RESTRICTED  WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/TPR/G/179 
14 February 2007  
 
(07-0502) 
Trade Policy Review Body Original:  English/ 
                French 
  
 
   
 
TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
 
Report by 
 
CANADA 
 
 
 
 
Pursuant to the Agreement Establishi ng the Trade Policy Review Mechanism 
(Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade 
Organization), the policy statement by Canada is attached. 
 
 
Note: This report is subject to restricted circ ulation and press embargo until the end of the first 
 session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on Canada. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
I. TRADE AND ECONOMIC POLICY ENVIRONMENT 5 
II. TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENTS 2003-2006 7 
 (1) M ULTILATERAL LIBERALIZATION  7 
 (2) S UPPORTING DEVELOPMENT  8 
 (3) T HE WORLD 'S LARGEST TRADING RELATIONSHIP :  CANADA -UNITED STATES  12 
 (4) R EGIONAL AND BILATERAL INITIATIVES  13 
  (a) Regional Trade Initiatives       13 
  (b) Bilateral Trade Initiatives       14 
  (c) Other Bilateral Initiatives       16 
 (5) C ANADA IN OTHER MULTILATERAL FORUMS  17 
 (6) R ESOLUTION OF DISPUTES  18 
 (7) T RADE POLICY AND TRADE PROMOTION  19 
 (8) O THER INITIATIVES  19 
  (a) Environmental Assessments      19 
  (b) Sustainable Development Strategy      20 
  (c) Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative     21   (d) The Next Generation of Agriculture and Agri-Food Policy   21 
  (e) Promoting Sustainable Rural Development through Agriculture  21 
  ( f )  S m a r t  R e g u l a t i o n         2 2    (g) Science and Technology Strategy      22 
  (h) Changes to Canada's Intellectual Property Regime for Pharmaceuticals  22 
  (i) Inter-Provincial Trade Initiatives      23 
III. CONSULTATIONS AND TRANSPARENCY 23 
IV. PROMOTING POLICY COHERENCE 25 
ANNEX 1: CANADA'S SUBMISSIONS TO THE WTO IN SUPPORT OF THE  
  DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA       28 
  
 
 Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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I. TRADE AND ECONOMIC POLICY ENVIRONMENT1 
Stable Policies, Successful Performance  
1. Strong fundamentals and a global commodity boom have helped to support Canada’s 
economic expansion.  The integration of Asia, especi ally China, into the world economy caused shifts 
in relative prices in several markets starting in 200 3.  Surges in energy and commodity prices helped 
push the exchange rate up rapidly a nd improved Canada’s terms of trad e (the ratio of export to import 
prices).  The resource boom also led the stock market  to new heights.  Domestic spending has been 
accelerating for the past several years.  Real GDP  growth has averaged 2.7% annually since 2002 and 
prospects call for growth in the 2.5%-3% range over this year and next. 
2. Canada’s fiscal consolidation and debt reduction targeting h as underpinned its solid economic 
performance.  Canada is one of a few countries to post twin surpluses .  As measured by the OECD, 
Canada has moved from having the second-highest net debt-to-GDP ratio among G7 countries in the 
mid-1990s to the lowest today.  The government is  resolved to continue budget discipline and has 
accelerated its commitment to reduce the federal de bt-to-GDP ratio to 25% by one year, to 2012-13, 
from its present 35%.  Moreover, all other orders of government have made considerable fiscal 
progress in recent years.  As a result, the federal go vernment believes that eliminating Canada’s total  
government net debt by 2021 is achievable.  In  the November 2006 Economic and Fiscal Update, the 
government announced that it will dedicate the eff ective interest savings resulting from debt reduction 
each year to personal income tax reductions. 
3. Monetary policy is guided by an inflation-targ eting framework aimed at anchoring inflation 
expectations.  In November 2006, the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada agreed to 
renew the inflation target for another five-year peri od to the end of 2011.  The inflation target will 
continue to be in the mid-point range between 1% and 3%. 
A Resilient Trading Nation  
4. Canada is a trading country and international tr ade is integral to its continued prosperity. 
Canada is the world’s ninth largest exporter and tent h largest importer– trade is equivalent to more 
than 71% of its GDP.  Exports account for 38% of the Canadian economy.  Throughout much of the 
last decade, the expansion of trade promoted employment and growth.  More recently, increases in domestic demand have provided the basis for growth .  Household spending has been boosted by a rise 
in personal wealth.  Strong corporate earnings, falling prices for imported capital goods, and low 
interest rates have facilitated business investment. 
5. On the external side, Canada has faced escalating global competition and a strong 
appreciation of the Canadian dollar.  China has made  major inroads in the important US market at the 
same time as the Canadian dollar appreciated some  38.4% from the period in January 2002, when the 
currency dipped below US 62¢, to almost US 86¢ at the end of 2005.  The share of exports in GDP fell to about 38% in 2005 from over 45% just five years earlier, while imports declined from 40% to 
34%.  The Canadian dollar appreciated against th e major currencies in 2005 and, moreover, was the 
only G7 currency to appreciate against the resurgent US dollar in that year. 
6. Notwithstanding the currency appreciation and competitive challenges in the U.S. market, 
that country remains Canada’s principal trading pa rtner at 78.1% of total exports and 65.3% of all 
imports in 2005 (though these figures may be overstat ed due to transhipments).  Two-way trade in 
                                                     
 
1 Please note that unless otherwise indicated , all figures are in Canadian Dollars. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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goods and services with the United States amounted to over $1.9 billion on a daily basis, more than 
double the value registered for 1993. 
7. Canada’s economic performance has benefited from a flexib le labour market that has 
permitted it to reallocate productive resources in response to shifts in the terms of trade and exchange 
rate appreciation.  A total of 227,600 net new jobs were created in 2005, almost all of them full time 
positions; an estimated one in five jobs is linked in part to our export success in global markets.  Over 
the first 11 months of 2006, some 283,200 furthe r jobs have been added to the economy above the 
December 2005 levels. 
8. Over the first three quarters of 2006, Canadian exports of goods and services are up over the 
same period a year earlier, but imports have risen by even more.  The trade balance, while down over 
last year’s levels, remains nonetheless quite favourable. 
Advantage Canada  
9. The Government of Canada’s Economic & Fi scal Update 2006 released on November 23, 
2006 included a companion document entitled " Advantage Canada: Building a Strong Economy for 
Canadians"2.  Advantage Canada  is focused on creating five Canadian competitive advantages that 
will help Canadians improve their quality of life and succeed on the world stage.  These are: Tax 
advantages, Fiscal advantages,  Entrepreneurial advantages, Knowle dge advantages, and Infrastructure 
advantages.  Advantage Canada  is based on four core principles: Focusing government, Creating new 
opportunities and choices for people, Investing for sustainable growth, and  Freeing businesses to grow 
and succeed. 
10. In addition,  Advantage Canada referred to a forthcoming global commerce strategy for 
Canada, to ensure that Canadian businesses can fully pa rticipate in global market opportunities.  In a 
business climate where many countries are now challenging the competitive position of leading economies, this new strategy will focus on making Canada a business and trading partner of choice. 
Investment  
11. Two-way direct investment flows with the worl d remained at relatively high levels in 2005. 
Canada’s direct investment abroad (CDIA) exceeded the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 
Canada in 2005.
3  The flow of CDIA remained at the very  high level of $41.3 billion in 2005, though 
down from a record of $66.4 billion in 2000.  Meanwh ile foreign direct investment inflows surged to 
$41.0 billion in 2005 from $2.0 billion in the previous year.  This impressive growth is largely due to 
increased FDI in Canada’s energy and metallic mine rals sectors which accounted for the bulk of total 
FDI inflows at the end of 2005.  FDI inflows from Canada’s prime source of FDI, the United States, 
nearly tripled to $18.4 billion in 2005. 
12. Net external liabilities4 to foreigners represented 12.2% of Canada’s gross domestic product 
(GDP) in 2005, compared with 42.3% in 1995.  Cana da remained a net recipi ent of overall foreign 
investment, with liabilities ex ceeding assets by $168.5 billion at the end of 2005, down from 
                                                      
2 The full document is available at:  http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2006/plan/pltoce.html. 
3 In this paragraph, data on CDIA and FDI flows are reported on a net basis, as per international 
standards. 
4 Difference between external assets (includes flow s of CDIA, Canadian portfolio investment, and all 
other Canadian investment) and external liabilities (includes flows of FDI, foreign portfolio investment, and all other foreign investment). Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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$174.6 billion at the end of 2004.  This small decr ease is mostly the result of valuation changes from a 
rising Canadian dollar. 
II. TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENTS 2003-2006 
(1) MULTILATERAL LIBERALIZATION  
13. Canada’s strong commitment to the work of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been 
acknowledged, time and again, by other Members, and continues to be reaffirmed by the Government 
of Canada.  The WTO remains the cornerstone of  Canada’s trade policy and the foundation for its 
relationships with trading partners .  Canada retains a fundamental in terest in the continued expansion 
and modernization of an open, transparen t, rules-based multilateral trading system. 
Commitment to the Doha Development Agenda 
14. The Doha Development Agenda (DDA) holds the promise of benefits for all countries – 
developed and developing.  Canada believes that act ive participation in the multilateral negotiations is 
essential given the role that an ambitious and broa d-ranging outcome to these negotiations could play 
in reducing poverty, enhancing secu rity and improving the quality of life for people around the world.  
15. Canada's foremost objective in the Doha ne gotiations is to increase economic opportunities 
and prosperity for all Members by reducing impedime nts to trade and by enhancing predictability in 
the multilateral trading system.  Central to this is  fundamental agricultural trade reform.  In the 
agricultural negotiations, Canada seeks a more level international playing field through the 
elimination of all forms of export subsidies as quick ly as possible, the substantial reduction of trade-
distorting domestic support, and subs tantial improvements in market access for agriculture and food 
products. 
16. Canada’s interest in agricultural trade refo rm is key to its commitment to supporting the 
development objectives of the Doha Round.  With in the DDA, many developing countries are seeking 
a fairer international trading environment through real and meaningful agricultural trade reform 
through the negotiations on agriculture.  Canada is  working with developing countries, including 
those in the Cairns Group and with other Members,  to maintain the momentum toward our shared 
goals in the agriculture negotiations. 
17. As an export-oriented economy, Canada also a ttaches great importance to improving market 
access for services and non-agricultural goods.  All Members stand to gain substantially from the 
elimination of barriers to trade, and Canada seeks an outcome that results in commercially significant 
liberalization.  Canada is also seeking improved transparency in domestic regulatory regimes. 
18. Canada believes that improvement and clarif ication of rules governing the use of trade 
remedies and subsidies (including fisheries subs idies) are necessary in order to achieve greater 
convergence in interpretation and to curtail the ab use of trade remedy measures.  Canada also 
supports the negotiations on improving the rules th at apply to regional trade agreements and 
welcomes the recent provisional decision of the Gene ral Council to increase transparency in this area. 
19. Canada supports the negotiations to secure strong and binding rules on trade facilitation. 
Canada views trade facilitation as positive for all countries and as a natural complement to market 
access negotiations on goods.  Progress on these issu es would especially benefit small and medium-
sized companies, for whom transaction costs can be particularly burdensome. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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20. Canada is also seeking improvements to the dispute settlement system, including greater 
transparency, rules for amicus  participation and enhanced rights fo r WTO Members as third parties, in 
order to strengthen and clarify multilateral disciplines. 
21. Given the continued expansion of developing country trade and output, and their growing 
representation in the membership of the WTO, de veloping countries have an increasing stake in the 
multilateral trading system.  Consequently, the DDA mu st address a range of issues such as special 
and differential treatment and improving market acc ess for developing country exports, in order to 
make the world trading system better serve the interests of development.   A point of great significance 
to Canada is that the DDA shall take into account  the ability of developing and least developed 
countries to implement any new rules, which ma y be enhanced by the provision of technical 
assistance and Aid for Trade in general.  
Participation in Negotiations 
22. Since the last trade policy review of Canada in  2003, Canada has remained fully engaged in 
the DDA.  In addition to its active participation in  discussions at all levels, Canada has submitted 
formal papers in most negotiating areas, with a view  to proposing practical and specific ideas to move 
forward (see Annex 1 for a full list of Canada’s submissions). 
23. In July 2004, Canada worked closely with  other WTO Members to reach agreement on a 
framework for agriculture, which was part of a br oader package setting out the way forward for the 
DDA.  The framework included a number of ideas that  Canada had put forward over the course of the 
negotiations—for example, Canada’s idea for a ha rmonizing approach to reducing trade-distorting 
domestic support (i.e. that those countries that subsid ize the most should make the largest reductions). 
24. In December 2005, Canada participated in the 6th WTO Ministerial Conference in 
Hong Kong, where WTO Members adopted a Ministerial Declaration that reflected further progress achieved on several important issues.  While overall outcomes were not as ambitious as Canada would have liked, the Declaration did include so me key commitments—including, for example, an 
agreement to eliminate agricultural export subsidies by the end of 2013. 
25. Following the Hong Kong Ministerial, Canada has continued to work intensively with other 
WTO Members toward meeting the goals set out in the Hong Kong Declaration.  Unfortunately, these 
efforts have not yet succeeded as gaps between the negotiating positions of key WTO players remain 
significant.  Canada will continue to bring forth practical and constructive ideas and proposals in all 
areas of the negotiations, and to press for an ambiti ous and broad-based outcome  to the negotiations. 
(2) S
UPPORTING DEVELOPMENT  
26. The needs of developing countries deserve special mention, as advancing the cause of 
development through these negotiations is a key obj ective in the DDA and, more generally, at the 
WTO.  To that end, the Government of Cana da is actively seeking to address some of the 
administrative, commercial and economic challe nges that many developing countries face in 
implementing trade agreements.  It is also seeking to address developing countries’ concerns about 
taking on new commitments. 
Special and Differential Treatment  (S&DT) 
27. Canada is committed to the principle of Speci al and Differential Treatment (S&DT) in the 
WTO and has been willing to examine S&DT propo sals that make a constructive contribution to 
integrating developing countries into the multilateral trading system.  Canada has continuously sought Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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to address underlying issues to ensure that resultin g measures are geared toward the problems they 
seek to address.  Canada also recognizes the need for flexibility and calibration of S&DT measures, as 
developing country Members have  different needs and capacities. 
Trade Related Technical Assistance and Capacity Building (TRTA/CB) 
28. An integral part of Canada's approach to tr ade and development is the delivery of needs-
based, coordinated, trade-related technical assist ance and capacity-building (TRTA/CB) programs.  
Specifically, such assistance aims to  help developing countries negotia te effectively, to mainstream 
trade into plans for national development, and to build both institutional and supply side capacity to 
take advantage of emerging trade opportuniti es in order to achieve poverty reduction. 
29. The Government favours an effective and efficien t approach, coordinated with other partners, 
that recognizes the importance of recipient count ries assuming ownership and control over TRTA/CB 
efforts.  In particular, Canada supports Reco mmendations of the Task Force on the Enhanced 
Integrated Framework for Trade Related Technical Assistance for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 
as a means of integrating trade into national development and using trade as a tool for poverty reduction. 
30. Total TRTA/CB commitments by the Govern ment of Canada between 2001 and 2006 
amounted to approximately $410 million.  Over that  period, commitments were approximately shared 
equally between trade development programming and trade policy and regulations activities.  Canada 
focused commitments on the following areas: trad e development in agriculture (20%), trade 
mainstreaming (16%), business support services (9 %), as well as assistance with sanitary and 
phytosanitary measures (8%) and regional trade agr eements (8%).  Other examples of assistance that 
have been provided include trade development in i ndustry, public-private sector networking, trade-
related banking and finance, and trade education and training. 
31. Between 2001 and 2005, Canada  committed approximately $2.4 million to the Doha 
Development Agenda Global Trust Fund (DDAGTF) to  help finance the implementation of the annual 
WTO Technical Assistance and Training Plans, whic h feature a wide range of products focused on the 
delivery of technical assistance and training.  In addition, Canada committed approximately 
$4.8 million to the International Trade Centre to help developing countries increase their effective 
participation in the negotiations, facilitate their implementation of WTO rules and enable them to 
adjust and diversify their economies. 
32. Africa, Asia, and the Americas received almost equivalent shares of bilateral technical 
assistance and capacity building.  In Africa, main  programs include: $8 million for the Program for 
Building African Capacity for Trade (PACT), $7 milli on for the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance 
Program (JITAP); and $5 million to develop an Af rican Trade Policy Centre (ATPC).  In Asia, 
programming includes funding to the Centre for Po licy Dialogue located in Bangladesh to enhance 
awareness of global policy issues and their potential impact on the country's economic and social 
welfare.  Canada is also providing $9 million fo r the APEC Economic Integration Program.  In the 
Americas, approximately $100 million have been committed since 2001 to the Caribbean Regional 
Trade Policy Responsive Fund, Central America Trad e Readiness Technical Assistance Project and to 
funding trade-related projects conducted by the Or ganization of Eastern Caribbean States, the Inter 
American Development Bank, and the Trade Unit of the Organization of American States. 
33. The Government of Canada’s International Trade and Labour Program (ITLP) provides grants 
and contributions for labour capacity-building activi ties in the Americas.  The current ITLP budget is 
$2.2 million yearly.  The Canada-Caricom Trade and Labour Project (CCTLP) was established in WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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2005.  Under this project, a $1 million, three-year activity plan was develope d for English and Dutch-
speaking Caribbean countries to better address th e labour dimension of international trade and 
regional economic integration.  The Internati onal Project for Professional Labour Administration 
(IPPLAD) is a two-year, $8 million project which will begin in 2007.  Under IPPLAD, the Labour 
Program will develop a nd implement long-term programs for building capacity and strengthening 
governance in the labour area in developing countries. 
Least Developed Countries (LDCs): Accessions 
34. The Doha Ministerial Declaration also reflect ed a commitment to work to facilitate and 
accelerate negotiations with acceding LDCs.  Rec ognizing that WTO accession will help least-
developed countries in their developm ent and transition efforts, Canada is active in the negotiations of 
all applicants.  Canada’s approach to least-dev eloped countries has been to reduce requests to a 
minimum, and show considerable flexibility on, for ex ample, the number of tariff lines, request rates, 
and transition periods.  Canada was also very active in the WTO Sub-committee on Least-Developed 
Countries in promoting an agreement to facilitate least-developed countries’ accessions to the WTO. 
LDC Market Access Initiative  
35. Since January 1, 2003, Canada has provided duty-free and quota-free access to all imports 
(excluding the over-quota tariffs on dairy, poultr y and egg products) from 49 LDCs, of which 34 are 
in Africa.  In 2004, Canada renewed its LCDT progr am for a ten-year period to 2014.  The current 
scheme covers approximately 99% of tariff lines.  Canada’s initiative is among the most far-reaching 
in the world in terms of eligible countries, produ ct coverage, rules of origin and overall ease of 
administration.  As well, it encourages trade between these countries (South-South trade) in the inputs 
used to make these products.  As a result of this initiative, Canadian imports of apparel from LDCs 
have increased significantly.  Sin ce 2003, merchandise imports into Canada from LDCs more than 
tripled, from $632 million in 2002 to $1.9 billion in 2005. 
Enhanced Integrated Framework 
36. The Doha Ministerial Declaration endorsed th e Integrated Framework for Trade-Related 
Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Count ries (IF) as a viable model for LDCs’ trade 
development and urged development partners to significantly increase contributions to the IF and to 
explore the extension of the model to all LDCs. 
37. Between 2001 and 2005, Canada has committed approximately $3 million to the IF, and all 
LDCs are now eligible for the IF process.  At the 6th WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong 
(December 2005), WTO members endorsed a work pr ogram to enhance the IF.  Canada is actively 
engaged in this work; indeed the Enhanced IF T ask Force was chaired by Canada’s Ambassador to 
the WTO. 
38. Recommendations developed by the Enhanced IF Task Force were endorsed on July 5, 2006 
by the IF Working Group and the IF Steering Co mmittee.  Much work remains to be done to 
operationalize these recommendations, and three clusters have been created to further examine administrative/legal issues, financial issues and, in -country issues.  The work of these three clusters 
will be overseen by an IF Transition Team, co-c haired by Canada’s Ambassador to the WTO. 
Aid for Trade 
39. In Hong Kong, Ministers directed the creation of an Aid for Trade (AfT) Task Force to 
provide recommendations on how AfT might contri bute most effectively to the development Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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dimension of the Round.  Canada was a memb er of this Task Force and supports the 
recommendations which aim at helping developing countries, especially LDCs, to build supply-side 
capacity and trade related infrastructure that they need to assist them in implementing and benefiting 
from WTO Agreements and more broadly to expand thei r trade.  Canada’s view is that in order to 
reach these goals, AfT should strictly adhere to the principles of aid effectiveness. 
40. Canada believes that AfT is important in its  own right and that it should and must move 
forward despite the current challenges that are bei ng faced more broadly in this Round.  Canada has 
been, and will continue to be, activ ely engaged in the work to advance the AfT agenda set forth in the 
Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. 
Official Development Assistance (ODA) 
41. Since 2002, Canada committed to increase official  development assistance funding by 8% per 
year with the aim of doubling ODA volumes by the end of the decade and raising ODA as a percentage of Gross National Income to roughly 0. 35%.  In this regard, Africa will be a major 
recipient of government programming, but Canada will also continue to apply these resources to 
address important needs elsewhere – be they in the Caribbean, Latin America or Asia. 
42. Complementing efforts to liberalize trade w ith developing countries, Canada has been 
increasing its aid effectiveness and opening markets to  stakeholders in developing countries through 
aid untying and increased flexibility in procurement.  While the aid untying ratio to all developing 
countries was 32% in 2001, it reached 59% in 2005.  In September 2005, the Government of Canada 
announced it was changing its food aid policy, so that up to 50% of Canada's food aid could be 
purchased in developing countries.  This shift in  policy will mean that Canada will buy more food 
from farmers in developing countries, helping to  support local agricultural sectors, and making the 
delivery of food more efficient. 
Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime (CAMR)  
43. In force since May 14, 2005, Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime (C AMR) implements the 
August 30, 2003, decision of the WTO General Co uncil waiving provisions 31(h) and 31(f) of the 
TRIPS agreement to give members with pharmaceu tical manufacturing capacity the right to issue 
compulsory licenses authorizing the manufacture and export of pharmaceutical products to countries with insufficient or no pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity. 
44. CAMR includes a provision requiring the Minister of Industry to review the relevant 
provisions of the Patent Act  (section 21.01 to 21.19) within two years of its coming into force and to 
table a report on the results of that review in both Houses of Parliament within 15 days of the report’s 
completion.  A mandatory review requirement was incorporated into CAMR because of the 
unprecedented nature of this initiative and the conf licting views of some stakeholder groups during 
CAMR’s development on how th e various terms and conditions of the WTO waiver should be 
reflected in Canada’s amending legislation. 
45. Despite being in force since May 2005, CAMR has not resulted in the export of any 
pharmaceutical products.  Given the pressing humanitari an and international development concerns 
which underlie CAMR, the Government of Ca nada has decided to initiate its review  in advance of 
what is statutorily required in order to meet th e May 2007 deadline for the review’s completion by 
releasing a consultation paper on CAMR on November 24, 2006.  The purpose of this paper is to 
focus dialogue on how CAMR might better meet it s humanitarian objective of facilitating access to 
medicines in the developing world, while respecti ng international trade obligations and maintaining 
the integrity of the domestic patent system. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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46. The consultation paper is posted on the CAMR web site5, and interested parties have been 
invited to submit their written comments to Industry Canada or Health Canada by January 24, 2007. 
All submissions will be posted on the web site within 15 days of that date. 
47. The review process does not prevent interested  parties from using CAMR to export needed 
medicines to eligible importing countries in the in terim.  Canadian officials continue to seek 
opportunities to inform eligible importing c ountries, manufacturers and non-governmental 
organizations about how CAMR works and how they can  take advantage of it.  CAMR is one part of 
Canada’s broader response to fighting public heal th problems, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, 
malaria and other epidemics that are a ffecting people in developing countries. 
(3) THE WORLD 'S LARGEST TRADING RELATIONSHIP :  CANADA -UNITED STATES  
48. Canada and the United States share the largest  bilateral flow of goods, services, people and 
capital between any two countries in the world.  Moving over $1.9 b illion worth of goods and services 
across the border each day, Canada and the Unite d States are each other's largest customers and 
biggest suppliers.  In 2005, Canada  exported $368.6 billion in goods to the United States and imported 
$259.8 billion in return.  Servi ces exports totalled $35.9 billion in  2005, with corresponding imports at 
$45.3 billion. 
49. Increasing business integration has also contributed to the growth of investment flows 
between Canada and the United States.  Foreign dir ect investment (FDI) stocks in Canada from the 
U.S. reached $266.5 billion in 2005, accounting for a compound average annual growth of 9% since 
1995.  The stock of Canadian direct invest ment to the U.S. reached $213.7 billion. 
50. Maximizing the free flow of goods, services and capital with the United States is a key 
priority for Canada.  Areas of ongoing interest in  the Canada-U.S. relations hip include streamlining 
border measures and enhancing regulatory collaboration. 
51. The Canada – United States Softwood Lumber Agreement, a mutually-agreed resolution of 
the softwood lumber dispute, took effect on October 12, 2006.  As part of this seven to nine-year agreement, the United States revoked all anti-du mping and countervailing duty orders against 
Canadian softwood lumber exports and refunded over 80% of the duty deposits collected since 2002.  
Under certain conditions, Canada will impose a char ge on its softwood lumber exports to the United 
States, the level being dependent on a weighted av erage lumber price, and with the possibility of 
lower charges if the exporting region accepts volume restraints.  Softwood lumber trade with third 
countries is not affected. 
Update on Canada-United States Smart Border Declaration 
52. As reported in Canada’s 2003 Government Report, Canada a nd the United States signed the 
Smart Border Declaration in 2001.  The Declara tion provided an effective framework for addressing 
border issues and was supported by a 32-point Actio n Plan that has been the mechanism for progress 
on cross-border transportation initiatives. 
53. Since the signing of the Declaration, the Ca nadian federal government has announced more 
than $1.3 billion in border infrastructure impr ovements in cooperation with provinces and other 
partners.  The improvements have been funded through the Border Infrastructure Fund (BIF) and 
through the border component of the Strategic Highway Infrastructure Program (SHIP).  These 
projects address border congestion, and facilitate cr oss-border trader flows, by providing additional 
                                                     
 
5 Website for Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime:  www.camr-rcam.gc.ca. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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infrastructure capacity and dedicated lanes to support enhanced low-risk traveller facilitation 
programs, such as Free and Secure Trade (FAST). 
(4) REGIONAL AND BILATERAL INITIATIVES  
54. As a trade-oriented and globally-integrated ec onomy, Canada benefits from a healthy, open, 
transparent, rules-based international trading system .  At the same time as Canada maintains its focus 
on the WTO, Canada also recognizes the importan ce of bilateral and regional trade initiatives in 
further liberalizing trade in goods and services.  B ilateral and regional initiatives can complement and 
reinforce multilateral liberalization by generating political momentum, by developing and refining 
elements of the trade regime and by preparing domestic industries for the further multilateral opening 
of markets.  Bilateral and regional initiatives can also serve as capacity-building tools for developing 
countries. 
55. Canada’s multilateral and bilate ral initiatives are designed to be mutually supportive.  Rather 
than detract from multilateral efforts, bilateral ag reements allow us to explore new commitments and 
disciplines in areas such as investment, services, and trade facilitation, making them broader than 
existing multilateral rules.  In this sense, Canada believes that regional and bilateral agreements can 
help place new issues on the global agenda and prov ide innovative solutions to the challenges posed 
by trade integration. 
56. Regional and bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) also serve to secure markets for 
Canadian business and to provide them access to lo wer-cost goods and services.  Furthermore, FTAs 
can help strengthen markets by creating opportuniti es for increased specialization and productivity, 
and providing competitive stimulus.  Closer econom ic relations, as well as the closer governmental 
relations forged by the negotiating process, also contribute to progress on the broader social, political 
and environmental fronts. 
(a) Regional Trade Initiatives 
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 
57. Having passed the thirteenth anniversary of the entry into force of the North American Free 
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on January 1, 2007, it is  clear that the Agreement has contributed to 
making the conduct of business in North America mo re predictable and transparent, thus increasing 
significantly the trade and investment flows be tween the three countries.  Canada’s annual 
merchandise trade with its NAFTA partners has ne arly doubled since 1994, reaching $598.9 billion in 
2005.  Canadian merchandise exports to the United States grew at a compounded annual rate of 8.2% 
between 1990 and 2005.  With bilateral trade in 200 5 reaching $18 billion, Mexico is now Canada’s 
fifth largest export destination and ranks fourth as a source of imports worldwide.  Under the NAFTA, 
Canada’s trade in services with the U.S. and Mexico  has also increased (from $46.4 billion in 1994 to 
$82.7 billion in 2004), while there has also been  a positive impact on investment.  The stock of 
foreign direct investment in Ca nada reached $415.6 billion in 2005,  of which more than 64% came 
from our NAFTA partners. 
58. On January 1, 2003, most of the remaining tariffs  between the Parties were eliminated.  At the 
Free Trade Commission meetings of 2004 and 2006, Mini sters agreed to pursue further liberalization 
of the NAFTA rules of origin.  A first and a se cond package have already been implemented, and 
further liberalization work is in progress.  Th e NAFTA Parties have also demonstrated their 
commitment in increasing transparency.  Further to  the 2004 release of th e negotiating history of 
NAFTA’s investment provisions (Chapter 11), at the 2006 Free Trade Commission meeting, 
Ministers directed officials to release the nego tiating history of the institutional arrangements and WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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dispute settlement provisions (Chapter 20) before th e next NAFTA Commission Meeting to be held in 
Canada in 2007. 
59. At the 2006 Free Trade Commission, Ministers also  agreed to:  (a) identify sectors and the 
specific work that could be undertaken within those sectors to remove existing trade impediments;  (b) 
launch a thorough review of the operation of the NAFTA working groups and committees in order to 
identify potential improvements to their existing wo rk as well as how their work plans could support 
the new sectoral initiatives;  and (c) examine how  the three countries might collaborate in trade 
agreements with other countries as well as how elem ents of trade agreements negotiated by each 
country might inform improvements to NAFTA pract ices such as transparency and trade facilitation. 
Security and Prosperity Partnership  
60. In a March 2005 joint statement, the leaders of Canada, the United States and Mexico 
unveiled a new Security and Prosperity Partnership for North America (SPP) that speaks of increasing 
continental integration and the need to work trilate rally to make our societies more secure and our 
economies more resilient.  Border initiativ es figure prominently on the SPP agenda. 
61. For example, the SPP calls for a border facilitati on strategy to build capacity and improve the 
legitimate flow of people and cargo at our shared borde rs.  As part of this, throughout 2007, Canadian 
and U.S. partners will be convening a series of re gional workshops to identify, align, and to help 
implement common regional border and corridor infr astructure priorities.  The workshops will be 
project-focused, and will be coordinated through the Canada-U.S. Transportation Border Working 
Group. 
62. In addition, in December 2004, the governments of Canada and the United States announced 
a commitment to reduce transit times across the Winds or-Detroit Gateway by 25 per cent.  Since that 
time, both governments have been working closely with  stakeholders to realize this challenge.  As a 
result of the implemented measures, there have b een significant reductions in border delays at the 
Windsor-Detroit crossings. 
63. The Government of Canada recognizes that infrastructure investments are crucial to 
maintaining Canada’s economic competitiveness, produc tivity, and quality of life.  To this end, 
Budget 2006 provides $16.5 billion over the next four  years for infrastructure investments.  It is 
expected that a significant portion of this infrast ructure funding will be focused on improvements to 
the core National Highway System, including invest ments in strategic corridors linking to border 
crossings and in international gateways to foreign markets. 
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 
64. The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process has been suspended since 2004.  At the 
2005 Summit of the Americas in Argentina, Canada, along with the majority of FTAA participants, supported the resumption of formal negotiations. 
(b) Bilateral Trade Initiatives 
65. The Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) will celebrate its 10
th anniversary in 
2007.  Bilateral trade is virtually tariff-free as of January 1, 2003.  On November 15, 2006, Canada 
and Chile signed an agreement to amend the CCF TA to add a chapter on government procurement 
carried out at the federal level.  Both countries are now undertaking the steps necessary to bring the 
chapter into force, which is expected to take place sometime in 2007.  The chapter’s procedural 
obligations require Canada to treat Chilean supplie rs in the same manner as domestic suppliers for Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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procurements that are covered by the agreement.  The same will be true for Canadian suppliers 
seeking to participate in the government procurement market in Chile.  Canada and Chile also agreed 
on extended transparency commitments for certa in procurements for which no market access 
commitments were made.  In addition, since Cana da’s last trade policy review, Canada and Chile 
have met on several occasions to discuss the de velopment of financial services disciplines. 
66. The Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (CIF TA) came into force January 1, 1997 
eliminating tariffs on almost all i ndustrial products manufactured in Ca nada and Israel.  In November 
2003, the CIFTA was expanded to provide preferences to a wide range of agricultural and agri-food 
products Canada exports to Israel.  Of note, Cana da eliminated tariffs on various products including 
fresh cut roses, various vegetables and juices.  Isra el largely eliminated tariffs on various Canadian 
exports including animals for breeding, various vege tables, grains and oilseeds.  The CIFTA contains 
disciplines on government procurement, but doe s not cover cross border trade in services or 
investment. 
67. The Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (CCRFTA) will mark its 5th anniversary in 
November 2007.  The CCRFTA offers a market access package providing comprehensive tariff 
reductions for both industrial and agricultural goods.  Canada will eliminate all tariffs on imports from 
Costa Rica by January 2011, except for beef and certain supply-managed dair y and poultry tariff lines, 
which are not subject to tariff reduction commitment s under the agreement.  Canada has implemented 
five stages of tariff reductions pursuant to the ag reement since the CCRFTA came into effect.  The 
agreement does not contain disciplines on services, i nvestment, or government procurement.  Canada 
has a stand-alone bilateral Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA) with 
Costa Rica. 
68. On October 9, 1998, the Government of Cana da announced the launch of negotiations with 
the EFTA states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liech tenstein).  The talks reached an impasse in 
May 2000.  In September 2006, Canada and the EFTA  countries agreed to re-start the negotiations, 
with a view to concluding in early 2007.  A formal round of talks was held in early November 2006. 
The deal is expected to be a “first-generation” ag reement that focuses on tariff elimination.  It is not 
expected to include substantial ne w obligations in areas such as services, investment, and intellectual 
property. 
69. Canada and Singapore launched negotiations towa rds a free trade agreement in October 2001.  
To date, there have been six rounds of negotiatio ns, the last of which was in October 2003.  In 
November 2006, Canada and Singapore agreed to re sume negotiations, with a view to concluding by 
early 2007.  Canada is seeking a comprehensive agreement that covers a wide range of topics 
including trade in goods, cross border trade in services, temporary entry, financial services, 
investment, government procurement, di spute settlement and competition policy. 
70. Canada launched FTA negotiati ons with the Central America Four (CA4) countries of 
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua in 2001.  The negotiations are well-advanced.  
Canada and the CA4 countries continue to explore ways to overcome the remaining obstacles with a 
view to concluding an agreement in the near fu ture.  Canada remains committed to concluding a 
comprehensive agreement covering market access for goods, services, investment and more. 
71. Canada and the Republic of Korea are currently involved in negotiations towards a free trade 
agreement.  The negotiations, whic h were launched in July 2005, include tariff elimination, trade 
facilitation, non-tariff measures, cross border trad e in services, temporary entry, investment, 
competition policy, government procurement, and intellectual property rights.  An eighth round of WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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negotiations was held in Seoul in November 2006, with a ninth round scheduled for early 2007 in 
Canada. 
72. Canada supports the goal of free trade with the countries of the Andean Community, the 
Dominican Republic as well as the Caribbean Co mmunity and Common Market (Caricom).  
Exploratory discussions towards potential free trade agreements have been productive, and Canada 
hopes to be in a position to launch formal negotiations in the near future. 
(c) Other Bilateral Initiatives 
Canada-European Union (EU) Trade and Investment Enhancement Agreement 
73. The Canada-European Union (EU) Trade and Investment Enhancement Agreement (TIEA) 
negotiations were launched on Ma y 17, 2005.  The TIEA seeks to address "new generation", non-
tariff trade issues such as investment, trade facilita tion, regulatory cooperation and services, as well as 
government procurement and intellectual property.  Canada and the EU expect ed that the TIEA, once 
completed, would complement improved market access achieved via the WTO negotiations.  In May 2006, Canada and the EU agreed to pause the TIEA  negotiations until the results of the WTO Doha 
Round talks are known.  Despite the pause in th e TIEA negotiations, Canada and the EU are 
continuing discussions on regulatory cooperation. 
Canada-Japan Economic Framework 
74. In November 2005, Canada and Japan agreed  to a flexible and innovative Economic 
Framework.  The Framework addresses new and emer ging economic challenges and opportunities, as 
well as promoting economic coopera tion through policy and business development initiatives.  It is 
structured to focus on forward-looking strategic pr iority areas of cooperation.  Since its creation, 
discussions under the Economic Framework have resulted in a cooperation agreement on anti-
competitive activities, an enhanced custom s cooperation arrangement, a memorandum of 
understanding on bilateral investment promotion coop eration, an agreement on social security and an 
informal framework document on food safety coopera tion.  The framework also launched a Joint 
Study on the benefits and costs of further promo tion and liberalization of trade and investment. 
Canada - European Community Wine and Spirits Agreement  
75. On September 16, 2003, an agreement was signed between Canada and the European 
Community on trade in wines and spirit drinks.  Th e Agreement entered into force on June 1, 2004 
and updated the existing bilateral ag reement between the parties on wines and spirits that had been in 
place since 1989.  The Agreement provides for clear tr ade rules in the Canadian marketplace, and an 
updated framework for managing potent ial grievances.  It contains provisions related to oenological 
practices, the facilitation of market access and geogr aphical indications.  Canada enacted the Spirit 
Drinks Trade Act on November 3, 2005 to provide the legal basis to implement the spirit drinks 
section of the Agreement.  The Trade-Marks Act w as also amended in 2004 to provide for the phased 
elimination of certain names from its list of generic names for wines and spirits. 
Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (FIPAs)  
76. Canada has 22 Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (FIPAs) in force 
with Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Repub lic, Argentina, Hungary, Ukraine, Latvia, 
Philippines, Trinidad & Tobago, Barbados, Ecuador , Egypt, Romania, Venezuela, Panama, Thailand, 
Armenia, Uruguay, Lebanon, Costa Rica and Croatia .  On November 14, 2006 the Canada-Peru FIPA 
was signed, which will come into force once both count ries have ratified the treaty.  The majority of Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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these treaties are based on the investment chapter of the NAFTA and share the following features: a 
broad definition of investment, obligations for na tional treatment and most-favoured nation treatment 
applied at both the pre- and post-establishment  pha se, minimum standard of treatment in accordance 
with international law, protection against expr opriation without compensation, free transfers of 
investment related funds, and access to investor-sta te arbitration and state-state dispute settlement 
mechanisms to resolve disputes. 
77. Canada is currently negotiating FIPAs with Indi a and China.  Following a four and half year 
hiatus, Canada and China resumed FIPA negotia tions in September 2004.  Three rounds of 
negotiations have subsequently b een held, with the most recent round of negotiations in September 
2006.  Canada is hopeful that these negotiations can  be concluded in 2007 .  In September 2004, 
Canada and India met for the first time since the mid-1990s to resume FIPA negotiations, and there 
have been six subsequent rounds of negotiations.  Canada is hopefu l that these negotiations can be 
concluded in early 2007.  Preparations are underw ay to launch FIPA negotiations with Kuwait and 
Jordan and to hold exploratory discussions with Indonesia and Vietnam in 2007. 
(5) CANADA IN OTHER MULTILATERAL FORUMS  
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 78. Since Canada’s last trade policy review, Cana da has used its participation in APEC to 
advance key Canadian trade policy interests in cluding support for the WTO Doha Development 
Agenda, support for its regional trade and invest ment promotion and policy objectives, and making 
the Asia-Pacific region more accessible to Canadi an businesses, including women-owned enterprises. 
These are addressed through APEC's work on trade fac ilitation, transparency and anti-corruption, and 
intellectual property rights. 
79. In response to calls in the Doha Declaration for increased trade-related technical assistance, 
Canada has been one of APEC’s strongest pro ponents of TRTA, co-chairing its WTO Capacity 
Building Group and organizing several capacity bu ilding projects.  In 2006 Canada sponsored a 
training course on multi-stakeholder trade policy c onsultations and in 2007  will be sponsoring a 
training course on the WTO negotiations process for APEC government officials.  These training 
courses will form part of CIDA’s APEC Economic Integration Project (EIP) multi-year WTO capacity building curriculum which also includes an  introductory course on trade policy and the WTO 
and three specialized modules on trade in ag riculture, trade in services and market access. 
80. Since 2004, Canada, through Canadian Internati onal Development Agency’s (CIDA's) APEC 
EIP, is assisting 6 developing countries in South east Asia (Indonesia, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Thailand, 
Philippines, and Vietnam) to integrate more fu lly with the world economy by strengthening 
connections to international markets.  The primary focus of this project is on building the capacity of 
these 6 Southeast Asian countries to function effectively in WTO fora, to comply with their obligations under WTO agreemen ts, and to facilitate regional and global trading relations. 
81. At the 2006 APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, Leaders concluded that 
APEC had met the Shanghai target, set in 2001, for APEC’s Trade Facilitation Action Plan which 
called for a five-percent reduction in transacti on costs by 2006.  The APEC Economic Committee 
estimates that reaching the 5% target would increase the GDP of the APEC region by US$154 billion. 
Leaders also welcomed the framework (schedule of implementation and list of types of concrete actions that APEC member economies might undert ake to achieve their commitments) for the next 
phase of the Trade Facilitation Action Plan whic h calls for a further five-percent reduction in WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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transaction costs in the APEC region by 2010.  Cana da plans to continue its capacity building efforts 
in this area in order to help APEC member economies reach this goal. 
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)  
82. Canada has worked to ensure effective OECD support for the Doha Development Agenda.  In 
many important ways, the OECD trade policy work program parallels efforts in the DDA. 
83. The promotion of trade liberalisation has b een central to the OECD mandate.  Canada 
participates in the Trade Committee (TC) and Working Party on Trade, whose focus is on 
interdisciplinary consideration of trade issues.  It  provides a unique forum to  set out the analytical 
basis required to understand the issues and plays an im portant role in complementing the work of the 
WTO to promote the multilateral tr ading system.  The Government continues to support the work of 
the OECD in examining the benefits and challeng es of trade and investment liberalization in a 
globalizing world. 
84. Canadian support was critical to the creation of the joint OECD/WTO Doha Development 
Agenda Trade Capacity Building Database  launched in December 2002.  Canada provided funding to 
support their ongoing operations in 2004-2005. 
85. Canada has actively contributed to various trade policy studies focused on development 
issues.  For example in 2004-2005, Canada provide d comments and contributed to studies related to: 
the development-dimension of trade-related inte llectual property rights, trade and structural 
adjustment; the impact of changes in tariffs on gove rnment revenue; the costs and benefits of trade 
facilitation for developing countries a nd transition countries;  the economy-wide effects of barriers to 
trade in services in selected developing countri es; and the non-tariffs barriers of concern to 
developing countries.  Canada also participated in discussions to strengthen the complementarities 
between the TC and the Development Assistance Committee (DAC).  The cooperation of DAC and 
TC has been particularly important for Aid for Trade. 
86. In addition, Canada was a key player in the development of the TC’s "Outreach and 
Observership Strategy" endorsed in the fall of 2005.  The purpose of the strategy was to make TC 
policy products more relevant and globally accepta ble and to share TC po licy products with non-
Members with a view to promote the values of the OECD. 
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 
87. On December 15, 2006, Canada signed the C onvention on the Settlement of Investment 
Disputes between States and Nationals of Othe r States (the ICSID Convention).  Signing the 
Convention demonstrates the government’s commitm ent to the ICSID Convention and to providing 
leadership for its implementation by those provinces and territories who have not  yet done so.  Federal 
officials will continue discussions with provincial an d territorial colleagues to reach an agreement on 
their participation under the Convention, with a vi ew to Canada’s ratification in the near future. 
(6) RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES  
88. Since the last review, Canada has been involved in several disputes litigat ed at the WTO.  As 
both a complainant and a third party, Canada u tilized the WTO dispute settlement mechanism to 
address trade barriers that are inconsistent with th ese agreements.  We have also participated in 
dispute settlement to respond to complaints from Members alleging the inconsistency of Canadian 
measures under the agreements. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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89. In October 2006, Canada and the United Stat es entered into a comprehensive agreement 
resolving all ongoing disputes related to Canada-U.S. trade in softwood lumber products.  As a result, 
on October 12, 2006, Canada and the United States notified the WTO of a mutually agreed solution to six WTO dispute settlement proceedin gs between Canada and the United States related to softwood 
lumber (DS236, DS247, DS257, DS264, DS277 and DS311). 
90. Canada continues to seek improvements to th e Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) that 
will serve Members' shared interests in enhanc ing compliance with trade rules and ensuring the 
integrity and credibility of the rules-based system with both Members and the wider public.  To this 
end, Canada places great importance on achieving a successful outcome to the DSU negotiations and 
has been an active participant in the discussions to date. 
(7) T
RADE POLICY AND TRADE PROMOTION  
91. Many departments of the Government of Cana da and of provincial/territorial governments 
manage programs that encourage international busin ess expansion.  Federal departments and agencies 
work together and cooperate with provinces a nd territories to provide business intelligence and 
international market access information and a dvice to Canadian businesses.  Training programs 
focussed on trade practices and the rules that gove rn international business activities assist in 
providing services to new and smaller exporters w ith a view to enhancing their capacity and 
preparedness in international market development. 
92. The Government of Canada manages approximate ly 140 trade offices in Canadian Embassies 
and Consulates around the world.  A principal respons ibility of trade staff is familiarity with the 
regulations, policy issues and barriers that Ca nadian businesses may face in exporting goods and 
services or making a direct investment in a foreign market.  Trade offices provide a direct point of contact for Canadian firms in foreign markets, t each companies how to build partnerships in an 
international environment, and help resolve trad e policy issues that negatively impact on commercial 
relationships. 
93. This international business development netw ork is a main source of information for 
Canadian trade policy initiatives, together with do mestic consultations.  The agencies within Canada 
are well placed to inform domestic enterprises of th eir rights under international trade and investment 
protection rules and to identify aspects of business policy that limit the expansion possibilities of 
Canadian firms, while they in turn offer the Gove rnment practical advice on problems and priorities.  
The international network examines how other govern ments implement the disciplines that they have 
accepted and advises the Government of Canada on new issues. 
(8) O
THER INITIATIVES  
(a) Environmental Assessments 
94. In 1999, the Government of Canada ma de a commitment to assess the domestic 
environmental implications of a potential new round of trade negotiations at the World Trade 
Organization.  This commitment was then broadened in order to develop a framework that could be 
applied to bilateral, regional or multilateral trade negotiations. 
95. The 2001 Framework for the Environmental Assessment of Trade Negotiations  (EA 
Framework) details the process to be used for en vironmental assessments of Canada’s trade and WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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investment negotiations.6  The EA Framework provides a process and methodology for conducting an 
EA of a trade or investment negotiation that is in tentionally flexible, while ensuring a systematic and 
consistent approach to meet two key objectives.  The first objective is to assist Canadian negotiators 
to integrate environmental considerations into th e negotiating process by providing information on the 
environmental impacts of the proposed trade agre ement.  The second objective is to address public 
concerns by documenting how the environm ent is considered during negotiations. 
96. Three increasingly detailed phases of assessment ar e undertaken: the Initial, Draft, and Final 
EA. The Initial EA is a preliminary examination to  identify key issues and occurs early on in the 
negotiations.  The Draft EA builds on the findings of  the Initial EA and requires detailed analysis.  
The Final EA takes place at the conclusion of th e negotiations.  At the conclusion of each phase, a 
public report is issued with a request for feedback. 
97. On November 22, 2002, the Govern ment of Canada released its Initial Environmental 
Assessment of the World Trade Organization Negotiations .  The Initial EA addresses the likely and 
significant impacts on the Canadian environment of  negotiations in the sev en areas outlined in the 
Doha declaration.  Members of the public were i nvited to comment after the publication of the Initial 
EA. Comments received were taken into account in work pursuant to the Draft EA. 
98. Work on the WTO Draft EA began in early 2005.   The Draft EA examines the coverage of 
the Doha negotiations and their overall economic re levance in the Canadian context to identify the 
likely environmental impacts on Canada and to assess  their significance.  The Draft EA also identifies 
mitigation and/or enhancement measures.  The analysis focuses on the following negotiating areas: 
agriculture, non-agricultural mark et access (NAMA), services, rules, trade facilitation, and certain 
aspects of trade and environment (i.e. environmenta l goods and services).  Preliminary findings of the 
WTO Draft EA were completed in late 2005, and t hus informed Canada’s position at the Hong Kong 
Ministerial.  The Government of Canada also partic ipated in a civil society event dedicated to impact 
assessment of trade agreements at this Ministerial. 
99. In May 2006 the Government of Canada’s external EA of Trade Advisory Group was 
consulted on the contents of the preliminary findings of the WTO Draft EA.  This advisory group 
consists of representatives from academia, industry,  multilateral organizations , and non-governmental 
organizations.  The feedback received during this co nsultation is informing further work within the 
Government of Canada on the WTO Draft EA as we ll as assessments of Canada’s other ongoing trade 
and investment negotiations. 
(b) Sustainable Development Strategy 
100. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Cana da's commitment to sustainable development 
was renewed with the tabl ing in Parliament of Agenda 2009 in December 2006.  Agenda 2009  is the 
Department's fourth Sustainable Development Strategy and provides a roadmap to advance 
sustainable development that builds on the progress made in previous strategies Agenda 2000, Agenda 
2003  and Agenda 2006.  
101. Agenda 2009  includes an objective, "Enhanced Canadi an prosperity through advancement of 
Canadian sustainable development interests and prio rities in trade relations, policies and programs as 
well as a commitment to demonstrate, through the TPR, the Canadian position on sustainable 
development and how it seeks to integrate trade and environmental considerations into the domestic 
policy-making process.” 
                                                      
6 Further information on the Government of Canada’s work on EA of Trade, including publicly 
available assessment reports, is available at:  http://www.dfait-maeci .gc.ca/tna-nac/env/env-ea-en.asp. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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(c) Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative 
102. By virtue of our geography and transportati on infrastructure, Canada is well positioned to 
take advantage of the tremendous trade oppor tunities in growing foreign markets.  Advantage 
Canada , a long-term economic plan for Canada recently released by the Minister of Finance, 
highlights the importance of strategically locat ed gateways to Canada’s competitiveness. 
103. On October 11, 2006, the Government of Ca nada announced details of its Asia-Pacific 
Gateway and Corridor Initiative, a package of conc rete measures and long-term direction that will 
help strengthen Canada’s competitive position in international commerce.  The $591 million Asia-
Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative includes in tegrated measures designed to establish Canada’s 
Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor as the best tran sportation network serving global supply chains 
between North America and Asia.  In particular, the Initiative seeks to: incr ease the Gateway’s share 
of North America-bound container imports from Asia; improve the efficiency and reliability of the 
Gateway’s service to Canadian and other North Am erican exports as Asia ’s economies grow; and 
expand commerce with the Asia-Pacific region. 
104. Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway Initiative is focused on addressing near term capacity 
requirements, and integrating measures to advance a range of longer term policy issues that impact 
directly on how well the infrastructure works and how well Canada takes advantag e of it.  As part of 
the Initiative, the Government is committed to work ing with private sector stakeholders to enhance 
the Gateway, including the development of an overa ll policy approach that creates a positive climate 
for private investment. 
105. A limited number of regions in  Canada are potential targets for an integrated gateway 
approach, based on international trade and commerce volumes of national significance and 
transportation policy considerations.  As a next st ep, the Government is developing a national policy 
framework for strategic gateways and trade corridors that will guide future actions.  It will draw on 
key concepts and lessons of the Asia-P acific Gateway and Corridor Initiative. 
(d) The Next Generation of Agriculture and Agri-Food Policy 
106. In 2003, the federal, provincial, and territo rial governments implemented the Agricultural 
Policy Framework (APF) to position Canada as the world leader in food safety and quality, innovation 
and environmentally responsible agriculture producti on.  As most elements of the agreements that 
allow for APF programming expire in March 2008, wo rk is currently underway to transform the 
framework to make it more responsive and pr ovide an enduring found ation for profitability 
throughout the value chain. 
(e) Promoting Sustainable Rural Development through Agriculture 
107. Canada works with developing countries to prom ote the development of their own agriculture 
sectors, efforts which are guided by CIDA's policy Promoting Sustainable Rural Development through Agriculture (2003).  Increasingly, development program ming will seek to address new 
challenges facing developing countries in the sector, su ch as the ability of small farmers to engage in 
global trade opportunities by helping them respond to demands for quality, timelines and traceability requirements of emerging multinational supply ch ains.  Other activities range from support for 
research activities to improve agricultural productivi ty, to promoting food security, to encouraging 
sustainable natural resource management practices. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
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(f) Smart Regulation 
108. The Government of Canada launched the Smart Regulation strategy in March 2005.  Through 
a series of initiatives, Smart Regulation aims to achi eve a high level of regulatory performance that is 
more transparent, coordinated, forward thinking and accountable to citizens.  It  is aimed at building a 
regulatory system that takes competitiveness and innovation into account while achieving the public 
good. 
109. Regulation is an important tool for protecting the health and safety of Canadians, preserving 
the environment and securing the conditions for an  innovative and prosperous economy.  Principles 
and processes have been identified that will help Canada to achieve highe r levels of regulatory 
efficiency, including the adoption and recognition of in ternational standards.  Canada will improve its 
regulatory framework by moving to finalize a new modern approach to smart regulation.  
(g) Science and Technology Strategy 
110. The Government of Canada has committed to ma intain Canada's leadership in public sector 
R&D investment in the G7, while at the same time  encouraging greater private sector investment in 
R&D through working to improve fiscal and marketpl ace framework policies, in order to achieve its 
target of making Canada a leading country for R& D and innovation in the world.  Canada now ranks 
2nd in the OECD in its share of higher education R&D as a percent of GDP.  However, private sector 
investments in R&D in Canada have been lower than many OECD nations. 
111. The Government announced in February 2006 th at it would develop a science and technology 
(S&T) strategy that would encompass the broad ra nge of government support for research, including 
knowledge infrastructure.  The objective is to st imulate Canada's productiv ity and international 
competitiveness through S&T, and ensure that gover nment investments in S&T yield the maximum 
value to support Canada's competitive advantage.   The strategy, based on research excellence, 
recognizes the essential role of partnerships to better coordinate efforts and leverage investments, and 
emphasize transparent decision-maki ng and better reporting of results. 
112. In its recent Economic and Fiscal Update, November 2006, the Government stated it will 
work to ensure a business environment that encourag es its private sector to translate research into 
economic opportunity, encourage deeper linkages between research and markets, and improve 
accountability to demonstrate the results achieved from the annual expenditures on R&D.  It will 
sustain Canada's excellence in university research, develop the highly qualified workers of tomorrow 
and support strong and enduring partnerships among universities, government and business to 
accelerate the translation of knowledge into practical applications. 
(h) Changes to Canada’s Intellectual Pr operty Regime for Pharmaceuticals 
113. In Canada, there are two types of regulations  that protect intellectual property in the 
pharmaceutical and biotech industry:  the Patented  Medicines (Notice of Compliance) Regulations 
("PM(NOC) Regulations") and the data protection provisions in the Food and Drug Regulations.  
Industry Canada is responsible for the PM(NOC) Re gulations and Health Cana da is responsible for 
the data protection regulations. 
114. In October 2006, joint amendments to these two sets of regulations came into force7.  The 
purpose of the amendments to the PM(NOC) Regula tions is to make it easier for generic drug 
                                                      
7 Official copies of these documents have been  published in Part II of the Canada Gazette on 
October 18, 2006, and are available electronically  on the Internet at:  http://canadag azette.gc.ca. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
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companies to predict when they may enter the Cana dian market with a lower cost version of an 
innovative, patented drug.  This ha s been done by clarifying when a nd what types of patents can be 
protected under the PM(NOC) Regulations and by  no longer requiring generic drug companies to 
comply with the PM(NOC) Regulations in respect of a patent that arises after the date the generic 
company files its drug submission with Health Cana da.  The purpose of the amendments to the data 
protection regulations is to protect test data submitted to Health Canada by innovative companies 
seeking to market a drug containing a new chemi cal entity from unfair commercial use.  This 
protection operates by prohibiting subsequent entr ants from seeking approval to market a competing 
version of that same drug on the basis of a reduced data package for a period of 6 years from the date 
the innovative drug was approved.  It also prohi bits the actual approval of the latter drug for a 
minimum of 8 years after the date the innovative drug was approved.  A further six months of 
protection is available for drugs which have been th e subject of pediatric studies.  This latter measure 
is intended to encourage research in the area a nd improve drug information available to pediatric 
health professionals. 
115. As a result of both sets of regulatory amendmen ts, Canada's intellectual property environment 
for pharmaceuticals is now more predictable,  stable and internationally competitive. 
(i) Inter-Provincial Trade Initiatives 
116. The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) came in to effect in 1995.  Recognizing the existence 
of significant differences in trade and investment  policies and practices between the federal and 
provincial governments, and across provinces, the AIT aims to "reduce and eliminate, to the extent 
possible, barriers to the free movement of persons , goods, services and investment within Canada, and 
to establish an open, efficient and stable domestic market".8  All provinces and territories except 
Nunavut are signatories.  Under the AIT, the federal,  provincial, and territorial governments agreed to 
focus on 11 sectors or policy instruments that offer the greatest potential for the reduction of barriers.  
These are:  government procurement;  environmen tal protection;  consumer-related measures and 
standards;  labour mobility;  investment;  agricu ltural and food products;  alcoholic beverages;  
communications;  transport;  natural resource processing;  and energy. 
117. British Columbia and Alberta signed a Trade,  Investment, and Labour Mobility Agreement 
(TILMA) in April 2006, which will come into force on April 2007 and be fully implemented by April 
2009.  This is Canada’s most comprehensive intern al trade agreement, applying to all government 
measures that affect trade, investment and labour  mobility.  The dispute resolution mechanism is 
effective and enforceable.  The TILMA is widely seen  as a model for further liberalization of internal 
trade in the rest of Canada. 
III. CONSULTATIONS AND TRANSPARENCY 
118. The Government of Canada is committed to intergovernmental collaboration and public 
consultations.  Close work with Canada's provinces and territories, and engagement with its business 
community and labour, non-governmental and public  interest groups as well as the public-at-large 
about trade policy issues provides the opportunity  to have their voices heard and their views 
considered.  Through meaningful dialogue, the advice and opinions receive d engender better trade 
policy decisions and initiatives. 
119. As a nation that benefits greatly from global economic commerce, information exchange and 
outreach regarding Canada's particip ation within the WTO is important in the development of national 
trade priorities and strategies.  For this reason, the Government of Canada continues to provide 
                                                      
8 Article 100, Agreement on Intern al Trade:  http://www.ait-aci.ca/. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 24 
 
 
information and updates on Canada’s  international trade agenda thr ough various consultation advisory 
groups, through its "Trade Negotia tions and Agreements" website9, via periodic video and 
teleconferences, and through formal public no tices in the Canada Gazette and the media. 
120. Intergovernmental cooperation w ith Canada's provinces and territories at both the political 
and officials level on trade issues is active and has proven to be quite effec tive.  Federal-Provincial-
Territorial Trade Ministers meet annually to address the full range of international commerce issues as 
do their respective Deputy Ministers.  Officials also meet quarterly.  These meetings provide the venue for federal-provincial-territo rial dialogue in areas of shared jurisdiction, and to promote 
coherence in the programming of international commerce policies and activities.  The extent of 
intergovernmental inclusion in WTO matters can  be seen through provincial and territorial 
participation at the WTO 6th Ministerial Conferen ce.  Fourteen provincial cabinet ministers and 
approximately 50 provincial and territorial official s were in attendance.  They were kept closely 
informed through debriefing sessions or document sharing as the meetings progressed. 
121. On the management of WTO trade disputes, th e federal government seeks the participation of 
appropriate provinces/territories when Canada mu st respond to a dispute involving provincial 
programs or measures.  Representatives of provinces a nd territories are then invited to participate in 
proceedings as subject matter experts on the Canadian delegation, which is headed by an official of 
the Government of Canada.  When Canada ch allenges another country’s  measure or program, 
provinces and territories are kept closely informed. 
122. 
The Government of Canada has expanded its consultative framework for engaging with 
non-governmental public stakeholders.  At the fore front is the Minister for International Trade's 
Strategic Advisory Group which meets directly with  the Minister to provide strategic private sector 
advice on key international commerce questions and issues.  These consultations are augmented by 
discussions with regional sectoral groups and at geographic roundtable meetings.  These meetings 
provide an opportunity to hear a bout the challenges that affect the ability of Canadian companies to 
do international business and as well as  to provide input on market development strategies.  Ad-hoc 
consultations are also held to address specific issues that arise. 
123. While Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ca nada (DFAIT) plays a key role in managing 
domestic consultations on Canada’s overall trade policy agenda  and objectives at the WTO, other 
federal departments also play an important role in leading consultations in specific areas.  In 
particular, Agriculture and Agri -Food Canada (AAFC) leads consultations with the provinces and 
with the full range of Canada’s agriculture and agri-food stakeholde rs with regard to Canada’s 
approach to the agriculture issues in the WTO negotiations and in b ilateral and regiona l negotiations.  
Coordinated closely with DFAIT’s efforts, these consultations also take place regularly at both the level of Ministers and officials, and are supporte d by AAFC’s two key consultations networks – the 
Federal-Provincial Agricultural Trade Policy Co mmittee and the Agriculture Trade Negotiations 
Consultations Group.  As warranted, the regul ar work of these consultations networks is 
supplemented by special events.  Ongoing, close consultation with Canada’s agriculture sector 
remains key to ensuring that the Government rema ins well placed to advance the interests of the 
whole sector. 
124. Canadian Parliamentarians continue to pa rticipate in consultations and roundtable 
discussions, as advisors on trade delegations and in special events sponsored by the WTO. 
                                                     
 
9 The Government of Canada’s Trade Negotia tions and Agreements website is: http://www. 
international.gc.ca/tna-nac/menu-en.asp. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
 Page 25 
 
 
125. Senior Government of Canada officials are also  meeting with the public on a regular basis.  
Through the International Commerce Advisory Group,  business leaders provide tactical input on 
policy and program developments and obtain in formation on Canada’s trade, commerce and 
investment strategies.  There is  also active engagement with non- governmental organizations and 
academia on these matters. 
126. Expert advisory groups provide officials with advice on matters such as efforts to liberalize 
the global services markets.  In this latter area, th e Government of Canada liaises closely with the 
Canadian Services Coalition, a private sector body representing Canadian services providers. 
127. DFAIT  co-chairs a joint working group with repr esentatives of the Federation of Canadian 
Municipalities to discuss and explain international tr ade agreements so that municipal views can be 
factored into Canada’s trade policy positions.  Muni cipal interest in trade agreements cover a wide 
range of issues (e.g. zoning and environmental regulation, government purchasing, financial 
assistance and public-private partnerships.) 
128. As the WTO negotiations move forward, info rmation exchange and domestic consultation 
will remain key elements of Canada’s approach.  Canada will continue to work toward improved 
procedures for circulation and de-restriction of doc uments in the WTO and in other fora.  Both 
information exchange and outreach increase the globa l public’s understanding of and support for the 
WTO’s work. 
IV. PROMOTING POLICY COHERENCE 
129. Surveys demonstrate that Canadians continue to have high confidence in the benefits of trade 
and trade agreements and strongly favour further liberalization.  Citizens, however, seek reassurance 
that the Government is pursuing policies that both consider social and envi ronmental concerns and 
contribute to economic growth; t hat it has foreseen  and mitigated the risks of undesirable impacts on 
Canada’s society and environment;  and that so cial and economic progress alike will continue 
internationally and domestically. 
130. As part of an unfolding public opinion resear ch program designed to inform the policy and 
communications agendas of DFAIT, the department  commissioned a series of studies in 2004 that 
examined trade and social values. 
131. The results of this research speak to a co mmitment among Canadian decision makers from 
business, government, academic and media sectors in  favour of active engagement in international 
trade.  The role of government is also clearly viewed as that of a facilitator in opening access to 
markets abroad. 
132. Results from the 2004 study show that Canadian  decision makers are far more likely to 
suggest that promoting foreign trade and investment  in developing countries is a more effective means 
of helping to improve labour, human rights and envi ronmental standards than the threat of sanctions. 
133. Canada sees the trade agenda not as an end in it self, but rather as a tool for promoting broader 
public interests including development, the enviro nment and employment and labour.  Canada will 
continue to work with other WTO Members and th rough other intergovernmental organizations to 
promote international coheren ce of policies and institutions. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 26 
 
 
Trade and Development  
134. While trade is not a panacea for all the challeng es faced by developing countries, trade can be 
a valuable tool for development.  It can play an important role in generating economic activity, 
building healthy economies and alleviating poverty.  At the same time, trade policy initiatives may 
have unanticipated ramifications across a range of economic and social issues.  Consequently, in 
coherent trade policy pursued by Canadian Gove rnment, development must receive considerable 
attention in the negotiation and assessment of trade agreements. 
135. Canada’s approach to trade and developmen t rests on the economic fundamental that open 
trade and liberalization contribute positively to ec onomic growth and developm ent.  Canada supports 
efforts that take into account the level of de velopment of other countries and their ability to 
implement new agreements, and that respond to con cerns articulated by developing countries.  Our 
approach is also in line with Canada’s various international commitments, such as the United Nations 
Millennium Development Goals and the Monterre y Consensus on Financing for Development. 
Trade and the Environment  
136. Canada remains committed to sustainable development and to integrating trade and 
environmental considerations into the policy- making process.  The Government believes that 
liberalized trade and environmental protection are important components of sustainable development 
and that these can and should be mutually supporti ve.  Domestic and international coordination and 
cooperation are necessary in order to  effectively address these issues. 
137.  Canada supported the inclusion of trade-related environmental issues into the current round 
of trade negotiations at the WTO.  Canada believ es that a balanced outcome in the WTO negotiations 
could have the effect of facilitating the ne gotiation of trade measures within multilateral 
environmental agreements (MEA) that are consistent  with WTO rules and contribute to environmental 
protection.  Canada also supports the elimina tion of tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade in 
environmental goods in a manner c onsistent with our objectives in the agriculture, non-agricultural 
market access (NAMA), and services negotiations. 
138. Canada supports the improved information exchange and transparency between WTO 
committees and multilateral environmental agreement secr etariats.  In this regard, we also support 
improved means of electronic communication on th e trade and environment interface, and have 
provided financial assistance to the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development 
(ICTSD).  Canada has also provided support to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 
for capacity building on trade and environment and to assist developing countries’ environmental 
officials to attend an information exchange between UNEP, MEA secretariats and the WTO. 
139. In regional and bilateral trade negotiations, Canada has followed a two-pronged approach 
concerning environmental issues:  addressing certai n considerations within free trade agreements 
themselves and others in paralle l environmental cooperation agreem ents.  Environmental cooperation 
agreements focus on strengthening the capacity and integrity of national environmental management 
systems and contain provisions that reinforce th e environmental objectives of trade agreements.  
These agreements promote sustainable develo pment, mutually supportive economic and 
environmental policies, and protection of a country’s le gitimate right to regulate in the public interest.  
Furthermore, they discourage parties from waivi ng or derogating from laws in order to encourage 
trade or investment.  In certain instances, they al so provide direction regarding possible conflicts and 
inconsistencies between specific trade obligations  in MEAs and provisions of trade agreements. Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
 Page 27 
 
 
Trade, Employment and Labour 
140. Canada addresses the labour dimensions of economic  integration and the promotion of respect 
for fundamental labour principles and rights thro ugh the negotiation and implementation of Labour 
Cooperation Agreements with its free trade partners .  To date, Canada is signatory to the North 
American Agreement on Labour Cooperation with the United States and Mexico, the Canada-Chile 
Agreement on Labour Cooperation and the Canada -Costa Rica Agreement on Labour Cooperation. 
These Agreements, negotiated in tandem with Fr ee Trade Agreements, seek to improve working 
conditions and living standards in the signatory count ries, and to protect and enhance basic workers’ 
rights.  Under these Agreements, participating count ries commit to provide protection in their labour 
laws for certain key labour principles, includi ng those of the ILO Declaration on Fundamental 
Principles and Rights at Work, to effectively enfor ce their own labour legisla tion and to cooperate on 
labour matters. 
141. Labour cooperation agreements are currently under negotiation in parallel to our trade 
agreement negotiations with the Republic of Ko rea, Singapore and the Central American Four 
countries, which include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua . 
142. Canada’s perspective on policy coherence in the ar ea of trade, employment and labour is also 
demonstrated through support for multilateral proc esses.  Since the 2001 Summit of the Americas, 
Canada has championed the promotion of core labour  standards and better working conditions, as well 
as improvement of the institutional capacity of labo ur ministries in the hemisphere through the Inter-
American Conference of Ministers of Labour (IA CML) which operates under the Organization of 
American States (OAS).  Canada also supports th e work of the International Labour Organization 
(ILO), including the promotion and rea lization of the Decent Work Agenda. 
Conclusion 
143. Increased exposure to international competiti on has energized Canada’s economy, spurred 
innovation, attracted foreign investment and created j obs for Canadians.  Canada's current and future 
prosperity depends on an international framework  of rules that provides access to growing world 
markets and keeps pace with cha nges in technology, business practices , social systems, and public 
interests. 
144. Rules-based, liberalized trade brings about economic and social be nefits, including better 
jobs, higher incomes, increased re venues for social programs, a stronger foundation for balanced and 
sustainable development, increased productivity an d competitiveness of Canadian firms, greater 
selection of products at lower pric es for consumers, and greater ac cess to technology, investment 
inputs, and new customers. 
145. To ensure secure and predictable access to the wo rld for Canadian traders, services providers 
and investors, Canada will continue its efforts to bring down barriers to trade in key markets, 
strengthen the institutions and rules governing intern ational trade and investment, forge relationships 
with new partners and ensure that other countries live up to their commitments.  Canada will continue 
to work to promote the benefits of free trade for developed and developing countries alike. 
146. To that effect, Canada will continue to pursue its goals multilaterally, regionally, and 
bilaterally with key partners and other initiativ es.  Canada's membership in the World Trade 
Organization is a central element of Canadian trad e policy and a major avenue to achieving Canada's 
market access goals. WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 28 
 
 
ANNEX 1 
 
CANADA’S 
SUBMISSIONS TO TH E WTO IN SUPPORT  
OF THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA  
(WTO Document Symbol in Parentheses)  
 
Committee on Agriculture, Special Session 
• Informal Meeting, 23 - 25 September 2002 - Green Box Criteria - Specific Input: Canada 
 (JOB(02)/127)  
• Modalities for Domestic Support - Specific Drafting Input: Canada (JOB(02)/131)  
• Informal Meeting - 18 - 20 November 2002 - Tariff Quota Administration - Specific Input 
 from Canada (JOB(02)/201)  
• Informal Meeting - Market Access Modalities - Specific Input by Canada (JOB(03)/6)  
• Calculating Domestic Consumption for Tari ff Quota Size: Avoiding the Uruguay Round 
 Inequities - A Technical Background Contribution from Canada (JOB (03)/36)  
• Agriculture Negotiations - Agriculture Ma rket Access Simulations – Simulations 
 (JOB(06)/63)*  
• Agriculture Negotiations - Agriculture Do mestic Support Simulations – Simulations 
 (JOB(06)/151)*  
• Tariff Quota Underfill Mechanism (JOB(06)/171)*  
• Agriculture Negotiations - Agriculture Do mestic Support Simulations – Simulations 
 (JOB(06)/186)*  
• Canada's Comments on the Revised Consolidat ed Reference Paper on Possible Modalities on 
 Export Competition: Export Credit Guarant ees or Insurance Programmes (JOB(06)/202)*  
• Canada's Comments on the Revised Consolidat ed Reference Paper on Possible Modalities on 
 Export Competition: Internati onal Food Aid (JOB(06)/206)*  
Council on Trade in Services, Special Session  
• Joint Statement on Maritime Transport Services  (TN/S/W/11) 
• Communication from Canada - On the importa nce of Mode 3 Commitments (TN/S/W/24) 
• Joint Statement on Liberalization of Logistics Services (TN/S/W/34) 
• Communication from Canada, Japan and the United States - Trade In Air Transport Services 
 (TN/S/W/33) 
• Communication from Bulgaria, Canada, the European Communities and Romania - Mode 4 - 
 A Common Approach to Scheduling (TN/S/W/32) 
• Communication from Canada - Working to Ensu re Benefits from the GATS for Members' 
 Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) (TN/S/W/36) 
• Joint Statement on Legal Services (TN/S/W/37 & S/CSC/W/46) 
• Joint Statement on the Negotiations on Computer and Related Services (TN/S/W/38) 
• Transparency: Market and Regulatory Inform ation of Interest to Service Providers 
 (TN/S/W/41) 
• Transparency Template - Canada's Revise d Horizontal Mode 4 Offer (TN/S/W/42 & 
 S/WPDR/W/33) 
• Joint Communication on Liberalization of Fi nancial Services (TN/S/W/43 & S/FIN/W/43) 
• Proposal on Transparency of Horizontal Mode 4 Commitments (TN/S/W/47) 
• Mode 4 Commitments and Economic Needs Tests (TN/S/W/46 & S/CSC/W/47) 
• Joint Communication on Liberalization of Telecommunication Services (TN/S/W/50) Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
 Page 29 
 
 
• Joint Communication on the importance of Mode 3 commitments (TN/S/W/53) 
• Oil & Gas Services (S/CSS/W/58) 
• Distribution Services (S/CSS/W/57) 
• Computer and Related Services (S/CSS/W/56) 
• Business Services (other than Computer and Related) (S/CSS/W/55) 
• Tourism and Travel-Related Services (S/CSS/W/54 & S/CSS/W/54Rev.1) 
• Telecommunication Services (S/CSS/W/53) 
• Professional Services (S/CSS/W/52) 
• Environmental Services (S/CSS/W/51) 
• Financial Services (S/CSS/W/50) 
• Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises (S/CSS/W/49) 
• Temporary Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services under the GATS (Mode 4) 
 (S/CSS/W/48) 
• Regulatory Transparency & Predictability (S/CSS/W/47) 
• Canadian Initial GATS Sectoral/Modal/Hori zontal Negotiating Proposals (S/CSS/W/46 & 
 S/CSS/W/46 Corr.1) 
• Council for Trade in Services – Special Session – Communication from Canada – Initial 
 Conditional Offer on Services (TN/S/O/CAN) 
• Communication from Canada – Revised Conditional Offer on Services (TN/S/O/CAN/Rev.1) 
• Working Party of Domestic Regulation – Communication from Canada – Disciplines on 
 Domestic Regulation for Professional Services – Results of Consultations with Professional 
 Sectors (S/WPDR/W/22) 
• Trade in Services – Canada – Draft Consolidated Schedule of Specific Commitments 
 (S/DCS/W/CAN) 
• Working Party on Domestic Regulation – Disciplines on Domestic Regulation for 
 Professional Services – Results of Consultati ons with Professional Sectors (S/WPDR/W/13) 
Negotiating Group on Market Access  
• Communication from Canada (TN/MA/W/9) 
• Communication from Canada - Addendum (TN/MA/W/9 Add. 1) 
• Modalities - Joint communication from Cana da, the European Communities and the 
 United States (TN/MA/W/44 & JOB(03)/163) 
• Unbound Tariff Rates - Establishment of Base Rates - Communication from Canada, 
 Hong Kong, China, New Zealand and Norway (TN/MA/W/51) 
• Unbound Tariff Rates - Establishment of Base Rates - Communication from Canada, 
 Hong Kong, China, New Zealand and No rway - Addendum (TN/MA/W/51 Add.1) 
• Elimination of Low Rates - Communication from Canada and Norway (TN/MA/W/52) 
• How to create a Critical Mass Sectoral In itiative - Communication from Canada and the 
 United States (TN/MA/W/55) 
• Tariff Liberalization in the Chemicals Sector  - Communication from Canada, Japan, Norway, 
 Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, Singapore, Switzerland, 
 and the United States (TN/MA/W/58) 
• Tariff Liberalization in the Forest Products Sector - Communication from Canada, 
 Hong Kong China, New Zealand, Thaila nd and the United States (TN/MA/W/64) 
• Liberalisation of trade in fish and fish products - Communication from Canada, Iceland,
 New Zealand, Norway, Singapore and Thailand (TN/MA/W/63) 
 WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 30 
 
 
• Market Access for Environmental Goods  - Communication from Canada, European 
 Communities, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States  (TN/MA/W/70 & TN/TE/W/65) 
• Tariff Liberalization in the Chemicals Se ctor - Communication from Canada, Norway, 
 Singapore, Switzerland, the Separate Custom s Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and 
 Matsu and the United States (TN/MA/W/72) 
• Liberalisation of trade in fish and fish products - Communication from Canada, Iceland, 
 New Zealand, Norway, Singapore and Th ailand - Addendum (TN/MA/W/63 Add. 1) 
• Negotiating Proposal on Tariff Liberalisation in the Forest Products Sector - Communication 
 from Canada; Hong Kong, China; New Zealand;  Singapore; Thailand and the United States 
 (TN/MA/W/75 & JOB(06)/128) 
Negotiating Group on Rules
 
• Submission from Canada Respecting the Agreemen t on Implementation of Article VI of the 
 GATT 1994 (The Anti-Dumping Agreement) (TN/RL/W/47) 
• Negotiating Group on Rules - Responses from Cana da to Certain Questions Posed by Korea 
 in TN/RL/W/65, Australia in TN/RL/W/62, Eg ypt in TN/RL/W/79 and India in TN/RL/W/80 
 (TN/RL/W/92) 
• Improved Disciplines under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures - 
 Communication from Canada (TN/RL/W/94) 
• Improved Disciplines under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures - 
 Communication from Canada (TN/RL/W/112) 
• Reply from Canada to Questions Posed  by the United States in TN/RL/W/103 
 (TN/RL/W/134) 
• Negotiating Group on Rules - Responses to Qu estions Posed by Australia (Document 
 TN/RL/W/135) on Canada's Submission on Improved Disciplines under the Agreement on  Subsidies and Countervailing Measures  in TN/RL/W/112 (TN/RL/W/145) 
• Benefit Pass-Through - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/7 & JOB(04)/55) 
• Specificity - Communication from Cana da (TN/RL/GEN/6 & JOB(04)/54) 
• Duty Assessment Methodologies - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/3 & 
 JOB(04)/42 ) 
• Serious Prejudice - Communication from Ca nada (TN/RL/GEN/14 &  JOB(04)/120) 
• Explanations of Determinations and Decisions - Communication from Canada 
 (TN/RL/GEN/21 & JOB(04)/149) 
• Proposal on Like Product and Product under C onsideration - Communication from Canada 
 (TN/RL/GEN/26 & JOB(04)/181) 
• Dispute Settlement - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/37 & JOB(05)/45) 
• Dispute Settlement - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/48 & JOB(05)/129) 
• Sunset Reviews - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/61 & JOB(05)/181) 
• Product under Consideration - Paper from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/73 & JOB(05)/245) 
• Benefit Pass-Through - Paper from Ca nada (TN/RL/GEN/86 & JOB(05)/289) 
• Public Interest - Paper from Cana da (TN/RL/GEN/85 & JOB(O5)/287) 
• Article 2 - Profitability Test and Cost Allo cations - Paper from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/95 & 
 JOB(06)/5) 
• Proposed Amendments to Certain Provisions of the Agreement on Subsidies and 
 Countervailing Measures - Communication from Canada (TN/RL/GEN/112 & JOB(06)/93) 
• Procedures for Adversely Affected Domestic Interested Parties - Paper from Canada 
 (TN/RL/GEN/111 & JOB(06)/92) Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
 Page 31 
 
 
• Proposed Amendments to Certain Provisions of the Agreement on Subsidies and 
 Countervailing Measures - Communication fro m Canada – Revision (TN/RL/GEN/112 
 Rev.1) 
Committee on Antidumping Practices  
• Working Group on Implementation - Implemen tation-Related Issues Referred to the 
 Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices and its working group on implementation - Paper 
 Submitted by Canada (G/ADP/AHG/W/125) 
• Working Group on Implementation - Implemen tation-Related Issues Referred to the 
 Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices and its working group on implementation - Paper 
 Submitted by Canada (G/ADP/AHG/W/130) 
• Working Group on Implementation - Article 6. 7 - Conduct of Verification - Paper by the 
 Canada (G/ADP/AHG/W/154) 
• Working Group on Implementation - Article 13 - Judicial Arbitral or Administrative Review - 
 Paper by Canada (G/ADP/AHG/W/153) 
Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures  
• Implementation-Related Issues Referred to the Committee by Ministers - Questions from 
 Canada to Brazil and India (G/SCM/W/477) 
• Members' Difficulties in Making Subsidy Notifi cations, and the Planned Subsidy Notification 
 Seminar - Reply to Questions in docume nt G/SCM/W/473 - Paper Submitted by Canada 
 (G/SCM/W/492) 
• Implementation-Related Issues Referred to the Committee by Ministers - Review by the SCM 
 Committee of the Provisions of the Agreem ent on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 
 Regarding Countervailing Duty Inves tigations - Communication from Canada 
 (G/SCM/W/498) 
• Implementation Related Issues Referred to the Committee by Ministers - Questions for Brazil 
 from Canada (G/SCM/W/516) 
• Approval of Qualifying Requests to extend the transition period for the elimination of export 
 subsidies provided by certain developing c ountries pursuant to G/SCM/39 – Joint submission 
 by Australia, Canada, European Communiti es, Japan, Switzerland and the United States. 
 (G/SCM/W/521) 
Dispute Settlement Body, Special Session  
• Contribution of Canada to the Improvement of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding - 
 Communication from Canada (TN/DS/W/41) 
• Joint Concept Paper - Remedying the Disput e Settlement Understanding's Articles 21.5/22 
 Sequencing Issues (JOB(02)/45)* 
• Drafting Conventions - Contribution by Canada (JOB(03)/1)* 
• Joint Non-Paper - Textual Contribution to the Negotiations on Improvements and 
 Clarifications of The Dispute Settlement Understanding (JOB(04)/52)* 
• Joint Non-Paper - Textual Contribution to the Negotiations on Improvements and 
 Clarifications of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (JOB(05)/19 & JOB(05)/19 Rev.1)* 
• Communication from Canada - Proposal to Enhance the Protection of Business Confidential 
 Information ("BCI") during Di spute Settlement (JOB(06)/56) 
  WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 32 
 
 
Trade Facilitation  
• Possible Commitments on Advance Rulings - A proposal by Canada (TN/TF/W/9 & 
 TN/TF/W/9 Add.1) 
• Possible Commitments on Border Agency Coordination - A Proposal by Canada 
 (TN/TF/W/20) 
• Possible Commitments on Enhanced Clearance Procedures - Provision for Collateral or 
 Monetary Security - Proposal by Australia and Canada (TN/TF/W/19) 
• Joint Communication – Proposals on Transit (TN/TF/W/79 & TN/TF/W/79 Add.1) 
• Communication from Australia, Canada, and th e United States - Common Elements of 
 Advance Rulings (TN/TF/W/80) 
• Communication from Canada, the European Communities, and New Zealand - Border 
 Agency Coordination (TN/TF/W/83) 
• Joint Communication – Separation of Release from Clearance and other Measures to Simplify 
 Release and Clearance (TN/TF/W/84) 
• Communication from Australia, Canada and th e United States - Draft Text on Advance 
 Rulings (TN/TF/W/125) 
• Draft Text on Border Agency Coordination (TN/TF/W/128) 
• Communication from Canada and Switzerland - Draft Text on Separation of Release from 
 Clearance (TN/TF/W/136) 
• Joint Communication – Implementation Mech anism of Trade Facilitation Commitments 
 Including Key Elements for Technical Assistance (TN/TF/W/17 Add.1)  
• Council for Trade in Goods - Trade Facilitation:  Article X of GATT on the Publication and 
 Administration of Trade Regulations - Communication from Canada (G/C/W/379) 
• Council for Trade in Goods - Trade Facilitati on: Article VIII of GATT 1994 on Fees and 
 Formalities Connected with Importation and Exportation - Communication from Canada 
 (G/C/W/397) 
• Council for Trade in Goods - Trade Facilitati on: Article V of GATT 1994 on Freedom of 
 Transit - Communication from Canada (G/C/W/424) 
Committee on Trade and Environment, Regular and Special Session  
• Discussion Paper on the Concept of Specific Trade Obligations (STOs) - Submission by 
 Canada - Paragraph 31(i) (TN/TE/W/22) 
• Canada's Initial List of Environmental Goods - Submission by Canada - Paragraph 31(iii) 
 (TN/TE/W/50 & TN/TE/W/50 Suppl.1 & TN/TE/W/50 Rev.1) 
• Joint Communication on Market Access for Environmental Goods (TN/MA/W/70 & 
 TN/TE/W/65) 
• Intervention by Canada - The Use of Detailed Categories in CTESS Discussions on the 
 Liberalization of Environmental Goods (JOB(04)/98)* 
• Technical Discussions under Paragraph 31(III) of the Doha Declaration - Non-Paper by 
 Canada (JOB(06)/73)* 
• Market Access for Environmental Goods: the Environmental and Development Benefits of 
 Waste Water Management and Solid and H azardous Waste Management Products – Joint 
 Communication (JOB(06)/140)* Canada WT/TPR/G/179 
 Page 33 
 
 
Council on TRIPS, Regular & Special Session  
• Joint Communication  - Proposal for a Multilateral System for Notification and Registration 
 of Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits Based on Article 23.4 of the TRIPS 
 Agreement (TN/IP/W/5) 
• Joint Communication  - Multilateral System of Notification and Registration of Geographical 
 Indications of Wines (and Spirits) (TN/IP/W/6) 
• Joint Proposal for a Multilateral System of Notification and Registration of Geographical 
 Indications of Wines (and Spirits) (TN/IP/W/9 & TN/IP/W/9 Add.1) 
• Proposed Draft TRIPS Council Decision on the Establishment of a Multilateral System of 
 Notification and Registration of Geogra phical Indications of Wines (and Spirits) 
 (TN/IP/W/10 & Add.1 & Add.2 & Add.3) 
• Joint Submission - Implications of  Article 23 Extension (IP/C/W/360) 
• Technical Cooperation Activities:  Information from Developed Country Members - Canada – 
 Addendum (IP/C/W/377 Add.5) 
• Joint Communication – Implications of Article 23 Extension (IP/C/W/386) 
• Implementation of Article 66.2 of the TR IPS Agreement: Information from Developed 
 Country Members – Canada (IP/C/W/388) 
• Joint Statement - Proposed Report from the Council for TRIPS to the TNC Regarding Article 
 23- Issues Related to The Extension of The Protection of Geographical Indications Provided 
 for in Article 23 to Products other than Wines and Spirits (IP/C/W/395) 
• Report on the Implementation of Article 66.2 of  the TRIPS Agreement - Canada – Addendum 
 (IP/C/W/412 Add.7) 
• Report on the Implementation of Article 66.2 of  the TRIPS Agreement - Canada – Addendum 
 (IP/C/W/431 Add.4) 
• Report on the Implementation of Article 66.2 of  the TRIPS Agreement - Canada – Addendum 
 (IP/C/W/452 Add.2) 
• Technical Cooperation Activities - Information from Developed Country Members - Canada 
 – Addendum (IP/C/W/455 Add.3) 
• The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health - Communication from Canada (IP/C/W/464) 
• Technical Cooperation Activities: Informa tion from Members - Canada – Addendum 
 (IP/C/W/476 Add.7) 
• Implementation of Article 66.2 of the TRI PS Agreement:  Information from Developed 
 Country  Members - Canada – Addendum (IP/C/W/480 Add.7) 
Committee on Trade and Development, Special Session  
• Enhancing Transparency of Special and Differential (S&D) Treatment within the SPS 
 Agreement - Submission by Canada (TN/CTD/W/17)  
• Moving Forward on the Proposals - Submission by Canada (TN/CTD/W/22)  
• Realizing Trade and Development Objectives Th rough Special and Differential Treatment - 
 Submission by Canada (TN/CTD/W/21)  
Working Group on Transparency in Government Procurement 
• Transparency of Contract Award Decisions - Communication from Canada 
 (WT/WGTGP/W/36)  
 WT/TPR/G/179 Trade Policy Review 
Page 34 
 
 
Work Program on Electronic Commerce  
• [General Council] - Work Programme on Electronic Commerce - Second Dedicated 
 Discussion on Cross-Cutting Issues - Communication from Canada (JOB(02)/38)* 
Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment  
• Scope and definition (WT/WGTI/W/113) 
• Non-Discrimination and Modalities for Pre-establishment Commitments, based on a GATS-
 type, Positive List Approach (WT/WGTI/W/130) 
• Development Provisions (WT/WGTI/W/131) 
• Consultation and Dispute Se ttlement (WT/WGTI/W/147) 
• Exceptions and Balance-of-Payments Safeguards (WT/WGTI/W/146) 
• Transparency (WT/WGTI/W/155) 
• The Interrelationship and Emerging Infrastru cture of a Prospective WTO Multilateral 
 Framework for Investment Based on Elements  Identified in Paragraph 22 of the Doha 
 Declaration (WT/WGTI/W/157) 
• Communication from Canada, Costa Rica and Korea - Negotiating a Multilateral Framework 
 on Investment in the WTO (WT/WGTI/W/162) 
Working Group on the Interaction be tween Trade and Competition Policy  
• Two Principles for Technical Assistance with regard to Competition Policy 
 (WT/WGTCP/W/183)  
• Towards a Flexible Framework for Cooperation (WT/WGTCP/W/202)  
• Provisions on Hard Core Cartels - A Starting Point (WT/WGTCP/W/201)  
• Possible Elements of a Multilateral Fr amework for Competition (WT/WGTCP/W/226)  
* These documents may not be publicly available. 
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