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IV. TRADE POLICY BY SECTOR 
(1) OVERVIEW  
1. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)1 gives development of the rural sector a key 
role to play in combating poverty as farmers make  up 62 per cent of the population and account for 
81 per cent of those living below the poverty threshol d.  The vast majority of agricultural, livestock 
and fisheries activities, as well as forestry, are s till in the informal sector.  The reforms launched 
under the Agricultural Development Policy Letter (AD PL), adopted in 1991, have continued.  The 
objective set by the authorities is to improve food security by meeting a larger proportion of national demand for rice, the basic foodstuff, through an incr ease in production.  Because of the social nature 
of rice, the authorities appear ready to implemen t a series of measures (additional duties and taxes, 
minimum prices, subsidies) in order to boost the deve lopment of the subsector while at the same time 
giving the population access to rice at fair prices. 
2. The Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) conducted in the context of the Integrated 
Framework (IF)2 has identified the agricultural and fisher ies subsectors with the most potential for 
developing exports so as to diversify Guinea’s s ources of earnings and lessen its strong dependence 
on mining products.  Foreign markets are not an important outlet for domestic production of 
agricultural products, with the exception of coffe e and cotton, and to a lesser extent, fruit and 
vegetables.  Since the first review, the cotton s ubsector has been reorganized in order to support 
producers, and a de facto  monopoly of exports of seed cotton has been given to the Compagnie 
Guinéenne de Coton  – CGC (Guinean Cotton Company).  The Guinean authorities consider that their 
country is one of the cotton-producing countries su ffering the effects of subsidization by developed 
countries and, therefore, support the sectoral initiativ e on cotton in the WTO.  As regards fisheries 
products, approved facilities may export to the EU in  frozen or refrigerated form, but only on a one-
off basis.  The authorities provide a single window to simplify the formalities to be carried out by 
economic operators in the agricu lture and fisheries subsectors. 
3. Bauxite is Guinea’s main mineral wealth , and Guinea has 30 per cent of known global 
reserves.  In 2003, exports of mining products (b auxite, alumina, diamonds and gold) amounted to 
US$ 587 million and are still the leading exports (thr ee quarters of exports in 2003).  The incentives 
given to approved mining enterprises are still much more attractive th an those for non-mining 
enterprises under the Investment Code.  The Stat e has withdrawn from the management of some 
mining companies, handing it over to private partne rs, for example, the Alumina Company of Guinea 
in 2002 and the Compagnie des Bauxites de Kindia  – CBK (Kindia Bauxite Company) in 2001.  The 
State has a minority holding in  the Guinean Bauxite Company  (CBG) , which produced 85 per cent of 
the bauxite mined in Guinea in 2004.  The lack of an  energy infrastructure is the main obstacle to the 
processing of bauxite into aluminium, which would increase the value added. 
4. Concern to protect the industrial fabric, whic h is mainly made up of agri-food enterprises 
(tobacco, beverages, edible oils, milling) and only has the domestic market as an outlet, appears to be 
the reason for the high tariff protection given to  these products (16.4 per cent for food products, 
beverages and tobacco compared to 12.1 per cent for manufactures in general).  This protection is still 
in place after the 2005 tariff reform and may be  increased when the ECOWAS Common Agricultural 
Policy (known as the ECOWAP) is introduced.  Ceme nt, 80 per cent of national demand for which is 
furnished by Ciments de Guinée (Guinean Cement Company) alone, is one of the products protected 
                                                      
 1 Government of Guinea, Ministry of the Economy a nd Finance (2004b);  Government of Guinea (2002);  IMF 
(2004ª), "Joint Staff Assessment of the P overty Reduction Strategy  Progress Report". 
 2 The documents prepared under the Integrated Framework are available at:  http://www.integratedframework.org 
[17 September 2004]. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
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at several levels:  tariffs, mandatory regulati ons, administrative regulation of minimum prices 
(negotiated between the State and the company) throughout Guinea. 
5. The DTIS also highlighted inadequate access to loans and insufficient investment in the 
infrastructure (transport, water, electricity) as am ong the many obstacles to development of the private 
sector (Chapter II(2)).  The critical state of the ra ilways leaves Guinea almost totally dependent on the 
roads, which are in a poor state and affected by secu rity problems.  Transport is one of the sectors for 
which Guinea undertook specific commitments under th e GATS, together with the tourism sector, 
which is however not very developed for holid ays and leisure despite Guinea’s considerable 
advantages, with its four natural regions offering diverse climates and extremely varied landscapes. 
6. Since the first review, teledensity has made great  strides in Conakry as a result of the growth 
in mobile telephony, but basic services still remain  unsatisfactory;  consequently, access to modern 
telecommunications (for example, the Internet) is still in the early stages.  The authorities have started 
to update the telecommunications regulatory regime  and are seeking a new strategic partner for the 
traditional operator, whose monopoly of basic servi ces (together with the obligation to provide a 
universal service) may remain in force beyond the target date of 23 December 2005.  Guinea did not 
make any commitment on telecommunications services under the GATS. 
7. The Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea (BCRG) has embarked upon a programme to 
update the regulatory frameworks for banking and in surance in order to improve the financial 
situation of operators in these sectors.  The ba nking sector only finances trade and is not involved in 
financing enterprises.  The BCRG also intends to establish a framework for microloans, which could 
play an important role in developing the rural sector.  The financial services sector was not one of 
Guinea’s commitments under the GATS. 
(2) PRIMARY SECTOR3 
(i) Overview 
8. In 2004, the primary sector accounted for 18.7 per cent of nominal GDP (Table I.1).  It 
constitutes the major source of income and employment for some 62 per cent of the working 
population (Chapter I(2)).  During the period 1999-2004, growth of this sector in real terms was 4 per 
cent on average4, above that of Guinea’s GDP (3.1 per cen t), although it is subject to sharp annual 
fluctuations caused by climate c onditions.  Farmers make up the larg est part of the poor population 
(81 per cent), even in the case of farmers growing cr ops for export.  Rural development is therefore 
one of the major components of the PRSP. 
9. The priority objective of agricultural policy is f ood security, as was the case at the time of the 
first review.  Guinea is one of the 24 African countries identified by the FAO in 2004 as facing food 
crises (refugees and displaced persons are th e main reason for this in Guinea’s case).5  T h e  D T I S  
                                                      
 3 The main sources for this section were the informati on provided by the Guinean authorities and the following 
references: Memorandum submitted by the Government of Guinea, Third United Nations Conference on the Least 
Developed Countries, Brussels, 14-20 Ma y 2001, United Nations document A/CONF .191/CP/25; Government of Guinea 
(2002);  IMF (2004b);  Government of Guinea, "Secteur Primai re", available at: http://www. guinee.gov.gn [22 March 2005];  
and the syntheses of France’s economic missions on "L’A griculture en Guineé" (24 April 2004), "L’Élevage" 
(11 April 2003), "La Pêche en Guinée" (22 April 2003), "La distribution agroalimentaire en Guinée " (28 April 2003).  
Available at:  http://www.missioneco.org/guinee [12 March 2005].  
 4 The annual rate of demographic growth is around 2.6 per cent. 
 5 FAO, "Food supply situation and cr op prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa" , Africa Report No. 1, April 2004.  
Available at:  http://www.fao.org [22 March 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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highlighted the unexploited export potential in agricultural subsectors and fisheries.6  Cotton and 
coffee, and to a lesser extent fruit and vegetables, are the major export crops.  More generally, rural 
development offers an opportunity to create a ne twork of small and medium enterprises and a more 
dynamic private sector, as well as for sustainable management of Guinea’s natural resources. 
10. Rice is Guinea’s main crop and is the basic f ood for its population.  In 2003, imports covered 
24 per cent of domestic requirements and increasing rice production is therefore the pivotal objective 
of food security and the underlying agricultural policy.  The expansion of the area under cultivation 
and improved yields (particularly through the intr oduction of hybrid seed) has led to substantial 
progress in this respect since the first review.  The authorities consider rice to be the basis for rural 
development, with export potential as well, since Guinea’s rice-growing systems have comparative 
advantages thanks to the country's abundant wate r resources.  Nevertheless, there are still many 
obstacles to development of the private sector and these hamper growth in the agricultural sector in 
particular.7 
(ii) Basic data 
11. Guinea has four natural regions:  Guinée Ma ritime, Moyenne Guinée, Haute Guinée and 
Guinée Forestière.  Agriculture is the dominant f eature of the primary sector and accounted for 65 per 
cent of nominal GDP formation in the sector in 2003,  compared with livestock (19 per cent), forestry 
(12 per cent), with fisheries making a modest contribution (4 per cent). 
12. According to the Guinean authorities, farmers ma ke up 62 per cent of the total population, of 
whom 80 per cent are engaged in subsistence farmi ng and very few in trade and marketing (data from 
1994-1995). 
13. The surface area suitable for agriculture is estim ated to be some 7.5 million hectares (35 per 
cent of Guinean territory), of which 3 million hectares are under cultivation, 1 million on average 
annually.  Flood land is estimated to be some 180,000 hectares. 
14. There are 840,000 farms with an average surface area of 2.03 hectares.  Around 80 per cent of 
these grow rice.  Traditional growing methods are used because inputs and modern production tools (agricultural machinery, selected/improved seeds, fer tilizers, pesticides) are not utilized to any great 
extent.  According to the DTIS, these are too costly to be bought by farmers.  Only some 20 per cent 
of farms have recourse to loans. 
15. Rice, Guinea’s main crop, dominates cereal production (Table IV.1).  The authorities indicate 
sustained growth in rice production as a result of higher yields and an increase in the areas under 
cultivation.  Some 15 per cent of this production is lost or used for seed, while the rest is husked 
manually and used for domestic consumption.  The latter is around 85 kg/per capita annually, so 
imports have to cover an average of around one qua rter of domestic demand for rice.  There has, 
however, been a marked improvement in meeting domestic demand since the first review in 1999, 
when imports only covered some 40 per cent of national requirements. 
                                                     
 
 6 Integrated Framework (2003). 
 7 Guinean Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Handicraf ts (CCIAG), Guinean National Chamber of Agriculture 
(CNAG), Guinean National Employers’ Council (CNPG), " Mémorandum sur les difficultés du secteur privé guinéen adressé 
au Gouvernement ", May 2000. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 57 
 
 
Table IV.1 
Agricultural production, 1999-2003 
(Thousands of tonnes) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 
Paddy rice 815.5 739.3 789.3 826.7 870.6 
Maize 92.1 95.4 99.1 103.0 95.7 
Fonio 119.5 123.4 128.1 132.9 124.0 
Groundnuts 190.8 205.8 226.1 248.3 .. 
Cassava 900.2 925.5 1,026.1 1,136.8 .. 
Potatoes 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 
.. Not available. 
Source:  Guinean authorities. 
16. Cotton and coffee are the two major export crops.  Coffee production fluctuates and was 
around 28,800 tonnes in 2001, the same level as in  1999.  The production of seed cotton, however, 
amounted to some 72,000 tonnes in 2002, compared with 36,800 tonnes in 1999 following the reorganization of the subsector in 2000 (see below) .  Exports of fruit and vegetables are modest but 
are growing. 
17. Guinea also has a large herd of livestock, estim ated in 2002 to include 2.8 million cattle, goats 
(995,000), sheep (835,000) and pigs  (56,000), together with 7 milli on traditional poultry.  In 2002, 
however, meat production only amounted to 55,0 00 tonnes, barely covering domestic demand. 
18. Guinea has 14 million hectares of forest (equiva lent to almost 59 per cent of the national 
territory), of which 80 per cent is wooded savannah. 
19. Guinea has large fisheries resources and, as a co astal country, has a coastline of 300 km and a 
continental shelf of 56,000 km
2.  Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) covers 200,000 nautical miles.  It 
also has an important water network, estimated to  be 6,500 km.  The potential annual catch at sea is 
around 11,250 tonnes of fish, 15,000 tonnes of cephalopods and 4,000 tonnes of shrimp.8  T h e  
potential annual catch in freshwater is estimated to be 120,000 tonnes and aquaculture could be 
introduced in the mangroves. 
(iii) Agricultural and fisheries policy9 
(a) Overview 20. Guinea has followed an agricultural liberalizati on policy since 1985.  The ADPL, adopted in 
1991 and updated in 1997 is currently being updated once more.  Its priority focus of intervention is 
food security, to which must be added the followi ng:  promotion of export crops, sustainable 
management of natural resources, and fostering a dynamic private sector.  The objective set is an 
annual increase of 10 per cent in agricultural produc tion by 2010 in order to alleviate poverty to a 
large degree. 
                                                     
 
 8 Government of Guinea, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquacu lture, "Cadre juridique et réglementaire de la pêche".  
Available at:  http://www.guinee.gov.gn [22 March 2005]. 
 9 The main sources for this section were: Government of Guinea, Ministry of Agricultu re, Livestock and Forestry 
(1997), "Lettre de Politique de Développement Agricole 2"; Bayo , L. (2003), "Présentation de la filière rizicole de la 
Guinée".  Available at:  http://www.an cien.inter-reseaux.org [27 March 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
Page 58 
 
 
21. The following are the main areas of  intervention:  continuation of  the food security policy, in 
particular by supporting an increase in productivity a nd in agricultural production in favour of the 
rural poor;  diversifying food crops and action to di versify food consumption;  developing agricultural 
exports (coffee, cotton, fruit and vegetables) and re ducing food imports with a view to absorbing the 
deficit in the agricultural trade ba lance in the long term;  encouraging the development of a dynamic 
private agricultural sector by providing better financ ing tools, as well as by enhancing the legislative 
and regulatory environment;  improving the socioeconomic structure in rural areas;  pursuing the policy of State withdrawal from production and mark eting of agricultural products and carrying out 
works and enhancing the efficiency of agricultu ral services and projects;  increasing agricultural 
productivity;  developing agricultural activities with  high potential for creating jobs, especially in 
poor areas;  protecting the environment and prom oting rational and sustainable use of natural 
resources.  One important change since the first re view is the encouragement given by the authorities 
to the establishment of producers’ associations  in the form of chambers of agriculture. 
22. According to the information available to th e Secretariat, the cotton subsector has been 
reorganized since the first review in 1999.  In 2000, the CGC, a private company, signed an 
agreement with the State.10  The agreement commits the CGC to buying the entire production of seed 
cotton at a price negotiated with the State at the beginning of each season, to providing producers with 
support (supply of inputs free of charge, subsidized by the State in the amount of 22 per cent, and loans), as well as to implementing rural developmen t programmes on behalf of the State.  The CGC 
has a legal monopoly of the collection of seed cott on and distribution of seed.  The agreement gives 
the CGC a de facto  monopoly of the ginning of seed cotton, as well as the marketing of seed cotton 
and cotton fibre, including export.11  It commits the CGC to transfer 50 per cent of its export earnings 
in foreign currency to the BCRG. 
23. According to the cotton-producing countries of West and Central Africa, the support given to 
cotton producers by some WTO Members12 is one of the direct causes of the problems encountered in 
global cotton activities.  As shown in a study by th e World Bank, subsidies artificially inflate supplies 
on world markets and depress export prices, thereby lowering the export earnings of countries that are 
highly dependent on cotton.13  Guinea supports the sectoral initiative on cotton submitted to the WTO 
by Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali, which h as two main elements:  (i) the elimination of 
domestic support for production and subsidies for the export of cotton;  (ii) a transitional financial 
compensation mechanism to offset the loss of earnings.14  As part of its technical assistance plan for 
2004, the WTO organized a regional workshop on cotton for African countries in Cotonou on 23 and 
24 March 2004 in which Guinea participated.15 
24. ECOWAS held consultations among its member s on the subject of implementing a common 
agricultural policy (ECOWAP).  According to the EC OWAS Secretariat, the most important debate 
for the ECOWAP is no doubt the most appropriate t ype of trade regime for the food and agricultural 
                                                      
 10 The major shareholders are Guinean citizens, cotton producers and the Guinean State.  The Compagnie 
française pour le déve loppement des textiles  – CFDT (French Textile Developm ent Company), which managed the 
subsector at the time of the first review, has withdrawn. 
 11 During the 2001-2002 season, the CGC exported some 14,000 tonnes of fibre and 12,000 tonnes of seed cotton.  
World Investment News , "Interview avec M. Zoumanigui, Directeur Généra l Adjoint de la C.G.C. (Compagnie guinéenne du 
coton)".  Available at:  h ttp:\www.winne.com [10 March 2005]. 
 12 Especially the United States, China, the European Union (Spain and Greece).  See WTO document 
TN/AG/GEN/4 of 16 May 2003.  See also the st udy by the Ministry of Agriculture (2002). 
 13 Badiane, O, Ghura, D, Goreux, L and Masson, P.R. (2002). 
 14 WTO documents TN/AG/SCC/GEN/2 of 22 April 2005, WT/MIN(03)/SR/1, WT/MIN(03)/SR/2 of 
23 December 2003 and TN/AG/GEN/4 of 16 May 2003. 
 15 WTO document WT/L/587 of 17 November 2004. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
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sector in West Africa.16  In order to focus the debate, the four  scenarios adopted concern the extent to 
which barriers to internal trade within ECOWAS  should be lowered and the level of the CET 
(Common External Tariff) on agricultural products a nd goods imported from the international market.  
The scenarios are:  (i)  a closely integrated regiona l market and low protection at the border;  (ii) a 
fragmented regional market and low protection at th e border;  (iii) a fragmented regional market and 
strong protection at the border;  (iv) a closely integrated regional market and different protection 
depending on the product. 
25. Regarding fisheries policy, the regulatory frame work has not changed since the first review.17  
The regulations cover conditions for access to fisher ies resources, Guinean boats, foreign boats based 
in Guinea, and foreign boats (for example, tho se flying the flag of a European Union member 
country).  The policy covers both small-scale and indus trial fishing.  At the socioeconomic level, its 
main objectives are the following:  to cont ribute towards the population’s food security18; to build 
national capacity to exploit fisheries resources;  to  create value added for fisheries products by setting 
up the necessary infrastructure;  to create jobs; an d to make a sizeable contribution to the State’s 
revenue.19  A fisheries plan is drawn up annually in order to ensure sustainable management of 
fisheries resources. 
(b) Measures concerning trade in agricultural products 
Measures concerning imports of agricultural products 
26. In 2005, Guinea introduced a new customs tari ff based on the common external tariff (CET) 
of the West African Economic and Monetary Unio n (WAEMU) (Chapter III(2)(iv)(b)).  This reform 
only slightly lowered the average tariff on agricu ltural products, which still enjoy a higher level of 
tariff protection than that applicable to non-agricultu ral products (Table AIII.1).  In the vast majority 
of cases, agricultural products are classified in the category of consumer goods (including basic 
foodstuffs such as meat, fruit and vegetables) (Table  AIV.1) and are therefore subject to the maximum 
customs duty of 20 per cent.  Other taxes are levi ed on imports of any origin, for example, the 
ECOWAS community levy (PC), the clearance fee (RTL) and the additional centime (CA). 
27. In the case of rice, in particular, the tariff reform replaced the specific duty of GF 58,752 
(US$25.30 at the exchange rate prevailing at the en d of 2004) per tonne, applicable since 1998, by a 
fiscal import duty of 20 per cent (for bags weighing less than 5 kg) and 10 per cent (for bags of over 
5 kg).  The authorities are considering the introduction of a special import tax (TCI) on rice. In the 
WAEMU scheme, the TCI is an additional protecti on mechanism applicable at the national level 
whose objective is to protect domestic producer s of staple goods from competition by imported 
products.20  It should also be noted that, in times of shortage and after domestic stocks have been 
                                                      
 16 ECOWAS, "Agricultural Policy in  West Africa – ECOWAP", synt hesis, December 2004, page 9. 
 17 Law No. L/95/13/CTRN of 15 May 1995 establishing th e Maritime Fishing Code and Law No. L/96/067/AN of 
22 July 1996 establishing the Framew ork Law on Continental Fishing. 
 18 Foreign fishing boats based in Guinea must unload and market 50 per cent of their catch in Guinea. 
 19 Fishing royalties and contributions to administering the observer and monitoring pr ogramme are set annually in 
the fisheries plan.  According to the bilateral agreement on fishing, Guinea receives €17 million annually from the European 
Union (which could rise gradually to €19. 975 million if new fishing opportunities present themselves).  The level of fishing 
royalties and contributions to the observer and monitoring programme are in general hi gher for foreign boats than for foreign 
boats based in Guinea, which in turn are hi gher than those applicable to Guinean boats.  Royalties for foreign boats must be 
paid in foreign currency and contributions in Guinean currency  at the prevailing exchange rate.  Guinean boats and foreign 
boats based in Guinea pay the royalty in Guin ean currency at the prevailing exchange rate. 
 20 Annex No. 2 to Regulation No. 6/99/CM/UEMOA on adopti on of the TCI specifies that the TCI automatically 
applies to certain products:  condensed milk, crude vegetable oils, refined vege table oils, meat pr oducts, sugar, double 
tomato concentrate, cigarettes and cigarillos, detergent powder,  matches, jute sacks, polypro pylene bags (for sugar), and 
batteries. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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exhausted, the authorities negotiate a commitment on the part of importers to apply wholesale ceiling 
prices in exchange for subsidies.  It would also a ppear that when the excha nge rate for the Guinean 
franc was determined officially, a period which e nded in February 2005, rice importers were favoured 
as far as access to foreign currency was concerned.21 
28. Imports of products from ECOWAS member countries are in principle exempt from import 
duty, both in Guinea and in the other ECOWAS countries, and do not require a certificate of origin 
(Chapter II(4)(ii)(b)). 
29. Descriptive export application (DDE) and d escriptive import application (DDI) forms are 
required for all transactions amounting to at least US$ 2,000.  These are issued automatically with the 
exception of onions, potatoes and cigarettes.  The prohibition on the import of potatoes of European 
origin, in effect at the time of the first revi ew, is no longer demanded by domestic producers because 
of the enhanced competitiveness of this subsector (Chapter III(2)(v)).22 
30. The domestic taxes on imports are levied by the customs (Chapter III(2)(iv)(d)).  They consist 
of VAT at 18 per cent, except in the case of products  that are exempt, for example, rice, wheat, flour 
and additives used to make it, bread, edible oils, an d palm kernel oil.  Consolidated excise duty also 
applies to alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. 
Measures concerning exports of agricultural products 
31. Exports of agricultural products are in princi ple exempt from VAT.  A tax of US$ 13 is 
imposed on each tonne of coffee exported. 
32. The CGC has a legal monopoly of the collecti on of seed cotton and the distribution of seed 
free of charge, which gives it a de facto  monopoly of the ginning of seed cotton as well as of the 
marketing of seed cotton and co tton fibre, including exports.23 
33. The coffee-cocoa subsector has been reorganized.  According to the information available to 
the Secretariat, exports of Guinean coffee have  not been allowed by land since October 2003 and 
coffee exports must go through the port of Conakry.  The Société guinéenne d’exportation des 
produits agricoles et miniers  – SOGEPAM (Guinean Company for the Export of Agricultural and 
Mining Products), a private law company created in October 2003, had a monopoly of coffee 
exports24, and of the export of other cash crops25, but this monopoly was abolished in 2005.26  Coffee 
exported officially mainly goes to Morocco (whi ch gives it preferences under a bilateral trade 
agreement) and coffee that does not go through official buyers is sold to Senegal. 
                                                      
 21 IMF (2004c). 
 22 Grain de sel , "La Belle de Guinée dit non au protectionnisme", January 2003, No. 22.  Available at:  
http://www.inter-reseaux.org [10 March 2005]. 
 23 During the 2001-2002 season, the CGC exported some 14,000 tonnes of fibre and 12,000 tonnes of seed cotton.  
World Investment News , "Interview avec M. Zoumanigui, Directeur Généra l Adjoint de la C.G.C. (Compagnie guinéenne du 
coton)."  Available at:  h ttp:\www.winne.com [10 March 2005]. 
 24 According to the authorities, these measures were take n to combat the money-lendi ng practices of Senegalese 
traders vis-à-vis producers and to allow the repatriation of fo reign currency ("Fraude sur deux roues – Café de Guinée".  
Available at:  http://www.ql.umontreal.ca/vo lume12/numero1/mondev12n1b.ht ml [22 March 2005]). 
 25 According to the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues, the monopoly by this company "a des 
consequences désastreuses sur l’emploi rural" (Fidh, "Guin ée: une démocratie virtuelle, un avenir incertain", No. 386, 
April 2004).  Available at:  ht tp://www.fidh.org [22 March 2005]. 
 26 Boubah, "Le FMI", 17 April 2005.  Available at:  http://www.boubah.com/ article/article.asp? num=585&cat=3 
[3 July 2005]. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
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34. The situation regarding exports of rubber in Guinea has changed little since the first review.  
The Société guinéenne du palmier à huile et de l'hévéa  – SOGUIPAH (Guinean Oil Palm and Rubber 
Company), a State-owned company, is responsible  for regulating producer prices and marketing 
output, including exports (in the form of rubber). 
35. The situation regarding exports of fisheries products has also changed little since the first 
review of Guinea’s trade policy because Guinea still does not meet the conditions required to obtain 
recognition of equivalence with the sanitary rules set in the EU Regulations and consequently is still 
on List II of third countries, whose imports of fisheries products are authorized on a case-by-case 
basis.27  The authorization only applies to refrigera ted or frozen fisheries products prepared in 
facilities approved by the EU.28  Guinea has signed a bilateral agreement with the EU on deep-sea 
fishing covering the period 1 January 2004 to 31 D ecember 2008.  Fisheries products are not counted 
in Guinea’s exports.29 
36. Agri-food enterprises whose exports amount to 22 per cent of their turnover may be eligible 
for the exporting enterprises regime pursuant to the Investment Code (Table II.1). 
37. Agricultural, fisheries and livestock exports receive support from the Centre d'appui aux 
formalités d'exportation – CAFEX (Export Formalities Centre), whose technical offices include 
representatives of the various authorities which issue certificates to accompany exports 
(Chapter III(3)(v)).  It should be noted, however, that Guinean quality certif icates are not recognized 
abroad. 
Domestic measures concerning agricultural products 
 
38. Free pricing has remained the rule for agri cultural products since the first review, but 
administrative price controls may be introdu ced for basic commodities (rice, for example). 
39. The authorities have introduced a programme for i nvestment in the rural sector.  Furthermore, 
agricultural enterprises may request approval under th e regime for enterprises developing natural 
resources, pursuant to the Investment Code (Table II.1). 
                                                      
 27 European Commission, Directorate General of Health a nd Consumer Protection, final report concerning mission 
to Guinea on 4 to 8 December to evaluate production and export conditions for fisher ies products, DT SANCO/1282/200-
MR final.  Available at:  http://europa.eu.int [28 March 2005].  
28 Guinea’s Consolidated List, Amendm ent to the Annex to Decision 2001/64/EC of the Commission, last updated 
on 6 December 2004.  See also UNIDO "Good Fish – Guinea’ s Exports to the European Market", 19 January 2001.  
Available at:  http://www.unido.org [22 March 2005].  It s hould be noted that only fisheries products from Guinea are 
affected and not other products of animal origin. 
 29 A framework agreement was signed in 1983 ("Regulati on (EEC) No. 971/83 of the Council of 28 March 1983 
on the conclusion of the Agreement between the European Ec onomic Community and the Government of the Revolutionary 
People’s Republic of Guinea on Fishing off the Guinean Coast" , Official Journal of the European Communities No. L.111 of 
27 April 1983.  Available at:  http://europa.eu.int [27 March 2005] ).  The provisions in effect determine the presence of the 
EU fleet of a maximum capacity of 4,000 GRT for trawling and 34 seiners, together with 23 other vessels including long-
line surface fishing vessels and pole and line vessels for tuna fishing. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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(3) SECONDARY SECTOR30 
(i) Overview 
40. In 2002, the secondary sector accounted for some 32 per cent of GDP formation (Table I.1).  
During the period 1999-2004, growth in this sector in real terms was an average of 3.9 per cent, 
higher than that of the national GDP at 3.1 per cent. 
41. The majority of activities in the secondary sector are in the mining and quarrying subsector, 
mainly the mining of bauxite and its processing into  alumina, but also building and public works.  
Manufacturing only makes a modest contribution to GDP formation (3.5 per cent in 2004). 
42. Industry is disadvantaged by the constraints affe cting development of the private sector (see 
below), as well as by certain specific problems, pa rticularly relating to water and electricity 
(section (iii) below).  The lack of an adequate en ergy infrastructure in Guinea is currently the major 
obstacle to growth in the processing of bauxite into  aluminium.  For example, the alumina produced 
by the Alumina Company of Guinea (AGC) is expor ted to Douala in Cameroon and processed into 
aluminium at the dam in Édéa. 
43. The Government organized a round table on deve lopment of the private sector in 2002.  
Despite the incentives provided in the Investment  Code (Chapter II(3)(iii)(e)), there are many 
obstacles hampering development of the private sector, except for the mining sector, namely:  
administrative harassment, difficult access to loans a nd foreign currency, taxation, the high cost of 
inputs, inadequate infrastructure and production equi pment, banditry and insecurity, lack of training, 
lack of support for exports, and the high cost of transport.31 
(ii) Mining 
(a) Basic data 44. Guinea has 30 per cent of the world’s known r eserves of bauxite (a potential of 25 billion 
tonnes, of which 12 billion tonnes can be exploited).  It also has a large quantity of mineral resources 
(iron and diamonds in the forest region and gold in  Haute Guinée).  Diamonds are currently exploited 
both on a small scale and industrially, whereas gold is  mainly exploited on a small scale.  Iron is not 
exploited on an industrial scale due to lack of  financing for the construction of the major 
Transguinéen  project, a railway extending almost 1,000 km.
32 
                                                      
 30 The main sources consulted for this  section are the information provided by the Guinean authorities and the 
following references:  Government of Guinea, "Secte ur secondaire", available at:  http://www.guinee.gov.gn  
[10 November 2005];  Government of Guinea, Ministry of Mining, "Le Code minier guinéen ", available at:  
http://www.guinee.gov .gn/5_investir/le_code_minier.pdf  [10 November 2005];  the briefs prepared for the Round Table on 
Private Sector Funding on "L’industrie minière", "L’industrie manufacturière".  Available at:  
http://http://www.mirinet.net.gn/TableRonde [12 March 2005];  the syntheses of France’s economic missions on "Le secteur 
minier en Guinée" (August 2003), "Le secteur de l’énergie en  Guinée" (March 2004), "Le secteur de l’eau en Guinée" 
(22 April 2003).  Available at:  http ://www.missioneco.org/guinee [12 March 2005]. 
 31 Guinean Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Handicraf ts (CCIAG), Guinean National Chamber of Agriculture 
(CNAG), Guinean National Employers’ Council (CNPG), "Mémora ndum sur les difficultés du secteur privé guinéen adressé 
au Gouvernement", May 2000. 
 32 The iron deposits at Mount Nimba and Simandou (in the forest region of Guinea) ar e estimated to be 3 and 
4 billion tonnes of high-grade iron ore and known reserves are some 350 million tonnes.  The project to develop these 
deposits was elaborated in 1997, but since th en its implementation has been confronted  by the problem of rail transport as 
the rail and port infrastructure in Guinea is inadequate and th e security situation in neighbour ing countries is unstable.  
Government of Guinea, Primature, "Secteur primaire".   Available at:  http:// www.guinee.gov.gn [22 March 2005]. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 63 
 
 
45. The following are the major operators in the mining sector: the Compagnie des bauxites de 
Guinée  – CBG (Guinean Bauxite Company)33 and the Alumina Company of Guinea (ACG) for 
bauxite34; the Société Ashanti de Guinée  – SAG (Guinean Ashanti Company), the Société minière de 
Dinguiraye  – SMD (Dinguiraye Mining Company) and the Société d’Exploitation Minière d’Afrique 
de l’Ouest   – SEMAFO-Guinée (West African Mining Company) for gold;  and Arédor First City 
Mining – FCM mines diamonds (Table IV.2).35  Gold and diamonds are also exploited on a small 
scale by gold panners and diamond miners in possession of  individual mining permits.  Gold is sold to 
the BCRG, which sells it on foreign markets. 
Table IV.2 
Major operators in the mining sector, 2000-2004 
 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 
CBG      
 - Exports (tonnes) 12,787,432 12,243,411 12,365,415 12,522,224 12,938,000 
- Sales (US$) 278,675,000 299,210,000 263,204,825 24,8,601,000 275,000,000 
- Mining tax (US$) 87,087,000 86,810,000 67,177,000 62,159,000 73,000,000 
CBK      
 - Exports (tonnes) 1,425,203 1,598,940 1,721,862 1,416,325 2,316,192 
- Sales (US$) 20,767,306 20,438,586 19,001,282 14,764,930 22,003,824 
- Mining tax (US$) .. 1,166,093 1,091,684 1,097,786 2,071,062 
ACG      
 - Exports (tonnes) 570,938 644,008 723,864 738,207 766,043 
- Sales (US$) 84,303,887 98,514,826 100,901899 87,771,055 99,190,635 
- Mining tax (US$) 1,031,000 1,200,659 1,100,462 1,171,038 .. 
.. Not available. 
Source:  Guinean authorities (National Directorate of Mines). 
46. The strong dependence of Guinean exports on mining products has not changed since the first 
review of Guinea’s trade policy in 1999.  In 2003, exports of mining products amounted to some US$ 587 million, of which bauxite and alumina (a  by-product of bauxite) represented 60 per cent, 
gold one third and diamonds the rest (Table IV.3).   Guinea is the world’s second largest exporter of 
bauxite and accounts for almost 40 per cent of global trade in bauxite.  It supplies 40 per cent of the 
United States bauxite requirements. 
                                                     
 
 33 Alcan and Alcoa each hold 45 per cent of the shares in  Halco Mining, a company which owns 51 per cent of the 
CBG, the remainder being held by the State. 
 34 RUSAL (Russian Aluminium) and Reynolds Metal hold the ma jority share, the remainder is held by the State.  
The AGC took over the CBK in 2001 and since 2002 has exploited th e Friguia deposit and the alumin a plant at Fria Kimbo.  
See http://www.rusal.com/busin ess/geography [25 March 2005]. 
 35 The seven major mining companies operating in Gu inea (Friguia, CBG, Arédor, CBK, SMD, HYMEX and 
SAG) established the Guinean Chamber of Mines in 1998.  The overall objective of the Cham ber is to promote Guinea’s 
economic development and to carry out speci al missions to promote the interests of its members, represent them, encourage 
consultation among them, seek their coopera tion, provide them with strategic info rmation and assist the Government and 
economic actors in their development activities.  "La Chambre des Mines", available at:  http://www.mirinet.net.gn/investgn/ 
commerce/chambmin.htm [26 March 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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Table IV.3 
Production and exports of mining products, 2002-2004 
 2002 2003 2004 
Bauxite    
- Production (tonnes) 17,480,000 17,044,000 17,805,000 
- Exports (tonnes) 14,087,000 13,939,000 15,009,000 
- Value of exports (US$) 282,206,107 263,365,930 297,003,824 
Alumina    
- Value of exports (US$) 100,901,899 87,771,055 99,190,635 
Gold    
- Production (tonnes) 16,815 16,622 14,738 
- Exports (tonnes) 16,815 16,622 14,738 
- Value of exports (US$) 164,983,084 190,248,568 .. 
Diamonds    
- Industrial exports (carats) 26,877 28,472 40,119 
- Small-scale exports (carats) 464,283 637,528 669,655 
- Value of exports (US$) 26,713,582 46,407,890 51,710,740 
.. Not available. 
Source:  Guinean authorities (National Directorate of Mines). 
(b) Mining Code 
47. The regulatory framework for mining has not changed since the first review in 1999.  The 
1995 Mining Code36 and its implementing decrees determine the requirements for access to mineral 
or fossil substances in the subsoil within Guinea’ s exclusive economic zone or on the surface, as well 
as in ground waters and geothermal sites.  Thes e substances belong to the Guinean State, but the 
holders of mining exploitation titles may own the substances they mine.  The Centre de promotion et 
de développement miniers  – CPDM (Mining Promotion and Deve lopment Centre) acts as the interface 
between potential investors and the government authorities.  A promoter wishing to obtain a mining 
title is notified of the decision by the Ministry of Mining at the latest two months after submitting an application. 
48. The Mining Code provides that any Guinean or foreign public or private natural or legal 
person under Guinean law possessing the necessary t echnical and financial capacity may exploit 
mining substances or quarries.  However, only Guinean  natural or legal persons may engage in the 
semi-industrial and small-scale mining of precious s ubstances.  The State may ask for a holding in any 
exploitation, negotiated with the investor, but in such  a way as not to impede control of the operation. 
49. The Mining Code provides for five mining permits:  survey licence, prospection permit, 
exploitation permit, mining concession and small-scal e exploitation permit.  The permits are subject 
to a once-only fixed charge, annual royalties depending on the area, and mining taxes. 
50. According to the information available to the WTO Secretariat, mining enterprises that have 
signed agreements with the State are eligible for tax and customs incentives, and also for special 
provisions concerning the exchange regime and mining taxes.  Although the National Assembly 
approves each agreement, the specific provisions ar e set out in annexes protected by business secrecy. 
In addition to those in the agreements, during th e period reviewed mining enterprises were able to 
obtain further exemptions, which the authorities ne vertheless decided to ab olish in October 2004 
                                                     
 
 36 Law No. L/95/036/CTRN of 30 June 1995. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
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pursuant to one of the key recommendations in the Public Spending Review by the World Bank for 
the purpose of implementing the PRSP (Chapter III(2)(iv)(e)).37 
(iii) Electricity 
51. Guinea has considerable hydroelectric energy po tential but it is under-exploited, amounting to 
13,000 MW.  Nevertheless, bearing in mind the low le vel of investment and the lack of maintenance 
of the existing infrastructure, the electricity supply  does not suffice, particularly during the dry season, 
which is often marked by power cuts throughout Guinea. 
52. At the recommendation of donors, the State took over management of the sector following the 
termination of the contract with the private company; Électricité de Guinée  – EDG (Guinea Electric 
Company) was created in 200138, with the State as the sole shareholder.39  The EDG has a monopoly 
of electricity generation, transport and supply in Guinea, although many enterprises and private 
persons have installed gene rators in order to meet their own energy needs. 
53. In 2003, Guinea’s total installed capacity was 365 MW, of which 205 MW for the EDG 
(154 MW of output capacity) and some 160 MW fo r independent producers (mainly mining 
companies).  The EDG’s installed capacity comprise s hydraulic generation (57 per cent) and thermal 
generation (43 per cent).  In 2003, the EDG’s total output was 584 GWh, slightly below the figure for 2002, compared with overall electricity consumpti on supplied by the public service estimated at 
484 GWh.  The same year, production by independent producers was some 616 GWh, bringing 
Guinea’s total production to 1,200 GWh in 2003. 
54. Electricity rates through Guinea are determined in a joint order by the Minister for the 
Economy and Finance and the Minister for Energy.  The rates are the same throughout Guinea and 
there are two categories of consumer (industrial an d private).  The current rates date from 2004 and 
were the first revision since 1997.  Since it was set up,  the EDG has had to confront serious cash flow 
problems and in collecting payments because of unpa id bills (particularly by the State, its main 
client), which makes it difficult to build production cap acity in cities in the interior of Guinea and to 
bring electricity to new towns. 
55. The authorities acknowledge that: 
 "Without energy, any development of the mini ng industry is jeopardized.  This means the 
implementation of a dynamic energy policy capable of ensuring the smooth and dynamic 
development of Guinea’s mining sector."40 
 
56. The policy letter on development of the electricity sector, adopted in 1992, is still the 
authorities’ basic policy document in this respect. 
                                                      
 37 World Bank (2004). 
 38  Guinea Electric Company .  Available at:  http://www.afri ca-ata.org/gu_electricite.htm. 
 39 In 1987, the Société nationale  d'électricité  – SNE (National Electricity Company) became a State-owned 
enterprise of an industrial and commercial nature called Énergie électrique de Guinée  – ENELGUI (Guinean Electricity) 
with its own legal status and managerial  autonomy.  Because of ENELGUI’s poor performance, the Stat e partly withdrew 
from the sector.  In 1994, therefore, ENELGUI became a Stat e-owned asset.  At the same time, a semi-public operating 
company was set up, the Société guinéenne d’électricité  –SOGEL (Guinean Electricity Co mpany), 33.4 per cent of whose 
capital was held by the Guinean State and 66.6 per cent by an international consortium (HQI, SAUR and EDF).  Its task was 
to operate the public electricity service under a concession agreement.  According to the information availa ble, this contract 
has been terminated.  
 40 Government of Guinea, Ministry of Mining (1997), "L e Code minier guinéen", page 3.  Available at:  
http://www.guinee.gov .gn/5_investir/le_code_minier.pdf  [10 November 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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(iv) Water 
57. The State took over management of the water s ector following termination of the contract 
with the private company.  The urban wate r resources subsector is the monopoly of the Société des 
Eaux de Guinée  – SEG (Guinean Water Company)41, a public limited company with a State holding, 
which is responsible for investment and maintain ing and operating the national network.  At the 
village level, the water subsector is administered by the Société Nationale des Points d’Eau  – SNAPE 
(Water Distribution Company), which is responsible for building water distribution points in Guinea’s 
interior and for sanitation in rural areas. 
58. Underground and surface wa ter resources are estimated to be 177,443 billion m3.  Average 
annual rainfall is 430 billion m3.  Between 1989 and 1998, water production rose from 45,000 m3/day 
to 100,000 m3/day in Conakry.  In 1989, only seven towns in Guinea had running water, whereas in 
1999 the number was 25, with the same figure in 2003.  The rate of access to water for the urban population is estimated to be 80 per cent.  However, there are water shortages. 
59. Water charges throughout Guinea are determined in a joint order by the Minister for the 
Economy and Finance and the Minister for Water Resources.  They were last revised in 199542, 
despite constant efforts by the SEG  to have them revised upwards.43  Over 75 per cent of the SEG’s 
production resources come from its own funds and ar e wholly composed of the revenue earned from 
selling water.  Since 2002, there has been a gr owing imbalance between water demand and production 
capacity, as well as a loss of productivity. 
(v) Manufacturing 
(a) Basic data 
60. The manufacturing sector has not changed greatly si nce the first review and its contribution to 
GDP formation is extremely modest (4.7 per cent in 2003).  Guinea’s manufacturing sector is made 
up essentially of around 40 enterprises that emerge d from the privatization programme and some 
private enterprises set up after 1984.  The agri-food industry (food and beverages) accounts for 40 per 
cent of its capacity, followed by building materials (cement), tobacco and metal processing.  According to official data (Table I.2), around half  of manufacturing is trad itional (semi-industrial or 
small-scale) or informal (for example, bakeries and tailoring workshops). 
61. The following are the major enterprises:  SOBRAGUI (beer, aerated beverages and 
pineapple-based fruit juices), BONAGUI (aerated beverages), the Grands Moulins de Guinée 
(Guinean Milling Company) (wheat flour), the Société Libio-Guinénne pour le Développement de 
l’Agro Industrie  – SALGUIDIA (Libyan-Guinean Company for the Development of Agro-industry) 
(fruit juices), the Barry and Diallo and Nestlé Company (stock cubes), the 
Compagnie des Eaux 
Minérales de Guinée (Guinean Mineral Water Company) (mineral waters), the Entreprise 
Nationale de Tabac de Guinée  – ENTAG (Guinean National Tobacco Company) (cigarettes), SAPT 
                                                      
 41 Decree No. D/2001/096/PRG/SGG.  This company is  the result of the amal gamation of the former Société 
Nationale des Eaux de Guinée  – SONEG (Guinean National Water Company), a State-owned enterprise that was dissolved 
in 2001, and the former Société d’Exploitation des Eaux de Guinée  – SEEG (Guinean Water Operating Company).  A 
private consortium had a majority holding of 51 per cent in the latter and 49 per cent belonged to the State.  See Couven 
(1999) for an explanation of Guinea’s experience in managing the water sector over the period 1989-1999. 
 42 Connecting to the water supply costs GF 405,000.  The first tranche of consumption (from zero to 20 m3) is 
billed at GF 680 per cubic metre, the second (from 21 to 40 m3) at GF 850 and over and above 40 m3 the customer pays 
GF 980. 
 43 Panapress , "La Société des Eaux de Guinée handicapée par le gel de ses tariffs", 13 N ovember 2004.  Available 
at:  http://www.panapr ess.com [4 June 2005]. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 67 
 
 
Huilor and Sincery (edible oils), the Société Ciments de Guinée (Guinea Cement) and the Kankan 
Cotton Project. 
62. With some exceptions, the majority of manufacturers enjoy a monopoly or virtual monopoly 
of the domestic market and are not subject to co mpetition from imported like products, which are in 
any case the subject of protective measures (see be low).  Few enterprises export any part of their 
production. 
(b) Industrial development policy 63. The authorities have been considering the qu estion of industrial development for over a 
decade.  In 1990 and 1991, Guinea adopted a Blue print for Industrialization drawn up with the 
assistance of UNDP and UNIDO.  From 1994 to 1998, the Projet Assistance à la Gestion Stratégique 
de Développement Industriel de la Guinée  – GSDI (Project to Assist Strategic Management of 
Industrial Development in Guinea) led to studies of  17 industrial branches and the organization of an 
Investors Forum in May 1998.  The revisions of the Investment Code and the establishment of the 
Office de Promotion des Investissements Privés  – OPIP (Office of Private Investment Promotion) 
(Chapter II(2)(iii)) are some of its achievements. 
64. In 1998, with the support of the United Nations system, the Government drew up a 
framework programme to support and develop the priv ate sector and in May 2002 this led to a Round 
Table on Private Sector Funding.  The main strategies identified are the following:  reform of legislation and regulations on the private sector;  support for capacity buildin g for the collection and 
analysis of socioeconomic data and the elabora tion of policies and programmes adapted to Guinea’s 
situation and needs;  taking into account the need  to build business and management capacity in 
industry, mining, agriculture, fisheries, livestock breeding, handicrafts and services;  taking into 
account the financing needs of promoters of projec ts;  the quest for and establishment of lines of 
credit to finance SME/SMI projects and micro-proj ects;  development of mechanisms to enhance 
human capacity and that of institutions responsib le for mobilizing resources;  and improving the 
infrastructure. 
(vi) Measures concerning trade in non-agricultural products Measures concerning imports of non-agricultural products 
65. In general, non-agricultural products are subject to an average MFN duty of 11 per cent 
(Table III.2), a level which is relatively lower than  the protection given to agricultural products (see 
above).  These products are also subject to the ECOWAS PC, the RTL and the CA.  Imports of non-
agricultural products are exempt from import duty (DFI , PC) if they originate in one of the ECOWAS 
member countries and if they are approved under the "single Trade Liberalisation Scheme (TLS)" 
(Chapter II(4)(ii)(b)). 
66. The concern to protect agri-food enterprises, which only have the domestic market as an 
outlet, appears to be the reason for the high tari ff protection granted to these products (16.4 per cent 
for the manufacture of food products, beverage s and tobacco compared to 12.1 per cent for 
manufacturing industries in general), which has been retained in the 2005 tariff reform (Table AIV.1).  
This tariff protection may be increased when  the ECOWAS Common Agricultural Policy is 
implemented (see above). 
67. Descriptive export and descriptive import appli cation forms are required for any transactions 
amounting to at least US$ 2,000. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
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68. Non-agricultural products are also subject to domestic taxes such as VAT and consolidated 
excise duty and, in the case of petroleum products, to a special tax (Chapter III(2)(iv)(d)).  The 
highest taxation (DFI, PC, RTL, CA, VAT, AC) app lies to alcoholic beverages (97.81 per cent) as a 
result of the consolidated excise duty of 45 per cent applicable to them.  Fruit juices are also highly 
taxed (62.4 per cent) as a result of the new degre ssive protection tax (TDP) of 15 per cent.  The 
authorities explain that this tax shoul d in principle be abolished in 2009. 
69. National demand for petroleum products is w holly met by imports.  These accounted for 
around one quarter of Guinea’s total imports in 2003 (Chapter I(4)).  The Société Guinéenne du 
Pétrole  – SGP (Guinean Petroleum Company), a compan y under civil law held jointly by the Guinean 
State, Elf Oil, Shell, Total, Petrogui and Mobil Oil, has a monopoly of all imports, storage in the 
autonomous port of Conakry (PAC) and w holesale deliveries of petroleum products.44  The SGP is 
managed by Elf, Total or Shell in rotation for periods of three years.  Transport and distribution are 
provided by the petroleum companies Shell, Elf, To tal, Lenoil and Petrogui.  Petroleum products are 
the subject of a special tax (Chapter III(2)(iv)(d)). 
70. At the time of the first review, the Secretariat noted in its report that the negative escalation of 
import duties, which made imported inputs relativel y expensive (subject to relief being granted), was 
one of the main factors inhibiting the development of the manufacturing sector in Guinea.45  T h i s  
negative escalation was eliminated as a result of the tari ff reform in early 2005 (Table AIV.1), but it is 
too early to perceive the results. 
Measures concerning exports of non-agricultural products 
71. Agricultural and industrial products originating in Guinea are, in princi ple, exempt from fiscal 
export duty (Chapter III(3)(iii)).  Mining products ar e subject to mining taxes levied by the customs 
and determined in the relevant agre ements.  Gold in ingots is subject to a 5 per cent tax determined on 
the basis of the London fixing.  Diamonds and other gems pay a tax of 5-10 per cent on the final value 
of sale in the raw state, lowered to  2 per cent in the case of cut stones. 
72. In principle, exports of non-agricultural pr oducts are exempt from VAT.  It would appear, 
however, that economic operators in the mining sector find it difficult to obtain refund of VAT 
(Chapter III(3)(iii)).46 
73. According to the information available to the Secretariat, gold is marketed on global markets 
by the BCRG and the cost price to producers is based on the London fixing.  In the case of raw 
diamonds, which are Guinea’s only diamond exports, pa rticipation in the Kimberley process requires 
the issue of a certificate of origin by a specialized agency (Chapter III(3)(iv)). 
Domestic measures concerni ng non-agricultural products 
74. The price of petroleum products is controlled throughout Guinea.  The latest increase was on 
13 May 2005, following that of 13 August 2004.  Th is is because the pump price was considerably 
lower than the import cost and the differen ce was being covered by the State budget. 
75. The tax exemptions granted to approved mini ng enterprises are the main support measures 
given to the mining sector.  Furthermore, the authorities invest in development of the sector by 
                                                      
 44 SGP’s capital is divided as follows:  Guinean Governme nt (20 per cent), Elf Oil Guinée (17 per cent), Shell 
Guinée (17 per cent), Total Guinée (17 per cent), Petrogui  (17 per cent) and Mobil Oil Guinée (13 per cent). 
 45 WT/TPR/S/54 of 8 January 1999, Chapter IV, page 63. 
 46 United States, Department of Commerce (2003). Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 69 
 
 
building the support infrastructure (for example, roads,  rail links, port facilities).  Mining taxes are an 
important source of revenue for the State:  accordi ng to the data available, mining taxes paid by the 
CBG, the CBK and the ACG amounted to US$ 64.3 million in 2003. 
76. The major support measures given to non-mi ning enterprises are determined in the 
Investment Code (Table II.1).  Manufacturing ente rprises which export 22 per cent of their turnover 
are eligible for the exporting enterprises regime.  Enterprises may request approval under the regime 
for enterprises developing natural resour ces, pursuant to the Investment Code. 
77. As regards cement, it should be no ted that it is the subject of sev eral protection measures.  For 
example, a minimum price applicable throughout Guinea (Chapter III(4)(ii)) was introduced in 2004 
in an amount negotiated between the State and the SCG, which has a monopoly.47  Cement is also 
subject to mandatory standards (Chapter III(2)(x)) and is the only product subject to certification. 
(4) S ERVICES48 
(i) Overview 
78. The tertiary sector (both market and non-market services) accounted for 46.3 per cent of 
nominal GDP in 2004, a drop since the first revi ew attributable to the general weakness in all 
branches of activity, particularly trade (54 per cent of the services sector).  In real terms, growth in the 
tertiary sector over the period 1999-2004 was 2.1 per cent, considerably below annual growth in the 
GDP of 3.1 per cent.  These figures take into account  activities by traders in the informal sector, who 
in fact dominate trade (Table II.2).  Guinea has la rge potential to develop maritime transport services 
and tourism, still relatively little developed. 
79. In 2004, Guinea had a structural deficit in ma rket services amounting to US$ 238.3 million, 
mainly attributable to interna tional transport-related services. 
(ii) Transport 
(a) Maritime transport 
80. Guinea has two deep-water ports:  Conakry and Kamsar.  Kamsar is a mineral ore port and is 
used mainly to export the bauxite mined by the CBG, which manages it.  The Autonomous Port of Conakry (PAC) is a State-owned company responsible  for managing the capital’s port.  All ancillary 
port activities (transit, consignment, handli ng and transport) have been privatized. 
                                                     
 
 47 The SCG  has a monopoly of production.  It was bought from the State by the group Holcim in 1998 and its 
capital is now divided between Holcim (60 per cent) and the State (40 per cent).  It covers 80 per cent of the market, which 
enabled it to achieve a turnover of GF 70 billion in 2001 (some US$ 35 million). 
 48 The main sources for this section were the informati on provided by the Guinean authorities and the following 
references:  IMF (2004), "Guinea:  Statistical Appendix", Country Report 04/374.  Available at:  http://www.imf.org 
[22 December 2004];  Government of Guin ea, "Secteur Tertiaire".  Available at:  http//guinee.gov.gn [22 March 2005];  the 
briefs prepared for the Round Table on Private Sector F unding on "Les transports", "Le tourisme".  Av ailable at:  
http//www.mirinet.net.gn/TableR onde [12 March 2005];  and the syntheses of  France’s economic missions on "Le secteur 
des télécommunications en Guinée" (F ebruary 2004), "Le transport en Guin ée" (28 May 2003).  Available at:  
http://www.missioneco.org /guinee [12 March 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
Page 70 
 
 
81. Twenty maritime lines serve the PAC.49  The port has 11 berths with a total length of 
1,668 metres.  The PAC accepts commercial vessels, mineral ore carriers and fishing vessels and in 
2004 it handled 2.348 million tonn es of imports (compared to 1.85 million tonnes in 1999) and 
2.8 million tonnes of exports (compare d with 2.09 million in 1999).  There are four special areas:  for 
containers, exports of bauxite, e xports of alumina and imports of hydrocarbons.  The PAC’s annual 
capacity is 50,000 containers and it can handle vessel s of up to 25,000 tonnes.  It also has large 
storage capacity for containers, although this is not utilized to the full.  According to the authorities, 
the PAC is not very competitive because of the insecu rity and the shallow draught, less than that of 
other large ports in the subregion (9.6 metres compared to 10.5 to 11 metres).50 
82. According to the authorities, Guinea is committe d to implementing the International Ship and 
Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which entered into force on 1 July 2004, in the PAC but is 
experiencing funding problems (estimated at €5 million) .  This new global regime for security aims at 
establishing an international regime for coopera tion among governments, governmental organizations, 
the maritime transport industry and the port industry in order to determine the measures to be taken to 
prevent incidents relating to the safety of ships a nd port installations engage d in international trade 
and to apply them. 
83. Ships are fitted out by a State-owned company, the Société navale guinéenne  – SNG 
(Guinean Naval Company) as far as non-mineral tran sport is concerned, and a semi-public company, 
GUINOMAR (Guinea-Norway) for transport of mineral ore.  The SNG does not have any ships:  it 
negotiates traffic rights pursuant to the provisions of the UNCTAD Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences and administers Guinea’s share.  Cu rrently, the SNG levies US$ 0.10 per tonne of 
merchandise loaded/unloaded under the new financing system of the Maritime Organization for West 
and Central Africa (which is the consultation framewo rk for the 25 countries in the subregion for all 
maritime-related transport issues)51, together with ship owners’ committees.  There are five cargo 
handlers in the Port of Conakry (Maersk, Société d’entreprise de Transports Maritimes et Aériens  – 
GETMA (Maritime and Air Transport Company), SOGUICOM, SDV and SOAEM). 
84. Since February 1998, the Port of Conakry has housed the Malian warehouse (EMAGUI) for 
its maritime transit from and/or to Mali.  Inter-State  river transport with Mali is via the Rivers Niger 
and Milo, but only for four months of the year (w et season).  The Governments are considering joint 
dredging activities in order to improve the situation. 
85. Coastal cabotage is free in Guinea subject to prio r authorization.  The cost of maritime and 
river transport is determined by the operators grouped together in associations (for example, the 
Organisation des consignataires (Consignees’ Organization) and the Organisation des 
manutentionnaires (Organization of Cargo Handlers).  Guinea is a member of the International 
Maritime Organization (IMO). 
                                                      
 49 Hamburg (Germany), Felixstowe (Unite d Kingdom), Antwerp (Belgium), Le Havre (France), Skikda (Algeria), 
Barcelona (Spain), Marseilles (France), Genoa (Italy), Alexandria (Egypt), Jeddah  (Saudi Arabia), Dubai (United Arab 
Emirates), Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), Kuwait, Durb an (South Africa), Port Elizabeth (South Africa), Cape Town 
(South Africa), Monrovia (Liberia), New Orleans (United States),  Philadelphia (United States), New York (United States). 
 50 Government of Guinea, "Les transports", brief pr epared for the Round Table on Private Sector Funding.  
Available at:  http://www.mirinet.ne t.gn/TableRonde [12 March 2005]. 
 51 http://www.marineafric.com. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 71 
 
 
(b) Air transport 
86. Guinea has one international airport at Conakry a nd 14 airfields in the interior, four of which 
are private.  The capacity at Conakry airport is  not used to the full as traffic in 2002 was only 
264,000 passengers on 9,334 flights, with 3,700 tonnes of freight. 
87. The airport is managed by the Société de gestion et d’exploitation de l’aéroport de Conakry  – 
SOGEAC (Conakry Airport Management and Operation Company)52.  The State-owned company, 
Agence de la navigation aérienne  – ANA (Air Navigation Agency) is responsible for air navigation 
safety and manages and operates the domestic airfields.  Fuel is supplied to aircraft by the Société 
mixte de carburant d'aviation de Guinée  – SOMCAG (Guinean Joint Aviation Fuel Company).53 
88. Air transport is governed by the Civil Aviation Code of June 1995.54  Any person wishing to 
set up an air transport company in Guinea must meet the following requirements: be a Guinean 
citizen, possess the necessary qualifications (or be a ssociated with a qualified partner) and deposit 
security to cover the cost of insurance and operations  for the first three months with an approved bank 
in Guinea.  In addition to these requirements, th e applicant must send a written application to the 
Minister responsible for civil aviation, accompanied by the articles of incorporation and the structure 
of the company. 
89. Guinea is a member of the International Air Tr ansport Association (IATA), the International 
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the FIR ROBERTS.55 
90. Foreign presence and traffic rights granted to foreign companies flying to Guinea are 
governed by bilateral agreements between Guinea  and its partners.  Guinea has signed such 
agreements with 39 countries, and 16 are still in effe ct.  These agreements generally cover third and 
fourth freedom rights. 
(c) Land transport 91. The road network covers 33,585 km, but the per centage of sealed roads in comparison with its 
length is one of the lowest in the subregion:  of 13,585 km of national and regional roads, only 
14.72 per cent are sealed.  In 2001, the number of  automobiles was 120,000 (an increase of one third 
in comparison with 1998), the main reason being the import of used vehicles. However, with a rate of 
vehicle ownership of 1.51 per cent, corresponding to  one vehicle for every 66 Guinean citizens, the 
supply is well below demand. 
92. Urban and interurban passenger transport is prov ided by individuals w ho generally operate in 
the informal sector, and also transport goods.  Th e poor state of the roads in general, however, 
together with security problems
56, means that the interior of Guinea faces supply problems.  As far as 
the trans-border transport of goods is concer ned, unlike many countries belonging to ECOWAS, 
Guinea has not yet introduced th e necessary mechanisms for operation of the Interstate Road 
Transport (ISRT) scheme, in accordan ce with the relevant convention signed by member countries of 
ECOWAS. 
                                                      
 52 The Guinean State holds 51 per cent of  its capital, with 29 per cent for Aéroports de Paris (ADP) and 20 per cent 
for the French Development Fund. 
 53 The Guinean State holds 49 per cent of its ca pital and Total holds the other 51 per cent. 
 54 Law No. L/95/024/CTRN of 2 June 1995. 
 55 The headquarters of the FIR ROBERTS is in Conakry and the other members are Liberia and Sierra Leone. 
 56 A study carried out by STEC International in 1997 indi cated that almost GF 4 billion (US$ 3.7 million at the 
1997 exchange rate) was levied at informal checkpoints on the roads. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
Page 72 
 
 
93. The railways comprise one national railway line of 662 km between Conakry and Kankan, 
although it is not operating, and three private lines belonging to mining exploitation companies.57  In 
order to develop the exploitation of large iron ore deposits, the authorities are examining a trans-
Guinean project.58 
94. Guinea undertook specific commitments under th e GATS on passenger and goods transport, 
without any special conditions on commercial pr esence as far as transporters of passengers are 
concerned, although prior authorization from the Minister for Transport is required by those 
transporting goods.59 
(iii) Tourism 
95. In 2003, 43,966 tourists visited Guinea, an increase of 60 per cent in comparison with 1999 
(Table IV.4).  It should be noted, however, that the increase is mainly in business travel and travel for 
other reasons, while travel for holidays or leisure fell by 21.5 per cent between 1999 and 2003.  Only 
36 per cent of visitors stay in a hotel and the othe rs prefer to stay with friends or family.  The 
predominant role played by business travel means very  short stays (2.68 days on average).  Earnings 
from tourism (according to the balance of paym ents) were US$ 42.5 m illion in 2003, but the 
authorities consider that the parallel exchange market  is used to a greater extent than the official 
exchange market and that, consequently, the tr ue figure is much higher (some US$ 220 million). 
96. In 2003, Guinea had 318 hotels with 3,747 rooms (4,518 beds).  The occupancy rate was 
70 per cent in 2002.  Five tourism sites are currently operating.  They belong to the State but some of them are operated by private companies under a concession agreement. 
Table IV.4 
Tourism indicators, 1991 and 1999-2003 
 1991 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 
Arrivals of non-residents 17,000 27,345 32,598 37,677 42,507 43,966 
- Business .. 14,576 16,185 18,292 20,404 20,229 
- Holidays/leisure .. 5,766 7,057 4,928 5,213 4,524 
- Family visits .. 670 256 36 480 2,792 
- Other .. 6,333 9,100 14,421 16,410 16,421 
.. Not available.  
Source : Guinean authorities. 
97. The authorities note that visitors do not react to efforts to promote tourism. Holiday and 
leisure travel is little developed and remains be low the objectives in the National Tourism Policy, 
adopted in 199860, of 85,000 tourists per year in the medi um term and 180,000 tourists in the long 
term.  This policy is underpinned by a Strategi c Plan for the Development of Tourism (PSDT) 
adopted in 2000 (too ambitious according to the DT IS) and by a policy letter on the development of 
                                                      
 57 The line belonging to the SBK is 110 km long (standard gauge), the Friguia line is 140 km long (metric gauge, 
connecting the alumina plant at Friguia to Conakry), and the line belonging to the CBG is 135 km long (standard gauge, 
linking Conakry to the port of Kamsar). 
 58 The Transguinéen, of a length of 1,000 km, would link Nimba and the new deep-water port of Matakang, south 
of Conakry.  The estimated cost of the project is US$ 2 billion, according to a br ief prepared for the Round Table on Private 
Sector Funding in May 2002 (Government of Gu inea, "Megaprojets".  Available at:  
http://www.mirinet.net. gn/TableRonde/megaproj. htm [12 March 2005]). 
 59 WTO document GATS/SC/102 of 30 August 1995. 
 60 Decree No. D/98/54/PRG/SGG of 25 March 1998. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 73 
 
 
handicrafts adopted in 2001, updated in March 2004 in  an action plan for the development of tourism 
and handicrafts. 
98. Hotel and restaurant services and travel agency services were the subject of specific 
commitments by Guinea under the GATS.61  The Schedule specifies that hotels may only employ 
foreign managers, but does not lay down a ny other conditions for commercial presence. 
99. Guinea has been a member of the Wo rld Tourism Organization since 1986. 
(iv) Telecommunications and post 
100. Since the first review, the number of telephones in Guinea has increased sharply as a result of 
the growth in mobile telephony in Conakry.  The number of fixed lines remained stable at around 22,000.  Despite the growth in mobile telephony,  the level of teledensity remains low, with 
1.1 telephones per 100 inhabitants and marked variations, for example, 6.9 telephones per 
100 inhabitants in Conakry compared with 0.15 telephones per 100 inhabitants in other regions. 
101. The telecommunications and post sector was restructured in 1992 and is composed of the 
Office des postes de Guinée  – OPG (Guinean Post Office), the Société des téléco mmunications de 
Guinée  – SOTELGUI (Guinean Telecommunications Co mpany) and two mobile telephone companies 
(SPACETEL and TELECEL, only present in Conakry), which have been authorized to provide 
(value-added) services on the AMPS and GSM bands. SOTELGUI also has a subsidiary that provides 
mobile telephone services in Conakry and elsewhe re;  at the end of 2003 it had 71,028 mobile 
telephone subscribers (76.03 per cent of the total number of its subscribers).62  The three mobile 
telephone networks are interconnected. 
102. In December 1995, SOTELGUI opened up its cap ital to Telekom Malays ia Berhard (TMB). 
Its capital increased to US$ 75 million, 40 per cen t held by the State and 60 per cent by the new 
partner.  Telekom Malaysia has announced that it wi ll withdraw from the partnership at the end of 
2005 and the State is seeking a new private partner.   According to the terms of the co-enterprise 
agreement, SOTELGUI has a monopoly of basic services for 10 years and this will end on 23 December 2005.  The authorities indicate that this monopoly may be renewed.  The monopoly 
includes a universal service obligation which SOTELGUI has difficulty in meeting. 
103. The 1992 regulatory framework determines the re gime of concessions for exclusive rights to 
provide basic services, the regime for concession of non-exclusive rights for new and value-added 
services, the free competition regime concerni ng the sale of telephone equipment and the 
authorization regime of the Minister for Telecommunications (after hearing the views of the public operator) concerning installations outside the public ne twork for the sole use of the applicant.  The 
Direction nationale des postes et télécommunications  – DNPT (National Post and 
Telecommunications Department) acts as regulator. 
104. The cost of telecommunications services is de termined by the Minister responsible for 
communications, following a proposal by the comp anies (operators).  Consequently, for a given 
service, the cost may vary from one company to anot her.  However, any proposal to modify the rates 
(costs) by any company must be substantiated.  In addition, an equalization system allows the cost of 
local telecommunications to the consumer to remain the same throughout Guinea. 
                                                     
 
 61 WTO document GATS/SC/102 of 30 August 1995. 
 62 Interview with Mr Marzuki Bin Abdullah, Di rector General of SOTELGUI.  Available at:  
http://www.winne.com/guinea_cky/ [4 April 2005]. WT/TPR/S/153 Trade Policy Review 
Page 74 
 
 
105. The OPG is a State-owned establishment of an i ndustrial and commercial nature, with its own 
legal status. It has not been included in the privatization programme. 
106. Guinea did not undertake any specific commitments in this sector under the GATS and did 
not take part in the WTO negotiations on basic telecommunications services, which ended in 1997. 
(v) Financial services 
107. The financial services sector in Guinea is co mposed of seven commercial banks, which are 
mainly engaged in import-export operations ( Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie 
de la Guinée  – BICIGUI (Guinean International Trade and Industry Bank), Banque Islamique de 
Guinée  – BIG (Islamic Bank of Guinea), Banque Populaire Maroco-Guinéenne  – BPMG (Moroccan-
Guinean People’s Bank), ECOBANK GUINEE SA, In ternational Commercial Bank of Guinea (ICB), 
Société Générale de Banques en Guinée  – SGBG (General Banking Company of Guinea), and Union 
Internationale de Banques en Guinée  – UIBG (International Union of Banks in Guinea), three 
projects for decentralized financial schemes to provide  loans to farmers (Crédit Rural, Crédit Mutuel 
and PRIDE), as well as four insurance companies, mainly engaged in the motor vehicle and fire 
branches (SONAG, Mutuelle des Travailleurs de Guinée  – MUTRAGUI (Guinean Workers’ Mutual 
Insurance Company), Société Guinéenne d'Assurance Mutuelle  – SOGAM (Guinean Mutual 
Insurance Company) and the Union Guinéenne d'Assurance et de Réassurance  – UGAR (Guinean 
Insurance and Reinsurance Union) .  For the year ending 30 September 2004, the turnover in the 
insurance sector was GF 16,056 billion (US$ 6.4 million at the exchange rate prevailing at the end of 
2004). UGAR, which is the main player in the mark et with 85 per cent of the turnover, and SONAG 
are currently being restructured. 
108. The tax on financial activities (TAF) applies to  banking and financial activities, which are 
exempt from VAT, and, in general, to trade in securiti es.  The rate is 5 per cent for loans for a period 
exceeding one year and 13 per cent for other opera tions.  The tax on insurance contracts affects 
insurance agreements and annuities with a comp any or insurance company as well as insurance 
contracts as such (cover notes and premiums), which are exempt from VAT.  The rates applied range 
from 8 to 12 per cent. 
109. The BCRG acts as regulator.  Banks and insurance companies are subject to the prudential 
provisions laid down by the BCRG, which grants approval.63  According to the BCRG, since 2000 a 
programme has been under way to harmonize Guin ea’s banking regulations with the 25 basic 
principles of the Basel Committee in order to ensure  effective monitoring.  The harmonization process 
can be seen in the BCRG’s decisions defining more  stringent rules (minimum capital, liquidity, 
solvency, risk).  The BCRG is also preparing draft legislation for a framework governing micro-loans.  
The insurance law remains unchanged64, but the BCRG plans to revise some elements of the 
regulatory framework in order to support restructuring of the sector. 
110. Guinea did not undertake any specific commitme nts for this sector under the GATS and did 
not participate either in the WTO negotiations  on financial services, which ended in 1998. 
                                                      
 63 Law No. L/94/017/CTRN of 1 June 1994. 
 64 Law No. L/95/022/CTRN of 12 June 1995. Republic of Guinea WT/TPR/S/153 
 Page 75 
 
 
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