diseases Image Library. 
Updated on 12/31/2006 10:50:04 PM. Available online: http://www.padil.gov.au. 
Watson, G W (2006) Arthropods of economic importance: Diaspididae. 
Http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/diaspididae.php. 
Watson, G W (2006) Arthropods of economic importance: Diaspididae. 
Http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/diaspididae.php. 
WTO (1995) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement, Full text. Online: 
www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm. 
  
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Tab
le Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 18 
 _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Appendix 1: The end to end phytosanitary export process with Control Points1  
This summary identifies points, steps or procedures where control can be applied to preven t or minimise risk to an acceptable l evel. Critical control points2 that are required by MAF as 
part of the export compliance programme/work plan agreed with the Republic of Korea are mentioned in the last column. 
Pathway Step Description of Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) Related Documentation 
Standards/Agreements 
Production (1) 
 In-field pest control IPM strategies used for the control of pests (briefly described above)  Specific control programmes for fruit fly, weevils, scales, mealybugs, Lepidoptera 
and fungal pathogens 
 Big, mobile organisms 
Cryptic, small mobile organisms 
Cryptic, non- mobile organisms Internal organisms Surface pathogens Hitchhikers Low infestation/ infection 
of fruit Technical specialists visit and advise growers of pest control measures during growing season. QIA verification procedures e.g. checks of grower records, spray diaries, grower training records etc. 
 QIA standard for pest management 
 QIA grower export approval 
 Valid orchard registration 
number 
 
Production (1) 
 
Bagging Fruit is bagged from time 
of fruit set onwards as part 
of IPM Big, mobile organisms 
Cryptic, small mobile organisms Cryptic, non- mobile organisms Internal organisms 
Surface pathogens 
Hitchhikers Prevent infestation/ 
infection of fruit 
Low infestation/ infection 
by very small organisms Prevent egg laying on/near fruit Table grapes are bagged from fruit set until harvest by 
orchard staff QIA verification procedures 
e.g. in-season and pre-
harvest checks that fruit is 
bagged 
 Export compliance 
programme/work plan 
Production (1) 
 Specific monitoring activities Specific monitoring activities for the high risk organisms of concern A. orana C. punctiferalis C. dictyospermi D. suzukii M. fructigena S. auriferella T. palmi T. kanzawai 
Tephritidae fruit flies Validation of pest 
freedom areas and/or low infestation rates Vineyards are monitored on a regular basis by technical staff for the presence of the high profile risk organisms QIA verification procedures e.g. grower records, in-season grower audits 
 Export compliance programme/work plan 
Harvest & transport (2)  to pack house  Registered and export approved growers transport fruit to approved pack houses   Fruit from registered 
growers accepted by approved pack houses. Pack house staff check grower export registration on arrival of fruit at pack house QIA verification procedures e.g. QIA vineyard and pack house approvals 
 Register of growers/orchards eligible to export to NZ 
 QIA registered pack house export approval 
 Export compliance programme/work plan 
                                                 
1 Control points – points in the production and/or post-productio n chain where it is possible to control or remove risk organism s 
2 Critical control points – points in the production and/or post-production chain where it is essential (and a requirement by MA F) to control or remove risk organisms  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 19 
 Pathway Step Description of Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) Related Documentation 
Standards/Agreements 
Pack House Processing (3)  
 
Sorting/Grading Infected/infested fruit 
removed Big, mobile organisms 
Surface pathogens 
Hitchhikers Removal of all visually 
detectable/symptomatic 
infected/infested fruit Pack house staff remove 
infected/infested fruit by 
hand, segregate it and 
clearly label for disposal QIA verification procedures  
e.g. checks of segregation 
of non-compliant fruit  MAF conducts pre-export and periodic verification  Documented pack house 
procedures 
 Export compliance 
programme/workplan 
Pack House Processing (3)  
 Visual inspection Visual inspection by technical packhouse staff using optical enhancement Cryptic, small mobile organisms Cryptic sessile organisms Internal organisms Hitchhikers Removal of all infested fruit or fruit showing signs of deformity or infestations Pack house staff remove any fruit showing signs of infestation, infection or damage. QIA verification procedures e.g. checks of segregation of non-compliant fruit, records of pests and pathogens found.  Facility cleaned and secured against pest introduction 
 Export compliance programme/work plan  
 Documented pack house procedures 
Pack House Processing (3)  
 Packaging & Labelling Only graded and visually inspected fruit is packed into clean cartons in a way that prevents infestation by contaminating organisms. Cartons show relevant, 
accurate traceability 
information. [Reinfesting] internal and external arthropods and fruit pathogens No reinfestation of packaged fruit can occur    Traceability information 
allows product to be 
traced back and traced forward Pack house staff only pack graded and visually inspected fruit into clean cartons  Pack house staff use insect-
proof cartons and clearly 
label cartons with traceability information. QIA check that cartons have been insect-proofed and correctly labelled. 
 Export compliance programme/work plan 
 Export compliance 
programme/workplan 
Phytosanitary inspection (4)  
 A visual phytosanitary 
inspection at the appropriate sample size 
verifies that the measures 
at the above critical control points have been applied resulting in the absence of fruit pests and pathogens on export fruit. Fruit pathogens Big mobile organisms Cryptic small mobile organisms 
Cryptic sessile organisms 
Surface pathogens Internal organisms Hitchhikers Fruit is free of detectable fruit pests and pathogens, traceability 
information is correct and 
cartons are pest proof. QIA staff visually inspect fruit for pests& pathogens and check traceability 
information prior to transport 
to NZ.  Fruit is rejected/resorted/ treated if requirements are not met. QIA verify that all fruit has undergone above critical control point measures and 
that traceability information 
is correct. 
 Export compliance 
programme/work plan 
 Export compliance 
programme/workplan  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 20 
 Pathway Step Description of Measures Risk organisms targeted Risk Management 
Outcomes Monitoring procedures 
(who, what, when, how) Verification procedures 
i.e. objective evidence 
(who, what, other) ntation Related Docume
Standards/Agreements 
Post-certification product security (4) Fruit is secured against reinfestation [Reinfesting] internal and external arthropods, hitchhikers 
and fruit pathogens No reinfestation or 
substitution of product Storage facility staff ensure that product is segregated 
and secured against 
reinfestation/ re-infection/ substitution prior to export Phytosanitary certificate issued when all IHS and 
OAP requirements have 
been verified as being met  All additional declarations met and treatment specifications noted on phytosanitary certificate 
 Export compliance 
programme/work plan 
 MAF IHS 
 Export compliance programme/workplan 
Transport to NZ (5) Export fruit [+ 
accompanying documentation] is freighted to New Zealand in sealed containers [Reinfesting] internal and external arthropods and fruit pathogens No reinfestation, re-infection or substitution of product QIA seals containers and records seal number on phytosanitary certificate Seal number on container matches phytosanitary certificate 
 Export compliance programme/work plan 
 QIA phytosanitary procedures 
 ISPMs 
 Export compliance programme/workplan 
Verification Inspection  (6) 
 MAF inspection upon arrival in NZ Documentation, seal(s) and fruit is inspected before being cleared, treated, reshipped or destroyed.  Note: this is not a measure 
but a verification inspection  No substitution has 
occurred and 
phytosanitary certificate matches consignment Documentation checked to ensure IHS and OAP requirements have been met.   A MAF biosecurity inspector checks accompanying export documentation (e.g. seal number, treatment information and additional declarations) and inspects sample of fruit for presence 
of risk organisms 
 MAF Border Clearance 
Procedures 
 Phytosanitary certificate 
 IHS 
Distribution (8)  Cleared product available for distribution throughout NZ   
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 21 
 Appendix 2: Risk organisms 
The list below has been generated from the different  information sources desc ribed in the paragraph Source information . 
Exclusions from the list include: 
1. All non-regulated organisms/present in New Zealand a nd not considered a vector or potential vector. 
2. Organisms unlikely to follow the pathway, including: 
a. Organisms not associated with fruit (e.g. Naupactus leucoloma , adults feed at the bases of leaf margin s, leaving characteristic “notching”; larvae attack the tap roots and the basal parts of stems and are 
therefore unlikely to follow the pathway). 
b. Organisms not expected to remain with the fruit during ha rvest because of size, mobility or harvesting methods (e.g. Apis indica  and Theretra oldenlandiae ) 
3. Organisms identified previously not to be a hazard on table grapes (e.g. Oraesia emarginata, Peridroma saucia  and Calyptra lata . MAFBNZ 2009a) 
4. Organisms identified at genus level onl y, as a genera may contain species th at are not a risk on the commodity 
5. Organisms where insufficient evidence exists that  they are present in the Republic of Korea. 
 
Note organisms not added to the risk organism list remain  ‘regulated organisms’ that  warrant action upon interception. 
 
Organism Authority Taxonomy Present in NZ Brief assessment Phytosanitary measures to 
prevent entry & 
establishment 
Arthropods     
Adoxophyes orana  
(Fischer von Roslerstamm) Lepidoptera 
Tortricidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2010) A risk assessment on Pyrus from China identified this organism as a risk on that pathway (MAFBNZ 2009c). This 
organism is known to be present on table grapes (Watson,  2006) and present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 
2010). The New Zealand climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences 
were considered to be high (MAFBNZ 2009c). Systems Approach or Methyl 
Bromide 
Apolygus lucorum 
(Meyer-Dur, 1843)  Hemiptera 
Miridae N (PPIN, 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identified this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF 2010). Systems Approach 
Apolygus spinolae 
Meyer-Duer Hemiptera 
Miridae N (Larivière, M.C. 2010; PPIN 
2010) This organism is present on table grape bunches (Subic, 20 07). It is know to be present in the Republic of Korea 
(Kim et al., 2002). Infestation reduced berry yields by 25 up to-60%, depending on the vineyards (Subic, 2007). Systems Approach 
Aspidiotus destructor 
(Signoret, 1869) Hemiptera 
Diaspididae N (Charles & Henderson 2002, 
PPIN 2009) A risk analysis on citrus from Samoa identified this organism as a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand climate 
was considered suitable for establishment (MAFBNZ 2008). The organism is present on table grape bunches and 
present in the Republic of Korea (Watson 2006). Systems Approach 
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi  
(Morgan) Hemiptera 
Diaspididae N (Charles & Henderson 2002, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on Pyrus from China identified this organism as a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand 
climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences were considered to be 
moderate (MAFBNZ 2009c). This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches (CPC, 2007) and 
present in the Republic of Korea (Danzig & Pellizzari, 1998). Systems Approach 
Conogethes punctiferalis 
(Guenée, 1854) Lepidoptera 
Pyralidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identifi ed this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in the Republic of Korea (APPPC, 1987). Systems Approach or Methyl 
Bromide 
Diaphania indica 
(Saunder) Lepidoptera 
Pyralidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2010) The organism feeds on fruit with the damage is most serious in  the early stages of fruit formation, when the pests 
feed on and puncture the skin of young fruit (CPC, 2007). This organism is present on table grape bunches and is 
present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach 
Drosophila suzukii  
(Matsumura) Diptera 
Drosophilidae N (Macfarlane et al. 2000, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identifi ed this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in the Republic of Korea (Delfinado & Hardy. 1977.). Systems Approach or Pest 
Free Area or Methyl Bromide 
Eupoecilia ambiguella  
Walsingham 1900 Lepidoptera 
Tortricidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identifi ed this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in  the Republic of Korea (Park & Byun, 1991). Systems Approach 
Harmonia axyridis 
(Pallas, 1773) Coleoptera 
Coccinellidae N (PPIN, 2009; Scott and 
Emberson, 1999; Spiller and 
Wise, 1982) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identified this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in  the Republic of Korea (Seo et al., 2007). Systems Approach 
Nippoptilia vitis  
Sasaki, 1913 Lepidoptera 
Pterophoridae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identifi ed this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF 2010). Systems Approach 
Orthotylus flavosparsus Hemiptera 
Miridae N (Larivière, M.C. 2010; PPIN 
2010) This organism is present in the Republic of Korea and is present on table grapes (Lee et al. 2002). This organism 
is present in the United Kingdom, indicating that the New Zealand climate would be suitable for establishment. Systems Approach 
Planococcus kraunhiae  
(Kuwana) Hemiptera 
Pseudococcidae N (Cox, J.M. 1987; PPIN 2010) A risk assessment on Pyrus from China identified this organism as a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand 
climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences were considered to be low 
(MAFBNZ 2009c). This organism is known to be present  on table grape bunches and present in the Republic of 
Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach  
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Risk Management Proposal: Fresh Table Grapes for Consumption from the Republic of Korea – Draft XX 2011 22 
 Organism Authority Taxonomy Present in NZ Brief assessment Phytosanitary measures to 
prevent entry & 
establishment 
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 
(Targioni Tozzetti) Hemiptera 
Diaspididae N (Charles & henderson 2002: 
previously recorded 
erroneously as present, 
PPIN 2010) A risk assessment on stonefruit from the Pacific Northwes t identified this organism as a risk on that pathway. The 
New Zealand climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences were 
considered to be moderate (MAFBNZ 2009d). This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches 
(Watson, 2006) and present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach 
Pseudococcus comstocki  
(Kuwana) Hemiptera 
Pseudococcidae N (MAFBNZ 2009c) A risk assessment on Pyrus from China identified this organism as a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand 
climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences were considered to be 
moderate (MAFBNZ 2009c). This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches and is present in the 
Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach 
Scirtothrips dorsalis  
Hood, 1919 Thysanoptera 
Thripidae N (CPC, 2007; PPIN, 2009; 
Mound and Walker, 1982) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identified this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in  the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach 
Sparganothis pilleriana  
(Denis et Schiffermuller) Lepidoptera 
Tortricidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2010) The organism is present in the Republic of Korea (M IFAFF, 2010) and known to infest table grape bunches 
(Pykhova, 1968). The organism is present throughout West ern Europe, indicating that the New Zealand climate 
would be suitable for establishment. It is a pest of economic importance on grapes (Agroatlas 2010). This 
organism was assessed as likely to follow the pathway (Hanken 2000; revised 2002). Systems Approach 
Stathmopoda auriferella 
(Walker) Lepidoptera 
Stathmopodidae N (Dugdale 1988, Hoare 2001, 
PPIN 2010) This organism is a pest of economic concern on different commodities, among others on kiwifruit (Park et al., 
1994). The organism infests table grape bunches and is pr esent in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). This 
organism was assessed as likely to follow the pathway (Hanken 2000; revised 2002). Systems Approach or Methyl 
Bromide 
Tetranychus kanzawai  
Kishida, 1927 Acarina 
Tetranychidae N (PPIN, 2009; Manson, 1987; 
Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identified this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in  the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010). Systems Approach or Methyl 
Bromide 
Thrips hawaiiensis  
(Morgan, 1913) Thysanoptera 
Thripidae N (Spiller & Wise 1982; Scott & 
Emberson 1999; PPIN 
2008) This organism was assessed as following the pathway (Hanken 2000; revised 2002). The organism is not known 
to be present in New Zealand. It is widespread and poly phagous (MAFBNZ 2009c). This organism is known to be 
present on table grape bunches (Ranganath et al., 2008) and present in the Republic of Korea (Hanken 2000; 
revised 2002). Systems Approach 
Thrips palmi  
Karny, 1925 Thysanoptera 
Thripidae N (Stephens & Dentener, 2005; 
PPIN 2010; Dentener et 
al., 2002) A risk assessment on Citrus from Samoa identified this  organism as a risk on that pathway. The New Zealand 
climate is considered to be suitable for establishment and economic consequences were considered to be high 
(MAFBNZ 2008). This organism is known to be present on table grape bunches (Ranganath et al., 2008) and 
present in the Republic of Korea (Hong et al., 1998). Systems Approach or Methyl 
Bromide 
Pathogens     
Monilinia fructigena  
Honey Helotiales 
Sclerotiniaceae N (Landcare research 2009, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identified th is organism as a risk (MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism 
is present in the Republic of Korea (Hanken, 2000; revised 2002). Systems Approach 
Pestalotiopsis menezesiana Xylariales 
Amphisphaeriaceae N (PPIN 2010) This organism is known to infect table grape bunches and cause post-harvest rot (Xu et al., 1999). It is also 
known to be present in the Republic of Korea (Part et al., 1997). It is present in Japan (Xu et al., 1999); therefore 
it is assumed the climate in New Zealand is not a limiting factor in establishment. Systems Approach 
Pilidiella diplodiella  
(Speg.) Petr. & Syd., 1927 Diaporthales 
Schizoparmaceae N (Landcare research 2009, 
PPIN 2009) A risk assessment on table grapes from China identifi ed this organism as a risk on table grape bunches 
(MAFBNZ 2009a). This organism is present in the Republic of Korea (MIFAFF, 2010. Systems Approach