WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
16 July 2012 
 (12-3794) 
Committee on Safeguards Original:   English 
  
 
NOTIFICATION UNDER ARTICLE 12.1(C) OF THE AGREEMENT 
ON SAFEGUARDS ON TAKING A DECISION TO EXTEND 
A SAFEGUARD MEASURE 
 
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 9, FOOTNOTE 2 
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 
 
 
TURKEY 
 
(Footwear) 
 
Supplement 
   The following notification, dated 11 July 2012, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of Turkey. 
 
_______________ 
 
 
 
 We enclose a notification pursuant to Article  12.1(c) and Article 9, footnote 2 of the 
Agreement on Safeguards, on taking a decision to ex tend a safeguard measure that is being applied 
against imports of footwear and  non-application of safeguard measur e to developing countries. The 
initial safeguard measure was notified with the document G/SG/N/8/TUR/6, G/SG/N/10/TUR/6, 
G/SG/N/11/TUR/6, dated 12 July 2006. 
 
 Consistent with Article 12.3 of the Agreem ent on Safeguards, Turkey is ready to hold 
consultations with those Members having a substan tial interest as exporters of the product concerned. 
 
  G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
Page 2 
  
  A. N
OTIFICATION UNDER ARTICLE 12.1(C)  OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS UPON TAKING 
A DECISION TO EXTEND A SAFEGUARD MEASURE  
 1. Evidence that the safeguard measure conti nues to be necessary to prevent or remedy 
serious injury or threat thereof caused by  increased imports and that the industry 
concerned is adjusting. 
 
 The investigation has been conducted by Turkis h investigating authority.  In the analysis, 
economic indicators of the domestic industry betw een 2007 and the first three months of 2012 were 
examined.  Economic indicators of domestic produ cers are based on the data submitted by domestic 
producers which produce major proportion of domestic production.  
 
(i) Consumption  
Domestic 
consumption 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Million Pairs 142 138 133 144 155 39 41 
Change (%)  -2.7 -3.6 7.9 8.1  5.6 
Index 100 97 94 101 109 100 106 
 
 Consumption which was 142 million pairs in  2007 has steadily decreased until 2009.  
After 2009 domestic consumption has increased in 2010 and 2011 by reaching 155 million pairs.  The 
consumption has increased by 2 million pairs in the first three months of 2012 compared with the 
same period of the previous year.  
(ii) Capacity 
 
Capacity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Million Pairs 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 
Capacity 
Utilization (%) 42 39 39 44 49 49 53 
Change (%)  -6.6 -0.7 13.3  11.8   8.2 
Index 100 93 93 105 118 100 108 
 
 The total production capacity of the domestic industry has not changed over the investigation 
period.  However, capacity utilization rate of th e domestic industry decreased steadily between 2007 
and 2009 and increased to 49% in 2009.  The capacity  utilization index has increased by 8.2% in the 
first three months of 2012 compared to the same period of 2011. 
 (iii) Production 
 
Domestic 
production 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Million Pairs 162 151 150 170 190 48 51 
Change (%)  -6.8 -0.7 13 .3 11.8  7.4 
Index 100 93 93 105 117 100 107 
 
 Production of the footwear which was 162 milli on pairs in 2007 decreased between the years 
2007-2009, first to 151 million pairs in 2008 and th en to 150 million pairs in 2009, whereas it 
increased considerably in 2010 and 2011, by r eaching 170 million pairs in 2010 and then 190 million  G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
 G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
 Page 3 
  
  pairs in 2011.  Footwear production of the first quarter of 2012 has also increased by 7.4% compared 
to the same period of 2011.  
(iv) Domestic Sales 
 
Domestic Sales 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Million Pairs 111 102 101 105 106 26 27 
Change (%)  -8.1 -1.0 4.0 1.0   3.8 
Index 100 92 91 95 96 100 104 
 
 Domestic sales, which were 111 million pairs in  2007, decreased to 102 million pairs and then 
to 101 million pairs in 2008 and 2009 respectively.  Afterwards it has steadily increased to 
105 million pairs in 2010 and 106 million pairs in 2011 .  When periodic domestic sales figures of the 
first three months of 2011 and 2012 are analyzed;  in the first quarter of 2012, domestic sales have 
increased by 3.8% compared to the same period of 2011. 
 (v) Employment 
 
Employment 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Workers 
(1000) 375 366 335 343 346 348 352 
Change (%)  -2.4 -8.5 2.4 0.9   1.1 
Index 100 98 89 92 92 100 101 
 
 The number of workers on footwear producti on decreased considerably in 2008 and 2009, 
whereas it increased slightly af ter 2009 and reached 343 000 worker s in 2010 and 346 000 workers 
in 2011.  Employment index has shown a slight increase in the first three months of 2012 by growing 
1.1% in comparison with the same period of 2011. 
 (vi) Productivity 
 
Productivity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
Pairs per 
Worker 432 413 448 496 549 546 580 
Change (%)  -4.5 8.5 10.7 10.8  6.1 
Index 100 96 104 115 127 100 106 
 
 Productivity has fluctuated between 2007 and 2009 but after 2009 it has considerably 
increased in the following years first to 496 pairs in 2010 and then 549 pairs in 2011.  In the first 
three months of 2012 compared to the same period of the previous year productivity has increased by 
6.1 %. G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
Page 4 
  
  (vii) Profitability 
 
Profitability 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012 (3) 
% 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 
Change (%)  -66.7 0.0 100.0 50.0  33.3 
Index 100 33 33 67 100 100 133 
 
 Rate of profitability of the domestic industry has fluctuated over the years.  The rate of 
profitability which was 1% in 2009 has increased to 2%  in 2010 and to 3 % in 2011.  In the first 
three months of 2012 profitability has also increased  by 1 point in comparison with the same period 
of 2011. 
 
(viii) Conclusion  
 Within the scope of the WTO Agreement on Safeguards and Turkish Legislation on 
Safeguards, a safeguard measure may be extended pr ovided that the investig ating authority of the 
importing Member has determined that the safeguard measure continues to be necessary to prevent or 
remedy serious injury and that there is evidence that the industry is adjusting. 
   In this context, based on the data submitted by domestic producers and determinations made 
during the investigation regarding the developments  in domestic industry since the extension of the 
safeguard measure in 2009 and taking into account the arguments provided by the interested parties, 
following facts are determined. 
 
Footwear industry is essentially a labor intensive industry and improvement of the 
competence and the quality of the work-force is part icularly important as it has a direct impact 
over the quality of the end product – footwear.  In this respect, in order to fulfill the 
requirement of qualified personnel of the industry,  through technical high schools, associate’s 
and bachelor’s degree programs, and developmen t of human resources in the industry is in 
progress.  It has been noted that the quality of footwear has improved in the investigation period as a result of improvement of the quality of the work force in the industry.   
 
In this regard, vocational education and training activities were carried out under the 
auspices of TASEV through cooperation with EU, KOSGEB and MEB.  In this respect, in the 
last 5 years 13 technical high schools have been opened, and most of the graduates have been 
employed in the sector.  Furthermore in 2009 under the cooperation protocol of EU-MEB-
KOSGEB-TASEV high school graduates have b een given 2 years training and 90% of 
120 graduates were employed in the industry.  In addition to this, some of the universities have 
initiated undergraduate programs for f ootwear design and production.  
 
Under the leadership of TASEV in 2011 a workshop has been organized in order to 
improve the quality of education given in associ ate and bachelor degree programs.  TASEV has 
also coordinated the training provided by the schools within the need of the footwear industry.  
Furthermore a screening conference has been carried out under the auspices of IDMIB, 
TURDEV and DETEK.   
It is clear that the improvements in the fashion, brand management and design are 
important in terms of increasing competitivene ss of the footwear industry.  In the world, 
particularly in the developed countries, demand of footwear is mostly shaped by fashion trends.  
In the recent years Turkish footwear sector has ta ken considerable steps in terms of design and  G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
 G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
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  brand management, and as a result of these improvements, competitiveness of the domestic 
industry has considerably improved.   
In this respect, Leather Promotion Council has been making efforts to increase the 
design and quality of Turkish leather shoes in ord er to increase its export in the world footwear 
market.  
 
Domestic producers have started to attend to national and international fairs, so they 
could access to new export markets.  These fair s have also given an opportunity to domestic 
producers to improve their competitiveness.  “Fashion Shoes Fair” (AYMOD), which is the largest domestic footwear fair, is held twice in a year in İstanbul. The number of participants to 
this fair is increasing significantly year by year.  
 
Research and development (R&D) is particular ly important in the footwear industry in 
order to increase the product quality and variety.  During the on-spot visits and researches it 
has been observed that in the recent years do mestic producers have begun to increase their 
spending on R&D activities and so that they  have increased their range of products and 
competitiveness. 
 
Products like firefighters boots, police and soldier boots, motor biker boots and sectoral 
technical boots which were very limited before th e extension of the safeguard measure are now 
being produced in large quantities by the dom estic industry.  These high technology boots are 
durable in different climate conditions, some of which are durable until 300
oC and they 
facilitate rock climbing, prevent buckling of leg etc.  
 
For domestic producers in order to enhan ce their R&D programs, their activities on 
design and brand management, increasing pr oductivity through economies of scale; 
institutionalization is important.  However it  has been observed that most of the footwear 
producers have small production facilities.  In terms of institutionalization domestic producers 
have taken considerable steps, introduced assembly  line production facilities in order to achieve 
maximum efficiency from both machine and work er, and increased work safety and production 
standards.  Furthermore footwear fashion and trends change quickly in the sector, in this 
regard domestic producers improved their just in time manufacturing techniques in order to supply products faster to both domestic and intern ational markets.  In the onsite visits it has 
been observed that the producers have decreased their delivery time by 30%.   
 
Since the introduction of the safeguard measur e, by focusing on design, R&D, training, 
promotion, mass-production, productivity etc.  domestic producers have taken considerable 
steps to adjust to the competition.  However, return on investment on activities like training 
requires time.  Furthermore Turkish footwear indus try is a fragmented industry and a sectoral 
transformation therefore is slow.   
 
 On the other hand when all the data regard ing the footwear industry is analyzed, it is 
contemplated that the safeguard measure has had positive impact in the industry as well as the industry is adjusting.  Particularly after 2009 in a ll of the economic indicators of the industry there has 
been an improvement.  After 2009 domestic consum ption has increased considerably by representing 
a 17% increase.  
 In line with the improvement in the domestic c onsumption, in order to meet the demand in the 
domestic market domestic production and domestic sal es have increased.  Furthermore in the same 
period imports of footwear products  subject to safeguard measure ha ve also increased significantly 
and this increase have repressed the domestic sales.  In  this regard, in the last three years imports have G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
Page 6 
  
  increased by 55% in terms of quantity.  However,  in the same period domestic sales have increased 
by 5%.  The market share of imports has increased  from 23% to 31%. In other words, imports have 
increased its market share significantly  in the growing domestic market.  
 
Increase in the consumption demand in the do mestic market has prevented the negative 
impact of sharp and sudden increase in import s on the economic indicators of the domestic 
producers.  However it implies that in case of a removal of the safeguard measure, the current 
trend in imports would cause serious in jury to the domestic producers.   
 
 In conclusion, taking into consideration this  fact with the arguments put forward by the 
interested parties, the extension of the existing me asure is considered to be necessary in order to 
prevent or remedy serious injury.  Therefore, th e current safeguard measure shall be extended for 
2 more years.  2. Information on absolute increase in imports 
 
Imports 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011(3) 2012(3) 
Imports – Million 
pairs 30,468,260 34,882,619 31,073,221 37,345 ,095 48,399,627 17,117,325 17,330,566
Change (%)  14.49 -10.92 20.18 29.6  1.25 
Imports/Production 
(%) 19 23 21 22 25 36 34 
Imports/Production 
(Index) 100 123 110 117 135 100 94 
Market Share of 
Imports (%) 21 25 23 26 31 44 42 
Market Share of 
Imports (index) 100 118 109 121 145 100 96 
Market Share of 
Domestic 
Production (%) 79 75 77 74 69 56 58 
Market Share of 
Domestic 
Production (Index) 100 95 97 94 87 100 104 
 
 Imports have slightly increased in 2008 and then slightly decreased in 2009.  However, 
imports have significantly increased in the year s 2010 and 2011 by reach ing 37.3 and 58.4 million 
pairs respectively.  Also, in the first quarter of 2012, there has been 1.3% increase in imports 
compared to the same period of 2011. 
 
 Ratio of imports to domestic production has fluctuated between 2007 and 2009.  In the 
following years, the ratio increased to 22% in 2010 a nd 25% in 2012.  In the first three months 2012, 
the ratio decreased by 2% compared to the same period of 2011.   
 Market share of imports was 21% in 2007. In the period 2007-2011, the market share of 
imports has increased from 21% to 31%.  In line with  this trend, market share of domestic production 
has decreased by 15%.  On the other hand in the first three months of 2012 market share of imports 
has decreased by 2% compared to the same period of 2011. 
 
3. Precise description of the product involved 
 
 The Harmonized System (HS) Codes within Turkish Customs Tariff Schedule and description 
of the product subject to the safeguard measure are listed in the table below.    G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
 G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
 Page 7 
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
(1) 6402.19;  6403.12;  6403.19;  6404.11 subheadings are excluded from the measure. 
 
4.  Description of any part of the imported product that will no longer be subject to the 
measure in the extension 
 
Footwear for use in sporting activities and involving a special technology are no longer being 
subject to the measure in the extension.  Thes e special shoes are called STAF – special technology 
athletic footwear and they are currently cl assified within CN codes:  6402.91.90.00.00, 
6402.99.93.00.00, 6402.99.96.00.00, 6402.99.98.00.00, 6403.91.13.00.00, 6403.91.16.00.00, 
6403.91.18.00.00, 6403.99.93.00.00, 6403.99.96.00.00, 6403.99.98.00.00, 6404.19.90.00.11, 6404.19.90.00.12.   
 
More specifically footwear involving special  technology are defined as shoes for use in 
sporting activities, with a single- or multi-laye r molded sole, not injected, manufactured from 
synthetic materials specially designed to absorb the impact of vertical or lateral movements and with 
technical features such as hermetic pads contai ning gas or fluid, mechanical components which 
absorb or neutralize impact or materials such as low-density polymers. 
 
5. Precise description of the proposed measure 
 It is proposed to impose a definitive safeguard  measure in the form of a specific duty.  For 
each period the amount of specific duty is shown in the table below.  
HS Code Specific Duty (USD/Pair) 
1st Period 2nd Period 
(10/8/2012-9/8/2013) (10/8/2013-9/8/2014)  
64.02 (1)(2)(3) 1.55 1.50 
64.03 (1) (2)(3) 2.40 2.35 
64.04 (1) (2)(3) 1.55 1.50 
 
 (1) 6402.19; 6403.12; 6403.19; 6404.11 subheadings are excluded from the measure. 
 
(2) Footwear currently classified within CN codes 6402.91.90.00.00 , 6402.99.93.00.00, 
6402.99.96.00.00, 6402.99.98.00.00, 6403.91.13.00.00, 6403.91.16.00.00, 6403.91.18.00.00, 
6403.99.93.00.00, 6403.99.96.00.00, 6403.99.98.00.00, 6404.19.90.00.11, 6404.19.90.00.12 
involving special technology are excluded from the measure. 
 
Footwear involving special technology:  Shoes which have a CIF price per pair of not less 
than 15 US Dollars for use in sporting activities,  with a single or multi-layer molded sole, not 
injected, manufactured from synthetic materials specia lly designed to absorb the impact of vertical or 
lateral movements and with technical features su ch as hermetic pads containing gas or fluid, 
mechanical components which absorb or neutralize im pact or materials such as low-density polymers. HS Code Description of the Product 
64.02 (1) Footwear with outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastics 
64.03 (1) Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or 
composition leather and uppers of leather 
64.04 (1) Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or composition leather and uppers of textile materials G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
Page 8 
  
   (3) For the products under following subheadings, the duty specified for the first period 
as 1,15 USD/pair;  for the second period 1,10 USD/pair:  6402.99.50;  6402.99.91;  6403.51.11;  6403.51.91;  6403.59.31;  6403.59.50.00.11;  6403.59.50.00.12;  6403.59.50.00.13;  6403.59.91;  
6403.91.11;  6403.91.91;  6403.99.31;  6403.99.50;  6403.99.91;  6404.19.10.00.11;  
6404.19.10.00.12;  6404.19.10.00.13;  6404.19.90.00.13;  6404.20.10. 
 
6. Proposed date of introduction of the measure 
 The measure will come into force with the publication of the approval of the Council of 
Ministers after all legal procedures are completed. 
 
7. Expected duration of the measure 
 The expected duration of the proposed measure is two years. 
 
8. Proposed date for the review  
 Not applicable. 
 
9. Expected timetable for progressive liberalization of the measure 
The measure is proposed to be liberalized as stated in the Title 5. 
10. If the notification relates only to a finding  of serious injury or threat thereof, and does 
not relate to a decision to appl y or extend a safeguard measure: 
 Not applicable. 
 
11. Information relating to the extension of a safeguard measure 
(i) Evidence that the industry  concerned is adjusting and that the safeguard measure continues to 
be necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury is provided in Title 1.  
(ii) Reference to the WTO document that notifie d the initial application of the measure 
 The initial safeguard measure was notif ied with the document G/SG/N/8/TUR/6, 
G/SG/N/10/TUR/6, G/SG/N/11/TUR/6, dated 12 July 2006.  
 
(iii) Duration of the measure from initial applicati on till the date at which it will be extended. 
 The initial safeguard measure was applied fro m 10 August 2006 to 9 August 2009, and then 
the measure extended until 9 August 2012.  Turkey now intends to further extend the safeguard 
measure until 9 August 2014.  
(iv) Precise description of the measure in place prior to the date of extension 
 The safeguard measure in the form of specific dut y was in place prior to the date of extension. 
Specific duty rates are given in the table below.  G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
 G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
 Page 9 
  
   
HS Code Specific Duty (USD/Pair) 
1st Period 2nd Period 3rd Period 
(10/8/2009-9/8/2010) (10/8/2010-9/8/2011) (10/8/2011-9/8/2012) 
64.02 (1)(2) 1.70 1.65 1.60 
64.03 (1) (2) 2.55 2.50 2.45 
64.04 (1) (2) 1.70 1.65 1.60 
 
 (1) 6402.19; 6403.12; 6403.19; 6404.11 subh eadings were excluded from the measure. 
  (2) For the products under following subheadings, the duty was USD 1.20/pair;  6402.99.50;  
6402.99.91;  6403.51.11;  6403.51.91;  6403.59.31;  6403.59.50.00.11;  6403.59.50.00.12;  
6403.59.50.00.13;  6403.59.91;  6403.91.11;  6403.91.91;  6403.99.31; 6403.99.50;  6403.99.91;  
6404.19.10.00.11;  6404.19.10.00.12;  6404.19.10.00.13;  6404.19.90.00.13;  6404.20.10. 
 
12. Information relating to exporting members 
(i) The major exporting Members of imports of the product involved. 
 The main exporter to Turkey for the product c oncerned is the Peoples’ Republic of China.  
China has 72% import share in the first three months of 2012.  
(ii) There are no exporting Members to whic h the measure does not apply for any reason 
other than the application of Article 9.1 
13. Members are encouraged to attach, in  an electronic form, publicly available 
document(s) containing the relevant decision (s) made by the competent authority.   
The official documents regarding the investiga tion and the final decision can be reached from 
the link below. 
 
 http://www.tpsa.gov.tr/index.cfm?sayfa=7 E73EFA6-A0B3-2A0A-C691CE49B31E079A  
 
B. NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 9, FOOTNOTE 2 OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS  
 1. The measure 
 It is proposed to extend the safeguard  measure as described in Title 5. 
 2. The product subject to the measure 
 The measure is applied to the product described in Title 3. 
 3. Developing countries to which the measure is not applied under article 9.1 of the 
Agreement on Safeguards. 
 
 The developing countries which are excluded from the measure as they export less than 
3 per cent of imports to Turkey are listed below.   G/SG/N/11/TUR/6/Suppl.2 
G/SG/N/14/TUR/2/Suppl.1 
Page 10 
  
   Afghanistan;  Albania;  Algeria;  Anti gua and Barbuda;  Angol a;  Argentina;  
American Samoa;  Anguilla;  Antarctica;  Aruba;  Azerbaijan;  Barbados;  Bangladesh;  Burkina Faso;  
Bahrain;  Burundi;  Benin;  Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela;  Brunei Darussalam;  Bolivia;  Brazil;  
Bahamas;  Bhutan;  Botswana;  Belize;  Berm uda;  Bouvet Island;  Br itish Virgin Islands;  
British Indian Ocean Territory;  Democratic Republic  of Congo;  Central African Republic;  Congo;  
Côte d'Ivoire;  Cameroon;  Chad;  Colombia;  Cost a Rica;  Cuba;  Cape Verde;  Cayman Islands;  
Chile; Christmas Islands;  Cocos Islands;  Cook Isla nds;  Djibouti;  Dominica ;  Dominican Republic;  
Ecuador; Egypt;  Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; Federated States of Micronesia; Falkland Islands; French 
Polynesia;  French Southern Territories;  Gabon;  Gr enada;  Ghana;  Gambia;  Georgia;  Greenland;  
Guinea;  Equatorial Guinea;  Gu atemala;  Guinea-Bissau;  Guyana;  Gibraltar;  Guam;  Honduras;  
Haiti;  Heard Island and McDonald Is lands;  India;  Iraq;  Iran (Is lamic Republic of);  Jamaica;  
Jordan;  Kazakhstan;  Kenya;  Cambodia;  Kiriba ti;  Comoros;  St Kitts and Nevis;  Kuwait;  
Kyrgyzstan;  Laos;  Lebanon;  St Lucia;  Sri Lanka;  Liberia;  Lesotho;  Libya;  Morocco;  Madagascar;  Marshall Islands;  Mali;  Moldova;  Mongolia;  Maurita nia;  Mauritius;  Malaysia;  
Maldives;  Malawi;  Mozambique;  Macao;  Mayotte;  Mexico;  Montserrat;  Namibia;  Niger;  
Nigeria;  Nicaragua;  Nepal;  Nauru;  Nether lands Antilles;  New Caledonia;  Niue Island;  
Norfolk Island;  Northern Mariana Islands;  Oman; Pakistan;  Panama;  Peru;  Papua New Guinea;  
Philippines;  Palau;  Paraguay;  Pitcairn;  Qa tar;  Russian Federation;  Rwanda;  Samoa;  
Saudi Arabia;  Solomon Islands;  Seychelles;  Sudan;   Sierra Leone;  Senegal;  Somalia;  Suriname;  
Sao Tomé and Principe;  El Salvador;  Swaziland;  South Africa;  South Georgia and South Sandwich 
Islands;  St Helena and depe ndencies;  St Pierre and Miquelon;  Tajik istan;  Thailand;  Togo;  Tunisia;  
Tonga;  East Timor;  Trinidad and Tobago;  Tuvalu ;  Tanzania;  Tokelau;  Turkmenistan;  Turks and 
Caicos Islands;  Ukraine;  United Arab Emirates;  United States Minor Outlying Islands;  Uganda;  
Uruguay;  Uzbekistan;  St Vincent;  Vanuatu;  Virg in Islands of US;  Wallis and Futuna Islands;  
Yemen;  Zambia and Zimbabwe.   
 
  
__________