WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/REG185/4 
21 March 2007 
 (07-1199) 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements  
  
 
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION 
 
Free Trade Agreement between  
Thailand and Australia 
(Services) 
 
Report by the Secretariat 
 
 
 
 This report, prepared for the examina tion of the Free Trade Agreement between 
Thailand and Australia, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility.  The report was requested by the Parties and prepared in consultation 
with them in accordance with the Guide lines on Procedures to Improve and Facilitate 
the Examination Process (document WT/REG/W/15/Add.1).  
 Any technical questions arising from this re port may be addressed to Mr Luis Verdeja 
(tel: +41 22 739 5244).  WT/REG185/4 
Page iii 
 
 
  TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
I. TRADE ENVIRONMENT 1  
II. TREATY CHARACTER ISTIC ELEMENTS 10  
A. B ACKGROUND INFORMATION  10 
B. S COPE AND DEFINITIONS  11 
C. D ENIAL OF BENEFITS  12 
D. G ENERAL PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  12 
1.  Market access  12 
2. National Treatment, MFN, standard of treatment  13 
3. Local Presence/movement  of natural persons  13 
4. Recognition  13 
E. L IBERALISATION COMMITMENTS  14 
1. Thailand  14 
(a) Horizontal commitments/exceptions  14 
(b) Sector-specific commitments/exceptions  16 
2. Australia  16 
(a) Horizontal  16 
(b) Sector specific commitments  17 
F. R EGULATORY PROVISIONS  18 
1. Provisions specific to trade in services  18 
(a) Expropriation  18 
(b) Subrogation  18 
(c) Dispute settlement  18 
(d) Cooperation  19 
 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 1 
 
 
  I. TRADE ENVIRONMENT 
1. In 2005 Australia ranked 12th in terms of both world imports and exports of commercial 
services. Australia's commercial services imports  amounted to US$30.5 billio n, representing 1.30 per 
cent of world imports, while exports amounted to  US$31.1 billion and represented 1.29 of world 
exports.  Services exports represent 20.73 per cent of  total exports and services imports 18.74 per cent 
of total imports. 
2. Chart I.1 shows the evolution of Australian exports and imports for the period 1999-2005.1  
Exports to the world increased by almost 64 per cent in the period 1999-2005, experiencing a constant 
increase except for the year 2001.  Total imports from the world followed a very similar pattern, 
increasing 62.5 per cent over the same period.  In 2002, both services exports and imports were 
practically at their 1999 levels;  since then both im ports and exports have be en growing.  Australia 
recorded a services surp lus for each of these years although it shrank significantly in 2003.   
3. The composition of exports has remained fairly st able over the last six years.  The three most 
important categories are travel, transport and busin ess services, which account for 89 per cent of total 
exports;  travel services represent by far the largest sh are, with 55 per cent of total exports.  The same 
three categories also account for a similar share in terms of total imports, although travel and transport 
services have a comparable weight.  Business services imports have been progressively losing importance and in 2005 royalties and licences fees were close to overtakin g business services as the 
third most significant category.  Communication services fell from representing more than five per 
cent of both exports and imports to account for just over two per cent.  
4. Australia's international investment position is de picted in Chart I.2, which shows inward and 
outward total and direct investment stoc ks with the world for the years 2001-2005.
2  Both total inward 
and outward investments have almost doubled for that  period, with inward investment being almost 
twice as outward investment, reaching values in  2005 of US$845 billion and US$462 billion 
respectively.  Although both inward and outward inve stment have expanded at a fairly constant pace, 
they experienced a more significant increase in 2004.  Direct inward invest ment increased by over 
83 per cent, to a total value of US$205 billion in 2005, whereas outward direct investment increased 
by 58 per cent, to US$ 154 billion.  However, outwa rd direct investment remains more significant in 
terms of its share of total investment, as it stands  for 33 per cent of total investment, while inward 
direct investment is 24 per cent of total inward investment.  Both inward and outward direct investment stocks increased steadily until 2004. 
5. In 2005, Thailand ranked 28
th in terms of world exports of  commercial services. Thailand 
imported services valued at US$15,371 million, representing 0.65 per cent of world imports and 
exported services worth US$20,105 million,  0.83 per cent of world exports. 
                                                      
1 See Tables A.1and A.2 in the Annex for more information. 
2 Mode 3 figures are better represented by other kind of statistics, such as Foreign Affiliates Trade in 
Services (FATS), however, in the absence of comprehensive data of this type, investment figures, and in 
particular direct investment are a second best alternative. WT/REG185/4 
Page 2  
 
  05101520253035
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200505101520253035
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Construction servicesTransportation services Insurance services Royalties and license fees
Travel services Financial services Other business services
Communication services Computer and information services Personal, cultural and 
recreational servicesChart I.1
Australia, total commercial services trade, 1999-2005
US$ billionExports
Imports
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 
  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 3 
 
 
  050100150200250300350400450500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total foreign investment Foreign direct investment0100200300400500600700800900
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Chart I.2
US$ billion
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.Australian outward foreign inve stment stock to world, 2001-05
US$ billionAustralian inward foreign inve stment stock from world, 2001-05
 
 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 4  
 
  6. Thailand's services exports and imports for th e period 1999-2005 are shown in Chart I.3.
3  
Services exports remain well ahead of imports, alt hough this surplus has been shrinking progressively 
since 1999.4  The narrowing of the gap between exports a nd imports stems from an above-average rise 
in services imports, rather than a slowdown in servi ces exports.  While the latter grew 37 per cent in 
the period 1999-2005, imports increased by 74 per cent in the same period.  Exports decreased in the 
years 2000 and 2001 while imports only saw a drop in 2001.  However, most of the growth in both 
imports and exports concentrates after 2003, and particularly in 2004, when both flows have 
accelerated.  
7. The composition of Thailand's services' expor ts and imports has remained stable over 
1999-2005.  In terms of exports, travel services  has ranked number one every year, accounting for 
about half of total exports to the world.  Anothe r 46 per cent is represented by transportation services 
and other business services although the latter experi enced a more irregular path, sharply falling in 
2000 and 2004 and then picking up in the following years.  Imports under this category also fell significantly, from representing almost 50 per cent of all imports to just below 30 per cent.  Since 2004, the sector accounting for the largest share of imports has been travel services, accounting for 
31 per cent.  Another category that has experienced an important development in the last years has 
been transportation services, which grew by almost 90 per cent to a share in total imports of over 20 per cent.  Two other categories that are be ginning to gain importance are construction and 
insurance services.  
8. Chart I.4 illustrates Thailand's international i nvestment position for the years 2001-2005.  For 
this period, Thailand received almost the double inward  investment than what it invested abroad;  in 
2005, total inward and outward investment totalle d US$137 billion and US$79 billion, respectively.  
Inward investment grew most after 2002, and outwar d investment followed a similar pattern, with the 
biggest jump in 2004.  The importance of inward and outward direct investment  with respect to total 
investment differs widely in the case of Thailand.  While inward direct investment is a significant 
component of total investment, representing 42 per cent of the entire stock in 2005, outward direct 
investment accounts for just six per cent of total out ward investment stocks.  Although outward direct 
investment has increased by more than 80 per cent since 2001, its total value in 2005 was still 
US$4.8 billion, compared to US$58 billion of inward di rect investment.  Inward direct investment has 
also increased continuously during the period 2002-2005. 
                                                     
 
3 See Tables A.3 and A.4 in the Annex for more information. 
4 These charts are based on data reported by sector , not on total reported da ta. The difference stems in 
that sectoral data does not include financial services, computer and information services and personal, cultural 
and recreational services.   WT/REG185/4 
 Page 5 
 
 
  0246810121416
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20050510152025
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Construction servicesTransportation services Insurance services Royalties and license fees
Travel services Financial services Other business services
Communication services Computer and information services Personal, cultural and 
recreational servicesChart I.3
Thailand, total commercial services trade, 1999-2005
US$ billionExports
Imports
Source: Bank of Thailand. 
 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 6  
 
  020406080100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total foreign investment Foreign direct investment0255075100125150
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Chart I.4
US$ million
Source: Bank of Thailand.Thailand outward foreign investment stock to world, 2001-05
US$ milli onThailand inward foreign investment stock from world, 2001-05
 
 
  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 7 
 
 
  9. Bilateral services trade between the Parties fo r the period 1999-2005 is shown in Chart I.5.5  
Both Parties have been increasing their commercial se rvices exchanges in the l ast few years, although 
Australian imports from Thailand show a greater cha nge;  they increased by 123 per cent compared to 
the 52 per cent increase in Australian exports to  Thailand, to a value of US$698 million and 
US$404 million, respectively.  Today, Thailand is the country with which Australia has the sixth 
largest services deficit, is the eighth largest importing partner, and the 13th most important exporting 
partner.  Australian exports to Thailand fell only in 2001, as did Australian exports to the world, 
whereas imports from Thailand have been growing continuously, particularly in 2004, when they 
increased by 46 per cent.  The sectoral analysis is mo re complicated due the lack of complete data for 
all sectors over this period.  Notwithstanding this, some trends can be inferred.  Trade between both 
Parties is essentially concentrated in two sectors, travel and transportation services.  Travel services 
accounted in 2005 for 60 per cent of Australian imports  from Thailand and 80 per cent of the exports.  
Transportation services have remained stable at ar ound 40 per cent of imports from Thailand;  there 
are no data available since 2001 for Australian imports.  
10. Inward and outward investment stocks between the Parties can be seen in Chart I.6.  The 
pattern of investment differs widely between bot h Parties.  While in 2001, total investment by 
Thailand in Australia was much higher than Australian  investment in Thailand, the trend has reversed 
in the last few years.  Australian investment stoc k in Thailand has increased constantly and in 2005, it 
was valued at US$0.7 billion, 452 per cent more th an in 2001.  By contrast, Thai investment in 
Australia has been much more irregular, finding its peak in 2004 and then falling again in 2005.  In 
terms of direct investment between the Parties, Australian direct investment in Thailand rose over 
seven fold between 2001 and 2004, attaining a valu e of US$0.23 billion in 2004, an equivalent of 
50 per cent of all investment.6   
11. Investment exchanges between the Parties are sma ll.  Thai total and direct investment stocks 
in Australia represent both of them only around 0.02 per cent of all total investment and direct investment entering Australia.  Australian total an d direct investment stocks in Thailand represent 
around 0.45 per cent of all total investment and dir ect investment in Thailand. In terms of outward 
investment, Thai total investment in Australia amount s for 0.20 per cent of all Thai investment abroad 
and 0.07 per cent in the case of dire ct investment.  For Australia, Thailand attracts just 0.14 per cent 
and 0.13 per cent of its total and direct outward investment stocks, respectively.   
12. A better indication of provision of services th rough Mode 3 is given by data on foreign 
affiliates trade in services (FATS).  Australia provi des such data for the financial year 2002-2003 in 
which Australia's provision of services to and from Thailand through Mode 3 equalled 
US$ 127.7 million and US$ 81.4 million, both around 0.3 per cent of Australia's total.
7  
 
                                                      
5 An additional category – not public – has been included to account for the difference between 
reported figures and the sum of each of the sectors, which differ widely and would give a misperception of real 
flows between the Parties.  
6 Data for 2005 is not yet available. 
7 These figures indicate Australian foreign affiliates total sales and purchases. WT/REG185/4 
Page 8  
 
  0100200300400500600700800
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005050100150200250300350400450
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Chart I.5
Australia, commercial services trade with Thailand, 1999-05
US$ million
Exports
Imports
Note:
Source:The category - not public - has been included to accoun t for the difference between reported figures and the sum 
of each of the secotrs, which differ widely and would give a misperception of real flows between the Parties.
Australian Bureau of Statistics.Construction servicesTransportation services Insurance services Royalties and license fees
Travel services Financial services Other business services
Communication services Computer and information services Personal, cultural and 
recreational services Not public
 
  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 9 
 
 
  0100200300400500600700
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Total foreign investment Foreign direct investment0100200300400500600700800900
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005US$ million
Note:Source:Data on bilateral inward FDI for the period 2001-2004 are not available, while bilateral outward FDI was zero in 
2005. Australian Bureau of Statistics.Australian outward foreign investment stock to Thailand, 2001-05
US$ millionChart I.6
Australian inward foreign investment stock from Thailand, 2001-05
 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 10  
 
  13. Data on the number of nationals working in a country or of the number of business and 
convention visitors travelling between the countr ies may provide further indication of economic 
integration.
8  In this regard, the number of Thai nationals working in Australia is less than one per 
cent of Thai workers abroad.9  At the same time, the number of Australian business and convention 
visitors represents 3.66 per cent of total business and convention visitors into Thailand, and has grown 
by 26 per cent over the last four years.10  
II. TREATY CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS 
A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION  
14. The Free Trade Agreement between Thailand and Australia (TAFTA) was signed by the 
Government of Thailand and the Government of Aust ralia on 5 July 2004;  it entered into force on 
1 January 2005. 
15. The Parties notified the goods and services aspect s of TAFTA to the WTO on 5 January 2005.  
The services aspects were notified under GATS Artic le V:7(a) as an agreement providing for the 
liberalization of trade in services within the meaning of Article V of the GATS (S/C/N/311).11  The 
Council for Trade in Services referred the Ag reement for examination in the CRTA on 
9 February 2005 (S/C/M/77).12 
16. The Agreement is composed of 19 Chapters and seven annexes.  Annex 8 contains each 
country's schedule of commitments .  Two side letters and a Memorandum of Understanding are also 
an integral part of the Agreement; they relate to  tariff-rate quotas, services and the list of developing 
countries and places in the context of rules of origin. 
17. No overall implementation period is explicitly st ated in the Agreement.  The commitments 
undertaken in the services sector apply as from the en try into force of the Agreement.  The Parties 
agree to enter into negotiations on trade in services wi thin three years from the entry into force of the 
Agreement, i.e. on 1 January 2008.  Should one of the Parties sign another RTA with a third party, 
upon request from the other Party it should consider granting it treatment no less favourable than that 
granted to the third party for both trade in services and investment. 
                                                      
8 These two figures have sometimes been given to assess the importance of Mode 4 transactions.  
While more accurate data is difficult to find, these fi gures must be treated with caution, because they do not 
represent Mode 4.  An example of the shortcomings of  these data are: the number of workers in an economy 
includes both permanent and non-permanent workers; the number of business visitors includes visits that may 
not end in any transaction. 
9 Department of Employment, Ministry of Labour. 
10 Tourism Authority of Thailand. 
11 The Parties also notified the TAFTA under GATT Ar ticle XXIV:7(a), and the Understanding on the 
Interpretation of GATT Article XXIV as an agreement fo rming a free trade area (WT/REG185/N/1).  A factual 
presentation was prepared for the goods part of the Agreement (WT/REG185/3). 
12 The text of the Agreement was circulated to th e Members as document WT/REG185/1, and is also 
available, together with its Annexes, on the Parties' official Websites (URL 
addresses:  http://www.thaifta.com/english/index_eng.html , and http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/aust-
thai/tafta_toc.html ).  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 11 
 
 
  Box II. 1:  Preamble  
Chapter 1 Objectives and Definitions 
Chapter 2 Trade in Goods 
Chapter 3 Customs Procedures 
Chapter 4 Rules of Origin Chapter 5 Safeguards 
Chapter 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Food Standards 
Chapter 7 Industrial Technical Barriers to Trade 
Chapter 8 Trade in Services 
Chapter 9 Investment Chapter 10 Movement of Natural Persons 
Chapter 11 Electronic Commerce 
Chapter 12 Competition Policy Chapter 13 Intellectual Property 
Chapter 14 Transparent Administration of Laws and Regulations 
Chapter 15 Government Procurement Chapter 16 General Exceptions 
Chapter 17 Institutional Provisions 
Chapter 18 Consultations and Dispute Settlement Chapter 19 Final Provisions 
B. SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS  
18. Chapter 8 – Trade in Services – applies to me asures taken by central, regional or local 
authorities of the Parties affecting trade in services in all four modes of supply, as defined in the GATS mutatis mutandis .  Thus, measures affecting Mode 3 are covered by this Chapter except with 
respect to the promotion and protection of investments in both services and non-services sectors, which is dealt with in Chapter 9 – Investment – Pa rt IV.  Part IV applies to covered investments, 
i.e. investments by one Party in the territory of th e other Party, which have been admitted by the latter 
Party, and to investors in relation to the covered investments.
13  "Covered investments" may have to 
be specifically approved in writing by the other Pa rty for being entitled to the benefits of an 
international investment agreement; the Parties acco rd each other MFN treatment with respect to the 
requirements that need to be satisfied for investors and investments to be entitled to such benefits.  
The Parties may decide not to extend the rights and be nefits of Part IV to ju ridical persons owned or 
controlled by a natural or juridical person from a th ird-country.  Part IV also does not apply to a 
natural person who is a permanent resident but not  a national of the Parties and has already invoked 
the provisions of an investment agreement with a third country.  Finally, investment-specific 
provisions on payments and transfers (Article 916) apply to all investments, irrespective of them 
being considered "covered investments" or not.   
19. Additional rights and obligations with respect  to the movement of natural persons are 
contained in Chapter 10 – Movement of Natural Persons .  This Chapter applies to natural persons of a 
Party when they are contractual service suppliers, intra-corporate transferees, service sellers and 
investors or employed by an investor in respect of any investment by that investor in the territory of 
the other Party.  The definition of natural persons in Chapter 8 is limited to nati onals of a Party.  Other 
terms contained in this Chapter and in A nnex 8 have the same meaning as in the GATS 
mutatis mutandis  unless otherwise specified.  
20. The provisions of Chapters 8 and 9 do not apply to : subsidies granted by the Parties, services 
supplied in the exercise of governmental authorit y, procurement by governmental agencies of services 
                                                      
13 The parts of Chapter 9 dealing with the liberalization and post-establishment national treatment of 
investments (Part II and III) apply only to those measures not covered in Chapter 8, i.e. to mining and 
manufacture sectors. WT/REG185/4 
Page 12  
 
  for governmental purposes, measures affecting job seekers and to measures regarding citizenship, 
residence or employment on a permanent basis.
14 The Parties also reserve their right to maintain or 
impose measures to regulate service sectors, provi ded they do so in a non-discriminatory manner and 
do not intend to lessen the benefits of this Chapter.15   
21. Where the commitments are included in both Annex 8 and the GATS, the Parties accept 
certain rights and obligations regarding domestic  regulation, monopolies and exclusive service 
suppliers, air transport, financial and tel ecommunication services as contained in GATS 
Articles VI:1-6, VIII:1,2 and 5, in the Annex on Financial Services, the Annex on Air Transport 
Services, paras. 1-6 and in the Annex on Telecommunications paras. 1-5.  
C. DENIAL OF BENEFITS  
22. For the purposes of trade in services (Chapter 8), Article 804 establishes that a Party may 
deny the benefits under that Chapter to service s uppliers of the other Party that are owned or 
controlled by persons of a non-Party, whether or no t they conduct substantive business operations in 
the territory of that Party.  This provision is subject to prior notification and consultation.   
23. With respect to the promotion and protection of investments (Chapter 9 Part IV), a Party may 
deny the benefits of that Part to a juridical pe rson if it is owned or controlled by persons of a 
non-Party and does not have substantive business ope rations in the territory of the other Party 
(Article 911).  However, Article 908:3 states that both Parties may decide jointly not to extend the 
benefits of Part IV to juridical  persons owned or controlled by na tionals of third parties.  Also, 
Article 908:4 determines that a juridical person of a Party shall not be treated as an investor of the 
other Party but that investments in that juridical person by investors of the other Party are to be 
protected in accordance to Part IV.  This Part do es not apply to permanent residents of a Party which 
are nationals of a country with which a provision of  an investment agreement on the same matter has 
already been invoked (Article 908:5). 
D. GENERAL PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN SERVICES  
24. The Agreement follows a "positive list" appr oach.  Therefore, for non-listed sectors or 
sub-sectors, no concessions are made;  it follows th at the relevant provisions of the Agreement do not 
apply to non-listed sectors, except fo r movement of natural persons.  
1.  Market access 
25. Market access provisions in trade in services are laid down in Article 809.  It binds the Parties 
to grant each other treatment no less favourable than that laid down in Annex 8.  The Parties also 
commit themselves in Article 809:2, as in GATS Articl e XVI, not to maintain or adopt six types of 
measures that would require an economic need s test, impose a quantitative limitation on certain 
number of aspects or a requirement for the type of  legal entity through which a supplier may provide a 
service, unless they are listed in Annex 8.  
                                                      
14 GATS does not apply to: services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority, measures 
affecting job seekers and to measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis.  In 
addition, Articles II, XVI and XVII of GATS do not apply to government procurement. 
15 In their horizontal commitments in Annex 8, Thailand and Australia reaffirm the same rights and the 
same conditions apply in respect of local government administered measures.  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 13 
 
 
  2. National Treatment, MFN, standard of treatment 
26. In Article 810, the Parties commit themselves, for the sectors covered in Annex 8, and subject 
to the conditions therein, to grant services and ser vice suppliers of the other Party treatment no less 
favourable than that granted to their own like ser vices and service suppliers.  The Parties understand 
that treatment no less favourable can be granted throu gh either formally identical or formally different 
treatment, as long as this difference does not cha nge the conditions of competition.  As in GATS 
Art. XVII, the Parties also recognize that they sha ll not be required to compensate for any inherent  
competitive disadvantage that can arise from the foreign character of the service.   
27. With respect to the promotion and protection of investments, the Parties accord covered 
investments and investors of the other Party most  favoured nation (MFN) treatment (Article 908:2 and 
910).  An equivalent provision is not included for the aspects of trade in services covered in 
Chapter 8;  rather, if the Parties enter into any ag reement on trade in services with any non-Party, they 
agree to consider a request by the other Party to ob tain treatment no less favourable than that granted 
to non-Parties (Article 812:3).  
3. Local Presence/movement of natural persons 
28. In Articles 803:4 and 1007 the Parties reserve their right to apply measures to regulate the 
entry and temporary stay of natural persons of the other Party in their territory, as long as they do not 
impair the benefits provided under the specific commitments.16   
29. The Parties intend to develop the capacity to grant applications offshore with a view to 
facilitating the temporary entry of business people.  See paragraph 41 below for further details.   
30. The Parties commit not to impose limitations on the total number of natural persons that may 
be employed in a particular service sector or by a particular service provider as required for the supply 
of a service unless otherwise specified in Annex 8 (Article 809:2(d)). 
31. Maximum periods of stay apply to all Australian or Thai nationals, whether or not the service 
they are supplying is inscribed in Annex 8.  Busin ess visitors are, according to Article 1004, allowed a 
maximum stay of 90 days.17  Commitments for intra-corporate transferees, contractual service 
suppliers, executives and spouses or dependants ar e detailed in the horizontal commitments of 
Annex 8.18   
4. Recognition 
32. As in GATS Article VII, the Parties lay down  the possibility to recognize the education, 
experience obtained, requirements met, or licences or  certifications granted in the other Party and to 
conclude agreements in this respect.19  In addition, the Parties are called upon to encourage their 
                                                      
16 The Parties agree that requesting a visa from nationals of some countries and not from others does 
not impair the benefits of the Agreement. 
17 Business visitors are natural persons who are: service sellers;  seeking temporary entry for the 
purposes of negotiating the sale of goods;  or investors or their representatives seeking to establish an 
investment.  Investor of Party is defined in Chapter 1 of the Agreement as encompassing both nationals and 
permanent residents.  
18 These terms are defined in Article 1002.  The Parties reserve the right to refuse entry on the grounds 
of national security or public order. The Parties are expect ed to provide each other with information that may be 
necessary relating to this Chapter. 
19 Specific reference is made in Australia's schedule of commitments to establish a standard for 
recognition of Thai qualifications for traditional Thai massage therapists.  WT/REG185/4 
Page 14  
 
  relevant bodies to enter into negotiations in this regard.  Any commitments agreed upon would then 
be scheduled as additional commitments in Annex 8.   
E. L
IBERALISATION COMMITMENTS  
33. The schedules of commitments for both countries ar e contained in Annex 8 of the Agreement;  
they are modelled on the GATS schedules with respect to the sectoral classification and the separation 
of sector specific and horizontal commitments, the la tter applying to all sectors listed.  The schedules 
include limitations and conditions on market access and national tr eatment, the undertakings relating 
to additional commitments and where appropriate, th e time frame for implementation.  Unlike in the 
GATS, commitments in respect to the type of lim itation and the different modes of supply are not 
listed separately.  
34. According to Article 812 the Parties undertake to  enter into negotiations in the three years 
following the entry into force of the Agreement w ith the aim of enhancing the overall commitments;  
while doing so, the Parties must recognize the provisi ons of GATS Article V (1) and (3).  The Parties 
agree to consider a request by the other Party to  include in this Agreement any service unilaterally 
liberalized or that starts to be supplied commerc ially after having been provided in the exercise of 
governmental authority.   If a Party enters into an agreement with a third party, it must also consider a 
request to grant the other Party treatment no less fa vourable than that provide d to the third party. 
35. A Party may modify its commitments by giving three months advance written notification;  it 
must then enter into negotiations at the request of the other Party with a view to finding any 
compensatory adjustment.  If an agreement is not reached, the case may be referred to dispute 
settlement in accordan ce with chapter 18. 
36. The Parties may negotiate in matters affecting trade in services but not subject to scheduling 
under Articles 809 and 810;  these commitments must be included in Annex 8.20    
1. Thailand 
37. Thailand undertakes commitments in eight out of  the eleven large sectors identified in GATT 
Secretariat's document MTN.GNS/W/120.21  The three sectors excluded are environmental, financial 
and health and social services.   
(a) Horizontal commitments/exceptions 38. Regarding foreign direct investment, including Mode 3, Australian commercial presence is 
only allowed through an entity which is registered in Thailand.  Thailand re quires all natural persons, 
non-registered ordinary partnership, group of pers ons and juridical person engaging in selling and 
purchasing of goods and services by electronic media via Internet to register with the Department of 
Business Development.   Thailand requires the mana ger or managing partner of limited partnerships 
and registered ordinary pa rtnerships to be Thai. 
39. In its horizontal commitments, Thailand rai sed its ceiling of 49 per cent foreign equity 
participation in GATS to allow Australian equity pa rticipation up to 60 percent. Australian equity 
participation, unless otherwise specifi ed in the sector-specific commitments , is subject to the criteria 
contained in the limitations column and non-di scriminatory domestic regulation, and to the 
                                                     
 
20 Measures regarding qualifications, standards, registration or licensing matters are examples of such 
measures. 
21 This document includes a 12th category: other services not included elsewhere;  available on the 
WTO website at http://www.wto.org/english/trato p_e/ serv_e/mtn_gns_w_120_e.doc .  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 15 
 
 
  maintenance of the required debt to equity ratio.22 Thailand removed the requirement more than half 
of company shareholders are Thai nationals although some nationality requirements apply to: 
business, distribution, education, tourism and rela ted and recreational, cultural and sporting services. 
40. Limitations on the movement of natural pers ons that apply to Australian nationals are 
described in Table I.1. Australian nationals are not permitted to work in 39 reserved occupations.23 
Table I.1 
Thailand's commitments on the movement of natural persons 
Category Concession Initial Stay Maximum Stay GATS commitment Employer 
requirements 
Intra-corporate transferee Work permit One year Five years 
(extended on yearly basis) Initial stay one year 
Maximum stay: three years Australian branches or 
affiliates must import at least 3 million Baht for 
employing each foreign 
employee. Maximum of ten foreign employees. 
Contractual service supplier Work permit One year Three years 
(extended on yearly basis) N/A Juridical persons 
registered in Thailand must have at least a fully paid up capital of 
2 million Baht per 
employee. Maximum of ten foreign employees.  
Business visitor Work 
permit/temporary stay 90 days One year  Maximum stay: 90 
days  N/A 
APEC Business 
Travel Card 
Holders  Attend business 
meetings and conduct 
business contacts without selling goods 
or services or 
acquiring remuneration 90 days N/A N/A N/A 
Non-APEC 
Business Travel Card Holders Attend business 
meetings and conduct business contacts 
without selling goods 
or services or acquiring 
remuneration   15 days N/A N/A N/A 
Spouses Work as managers, 
executives or 
specialists for juridical 
persons in Thailand N/A N/A N/A N/A 
Source: Thailand's schedule.  
41. Thailand lays down a number of requirements that  investors, contractual service providers, 
intra-corporate transferees and their employers need  to fulfil to access the One Stop Service Centre for 
Visa and Work Permit.  Other Mode 4 commitments allow Australian companies, subject to conditions, to submit advance work permit app lications and intra-corporate transferees and 
contractual business suppliers to conduct business m eetings or pursue contacts on Thai territory.  
Also, Thailand reserves its policy discretion regardin g the acquisition of land and real estate.   
                                                     
 
22 The remaining equity shares must be owned by Thai investors/service suppliers. 
23 Further details can be found in the Annex to Th ailand's Royal Decree Pres cribing Works Relating to 
Occupation and Professional in whic h Alien is Prohibited to Engage. WT/REG185/4 
Page 16  
 
  (b) Sector-specific commitments/exceptions 
42. In its sector specific commitments, Thailand onl y includes those commitments in which it 
provides additional market opening to that of GATS.  The commitments can be summarized as follows: 
43.  In business services, Thailand allows 100 per cent Australian ownership in general 
management consulting services provided exclusiv ely through regional operating headquarters or an 
associated company or foreign branch.  For convent ion and international exhi bition services, Thailand 
will allow 60 per cent  Australian ownership subject to certain minimum surface requirements.  For a 
number of communication services sub-sectors Thailand imposes a maximum limit for Australian equity participation ranging from 25 to 50 per cen t and requests service suppliers to use the public 
telecommunication network.   Mode 1 remains unbound for national treatment in telecommunication 
services. For some specific construction services,  Thailand allows up to 100 per cent Australian 
equity participation provided there is a minimu m paid-up capital of 1,000 million Baht.  Juridical 
persons having Australian majority ownership manufacturing their pr oducts in Thailand are allowed 
to provide distribution and installation services of th eir products in Thailand.  For education services, 
Thailand permits Australian equity  participation up to 60 per cent in some specialized tertiary 
education services, provided they comply with so me location and nationality requirements. Some 
maritime transport services are allowed Australian ow nership up to 60 per cent on the condition that 
specific machinery and premises requirements are met.  Finally, minimum size and capital requirements apply to a number of sub-sectors relate d to tourism, travel and recreational, cultural and 
sporting services with up to 60 per cent Australian equity participation. 
2. Australia 
44. Australia lists all eleven sectors identified in document MTN.GNS/W/120, although not every 
sector has additional commitments with  respect to those in the GATS.  
(a) Horizontal 45. With respect to all the sectors included in its  schedule, including already established foreign 
enterprises, Australia demands Thai investment ac tivities representing a "foreign interest" of a given 
type and size to require prior government approval;
24  this requirement also applies to direct 
investments by foreign governments, irrespective of size.  Proposals may be approved or refused 
subject to certain conditions.25  Foreign investment proposals in some sectors (media, newspapers, 
banking, broadcasting, domestic and international airlines, airports) are also subject to notification and 
approval.26 
46. Limitations on the movement of Thai nati onals are detailed in Table II.1 below. 
                                                      
24 The definitions of "foreign interest" and other relevant terms are included in the schedule. Under 
GATS, Australia demands all foreign investme nts to require prior government approval. 
25 These conditions are laid down in the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975, the Foreign 
Acquisitions and Takeovers Regulations and ministerial statements.  More detail available at 
http://www.firb.gov.au . 
26 Conditions to obtain approval can be based on Australian foreign investment policy and/or particular 
regulation pertaining to those sectors.  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 17 
 
 
  Table II.1 
Australia's commitments on the  movement of natural persons 
Category Concession Initial stay Maximum stay GATS commitment Employer 
requirements 
Intra-corporate transferee Tem porary stay Four years Ten ye ars Initial stay:  four years 
Maximum stay: N/A N/A 
Contractual service supplier Temporary stay N/A Three yearsa N/A N/A 
Business visitor Temporary stay N/A 90 days N/A N/A 
Executives and managers of 
business with headquarters in Thailand and trying to establish 
a subsidiary in Australia Temporary stay Four years Not specified Initial stay: four years 
Independent executives:  maximum 
stay of two years N/A 
Service sellers N/A Six months 12 months .. N/A 
Spouses of intra-corporate 
transferees Temporary stay 
and work  Same period as the intra-corporate 
transferee's visa  N/A .. 
.. Not available. 
a Four years in the case of Thai chefs. 
Source: Australia's schedule. 
47. Australia reserves the right to adopt or main tain measures that provide a more favourable 
treatment to indigenous people and to  adopt or maintain any measure th at is administered at the local 
level. 
(b) Sector specific commitments 
48. Australia details its commitments following the same classification as contained in document 
MTN.GNS/W/120 (except for financial services, whic h are defined according to the classification 
provided in the GATS Annex on Financial Services).  Bearing in mind the concessions in Mode 4 and 
foreign direct investment limitations included in the horizontal section, Australia's commitments in 
addition to GATS are detailed in Table II.2: 
Table II.2 
Australia's GATS plus sector-specific commitments 
Sector Subsector TAFTA additional commitments 
Professional services Legal services:  supply pe rmitted for third-country law, international 
commercial arbitration services and other alternative dispute resolution 
services Thai nationals can join an Australia n firm as a consultant, enter into 
partnership and employ local lawyers everywhere in Australia except in 
Western Australia and South Australia Landscape architectural services:  supply permitted 
Computer and related services Data base servi ces and other computer services:  supply permitted 
excluding measures relating to content  Business services 
Other business services Site prepara tion work for mining: supply permitted 
Other:  maintenance and repair se rvice of transport machinery and 
equipment:  supply permitted 
Communication 
services Telecommunication services No restrictions on Thai ownership in Optus and Vodafone 
Educational 
services Other education services Access permitted for tuiti on in Thai cuisine, Thai language and Thai 
traditional massage 
Environmental 
services Protection of ambient and air 
climate 
Remediation and cleanup of soil and water 
Noise and vibration abatement 
Protection of biodiversity and landscape 
Other environmental and ancillary 
services Access permitted 
Table II.2 (cont'd) WT/REG185/4 
Page 18  
 
  Sector Subsector TAFTA additional commitments 
Financial services Banking and other financial services No restrictions fo r Thai Central Bank and government monetary 
institutions for investment at interest 
No nationality restrictions on stockbr oking organizations participating in 
the Australian Stock Exchange No specific limitations on the Trust Bank of Tasmania 
Maritime transport services Maritime cargo hand ling:  access permitted subject to licensing by 
Australian port authorities.  Custom clearance services: Commercial 
presence permitted subject to provide th e services in and from Australia.  
Maritime agency services:  access permitted Transport services 
Air transport services Access permitted for:   ground handling operati ons (Airport operation 
services, cargo handling and other su pporting services for air transport 
except airport and terminal fire-fighting services) 
Source:  Australia's schedule. 
F. REGULATORY PROVISIONS  
1. Provisions specific to trade in services 
(a) Expropriation 49. The Parties undertake not to nationalise or expropriate the investments of investors of the 
other Party unless: a) the expropriation is for a public purpose and under due process of law; b) the 
expropriation is non-discriminatory; and c) expropr iation is accompanied by the payment of prompt, 
adequate and effective compensation.  Compensat ion will be based on the market value of the 
investment immediately before the expropriation be came public knowledge and must be paid without 
undue delays, include interest, be freely transferable and paid in a freely usable currency.  The Parties 
also undertake to grant MFN treatment to investors of  the other Party with regard to compensation for 
losses relating to war, national emergencies and similar events. 
(b) Subrogation 
50. The Parties undertake to recognise the subrogation or transfer of rights from an investor of a 
Party to his government after receiving a payment un der a guarantee or a contract of insurance against 
non-commercial risk.  The investor will then be  prevented from pursuing these rights or claims 
against the other Party (Article 915).  
(c) Dispute settlement 
51. Article 916 deals with disputes brought by invest ors of a Party.  Each Party will: provide 
investors from the other Party full access to the competent judicial or administrative bodies; allow its 
investors to select the means of their choice to se ttle disputes with investors of the other Party 
(including arbitration in a third country);  and en force the resulting judgements or awards.  The article 
does not bind the Parties to recognise judgements or awards of the other Party or of a non-Party.  
52. The settlement of disputes between a Party and an investor from the other Party (investor-
state dispute settlement) is regulated in Article 917.   The dispute settlement mechanism described in 
this article applies only to disputes relating to cove red investments and can not be used for disputes 
relating to decisions of the Parties' foreign i nvestment authorities concerning the establishment, 
acquisition, or expansion of an investment.   
53. Should a dispute arise, the two parties to the dispute (i.e. the investor and the Party 
concerned) will consult for a period normally of th ree months.  If the dispute cannot be resolved 
through consultations, the investor can initiate proceedings before the Party's competent judicial or 
administrative bodies, or bring the matter to an ad hoc  international arbitration tribunal, established 
under UNCITRAL rules.  If, after the entry into fo rce of the Agreement, a Party enters into an  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 19 
 
 
  international investment agreement with a third-coun try that foresees other arbitration tribunals, this 
forum  will also be available to investors of the other Party.  
54. Once the dispute has been brought before a di spute settlement body, the Parties will refrain 
from pursuing the dispute through diplomatic chan nels, unless the relevant dispute settlement body 
declared that it has no jurisdiction in relation to the di spute, or the other Party fails to comply with any 
decision of the dispute settlement body.  The Parti es shall not assert that the investor concerned has 
received, pursuant to an insurance or guarantee contract, indemnification or other compensation for all or part of any alleged loss.  
55. Arbitral tribunals hearing a dispute relating to the interpretation of the investment chapter of 
the Agreement, will reach a decision by applying the provisions of the Agreement, as well as 
applicable rules of international and domestic law.  Arbitral awards will be final and binding, and all 
sums resulting from a settlement of the dispute will be  freely transferable in a freely useable currency. 
(d) Cooperation 
56. In Part III, the Parties agree to strengthen and enhance cooperation efforts in service sectors;  
in particular, they will foster development in the areas of education, healthcare and tourism, as well as 
on the facilitation of temporary entry of business people.  WT/REG185/4 
Page 20  
 
  Table A.1 
Australia, international trade in serv ices, by sector total exports, 1999-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 4298 4334 4086 4134 4722 5791 6171 
1.1 Passengera 3612 3746 3579 3656 4209 5237 5699 
1.2 Freight  685 588 507 478 514 554 471 
1.3 Othera np np np np np np np 
               
2. Travel services 9259 9316 9227 9976 12413 15215 16869 
2.1 Business  896 901 810 943 1091 1313 1447 
2.2 Personal  8363 8415 8417 9033 11322 13902 15423 
2.2.1 Education-related  2316 2387 2843 3334 4677 6109 7077 
2.2.2 Other personal  6047 6028 5575 5699 6645 7793 8346 
               
3. Communications servicesb 920 893 524 540 627 603 625 
               
4. Construction services 21 29 53 68 63 78 95 
               
5. Insurance services 525 437 351 366 441 505 530 
5.1 Life insurance and pension funding - - - - - - - 
5.2 Freight insurance 8 7 6 7 8 9 9 
5.3 Other direct insurance 11 12 10 11 13 15 15 
5.4 Reinsurance 436 354 277 288 348 399 419 
5.5 Auxiliary services 70 65 57 60 72 83 87 
               
6. Financial services 518 525 489 530 652 740 764 
               
7. Computer and information services 446 498 457 640 767 939 886 
7.1 Computer services 436 498 457 627 755 927 875 
7.1.1  Hardware and Software consulta ncy and implementation. 436 498 457 627 755 927 875 
7.1.1.1 Hardware and software consul tancy and implementation 425 469 440 583 718 872 780 
7.1.1.2 Other comp and information servicesc 11 29 17 44 37 55 95 
7.1.2 Data processing - - - - - - - 
7.2 Information servicesc 10 np np 13 12 12 11 
7.2.1 Database servicesd 10 12 9 13 12 12 11 
7.2.2  News agency and subs cription and other information 
servicesd np np np np np np np 
               
8. Royalties and license fees 361 372 316 323 430 516 553 
8.1 Industrial processes 44 74 89 116 162 161 185 
8.2 Franchise and similar rights 32 35 16 26 28 23 15 
8.3 Other 285 263 212 181 240 333 354 
8.3.1 Music 39 42 31 38 33 31 34 
8.3.2 Other 247 221 181 143 207 302 320 
8.3.2.1 Computer software 222 174 117 83 99 149 158 
8.3.2.2  Education  2 3 6 5 5 4 - 
8.3.2.3  Other  23 44 57 54 103 150 162 
               
9. Other business services 1897 2015 1894 2167 2610 3034 3455 
9.1 Merchanting and other tr ade-related 398 306 259 302 319 526 512 
9.1.1 Merchanting 221 125 106 113 110 161 125 
9.1.2 Other 177 181 153 189 209 365 386 
               
9.2 Operational leasing 6 8 13 15 18 13 20 
               
9.3 Miscellaneous business, profe ssional & technical 1493 1701 1622 1850 2273 2496 2923 
9.3.1 Legal, accounting, ma nagement consulting & public 
relations 227 232 354 370 378 355 435 
9.3.1.1 Legal services 137 118 159 190 214 195 200 
9.3.1.2 Accounting, aud iting, bookkeeping and tax c onsulting 32 62 174 158 113 116 128 
9.3.1.3 Business and manageme nt consultancy and public 
relations 57 52 21 22 52 44 108 
        
9.3.2 Advertising, market research, & public opinion polling 86 94 91 108 128 110 137 
               
9.3.3 Research and development  156 151 146 168 233 302 326 
Table A.1 (cont'd)  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 21 
 
 
   1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
9.3.4. Architectural, engineering, & ot her technical services 399 574 404 444 524 533 757 
9.3.4.1 Architectural 7 7 9 17 25 30 46 
9.3.4.2 Engineering 259 435 249 329 407 357 557 
9.3.4.3 Surveyinge 12 9 6 np 11 np 12 
9.3.4.4 Othere 121 123 139 98 81 145 142 
               
9.3.5. Agricultural, mining, and on-site processing 35 16 30 68 81 113 136 
9.3.5.1 Waste treatment and depollutionf np np - np - np - 
9.3.5.2 Other 35 16 30 68 81 113 136 
9.3.5.2.1 Agriculturalf 16 np 20 20 4 4 np 
9.3.5.2.2 Miningf 16 16 10 6 5 109 136 
9.3.5.2.3 Otherf 3 np np 42 72 np np 
               
9.3.6. Other  95 113 168 166 229 272 302 
9.3.6.1 Manufacturing 13 8 7 28 18 16 15 
9.3.6.2 Other 82 105 161 138 212 256 287 
9.3.6.2.1 Other professiona l services 82 105 161 138 212 256 287 
9.3.6.2.2 Other services, nieb np np np np np np np 
               
9.3.7. Services between affiliate d enterprises, nie 495 520 430 526 699 811 830 
               
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational services 308 1070 298 418 471 420 438 
10.1 Audiovisual and relate d services 121 875 65 92 135 131 126 
10.1.1 Audio visual, sporting and entertainment - - - - - - - 
10.1.2 Royalties on film, TV programs, video & multimedia  121 875 65 92 135 131 126 
10.1.2.1  Theatrical films (Cinema)g 20 8 6 11 10 np 4 
10.1.2.2  TV programmes 66 59 50 52 72 83 79 
10.1.2.3  Video tapesg 8 np 2 4 4 3 1 
10.1.2.4  Multimedia  np np np np np np np 
10.1.2.5  Otherg  27 809 8 25 49 45 43 
                
10.2 Other personal, cultural a nd recreational  186 195 233 326 336 289 312 
10.2.1 Education 134 143 160 240 241 241 246 
10.2.2.1  Consultancy 41 43 39 49 64 74 71 
10.2.2.2  Correspondence courses 4 6 8 24 10 16 16 
10.2.2.3  Services through educa tional institutions 62 61 68 76 95 82 85 
10.2.2.4  Other education services 28 33 46 90 72 69 74 
10.2.2 Health and medicalh 9 np 5 4 10 12 6 
10.2.3 Otherh 43 52 68 82 84 36 60 
               
11. Government services, nie 348 479 403 433 521 645 668 
               
Total Services credits 18900 19967 18100 19593 23717 28487 31053 
Memorandum items: 
Gross insurance premiums receivable. 
Gross insurance claims payable. 
- Nil or rounded to zero (including null cells). 
np Not available for publication. a "Passenger transportation" includes "o ther transportation" for all years. 
b "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
c "Other computer and information services" includes "information services" for 2000 and 2001. 
d "Database services" includes "news agency and subscription services" for all years. 
e "Architectural, engineering, and other technical services  - Other services" includes 'S urveying'  for 2002 and 2004. 
f "Mining services" includes "Agricultural services" for 2000 an d 2005, "Waste treatment and depollution services" for 1999, 
 2000, 2002 and 2004
 and "Agricultural, mining and on-site processi ng - Other services" for 2000, 2001, 2004 and 2005. 
g "Other Royalties on Film, TV programs, Video and Multimedia"  includes "Theatrical films (Cinema)" for 2004, and Videotapes 
 for 2000. h "Other personal, cultural and recreational services – other" includes "Health and medical services" for 2000. 
Source:  Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 5368.0.55.004 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia © 
Commonwealth of Australia, 2007. 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 22  
 
  Table A.2 
Australia, international trad e in services, calendar year  by detailed Service, 1999-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 6,039 6,325 5,754 5,985 7,211 9,696 10,766 
1.1 Passenger  2,345 2,405 2,196 2,418 2,847 3,990 4,344 
1.2 Freight  3,136 3,361 3,032 3,049 3,841 5,088 5,784 
1.3 Other  558 559 526 518 523 618 637 
        
2. Travel services 6,226 6,431 5,863 6,068 7,248 10,257 11,257 
2.1 Business  1,525 1,528 1,218 1,272 1,505 1,830 1,863 
2.2 Personal  4,701 4,903 4,645 4,796 5,743 8,427 9,394 
2.2.1 Education-related  378 344 361 343 453 513 542 
2.2.2 Other personal  4,323 4,559 4,284 4,453 5,290 7,914 8,852 
        
3. Communications servicesa 1,009 1,126 865 859 802 684 625 
        
4. Construction services - - - - - - - 
        
5. Insurance services 589 525 442 466 563 644 677 
5.1 Life insurance and pension funding - - - - - - - 
5.2 Freight insurance 15 14 12 13 16 18 18 
5.3 Other direct insurance 126 130 117 123 149 170 180 
5.4 Reinsurance 315 261 207 218 264 301 316 
5.5 Auxiliary services 132 119 106 111 135 154 162 
        
6. Financial services 347 348 312 324 366 400 409 
        
7. Computer and information services 317 516 446 541 690 784 803 
7.1 Computer services 297 498 417 516 677 770 787 
7.1.1  Hardware and software consu ltancy and implementation 297 498 417 516 677 770 787 
7.1.1.1 Hardware and software consul tancy and implementation 267 465 402 489 625 726 710 
7.1.1.2 Other computer services  30 33 14 27 52 44 76 
7.1.2 Data processing - - - - - - - 
7.2 Information services 21 18 30 26 13 13 16 
7.2.1 Database services 12 9 11 21 8 8 6 
7.2.2  News agency and subs cription and other information 
services 8 9 18 5 5 5 10 
        
8. Royalties and license fees 1,266 1,162 1,002 1,186 1,494 1,742 2,007 
8.1 Industrial processes 450 433 366 379 462 505 547 
8.2 Franchise and similar rights 241 216 177 241 280 337 386 
8.3 Other 576 513 460 566 752 901 1,073 
8.3.1 Music 132 143 128 143 152 169 173 
8.3.2 Other 443 370 332 423 600 731 901 
8.3.2.1 Computer software 298 232 216 265 365 510 599 
8.3.2.2 Educationb 1 np 2 1 np - 2 
8.3.2.3 Otherb 145 139 113 157 235 221 300 
        
9. Other business services 2,069 1,702 1,916 2,047 2,425 2,423 2,608 
9.1 Merchanting and other tr ade-related 154 124 145 192 151 147 154 
9.1.1 Merchanting - - - - - - - 
9.1.2 Other 154 124 145 192 151 147 154 
        
9.2 Operational leasing 625 521 564 480 641 577 529 
        
9.3 Miscellaneous business, professional and technical 1,291 1,056 1,207 1,374 1,632 1,699 1,925 
9.3.1 Legal, accounting, mana gement consulting and public 
relations 100 97 143 175 203 199 217 
9.3.1.1 Legal services 37 31 40 55 88 89 93 
9.3.1.2 Accounting, a uditing, bookkeeping and consulting 8 17 71 82 78 77 81 
9.3.1.3 Business and manageme nt consultancy and public 
relations 54 48 31 39 37 32 43 
        
9.3.2 Advertising, market research, and public opinion polling 78 68 69 88 95 100 137 
        
9.3.3 Research and development  77 47 55 64 106 129 138 
Table A.2 (cont'd)  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 23 
 
 
   1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
9.3.4. Architectural, engineering, and other technical services 369 313 237 264 294 353 411 
9.3.4.1 Architectural         1 4 - 1 4 3 6 
9.3.4.2 Engineering 324 260 169 167 166 213 256 
9.3.4.3 Surveying          5 9 3 5 14 15 12 
9.3.4.4 Other           39 39 65 90 110 122 137 
        
9.3.5. Agricultural, mining, and on-site processing  112 84 142 110 137 75 89 
9.3.5.1 Waste treatment and depollutingc np np - - - np - 
9.3.5.2 Other   112 84 142 110 137 75 89 
9.3.5.2.1 Agriculturalc np np 17 8 8 np - 
9.3.5.2.2 Miningc 112 80 133 84 98 67 89 
9.3.5.2.3  Other  - 3 1 22 33 8 - 
         
9.3.6. Other  149 79 183 213 283 234 270 
9.3.6.1 Manufacturing 15 20 3 31 29 17 7 
9.3.6.2 Other 134 59 180 182 254 217 264 
9.3.6.2.1 Other professiona l services 134 59 180 182 254 217 264 
9.3.6.2.2  Other services, niea np np np np np np np 
         
9.3.7. Services between affiliate d enterprises, nie 405 369 378 461 516 609 663 
        
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational services 516 510 432 532 628 780 772 
10.1 Audiovisual and relate d services 432 413 349 428 497 612 590 
10.1.1 Audio visual, sporting and entertainment - - - - - - - 
10.1.2 Royalties on film, TV programs, video and multimedia 432 413 349 428 497 612 590 
10.1.2.1  Theatrical films (Cinema) 72 70 44 48 45 72 43 
10.1.2.2  TV programmes 287 261 235 290 343 404 421 
10.1.2.3  Video tapes  57 72 63 82 105 134 114 
10.1.2.4  Multimediad np np np np np np np 
10.1.2.5  Otherd 16 10 7 7 4 1 12 
         
10.2 Other personal, cultural a nd recreational 84 97 83 104 132 168 183 
10.2.1 Education 42 41 37 52 55 49 60 
10.2.2.1  Consultancy 17 16 5 7 18 7 5 
10.2.2.2  Correspondence courses - - - 3 - - - 
10.2.2.3  Services through educa tional institutions 9 6 8 17 25 30 28 
10.2.2.4  Other education services  16 19 24 25 12 12 27 
10.2.2 Health and medical 11 11 10 10 12 24 32 
10.2.3 Other 31 45 36 42 65 95 90 
        
11. Government services, nie 392 379 331 365 464 566 596 
        
Total Services debits 18,772 19,024 17,363 18,372 21,891 27,975 30,518 
Memorandum items: 
Gross insurance premiums receivable. 
Gross insurance claims payable. 
- Nil or rounded to zero (including null cells). 
np Not available for publication. a "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
b "Other Royalties and License fees" incl udes "Education royalties" for 2000 and 2003. 
c "Mining services" includes "Waste treatment a nd depollution services" for 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2004
 and "Agricultural 
 services". 
d "Other Royalties" on film, TV program s, video and multimedia" includes "M ultimedia royalties" for 2000 and 2001. 
Source:  Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 5368.0.55.004 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia 
Commonwealth of Australia, 2007. 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 24  
 
  Table A.3 
Thailand, international trade in  services, total exports, 199-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 3,015.00 3,244.00 3,059.00 3,264.00 3,505.00 4,349.00 4,626.45 
1.1 Passengera 2,387.00 2,447.00 2,306.00 2,491.00 2,601.00 3,010.00 2,527.02 
1.2 Freight  512.00 605.00 610.00 678.00 805.00 1,092.00 1,199.65 
1.3 Othera 116.00 192.00 143.00 95.00 99.00 247.00 899.78 
        
2. Travel services 7,040.00 7,489.00 7,077.00 7,902.00 7,855.00 10,057.00 9,576.24 
               
3. Communications servicesb 144.00 132.00 109.00 134.00 149.00 202.00 258.06 
               
4. Construction services 236.00 230.00 295.00 263.00 188.00 235.00 254.96 
               
5. Insurance services 59.00 81.00 87.00 106.00 134.00 138.00 279.35 
               
6. Financial services ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
7. Computer and information services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
8. Royalties and license fees 21.00 9.00 9.00 8. 00 7.00 15.00 16.81 
               
9. Other business services 4,044.00 2,601.00 2,296.00 3,627.00 3,859.00 3,946.00 5,001.05 
               
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational 
services ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
11. Government services, nie 94.00 83.00 92.00 87.00 104.00 108.00 152.16 
               
Total Commercial Services  (sum of the 
above) 14,653 13,869 13,024 15,391 15,801 19,050 20,165 
Total Commercial Services (reported) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Memorandum Items:                
Gross insurance premiums receivable 1792 1792 1645 1645 1663 1678 1698 
Gross insurance claims payable -1858 -1300 -1166 -1241 -1255 -1266 -1280 
.. Not available. 
a "Passenger transportation" includes "o ther transportation" for all years. 
b "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
Source:  Bank of Thailand, 2007. 
  WT/REG185/4 
 Page 25 
 
 
  Table A.4 
Thailand, international trade in services, total imports, 1999-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 1,028.00 1,141.00 1,376.00 1,419.00 1,792.00 2,441.00 3965.30 
1.1 Passengera  469.00 478.00 698.00 506.00 806.00 1,146.00 1,859.83 
1.2 Freight  398.00 446.00 412.00 583.00 618.00 824.00 795.34 
1.3 Othera 161.00 217.00 266.00 330.00 368.00 471.00 988.54 
        
2. Travel services 2,476.00 2,775.00 2,923.00 3,303.00 2,921.00 4,516.00 3,803.32 
               
3. Communications servicesb 29.00 39.00 146.00 84.00 179.00 143.00 213.96 
               
4. Construction services 83.00 105.00 111.00 69.00 152.00 229.00 313.50 
               
5. Insurance services 182.00 177.00 198.00 328.00 382.00 356.00 477.88 
               
6. Financial services ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
7. Computer and information services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
8. Royalties and license fees 584.00 709.00 822.00 1,071.00 1, 269.00 1,584. 00 1,676.21 
               
9. Other business services 4,339.00 4,142.00 2,838.00 3,962.00 3,873.00 4,319.00 4,773.98 
               
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational services ..  .. .. .. .. .. .. 
               
11. Government services, nie 118.00 131.00 135.00 148.00 171.00 168.00 146.47 
               
Total Commercial Services (sum of the 
above) 8,839  9,219 8,549 10,384 10,739 13,756 15,371 
Total Commercial Services (reported) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
Memorandum Items:                
Gross insurance premiums receivable 1792 1792 1645 1645 1663 1678 1698 
Gross insurance claims payable -1858 -1300 -1166 -1241 -1255 -1266 -1280 
.. Not available. 
a "Passenger transportation" includes "o ther transportation" for all years. 
b "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
Source:  Bank of Thailand, 2007. 
 WT/REG185/4 
Page 26  
 
  Table A.5 
Australia, international trade in services, exports to Thailand, 1999-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 74 76 np np np np np 
               
2. Travel services 202 196 217 271 327 388 411 
               
3. Communications servicesa np np 3 np 2 1 np 
               
4. Construction services np - np np - - - 
               
5. Insurance services - - - - - - - 
               
6. Financial services - - - - - - - 
               
7. Computer and informati on services 1 1 1 1 4 1 - 
               
8. Royalties and license fees - np np np np 3 np 
               
9. Other business services 10 10 10 17 15 np 11 
               
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational services 2 np 1 1 1 np - 
               
11. Government services, nie 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 
Total Commercial Services  (sum of the above) 288 284 232 289 349 393 422 
Total Commercial Services (reported) 294 294 281 338 392 453 490 
Memorandum items: 
Gross insurance premiums receivable. 
Gross insurance claims payable. 
- Nil or rounded to zero (including null cells). 
np Not available for publication. 
a "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
Source:  Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 5368.0.55.004 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia © 
Commonwealth of Australia, 2007.  
  WT/REG185/4 
Page 27 
 
 
  Table A.6 
Australia, international trade in services, imports from Thailand, 1999-05 
(US$ million) 
 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
1. Transportation services 101 np np 154 192 247 267 
               
2. Travel services 190 215 242 244 224 376 415 
               
3. Communications servicesa 15 np 2 np np 3 3 
               
4. Construction services - - - - - - - 
               
5. Insurance services - - - - - - - 
               
6. Financial services 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 
               
7. Computer and informati on services np - - - np np - 
               
8. Royalties and license fees np - np 1 1 np 1 
               
9. Other business services 5 3 5 np np 6 5 
               
10. Personal, cultural, and recreational services np np np - - np - 
               
11. Government services, nie 3 3 2 3 3 4 5 
               
Total Commercial Services  (sum of the above) 312 221 251 401 420 634 694 
Total Commercial Services (reported) 314 353 393 410 433 635 694 
Memorandum items: 
Gross insurance premiums receivable. 
Gross insurance claims payable. 
- Nil or rounded to zero (including null cells). 
np Not available for publication. a "Communication services" includes "other miscellaneous bus iness services – other services n.i.e." for all years. 
Source:  Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 5368.0.55.004 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia © 
Commonwealth of Australia, 2007. 
 
 
 
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