APPENDIX TABLES European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 141 
 
 
Table AI.1 
Destination of exports, 2000 and 2005-09 
(€ million and %) 
       2000      2005      2006      2007      2008      2009 
Total (€ million) 849,521.2 1,054,965.2 1,161, 094.7 1,241,495.7 1, 308,416.0 1, 137,809.8 
   (per cent)  
America 38.0 32.1 31.6 29.5 27.7 25.9 
United States 28.0 24.0 23.2 21.1 19.1 18.0 
Other America 10.0 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.9 
Canada 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 
Brazil 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.9 
Mexico 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 
              
Europe 17.6 18.1 17.6 17.7 17.3 20.8 
EFTA 11.9 11.4 11.2 11.3 11.1 11.3 
Switzerland 8.6 7.9 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.9 
Norway 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3 
Other Europe 5.5 6.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.2 
Turkey 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9 
              
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS) 4.0 7.7 9.1 10.4 11.5 8.5 
Russian Federation 2.7 5.4 6.2 7.2 8.0 5.8 
Ukraine 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.2 
              
Africa 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.4 9.2 9.5 
South Africa 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 
Algeria 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.3 
Egypt 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 
Morocco 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 
              
Middle East 7.1 8.4 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.2 
United Arab Emirates 1.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.2 
Saudi Arabia 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 
              
Asia 24.0 23.6 23.5 23.7 23.3 24.5 
China 3.0 4.9 5.5 5.8 6.0 7.2 
Japan 5.4 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.2 
Six East Asian Traders 9.8 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.8 
Korea, Rep. of 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 
Singapore 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 
Hong Kong, China 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 
Other Asia 5.8 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 
India 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 
Australia 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 
              
Other 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6 
Source : WTO Secretariat estimate based on UNSD,  Comtrade database  SITC Rev.3 data. WT/TPR/S/248 Trade Policy Review 
Page 142 
  
Table AI.2 
Structure of exports, 2000 and 2005-09 
(€ million and %) 
      2000     2005     2006     2007     2008     2009 
Total (€ million) 849,521.2 1,054,965.2 1,161, 094.7 1,241,495.7 1, 308,416.0 1, 137,809.8 
   (per cent)  
Total primary products 12.0 12.5 13.8 13.8 15.0 14.0 
   Agriculture 6.9 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.6 7.0 
      Food 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.8 
      Agricultural raw material 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 
   Mining 5.1 6.3 7.4 7.5 8.5 7.0 
      Ores and other minerals 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 
      Non-ferrous metals 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 
      Fuels 3.3 4.2 4.9 4.9 5.9 4.7 
Manufactures 81.9 82.5 81.5 81.3 79.9 77.9 
   Iron and steel 2.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.6 
   Chemicals 13.0 14.9 15.2 15.1 14.7 17.0 
         5429 Medicaments, n.e.s. 2.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.0 
   Other semi-manufactures 8.7 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.6 7.2 
   Machinery and transport equipment 44.6 44.1 42.9 43.2 42.9 39.7 
      Power generating machines 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.4 
      Other non-electrical machinery 11.4 12.4 13.0 13.8 14.1 12.9 
      Office machines & telecommunication 
equipment 10.6 8.9 7.8 7.0 6.3 5.8 
      Other electrical machines 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 
      Automotive products 8.8 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 7.6 
         7812 Motor vehicles for the transport 
 of persons, n.e.s. 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.3 4.2 
      Other transport equipment 5.9 5.5 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 
         7924 Aeroplanes >15,000 kg 
 unladen 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.8 
         7932 Ships, boats, etc. (excl. 
 pleasure craft, tugs) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 
   Textiles 2.0 1. 5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 
   Clothing 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 
   Other consumer goods 10.1 9.5 9.5 9.1 8.8 8.9 
Other 6.1 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 8.1 
   Gold 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 
Source:  WTO Secretariat estimate, based on UNSD , Comtrade database SITC Rev.3 data. European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 143 
 
 
Table AI.3 
Origins of imports, 2000 and 2005-09 
(€ million and %) 
      2000     2005     2006    2007     2008     2009 
Total (€ million) 992 659.7 1,179 898.0 1, 351 409.9 1,433 869.7 1, 550 474.6 1,222 958.5 
   (per cent)  
America 28.4 21.6 20.9 20.8 20.2 20.7 
    United States 20.8 13.9 13.0 12.7 12.0 13.1 
    Other America 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.2 7.6 
      Canada 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 
      Brazil 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.1 
              
Europe 13.9 15.5 15.2 15.0 15.0 17.6 
    EFTA 11.3 11.6 11.4 11.0 11.3 11.9 
      Switzerland 6.4 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.2 6.1 
      Norway 4.8 5.7 5.9 5.3 5.9 5.6 
    Other Europe 2.5 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.6 5.6 
      Turkey 1.9 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.0 
              
Commonwealth of Independent 
States (CIS) 7.7 11.9 13.2 12.9 14.6 11.9 
      Russian Federation 6.4 9.5 10.4 10.1 11.2 9.4 
      Kazakhstan 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 
              
Africa 8.6 9.4 9.3 9.1 10.1 8.7 
      Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.2 1.6 
      Algeria 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4 
      South Africa 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2 
      Nigeria 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9 
              
Middle East 5,3 5,7 5.1 4.7 4.9 3.9 
      Saudi Arabia 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.4 0.9 
              
Asia 34.6 35.5 35.5 36.6 34.4 36.5 
    China 7.5 13.6 14.4 16.2 16.0 17.6 
    Japan 9.3 6.3 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.6 
    Six East Asian Traders 11.7 9.9 9.7 9.2 8.1 8.4 
      Korea, Rep. of 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.6 
      Chinese Taipei 2.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 
      Malaysia 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 
      Singapore 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.2 
      Thailand 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 
    Other Asia 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.5 6.0 
      India 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 
      Indonesia 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 
              
  Other 1.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 
 
Source : WTO Secretariat estimate, based on UNSD , Comtrade database SITC Rev.3 data. 
 WT/TPR/S/248 Trade Policy Review 
Page 144 
  
Table AI.4 
Structure of imports, 2000 and 2005-09 
(€ million and %) 
  2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 
Total (€ million) 992,659.7 1,179,898.0 1,351, 409.9 1,433,869.7 1, 550,474.6 1, 222,958.5 
   (per cent)  
Total primary products 28.2 33.8 36.2 35.5 39.4 33.4 
   Agriculture 8.4 7.7 7.3 7.7 7.6 8.3 
      Food 6.1 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 7.0 
      Agricultural raw material 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 
   Mining 19.8 26.0 28.8 27.8 31.8 25.1 
      Ores and other minerals 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.6 
      Non-ferrous metals 2.3 2.0 2.9 3.0 2.3 1.7 
      Fuels 15.7 22.1 23.7 22.3 27.1 21.8 
         3330 Crude oils of petroleum and 
 bituminous minerals 10.8 14.6 15.4 14.4 17.3 13.2 
         3432 Natural gas, in the gaseous state 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.3 3.2 2.5 
Manufactures 65.2 62.5 59.7 60.7 56.2 59.3 
   Iron and steel 1.2 1.9 2.2 2.9 2.8 1.5 
   Chemicals 6.8 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.0 9.1 
   Other semi-manufactures 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.5 5.0 4.9 
   Machinery and transport equipment 35.9 32.0 29.7 29.2 26.6 27.9 
      Power generating machines 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 
      Other non-electrical machinery 5.0 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.3 3.8 
      Office machines & telecommunication 
equipment 16.0 13.8 13.2 12.3 11.0 11.7 
      Other electrical machines 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.7 
      Automotive products 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.1 
      Other transport equipment 4.5 4.5 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.7 
   Textiles 1.7 1. 5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 
   Clothing 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 5.0 
   Other consumer goods 9.4 9.2 8.9 9.1 8.5 9.7 
Other 6.6 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.4 7.3 
   Gold 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 
Source:  WTO Secretariat estimate, based on UNSD, Comtrade database SITC Rev.3 data. European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 145 
 
 
Table AII.1 
Status of dispute-related WTO matters involving the EU, September 2008-January 2011 
Subject of dispute Raised 
by/against (WTO 
document series) Request for 
consultations Panel established/ 
Panel report 
circulated AB report 
circulateda Other developments 
As respondent      
Seizure of generic drugs 
in transit Brazil 
(WTO/DS409) 12.05.2010 No n.a. None 
Seizure of generic drugs 
in transit India 
(WTO/DS408) 11.05.2010 No n.a. None 
Anti-dumping measures 
on certain footwear China 
(WTO/DS405) 04.02.2010 18.05.2010 n.a. None 
Measures prohibiting the 
importation and 
marketing of seal 
products Norway 
(WTO/DS401) 05.11.2009 No n.a. None 
Measures prohibiting the 
importation and 
marketing of seal 
products Canada 
(WTO/DS400) 02.11.2009 No n.a. None 
Definitive anti-dumping 
measures on certain iron 
or steel fasteners China 
(WTO/DS397) 31.07.2009 23.10.2009/ 
03.12.2010 n.a. None 
Certain measures 
affecting poultry meat 
and poultry meat 
products United States 
(WTO/DS389) 16.01.2009 19.11.2009 n.a. None 
Expiry reviews of anti-
dumping and 
countervailing duties 
imposed on imports of 
PET India 
(WTO/DS385) 04.12.2008 No n.a. None 
Tariff treatment of 
certain information 
technology products Chinese Taipei 
(WTO/DS377) 12.06.2008 23.09.2008/ 
16.08.2010 n.a. Recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 21.09.2010 
Tariff treatment of 
certain information 
technology products Japan 
(WT/DS376) 28.05.2008 23.09.2008/ 
16.08.2010 n.a. Recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 21.09.2010 
Tariff treatment of 
certain information 
technology products United States 
(WT/DS375) 28.05.2008 23.09.2008/ 
16.08.2010 n.a. Recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 21.09.2010 
Measures affecting trade 
in large civil aircraft United States 
(WT/DS316) 06.10.2004 20.07.2005/ 
30.06.2010 No Panel report under appeal 
on 21.07.2010 
Measures affecting the approval and marketing of biotech products Argentina 
(WT/DS293) 14.05.2003 29.08.2003/ 
29.09.2006 n.a. Settled or terminated 
(withdrawn, mutually 
agreed solution) on 
19.03.2010 
Measures affecting the 
approval and marketing 
of biotech products Canada 
(WT/DS292) 13.05.2003 29.08.2003/ 
29.09.2006 n.a. Settled or terminated 
(withdrawn, mutually 
agreed solution) on 
15.07.2009 
Table AII.1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/S/248 Trade Policy Review 
Page 146 
  
Subject of dispute Raised 
by/against (WTO 
document series) Request for 
consultations Panel established/ 
Panel report 
circulated AB report 
circulateda Other developments 
Measures affecting the 
approval and marketing 
of biotech products United States 
(WT/DS291) 13.05.2003 29.08.2003/ 
29.09.2006 n.a. Authorization to retaliate 
requested (including 
Article 22.6 arbitration) on 
17.01.2008 
As complainant      
Provisional anti-
dumping duties on 
certain iron and steel fasteners China 
(WT/DS407) 07.05.2010 No n.a. None 
Taxes on distilled spirits Philippines 
(WT/DS396) 29.07.2009 19.01.2010 n.a. None 
Measures related to the 
exportation of various 
raw materials China 
(WT/DS395) 23.06.2009 21.12.2009 n.a. None 
Certain taxes and other 
measures on imported 
wines and spirits India 
(WT/DS380) 22.09.2008 No n.a. None 
Measures affecting 
financial information 
services and foreign 
financial information 
suppliers China 
(WT/DS372) 03.03.2008 No n.a. Se ttled or terminated 
(withdrawn, mutually 
agreed solution) on 4.12.2008 
Tax exemptions and reductions for wine and beer Canada 
(WT/DS354) 29.11.2006 No n.a. Se ttled or terminated 
(withdrawn, mutually 
agreed solution) on 
17.12.2008 
Continued existence and 
application of zeroing 
methodology United States 
(WT/DS350) 02.10.2006 04.06.2007/ 
01.10.2008 04.02.2009 Report(s) adopted, with 
recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 02.06.2009 
Definitive countervailing 
measures on olive oil Mexico 
(WT/DS341) 31.03.2006 23.01.2007/ 
04.09.2008 n.a. Implementation notified by 
respondent on 11.12.2008 
Measures affecting 
imports of automobile 
parts China 
(WT/DS339) 30.3.2006 26.10.2006/ 
18.07.2008 15.12.2008 Implementation notified by 
respondent on 31.08.2009 
Measures affecting 
imports of retreaded 
tyres Brazil 
(WT/DS332) 20.06.2005 20.01.2006/ 
12.06.2007 03.12.2007 Report(s) adopted, with 
recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity on 20.08.2009;  Article 
21.3(c) arbitration report 
(29.08.2008) 
Continued suspension of 
obligations in the EC — 
Hormones Dispute Canada 
(WT/DS321) 08.11.2004 17.02.2005/ 
31.03.2008 16.10.2008 Report(s) adopted, with 
recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 14.11.2008 
Continued suspension of 
obligations in the EC — 
Hormones Dispute United States 
(WT/DS320) 08.11.2004 17.02.2005/ 
31.03.2008 16.10.2008 Report(s) adopted, with 
recommendation to bring 
measure into conformity 
on 14.11.2008 
Laws, regulations and 
methodology for 
calculating dumping margins (zeroing) United States 
(WT/DS294) 12.06.2003 19.03.2004/ 
31.10.2005 18.04.2006 Article 21.5 Panel report 
(17.12.2008);  Article 21.5 
AB report (14.05.2009),  
authorization to retaliate 
requested (including Article 22.6 arbitration) (18.02.2010) 
n.a. Not applicable. 
a AB refers to Appellate Body. 
Source: WTO Secretariat. European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 147 
 
 
Table AIII.1 
Applied preferential tariffs by HS sector, 2011  
(%) 
 HS 01-97 HS 01-24 HS 25-97 
MFN 4.83 10.10   3.63 
Standard GSP 2.62 7.15   1.58 
GSP+ 0.52 2.48   0.07 
GSP-EBA 0.01 0.00   0.01 
Albania 0.11 0.47   0.00 
Algeria 1.12 5.84   0.05 
Andorra 0.03 0.06   0.03 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.12 0.53   0.00 
CARIFORUM 0.01 0.00   0.01 
Chile 0.54 2.75   0.03 
Croatia 0.11 0.47   0.00 
Egypt 0.02 0.10   0.00 
EPAa 0.01 0.00   0.01 
European Economic Area 1.50 7.87   0.04 
FYROM 0.07 0.29   0.00 
Israel 0.20 0.81   0.03 
Jordan 0.46 1.95   0.00 
Lebanon 0.10 0.34   0.03 
Mexico 0.60 2.93   0.03 
Moldova 0.09 0.44   0.00 
Montenegro 0.12 0.54   0.00 
Morocco 1.06 5.53   0.03 
Papua New Guinea 0.01 0.00   0.01 
San Marino 0.02 0.06   0.00 
Serbia 4.76 9.71   3.63 
South Africa 0.87 3.86   0.04 
Switzerland 1.34 6.89   0.03 
Tunisia 1.12 5.87   0.03 
Turkey 0.46 2.32   0.03 
a Burundi, Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Camer oon, Fiji, Ghana, Haiti, Kenya, Comoros (e xcluding Mayotte), Lesotho, Madagascar, 
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. 
Note: Averages are based on ad valorem  duties and ad valorem  part of non- ad valorem  duties only.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat estimates based on data provided by the Commission. WT/TPR/S/248 Trade Policy Review 
Page 148 
  
Table AIII.2     
Summary of the main legislation of  intellectual property rights, 2011 
Intellectual property rights Main legislation 
Copyright and related rights 
Various Directives.  These 
Directives must be implemented 
through national law.  
 Directive 2006/116/EC, 12 December 2006: term of prot ection of copyright and certain related  rights 
Directive 2001/84/EC, 27 Sept 2001: resale right for the be nefit of the author of an  original work of art 
Directive 2001/29/EC, 22 May 2001: harmonization of certa in aspects of copyright and related rights in 
the information society 
Directive 96/9/EC, 11 March 1996: legal protection of databases 
Council Directive 93/83/EEC, 27 Sept 1993:  coordina tion of certain rules concerning copyright and 
rights related to copyright applicable to sa tellite broadcasting and cable retransmission 
Directive 2006/115/EC, 12 December 2006: rental right and lending right and certain rights related to 
copyright in the field of intellectual property 
Council Directive 91/250/EEC, 14 May 1991:  legal pr otection of computer programs (see Directive 
2009/24/EEC) 
Council Decision 2000/278/EC, 16 March 2000 on th e approval, on behalf of the European 
Community, of the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 
Protection of layout designs Council Directive 87/54/EEC, 16 Dec 1986:  legal protection of topographies of semiconductor 
products 
Patents  European Patent Convention (EPC) (most recently revised in December 2007) 
Directive 98/44/EC, 6 July 1998:  legal prot ection of biotechnological inventions  
Regulation (EC) No 469/2009, 6 May 2009:  supp lementary protection certificate for medicinal 
products 
Regulation (EC) No 1610/96, 23 July 1996:  creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant 
protection products  
Regulation (EC) No 1902/2006 am ending Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 on medicinal products for 
paediatric use and amending Regulation (EEC ) No 1768/92, Directive 2001/20/EC, Directive 
2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 
Regulation (EC) No 816/2006, 17 May 2006:  com pulsory licensing of patents relating to the 
manufacture of pharmaceutical products for expor t to countries with public health problems 
National laws of the EU member States:   national patent systems exist al ongside and in parallel to the 
European patent system 
Trade marks Directive 2008/95/EC, 22 October 2008:  to approximate the laws of the member States relating to 
trade marks 
Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009, 26 February 2009:  on the Community trade mark 
Council Regulation (EC) No 1992/2003, 27 October 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the 
Community trade mark to give effect to the accessi on of the European Community to the Protocol 
relating to the Madrid Agreement concerning the inte rnational registration of marks adopted at Madrid 
on 27 June 1989  
Commission Regulation (EC) No 2082/2004, 6 Dece mber 2004, amending Regulation (EC) No 216/96 
laying down the rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal of the Office for Harmonization in the 
Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 355/2009, 31 March 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 2869/95 on 
the fees payable to the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) and 
Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 impl ementing Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the Community trade 
mark 
National laws of the EU Member States on trade marks:   national trade mark systems exist in parallel to 
the Community trade mark system 
Industrial designs Design Directive 98/71/EC on th e legal protection of designs 
Council Regulation (EC) No. 6/2002 on Community designs 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 2246/2002, 16 December 2002 on the fees payable to the Office for 
Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Mark s and Designs) in respect of the registration of 
Community designs  
Council Decision (2006/954/EC), 18 December 2006 approving the accession of the European 
Community to the Geneva Act of the Hague Agreem ent concerning the international registration of 
industrial designs, adopted in Geneva on 2 July 1999 
National laws of the EU Member States:   national industrial design systems exist in parallel to the 
Community design system 
Table AIII.2 (cont'd)European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 149 
 
 
Intellectual property rights Main legislation 
Plant varieties Council Regulation (EC) No. 2100/94, as am ended by Council Regulation No. 15/2008 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1238/95, 31 may 1995 establishing implementing rules for the 
application of Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 as regards the fees payable to the Community Plant 
Variety Office 
National laws of the EU Member States: national sy stems work in parallel with the Community system 
Geographical indications 
Community regulations, national 
laws of the EU Member States, 
and the Appellation System of certain EU Member States.  
 Wines: - Council Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007 esta blishing a common organization of agricultural 
markets, and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (single CMO Regulation) 
Commission Regulation (EC) No. 607/2009, effectiv e 1 August 2009, laying down certain detailed 
rules regarding protected designations of origin  and geographical indications, traditional terms, 
labelling and presentation of certain wine sector productsa 
Spirits: - Regulation (EC) No. 110/2008 of the EP a nd of the Council on the definition, description, 
presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks 
Agricultural and foodstuff products:  Council Re gulation (EC) No. 510/2006 on the protection of 
PDO/PGI for agricultural and foodstuff products ;  and Commission Regula tion 1898/2006 laying down 
detailed rules of implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 510/2006 
Regulation (EC) No  207/2009, 26 February 2009, on the Community trade mark  
Undisclosed test or other data 
 Directive 2001/83/EC:  on the Community code relatin g to medicinal products for human use, as 
amended by Directive 2004/27/EC 
Regulation No. 276/2004 laying down Community proce dures for the authorisation and supervision of 
medicinal products 
National procedural laws also apply 
Enforcement 
Community regulations and 
national laws of the EU Member 
States. Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003, 22 July 2003:   customs action against goods suspected of 
infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have 
infringed such rights 
Commission Regulation No. 1891/ 2004, 21 October 2004:  provi sions to implement Council 
Regulation No. 1383/2003 
Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004:  IPR Enforcement Directive, to approximate laws of EU 
Member States regarding the civil meas ures for the enforcement of all IPRs 
a WTO document IP/N/1/EEC/G/5, 26 January 2010.  See al so:  http://eur-lex.europa.e u/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. 
do?uri=OJ:L:2009:193:0060:0139:EN:PDF. 
Source: WTO Secretariat, and information provided by the authorities.  EU online information: 
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/co pyright; http://ec.europa.eu/internal_m arket/indprop;  http://ec.europa.eu/ 
internal_market/iprenforcemen t; http://ec.europa. eu/trade/creating-opport unities/trade-topics/in tellectual-property, 
and WIPO online informati on:  http://www.wipo.int/w ipolex/en/outline/eu.pdf. WT/TPR/S/248 Trade Policy Review 
Page 150 
  
Table AIII.3      
Term of protection of major in tellectual property rights, 2011 
Type of rights Term of protection Competent agency at 
the EU level 
Copyright 
Authors' right  Life of the author plus 70 year s irrespective of the date the 
work was lawfully made av ailable to the public.   
 In the case of joint authorship  the term should be calculated 
after the death of the last surviving author. 
 In the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, 70 years 
after the work is lawfully made available to the public. 
 If the pseudonym does not leave any doubt as to the identity of the author, then protection is for the life of the author plus 
70 years irrespective of the date the work was lawfully made 
available to the public. Copyright is protected 
without registration 
Work published in volumes Protection runs from the time the work was lawfully made 
available to the public. 
Works that have not been lawfully made 
available to the public within 70 years from 
their creation Protection should be terminated. 
Cinematographic or audiovisual works Protection expires 70 years after the death of the author.a. 
Performers Protection expires 50 years after the date of the performance. 
However, if a fixation of the performance is lawfully 
published or lawfully communicated  to the public within this 
period, the rights expire 50 years from the date of the first 
such publication or the first su ch communication to the public, 
whichever is the earlier.   
Producers of phonograms Protection expires 50  years after the fixation is made. 
However, if the phonogram has been lawfully published 
within this period, the rights expire 50 years from the date of 
the first lawful publication. If  no lawful publication has taken 
place, and the phonogram has been lawfully communicated to 
the public within this period, the rights will expire 50 years 
from the date of the first lawf ul communication to the public.  
Producers of a filmb Protection expires 50 years after the fixation is made. 
However, if the film is la wfully published or lawfully 
communicated to the public during this period, the rights will 
expire 50 years from the date of the first such publication or 
the first such communication to  the public, whichever is the 
earlier.  
Broadcasting organizations Protection expires 50 years after the first transmission of a 
broadcast whether transmitted by wire or over the air, 
including by cable or satellite.   
Photographsc Life of the author plus 70 years no matter when it was 
lawfully made available to the public.   
In the case of joint authorship, the term should be calculated 
after the death of the last author. 
In the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, 70 years 
after the work is lawfully made available to the public. 
If the pseudonym does not leave any doubt as to the identity 
of the author then protection is for the life of the author plus 
70 years no matter when the work was lawfully made 
available to the public. 
Table AIII.3 (cont'd)European Union WT/TPR/S/248 
 Page 151 
 
 
Type of rights Term of protection Competent agency at 
the EU level 
Patents 
Any inventions, in all field of technology, 
that are new, involve an inventive step, and 
are susceptible of industrial application  
Exceptions are inventions whose commercial 
exploitation would be contrary to the public order or morality, plant or animal varieties, 
or essentially biological process for the 
production of plants or animals, and methods for treatment of the human or animal body surgery and therapy and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body 20 years from the date of filing, and may be extended for 
pharmaceutical or plant protecti on products for a maximum of 
5 years EPO (European Patent 
Office) for European 
patent 
Trade marks 
Any sings represented graphically, 
particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape 
of goods or their packaging, provided that 
such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings 10 years from the date of f illing of application, may be 
renewed for an indefinite number of 10-year periods OHIM (Office for 
Harmonization in the Internal Market), for Community trade marks 
Industrial designs 
Designs that are new and have individual 
character. A design is considered new if no identical design (i.e., one whose features 
differ only in immaterial details) has been 
made available to the public.  It has individual character if the overall impression 
it produces on the informed user differs from 
the overall impression produced on such a user by any design which has been made available to the public Registered design:  one or more periods of 5 years, up to a 
maximum of 25 years.   
Unregistered design: 3 years after publication OHIM for Community 
designs 
Plant varieties 
Plant varieties which are distinct, uniform, 
stable, and new Plant varieties for 25 years, wine and tree species for  
30 years.  Protection may be extended for 5 years. CPVO (Community Plant 
Variety Office)  
Geographical indications 
 
 For GIs protected as Community  collective trade marks:  
10 years from the date of f illing of application, may be 
renewed for an indefinite number of 10 year periods. 
For GIs protected as PDO/PGI, the term of protection is 
indefinite, unless the geographi cal indication is cancelled. OHIM for Community 
collective trade marks 
European Commission:  
DG Agriculture and DG 
Trade 
Undisclosed test or other data  
 8-11 years of data and marketing protection EMA (European 
Medicines Agency) grants market 
authorization 
a The principal director of a cinematographi c or audiovisual work is considered the au thor.  The author of the screenplay and/o r the 
 author of a dialogue are designated as co-authors. 
b The term "film" designates a cinematogr aphic or audiovisual work or moving imag es, whether or not accompanied by sound. 
c Photographs are protected under Community law only if they are the author’s own intellectual creation.  Member States may 
provide protection fo r other photographs.  
Source: WTO secretariat; and EU online information: http:// ec.europa.eu/internal_mar ket/copyright/documents/ 
documents_en.htm#directives. 
 
 
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