RESTRICTED  WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
7 January 2011 
 (11-0080) 
Council for Trade in Services  
 
 
 
 
A REVIEW OF STATISTICS ON TRADE FLOWS IN SERVICES -  
OVERVIEW OF TRADE FLOWS IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES 
2000-2010 
 
Note by the Secretariat1 
 
Addendum  
  1. This Note supplements document S/C/W/329.  It provides an overview of world trade in 
commercial services in the last decad e, including an analysis of the impact of the financial crisis, by 
individual service sector, region, and selected leading economies.  
2. The analysis is mainly focused on export tre nds due to the better quality of these statistics, 
and reflects the increased availability of trade in services statistics. In addition, the paper provides 
statistics on the sales of majority-owned forei gn affiliates (outward and inward FATS sales). For 
outward FATS, information is also broken down by main industry. Finally, the paper reviews short-
term trade developments during an d after the financial crisis.  
I. TOTAL COMMERCIAL SERVICES 
A. T
RADE DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN 2000  AND 2008   
3. Between 2000 and 2008, world exports of commerc ial services rose by 13 per cent on average 
per year, led by growing exports of other comme rcial services (15 per cent) and transportation 
services (13 per cent). By comparison, travel was less dynamic (9 per cent).  As a result, over the 
years, the structure of world exports of comme rcial services changed. While the share of 
transportation services exports in total commercia l services remained stable around 23-24 per cent, 
that of travel declined from 32 per cent in 2000  to 25 per cent in 2008. Other commercial services, 
which accounted for 45 per cent of total commercial services exports in 2000, represented more than 
half of total exports of commercial services in 20 08. Among them, computer and information services 
were the most dynamic sector, increasing by 19  per cent, followed by insurance services and 
construction (16 per cent). 
 
                                                           
1 This document has been prepared under the Secret ariat's own responsibility and without prejudice to 
the positions of Members and to their rights and obligations under the WTO. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 2  
 
  Table 1: World trade in commercial services by category, 2000-2008 
 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
  Exports Imports 
  Value  Share in 
world trade  Annual 
change Value  Share in 
world trade  Annual 
change 
  2008   00 08  00-08 2008  00 08  00-08 
Total commercial services 3830  100 100  13 3560  100 100  12 
Transportation services 910  23 24  13 1070  29 30  12 
Travel 960  32 25  9 870  30 24  9 
Other commercial 
services 1960  45 51  15 1620  41 46  13 
Source:  WTO estimates . 
 
4. Europe's exports, largely accounted for by the European Union (27), expanded by 13 per cent 
on annual average, fuelled by other commercial services exports. In 2008, around 52 per cent of the 
world's total exports of commercial services originat ed from European countries. In North America, 
sluggish travel exports growth resulted in the Un ited States' and Canada's  exports of commercial 
services rise below the world average (by 8 per cent and 7 per cent respectively). Over the period, the 
United States' share of world exports of total co mmercial services declined from 19 per cent in 2000 
to around 14 per cent in 2008. 
5. Asia's exports increased by 14 per cent annually.  In particular, China's exports grew rapidly 
(22 per cent) supported by a thriving transport sector and expanding exports of other commercial 
services. Exports from Japan, by contrast, rose by 10 per cent due to slower growth of transportation 
services exports. India's exports were driven by ot her commercial services, which, in 2008, accounted 
for 77 per cent of the total commercial services exports.2 Over recent years, India has become a 
leading Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) destinati on. Singapore's exports were very dynamic (17 
per cent) due to robust growth of other commerc ial services while exports from Hong Kong, China 
grew by 11 per cent. Finally, significant travel revenues, resulting from the gaming industry, boosted 
exports of commercial services from Macao, China whic h recorded the strongest growth in the region 
(23 per cent).  
6. In South and Central America, exports of co mmercial services increased by 11 per cent on 
average per year. However, while large exporters expanded rapidly, smaller countries in the region 
recorded growth rates considerably  lower than the world's average. For example, growth in Southern 
American economies' exports was above 13 per cent, while Caribbean's exports of commercial 
services rose overall only by some 8 per cent. This is due to the fact that Caribbean countries are often 
dependent on exports in one service sector, mainly  tourism, which is very vulnerable to the 
occurrence of natural disasters su ch as hurricanes, and changes in consumers' consumption habits. In 
Argentina and Brazil, on the contrary, the main drivers of export growth were other commercial 
services, which have been globally the most dynamic service component over recent years.  
7. In Africa, higher transport and travel receipts  contributed to a 12 per cent average annual rise 
in Egypt's exports of commercial services.3 By comparison, in Morocco, the second largest services 
exporter in Africa, exports were more dynamic ( 21 per cent) fuelled by expanding travel and other 
commercial services exports. According to availabl e data, in several Sub-Saharan African countries 
average period growth was above 15-20 per cent.   
                                                           
2 The presence of methodological breaks in series does  not allow providing a precise measure of India's 
average annual exports growth. 
3 Due to methodological breaks in time series, the growth rates of Africa and Middle East cannot be 
provided.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 3 
 
 
  8. In the Middle East, the United Arab Emirates' exports grew considerably since 2000 (22 per 
cent annually), due in particular to the rapid expans ion of the travel sector. By contrast, exports from 
Israel, the main services exporter in the Middle East, increased below the world average due to 
stagnating travel exports. Lebanon's exports rose by  around 26 per cent between 2002 (first available 
year) and 2008, as the country emerged as a leading travel destination. Kuwait saw the most rapid 
growth in the region, increasing by over 26 per cent.  Over recent years, the country became a leading 
exporter of telecommunications services.  
9. The CIS' exports rose by 22 per cent on aver age per year as a result of the Russian 
Federation's strong export performance. In 2008, the country accounted for 60 per cent of the region's 
exports of total commercial services. In the CIS, rapid increases were recorded in the three main 
export categories, with other commercial services expor ts growing by 32 per cent on average per year. 
A large number of economies in the region recorded  over 30 per cent average annual export growth.  
10. Between 2000 and 2008, world imports of commercial services  rose by 12 per cent annually. 
With 21 per cent, the CIS recorded the most rapid growth, followed by Europe and Asia (12 per cent 
each). North America and South and Central Americ a grew respectively by 7 per cent and by 10 per 
cent.  
11. In Europe, the EU(27) and Switzerland's impor ts increased by an annual 12 per cent. In the 
CIS, the Russian Federation's imports, which represen ted almost two thirds of the region's total 
imports in 2008, rose by 21 per cent, However, growth was more pronounced in Ukraine and 
Kazakhstan (25 per cent each).  In Asia, Japan's imports increased only by 6 per cent on average per 
year. By contrast, in China, commercial services paym ents grew by 20 per cent. In North America, the 
United States' imports grew by 7 per cent, while in  Canada recorded growth was by 9 per cent. In 
South and Central America, Brazil's imports grew  by 14 per cent. The country in 2008 accounted for 
37 per cent of the region's total commercial services  imports. Argentina, the second largest importer 
in the region, lagged behind with onl y 4 per cent annual import growth.  
12. Due to methodological breaks in time series, the period growth of the Middle East and Africa 
cannot be provided. However, in Egypt, imports increased by 11 per cent on average per year, and in 
Angola by 31 per cent. In the Middle East, the Un ited Arab Emirates' imports rose by 23 per cent and 
in Kuwait by 14 per cent.  
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 4  
 
  Table 2: Trade in commercial services by region and selected economies, 2000-2008 
  
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
  Exports  Imports 
  Value  share in 
world trade  Annual 
change  Value  share in 
world trade  Annual 
change 
  2008  00 08  00-08  2008  00 08  00-08 
World  3830  100 100.
0  13  3560  100.
0 100.
0  12 
North America 603  22.3 15.8  8  478  18.4 13.4  7 
United States 518  18.7 13.5  8  365  14.2 10.3  7 
Canada 66  2.6 1.7  7  88  3.0 2.5  9 
Mexico 18  0.9 0.5  4  25  1.1 0.7  5 
South and Central America 109  3.1 2.8  11  120  3.8 3.4  10 
Brazil 29  0.6 0.8  16  44  1.1 1.2  14 
Argentina 12  0.3 0.3  12  13  0.6 0.4  4 
Chile 11  0.3 0.3  13  11  0.3 0.3  12 
Europe 1971  48.4 51.5  13  1643  45.6 46.2  12 
EU (27) 1787  43.5 46.7  14  1531  42.7 43.1  12 
Switzerland 76  2.0 2.0  13  36  1.0 1.0  12 
Turkey 35  1.3 0.9  8  17  0.5 0.5  10 
CIS 84  1.2 2.2  22  113  1.6 3.2  21 
Russian Federation 51  0.6 1.3  23  74  1.1 2.1  21 
Ukraine 17  0.3 0.5  21  16  0.2 0.4  25 
Belarus 4  0.1 0.1  20  3  0.0 0.1  22 
Africa 86  ... 2.2  .. .  137  ... 3.8  ... 
Egypt 25  0.7 0.6  12  16  0.5 0.5  11 
Morocco 13  0.2 0.3  21  6  0.1 0.2  18 
South Africa 12  ... 0.3  ...  17  ... 0.5  ... 
Middle East 98  ... 2.6  ...  188  ... 5.3  ... 
Israel 24  1.0 0.6  6  20  0.8 0.6  7 
Lebanon 18  ... 0.5  ...  13  ... 0.4  ... 
Kuwait 10  0.1 0.3  26  12  0.3 0.3  14 
Asia  875  20.5 22.9  14  876  24.7 24.6  12 
Japan 147  4.7 3.8  10  163  7.2 4.6  6 
China 146  2.0 3.8  22  158  2.5 4.4  20 
India 103  ... 2.7  ...  87  ... 2.5  ... 
Singapore 97  1.9 2.5  17  86  2.0 2.4  14 
Hong Kong, China 92  2.7 2.4  11  47  1.7 1.3  8 
Korea, Republic of 76  2.0 2.0  12  93  2.3 2.6  14 
Source:  WTO estimates, IMF, and national data.    S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 5 
 
 
  B. RECENT TRENDS (2009-2010) 
13. In 2009, world exports of commercial services declined by 12 per cent to US$ 3,350 billion 
due to the global economic downturn. By compar ison, world merchandise e xports dropped by 23 per 
cent. In the second quarter of 2009, at the lowest  point of the crisis, world commercial services 
exports dropped by almost 20 per cent on average y ear-on-year. However, exports started to recover 
quickly in the second half of the year.  
Chart 1: World exports of total co mmercial services Q1 2008 – Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-25-20-15-10-50510152025
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change, year-on-year
 
 Source: WTO estimates. 
 
14. In 2009, all regions were affected by the adve rse economic context. Europe's exports of 
commercial services declined by 14 per cent and Asia 's exports contracted by 12 per cent. In North 
America and Africa, the decline was 9 per cent. In  South and Central America the decrease was by 8 
per cent. The sharpest drop was reco rded in the CIS where exports fell by 17 per cent. In the Middle 
East exports contracted by 4 per cent. 
Chart 2: Exports of commercial s ervices by selected region, firs t half 2008- second half 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-30-20-1001020304050
North
Ameri caSouth and
Central
AmericaEurope CIS Africa AsiaPercentage change, year-on-year1st half 2008 2nd half 2008 1st half 2009 2nd half 2009
 
 Source : WTO estimates. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 6  
 
  15. In 2009, world imports of commercial services declined by 12 per cent to US$3,145 billion. 
In the CIS, which had recorded the strongest gr owth in the period 2000-2008, imports dropped by 20 
per cent. African imports of commercial services we re also severely affected, declining by 16 per 
cent. In Europe, imports were down by 13 per cent. In North America, payments decreased by 10 per 
cent. Imports by Asian and Middle Eastern econo mies fell overall by 9 per cent and in South and 
Central America by 8 per cent. 
16. According to the Secretariat's pr eliminary estimates, in the first half of 2010, world exports of 
commercial services increased by 11 per ce nt compared to the same period of 2009.
4 Asia, in 
particular developing Asia, is leading the rec overy process, recording 26 per cent average growth 
year-on-year. In the period January-June 2010, Ch ina' exports of total commercial services expanded 
by 41 per cent, followed by Chinese Taipei (33 per cent), and Hong Kong, China (28 per cent). 
Exports from India, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines rose each by a robust 18 per cent. 
Within the region Japan lagged behind (7 per cent).  
17. In North America, exports grew by 10 per cent.   While United States' exports of commercial 
services increased by 9 per cent only, Canada's were  more dynamic, growing by 22 per cent. Europe's 
exports rose at a slower pace (5 per cent year-on-y ear) due to the EU (27) as well as other economies' 
relatively weaker performance. With 15 per cen t year-on-year growth, Switzerland's exports 
represented an exception in the region.  
18. In South and Central American countries, re bound was fast. Brazil and Argentina's exports 
grew at 18 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively. Th e CIS rose by 10 per cent year-on-year in the first 
half of 2010, mainly due to the Ukraine and Bela rus (18 per cent and 35 per cent respectively).  The 
Russian Federation's exports rose by 7 per cent.  
Chart 3: Exports of commercial servi ces of selected leading economies, fi rst half 2009 - first half  2010  
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-30-20-1001020304050
EU (27)
TurkeyJapan
Russian Fed.
NorwayIsrael
United States
Malaysia Egypt
Switzerland ThailandIndiaBrazil
Korea, Rep. of
Canada
Singapore
Australia
Hong Kong, China
Taipei, Chinese 
ChinaPercentage change, year-on-year1st half 2009 2nd half 2009 1st half 2010
 
Source : IMF, Eurostat and national sources. 
 
                                                           
4 On the basis of available data of economies, repr esenting 90 per cent of wo rld exports of commercial 
services in 2008 and 2009.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 7 
 
 
  C. TRENDS IN BILATERAL FLOWS OF TOTAL CO MMERCIAL SERVICES IN SELECTED ECONOMIES  
19. At present only some 50 economies, mainly develo ped, report their bilateral trade in services 
flows by partner on a Balance of Payments basis. Thus, it is difficult to trace the direction of trade at the world level.
5 The regional breakdown of extra-EU(27) tr ade in commercial services shows that in 
2008, North American countries were the main des tination of exports, with the United States 
representing 26 per cent. However, the share of expo rts to the United States gradually decreased over 
recent years. More than a quarter of exports were  destined to other European countries, mainly 
Switzerland and Norway. Asian economies accounted for 21 per cent. The main partners in the region 
were China and Japan (4 per cent each). Exports to  other regions were lowe r ranging between 5 and 7 
per cent. The structure of extra-EU(27) commercial ser vices imports is very similar. With more than 
one third of share, North America, largely the Un ited States, was also the main source of imports. 
Some 25 per cent of imports originated from ne ighbouring European countries and 20 per cent from 
Asia.  
 
Chart 4: Extra-EU(27) - Exports and import s of commercial services by region, 2008 
(Percentage) 
 E x p o r t s       I m p o r t s
 
 
Africa
7%CIS
6%Middle
East
6%
North 
America
29%Europe
26%
Asia
21%
South 
and Central 
America
5% South 
and Central 
America
5%Asia
20%Europe
25%
North America
34%Middle East
4%CIS
5%
Africa
8%
 
Source: Eurostat. 
 
 
20. In the United States, over 40 per cent of expor ts of commercial services were destined to 
Europe, mainly to EU countries. One quarter of exports reached Asia, with Japan accounting for the 
largest share in the region (8 per cent) but in a declining trend. Exports of commercial services to 
North America made up for an additional 15 per cen t. Exports to other regions were by comparison 
more modest. The structure of the United States impor ts mirrors, to a large extent, that of exports, 
with European countries accounting for the largest share, and Asian economies representing a quarter 
of total commercial services imports. However, the share of imports from South and Central American countries was much higher, around 10 per cent. Imports from Middle Eastern and African countries were very modest, around 2 per cent of total imports.   
                                                           
5 The Statistical Annex contains charts on total commercial services exports and imports by main 
partners for several economies. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 8  
 
  Chart 5: United States - Exports and import s of commercial services by region, 2008 
(Percentage) 
E x p o r t s       I m p o r t s  
South 
and 
Central 
America
5%Asia
25%
Europe
43%North 
America
15% Middle
East
6%Africa
2%
 North 
America
16%South and 
Central 
America
10%Asia
25%
Africa
2%
Middle East
2%Europe
45%
 
Note: Europe includes the CIS countries. 
Source: US BEA. 
 
D. OUTWARD FATS  SALES IN SELECTED ECONOMIES (TOTAL SALES ) 
21. Establishing a commercial presence abroad is a means used by service suppliers to provide 
services in a host country where there is need for pr oximity with the consumer.  However, it may also 
be seen as a way for a company to benefit from the sp ecialization in specific sectors in order to supply 
better and cheaper services (either to outsource some  activities or to further provide these services on 
the export market). As explained in S/C/W/329 lack of data and/or confidentiality issues affect in 
particular outward FATS statistics, thus only scattered information and for a limited number of 
reporters, can be presented on the sales made by majority-owned affiliates in a foreign economy.6 In 
addition, in FATS statistics published by most ec onomies, total sales include both sales of goods and 
sales of services.  
22. The United States publishes separately total ser vices supplied by foreign affiliates, which 
conceptually is more in line with information needs in relation to GATS.  In 2008, foreign affiliates of 
US firms supplied services abroad for US$1136.9  billion increasing by 14 per cent on average per 
year since 2004 (first available year).7 Some 55 per cent of the services were supplied by US affiliates 
established in Europe. In particular, affiliates in the EU (27) sold services for US$561.4 billion. In 
Asia, US foreign affiliates rendered services for US$246.1 billion (22 per cent of the total). US 
affiliates located in Japan made up for 6 per cent of  the total services supplied, followed by Australia, 
and Singapore (each 3 per cent). Hong Kong, China,  and China accounted respectively for 2 per cent 
each. In North America, the main partner was Ca nada (10 per cent) while in South and Central 
America, it was Brazil (2 per cent). Although the sh are of services sold in the Middle East was only 1 
per cent, services supplied by US affiliates in the se countries grew very rapidly, averaging an annual 
31 per cent since 2004. According to available inform ation, in 2008, most services were supplied by 
US affiliates in wholesale trade (21 per cent), financ e (15 per cent), insurance (6 per cent), and retail 
trade (6 per cent).  
                                                           
6 Outward FATS statistics measure the activities of  majority-owned affiliates of domestic firms 
established in foreign countries. 
7 This information refers to supply of services products  to foreigners by United States owned affiliates. 
This differs from the FATS data presented for the United St ates in the table in the Statistical Annex which refers 
to sales of foreign affiliates operating in the services sector. For instance the latter include sales of goods of foreign affiliates whose primary activity is classified as a service industry but not the supply of services of those 
whose primary activity is classified as a manufacturing industry. Source: US BEA.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 9 
 
 
  Chart 6: Services supplied by th e United States thro ugh its majority-owned foreign affiliates  
by region (outward FATS), 2008 
(Percentage)  
Asia
22%
Europe
55%South and 
Central 
America
8%Africa
1%Middle East
1%
North 
America
13%
 
Note: Europe includes the CIS countries. 
Source: US BEA. 
 
 
23. Moving to Europe, in 2008, total sales (goods and services) of German foreign affiliates 
engaged in services industries in foreign countri es (excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair 
activities) reached some US$504 billion. In the period 2005-2008, sales grew by 8 per cent on annual 
average. Around 53 per cent of the sales were made by affiliates established in EU(27) countries, 
while the United States, with a share of 25 per cent, was the main extra-EU(27) partner. Total sales by 
French foreign affiliates in services activities (e xcluding wholesale and re tail trade and repair 
activities), which in 2007 reached US$362 billion, presen ted a similar pattern. More than half of the 
sales originated from affiliates esta blished in EU (27) countries, and a 21 per cent from those in the 
United States. In the same year, around 79 per cen t of the US$159.1 billion sales by Italian foreign 
affiliates engaged in services abroad came  from affiliates in EU(27) countries.  
24. Recently Israel started compiling FATS statisti cs. In 2005, subsidiaries of Israeli firms 
totalled US$3 billion of sales abroad.8 Over 50 per cent of sales was generated by foreign affiliates in 
computer and related activities, and 19 per cent by affiliates in research a nd development (R&D).   
E. INWARD FATS  SALES IN SELECTED ECONOMIES (TOTAL SALES ) 
25. According to the United States data, in 2008,  services supplied to the United States by 
majority-owned affiliates of foreign firms reache d US$714.3 billion, rising by 7 per cent on annual 
average since 2004. With a share of 63 per cent, Eu ropean countries, largely the EU(27), were the 
main services suppliers to the United States, follo wed by Asian economies (largely Japan with 14 
per cent). North American countries accounted for 14 per cent of the total service supplied. By contrast, the value of services provided by affiliates of South and Central America countries as well as Middle Eastern economies was very modest accounting each for 2 per cent. Finally, services supplied  by affiliates of African firms represented only 0.1 per cent of the total. In 2008, foreign affiliates 
established in the United States were active especially  in wholesale trade (22 per cent) and financial 
intermediation activities (20 per cent).
9  
 
                                                           
8 Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities as well as some or all community, social and 
personal services activities. 
9 Source: US BEA. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 10  
 
  Chart 7:  Services supplied to the United Stat es through majority-owned foreign affiliates  
by region (inward FATS), 2008 
(Percentage)  
Asia
19%
North 
America
14%Middle 
East
2% Africa
0.1%South and 
Central 
America
2%
Europe
63%
 
Note: Europe includes the CIS countries. 
Source: US BEA. 
 
26. In Europe, total sales by affiliates of fore ign firms engaged in services (excluding wholesale 
and retail trade and repair activities) in Germany at tained US$200 billion in 2006. Foreign affiliates 
were present especially in financial intermedia tion activities (29 per cent), telecommunications (15 
per cent), as well as transport and storage (13 per cent ).  In France, foreign affiliates' sales reached 
US$176 billion in 2007, while in Italy they attained US$110 billion.10   
27. Finally, in Asia, foreign affiliates located in  Japan totalled sales for US$27 billion in 2006,11 
while those located in Hong Kong, China reached US$142 in 2007.12 According to preliminary 
statistics, in 2008, sales by foreign affiliates in  services activities established in China attained 
US$133.96 billion (excluding wholesale and re tail trade and repair activities).  
 
                                                           
10 Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities, as well as a large part or all financial 
intermediation. 
11 Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activ ities, real estate activities, as well as financial 
intermediation. 
12 Data for Hong Kong, China include other income.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 11 
 
 
  Table 3: BOP/EBOPS services items  
Transportation  services covers sea, air and other including la nd, internal waterway, sp ace and pipeline transport 
services that are performed by residents of one economy for those of another, and that involve the carriage of 
passengers, the movement of goods (freight), rentals (charters) of carriers with crew, and related supporting and 
auxiliary services. 
 
Travel   includes goods and services acquired by personal travellers, for health, education or other purposes, and 
by business travellers. Unlike other services, travel is not a specific type of service, but an assortment of goods 
and services consumed by travellers. The most comm on goods and services covered are lodging, food and 
beverages, entertainment and transportation (within the economy visited), gifts and souvenirs.  
Other commercial services  corresponds to the  following components:   
(i) Communications services  includes postal, courier and telecommunication services.  Telecommunications 
services encompasses the transmission of sound, images or other information by telephone, telex, telegram, radio 
and television cable and broadcasting, satellite, electroni c mail, facsimile services etc., including business 
network services, teleconferencing and support services. It does not include the value of the information 
transported. Also included are cellular telephone services, Internet ba ckbone services and on-line access services, 
including provision of access to the Internet. 
 
(ii) Construction services  covers work performed on construction projects and installation by employees of an 
enterprise in locations outside the territory of an enterp rise.  The BOP one-year rule  of minimum local presence, 
used for determining the residency status of an entity, is applied flexibly for this item and many situations of 
temporary commercial presence are thus captured.  In addition goods imported by construction companies for 
their projects are included in BPM5 which implies that the "true" services component tends to be overestimated.  
(iii) Insurance services  covers the provision of various types of insurance to non residents by resident insurance 
enterprises, and vice versa.  The service charge is often estimated using data on gross premiums and gross claims.  
In EBOPS insurance services are further subdivided into five more detailed components.   
(iv) Financial services  covers financial intermediation and auxiliary services provided by banks, stock 
exchanges, factoring enterprises, credit card enterprises, and other enterprises. 
(v) Computer and information services  is subdivided into computer serv ices (hardware and software related 
services and data processing services), news agency services (provision of news, photographs, and feature 
articles to the media), and other information provision services (database services and web search portals). 
 
(vi) Royalties and license fees  is far wider than the category "franchisi ng" used in the MTN.GNS/W/120.  In the 
MTN.GNS/W/120 franchising is classified under distribution services, defined according to the CPC provisional 
version item 8929 Other non-financial intangible assets, which is defined as follows: "Royalties for the right to 
use (...) exclusive rights (...), not elsewhere classified, owned by other economic agents." It is not entirely clear 
why such royalties have been listed in W/120, while paymen ts for the use of patents, copyrights or trademarks 
have not been included.  The balance of payments item royalties and license fees  includes franchises and similar 
rights and other royalties and license fees.  The form er comprises international payments and receipts of 
franchising fees and the royalties paid for the use of registered trademarks.  Other royalties and license fees include transactions for the authorised use of patents, copyrights, and industrial processes and designs and the 
use, through licenses of produced originals or prototypes (such as manuscripts and computer programs). 
 
(vii) Other business services  includes merchanting and other trade-related services; operational leasing (rentals) 
services; and miscellaneous business, professional, and te chnical services, such as legal, accounting, auditing, 
management consulting, public relations services, advertising, market research and public opinion polling, 
research and development services, architectural, engineer ing, and other technical serv ices, agricultural, mining 
an on-site processing. 
(viii) Personal, cultural, and recreational services  comprises (i) audiovisual and related services and (ii) other 
personal, cultural, and recreational services. The first component includes services and fees related to the 
production of motion pictures, radio and television programmes, and musical recordings.  Other personal, cultural, and recreational services incl udes services such as those associated  with museums, libraries, archives, 
and other cultural, sporting, and recreational activitie s. EBOPS provides for the production of additional 
information within the latter item among two separate sub-components: education services and health services (i.e. not travel related). S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 12  
 
   
II. TRANSPORTATION SERVICES 
A. T
RADE DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN 2000  AND 2008   
28. Rising fuel prices, expanding merchandise trade and higher international air passenger traffic 
resulted in world export of transportation services  to grow by 13 per cent on average per year. In 
2008, half of world exports of transportation services originated from Europe . Exports from the 
European Union (27) increased by 14 per cent fuelled by rising receipts from sea freight transportation services. Sea transport is the most important mode for long distance transport of EU(27) goods. In 2008, 63 per cent of all freight handled in EU (27) ports was destined to or 
originated from an extra-EU(27) port.
13  
29. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) , the Russian Federation's transportation 
services exports, which account for half of the re gion's total, rose by 20 per cent, mainly due to 
increased air passenger transport exports. Exports of  pipeline transportation services, notably for the 
transit of oil and natural gas, also expanded rapi dly. With almost 27 per cent average annual growth, 
Azerbaijan recorded the most rapid growth within the region. 
 
Chart 8: World transportation services expo rts, merchandise exports,crude oil price  
and international air passengers, 2000-2008 
(Index 2000=100)  
50100150200250300350400
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Index (2000=100)
World transportation services exports World international air passengers
World crude oil price World merchandise exports
 
  Source: WTO, ICAO and IMF.  
 
30. In Asia , a new player entered the transportation services export sector. Between 2000 and 
2008, China's exports increased by 34 per cent on av erage per year. By comparison, other traditional 
Asian transport services exporters lagged behind. Japan, the largest trader within  the region, recorded 
the lowest increase (8 per cent), followed by Sing apore (15 per cent) and the Republic of Korea (16 
per cent). China's record export growth was due to higher revenues from sea freight transportation 
services (42 per cent), which, in 2008, accounted for two thirds of the economy's transport exports. In 
the same year, over 22 per cent of world cont ainer port throughput originated from China.14  
                                                           
13 Source: Eurostat, Statistics in Focus 11/2010. 
14 UNCTAD, Review of Ma ritime Transport 2009.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 13 
 
 
  Chart 9: Growth of transportation services exports of selected As ian economies 2000-2008 
(Index 2000=100) 
010020030040050060070080090010001100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Index (2000=100)
China Singapore Korea, Rep. of
Japan Hong Kong, China
 
  Source: IMF and national data. 
 
31. In South and Central America, Chile, the region's biggest transport services exporter 
recorded 16 per cent average annual growth. In pa rticular, the country's exports of sea freight 
transportation services tripled over the period. Br azil's transportation services exports were, by 
comparison, more dynamic (18 per cent) due to growing receipts from sea freight transportation 
services as well as port services. In North America , the United States' and Cana da's exports grew at a 
much slower path (8 per cent and 5 per cent respectivel y). In particular, in the United States, sustained 
growth of air freight transportation services e xports could not compensate for the sluggish 
performance of air passenger transport services ex ports. Exports of air passenger transportation 
services represent the largest component of the Unite d States total transportation services receipts.   
32. Finally, between 2000 and 2008, in Africa , Egypt's exports of transportation services grew by 
per 15 cent mainly due to the increasing numbers of tr ansiting ships in the Suez Canal, in net tonnage, 
as well as in the Canal's toll revenues. Morocco's exports, however, were more dynamic, recording an 
average annual increase of 23 per cent. In the Middle East , rising revenues from sea freight 
transportation services pushed Israel's exports up by 23 per cent. 
33. In the period 2000-2008, world imports of transportation services  increased by 12 per cent on 
annual average. With 27 per cent, the CIS record ed the most rapid growth, followed by the Middle 
East (19 per cent), Asia (13 per cent), and Europe  (12 per cent). South and Central America and North 
America grew respectively by 11 per cent and by 7 per cent.  
34. In North America, the United States, the second  largest transport importer in the world, 
increased by 6 per cent. In South and Central America, Brazil's exports rose by 12 per cent on annual average. In 2008, the country accounted for over 20 per cent of the region's transport imports. Chile, 
the second biggest importer in South and Central Amer ica, recorded fast growth (15 per cent), thus 
increasing its share in the regions' imports from 11 pe r cent in 2000 to almost 15 per cent in 2008.  
35. Europe's rise was largely due to the EU (27) (12 per cent), Norway (14 per cent) and Turkey 
(16 per cent). By comparison, Switzerland's tran sportation services imports lagged behind (6 per 
cent). In Asia, Japan recorded a slower growth by  6 per cent, while China increased by 22 per cent on 
annual average. In the CIS, the Russian Federati on's imports increased by 24 per cent. However, 
growth was more pronounced in Ukraine (43 per cent).  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 14  
 
  36. In Africa, South Africa and Egypt, the largest importers, payments for transportation services 
rose respectively by 15 per cent and 16 per cent. In  Middle East, rapid growth was recorded in the 
United Arab Emirates (24 per cent) and in th e Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (27 per cent).  
B. R
ECENT TRENDS (2009-2010) 
37. Transport, along with finance, was the service sect or most affected by the economic crisis. In 
2009, world transportation services dropped by 23 per cent to US$700 billion reflecting a weaker 
demand for freight transport due to the sharp decl ine of merchandise trade. Air transported freight 
declined by 9 per cent and internationa l passengers transport by 2 per cent.  
 
Chart 10: World exports of transportation services and world merchandise export s, Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-30-20-10010203040
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change, year-on-year
World me rchandise  e xports World transportation services exports
 
 
Source WTO estimates . 
 
38. In 2009, Asia's exports plummeted by 26 pe r cent. In particular, China's exports of 
transportation services dropped by 39 per cent. Si gnificant declines were also recorded by the 
Republic of Korea (-35 per cent) and Japan (-32 per cent). Exports of transport services from Europe 
were down by 22 per cent, with the European Uni on (27) recording -23 per cent and Norway -27 per 
cent. In North America, the United States transporta tion services receipts fell by 21 per cent. In the 
CIS, exports contracted by 17 per cent, with Ru ssian Federation and Ukraine decreasing both by 18 
per cent. In Africa, Egypt's exports declined also by 18 per cent. 
 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 15 
 
 
  Chart 11: Exports of transportation servi ces of selected leading exporters, 2009 
(Percentage change) 
-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50
China
Korea, Rep. of
JapanNorway EU (27) Canada
United States
Russian Fed.EgyptUkraine
Singapore
Hong Kong, ChinaIndiaTurkeyPercentage change
 
  Source: IMF, Eurostat and national sources. 
 
39. World imports of transportation services declined by 22 per cent to US$835 billion in 2009. 
All regions faced sharp declines. In Europe, impor ts fell by 24 per cent. However, the CIS was the 
most affected  region with imports dropping by 31 per cent. In the Russian Federation and Ukraine, 
imports declined by 27 per cent while in Ukraine they collapsed (-51 per cent). North America's 
imports declined by 22 per cent and, in Asia, tr ansportation services payments were down by 20 per 
cent. In the region, imports by Japan and China fell by 25 per cent and by 7 per cent respectively. In 
South and Central America, imports contracted by 24 per cent with Brazil's and Chile's imports 
dropping by 23 per cent and 28 per cent. Finally, in Africa and Middle East, imports decreased 
respectively by 16 per cent and 15 per cent. 
40. Available data for the first months of 2010 poi nt to a rapid rebound of the transportation 
services sector following global merchandise trade recovery. In particular, transportation services 
exports of Asian economies, which had dropped significantly in 2009, are recovering fast. In the first 
half of 2010, China's exports of  transportation services increased by 43 per cent, compared to the 
same period of 2009. With over 40 per cent increas e in the second quarter of 2010, the Republic of 
Korea's transport exports reached pre-crisis grow th levels. In the case of Japan and Hong Kong, 
China, growth in the first six months of 2010 was even higher than in the first half 2008.    
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 16  
 
  Chart 12: Exports of transportation serv ices of selected leading exporters,  
first half 2009- first half 2010 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-50-40-30-20-1001020304050
China Hong
Kong,
ChinaKorea,
Rep. ofJapan Russian
Fed.Singapore United
StatesEU(27)Percentage change, year-on-yea r
1st half 2009 2nd half 2009 1st half 2010
 
 Source: Eurostat and national sources. 
 
41. By comparison, recovery was more gradual in other regions. In the first half of 2010, the 
United States' and the EU (27) exports of transpor tation services increased respectively by 12 per cent 
and 10 per cent year-on-year. In April 2010, the air transport sector suffered the consequences of the 
closure of the European airspace due to the presence  of a volcanic ash cloud originating in Iceland. 
Around 75 per cent of European airlines' passenger operations were affected, 30 per cent of African 
airlines, and 20 per cent of the Middle Eastern. By comparison, the impact on other region's airlines 
was lower. European airlines record ed a drop by 13 per cent in international passenger traffic, with a 
trough of -18 per cent on intra-European routes.15 According to preliminary estimates, airlines faced 
cumulative revenue losses for at least US$1.7 billion.16  
C. TRENDS IN BILATERAL EXPORTS OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES IN SELECTED ECONOMIES  
42. Estimates based on data of available reporte rs (accounting for some 75 per cent of world 
exports of transportation services) indicate that, in 2008, almost two thirds of transportation services 
exported to the world were destined to develope d economies. Around 34 percent were received by 
developing economies while the CIS accounted for only 2-3 percent. 
43. According to available data in 2008, EU (27) exports to the United States, Switzerland, and 
China accounted overall for some 40 per cent of total extra-EU(27) transportation services exports.  In 
2008, in North America, one third of the United St ates' transport services exports took place with the 
EU(27). Exports to Japan and Canada followed at a distance with 9 per cent and 8 per cent 
respectively.   
44. In Asia, transportation services exports appear to be more regional. In 2008, at least half or 
more of transportation services exported by sev eral Asian economies were destined to other 
economies within the region. In 2008, Hong, Kong China was the largest export market for China 
accounting for nearly 36.7 per cent of total transportation services exports.17 China was the first 
                                                           
15 UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, Interim Update August 2010. 
16 IATA, "The impact of Eyjafjallajökull’s volcanic ash plume", May 2010. 
17 "China Trade in Services Report 2 009", China's Ministry of Commerce.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 17 
 
 
  destination of the Republic of Korea's exports of  transportation services (19 per cent). The country' 
exports to other Asian partners acc ounted for more than the half of its transportation service exports. 
Japan's largest individual export partners were the United States and the EU(27), however, around 
half of its exports were destined to Asia. Simila rly, 57 per cent of transportation services exported by 
Hong Kong, China reached other Asian economies.   
D. OUTWARD FATS  SALES (TRANSPORT AND STORAGE ) IN SELECTED ECONOMIES  
45. According to available information, in 2008, fore ign affiliates of US firms, engaged in air, 
rail, water, and truck transportation as well as in support transport activities, sold services for a total 
amount of US$22.4 billion. No data are disclosed fo r services sold worldwide by US affiliates in the 
whole "transportation and warehousing" industry, only  to some selected destin ations.  For example, 
total services sold by these affiliates in Europe tota lled US$21.6 billion, while those in Latin America 
countries (including Mexico and the Caribbean) amo unted to US$8.3 billion, and to Canada US$5.7 
billion.  
46. Moving to Europe, in 2008, total sales of German  foreign affiliates, engaged in the transport 
and storage industry attained US$109.6 billion, of which more than 80 per cent came from foreign 
affiliates in supporting and auxiliary  transport activities. Almost two thirds of the sales originated 
from affiliates located in EU(27) member countries,  while those in the United States accounted for 8 
per cent of the total. In France, the total turnover of  foreign affiliates engaged in transport and storage 
sector was US$37.5 billion.  
III. TRAVEL 
A. TRADE DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN 2000  AND 2008   
47. In the last decade, the increasing availability of low-cost airlines to reach long-distance 
destinations, as well as the advent of e-commerce to purchase travel packages  online has contributed 
to make international travel more affordable. According to the UNWTO, in the period 2000-2008, the 
number of world international tourist arrivals ro se by 4 per cent on average per year. World travel 
exports  increased by 9 per cent despite events such as the September 11 (2001),  SARS  (2003), the 
tsunami (2004), and the onset of a global economic crisis (2008).   
Chart 13: World travel exports and international tourist arrivals, 2000-2008 
(Percentage change)  
-50510152025
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Percentage change
W or ld tr avel expor ts World international tourist arrivals
 
  Source: WTO estimates and UNWTO. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 18  
 
   
48. Between 2000 and 2008, travel export growth was pronounced in the CIS (20 per cent), 
Africa (14 per cent)  and Asia (12 per cent). Europe 's exports rose by 9 per cent, while North America 
lagged behind (4 per cent).  In South and Central America, recorded growth was by 8 per cent on 
annual average.  
49. In Europe , which accounted in 2008 for 47 per cent of world travel exports, tourism 
developed rapidly in many countries. Croatia's trav el exports rose by 19 per cent on average per year. 
As a result, in 2008, Croatia doubled its share in world travel exports and ranked among the fifteen leading travel exporters. Turkey's travel receipts increased by 14 per cent due to the higher number of foreign tourist arrivals, mainly from Europe. In the CIS, the most dynamic region, the Russian 
Federation travel exports rose by 17 per cent on average per year. Record period growth were 
recorded in Ukraine (40 percent) and in  the Kyrgyz Republic (55 per cent).   
50. In North America , the United States' travel receipts grew only by 4 per cent due to the 
modest increase in international tourist arrivals (2  per cent) over the period.  In Mexico, growth was 
more dynamic (6 per cent). Despite the excellent tr avel exports growth recorded in Brazil (19 per 
cent), South and Central America 's travel receipts resented the w eak performance of the Caribbean 
(5 per cent) due to moderate rise in international tourists. In 2008, the Caribbean accounted for 38 per 
cent of the region's travel exports.  
51. In the period 2000-2008, the value of Africa's travel exports almost tripled and, starting in 
2005, it exceeded the region's receipts from exports of agricultural products. Over recent years, the 
number of international tourist arrivals to Africa rose steadily. In 2008, over 44 million international 
tourists visited African countries, up by 7 per cent since 2000. Egypt, the largest travel exporter in the 
region, has recently started to develop new tourism areas such as safari, health-related, and conference 
tourism. Health-related tourism is well developed in Tunisia. The c ountry' exports of this type of 
services increased by 26 per cent on average per year since 2000.   
52. Travel receipts play an important role in several African economies. The ratio of travel 
exports to GDP has grown in many African countries since 2000. In leading travel exporters such as 
Egypt and Morocco, it has increased by 3-4 percentage points. In Cape Verde, the contribution of the 
emerging tourism sector to GDP has risen from 8 per cent in 2000 to 23 per cent in 2008. In the Seychelles, the latter reached almost 30 per cent in 2008. 
Chart 14: Ratio of travel exports to GDP in selected African countries, 2000 and 2008 
(Percentage change) 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35TanzaniaEgyptTunisiaMoroccoMauritiusCape VerdeSeychelles
Percentage change2008
2000
 
Source: World Bank and IMF.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 19 
 
 
   
53. In Asia,  Australia's travel exports increased by 13 per cent on average per year, and in 2006, 
the country became the fourth-largest world expor ter of travel, the second in Asia behind China. 
Australia's education-related travel has gradua lly become the most important service category 
exported by the economy, accounting for more than half of the country's total travel exports in 2008.  
However, in Asia the strongest period growth was recorded in Macao, China. Between 2000 and 
2008, the economy's travel receipts have been increasi ng by 24 percent on average per year due to its 
increasing attraction as gaming location.  
54. In the Middle East , the United Arab Emirates' travel exports grew by 27 per cent annually 
over the period. The Emirates have become a very im portant tourism destination in the region. In the 
period 2000-2008, Jordan's travel re ceipts quadrupled as the country's cultural an historical heritage 
attracted an increasing number of foreign tourists, mainly from Europe. 
55. In the period 2000-2008, world travel imports  increased by 9 per cent on average per year. 
The CIS recorded the most rapid growth increasi ng by 15 per cent, followed by Europe and Asia 
(both by 9 per cent).  In South and Central America travel imports rose by 8 per cent.  
56. Similarly to travel exports, North America's grow th was slower (5 per cent) due to the United 
States' sluggish import performance (3 per cent). In  South and Central America, Brazil, the largest 
travel importer in the region, grew by 14 per cent on annual average. By contrast, Argentina's imports 
stagnated. In Europe, imports by the EU (27) and by Switzerland rose by 9 per cent. Growth was 
faster in Norway (17 per cent). In Asia, Chin a's travel imports increased by 14 per cent.  
57. In the CIS, the Russian Federation's travel e xpenditure increased by 13 per cent on average 
per year. However, travel payments rose faster in  other economies in the region such as Ukraine (31 
per cent), Armenia (30 per cent), and the Kyrgyz Repub lic (45 per cent). In Africa, South Africa's and 
Egypt's travel imports grew respectively by 10 and 13 per cent. In Middle East, the United Arab 
Emirates' imports expanded by 20 per cent.  
B. RECENT TRENDS (2009-2010) 
58. In 2009, the worsening of global economic cond itions following the financial crisis sharply 
reduced the demand for tourism services. Both busin ess and leisure travel were cut. In general 
consumers tended to prefer closer destinations and diminished the length of stay and/or their 
expenditure abroad.  In 2009, world travel e xports decreased by 9 per cent to US$870 billion 
reflecting the worldwide drop in international t ourist arrivals (-4 per cent). Export decline was 
pronounced in Europe (-13 per cent), North America (-11 per cent) and the CIS (-22 per cent). In 
South and Central America, the decrease was by 6 per cent. By comparison, African and Asian economies were overall less affected, decreasing by 5 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. The Middle East was the only region to show positive growth (2 per cent). 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 20  
 
  Chart 15: World travel exports, Q1 2008-Q4 2009  
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-20-15-10-50510152025
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change, year-on-yea r
 
Source: WTO estimates.  
 
59. In Europe , EU(27) travel exports were down by 13 pe r cent, although the impact of the crisis 
varied significantly among individual EU (27). In Cr oatia, largely dependent on tourist arrivals from 
the EU (27), travel receipts contracted by 20 pe r cent. Within Europe, positive growth was recorded 
only in Albania (7 per cent) due to the increase in both the number and expenditure of foreign 
travellers, originating mainly from neighbouring economies.   
60. In North America , Mexico's travel exports declined by 15 per cent affected by both the 
unfavourable economic environment and the spreadi ng of the A flu (H1N1 influenza). According to 
the World Tourism Organization, international tourist arrivals to Mexico declined by 19 per cent year-
on-year in the second quarter of 2009, when the ep idemic was at its peak. Despite the favourable 
dollar exchange rate, the number of foreign travellers  to the United States contracted (-9 per cent). As 
a result, the country's travel receipts fell by 11 per cent.  In  the South and Central American region , 
Central American countries resented at most the decline in tourist inflows following the economic 
crisis. According to the UNWTO, international tour ist arrivals to these countries decreased by 7 per 
cent in 2009, compared to 2-3 per cent in S outh America economies and in the Caribbean.18 Ecuador, 
El Salvador, Honduras recorded a drop on travel export by more than 20 per cent in 2009. 
 
 
                                                           
18 UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, Interim Update August 2010.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 21 
 
 
  Chart 16: Exports of selected leading travel exporters, 2009 
(Percentage change) 
-25-20-15-10-505101520
Russian Fed.
Croatia
Mexico
EU (27) Canada
Thailand
United States
India
Japan
China
Turkey
Switzerland
Egypt
Australia
Macao, China
Hong Kong, China
Lebanon
 
  Source: IMF, Eurostat and national sources.  
 
61. In 2009, the CIS travel receipts plummeted by 22 per cent due to a substantial drop in exports 
from the two major exporters in the region. The Ru ssian Federation's and Ukraine's travel exports 
declined by 21 per cent and by 38 per cent respectiv ely reflecting the decrease in foreign tourists, 
particularly from non-CIS countries. Despite the negative economic context, Azerbaijan's travel 
exports increased by an impressive 84 per cent due to the higher number of travellers visiting the 
country, an important part for business reasons.  
62. Asian economies  were, on average, less affected by the crisis. In 2009, China's travel receipts 
decreased by 3 per cent and Japan's by 5 per cent. Among the largest exporters in the region, India's 
travel receipts declined by 10 per cent. Receipts fro m foreign students' expend iture and high revenues 
from gaming activities continued to keep Australia a nd Macao, China's travel exports positive (3 per 
cent and 7 per cent respectively). However, the declin e in international travel exports was dramatic for 
small islands such as the Maldives (-8 per cent) a nd Fiji (-27 per cent), heavily dependent on tourism 
revenues.  In Viet Nam, exports decreased by 22 per cent.  
63. The Middle East  was the region least touched by the crisis. In 2009, the region's travel 
receipts increased by 2 per cent following significant expansion in Lebanon's tr avel exports (16 per 
cent). The country has recently become an importa nt tourism destination in  the region. The United 
Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also recorded positive growth. In Africa,  Egypt's 
travel exports decreased only by 2 per cent in 20 09, while in Morocco and Tunisia the decline was 
more pronounced (-8 per cent and -7 per cent respectiv ely). If larger travel exporters in the region 
coped better with the consequences of the crisis, sm all island economies were severely hit. In 2009, 
Mauritius and Seychelles' travel exports fell by 23 pe r cent, and in Cape Verde the decline was by 18 
per cent.   
64. In 2009, world travel imports declined by 9 per cent to US$790 billion. European countries 
resented at most the consequences of the economic crisis, with imports contracting by 14 per cent. 
However, while the EU (27) imports dropped by 15 per cent, Switzerland's decreased only by 1 per 
cent. In the CIS, travel imports contracted by 12 per cent. In the region, the Russian Federation and 
Ukraine decreased by 13 per cent and 17 per cent r espectively. North America's travel imports S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 22  
 
  declined by 9 per cent, with the United States decreasing by 8 pe r cent. In South and Central 
American countries, imports decreased only by 1 per cent following Brazil's and Argentina's very modest increases.  
65. Although Asia's overall imports st agnated in 2009, China's travel payments recorded double-
digit growth (21 per cent), while Japan's travel im ports rose by 6 per cent. The Middle East was the 
only region to record positive growth due to the Ki ngdom of Saudi Arabia's imports expanding by 24 
per cent. However, this increase was offset by the United Arab Emirates' travel payments dropping by 
22 per cent. Finally, in Africa imports contracted by 9 per cent, with the largest travel importers, 
South Africa and Egypt, decreasing by 6 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. 
66. World tourism recovery started in the third quart er of 2009 and is going rapidly. According to 
the UNWTO, in the first half of 2010, the number of  international tourists rose by 7 per cent year-on-
year. The forecast for the end of 2010 is an increase in  world international tourist arrivals by 3-4 per 
cent.   
67. Preliminary figures of leading travel exporters c onfirm this upward trend. In the first half of 
2010, international travellers' expenditure in the Un ited States increased by 8 per cent year-on-year. In 
the same region, Mexico's exports were up by 7 per cent. In Europe, EU (27) travel exports rose by 5 
per cent in the first quarter of 2010. However, they declined by almost 5 per cent in the second quarter 
due the negative effects of the volcanic ash cloud on in ternational tourist arrivals. Northern European 
countries were particularly affected. According to pr eliminary estimates, in April 2010, the number of 
international tourist arrivals to the United Kingdom  dropped by 11 per cent and to Iceland by 14 per 
cent.  
68. In Africa, in the first half of the year, Egypt's travel exports grew by 18 per cent while 
Morocco's rose by around 10 per cent. By contrast, Tunisia's travel exports were down by 2 per cent, as result of the 12 per cent drop in the number of international tourists to the country in April following the closure of the European airspace. Most  international tourists in Tunisia originate from 
Europe. In the CIS, while Ukraine's travel exports rose by 5 per cent in the first six months of 2010, 
the Russian Federation's travel receipts continue d to record negative growth (-4 per cent).  
69. According to the UNWTO, Asia's tourism sector  experienced a very dynamic rebound. In the 
first half of 2010, international tourist arrivals to  the region were up by 14 per cent year-on-year. In 
this period, for example, China saw the number of foreign tourists increase by almost 13 per cent and its travel exports rise by 20 per cent year-on-year . While Australia and Macao, China continued their 
escalating export growth, travel receipts recovered also  in small islands. The Maldives' travel exports 
are estimated to grow by 14 percent by the end of 2010.  
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 23 
 
 
  Chart 17: Travel exports of selected leading travel exporters, Q1 2009 – Q2 2010  
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-20020406080
United
StatesEU (27) Australia Turkey Mexico Macao,
ChinaRussian
Fed.Croatia EgyptPercentage change, year-on-yea r
Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010
 
 Source: Eurostat and national sources. 
 
 
C. TRENDS IN BILATERAL FLOWS OF TRAVEL EXPORTS IN SELECTED ECONOMIES  
70. According to data of available reporters repr esenting 68 per cent of world travel exports, in 
2008, 73 per cent of total travel receipts were d estined to developed economies, with developing 
accounting for 25 per cent and the remaining 2 per cent to CIS.  In 2008, over 20 per cent of international travellers' expenditure in the EU(27) (excluding intra-EU transactions) originated from 
the United States. Similarly, with a share of 27 per cent, the EU(27) was the first destination of the 
United States' travel exports. Travel exports have a more distinct regional dime nsion in Asia.  Over 60 
per cent of China's travel receipts were concentrated  in the Asian region, in particular Hong Kong, 
China, Chinese Taipei, the Republic of Korea and Japan.
19 More than two-thirds of the Republic of 
Korea's travel exports were destined to other As ian countries with over 30 per cent to Japan. In the 
case of Hong Kong, China the share of Asia is even  higher (over 84 per cent), with China as first 
partner. Asian economies accounted for around 77 per cent of Japan's travel exports in 2008, and 60 
per cent of Australia's travel receipts. In reportin g Asian economies, travel exports to the EU(27) 
represented between 6 to 9 per cent of the total, while the share of the United States ranged between 5 
and 12 per cent (Republic of Korea). 
D. OUTWARD FATS  SALES (HOTELS AND ACCOMMODATION ) IN SELECTED ECONOMIES  
71. In 2008, services supplied by US foreign a ffiliates engaged in accommodations and food 
services reached US$37 billion. Around 56 per cent were generated by affiliates established in 
European countries, mainly in the United Kingdom and France. Canada accounted for 4 per cent of 
total sales and Latin America (including Mexico a nd the Caribbean) for 5 per cent. The total services 
sold abroad by U.S. affiliates in travel arrangement and reserva tion services totalled US$5.5 billion, 
of which almost 60 per cent generated by affiliated located in the Netherlands.  
72. According to available data, in 2007, the total sales of French affiliates engaged in the hotels 
and accommodations sector reached over US$23 billion. In the same year, Italian affiliates totalled 
US$5.2 billion while affiliates of Germany's firms in 2008 reached US$2.4 billion.  More than half of 
                                                           
19 "China Trade in Services Report 2009", Ministry of Commerce of China. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 24  
 
  the sales for the three economies above was generate d by affiliates located outside the EU (27). In 
Asia, Japanese affiliates totalled US$1.2 billion dollars.  
 
Chart 18: Services supplied (United States) and sale s of foreign affiliates engaged in the Hotels and 
Accommodations sector abroad for selected economies (outward FA TS), 2007 and 2008. 
0510152025303540
United States
(2008)France Italy Germany
(2008)JapanBillion dollars
 
Source: Eurostat and U.S. BEA. 
 
IV. OTHER COMMERCIAL SERVICES 
73. With an average annual increase by 15 per cen t, "other commercial ser vices" was the most 
dynamic export sector in the period 2000-2008.  Ho wever, the performance of the different sectors 
forming this aggregate category varied significantly. The most rapid growth was recorded in computer 
and information services (19 per cent), insurance ser vices (16 per cent) and construction (16 per cent). 
By comparison, world exports of personal, cultura l and recreational services increased only by 7 per 
cent.  A detailed analysis by individual sector follows in the next sub-sections. 
Chart 19: Growth of  other commerci al services by sector, 2000-2008 
(Percentage change)  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
Source WTO estimates. 
 0 5 10 15 20 25Com m unications servicesPersonal, cultural and recreational servicesRoyalties and license feesFinancial servicesOther business servicesConstructionInsurance servicesComputer and information services
Percentage changen.a. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 25 
 
 
  74. Between 2000 and 2 008, the CIS exports of other commerc ial services grew rapidly (29 per 
cent) following strong growth, in particular, of ot her business services, construction, and computer 
services. Europe followed at a distance (16 per cent)  driven especially by expanding exports of other 
business services, financial services, and computer and information services. A similar trend was observed in Asian and South a nd Central American economies' exports, which increased by 15 per 
cent on average per year. In North America, reco rded growth was by 10 per cent, led by other 
business services, royalties and licence fees and financial services exports.
20 
75. World imports of other commercial services incr eased by 13 per cent annually in the period 
2000-2008. The CIS recorded the most rapid growth (25 per cent), with several economies, such as the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan, increasing by around 30 per cent. In Europe, imports of other 
commercial services rose by 14 per cent. Asia followe d with an average annual increase by 12 per 
cent. However, within the region, countries' pe rformance varied. While China increased by 25 per 
cent, in Japan growth was slower (7 per cent). In South and Central America, Brazil's imports 
expanded more rapidly (15 per cent) than the regi on’s average (11 per cent). North America's imports 
rose by 10 per cent driven by the United States' fast growth of other business services and of 
insurance services. In Africa, Morocco  and South Africa's imports grew by 19 per cent Finally, in the 
Middle East, the United Arab Emirates' payments fo r other commercial services rose on average by 
24 per cent.  
76. In 2009, world exports of other commercial servi ces fell by 9 per cent to US$1780 billion. All 
individual services sectors were affected by the gl obal economic crisis but not to the same extent. 
Turmoil in the financial markets resulted in world exports of financial services collapsing by 15 per 
cent. Construction, which had recorded the most ra pid growth in 2008, dropped by 15 per cent. World 
exports of other business services, and of communica tions services decreased each by 9 per cent. 
However, some sectors were more resilient than  others to the adverse economic context. World 
exports of computer and information services as well as global receipts of royalties and licence fees decreased by 6 per cent and 3 per cent respectively.  
 
                                                           
20 Due to the presence of breaks in series, it is not possible to provide the average period growth for 
Africa and the Middle East. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 26  
 
  Chart 20: World exports of other commerci al services by category, 2008-2009 
(Percentage change) 
 
-20-15-10-5051015202530
Financial services
Construction
Personal, cultural, & recreational serv.
Other business services
Communications services
Insurance services
Computer and information services
Royalties and licence feesPercentage change2008 2009
 
Source: WTO estimates. 
 
77. Due to their different export structure, the imp act of the economic crisis varied also across 
regions. Declines of exports of other business servi ces as well as construction translated into an 
overall 15 percent exports fall in the CIS. In Europe  the decline was also pr onounced (-11 per cent), 
due to the sharp drop of financial services, which accounted in 2008 for over 9 per cent of the region's total commercial services exports. In African economi es, the decline was also by 11 per cent. Asia's 
exports of other commercial services contracted by 8 per cent.  
78. By contrast, positive growth of computer a nd information services, insurance services, and 
other business services in the United States resulted in North America's exports decreasing only by 5 percent. South and Central America's exports fell by 4 per cent thanks to strong exports of computer 
and information services and a modest recovery of financial services. However, in 2009, the Middle East was the only region where exports of other commercial services exports stagnated rather than 
declined. This was due to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's doubling exports of financial services.  
79. In 2009, world imports in other commercial services contracted by 6 per cent to US$1520 
billion. By comparison with transport and travel , other commercial services imports were overall 
more resilient. Africa's and CIS imports of other commercial services were severely  affected by the 
economic crisis, dropping respectively by 20 per cent and 19 per cent. In the Middle East the decline was by 12 per cent while in Europe imports decreased by 7 per cent. North American and Asian 
economies' imports decreased respectively by 4 pe r cent and 3 per cent. South and Central America 
was the only region with positive growth (3 per cent). 
A. C
OMMUNICATIONS SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
80. Fuelled by rapid technological progress, the communications sector, in particular 
telecommunications, has benefited of a remarkable growth over recent years. According to the ITU, 
between 2000 and 2008, worldwide mobile cellular s ubscriptions increased by 24 per cent while the 
number of Internet users grew by 19 per cent. By the end of 2008, there were more than 4 million  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 27 
 
 
  mobile telephone subscribers in the world and so me 1.6 billion people using the Internet. In the 
meantime, average international call pr ices have declined significantly.  
 
Chart 21: World exports of commu nications services and world mo bile telephone subscriptions  
and Internet users 
(Billion dollars and billion numbers) 
0102030405060708090100
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Billion dollars
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0
Number (billions )
World communications services exports Mobile telephone subscriptions
Inter net users 
 
* Break in series for world  communication services exports in 2006.   
Source: WTO estimates and ITU.  
 
81. Although a break in series does not allow providing a precise measure of the average period 
growth, world exports of communications ser vices, covering to a very large extent 
telecommunications services, increased considerably . Postal and courier services exports have also 
expanded fast, rising by 17 per cent on average between 2000 and 200821.    
82. In Europe , which accounts half of the world's communications services exports, the recorded 
increase was by 15 per cent. In some EU (27) member countries in Eastern Europe growth was by 25-
30 per cent annually. The United States acc ounted for 27 per cent of extra-EU (27) 
telecommunications services exports, followed by Sw itzerland (10 per cent) and Norway (5 per cent). 
According to the ITU, in 2008, in Europe ther e were fewer inhabitants than mobile cellular 
subscriptions and 60 per cent of al l households had an Internet access,  mainly through broadband. The 
highest penetration rates of Internet broadband subscribers were in Scandinavian and northern 
countries.  
83. In the CIS, communications services exports grew by 16 per cent led by expanding exports of 
the Russian Federation. Almost two-thirds of the Russian Federation's telecommunication services 
exports were destined to the EU (27) and the United States. Other CIS countries accounted for 25 per 
cent.  Similarly to Europe, in CIS countries, in 200 8, the number of mobile subscriptions exceeded the 
number of inhabitants.  
                                                           
21 Based on data available for 46 economies. It should be noted, however that for the United States 
statistics cover only postal services as data on courier se rvices are included under air transport freight. In 2008, 
United States' exports of air transport freight was estimated at US$13 billion. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 28  
 
  84. Break in series affect data for North America . However between 2006 and 2008, the region's 
communication service exports rose by 10 per cent, with the United States, the second largest world 
exporter, growing by 13 per cent.  In South and Central America , communications services exports 
recorded  7 per cent growth but performance varied among sub-regions.  While in Central America the 
average increase was by 11 per cent, in South Amer ican countries, exports increased at a slower path 
(7 per cent), despite Brazil's excellent performance of 38 per cent. In the Caribbean, exports declined 
by 3 per cent over the period.  
85. Moving to the Middle East , in 2008, Kuwait became the third world's leading 
telecommunication services provider. Betwee n 2004 and 2008, the country's exports of 
telecommunications services increased by 47 per cen t on average per year. In 2008, Kuwait connected 
more than 40 million mobile subscribers in Sub- Saharan Africa and nei ghbouring Middle Eastern 
countries.  
86. Compared to other regions, in Asia, communications services export growth was slower (8 
per cent). However, In India, th e largest communications services exporter in Asia, exports were very 
dynamic, increasing by 19 per cent.  In China, communications exports (telecommunications) 
increased only by 2 per cent over the period due to  an initial sluggish growth. Since 2000, in China 
mobile telephone subscriptions and Internet users, mainly broadband, went up respectively by 29 per 
cent and 38 per cent on average per year. China's telecommunications services exports were concentrated to the United States (first partner), H ong Kong, China, the EU (27) and Japan. Overall, 
these countries accounted for more than 70 per cent of the total. 
87. Between 2000 and 2008, Africa 's exports of communications services rose by 23 per cent 
boosted by rapidly expanding m obile telephony in both Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa.
22 In Egypt, 
the largest exporter, exports grew by 23 per cent, in Kenya by 45 per cent, and in Morocco by 24 per cent annually. According to the ITU the number of m obile telephone subscripti ons rose by 45 per cent 
on average per year in African countries since 2000. However, the region still lagged behind in terms 
of access to the Internet, especially broadband. By the end of 2008, only 4 per cent of African people 
used the Internet, compared to  56 per cent of Europeans.  
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
88. Compared to other services sectors, at the world level, the communications sector (telecoms) 
has resented somewhat less the ec onomic crisis with the global market  for mobile cellular connections 
in continuing demand, especially in emerging ec onomies, and a robust worldwide demand for Internet 
broadband services. 
 
                                                           
22 Based on available data of 27 leading African exporters.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 29 
 
 
  Chart 22: World exports of communications services Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-20-15-10-505101520
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
Source: WTO estimates 
 
89. In 2009, world communications services exports, accounting for 2 per cent of total 
commercial services exports, decreased by 9 per cent to US$90 billion.  Asia 's exports declined by 13 
per cent due to India and China's falling exports. In  2009, in the two economies exports fell by 42 per 
cent and 24 per cent respectively. Preliminary data fo r the first half of 2010 suggest a continuation of 
this downward trend (-33 per cent for India, and -9 for China). According to the ITU, India and China alone are expected to add over 300 million mobile cellular subscriptions in 2010.  
90. In 2009, in Europe  and North America , exports declined by 9 per cent and 4 per cent 
respectively. In the first half of 2010, the Unite d States telecommunications services exports rose by 7 
per cent compared to the same period of 2009. EU (27) communications exports increased by 4 per 
cent in the same period.  In South and Central American countries  the average decrease was by 14 
per cent, with Brazil recording, however, a dr op by 24 per cent. In the period January-August 2010, 
Brazil' exports rose by 25 per cent year-on-year. 
91. Although the Russian Federation's exports decreased by 10 per cent in 2009, the CIS was the 
only region to record positive growth (1 per cent). This was due mainly due to Ukraine's exports 
increase by 54 per cent. According to prelimin ary estimates, the economy's exports rose by 30 per 
cent in the first quarter of 2010 year-on-year.  
92. By the end of 2010, there will be 5.3 billion m obile cellular subscripti ons worldwide and the 
number of Internet users will surpass the two billion  mark, of which 1.2 billi on will be in developing 
countries. The total number of SMS sent globally triple d in the last three years reaching 6.1 trillion in 
2010, generating an estimated revenue of US$812,000 every minute. However, while the cost of 
mobile telephony has dropped significantly in all countries, according to the ITU, high-speed fixed 
broadband Internet access is still unaffordable in many developing countries.
23 
3. Outward FATS sales (Post and telecoms) in selected economies 
93. In 2007, the total sales of Germany's foreign a ffiliates in the postal and telecoms industry 
reached US$68.2 billion, increasing by 15 per cent on average since 2005. Around 60 per cent of total turnover originated by affiliates engaged in teleco ms. In the same year, French foreign affiliates 
                                                           
23 ITU, "ICT Facts and figures - The World in 2010". S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 30  
 
  totalled US$57. 7 billion sales. In 2008, U.S. fo reign affiliates engaged in wired and wireless 
telecommunications services (except satellite) sold  services abroad for US$18.9 billion, the vast 
majority destined to European countries.  
B. C
ONSTRUCTION  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
94. Between 2000 and 2008, construction was one of the most rapid growing service sectors, 
rising by 16 per cent on average per year, with a peak of 27 per cent in 2008.24 Fast growth went 
along with a change in the regional structure of world exports. In 2000, European countries , mainly 
EU (27) members, exported some 63 per cent of th e world's total construction exports. In 2008, 
Europe's share had gradually decreased to some 55 per cent under the pressure of rising exports from 
Asia and the CIS.  
95. Asia 's construction exports increased by 17 per cen t led by China's growing exports (43 per 
cent). By the end of 2008, China accounted for one th ird of Asia's total c onstruction exports and 11 
per cent of the world's total exports (compared to 2 per cent in 2000). Chinese building companies were engaged in the construction of electric pow er plants, oil pipelines, housing, and other 
infrastructure projects in African and Asian countri es. Japan, the largest construction exporter in the 
region, recorded, by comparison, an average a nnual export growth of 11 per cent. Japanese firms 
operated the Middle East, undertaking a number of projects in the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to meet local demand for infrastructure, hotels, residential and industrial 
buildings. In 2008, exports to these economies repr esented more than 38 per cent of Japan's total 
construction receipts. Exports to other Asian count ries (especially Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore) 
accounted for some 25 per cent.  
96. In the period 2000-2008, the CIS' exports of construction ro se by 43 per cent on annual 
average due to the Russian Federation's escalating exports (51 per cent). As a result, the economy's share in world construction exports rose from less th an 1 percent in 2000 to over 5 per cent in 2008. 
Russian construction companies were particularly  active in building oil production facilities and 
hydro power plants abroad. In 2008, 41 per cent of  construction work was carried out in EU (27) 
countries, (mainly Cyprus and Germany), and 20 pe r cent in Turkey. Exports to other CIS countries 
accounted for an additional 10 per cent. 
97. North America 's export series are affected by a break in series, however, available data for 
2008 indicate that its contribution to world constructi on exports was very fairly small (2 per cent in 
2008).
25  Similarly, exports originated from South and Central America  were negligible.    
 
                                                           
24 In BOP statistics, the category "construction" re presents an exception, as by its own nature 
construction work is mainly supplied internationally  through a commercial pres ence abroad. According to 
international guidelines, "smaller" project works (e.g. ge nerally taking less than one year) are recorded in BOP 
statistics. Larger-scale projects, which last more th an one year, such as those for building transport 
infrastructure, will be covered by the FATS framew ork. Some economies record all their international 
construction business in the BOP. 
25 It should be noted, however, that the United States' data for construction exports are published net of 
merchandise exports and net of outlays for wages, services, materials, and other expenses in the economy where 
the construction is taking place.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 31 
 
 
  Chart 23: Growth of construction ex ports in China, Ru ssian Federation 
and the rest of the world, 2000-2008 
(Index (2000=100) 
050010001500200025003000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Index (2000=100)
China Russian Federation Rest of the World
 
   Source: IMF and WTO estimates. 
 
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
98. It is argued that the construction sector usually  reacts to economic downturns with a delay, 
given that most contracts are long-term, running for two to three years or more, and the presence of 
backlogs over several years, allows contractors to mitigate the effect of a crisis in the short run.26 A 
quarterly analysis of the effect of the recent fina ncial crisis on world constr uction exports appears to 
confirm this vision. While trade in other services sectors started to contract immediately in the last quarter of 2008, world construction exports continued to record a growth of 11 per cent. The effect of 
the recession started to show up only gradually in th e first months of 2009. However, by the end of 
the year, world exports of construction declined by 13 per cent to US$80 billion and construction was 
the most affected service sector just after transport and finance.   
 
                                                           
26 See document S/C/W/302, page 5. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 32  
 
  Chart 24: World exports of construction, Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
 
-40-30-20-10010203040
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
  Source: WTO estimates. 
 
 99. In the CIS, the Russian Federation's construc tion exports, which had increased by 35 per cent 
in 2008 dropped by 30 per cent in 2009. In other regions, recorded declines were, by comparison, less 
pronounced. European and Asian countries' expor ts followed a similar pattern, both decreasing by 
around 11 per cent. In particular, the EU(27) exports fell by 11 per cent, China's by 8 per cent while in 
Japan the decline was by 10 per cent. 
100. Available short-term data of leading exporte rs suggest that recovery started in some 
economies but lags behind in others. In the first ha lf of 2010, China's construction exports grew by 69 
per cent compared to the same period of 2009. By contrast, EU (27) exports continued their 
downward trend, decreasing by 8 per cent year-on-y ear due to Germany's declining exports (-15 per 
cent). Germany is the largest exporte r of construction in Europe. Financ ial turmoil in the United Arab 
Emirates, Japanese contractors' first partner country, resulted in a drop of Japan's exports by 32 per 
cent in the second half of 2009, and by 44 per cent in the first six months of 2010. Finally, the Russian 
Federation's exports were down by 20 per cent in the first half of the year. 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 33 
 
 
  Chart 25: Exports of construction in selected le ading economies, first half 2009 – first half 2010 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-60-40-20020406080
Japan Russian
FederationEU (27) ChinaPercentage change, year-on-yea r
1st half 2009 2nd half 2009 1st half 2010
 
Source: IMF, Eurostat, and national data. 
 
 
3. Outward FATS sales (Construction) in selected economies 
101. According to available statistics, in 2008, the sales of German foreign affiliates in the 
construction sector reached US$21.1 billion. Over 80  per cent was generated by affiliates outside the 
EU (27), predominantly in the United States (40 per cent) and Australia (35 per cent). In 2007, French 
foreign affiliates generated a construction turnover  of US$32 billion. Some 60 per cent came from 
foreign affiliates located in extra-EU(27) countries.  Foreign affiliates in the United States accounted 
for 8 per cent of the total followed by Canada (5  percent), Switzerland, and Morocco (2 per cent 
each). .In 2008, sales of affiliates of U.S. firms enga ged in construction as primary activity reached 
US$18.9 billion. 
 
Chart 26: Outward sales of foreign a ffiliates engaged in construction  
of selected economies (o utward FATS), 2007-2008 
(Billion dollars) 
 05101520253035
France Ge rmany 
(2008)United
States
(2008)Sweden Italy Japan
(2006)Billion dollars
 
   Source:  OECD, Eurostat and U.S. BEA. 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 34  
 
   
 
C. I
NSURANCE SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
102. Between 2000 and 2008, the global insurance sect or expanded considerably. World insurance 
density, that is the average insurance spending per capita, increased by 6 per cent on average per year. 
In 2008, the highest insurance density levels were  recorded in Europe, especially in Northern 
European countries, and in North America. However,  growth was most rapid in the CIS and in Asia.27 
103. The international supply of insurance services is very concentrated. In 2008, some 73 per cent 
of world exports originated from the EU (27) (5 3 per cent), the United States (13 per cent), and 
Switzerland (7 per cent). In the period 2000-2008, world exports of insurance services rose fast, 
averaging 16 per cent per year. The most  rapid growth was recorded in the CIS. In the region, 
insurance services exports increased  by 40 per cent on annual average due to expanding exports from 
the Russian Federation. During this period, insuran ce density in the country increased by 26 per cent 
per year.  
104. Growth in Europe  was also very dynamic with average annual increase by 19 per cent. Most 
extra-EU (27) exports of insurance services were destined to developed economies, with the United 
States accounting for more than the half, and Sw itzerland as the second partner (5 per cent). In 
Switzerland exports rose by 18 per cent.  In  North America , the United States exports rose by 15 per 
cent. In 2008, the EU (27) accounted around 25 per cent of the U.S. insurance services exports. Exports to Canada, the second largest partner,  accounted for 22 per cent of the total. 
 
Chart 27: Growth of insurance services expo rts in selected regions, 2000-2008 and 2009 
(Percentage change) 
-30-20-1001020304050
North
AmericaSouth and
Central
AmericaAsia Europe CISPercentage change
2000-2008 2009
 
Source WTO estimates. 
 
 
105. Asian economies  exports of insurance services grew by 15 per cent. In Singapore, the leading 
exporter in region, exports grew by 17 per cent. By comparison, growth was more pronounced in 
                                                           
27 Insurance density is calculated dividing gross insurance premiums by the population. Source: Swiss 
Re.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 35 
 
 
  China, where exports increased by 38 per cent on an nual average. Insurance density in China rose by 
27 per cent on average since 2000, recording the most rapid growth in the region.28  
106. According to available data, in Asia, exports of insurance services were very regional. In 
2008, 75 per cent of Singapore's exports were des tined to Asian economies, with ASEAN members 
accounting for almost one third of the total. Austra lia, the Republic of Korea and Japan were the main 
individual partners. In the same year, Hong Kong, China's exports of insurance services to Asian 
countries reached 83 per cent. In the case of Japan, the share of Asian economies was somewhat lower 
(around 39 per cent). Exports to the EU (27), Japan's  first partner, accounting for some 38 per cent of 
the total.   
2. Recent rends (2009-2010) 
107. The insurance sector showed r esilience to the global financ ial crisis, although it suffered 
sharp declines in asset values. Nevertheless, the vast  majority of insurance companies worldwide had 
enough risk capital to absorb the losses. The cris is affected insurance premiums which in 2008 
contracted for the first time since 1980. In 2009, gl obal premiums' real growth decreased by 1.1 per 
cent due to -1.8 per cent fall in premiums in deve loped economies. By contrast, insurance premiums 
in emerging economies continued to r ecord positive growth (3.5 per cent).29 
108. In 2009, world exports of insurance services declined by 6 per cent to US$80 billion. The 
crisis reached its peak in the first quarter of 2009 when world exports declined by 10 per cent. The 
sharpest drops were recorded in South and Cent ral America where exports decreased by 21 per cent 
and in the CIS (-11 per cent). In European countries, exports declined by 9 per cent.  However, in North America and Asia  exports increased by 3 per cent and 2 per cent respectively. 
109. Preliminary data show that in Europe, insuran ce exports increased by 15 per cent in the first 
quarter of 2010 compared to the same period of 2009. In North America, in the first half of the year, the United States' exports were down by 6 per cent year-on-year while Canada's were up by 16 per 
cent. In Asia, Singapore's exports rose by 46 per cent. 
                                                           
28 Swiss Re. 
29 Swiss Re Sigma n.3/2009, n.2/2010 and "Global insurance review 2009 and outlook for 2010", 
December 2009. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 36  
 
  Chart 28: World exports of insura nce services, Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-15-10-505101520
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
Source: WTO estimates. 
 
 
3. Outward FATS sales (Insurance and related activities) in selected economies 
110. The measurement of the output of insurance services in FATS statistics can be problematic. In 
general, for most service sectors, total sales (or tu rnover) correspond to the output of the sector. In the 
case of insurance services, however, output will corres pond to the total insurance premiums earned by 
the foreign affiliates while, in reality, only the service charge should be taken into account.30 Thus, 
output is lower then sales.  
111. The United States has estimated the service fee ea rned by foreign affiliates in the insurance 
sector. In 2008, US affiliates in insurance and related activities sold services for US$65.3 billion 
abroad, increasing by 17 per cent on average per y ear since 2006. In 2008, the increase was mainly 
due to strong growth in Asian economies, re flecting premium growth from expanded market 
penetration and favourable exchange rates.31 
                                                           
30 Similar considerations apply to the sales by foreign affiliates engaged in the financial sector and in 
wholesale and retail distribution. 
31 U.S. BEA.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 37 
 
 
  Chart 29: United States - Services supplied by foreign affiliates in insurance  
and related activities (outward FATS), 2006-2008 
(Billion dollars)  
 
 01020304050607080
2006 2007 2008Billion dollars
 
Source:  U.S. BEA. 
 
 
 
D. FINANCIAL SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
112. In the period 2000-2008, world exports of financial services increased by 14 per cent on 
annual average driven by escalating exports from  Europe and North America. Growth in all 
economies accelerated especially as from 2005, peaki ng to an unprecedented 32 per cent in 2007. In 
the same year, world exports of financial services accounted for almost 9 per cent of total world commercial services exports, up by tw o percentage points since 2000.  
113. In Europe , between 2005 and 2007, the EU (27) exports  of financial services expanded by 31 
per cent per year, up to some US$160 billion. With some 30 per cent share, the United States was the 
most important extra-EU (27) partner, followed by Switzerland and Japan. Intra-EU (27) exports 
represented around 55 per cent of the total. In Switzerland, exports increased by 17 per cent.   
114. In North America , United States' exports rose by 24 per cent in the period 2005-2007. Over 
40 per cent of financial services exported by the Un ited States related to financial asset management 
as well as financial advisory and custody services . Securities transactions (including brokerage 
services and underwriting as well as private placement  services) accounted some 32-33 per cent of the 
total. The EU (27) was the United States' largest pa rtner with a share of some 40 per cent, followed by 
Canada (6 per cent) and Japan (4 per cent).   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 38  
 
  Chart 30: Exports of financial services of selected economies 2005-2008 
(Billion dollars) 
020406080100120140160180
EU (27) USA Switzerland Hong Kong,
ChinaSingaporeBillion dollars
2005 2006 2007 2008
 
  Source: IMF, Eurostat and national  data. 
 
115. In Asia , financial services exports rose very fast, averaging 32 per cent between 2005 and 
2007. In this period, the region's leading exporters r ecorded some the most rapid growth rates in the 
world.  In Hong Kong, China's exports were up by 41 per cent and in Singapore by 47 per cent. The 
Republic of Korea recorded an increase by 56 per ce nt. Finally, in India, exports increased by 72 per 
cent, almost tripling its value in two years. A ccording to available data, most international 
transactions in financial services by Asian economie s involved the United States and the EU (27). For 
example, in the case of Japan, some 80 per cent of total exports were destined to the two economies. 
For Hong Kong, China the share was around 58 per cent, while for Singapore it totalled 40 per cent.32 
116. In the third quarter of 2008, with the onset of a global financial crisis, world exports of 
financial services dropped by 3 per cent, to plummet by 18 per cent in the last quarter of the year. In 
the Balance of Payments, exports of financial services comprise mainly fees and commissions earned by resident banks (and other financial institutions ) arising from financial asset management activities 
and transactions in financial instruments with non residents. These commissions are primarily related 
to the value of the managed assets. Following the cris is in the financial markets, the value of assets 
under management fell sharply. This translated into a net reduction in the commissions and fees 
earned by resident banks, thus a collap se in exports of financial services.  
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
117. In 2009, following turmoil in the financial ma rkets, world exports of financial services 
declined by 15 per cent to US$250 billion. Dropping by over 20 per cent year-on-year in the first half 
of the year, exports began to recover slowly in the last few months 2009. In the last quarter of 2009, 
world exports of financial services were up by 3 per cent year-on-year.   
                                                           
32 For Hong Kong, China excluding financial intermediation services, which are not allocated 
geographically. For Singapore, excluding exports related to foreign exchange trading.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 39 
 
 
  Chart 31: World exports of financial services, Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-30-20-10010203040
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
 Source: WTO estimates. 
 
118. Europe's financial sector was the most affected  by the global crisis. In 2009, EU (27) exports 
of financial services plummeted by 19 per cent to US$133 billion, some US$30 billion less than in 2008. Switzerland's exports fell by 16 per cent mainly due  to a decline in value of managed assets and 
a drop in transaction volume. In the United States, the second largest world exporter of financial services, exports declined by 13 per cent largely due to dropping r eceipts from financial management 
and advisory services. In Asia, Hong Kong, China, financial services exports declined by 7 per cent, 
while those from India contracted by 16 per cent. 
119. At the start of 2010, exports of financial servi ces began an upward trend in most economies. 
Although some leading exporters, such as Japan a nd the Russian Federation continued to record 
negative growth, data for the first half of 2010 point  to a general recovery of the sector. Rebound was 
pronounced in several Asian economies such as the Republic of Korea and Singapore, but also in 
Brazil where, in the first half of 2010, exports rose by 65 per cent year-on-year. By comparison, 
financial services exports by the EU (27) and the United States rose at a slower path.  
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 40  
 
  Chart 32: Exports of financial services of selected economies, first half 2009- second half 2010 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-60-40-20020406080100
EU (27)
Switzerland
United States
Canada
Singapore
Hong Kong, China
Japan India
Korea, Rep. of
Russian Fed.BrazilPercentage change, year-on-year1st half 2009 2nd half 2009 1st half 2010
 
 Source: IMF, Eurostat and national data. 
 
 
 
3. Outward FATS sales (Finance) in selected economies 
120. In FATS statistics, the value of the output of the financial sector cannot be gathered only from 
the sales made by foreign affiliates abroad. As a matter of fact, for financial intermediaries, total 
output is equal to services charges actually levied plus financial intermediation services indirectly 
measured  (FISIM), which are commissions and fees that are not explicitly charged by the affiliates.33 
However, for many economies, measuring FISIM is a difficult task.  
121. The United States has recently improved its FATS statistics to cover the activities of bank 
affiliates including an estimate of FISIM. In 2 008, services supplied by U.S. foreign affiliates in 
financial intermediation totalle d US$175.9 billion, up by 10 per cent compared to 2007. Despite 
turmoil in global financial markets, certain commi ssions and fees grew due to strong demand for 
services associated with equity trading, commodities trading, and securities lending. Newly 
established or acquired affiliates also contributed to the increase. Around 61 per cent of services were supplied by banks' affiliates located in European countries, mainly in the United Kingdom (over 41 
per cent of total services supplied), and Switzerland (6 per cent).  U.S. affiliates established in 
Canada, Japan and Australia, accounted for 6 per cen t, 5 per cent, and 4 per cent respectively. By 
contrast, the services supplied to all Latin American  countries (including Mexico and the Caribbean) 
were just over 10 per cent of the total.
34  
                                                           
33 FISIM is the implicit charge that banks and other financial institutions levy in the spread between 
interest rates receivable on financial a ssets and interest rates payable on fi nancial liabilities. In accordance with 
the IMF BPM5, current international transactions in financ ial services recorded in th e Balance of Payments do 
not include FISIM, with the exception of few economies.  In the new BPM6, FISIM will be included in financial 
services. 
34 U.S. BEA "Survey of Current Business", October 2010.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 41 
 
 
  Chart 33: United States - Servi ces supplied by foreign affiliate s in financial intermediation  
(outward FATS), 2006-2008 
(Billion dollars)  
020406080100120140160180200
2006 2007 2008Billion dollars
 
  Source: U.S. BEA. 
 
122. Starting with the year 2005, Germany outward  FATS statistics on financial intermediation 
comprise also the activities of foreign affiliates in monetary intermediation (b anks and other financial 
institutions). In 2008, the output of foreign aff iliates in financial intermediation stood at US$103.4 
billion in 2008, declining by 20 per cent compared to  2007. This decline was mainly due to a 35 per 
cent drop in output of banks' affiliates in the Unite d States following the financial crisis. In 2008, 
these affiliates accounted for 35 per cent of total out put in financial intermediation, down from 42-43 
per cent in 2006-2007. In 2008, 54 pe r cent of total output originated  from banks' affiliates established 
outside the EU (27).     
123. In Asia, India recently conducted a FATS survey on the operations of affiliates of Indian 
banks located abroad.35 The survey contains separate data for branches and for subsidiaries. In India's 
financial year (FY) 2008-09,36 total output of affiliates (branches a nd subsidiaries) of Indian banks to 
residents of the host country totalled US$422 million, up by 43 per cent in the previous year. Output 
originated mainly from credit related services and tr ade finance related services activities. The highest 
share of output was generated by affiliates estab lished in the United Kingdom, Bahrain, Singapore, 
the United States, Hong Kong, China, Botswa na, Canada and the United Arab Emirates. 
E. COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
124. World exports of computer and information ser vices increased by 19 per cent in the period 
2000-2008, thus recording the most rapid peri od growth among all services sectors. Computer 
services are dominant in this sub-sector. Exports fro m Asia rose by 27 per cent while in the CIS 
recorded growth reached 50 per cent on annual averag e. Europe, which accounts for more than half of 
the world's exports, recorded 20 per cent increase. North American countries, by contrast, lagged 
behind (8 per cent), and, under the pressure of es calating exports from Asia, their participation in 
world exports gradually declined.  
 
                                                           
35 Reserve Bank of India, "International Trade in Ba nking Services, 2008-2009", in "Monthly Bulletin, 
October 2010". The survey, carried out for the first time in 2008, contains also data on the activities of foreign banks' affiliates established in India. 
36 April 2008 to March 2009. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 42  
 
  Chart 34: World exports of computer and information services by selected region, 2000 and 2008 
(Percentage) 
 
2000
CIS
0.2%
Europe
54%Other
10%North 
America
19%
South and 
Central 
America
0.9%Asia
15%2008
North 
America
9%
South and 
Central 
America
1%Other
5%Asia
26%
CIS
1%
Europe
58%
 
Source: WTO estimates. 
 
 125. Between 2000 and 2008, Asia n economies increased their share in world exports of computer 
and information services from 15 per cent in 2000 to 26 per cent in 2008.  India became the second-
major exporter of computer and information services in the world, a leading country in information 
technology (IT) services outsourcing. According to estimates, in 2008, India's exports with US$36 
billion accounted for around 70 per cent of Asia’s e xports of computer and information services. The 
bulk of India's computer services exports was destined to the North American markets. In India’s financial year (FY) 2008-2009, some 60 per cent of exports reached the United States, and 27 per cent 
European countries, mainly the United Kingdom (14 per cent).
37 The portion of exports destined to 
Asian peers was, by comparison, much lower (6.5 per cent) but on an upward trend, in particular, 
exports to East and West Asia. Around 68 per cent of total services were supplied cross-border, and 
32 per cent through Mode 4. Supply through Mode 2 was negligible.38 
126. Other economies in Asia also emerged as comput er services suppliers such as Singapore, the 
Philippines and Malaysia. However, the most impre ssive growth was recorded in China, where the 
software industry expanded significantly. By the end of 2008, there were over 16000 software and 
related services providers in the country employ ing 8.5 million people. China’s computer and 
information services exports increased by 43 pe r cent on annual average since 2000. In 2008, the 
United States was the first export destination, followed by ASEAN countries. Exports to these two 
markets accounted for over 53 per cent of China's total exports.  
 
                                                           
37 "Survey on Computer Software and Information Technology Services Exports 2008-09", Reserve 
Bank of India, Monthly Bulletin August 2010. The breakdown of India's exports by country is based on data 
published on "software services" which cover computer services (IT services and software development), but also IT-enabled services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). In FY 2008-09 (April 2008–March 
2009), computer services exports accounted for 73 per cent of India's total "software services" exports. 
38 Breakdown of "software services" exports on the basis of resident-non resident trade in FY 2008-
2009. The following section on outward FATS sales contai ns separate data on software services supplied by 
Indian foreign affiliates established abroad.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 43 
 
 
  Chart 35 Exports of computer and information services in selected  economies 2000-2008 
(Billion dollars) 
 
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.0
China
Russian Fed.
Singapore
Philippines
Malaysia
Argentina Costa RicaBrazilBillion dollars2000 2008
 
  Source: IMF and national data. 
 
127. Other countries in other regions also engaged in  computer services export. Chosen as a base 
by several European companies,  the Russian Federation saw its computer services exports rise 
annually by over 52 per cent on average since 2000. In South and Central America, Brazil and Costa 
Rica became important IT services outsourcing locations  especially for North American firms. In the 
two economies exports of computer services increased respectively by 36 per cent and 27 per cent on 
annual average.  In the Middle East, Israel remain ed a leading exporter of computer services. The 
country's exports rose by 6 per cent on average per year since 2000. Egypt, South Africa and Morocco 
were the major exporters in Africa but the value of their exports was very modest.  
128. According to available data, in 2008, over 60 per cent of the EU (27) exports of computer and 
information services were destined to the intra- EU (27) market. The United States, Switzerland and 
the Russian Federation were the largest extra-EU (27) partners.  
129. In North America, exports were very concentrated . In the case of the United States, exports to 
the first five partners in 2008 (EU(27), Canada , Japan, Switzerland and Australia) accounted for 79 
per cent of the total, while some 68 per cent of  Canada's exports reached the United States.  
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
130. Compared to other services sectors, the computer services industry coped relatively well with 
the economic downturn due to a regular demand for cost efficient technologies, the development of 
innovative software in sectors such as in manufactur ing, finance, insurance,  healthcare, as well as the 
need to address rising IT security concerns.  
131. World exports of computer and information servi ces were more resilient to the crisis and are 
estimated to have decreased by 6 per cent in 2009 only, after record growth of 23 per cent in 2008. 
The decline was due mainly to the EU (27) exports' fall by 9 per cent, as in the North America exports 
stagnated.  In 2009, Asian exports of computer a nd information services decreased only slightly, by 2 
per cent. According to Secretariat's estimates, Indi a's exports declined by 5 per cent. Other emerging 
exporters in the region such as China and Singapore  saw modest growth. In the case of the Philippines 
and Malaysia, exports of computer services grew respectively by 11 per cen t and 41 per cent despite 
the crisis.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 44  
 
  Chart 36: World exports of computer and information serv ices, Q1 2008 - Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year)  
-25-15-5515253545
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
  Source : WTO estimates.  
132. In South and Central America, computer and information services exports increased by 10 per 
cent, as the major exporters in the region, Argent ina, Costa Rica and Brazil, continued to record 
double-digits growth. Similarly, in the Middle East , Israel's exports grew by 12 per cent. The CIS 
countries faced the sharpest fall, with the Russian  Federation's exports dropping by 21 per cent in 
2009. 
133. Preliminary data for the first ha lf of 2010 show that exports rec overed in all leading exporters, 
with the exception of Israel (-3 per cent). In the EU (27) and the United States the increase was by 7 
per cent and 11 per cent year-on-year respectivel y. Growth, however, accelerated in emerging 
computer and information services exporters. For example, China's exports rose by 43 per cent 
followed by Costa Rica (37 per cent). Finally, in th e Russian Federation, exports recovered after the 
2009 drop.  
Chart 37: Growth of computer and information serv ices exports in selected leading exporters,  
first half 2009 – second half 2010 
(Percentage change , year-on-year)  
-30-20-1001020304050
EU (27)
India*
United States
Israel
China
Russian Fed.
Singapore
Costa Rica
PhilippinesPercentage change, year-on-year1st h 2009 2 h 2009 1st h 2010
 
Software services.    
Source : IMF and national data.   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 45 
 
 
    
3. Outward FATS sales (computer activities; information sector) in selected economies 
134. In 2006, services rendered by foreign affiliates of U.S. firms engaged in computer systems 
design and related services totalle d US$52.5 billion. Half of this amount was supplied by foreign 
affiliates located in Europe. In particular, forei gn affiliates in the United Kingdom accounted for 17 
per cent of total services supplied. Affiliates located  in Canada accounted for 8 per cent and those in 
Latin America (including Mexico and the Caribbean) for 6 per cent. 
135. Services supplied by foreign aff iliates engaged in activities such as Internet service providers, 
web search portals, data processing services, in ternet publishing and broadcasting, and other 
information services reached US$29.5 billion. Fo reign affiliates in the information sector 
(newspapers, periodicals books, and software pub lishers) delivered services for US$25.4 billion. 
136. India recently carried out a survey on the opera tions of its foreign affiliates in "software 
services" abroad.39 In India's financial year (FY) 2008-09, tota l sales made by Indian foreign affiliates 
to residents of the host country totalled US$7.3 billio n. Over 70 per cent of turnover was generated by 
affiliates established in the United States, which we re also the most numerous (around 31 per cent of 
the total). Sales made to U.S residents by Indian a ffiliates located in the United States and engaged in 
"software services" stood at US$5.1 in FY 2008-2009. Affiliates established in the United Kingdom ranked second, with total turnover at US$723 milli on, while those located in Germany totalled 
US$310 million. Other countries in which India ha d a commercial presence in "software services" 
activities were, ranked by the size of local sales, Australia, Singapore, the Netherlands and Canada. 
Overall they totalled US$551 million.  According to  national data, in FY 2008-2009, India supplied 
56 per cent of "software services" through Mode 1,  0.1 per cent through Mode 2, 16.8 per cent 
through Mode 3 and 26.8 per cent through Mode 4.  
137. In the EU (27), Germany's sales by affiliates in computer activities rose by 18 per cent per 
year between 2002 and 2008 reaching US$30.26 billion in 2008, while sales by French foreign 
affiliates totalled US$21.6  billion in 2007.  Recently also Israel started to compile FATS statistics. 
According to available data, in 2005, sales by Is raeli foreign affiliates engaged in computer and 
related services abroad reached US$1.5 billion.   
F. R
OYALTIES AND LICENCE FEES 
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
138. Between 2000 and 2008 world r eceipts of royalties and licence fees rose by 12 per cent per 
year, reflecting the increase in the total number of patents grants, as  well as trademarks and industrial 
designs registrations over the period. World receipt s of royalties and licence fees are concentrated in 
developed economies. In 2008, North America and Europe accounted for over 83 per cent of total 
world receipts. However, North American countries  saw their share gradually decline from some 54 
per cent in 2000 to 44 per cent in 2008 due to  higher receipts originated from Europe. 
 
                                                           
39 "Survey on Computer Software and Information Technology Services Exports 2008-09", Reserve 
Bank of India, Monthly Bulletin August 2010. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 46  
 
  Chart 38: World receipts of royal ties and licence fees, total patents granted, trademarks,  
and industrial designs registered 
(Billion dollars and thousands) 
050100150200250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Billion dollars
05001000150020002500
Thousand s
World receipts of royalties and licence fees
Total patents granted
Total trademarks registered
Total industrial designs registered
 
 Source: WTO estimates and WIPO. 
 
139. In Europe, receipts of royalties and licence fe es rose on average by 16 per cent driven 
upwards by Switzerland, and, within the EU ( 27), by Germany, and France. In these economies 
receipts grew by over 20 per cent over the peri od. In the United Kingdom, however, which is the 
largest individual recipient of royalties and licence fees  in Europe, growth was, by comparison, slower 
averaging 7 per cent.  In 2008, over 76 per cent of U.K. receipts originated from "other royalties and 
licence fees" which includes receipts from the use of  patents, copyrights, industrial processes and 
designs, as well as the licensed use of  originals and prototypes.   
140. In the United States, the leading recipient of royalties and licence fees in the world, receipts 
grew by 10 per cent over the period, less than th e world's average. In 2008, 43 per cent of U.S. 
receipts were derived from industrial processes and 35 per cent from general use of computer 
software. Receipts from the use of trademarks a nd from franchise fees accounted for 14 per cent and 5 
per cent respectively. Around half of the U.S. tran sactions took place with the EU (27), and some 9 
per cent with Switzerland. Japan followed with 8 pe r cent. The majority of U.S. royalties and licence 
fees receipts originates from transa ctions between affiliates.  
141. In Asia, the largest recipient is Japan. In 2008, some 12 per cent of world receipts of royalties 
and licence fees came from Japan. The country's transac tions are concentrated, with the first three 
partners, the United States, the EU (27), and China, accounting for almost two thirds of the total.  
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 47 
 
 
   
Chart 39: United States Receipts of Ro yalties and Licence Fees by Type, 2008 
(Percentage) 
General use o f 
computer 
sof tw are
35%
Industrial 
pr ocesses
43%Trademarks
14%
Broadcasting 
and recording 
of  live events
1%Fr anchise f ees
5%
Books, 
records, and 
tapes
2%Other
0.1%
 
   Source: U.S. BEA. 
 
 
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
142. Among service categories, world receipts of royalties and licence fees recorded the best 
performance during the crisis, declining only by 3 pe r cent to US$215 billion in 2009.  The decrease 
was due largely to falling receipts in the United States (-8 per cent).  By contrast, in the EU(27) and in 
Switzerland, receipts increased respectively by 7 pe r cent and almost 30 per cent despite the economic 
downturn. Japan's receipts also recorded a sharp drop  (-16 per cent) due to falling transactions with its 
main partners. 
 
  Chart 40: World receipts of royalties and licence fees, Q1 2008 –Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year)  
-25-20-15-10-505101520
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
  Source: WTO estimates. 
 
143. In the United States, receipts of royalties and license fees decreased for the first time since 
2001. Fees that U.S. firms received from their fore ign affiliates relating to the use of industrial 
processes and products (including patents) dropped sharply, reflecting the decline in manufacturing S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 48  
 
  activity due to the global recession. Receipts received  from the German affiliates of U.S. firms for the 
use of industrial processes declin ed because of a drop, in particular, in automotive production.
40  
144. In the first eight months of 2010, rebound in global manufacturing activity resulted in U.S. 
receipts of royalties and licence fees grow by 13 per cent year-on-year, and Japan's by over 28 per cent. In the in the first half of the year, EU (27), receipts continued their upward trend, increasing by 4 
per cent year-on-year. 
G. O
THER BUSINESS SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
145. Other business services are some of the most  dynamic services exported, accounting for a 
quarter of world exports of total commercial services. Growing on average by 15 per cent per year 
between 2000 and 2008, world exports of other business services reached US$940 billion in 2008. 
Half of other business services exported in the worl d originated from Europe, 26 per cent from Asia 
and some 12 per cent from North America.    
146. The nature of the services actually traded under the aggregate “other bus iness services” varies 
significantly among economies. In Europe , the category miscellaneous business, professional and 
technical services  was the largest contributor. In 2008, it accounted for 72 per cent of extra-EU (27) 
exports of other business services. In particular, the most exported services were architectural, 
engineering and other technical services  as well as legal, accounting, management and public 
relations services , accounting each for 14 per cent of the total. Research and Development (R&D) 
services  represented 11 per cent of total. The United States and Switzerland were the main 
destinations of extra-EU (27) exports of other bus iness services, with an overall share of 42 per cent.  
In Norway, the part of miscellaneous business, professional and technical services  was higher (83 per 
cent) with agricultural, mining and other on-site processing services  accounting for almost one third 
of the total. Between 2000 and 20 08, Europe's exports of other business services increased by 16 per 
cent on annual average. 
147. In North America , the United States showed a similar pattern. Business, professional and 
technical services accounted for 85 per cent of other business services. Legal, accounting, 
management, consulting and public relations services  was the main category (39 per cent). In 2008, 
half of management, consulting and public relations services  and some 44 per cent of legal services  
and were exported to the EU (27), the latter ma inly to the United Kingdom. R&D services accounted 
for 19 per cent of total U.S. exports of other busin ess services. The largest R& D services destinations 
were again the EU (27) countries - in particul ar Ireland and the Netherlands, as well as Japan and 
Switzerland.  The United States exports of other bus iness services grew by 11 per cent in the period 
2000-2008.   
148. In the region, Canada presented a similar export structure with over 90 per cent of exports of 
other business services made up by business, professional and technical services . mainly legal, 
accounting, management and public relations services , architectural, engineering and other technical 
consultancy services as well as R&D services . 
 
                                                           
40 U.S. BEA "Survey of Current Business", October 2010.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 49 
 
 
  Chart 41: Structure of other business se rvices in selected economies, 2008 
(Percentage) 
Extra-EU(27)
Advertising, 
marke t re se arch 
and public 
opinion polling, 
5%Research and 
development, 
11%
Operational 
leasin g services, 
5%Merchantin g and 
other trade-
re late d se rvice s , 
23%Legal, 
accounting, 
mana gement and 
public relations, 
14%Agricultural, 
minin g and other 
on-site 
processing 
services, 3%Architectural, 
engineerin g and 
other technical 
services, 14%
Other, 26%United States
Merchanting 
and other trade -
re late d 
services, 7%
Operational 
leasing 
services, 9%
Re se arch and 
develo pment, 
19%
Advertising, 
marke t 
re se arch and 
public o pinion 
polling, 4%Legal, 
accounting, 
management 
and public 
re lations, 39%Agricultural, 
mining and 
other on-site 
processing 
services, 3%
Architectural, 
engineerin g and 
other technical 
services, 6%Other , 13.4%
 
 
Source: Eurostat and US BEA. 
 
149. Moving to the Far-East  Asian economies , merchanting and other trade-related services  
were the biggest items. In 2008, in Japan, Chin a, as well as Singapore the share of these services 
accounted for 59 per cent, 56 per cent and 61 per cen t respectively of the total other business services 
exported. In the case of Hong Kong, China, the shar e reached 84 per cent.  However, in China, 
exports of business, professional and technical ser vices, rose by 56 per cent on annual average since 
2000, reflecting the economy's growing participa tion in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) 
industry. In 2008, China's main export markets we re Hong Kong, China, the United States and the EU 
(27).    
150. In South Asian countries , such as India, the Philippines, and Malaysia, business, 
professional and technical services  represented more than 90 per cent of exports of other business 
services. India has rapidly become the leading BPO destination, providing remote services such as interactive customer services (call centres), medical and legal transcription services, finance and accounting, auditing, bookkeeping and tax consulti ng services, as well as business and corporate 
research. The Philippines and Malaysia recently emerged as alternative BPO locations. Since 2000, 
the Philippines' exports of other business services in creased by 40 per cent on annual average. With 
70 per cent share, call centres represent the la rgest segment of the Philippines' BPO industry.
41 
Between 2000 and 2008, Asia's  exports of other business services grew by 15 per cent on average per 
year.  
151. In the Middle East , over recent years, Israel has become an important world exporter of R&D 
services . Many international firms have set up R&D centr es in Israel to benefit from the country’s 
advanced infrastructure and highly-skilled manpow er. In 2008, R&D services represented some 56 
per cent of the country's exports of other business services.  
152. In South and Central America , exports of other business services increased by 17 per cent 
on annual average since 2000 due to Brazil's performance. The country's exports were driven by increasing exports of business, professional and technical services . In 2008, architectural, 
engineering and other technical services  made up for 39 per cent of other business exports.   
153. In the CIS, the Russian Federation's exports were very dynamic rising by 29 per cent on 
annual average. The country's exports of other business services related mainly to business, 
professional and technical services . In particular, legal, accounting, management and public relations 
services  as well as advertising, market research and public opinion polling  were the most important 
                                                           
41 Business Processing Association Philippines (BPA/P) at http://www.bpap.org .  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 50  
 
  sub-sectors. More than half of the Russian Federa tion's exports of other business services reached the 
EU (27).   
154. Finally, in Africa , the largest exporters of other busin ess services were Morocco and Egypt, 
essentially exporting business, professional and technical services . In particular, over recent years 
Morocco has emerged as BPO provider for French-s peaking countries, specializing in call centres 
activities.  
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
155. In 2009, world exports of other business ser vices dropped to US$855 billion, declining by 9 
per cent as a result of the global economic crisis. In  2009, European and CIS countries were the most 
affected recording each a drop by 13 per cent,  followed by Asian economies (-7 per cent). By 
contrast, in both North America and South and Cent ral America the decline was less pronounced, by 2 
per cent.  
 
  
Chart 42: World exports of other busi ness services, Q1 2008 – Q4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-25-15-55152535
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
  Source: WTO estimates. 
 
156. In 2009, the EU (27) exports of other business services declined by around 13 per cent mainly 
due to falling exports of business, professional and technical services  in many leading exporters. In 
the United Kingdom and Italy exports of these ser vices declined by over 20 per cent, in the 
Netherlands by 14 per cent, in Germany and Fran ce by 7 per cent and 9 per cent respectively. In 
general, all business, professional and technical services sub-sectors were affected. Merchanting and 
trade related services  receipts also fell significantly, plummeting by 20-30 per cent in several EU(27) 
member countries. Finally, double-digits drops were recorded also in exports of operational leasing 
services .  
157. In North America, exports decreased only by 2 per cent thanks to the resilience of the United 
States' overall exports of business services which still showed a slight growth of 1 per cent. Within 
this category, however, the individual sub-sectors performed differently. Management and consulting 
services  declined by 3 per cent, mostly related to a 36 percent drop in receipts from Switzerland. 
Architectural, engineering, and other technical services  as well as advertising services  fell by 4 per 
cent. Legal services  exports decreased slightly (-1 per cent).  Merchanting and trade-related services   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 51 
 
 
  receipts, dropped by 31 percent. Operational leasing services  exports stagnated. Some sectors, 
however, continued to record positive growth desp ite the adverse economic context. In particular, 
R&D services grew by 5 per cent and industrial engineering services  by 31 per cent.  
158. In 2009, Asia's other business services receipts were  affected by the financial crisis, falling by 
7 per cent on average. Exports decreased by 2 pe r cent in China and by 7 per cent in Singapore. 
Chinese Taipei's exports dropped by 16 per cent. In Hong Kong, China, receipts of merchanting and 
trade-related services  decreased by 6 per cent. Despite the crisis, some countries within the region 
recorded positive growth.  For example, Japan's expor ts rose by 3 per cent thanks to continued growth 
in all sub-sectors. In the Philippines, exports expand ed by 14 per cent due to sustained growth of the 
BPO sector.    
159. By the first half of 2010, world exports of ot her business services recovered in all countries 
although at different paths. In North America, the United States' exports increased by 10 per cent 
while in Canada, the average growth was above 20 per cent due, in particular, to fast rising exports of 
management services , and R&D services  (30 per cent for both categories). In Europe, EU (27) exports 
lagged behind, rising only by 2 per cent year-on-year , due to slow recovery of exports of business, 
professional and technical services in leading traders.  However, within the region, Norway's exports 
grew by 19 per cent year-on-year.  
160. Asian economies recorded some of the most rapi d growth.  In China and Singapore, exports 
rose by 53 per cent and 24 per cent respectively comp ared to the first half of 2009. In Hong Kong, 
China, revenues from merchanting and trade-related services  increased by 23 per cent year-on-year. 
By contrast, in Japan, the same category recorded sharp declines and translated into an overall export 
contraction by 8 per cent.  
 
Chart 43: Exports of other business services in se lected economies, first ha lf 2009 – first half 2010 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-40-30-20-10010203040506070
EU (27)
United States *China
Singapore
Chinese TaipeiJapanCanadaBrazil
Norway
Russian Fed.
Korea, Rep. of
Israel
PhilippinesPercentage change, year-on-year1st half 2009 2nd half 2009 1st half 2010
 
 * WTO Secretariat estimates. 
 Source: IMF, Eurostat, and national data. 
 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 52  
 
  3. Outward FATS (Business, professional and technical services/Other business services) 
in selected economies 
161. The supply of services of US foreign affiliat es engaged in business, professional and technical 
services abroad grew considerably between 2006 and 2008. For example, services supplied by affiliates in architectural, engineering, and related services  activities rose by 19 per cent on average 
per year reaching US$22.6 billion in 2008. This incr ease was due to strong growth in geographically 
widespread projects in infrastructure, power, and oil and gas. Similarly, in mining , services supplied 
expanded by 32 per cent annually to US$29.6 billion in 2008, boosted by robust demand for drilling 
services and higher rig rates. U.S foreign affiliates in advertising and related services  and in 
accounting and related services  activities, predominantly located in Europe, rendered services 
respectively for US$14.2 billion and US$11.5 billion in 2008.
42  The bulk of management, scientific 
and technical consulting services , as well as legal services and scientific R&D services  was also 
supplied by foreign affiliates established in European countries (82 per cent in the case of legal 
services  and 88 per cent for scientific R&D services  in 2008).  
 
Chart 44: United States - Services  supplied by foreign affiliates eng aged in selected professional,  
scientific and technical serv ices (outward FATS), 2008 
(Billion dollars)  
05101520253035
Mining
serv icesArchitectural,
engineering,
and related
serv icesManagement,
scientific, and
technical
consulting
serv ices*Adv ertising
and related
serv icesAccounting
serv ices **Scientific
R&D servicesLegal serv icesBillion dollars
 
 *  Includes also management of companies and enterprises. 
 ** Includes tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services. 
 Source: U.S. BEA. 
 
 
162. To the Secretariat's knowledge, some 15 Eur opean countries report data on the turnover of 
foreign affiliates engaged abroad in other business activities  and in R&D services . However, little 
information is available on specific sub-sectors, such as legal services, or accounting services. In 
2008, the sales of German foreign affiliates enga ged in these activities reached US$35.7 billion, while 
those of French foreign affiliates stood at US$33.1 billion in 2007.  
 
                                                           
42 U.S. BEA "Survey of Current Business", October 2010.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 53 
 
 
  Chart 45: Outward sales of foreign affiliates engage d abroad in other business services and in R&D 
services activities (outwa rd FATS) of selected Euro pean economies, 2007-2008 
(Billion dollars) 
0510152025303540
Germany France (2007) Belgium
(2007)Italy (2007) AustriaBillion dollars
 
  Source: Eurostat. 
 
 
H. PERSONAL , CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL SERVICES  
1. Exports Developments Between 2000 and 2008 
163. Between 2000 and 2008, world e xports of personal, cultural and recreational services 
increased by 7 per cent on average per year. Largely accounted for by audiovisual and related services, world exports of personal, cultural a nd recreational services are very concentrated.
43 In 2008, 
around 85 per cent of world exports originated from North America (39 per cent) and European 
countries (46 per cent). Compared to other sectors, personal, cultural, and recreational services are the 
smallest in value, representing 1 per cent of world total commercial services exports.  
 
Chart 46: World exports of person al, cultural, and recreati onal services by se lected region, 2008 
(Percentage) 
South and 
Central 
America
2%
Europe
46%Other
3%North America
39%
CIS
2%Asia
8%
 
    Source: WTO estimates. 
 
 
                                                           
43 Almost no Balance of Payments data are availabl e specifically on education services and on health 
services, the other sub-sectors of pers onal, cultural and recreational services. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 54  
 
  164. In the period 2000-2008, North America's  exports, mainly audiovisual and related services, 
grew by 6 per cent on annual average. The Unite d States was the world largest motion picture 
producer in terms of revenue, with the top movie co mpanies located in the country. In 2008, 19 out of 
the top 20 films by gross box office revenue worl dwide, were US-produced or co-produced. The 
economy ranked first also as exporter of television programmes.
44 In 2008, 61 per cent of the United 
States' exports of audiovisual and related services we re destined to the EU (27), followed by Canada 
(10 per cent) and Japan (5 per cent).  
165. In Europe , exports rose by 8 per cent on average per year, with the EU (27) accounting for 
over 90 per cent of the region's exports of persona l, cultural and recreational services. The United 
Kingdom, France, and Spain contributed for half of EU  (27) exports. Audiovisual and related services 
were the dominant sector. Over 60 per cent of the EU  (27) exports of audiovi sual and related services 
were destined to the internal market a nd some 18 per cent to the United States.  
166. Exports from Asia increased somewhat more rapidly (9 per cent). In 2008, India was the fifth 
leading exporter of personal, cultural, and recreat ional services. Over recent years, the country's 
exports increased significantly. In 2008, India was th e major movie producer in the world in terms of 
number of motion pictures.   
167. China's exports of personal, cultural and recr eational services – all audiovisual and related 
services, also expanded considerably (57 on average pe r year since 2000) driven by rising exports of 
television and radio programmes, as well as of movies production. In 2008, China was the fourth 
world producer of motion pictures in terms of number.45 The United States was China's largest export 
market in 2008, followed by Hong Kong, China. Overall, these two economies accounted for over 65 
per cent of the China's total exports. Finally, e xports from the Republic Korea increased by 18 per 
cent on annual average, with audiovisual and related services representing 39 per cent.  
168. Exports from other regions were marginal; however, by comparison, they increased more 
rapidly. Between 2000 and 2008, in South and Central America exports grew by 21 per cent mainly 
due to Argentina's fast growth of  audiovisual and relate d services (50 per cent on average per year). In 
2008, the country accounted alone for 44 per cent of th e region's exports of personal, cultural and 
recreational services. In the CIS, recorded average annual growth reached  43 per cent, due to 
expanding exports by the Russian Federation and Ukraine. In 2008, 47 per cent of the Russian Federation's exports of pe rsonal, cultural and recreational services reached the EU (27), followed by 
the United States ( 15 per cent). 
2. Recent trends (2009-2010) 
169. In 2009, world exports of personal, cultural and recreational services were severely affected 
by the global economic downturn, contracting by 11 per cent to US$40 billion. Europe and North America saw their exports decrease respectively by  10 per cent and 7 per cent. By comparison, the 
decline was more pronounced in emerging regions . In Asia, exports of personal, cultural and 
recreational services dropped by 25 per cent and in the CIS by 26 per cent. Exports from South and 
Central America recorded a 20 per cent fall. 
 
                                                           
44 S/C/W/310 page 7. 
45 S/C/W/310.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 55 
 
 
  Chart 47: World exports of pers onal, cultural and recreational services, Q1 2008 – Q 4 2009 
(Percentage change , year-on-year) 
-20-15-10-505101520
Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009Percentage change year-on-year
 
  Source: WTO estimates. 
 
170. According to preliminary data, exports of personal, cultural and recreational services are 
recovering worldwide. After having decreased by 7 pe r cent in 2009, EU (27) exports expanded by 21 
per cent year-on-year in the first half of 2010, th anks to the United Kingdom doubling exports. In the 
same period, the United States' exports of audiovi sual and related services increased by 9 per cent.46 
In South and Central America, Argentina's exports  of personal, cultural and recreational services, 
which had declined by 20 per cent in 2009, grew by 9 per cent. In Asia, the Republic of Korea's 
exports were up by 37 per cent. Finally, exports recovered also in the Russian Federation (32 per 
cent).  
3. Outward FATS sales (Motion picture, radio, television & other entertainment activities; 
education; health and social work) in selected economies 
171. In 2006, services supplied by U.S. foreign aff iliates engaged in motion picture and sound 
recording industries located abroad totalled US$10.4 billion.47 Over 75 per cent of these services were 
rendered by affiliates established in Europe, part icularly in the Netherlands and in the United 
Kingdom. In 2008, United States' foreign affiliates in arts, entertainment, and recreation reached 
US$11.6 billion, rising by 73 per cent on average per year since 2006.  
172. Very few, scattered statistics are available on the total sales of European countries' foreign 
affiliates in motion picture, radio, television & ot her entertainment activities. According to available 
information, in 2008, Germany's sales were at US $2.7 billion, accounting for 85 per cent of total sales 
of German foreign affiliates engage d in recreational, cultural and sporting activities. Italy's sales stood 
at US$1.5 billion in 2007.  
173. With respect to education, the value of ser vices supplied by U.S. foreign affiliates in 
educational services reached 2.5 billion in 2008. Some  40 per cent of this amount was generated by 
affiliates located in Europe.  
                                                           
46 At the time of writing, no data were available on the United States' overall exports of personal, 
cultural and recreational services. 
47 Data for 2007 and 2008 are not disclosed. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 56  
 
  174. By contrast, foreign affiliates' sales in educa tion of available European economies were very 
modest, with US$146 million for French foreign aff iliates and US$89 million for Germany's in 2007.  
Finally, in 2006, U.S. foreign affiliates, active in health care and social assistance and established 
predominantly in Europe, rendered services for US$1.6 billion. Total sales by Germany's foreign 
affiliates stood at US$8.8 billion in 2008.   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 57 
 
 
  STATISTICAL ANNEX 
 
 
Table SA-1- Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2009 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
Rank Exporter Value Share Annual 
percentage
change  Rank Importer Value Share Annual 
percentage 
change 
1 United States  474 14.1 -9   1 United States  331 10.5 -9 
2 United Kingdom  233 7.0 -18   2 Germany  253 8.1 -13 
3 Germany  227 6.8 -12   3 United Kingdom  161 5.1 -18 
4 France  143 4.3 -14   4 China  158 5.0 0 
5 China  129 3.8 -12   5 Japan  147 4.7 -10 
6 Japan  126 3.8 -14   6 France  126 4.0 -10 
7 Spain  122 3.6 -14   7 Italy  115 3.6 -10 
8 Italy  101 3.0 -14   8 Ireland  103 3.3 -5 
9 Ireland  97 2.9 -5   9 Spain  87 2.8 -17 
10 Netherlands  91 2.7 -12   10 Netherlands  85 2.7 -8 
11 Singapore  88 2.6 -10   11 Singapore  81 2.6 -6 
12 India  87 2.6 -15   12 India  80 2.5 -9 
13 Hong Kong, China  86 2.6 -6   13 Canada  78 2.5 -12 
14 Belgium  79 2.4 -8   14 Korea, Republic of  75 2.4 -19 
15 Switzerland  69 2.1 -10   15 Belgium  74 2.4 -11 
16 Sweden  61 1.8 -15   16 Russian Federation  59 1.9 -19 
17 Luxembourg  61 1.8 -14   17 Denmark  51 1.6 -18 
18 Canada  58 1.7 -13   18 Sweden  46 1.5 -14 
19 Korea, Republic of  57 1.7 -25   19 Kingdom of Saudi  
Arabia  46 1.4 -8 
20 Denmark  55 1.6 -24   20 Hong Kong, China  44 1.4 -5 
21 Austria  53 1.6 -14   21 Brazil  44 1.4 -1 
22 Australia  41 1.2 -7   22 Australia  41 1.3 -13 
23 Russian Federation  41 1.2 -18   23 Thailand  38 1.2 -18 
24 Norway  38 1.1 -17   24 Norway  38 1.2 -14 
25 Greece  38 1.1 -25   25 Austria  37 1.2 -13 
26 Turkey  33 1.0 -5   26 United Arab Emirates  37 1.2 -14 
27 Taipei, Chinese  31 0.9 -11   27 Luxembourg  36 1.1 -13 
28 Thailand  30 0.9 -9   28 Switzerland  36 1.1 -2 
29 Poland  29 0.9 -19   29 Taipei, Chinese  29 0.9 -15 
30 Malaysia  28 0.8 -7   30 Indonesia  28 0.9 -1 
31 Brazil  26 0.8 -9   31 Malaysia  27 0.9 -10 
32 Finland  25 0.7 -21   32 Poland  24 0.8 -21 
33 Portugal  23 0.7 -13   33 Finland  23 0.7 -25 
34 Israel  22 0.6 -10   34 Mexico  21 0.7 -15 
35 Egypt  21 0.6 -14   35 Greece  20 0.6 -20 
36 Czech Republic  20 0.6 -7   36 Czech Republic  19 0.6 6 
37 Macao, China  19 0.6 6   37 Israel  17 0.5 -14 
38 Hungary  18 0.5 -10   38 Iran, Islamic Rep. of  a  16 0.5     ... 
39 Lebanon  17 0.5 -4   39 Hungary  16 0.5 -14 
40 Mexico  15 0.5 -17   40 Turkey  16 0.5 -6 
  Total of above  3010 89.8 -     Total of above  2760 87.8 - 
 World  3350 100.0 -12   World  3145 100.0 -12 
a  Secretariat estimate. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 58  
 
  Table SA-2 - Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial  services (excluding intra-EU 
(27) trade), 2009 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
Rank Exporter Value Share Annual 
percentage
change  Rank Importer Value Share Annual 
percentage 
change 
1 Extra-EU(27) exports 652 26.3 -14   1 Extra-EU(27) imports  543 23.0 -13 
2 United States  474 19.2 -9   2 United States  331 14.0 -9 
3 China  129 5.2 -12   3 China  158 6.7 0 
4 Japan  126 5.1 -14   4 Japan  147 6.2 -10 
5 Singapore  88 3.5 -10   5 Singapore  81 3.5 -6 
6 India  87 3.5 -15   6 India  80 3.4 -9 
7 Hong Kong, China  86 3.5 -6   7 Canada  78 3.3 -12 
8 Switzerland  69 2.8 -10   8 Korea, Republic of  75 3.2 -19 
9 Canada  58 2.3 -13   9 Russian Federation  59 2.5 -19 
10 Korea, Republic of  57 2.3 -25   10 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia  46 1.9 -8 
11 Australia  41 1.7 -7   11 Hong Kong, China  44 1.9 -5 
12 Russian Federation  41 1.7 -18   12 Brazil  44 1.9 -1 
13 Norway  38 1.5 -17   13 Australia  41 1.8 -13 
14 Turkey  33 1.3 -5   14 Thailand  38 1.6 -18 
15 Taipei, Chinese  31 1.2 -11   15 Norway  38 1.6 -14 
16 Thailand  30 1.2 -9   16 United Arab Emirates  37 1.6 -14 
17 Malaysia  28 1.1 -7   17 Switzerland  36 1.5 -2 
18 Brazil  26 1.1 -9   18 Taipei, Chinese  29 1.2 -15 
19 Israel  22 0.9 -10   19 Indonesia  28 1.2 -1 
20 Egypt  21 0.9 -14   20 Malaysia  27 1.1 -10 
21 Macao, China  19 0.7 6   21 Mexico  21 0.9 -15 
22 Lebanon  17 0.7 -4   22 Israel  17 0.7 -14 
23 Mexico  15 0.6 -17   23 Iran, Islamic Rep. of a  16 0.7     ... 
24 Ukraine  13 0.5 -23   24 Turkey  16 0.7 -6 
25 Indonesia  13 0.5 -10   25 Nigeria a  15 0.6     ... 
26 Morocco  12 0.5 -6   26 South Africa  14 0.6 -13 
27 Croatia  12 0.5 -22   27 Lebanon  14 0.6 6 
28 South Africa  12 0.5 -6   28 Egypt  13 0.5 -22 
29 Argentina  11 0.4 -9   29 Argentina  11 0.5 -11 
30 Kuwait  10 0.4 1   30 Kuwait  11 0.5 -9 
31 Philippines  10 0.4 4   31 Algeria  11 0.5 -1 
32 United Arab Emirates 10 0.4 6   32 Angola  11 0.5 -46 
33 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia  9 0.4 2   33 Ukraine  11 0.5 -32 
34 Cuba  9 0.4 -5   34 Kazakhstan  10 0.4 -9 
35 Chile  8 0.3 -21   35 Chile  9 0.4 -18 
36 New Zealand  8 0.3 -17   36 Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuela  9 0.4 -8 
37 Iran, Islamic Rep. of a 7 0.3     ...   37 Philippines  8 0.4 0 
38 Viet Nam  6 0.2 -19   38 Qatar a  8 0.3     ... 
39 Panama  5 0.2 -7   39 New Zealand  8 0.3 -19 
40 Tunisia  5 0.2 -10   40 Colombia  7 0.3 -4 
  Total of above  2345 94.9 -     Total of above  2200 93.3 - 
 World (excl. intra-EU 
(27))  2475 100.0 -11   World (excl. intra-EU 
(27))  2355 100.0 -11 
a  Secretariat estimate. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 59 
 
 
  Table SA-3 - Leading exporters and impo rters of transportation services, 2009 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
  Value Share in world 
exports/imports Annual percentage change 
  2009 2000 2009 2000-09 2007 2008 2009 
Exporters                
European Union (27) 318.0 42.5 45.4 9 21 16 -23 
  Extra-EU(27) exports 153.2    ... 21.9    ... 18 18 -23 
United States 71.8 14.5 10.2 4 13 17 -21 
Japan 31.6 7.4 4.5 2 12 11 -32 
Singapore 30.7 3.4 4.4 11 28 23 -14 
Korea, Republic of 28.9 3.9 4.1 9 30 33 -35 
Hong Kong, China 25.0 3.7 3.6 8 14 13 -13 
China 23.6 1.1 3.4 23 49 23 -39 
Norway 15.9 2.8 2.3 6 19 13 -27 
Russian Federation 12.4 1.0 1.8 15 17 27 -18 
India 10.8 0.6 1.5 21 19 25 -5 
Canada 8.9 2.2 1.3 2 6 3 -22 
Turkey 7.6 0.8 1.1 11 32 19 -3 
Egypt 6.7 0.8 1.0 11 27 17 -18 
Ukraine 6.3 0.8 0.9 9 14 25 -18 
Thailand 5.8 0.9 0.8 7 18 14 -20 
        
Above 15  605.0 86.4 86.2    -    -    -    - 
        
Importers                
European Union (27) 279.5 35.5 33.5 7 17 13 -24 
  Extra-EU(27) imports 123.6    ... 14.8    ... 13 17 -25 
United States 80.7 15.7 9.7 2 3 10 -23 
China 46.6 2.5 5.6 18 26 16 -7 
Japan 40.6 8.0 4.9 2 14 10 -25 
India 34.7 2.1 4.2 17 24 36 -17 
Singapore 26.4 3.0 3.2 9 17 10 -14 
Korea, Republic of 23.4 2.6 2.8 9 26 26 -36 
United Arab Emirates 23.0 1.1 2.8 20 42 33 -10 
Canada 17.3 2.2 2.1 7 14 13 -18 
Thailand 17.3 1.6 2.1 11 11 26 -25 
Hong Kong, China 13.6 1.5 1.6 9 20 14 -14 
Indonesia 12.0 1.0 1.4 13 16 46 -13 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 11.5 0.5 1.4 20 63 71 -27 
Australia 10.5 1.5 1.3 6 15 13 -29 
Norway 9.9 1.2 1.2 8 33 10 -32 
        
Above 15  645.0 80.0 77.5 - - - - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 60  
 
  Table SA-4 - Structure of transportation serv ices exports in selected economies, 2008 
(Million dollars) 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
 
Table SA-5 - Development of International seaborne trade, selected years 
(Millions of tons loaded) 
Year Oil Main bulks a Other dry cargo  Total 
(all cargoes) 
1970 1 442  448  676 2 566 
1980 1 871  796 1 037 3 704 
1990 1 755  968 1 285 4 008 
2000 2 163 1 288 2 533 5 984 
2006 2 648 1 888 3 009 7 545 
2007 2 705 2 013 3 164 7 882 
2008 b 2 749 2 097 3 322 8 168 
a  Iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite/alumina and phosphate. 
b  Preliminary. 
Source:   Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2009). Estimated by the UN CTAD secretariat, on the basis 
of data supplied by reporting countries, ports and speciali zed sources. Data have been updated to the most recent 
available. 
 
 Other  
Exporter Total Sea  Air  Total  Space Rail  Road  Inland 
waterwa yPipe-
line  
European Union (27) 411206 187573 121810 101825 766 11804 72863 2396 6266 
 Extra-EU(27)exports 199264 115274 60088 23913 587 3215 14816 294 3084 
United States 90567 6020 44181 40366 ... 0 0 ... ... 
Japan 46794 36883 9888 24 ... ... ... ... ... 
Korea, Republic of 44768 37956 6812 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
China 38418 25452 8065 4901 ... ... ... ... ... 
Hong Kong, China 28886 15815 9803 3270 ... ... ... ... ... 
Norway 21630 16274 690 4667 ... 59 349 ... 2329 
Russian Federation 15024 3696 6165 5164 168 2092 725 ... 2179 
Canada 11483 3271 5050 3162 ... 5 14 ... ... 
India 11318 9518 806 993 ... ... ... ... ... 
Egypt 8160 776 1259 6126 ... ... ... ... ... 
Turkey 7793 845 5197 1751 ... ... 1751 ... ... 
Ukraine 7626 1299 1229  5098 ... 1637 447 195 2560 
Thailand 7282 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
Taipei, Chinese 7132 3458 3674 0 ... ... ... ... ... 
Malaysia 6766 2681 4017 68 ... ... ... ... ... 
Chile 6503 4224 1955 324 ... ... ... ... ... 
Switzerland 6493 ... ... 2260 ... ... ... ... ... 
Brazil 5411 4576 675 160 ... ... 160 ... ... 
Israel 5168 4092 1021 55 ... ... ... ... ... 
Panama 3097 2233 864 ... ... ... ... ... ...  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 61 
 
 
  Table SA-6 - Distribution of dwt capacity of vesse l types, by country group or registration, 2009  
  Total 
fleet Oil  
tankers Bulk 
carriers General 
cargo c Container 
ships Other 
types 
World total  100.00   100.00   100.00   100.00     100.00   100.00  
Developed countries   18.23    20.05    11.50    17.28      27.09    26.73  
Countries with economies   in transition     1.06      0.82      0.50      4.68        0.11      2.13  
Developing countries   25.21    23.33    27.19    35.01      18.85    24.30  
    o f  w h i c h :        
    Africa     0.59      0.46      0.30      1.76        0.13      2.03  
    Americas     1.91      2.05      1.40      4.29        0.29      3.85  
    Asia   22.29    20.47    25.01    28.27      18.40    17.52  
    Oceania     0.42      0.35      0.49      0.69        0.03      0.91  
Other, unallocated     0.39      0.24      0.19      1.73        0.03      1.01  
10 major open and  
  international registries b   55.11    55.56    60.62    41.31      53.91    45.83  
a  Vessels of 100 GT and above. 
b  There exists no clear definition of "open and international registries". UNCTAD has grouped the 10 major 
open and international registries to include the 10 largest fleets with more than 90 per cent foreign-controlled 
tonnage. 
c  Including passenger/cargo. 
Source:  Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2009). Compiled by the UNC TAD secretariat, on the basis 
of data supplied by Lloyd's Register - Fairplay. 
 
 
Table SA-7 - World sea-borne trade in 2006-2008, by types of cargo and Country group 
 
Country group Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded 
   Total   Crude Products  Dry 
cargo   Total  Crude  Products   Dry 
cargo  
  Millions of tons 
 World  2006 7545 1783 865 4897 7720 1833 895 4992 
  2007 7882 1814 891 5177 8061 1995 906 5160 
  2008 8168 1834 915 5419 8181 1891 910 5379 
 Developed 
economies  2006 2461 133 336 1991 4166 1283 536 2347 
  2007 2624 134 363 2126 3991 1246 524 2220 
  2008 2742 117 375 2250 4029 1181 511 2337 
 Transition 
economies  2006 410 123 41 246 71 6 3 62 
  2007 418 124 40 254 77 7 3 66 
  2008 480 133 34 313 88 6 4 77 
 Developing 
economies  2006 4674 1527 487 2660 3484 545 356 2583 
  2007 4841 1555 488 2798 3994 742 379 2874 
  2008 4946 1584 506 2856 4064 704 395 2965 
     Africa  2006 704 354 86 264 358 41 40 276 
  2007 720 363 82 275 377 46 46 286 
  2008 719 359 84 276 378 42 45 290 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 62  
 
  Country group Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded 
   Total   Crude Products  Dry 
cargo   Total  Crude  Products   Dry 
cargo  
  Millions of tons 
     America  2006 1031 251 94 685 376 50 60 267 
  2007 1077 252 90 734 423 76 64 283 
  2008 1136 259 100 777 433 79 65 288 
     Asia  2006 2933 918 307 1708 2737 454 250 2033 
  2007 3037 936 316 1785 3181 620 262 2299 
  2008 3084 962 322 1800 3240 583 277 2379 
     Oceania  2006   6.8   4.4   0.1   2.4   12.9   0.0   6.7   6.2 
  2007   7.1   4.5   0.1   2.5   13.5   0.0   7.0   6.5 
  2008   7.3   4.6   0.1   2.5   13.8   0.0   7.1   6.6 
     Percentage share  
 World  2006 100.0 23.6 11.5   64.9   
100.0   23.8   11.6   
64.7 
  2007 100.0 23.0 11.3 65.7 100.0 24.8  11.2  64.0 
  2008 100.0 22.5 11.2 66.3 100.0  23.1  11.1  65.8 
 Developed 
economies  2006   32.6   7.5   38.9   40.7   54.0   70.0   59.8   
47.0 
  2007  33.3  7.4  40.8  41.1  49.5  62.5  57.8  43.0 
  2008  33.6  6.4  41.0  41.5  49.3  62.4  56.1  43.5 
 Transition economies  2006   5.4   6.9   4.8   5.0   0.9   0.3   0.4   1.2 
  2007   5.3   6.9   4.5   4.9   1.0   0.4   0.4   1.3 
  2008   5.9   7.3   3.7   5.8   1.1   0.3   0.5   1.4 
 Developing 
economies  2006   62.0   85.7   56.3   54.3   45.1   29.7   39.8   
51.7 
  2007   61.4   85.7   54.7   54.0   49.6   37.2   41.8  55.7 
  2008  60.6  86.4  55.3  52.7  49.7  37.2  43.4  55.1 
     Africa  2006   9.3   19.8   9.9   5.4   4.6   2.2   4.5   5.5 
  2007   9.1   19.8   9.2   5.3   4.7   2.3   5.0   5.5 
  2008   8.8   19.6   9.2   5.1   4.6   2.2   5.0   5.4 
     America  2006   13.7   14.1   10.9   14.0   4.9   2.7   6.7   5.3 
  2007   13.7   13.9   10.1   14.2   5.3   3.8   7.1   5.5 
  2008   13.9   14.1   10.9   14.3   5.3   4.2   7.2   5.4 
     Asia  2006   38.9   51.5   35.5   34.9   35.5   24.8   27.9   
40.7 
  2007   38.5   51.6   35.4   34.5   39.5   31.1 28.9 44.6 
  2008   37.8   52.4   35.2   33.2   39.6   30.8  30.4 44.2 
     Oceania  2006   0.1   0.2   0.0   0.1   0.2   0.0   0.8   0.1 
  2007   0.1   0.3   0.0   0.1   0.2   0.0   0.8   0.1 
  2008   0.1   0.3   0.0   0.1   0.2   0.0   0.8   0.1 
Source:  Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2009). Estimated by the UNCTAD secretariat, on the basis 
of data supplied by reporting countries, ports and speciali zed sources. Data have been updated to the most recent 
available.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 63 
 
 
  Table SA-8 - The 35 countries an d territories with the largest co ntrolled fleets ('000 dwt), as of 
1 January 2009a 
Number of vessels  Deadweight tonnage ('000)  Percentage shares 
Rank Economy of 
domicile b National 
flag c Foreign
flag Total National 
flag Foreign 
flag Total Foreign 
flag as 
percentage 
of economy 
total Economy 
total as 
percentage
of world 
total 
1 Japan 733 2987 3720 12200 161086 173285 92.96 15.68
2 Greece 720 2344 3064 52833 1 16593 169427 68.82 15.33
3 Germany 479 3043 3522 17428 87525 104954 83.39 9.50
4 China 1944 1555 3499 37205 55594 92799 59.91 8.40
5 Norway 783 1244 2027 11543 38673 50216 77.01 4.54
6 Republic of Korea 797 438 1235 20859 25764 46623 55.26 4.22
7 United States  867 915 1782 20607 19359 39966 48.44 3.62
8 Hong Kong, 
China 307 373 680 18297 15427 33724 45.75 3.05
9 Denmark 347 567 914 11959 19637 31596 62.15 2.86
10 United Kingdom 398 520 918 11175 19741 30917 63.85 2.80
11 Chinese Taipei 91 540 631 4068 25735 29804 86.35 2.70
12 Singapore 545 331 876 16483 11747 28230 41.61 2.55
13 Italy 582 238 820 12854 6897 19750 34.92 1.79
14 Russian 
Federation 1516 557 2073 5944 12344 18288 67.50 1.66
15 India 495 69 564 14390 2823 17213 16.40 1.56
16 Canada 212 201 413 2454 14716 17171 85.71 1.55
17 Turkey 533 630 1163 6804 8647 15451 55.97 1.40
18 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 73 99 172 1235 13677 14911 91.72 1.35
19 Iran, Islamic Rep. 
of 83 128 211 1358 13203 14561 90.67 1.32
20 Belgium 93 147 240 6283 7164 13447 53.28 1.22
21 Malaysia 338 97 435 7717 3842 11559 33.24 1.05
22 United Arab 
Emirates 58 347 405 702 8331 9033 92.23 0.82
23 Netherlands 491 267 758 4218 4187 8405 49.81 0.76
24 Cyprus 126 234 360 3196 5163 8359 61.76 0.76
25 Sweden 143 224 367 1740 5698 7438 76.60 0.67
26 Indonesia 715 106 821 4957 2065 7022 29.41 0.64
27 France 180 188 368 2989 3577 6565 54.48 0.59
28 Kuwait 38 44 82 3846 2603 6449 40.36 0.58
29 Viet Nam 389 67 456 3629 1939 5568 34.82 0.50
30 Brazil 129 15 144 2445 2266 4711 48.11 0.43
31 Spain 187 204 391 1562 2886 4448 64.88 0.40
32 Thailand 300 44 344 3507 620 4127 15.03 0.37
33 Switzerland 35 114 149 1012 2817 3829 73.57 0.35
34 Croatia 78 39 117 2312 985 3297 29.88 0.30
35 Bermuda 0 65 65 0 3228 3228 100.0 0.29
a  Vessels of 1,000 GT and above, excluding the United States  Reserve Fleet and the United  States and Canadian Great 
Lakes fleets (which have a combin ed tonnage of 6.4 million dwt). 
b  The country of ownership indicates where the true controlling interest (i.e. parent company)  of the fleet is located. In 
several cases, determining this has requi red making certain judgements. Thus, for in stance, Greece is shown as the country 
of ownership for vessels owned by a Greek national with re presentative offices in New York, London and Piraeus, although 
the owner may be domiciled in the United States. 
c  Includes vessels flying the national flag but registered in territorial dependencie s or associated self-governing territories  
such as the Isle of Man (United Kingdom), and also second registries such as DIS. 
 
Source :  Review of Maritime Transport, UNCTAD (2009). Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat, on the basis of data 
supplied by Lloyd's Register - Fairplay.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 64  
 
   
Table SA-9 - Passenger-k ilometres performed on scheduled services, 2009 
(Countries and groups of countries whose air lines performed more than 100 million total tonne-
kilometres in 2009 a) 
Total operations Intern ational operations 
Economy Rank  Million passenger- 
kilometres performed Rank Million passenger-
kilometres performed 
United States  1 1227573 1 372738 
China  2 330243 13 50831 
  Hong Kong, China  88071  88071 
  Macao, China  2078  2078 
Germany  4 205371 3 196382 
United Kingdom  3 230596 2 222278 
United Arab Emirates  6 143849 4 143849 
France  5 152256 5 133457 
Japan  7 127859 10 66575 
Republic of Korea  15 82264 9 77276 
Netherlands  10 90184 6 90178 
Singapore  13 84514 8 84514 
Canada  8 107371 11 60979 
Australia  9 100515 14 50061 
Russian Federation  14 83828 19 37143 
India  12 85768 16 43773 
Spain  16 80134 12 59821 
Ireland  11 87475 7 87475 
Brazil  17 74049 25 20649 
Thailand  18 53478 15 48885 
Malaysia  20 45532 20 35020 
Turkey  19 49529 17 40682 
 
Memorandum     
World  4244540  2596410 
a  Most 2009 data are estimates, thus the ranking and the rate of increase or decrease may change when final 
data become available. Source :  ICAO Annual Report of the Council (2009).  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 65 
 
 
  Table SA-10 - Freight tonne-kilometres pe rformed on scheduled services, 2009 
(Countries and groups of countries whose airlin es performed more than 25 million freight tonne-
kilometres in 2009 a) 
Total operations Intern ational operations 
Economy Rank  Million tonne-kilometres 
performed Rank Million tonne-kilometres 
performed 
United States  1 35084 1 19937 
China  2 11421 4 7020 
Hong Kong, China  8229  8229 
Macao, China  32  32 
Republic of Korea  3 8551 2 8480 
Japan  4 7018 6 6171 
United Arab Emirates  5 7551 3 7551 
Germany  6 6809 5 6801 
United Kingdom  7 5864 7 5862 
Singapore  8 5535 8 5535 
France  9 4921 9 4751 
Luxembourg  10 4651 10 4651 
Netherlands  11 3960 11 3960 
Russian Federation  12 2306 16 1814 
Thailand  13 2091 12 2059 
Malaysia  14 2064 13 2031 
Australia  15 2032 15 1890 
Qatar  16 1953 14 1953 
Brazil  17 1782 24 915 
Canada  18 1347 19 1069 
India  19 1235 22 968 
Chile  20 1179 17 1129 
 
Memorandum     
World  140610  117050 
a  Most 2009 data are estimates, thus the ranking and the rate of increase or decrease may change when final 
data become available. 
Source :  ICAO Annual Report of the Council (2009). S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 66  
 
  Table SA-11 - Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2009 
 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Share in world 
exports/imports Annual percentage change 
  2009 2000 2009 2000-09 2007 2008 2009 
Exporters                
European Union (27) 341.4 42.0 39.2 6 14 8 -13 
  Extra-EU(27) exports 95.4    ... 10.9    ... 15 6 -14 
United States 120.3 20.6 13.8 2 12 13 -11 
China 39.7 3.4 4.6 10 10 10 -3 
Australia 25.9 2.0 3.0 12 26 12 3 
Turkey 21.3 1.6 2.4 12 10 19 -3 
Macao, China 17.9 0.6 2.1 22 38 28 7 
Hong Kong, China 16.4 1.2 1.9 12 18 11 7 
Thailand 15.9 1.6 1.8 9 24 9 -12 
Malaysia 15.4 1.1 1.8 13 35 9 1 
Switzerland 14.0 1.4 1.6 9 13 19 -3 
Canada 13.7 2.3 1.6 3 7 1 -13 
Mexico 11.3 1.7 1.3 3 6 3 -15 
Egypt 10.8 0.9 1.2 11 23 18 -2 
India 10.6 0.7 1.2 13 24 10 -10 
Japan 10.3 0.9 1.2 10 10 17 -5 
        
Above 15  685.0 82.0 78.6    -    -    -    - 
        
Importers                
European Union (27) 334.2 45.3 42.3 6 15 9 -15 
  Extra-EU(27) imports 120.5    ... 15.3    ... 17 8 -14 
United States 79.1 15.4 10.0 2 6 5 -8 
China 43.7 3.0 5.5 14 22 21 21 
Japan 25.2    ... 3.2    ... -1    ... 6 
Canada 24.2 2.9 3.1 8 20 10 -11 
Russian Federation 20.8 2.0 2.6 10 17 12 -13 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 18.8    ... 2.4    ... 55 -25 24 
Australia 18.2 1.5 2.3 12 27 26 -3 
Hong Kong, China 16.0 2.9 2.0 3 7 7 -1 
Singapore 15.8 1.0 2.0 15 18 15 4 
Korea, Republic of 13.3 1.6 1.7 7 17 -13 -30 
Norway 12.3 1.1 1.6 11 21 13 -23 
Brazil 10.9 0.9 1.4 12 42 34 -1 
Switzerland 10.9 1.2 1.4 8 9 8 -1 
United Arab Emirates 10.3 0.7 1.3 15 28 18 -22 
        
Above 15  655.0 85.2 82.8    -    -    -    - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
 
  
 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 67 
 
 
  Table SA-12 - Structure of travel ex ports in selected economies, 2008 
 (Million dollars) 
Personal travel 
Exporter Total Business 
travel Total Health-related 
expenditure Education-related 
expenditure 
Euro pean Union (27) 394432 75958 318474 ... ...
  Extra-EU(27) exports 110815 25480 85335 ... ...
United States 134906 … … 2467 17796
Australia 25062 2347 22716 … 12837
Turke y 21951 2837 19114 394 215
Macao, China 16758 1835 14922 ... ...
Canada 15668 2866 12802 123 2581
Mala ysia 15293 15056 237 6 231
Mexico 13289 751 12538 297 48
India 11832 ... 11832 ... ...
Russian Federation 11819 6969 4850 ... ...
Croatia 11280 573 10708 118 44
Korea, Republic of 9774 4082 5692 70 54
South Africa 7956 1391 6565 ... ...
Indonesia 7377 2213 5164 ... ...
Morocco 7221 ... 7221 ... ...
Taipei, Chinese 5937 1451 4486 ... ...
Lebanon 5819 178 5641 ... ...
Brazil 5785 84 5701 36 11
Ukraine 5768 397 5371 ... ...
New Zealand 5130 606 4525 8 1078
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
 
Table SA-13 - Top 20 tourism destinations, 2009 
(Million and percentage) 
Rank International tourist 
arrivals Annual 
 growth rate Share of 
world 
arrivals 
2009 Destination 
2008 2009 2008 2009 2009 
1 France  79.2 74.2 -2.0 -6.3 8.4
2 United States  57.9 54.9 3.5 -5.3 6.2 
3 Spain  57.2 52.2 -2.5 -8.7 5.9 
4 China  53.0 50.9 -3.1 -4.1 5.8 
5 Italy  42.7 43.2 -2.1 1.2 4.9 
6 United Kingdom  30.1 28.0 -2.4 -7.0 3.2 
7 Turkey  25.0 25.5 12.3 2.0 2.9 
8 Germany  24.9 24.2 1.9 -2.7 2.8 
9 Malaysia  22.1 23.6 5.1 7.2 2.7 
10 Mexico  22.6 21.5 5.9 -5.2 2.4 
11 Austria  21.9 21.4 5.6 -2.6 2.4 
12 Ukraine  25.4 20.7 9.8 -18.3 2.4 
13 Russian Federation 21.6 19.4 4.7 -10.0 2.2 
14 Hong Kong, China  17.3 16.9 1.0 -2.3 1.9 
15 Canada  17.1 15.8 -4.4 -8.0 1.8 
16 Greece  15.9 14.9  -1.4 -6.4 1.7 
17 Thailand  14.6 14.1 0.8 -3.0 1.6 
18 Egypt 12.3 11.9 15.9 -3.1 1.4 
19 Poland  13.0 11.9 -13.5 -8.3 1.4 
20 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 14.8 10.9 28.0 -26.2 1.2 
Source :  World Tourism Organization (2010). S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 68  
 
  Table SA-14 - Leading exporters and impo rters of other commercial services, 2009 
(Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Share in world 
exports/imports Annual percentage change 
  2009 2000 2009 2000-09 2007 2008 2009 
Exporters         
European Union (27) 868.2 45.1 48.8 13 24 12 -12 
  Extra-EU(27) exports 403.1    ... 22.7    ... 26 11 -9 
United States 281.8 19.6 15.9 9 20 7 -4 
Japan 83.9 6.0 4.7 9 10 17 -6 
India 66.1    ... 3.7    ... 26 19 -17 
China 65.3 1.6 3.7 23 46 27 -3 
Switzerland 49.2 2.8 2.8 12 22 19 -11 
Singapore 47.9 1.7 2.7 18 28 18 -6 
Hong Kong, China 44.8 3.3 2.5 8 17 6 -6 
Canada 34.9 3.2 2.0 6 10 6 -11 
Russian Federation 19.5 0.4 1.1 25 34 34 -18 
Korea, Republic of 18.9 1.4 1.1 8 31 -3 -12 
Taipei, Chinese 18.2 1.8 1.0 5 9 13 -15 
Norway 18.1 0.9 1.0 13 27 13 -7 
Brazil 16.9 0.9 1.0 13 33 30 -4 
Israel 15.1 1.3 0.8 6 6 10 1 
        
Above 15  1650.0 91.5 92.7    -    -    -    - 
        
Importers                
European Union (27) 715.5 46.0 47.1 11 21 12 -7 
  Extra-EU(27) imports 298.8    ... 19.7    ... 22 15 -6 
United States 170.8 12.4 11.2 10 12 8 -2 
Japan 81.2 8.0 5.3 6 14 17 -5 
China 67.9 2.0 4.5 21 35 27 -5 
Singapore 39.1 2.0 2.6 14 11 23 -3 
Korea, Republic of 38.3 2.4 2.5 11 19 19 3 
Canada 36.1 3.6 2.4 6 10 3 -9 
India 35.9    ... 2.4    ... 17 15 0 
Russian Federation 29.1 0.8 1.9 21 39 41 -21 
Brazil 25.2 1.2 1.7 15 21 28 9 
Switzerland 17.3 0.6 1.1 18 28 18 2 
Thailand 16.4 1.0 1.1 12 24 22 -9 
Norway 15.4 0.8 1.0 13 21 15 14 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 15.3    ... 1.0    ...    ...    ... -19 
Hong Kong, China 14.8 1.0 1.0 11 20 11 -1 
        
Above 15  1320.0 84.3 86.8    -    -    -    - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 69 
 
 
  Table SA-15 - Top 15 exporters and import ers of communications services, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 46015 59.2 8 European Union (27) 42872 64.3 4 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 15814 20.4 15  Extra-EU(27) imports 15758 23.6 12 
United States 9465 12.2 13 United States 7788 11.7 2 
Kuwait a  6071 7.8 30 Canada 1910 2.9 0 
India 2423 3.1 3 Russian Federation 1879 2.8 45 
Canada 2421 3.1 9 China 1510 2.3 40 
Egypt 1611 2.1 113 Singapore 1447 2.2 11 
China 1570 2.0 34 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 1269 1.9 59 
Russian Federation 1493 1.9 17 Hong Kong, China 1188 1.8 10 
Switzerland 1226 1.6 15 Korea, Republic of 1149 1.7 26 
Singapore 1179 1.5 24 Japan 1075 1.6 5 
Indonesia 1096 1.4 -18 India 1004 1.5 16 
Hong Kong, China 882 1.1 2 Australia 978 1.5 28 
Australia 795 1.0 33 Switzerland 972 1.5 21 
Turkey a  725 0.9 43 Malaysia a  817 1.2 -4 
Korea, Republic of 724 0.9 32 Egypt 785 1.2 67 
        
  Above 15 77695 100.0    -   Above 15  66645 100.0    - 
a  Telecommunications services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 70  
 
  Table SA-16 - Structure of communications servi ces exports in selected economies, 2008   
(Million dollars) 
Exporter Total Postal and couri er serv. Telecommunication serv. 
European Union (27) 46015 8051 37964 
  Extra-EU(27) exports 15814 3195 12619 
United States 9465 302 9163 
Kuwait 6071 0 6071 
India 2423 1211 1211 
Russian Federation 1493 92 1401 
Hong Kong, China 882 327 555 
Turkey 725 0 725 
Korea, Republic of 724 174 550 
Norway 669 157 511 
Morocco 641 8 632 
Malaysia 602 0 602 
Brazil 466 14 452 
Kenya 437 2 435 
Philippines 404 0 404 
Argentina 362 96 265 
Mexico 336 0 336 
Lebanon 329 0 329 
Croatia 318 6 311 
Israel 275 0 275 
Guatemala 273 1 272 
Colombia 249 6 243 
Panama 236 0 236 
South Africa 210 24 186 
Dominican Republic 160 14 146 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
Table SA-17 - Top 15 exporters and importers of construction, 2008 - (Millio n dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 46706 54.0 19 European Union (27) 33312 42.0 25 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 25909 30.0 17   Extra-EU(27) imports 14034 17.7 32 
Japan 13822 16.0 34 Japan 11359 14.3 43 
China 10329 12.0 92 Russian Federation 8839 11.1 37 
Russian Federation 4663 5.4 35 Angola 5007 6.3 90 
United States a  1679 1.9 64 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 4491 5.7 -29 
Egypt 1345 1.6 37 China 4363 5.5 50 
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1330 1.5 1 Kazakhstan 3188 4.0 -27 
Malaysia 1212 1.4 -11 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 2251 2.8 -9 
Turkey 1146 1.3 34 Azerbaijan 1441 1.8 -2 
Singapore 918 1.1 22 Malaysia 1412 1.8 -17 
Israel 819 0.9 23 United States 827 1.0 41 
India 722 0.8 -4 Thailand 786 1.0 23 
Indonesia 667 0.8 45 India 755 1.0 4 
Thailand 614 0.7 18 Indonesia 749 0.9 1 
Norway 449 0.5 31 Libyan Arab 
Jamahiriya 531 0.7 ... 
Above 15  86420 100.0    - Above 15  79310 100.0    - 
a  Data are presented net of merchandise exports by the United  States for construction (203 million dollars) and net of outlays 
for wages, services, materials, and ot her expenses bought in the economy where the construction is taking place (2,766 
million dollars). 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data.   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 71 
 
 
  Table SA-18 - Top 15 exporters and im porters of insurance services, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 44416 57.5 11 United States 42939 33.2 3 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 22419 29.0 12 European Union (27) 31991 24.7 1 
United States 10756 13.9 6   Extra-EU (27) imports 10995 8.5 3 
Switzerland 5724 7.4 19 China 12743 9.8 19 
Canada 4179 5.4 10 Mexico 12274 9.5 12 
Mexico 2011 2.6 1 Canada 6134 4.7 0 
Singapore 1933 2.5 15 Japan 5124 4.0 24 
India 1548 2.0 3 India 4252 3.3 34 
China 1383 1.8 53 Singapore 2379 1.8 3 
Japan 937 1.2 -30 Thailand 2377 1.8 24 
Bahrain 916 1.2 12 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 1820 1.4 84 
Brazil 828 1.1 53 Brazil 1665 1.3 27 
Turkey 752 1.0 17 Egypt 1584 1.2 24 
Russian Federation 644 0.8 70 Angola 1498 1.2 262 
Australia 626 0.8 5 Turkey 1436 1.1 -7 
Hong Kong, China 547 0.7 17 Russian Federation 1249 1.0 48 
Above 15  77200 100.0    - Above 15  129465 100.0    - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
Table SA-19 - Top 15 exporters and importers of fina ncial services, 2008 (Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 163708 57.5 2 European Union (27) 69535 60.0 2 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 72813 25.6 0   Extra-EU(27) imports 27330 23.6 1 
United States 60190 21.1 -2 United States 19143 16.5 -3 
Switzerland 19249 6.8 0 Japan 3982 3.4 10 
Hong Kong, China 11818 4.2 -5 Canada 3888 3.4 -4 
Singapore 6579 2.3 0 India 3552 3.1 10 
Japan 5454 1.9 -12 Hong Kong, China 3137 2.7 12 
India 4059 1.4 20 Russian Federation 2080 1.8 41 
Korea, Republic of 3785 1.3 -5 Switzerland 2042 1.8 14 
Canada 3076 1.1 -4 Singapore 1885 1.6 7 
Russian Federation 1320 0.5 12 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 1508 1.3    ... 
Norway 1274 0.4 25 Ukraine 1465 1.3 65 
Brazil 1238 0.4 14 Brazil 1145 1.0 42 
Taipei, Chinese 1146 0.4 -12 Turkey 978 0.8 57 
Australia 901 0.3 5 Norway 956 0.8 -15 
Turkey 841 0.3 113 Korea, Republic of 691 0.6 -1 
Above 15  284635 100.0    - Above 15 115985 100.0    - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 72  
 
  Table SA-20 - Top 15 exporters and importers of computer and inform ation services, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 108399 58.3 20 European Union (27) 50116 55.5 13 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 42500 22.8 20   Extra-EU(27) imports 16866 18.7 13 
India a 36041 19.4    ... United States 16139 17.9 9 
United States 12599 6.8 8 Japan 3979 4.4 10 
Israel b  6852 3.7 18 India 3419 3.8 -2 
China 6252 3.4 44 China 3165 3.5 43 
Canada 4882 2.6 6 Brazil 2787 3.1 23 
Norway b  1953 1.0 73 Canada 2526 2.8 1 
Russian Federation 1644 0.9 50 Norway b  1780 2.0 6 
Australia 1418 0.8 10 Russian Federation 1424 1.6 49 
Singapore 1334 0.7 32 Australia 1313 1.5 6 
Philippines b  1148 0.6 276 Singapore 916 1.0 37 
Malaysia b  1025 0.6 30 Malaysia b  896 1.0 39 
Japan 946 0.5 -2 Indonesia 713 0.8 5 
Argentina 897 0.5 37 Korea, Republic of 571 0.6 5 
Costa Rica 694 0.4 39 Hong Kong, China 512 0.6 21 
Above 15  186085 100.0    - Above 15  90255 100.0    - 
a  Secretariat estimate. 
b  Computer services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
Table SA-21 - Structure of exports of computer an d information services, selected economies, 2008 
(Million dollars) 
Information 
services Exporter Total Computer 
services 
Total News agency serv. Other  
European Union (27) 108399 97279 11120 ... ... 
  Extra-EU(27) export s 42500 35440 7060 ... ... 
India a 36041 35288 753 753 ... 
United States 12599 8044 4555 ... ... 
Israel 6852 6852 ... ... ... 
Norway 1953 1953 ... ... ... 
Russian Federation 1644 1549 94 ... ... 
Philippines 1148 1148 ... ... ... 
Malaysia 1025 1025 ... ... ... 
Argentina 897 893 3 ... ... 
Costa Rica 694 693 0 ... ... 
Hong Kong, China 681 611 71 ... ... 
Korea, Republic of 304 155 149 12 137 
Sri Lanka 230 230 ... ... ... 
Brazil 189 181 8 ... ... 
Pakistan 187 183 4 ... 4 
Uruguay 180 180 ... ... ... 
Morocco 156 147 9 ... 9 
Belarus 155 152 3 ... 3 
Serbia 141 141 ... ... ... 
Iraq 55 55 ... ... ... 
a  Secretariat estimate for computer services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 73 
 
 
  Table SA-22 - Top 15 exporters and import ers of royalties and licence fees, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
United States 91599 43.7 9 European Union (27) 91114 44.7 17 
European Union (27) 68351 32.6 13   Extra-EU(27) imports 54755 26.9 16 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 35947 17.1 -1 United States 26616 13.1 8 
Japan 25681 12.2 11 Japan 18274 9.0 10 
Switzerland 12294 5.9 32 Singapore 12322 6.0 38 
Canada 3569 1.7 2 Switzerland 11602 5.7 20 
Korea, Republic of 2382 1.1 37 China 10320 5.1 26 
Singapore 1433 0.7 17 Canada 8648 4.2 5 
Israel 804 0.4 2 Korea, Republic of 5656 2.8 10 
Australia 703 0.3 2 Russian Federation 4595 2.3 64 
Norway 642 0.3 -8 Australia 3026 1.5 8 
China 571 0.3 67 Taipei, Chinese 3015 1.5 17 
Brazil 465 0.2 46 Brazil 2697 1.3 19 
Russian Federation 453 0.2 14 Thailand 2559 1.3 12 
Mexico 440 0.2 268 South Africa 1676 0.8 5 
Hong Kong, China 380 0.2 6 Hong Kong, China 1610 0.8 7 
Above 15  209765 100.0    - Above 15 203730 100.0    - 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
Table SA-23 - Top 15 exporters and impo rters of other business services, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 486689 54.7 14 European Union (27) 429859 59.0 14 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 221712 24.9 14   Extra-EU(27) imports 169387 23.3 17 
United States 92202 10.4 12 United States 58419 8.0 16 
China 46349 5.2 15 Japan 40612 5.6 17 
Japan 41168 4.6 25 China 38597 5.3 27 
Singapore 37558 4.2 21 Korea, Republic of 27245 3.7 25 
India a 33764 3.8    ... India 21062 2.9 15 
Hong Kong, China 33079 3.7 9 Singapore 20794 2.9 20 
Taipei, Chinese 18925 2.1 16 Russian Federation 15975 2.2 38 
Canada 18685 2.1 9 Canada 14235 2.0 8 
Switzerland b  16896 1.9 41 Brazil 13557 1.9 28 
Brazil 14331 1.6 30 Thailand d  12121 1.7 23 
Norway 13551 1.5 8 Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia e  9698 1.3    ... 
Russian Federation 13102 1.5 36 Angola 8766 1.2 39 
Korea, Republic of 12965 1.5 -10 Norway 8653 1.2 22 
Lebanon c  10545 1.2 67 Taipei, Chinese 8368 1.1 -10 
Above 15  889810 100.0    - Above 15  727960 100.0    - 
a  Secretariat estimate. 
b  Includes construction and comput er and information services.  
c  Includes construction, computer and info rmation services, royalties and license f ees and personal, cultural and recreational 
services.  
d  Includes financial services, computer and information se rvices and personal, cultural and recreational services. 
e  Includes computer and information services, royalties and license fees and personal, cultural and recreational services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 74  
 
  Table SA-24 - Structure of exports of other bus iness services in selected economies, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Value Share 
Miscellaneous business, professional and technical services 
 
 
Exporter Total 
other 
business 
services Merch-
anting 
and 
other 
trade-
related 
services Opera-
tional 
leasing 
services Total Legal, 
account
ing, 
mana-
gement 
and 
public 
rela-
tions Adverti-
sing, 
market 
research 
and 
public 
opinion 
polling Research 
and 
develop-
ment Architec-
tural, 
enginee-
ring and 
other 
technical 
services Agri-
cultu-
ral, 
mining 
and 
other 
on-site 
proces-
sing 
services Othera 
European Union 
(27)   486689     24.9 5.0 70.1 13.9 5.5 9.2 10.8 2.2  28.6 
Extra-EU (27) 
exports   221712     23.4 4.5 72.0 13.7 4.7   11.1 13.9 3.0  25.8 
United States b  92202       6.6 8.6 84.8 38.6 4.4   18.6   6.4 3.3  13.4 
China 46349     56.1 ... 43.9 39.1 4.8   ...    ... ... ... 
Japan 41168     58.8 6.9 34.2    ...   ... 9.4    ... ...  24.8 
Singapore 37558     61.3 ... 38.7 18.6 0.8 1.0   6.9 ...  11.4 
India c 33764       9.5 1.7 88.8 17.4 1.7 4.7   6.0 0.8  58.2 
Hong Kong, 
China 33079     83.8 0.1 16.1   9.4 1.8 ...   1.2 ... 3.5 
Canada 18685 5.2 2.3 92.5 29.7 3.7   18.5 25.6 ...  15.0 
Brazil 14331 9.5 0.4 90.1 18.7 2.3 2.2 39.0 0.2  27.6 
Norway 13551     13.6 3.8 82.6   3.1 1.9 3.7 23.0   30.9  20.0 
Russian 
Federation 13102 ... 4.8 95.2 22.3     21.7 3.9 24.8 3.2  19.2 
Korea, Republic 
of 12965     21.0     12.6 66.4   8.5 2.6 4.2   3.3 0.5  47.2 
Australia   6347     13.3 1.4 85.3 17.1 4.4 7.7 25.2 4.6  26.3 
Malaysia   4637     -3.0     12.6 90.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
Philippines   4182 0.7 0.3 99.0 98.5 ... 0.5 ... ... ... 
Argentina   3568 8.8 5.1 86.1 30.7 10.8 7.0   4.7 0.4  32.6 
Ukraine   2284 7.3 3.4 89.3 13.8 21.0   18.4 13.6   18.3  4.2
Chile   1759     44.1     12.0 43.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 
Serbia   1216 7.6 0.9 91.5 13.7 19.7 3.9 11.3 0.1  42.9 
Croatia   1211     12.0 3.3 84.7 20.6 21.7 6.3 30.7 4.9 0.5 
a  Covers other services not included elsewhere as we ll as services between related enterprises n.i.e. 
b  Market research and public opini on polling are includ ed in "other". 
c  Secretariat estimates. Exports of "miscellaneous busi ness, professional and technical services, other" includes 
information technology enabled services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 75 
 
 
  Table SA-25 - Top 15 exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2008 
(Million dollars and percentage) 
Exporter Value Share in 
15 
economiesAnnual 
percent-
age 
change Importer Value Share in 
15 
economies Annual 
percent-
age 
change 
European Union (27) 17064 43.3 5 European Union (27) 21062 63.5 7 
 Extra-EU(27) exports 7196 18.3 10   Extra-EU(27) imports 8568 25.8 6 
United States 14353 36.5 -5 United States 2191 6.6 20 
Canada 2184 5.5 -5 Canada 2105 6.3 -3 
Turkey 1224 3.1 26 Australia 1240 3.7 33 
India 707 1.8 39 Japan 1213 3.7 -8 
Australia 671 1.7 32 Korea, Republic of 891 2.7 -4 
Norway 560 1.4 20 Brazil 869 2.6 33 
Korea, Republic of 527 1.3 18 Russian Federation 838 2.5 11 
Argentina 463 1.2 47 Norway 730 2.2 28 
China a  418 1.1 32 Malaysia 474 1.4 ... 
Russian Federation 389 1.0 34 Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuela 452 1.4 37 
Hong Kong, China 265 0.7 -2 India 296 0.9 75 
New Zealand 196 0.5 -9 Singapore 284 0.9 -1 
Ukraine 185 0.5 17 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 279 0.8 15 
Singapore 168 0.4 -29 China a  255 0.8 66 
Above 15  39375 100.0    - Above 15  33180 100.0    - 
a  Audiovisual and related services. 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 
 
Table SA-26 - Structure of personal , cultural and recreational services  exports in selected economies, 
2008 
(Million dollars) 
Other personal, 
cultural and recreational services Exporter Total Audio-visual 
and related 
services Total Education serv. Health services
European Union (27) 17064 9894 7170 ... ... 
  Extra-EU(27) exports 7196 3907 3288 ... ... 
United States 14353 13598 755 ... ... 
Canada 2184 1947 237 ... ... 
Turkey 1224 ... 1224 ... ... 
India 707 ... 707 ... ... 
Australia 671 194 477 417 6 
Norway 560 275 285 ... ... 
Korea, Republic of 527 208 320 67 6 
Argentina 463 447 16 ... ... 
China 418 418 ... ... ... 
Russian Federation 389 261 128 ... ... 
Hong Kong, China 265 228 37 ... ... 
Serbia 160 18 142 ... 90 
Japan 154 120 35 ... ... 
Croatia 130 25 105 ... ... 
Morocco 93 90 3 ... ... 
Mexico 87 87 ... ... ... 
Brazil 86 26 60 ... ... 
Egypt 74 ... 74 ... ... 
Kyrgyz Republic 69 ... 69 ... ... 
Source :  IMF and WTO estimates based on national data. 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 76  
 
  Table SA-27 - Exports of commercial serv ices by economy and category, 2008 
(Million dollars) 
 
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royalti
es and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Person
al cult.  
& recr.
Albania 2420 212 1714 150 24 5 69 19 39 174 13
Algeria 3480 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 329 14 285 ... 0 ... ... ... 12 5 13
Anguilla 115 3 102 3 ... 2 ... ... ... 5 ...
Antigua and 
Barbuda 551 136 33 4 19 0 18 ... ... ... 44 ...
Argentina 11918 1837 4646 362 30 ... 8 897 108 3568 463
Armenia 636 138 331 62 14 15 4 50 ... 14 7
Aruba 1675 57 1411 17 3 1 5 0 0 181 ...
Australia 44513 7923 25062 795 66 626 901 1418 703 6347 671
Austria 61447 13484 21630 1757 1707 1290 1565 2155 905 16652 301
Azerbaijan 1454 794 190 47 109 5 0 8 0 296 4
Bahamas 2503 53 2153 ... ... ... ... ... ... 297 ...
Bahrain 3740 761 1166 700 ... 916 ... ... ... 198 ...
Bangladesh 899 115 75 111 7 12 30 30 0 519 1
Barbados 1731 31 1205 7 3 190 92 10 4 189 0
Belarus 4151 2929 363 147 99 2 16 155 6 424 10
Belgium 85373 27671 11801 3897 1301 1267 3996 3734 1177 29940 589
Belize 355 25 278 12 ... 0 2 ... ... 38 ...
Benin 328 13 236 2 0 6 1 0 0 70 0
Bhutan 55 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuela 2003 738 917 152 ... 2 ... 9 ... 179 6
Bolivia 482 63 275 61 0 49 13 1 2 16 2
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1658 329 826 146 246 13 3 ... 5 92 ...
Botswana 878 84 513 26 11 29 4 1 1 210 ...
Brazil 28822 5411 5785 466 23 828 1238 189 465 14331 86
Brunei Darussalam 867 42 9 242 21 ... 13 ... ... ... 162 ...
Bulgaria 7988 1826 4306 260 249 58 48 187 11 966 77
Burkina Faso 166 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 3 1 1 ... ... 0 0 ... ... 1 ...
Cambodia 1613 238 1219 45 8 0 6 1 1 92 2
Cameroon 1355 553 156 97 5 46 12 1 0 458 26
Canada 66378 11483 15668 2421 231 4179 3076 4882 3569 18685 2184
Cape Verde 575 180 352 30 0 8 1 0 ... 3 0
Central African 
Republic 29 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad 94 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chile 10677 6503 1674 165 ... 258 47 96 64 1759 111
China 146446 38418 40843 1570 10329 1383 315 6252 571 46349 418
Colombia 4058 1239 1844 249 ... ... 70 47 30 535 45
Comoros 59 6 38 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Congo 364 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 522 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Costa Rica 4055 371 2276 39 ... ... 14 694 1 660 0
Côte d'Ivoire 856 235 116 106 31 42 67 6 0 253 ...
Croatia 15160 1788 11280 318 155 33 49 152 44 1211 130
Cuba 9252 ... 2258 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cyprus 11776 3508 2770 131 170 182 2727 235 12 1985 55
Czech Republic 21751 6264 7204 588 469 109 1 81 1344 55 5414 122 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 77 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royalti
es and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Person
al cult.  
& recr.
Denmark 72468 47658 6806 819 427 594 168 1535 2813 11044 605
Djibouti 129 107 8 7 ... ... ... ... ... 8 ...
Dominica 106 5 72 12 ... 3 ... ... ... 16 ...
Dominican 
Republic 4866 381 4176 160 ... 27 16 14 ... 92 ...
Ecuador 1223 366 742 68 ... ... ... ... ... ... 47
Egypt 24668 8160 10985 1611 1345 216 269 219 ... 1789 74
El Salvador 1483 351 894 154 33 30 1 1 1 19 ...
Equatorial Guinea 33 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Estonia 5105 2017 1189 196 360 15 89 174 27 1021 17
Ethiopia 1775 1048 377 75 25 1 22 2 0 225 0
Faeroe Islands 252 128 63 27 2 0 1 1 0 24 5
Fiji 973 369 54 6 25 ... 1 0 2 ... 29 1
Finland 31729 3653 3220 49 4 1317 174 635 8190 1488 ... 12
France 166429 41125 57236 4533 6610 738 1961 1852 11034 39101 2240
French Polynesia 1083 254 522 43 0 5 4 ... 0 237 18
FYR Macedonia 992 327 228 80 64 8 5 50 6 205 18
Gabon 195 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia 123 21 83 11 6 1 ... 1 ... ... ...
Georgia 1157 614 447 24 2 15 10 4 6 27 9
Germany 256240 64443 40021 5281 15798 4591 13328 15306 10020 86388 1065
Ghana 1559 240 919 ... ... 13 ... ... ... 387 ...
Greece 50377 28316 17416 496 38 7 444 160 352 44 2540 222
Grenada 151 14 109 13 ... 5 ... ... 0 11 ...
Guatemala 1732 255 1068 273 ... 22 6 11 12 85 ...
Guinea 99 12 2 12 41 0 4 0 0 26 2
Guinea-Bissau 40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guyana 212 9 59 34 ... 8 ... 5 43 53 ...
Haiti 288 ... 276 ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... ...
Honduras 903 52 621 131 0 48 21 0 0 17 12
Hong Kong, China 92048 28886 15307 882 203 547 11818 681 380 33079 265
Hungary 20134 3991 6033 545 612 29 251 1132 864 5678 999
Iceland 2184 937 624 11 ... 15 3 85 0 497 12
India a 102562 11318 11832 2423 722 1548 4059 36041 148 33764 707
Indonesia 14731 2800 7377 1096 667 20 304 178 27 2184 77
Iran, Islamic Rep. 
of 7285 3497 1908 66 1330 52 54 64 6 208 100
Iraq 1739 788 844 31 ... ... 3 55 ... 16 3
Ireland 101580 4464  6342 771 ... 12585 10101 34162 1321 ... ...
Israel 24061 5168 4056 275 819 24 ... 6852 804 6065 ...
Italy 118398 18345 46192 2442 3168 1717 4451 1141 864 38853 1225
Jamaica 2762 469 1976 136 ... 11 43 29 17 45 39
Japan 146514 46794 10900 657 13822 937 5454 946 25681 41168 154
Jordan 4353 836 2943 ... ... ... ... ... ... 575 ...
Kazakhstan 3981 2242 1012 98 18 83 113 8 ... 407 1
Kenya 2520 1285 752 437 ... 10 ... 1 33 ... 2
Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 9132 2389 5910 222 ... 143 434 ... ... 34 ...
Kiribati 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Korea, Republic of 75973 44768 9774 724 278 466 3785 304 2382 12965 527
Kuwait 10301 3852 257 6071 ... 65 56 ... ... ... ...
Kyrgyz Republic 884 146 514 16 21 8 14 1 3 91 69
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 372 56 276 32 ... 8 ... ... ... ... ...S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 78  
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royalti
es and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Person
al cult.  
& recr.
Latvia 4496 2303 803 99 87 16 288 139 13 736 12
Lebanon 17558 499 5819 32 9 ... 266 100 ... ... 10545 ...
Lesotho 60 1 34 5 ... 0 ... ... 20 0 ...
Liberia 182 19 158 ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ...
Libyan Arab 
Jamahiriya 208 118 74 11 ... 5 ... ... ... ... ...
Lithuania 4767 2840 1343 107 96 5 54 40 1 263 18
Luxembourg 70927 4182 4489 2902 613 3132 44586 1309 336 8476 902
Macao, China 17517 432 16758 98 ... 20 66 ... ... 144 ...
Madagascar 906 272 354 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malaysia 30283 6766 1529 3 602 1212 371 87 1025 199 ... ...
Maldives 687 40 636 ... ... 1 ... ... 10 ... ...
Mali 442 32 275 105 2 1 2 0 0 24 0
Malta 3680 522 959 68 ... 39 214 47 171 928 733
Mauritania 104 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 2530 446 1454 77 10 15 48 16 0 459 6
Mexico 18474 2312 13289 336 ... 2011 ... ... 440 ... 87
Moldova 817 357 212 115 15 2 5 26 4 81 0
Montenegro 1105 135 755 45 80 3 5 4 2 58 18
Montserrat 14 1 7 3 ... 0 ... ... ... 2 ...
Morocco 12840 2500 7221 641 61 112 40 156 0 2016 93
Mozambique 488 158 190 31 18 1 3 3 0 83 1
Namibia 538 115 382 13 ... 3 15 0 ... 9 ...
Nepal 494 27 335 45 ... 1 ... ... ... 87 ...
Netherlands 102710 30999 13346 4512 3239 707 1500 6684 4870 36107 745
Netherlands 
Antilles 2028 142 1163 25 54 ... ... 6 ... ... ...
New Caledonia 435 140 152 2 28 1 10 1 1 94 6
New Zealand 8997 1967 5130 217 5 32 85 227 178 954 196
Nicaragua 357 45 276 32 ... 4 ... ... ... ... ...
Niger 126 12 79 15 0 1 7 0 0 11 1
Nigeria 1834 1209 569 30 ... 0 15 ... ... 10 ...
Norway 45595 21630 4633 669 449 234 1274 1953 642 13551 560
Oman 1974 468 804 99 ... 16 ... ... ... 588 ...
Pakistan 2529 1227 316 91 42 72 55 187 38 500 1
Panama 5756 3097 1408 236 3 91 485 24 ... 413 ...
Papua New Guinea 363 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Paraguay 1052 195 109 13 ... 20 3 0 282 428 ...
Peru 3515 819 1991 125 ... 227 47 20 2 280 4
Philippines 9715 1295 2499 404 90 17 59 1148 0 4182 21
Poland 35428 10949 11768 655 1899 155 566 938 204 8087 207
Portugal 26045 6963 10980 845 960 151 331 393 64 5059 298
Romania 12818 3942 1991 1153 462 45 485 880 240 3543 77
Russian Federation 50551 15024 11819 1493 4663 644 1320 1644 453 13102 389
Rwanda 326 56 202 ... ... 0 6 ... 62 ... ...
Saint Kitts and Nevis 155 14 110 7 0 3 ... ... ... 21 ...
Saint Lucia 362 18 311 6 ... 5 ... ... ... 22 ...
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 150 11 96 8 ... 3 ... ... ... 32 ...
Sao Tome and 
Principe 9 0 8 1 ... ... 0 ... ... 0 ...
Senegal 1470 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Serbia 4002 960 944 128 359 25 42 141 27 1216 160 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 79 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royalti
es and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Person
al cult.  
& recr.
Seychelles 472 172 269 8 ... 1 ... ... 9 13 ...
Sierra Leone 61 20 34 0 ... 0 1 ... 1 5 ...
Singapore 97307 35484 10722 1179 918 1933 6579 1334 1433 37558 168
Slovak Republic 8435 2914 2589 312 183 43 205 303 164 1623 100
Slovenia 7417 2117 2857 304 439 117 37 196 41 1282 27
Solomon Islands 54 7 37 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 ...
South Africa 12394 1557 7956 210 58 251 805 203 54 1201 99
Spain 142515 24286 61978 2192 5399 1399 5731 6119 801 32853 1756
Sri Lanka 1981 998 342 81 41 68 ... 230 ... 222 ...
Sudan 457 17 331 5 7 ... 71 1 ... 25 0
Suriname 233 19 77 ... ... 1 ... ... ... 135 ...
Sweden 71829 12625 12738 1968 900 1226 1840 7841 5043 27036 613
Switzerland 76349 6 493 14464 1226 ... 5724 1 9249 ... 12294 16896 4
Syrian Arab 
Republic 3770 192 3150 136 ... 47 100 40 ... 65 40
Taipei, Chinese 34490 7132 5937 334 235 350 1146 141 191 18925 99
Tajikistan 134 47 4 39 ... ... 17 0 1 25 ...
Tanzania 2136 365 1354 40 ... 23 1 4 ... 338 10
Thailand 33056 7282 1816 3 416 614 428 ... ... 101 6052 ...
Togo 253 109 40 52 3 2 11 1 ... 36 0
Tonga 34 5 19 1 0 ... 1 0 ... 7 1
Tunisia 5831 1895 2953 109 297 42 86 35 32 374 6
Turkey 34536 7793 2195 1 725 1146 752 841 13 ... 91 1224
Uganda 705 57 498 32 ... 8 19 24 3 65 ...
Ukraine 17302 7626 5768 281 220 64 486 316 72 2284 185
United Arab 
Emirates 8958 1797 7162 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
United Kingdom 285123 39800 36424 9428 2286 13473 68637 13583 13904 83369 4220
United States 518316 90567 134906 9465 1679 10756 60190 12599 91599 92202 14353
Uruguay 2192 650 1054 20 ... 4 83 180 0 201 0
Uzbekistan 1196 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Vanuatu 213 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Viet Nam 6956 2356 3930 80 ... 60 230 ... ... ... ...
Yemen 1049 45 886 105 ... ... ... ... 9 4 ...
Zambia 297 105 146 15 ... 10 9 9 ... 3 ...
a  WTO Secretariat estimates for "computer and info rmation services" and "other business services". 
Source :  Balance of Payments Statistics , IMF (2010), national statistics and WTO Secretariat estimates. 
 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 80  
 
  Table SA-28 - Imports of commercial serv ices by economy and category, 2008 
(Million dollars) 
 
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royal-
ties and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Albania 2361 350 1555 80 6 120 30 23 12 145 40
Algeria 11063 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 20020 3721 254 88 5007 1498 537 27 0 8766 121
Anguilla 87 33 17 3 4 6 ... 0 1 23 ...
Antigua and 
Barbuda 264 102 58 7 11 58 ... 0 2 27 ...
Argentina 12729 3849 4561 432 28 424 84 372 1291 1448 240
Armenia 952 469 324 20 5 73 7 7 ... 36 11
Aruba 1093 442 322 36 47 1 14 17 12 201 ...
Australia 47613 14820 18729 978 ... 812 540 1313 3026 6155 1240
Austria 42738 13677 11432 1330 1532 1121 738 1741 1598 8641 929
Azerbaijan 3826 683 341 28 1441 53 13 12 5 1246 7
Bahamas 1306 361 305 1 34 107 ... ... 18 479 2
Bahrain 2030 905 503 3 5 ... 429 ... ... ... 158 ...
Bangladesh 3496 3032 184 16 0 19 25 5 22 192 0
Barbados 919 258 80 4 10 351 60 9 32 114 0
Belarus 2597 1283 668 85 53 5 76 35 79 289 24
Belgium 82932 23472 19825 3034 976 1111 3379 2699 1935 25759 743
Belize 161 69 41 3 ... 22 4 1 1 20 1
Benin 500 310 64 8 18 22 3 7 3 65 1
Bhutan 161 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Bolivarian Rep. of 
Venezuela 10073 4849 1784 293 ... 532 80 79 349 1655 452
Bolivia 1018 424 281 22 18 127 3 17 18 99 10
Bosnia and Herzegovina 632 274 211 65 16 30 12 5 11 9 ...
Botswana 1348 464 488 32 12 46 2 10 13 281 ...
Brazil 44396 10405 10962 299 9 1665 1145 2787 2697 13557 869
Brunei Darussalam 1181 421 459 15 ... 14 7 ... 7 258 ...
Bulgaria 5945 1461 2311 133 359 136 123 67 95 1241 20
Burkina Faso 783 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 173 67 91 ... ... 3 4 ... ... 8 ...
Cambodia 935 608 97 50 75 44 4 2 6 43 5
Cameroon 2571 798 410 124 16 137 29 9 16 1029 2
Canada 87953 20986 27210 1910 311 6134 3888 2526 8648 14235 2105
Cape Verde 349 161 133 7 ... 17 2 5 0 23 1
Central African Republic 165 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad 2004 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chile 11386 6765 1397 170 ... 646 452 71 513 1325 47
China 158004 50329 36157 1510 4363 12743 566 3165 10320 38597 255
Colombia 7109 3008 1739 202 7 422 136 118 263 1171 41
Comoros 79 49 17 1 0 8 0 0 0 3 1
Congo 3767 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 2146 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Costa Rica 1878 683 593 110 ... 149 12 6 62 263 0
Côte d'Ivoire 2487 1513 356 80 8 77 139 7 21 286 1
Croatia 4517 1032 1113 180 14 66 100 268 257 1353 133
Cuba 2090 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cyprus 4863 1780 1571 163 35 127 474 44 49 542 78
Czech Republic 17766 4457 4585 620 391 367 602 910 747 4916 170 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 81 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royal-
ties and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Denmark 62432 33838 9964 932 371 361 206 1957 1552 11427 1825
Djibouti 119 89 4 ... ... 12 ... ... ... 13 ...
Dominica 69 35 11 3 3 8 ... 0 1 7 ...
Dominican 
Republic 1757 1172 314 44 ... 113 28 12 33 42 ...
Ecuador 2885 1634 542 5 ... 179 5 ... 47 338 137
Egypt 16335 7321 2915 785 335 1584 72 79 322 2843 80
El Salvador 1972 949 624 45 14 189 12 5 34 100 1
Equatorial Guinea 1419 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Estonia 3308 1253 808 204 110 1 51 97 50 720 15
Ethiopia 2379 1612 156 19 291 97 0 4 2 198 0
Faeroe Islands 374 84 117 21 43 5 1 10 10 51 34
Fiji 593 381 96 15 0 35 1 16 2 43 3
Finland 30388 7649 4501 540 604 358 145 1909 2036 ... 82
France 140956 42433 41570 3135 2560 1805 1925 2249 5453 36155 3671
French Polynesia 790 342 159 19 1 17 21 0 2 220 11
FYR Macedonia 970 406 136 48 12 26 7 63 25 232 16
Gabon 1632 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia 88 41 8 2 0 7 ... 5 ... 25 ...
Georgia 1154 642 203 13 18 151 16 11 8 74 18
Germany 289676 70849 91598 7104 11298 4139 7473 13675 12581 68015 2945
Ghana 2038 1105 542 ... ... 108 ... ... ... 283 ...
Greece 24392 13736 3930 653 272 1476 262 469 713 2423 456
Grenada 106 55 11 4 6 15 ... 0 3 13 ...
Guatemala 2116 1146 607 32 ... 204 11 8 62 40 5
Guinea 398 267 9 19 31 15 1 7 0 50 ...
Guinea-Bissau 73 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guyana 323 117 52 22 ... 24 ... 5 23 80 ...
Haiti 561 478 64 12 ... ... 7 ... 0 ... ...
Honduras 1204 722 344 43 0 38 13 4 18 14 10
Hong Kong, China 46918 15831 16093 1188 165 726 3137 512 1610 7517 140
Hungary 18560 3604 4037 567 408 202 304 804 2008 5708 917
Iceland 2511 805 1103 31 12 21 16 21 4 488 10
India 87395 41875 9602 1004 755 4252 3552 3419 1578 21062 296
Indonesia 27994 13895 5554 776 749 683 342 713 1328 3829 126
Iran, Islamic Rep. 
of 17076 4095 8685 218 2251 56 223 335 168 766 279
Iraq 6984 4087 732 98 143 793 620 39 395 49 28
Ireland 109290 2751 10425 1274 ... 9562 6335 1009 30082 ... ...
Israel 19629 6623 3439 28 3 ... 466 ... ... 1107 7711 ...
Italy 127861 29423 30927 2972 4724 3366 1312 2021 1811 49060 2246
Jamaica 2304 1114 268 56 5 195 42 24 48 546 6
Japan 163270 53937 23716 1075 11359 5124 3982 3979 18274 40612 1213
Jordan 3926 2240 1004 ... ... 339 ... ... ... 343 ...
Kazakhstan 10915 2369 1078 121 3188 263 324 89 87 3372 25
Kenya 1663 860 266 189 ... 80 34 2 28 203 1
Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia 49571 15656 15129 1 269 4491 1820 1508 ... ... 9698 ...
Kiribati 37 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Korea, Republic of 92915 36770 19065 1149 133 744 691 571 5656 27245 891
Kuwait 12149 4289 7570 23 61 199 6 ... ... ... ...
Kyrgyz Republic 988 489 304 13 10 11 9 15 15 85 38
Lao People's Dem. 
Rep. 303 239 16 9 27 11 ... ... ... ... ...S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 82  
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royal-
ties and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Latvia 3163 823 1142 113 216 40 105 101 36 555 32
Lebanon 13445 1943 3564 249 ... 301 27 0 ... 7360 0
Lesotho 85 68 14 4 ... ... ... ... ... 0 ...
Liberia 323 210 30 ... ... 10 ... ... ... 47 26
Libyan Arab 
Jamahiriya 3572 1485 1277 36 531 242 ... ... ... ... ...
Lithuania 4133 2001 1497 113 58 57 46 39 34 279 8
Luxembourg 41273 2023 3841 1416 784 1877 22353 776 543 6839 820
Macao, China 3467 275 554 65 ... 101 26 42 102 2302 ...
Madagascar 1470 626 149 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malaysia 30060 11391 6709 817 1412 728 301 896 1268 6065 474
Maldives 344 191 109 ... ... 17 ... ... ... 27 ...
Mali 1022 645 147 55 45 43 5 6 2 73 2
Malta 2283 309 431 57 ... 119 319 91 45 896 18
Mauritania 724 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 1910 646 452 31 21 70 36 6 6 603 40
Mexico 24701 3464 8526 94 ... 12274 116 ... ... ... 227
Moldova 779 325 274 47 10 15 7 16 15 70 1
Montenegro 501 123 43 12 95 18 6 22 11 136 34
Montserrat 17 7 3 3 ... 1 ... 0 0 3 ...
Morocco 5628 2647 1090 92 6 135 31 35 15 1549 28
Mozambique 918 377 208 28 34 4 9 6 2 248 1
Namibia 581 237 114 0 24 18 5 19 15 149 ...
Nepal 840 332 381 4 ... 31 ... ... ... 93 ...
Netherlands 91918 22614 21825 3963 1731 1197 1736 5733 3529 28862 728
Netherlands 
Antilles 870 118 315 33 87 ... ... 21 ... ... ...
New Caledonia 1389 392 168 12 80 32 2 26 5 601 72
New Zealand 9553 3182 2983 217 110 224 104 339 573 1753 66
Nicaragua 572 309 142 6 ... 58 ... ... ... 58 ...
Niger 599 400 68 14 42 16 6 6 0 48 0
Nigeria ... 6869 ... 234 67 1014 32 222 190 4169 0
Norway 43928 14487 15932 509 69 102 956 1780 712 8653 730
Oman 6122 2541 858 55 ... 442 ... ... ... 2226 ...
Pakistan 9285 4210 1518 128 55 129 214 113 117 2801 ...
Panama 2550 1543 366 86 ... 86 319 ... 38 113 ...
Papua New Guinea 1751 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Paraguay 566 374 124 4 ... 45 7 2 2 7 ...
Peru 5473 2521 1067 134 156 379 86 169 159 784 19
Philippines 8348 4209 2057 147 33 262 82 80 382 1070 26
Poland 30035 7185 9903 821 1245 500 865 982 1770 6436 328
Portugal 16230 5104 4328 762 235 294 380 505 492 3524 606
Romania 11776 3978 2176 850 591 240 280 738 346 2376 201
Russian Federation 73616 12960 23778 1879 8839 1249 2080 1424 4595 15975 838
Rwanda 504 284 70 2 3 2 ... 1 ... 142 0
Saint Kitts and Nevis 119 58 15 4 4 15 ... 0 2 21 ...
Saint Lucia 209 94 45 3 10 17 ... ... 3 37 ...
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 96 49 18 2 ... 12 ... 0 3 13 ...
Sao Tome and 
Principe 19 17 0 0 ... 1 0 ... ... 0 ...
Senegal 1722 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Serbia 4239 1266 1253 117 128 49 69 204 195 869 89 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 83 
 
 
   
Total Trans-
port TravelCom-
muni-
cationsCons-
truc-
tion Insu-
rance Finan-
cial Com-
puter 
and 
info. Royal-
ties and 
lic.  fees Other 
business Personal 
cult.  & 
recr. 
Seychelles 330 189 37 3 41 30 ... ... 1 29 ...
Sierra Leone 117 55 24 12 ... 11 0 2 1 12 ...
Singapore 86190 30682 15135 1447 347 2379 1885 916 12322 20794 284
Slovak Republic 9084 2466 2165 229 507 132 857 331 182 2071 144
Slovenia 4944 1248 1314 317 227 131 39 179 250 1213 24
Solomon Islands 113 42 34 6 2 5 3 2 1 16 0
South Africa 16515 7594 4404 248 7 584 127 194 1676 1671 10
Spain 104365 25834 20363 3233 2992 2170 5249 2848 3336 35712 2628
Sri Lanka 2975 1968 428 55 6 188 ... ... ... 331 ...
Sudan 2552 1289 1188 34 0 10 6 4 0 16 4
Suriname 367 90 30 ... ... 8 ... ... 3 236 ...
Sweden 53318 9278 15391 1840 1226 ... 613 3035 1968 19680 287
Switzerland 36277 8 328 10973 972 ... 1007 2 042 ... 11602 1247 106
Syrian Arab 
Republic 3127 1816 800 41 15 200 80 85 30 40 20
Taipei, Chinese 34292 11417 9116 413 235 932 328 284 3015 8368 184
Tajikistan 453 179 11 33 128 22 25 3 0 51 ...
Tanzania 1576 658 721 6 24 62 3 5 0 95 2
Thailand 46029 22965 5003 21 9 786 2377 ... ... 2559 12121 ...
Togo 358 253 19 20 1 35 1 7 5 17 0
Tonga 44 28 9 1 0 1 1 0 ... 2 1
Tunisia 3226 1866 458 33 329 192 73 20 12 232 11
Turkey 16637 7927 3506 298 172 1436 978 32 729 1378 181
Uganda 1233 884 156 22 ... 91 5 12 2 61 ...
Ukraine 15777 6640 4023 144 71 146 1465 272 754 2031 231
United Arab 
Emirates 42773 25479 13288 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
United Kingdom 196896 35767 69792 8135 1974 2068 13667 6274 10615 46570 2033
United States 364930 104740 86128 7788 827 42939 19143 16139 26616 58419 2191
Uruguay 1365 693 358 18 ... 38 12 5 8 224 10
Uzbekistan 427 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Vanuatu 90 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Viet Nam 7881 4974 1300 54 ... 473 230 ... ... ... ...
Yemen 2289 1108 183 25 349 209 ... 5 ... ... ...
Zambia 881 507 64 7 150 92 4 4 1 51 ...
Source :  Balance of Payments Statistics , IMF (2010), national statistics and WTO Secretariat estimates. 
 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 84  
 
  Table SA-29 - Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services 
activities (inward FATS), 2004-2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Annual percentage change 
  2004 2005 2006 2007 2000-04 2005 2006 2007 
Austria  a  ... ... ... 62 ... ... ... ... 
Belgium 28 29 ... ... ... 3 ... ... 
Bulgaria  b ... ... 4 ... ... ... ... ... 
Cyprus  b, c 1 1 1 ... ... 8 14 ... 
Czech Republic 23 28 31 43 36 24 7 40 
Denmark  b ... ... 29 ... ... ... ... ... 
Estonia 2 2 2 ... ... 26 18 ... 
Finland ... ... ... 22 ... ... ... ... 
France 129 148 161 176 ... 15 9 9 
Germany ... 188 200 ... ... ... 6 ... 
Hong Kong, China  d 83 92 114 142 ... 10 24 25 
Hungary 12 13 18 ... ... 10 36 ... 
Ireland 19 27 33 ... ... 43 24 ... 
Israel  b  4 6 ... ... ... 41 ... ... 
Italy  72 78 95 110 ... 8 22 16 
Japan  e  21 33 27 ... ... 60 -19 ... 
Latvia  b 1 2 2 3 ... 35 32 34 
Lithuania  b 2 2 3 ... ... 23 25 ... 
Netherlands  a, b ... ... ... 90 ... ... ... ... 
New Zealand  f 12 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
Norway  b  19 24 28 33 ... 29 19 14 
Poland 9 11 19 ... ... 25 71 ... 
Portugal  b 8 10 14 19 ... 33 37 36 
Romania  b 5 ... 10 15 ... ... ... 47 
Slovak Republic  b 5 6 7 10 ... 34 2 47 
Slovenia  b  1 ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... 
Spain  b ... ... ... 168 ... ... ... ... 
Sweden 43 46 53 66 23 6 15 24 
United Kingdom 222 253 284 ... ... 14 12 ... 
United States ... ... ... 897 ... ... ... ... 
Excluding wholesale and retail trad e as well as repair activities. For economies shown in italics data exclude all 
or a large part of financial intermediation activities.  
a  Only direct control. 
b  Some or all community, social and personal services activities are not covered. 
c  Hotels and restaurants activities are not covered. 
d  Includes other income. 
e  No estimation for non-response.  Real estate activities are also not covered.  
f  Refers to 2003. Preliminary results base d on 53 per cent of foreign affiliates. 
Note : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not 
always be complete.   S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 85 
 
 
  Table SA-30 - Sales by foreign affiliates of residen t companies - affiliates located abroad primarily 
engaged in services activities (outward FATS), 2004-2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) 
 Value Annual percentage change 
  2004 2005 2006 2007 2000-04 2005 2006 2007 
Austria  a ... ... 30 31 ... ... ... 4 
Belgium  a,  b 42 48 ... ... 31 14 ... ... 
Bulgaria   ... ... ... 0 ... ... ... ... 
Canada  c 75 82 96 117 -3 9 18 22 
Cyprus ... ... ... 4 ... ... ... ... 
Czech Republic  d 0 1 1 ... 9 139 28 ... 
Finland  e 13 12 19 24 ... -4 51 29 
France  f ... ... ... 362 ... ... ... ... 
Germany ... 400 434 497 ... ... 8 15 
Greece ... 4 3 4 ... ... -16 32 
Hungary  e 0 ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... 
Israel  e 3 3 ... ... ... 14 ... ... 
Italy ... 115 125 159 ... ... 9 27 
Japan  44 53 57 ... ... 20 7 ... 
Latvia  a, g ... ... 0 0 ... ... ... -3 
Portugal  a 7 10 13 20 8 40 29 59 
Slovak Republic  e ... 0 0 0 ... ... 18 44 
Sweden  e  ... ... ... 20 ... ... ... ... 
United States 584 669 763 876 8 15 14 15 
Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities. Economies shown in italics exclude most or a large 
part of financial intermediation activities.  
a  Only includes affiliates directly owned. 
b  Classified under services accord ing to activity of parent company. 
c  Branches are excluded. 
d  Only the first level of indirect ownership is covered 
e  Community, social and personal services are not covered. 
f  Does not cover firms with no extra-EU affiliates. 
g  Only covers extra-EU (27) affiliates. 
Note:  Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not 
always be complete.  
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 86  
 
  Chart SA-1: Exports of commercial  services of selected econo mies by destination, 2008 
Extra EU (27)
United States 
26%Switzerland 
13%Russian 
Fe de rati on  
4%
China 4%
Japan 4%
Norway 4%
Australia 2%
Singapore 
2%
Other 41%
 
Japan
EU( 2 7 )  2 9 %United States 
25%Singapore 
9%
China 6%
Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 5%
T hailand 3%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
3%
Canada 2%
Other 17%
 
 
 
Singapore
E U(27) 14%United States 
13% Japan 7%
China 5%
Australia 4%
Hong Kong, 
China 4%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
3%
Indonesia 3%
Other 46%
 
Note: Travel exports and financial services exports 
related to foreign exchange trading are not allocated 
geographically. In 2008, they represented 12 per cent of 
commercial services exports. ASEAN countries 
accounted for 12 per cent of total commercial services 
exports. 
 
 United States
EU( 2 7 )  3 7 %Canada 9%
Japan 8%
Mexico 5%
Switzerland 
3%
China 3%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
3%
Brazil 2%
Other 30%
 
China
Hong K ong, 
China 29%United States 
16%E U(27) 15%
Japan 7%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
5%
Macao, 
China 3%
Singapore 
4%
Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 4%
Other  17%
 
Note:  ASEAN countries accounted for 7 per cent of total 
commercial services exports. 
Hong Kong, China
China 24%United States 
21%E U(27) 19%
Japan 6%
Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 5%
Singapore 
3%
Australia 3%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
3%Other 16%
 
Note:  Financial intermediation services are not allocated 
geographically. In 2008, they represented 2 per cent of 
exports.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 87 
 
 
  Korea, Republic o f
United States 
18%
China 17%
E U(27) 15%
Japan 13%Hong K ong, 
China 6%Singapore 
4%Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 3%Russian 
Fe de rati on  
2%Other 24%
 
Note:  In 2008 exports of commercial services not 
allocated geographically accounted for 11 per cent of 
total exports. 
 
 
Canada 
United States 
53%E U(27) 18%Japan 2%
Other 28%
 
 
     Russian Federation
E U(27) 41%United States 
7%Ukraine 6%
K azakhstan 
5%
Tu r k e y  4 %
Switzerland 
3%
Uzbekistan 
3%
British 
Virgin 
Islands 2%Other  29%
Note: In 2008, exports of commercial services not 
allocated geographica lly accounted for 7 per cent of total 
exports. 
 
 
Australia
EU ( 2 7 )  1 7 %United States 
11%China 9%
Singapore 
7%
New Zealand 
7%
India 6%
Japan 5%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
4%Other  35%
 
 S/C/W/329/Add.1 
Page 88  
 
  Chart SA-2: Imports of commercial  services of selected econo mies by destination, 2008 
 
Extra EU (27)
United States 
30%Switzerland 
10%
China 4%
Japan 3%
Russian 
Fe de rati on  
3%
Tu r k e y  3 %
Norway 3%
Canada 2%
Other  42%
 
 
Japan
United States 
27%EU ( 2 7 )  2 1 %Singapore 
6%China 5%
Kore a, 
Republic of 
5%Hong K ong, 
China 4%
United Arab 
Em i r a t e s  3 %
Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 3%
Other 26%
 
 
 
Singapore
E U(27) 18%United States 
17%
Japan 6%
Hong Kong, 
China 3%
China 3%
Australia 2%
India 2%
Switzerland 
2%
Other 48%
 
Note: Travel imports, imports of  freight transportation 
services and insurance on goods  imports are not allocated 
geographically. In 2008, they represented 28 per cent of 
commercial services imports. ASEAN countries 
accounted for 5 per cent of total commercial services 
imports.  
United States
EU( 2 7 )  3 8 %Japan 7%
Canada 7%
Bermuda 5%
Me xi co 4%
Switzerland 
4%
India 3%
China 3%
Other 29%
 
 
China
Hong Kong, 
China 17%EU( 2 7 )  1 5 %United States 
15%Japan 9%Kore a, 
Republic of 
7%
Macao, 
China 5%
Australia 4%
Singapore 
2%
Other 26%
 
Note:  ASEAN countries accounted for 8 per cent of total 
commercial services imports. 
 
Hong Kong, China
China 26%E U(27) 18%United States 
15%
Japan 8%
Singapore 
6%
Australia 5%
Ta i pe i ,  
Chinese 4%
Canada 3%
Other 16%
 
Note:  Financial intermediation services are not allocated 
geographically. In 2008, they represented 1 per cent of 
imports.  S/C/W/329/Add.1 
 Page 89 
 
 
  Korea, Republic o f
United States 
25%E U(27) 21%China 11%
Japan 10%
Hong K ong, 
China 6%
Singapore 
4%
Australia 2%
Viet Nam 2%
Other 18%
 
Note:  In 2008 imports of commercial services not 
allocated geographica lly accounted for 9 per cent of total 
imports. 
 
 
Canada 
United States 
57%EU ( 2 7 )  1 6 %
Japan 2%
Other 25%
 
 Russian Federation
EU( 2 7 )  4 4 %Tu r k e y  9 %
United States 
5%
Ukraine 4%
Switzerland 
3%
E gypt 2%
China 2%
Panama 1%
Other 30%
Note: In 2008, imports of commercial services not 
allocated geographically accounted for 13 per cent of 
total imports. 
 
 
Australia
EU( 2 7 )  2 1 %United States 
18%Singapore 
8%New Zealand 
5%
Japan 4%
Hong K ong, 
China 4%
T hailand 4%
China 3%
Other 33%
 
 
  
__________