KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
CCTV  surveillance systems for use in security applicatio ns  ― 
Part 5: Testing, commissioning and  hand-over requirements  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                    PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT,MARCH 2009                                     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                  
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
  
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION 
 
The following organizations were represented on the  Technical Committee:  
 
Eveready Batteries Kenya Ltd. 
Associated Battery Manufacturers 
Kenya Railways Corporation 
Securicor Alarms (K) Ltd. 
Department of Defence 
Ministry of Roads and Public Works  
Kenya Power & Lighting Company Ltd.  
Automotive Industrial Battery Manufacturers (A.I.B. M) (K) Ltd . 
Ministry of Energy  
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technol ogy — Electrical Engineering Department. 
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat 
 
 
 
 
 
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS 
 
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, K enya Standards shall be regularly reviewed. Suggest ions 
for improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards , 
are welcome. 
 
 
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2009 
 
Copyright:  Users are reminded that by virtue of se ction 6 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of the Laws of Kenya, copyright subsists in all 
Kenya Standards and except as provided under sectio n 7 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Keny a Bureau of Standards may 
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior perm ission in writing from the 
Managing Director 
ISBN 
 
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS) 
 
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 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
Foreword 
This Kenya Standard was developed by the Technical Committee on Extra-low Voltage and is in accordance  
with the procedures of the Bureau.  
In the preparation of this Kenya Standard reference  was made to SANS 10222-5-1-4:2003.  
Acknowledgement is hereby made for assistance deriv ed from this source. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
CCTV surveillance systems for use in security appli cations ―  
Part 5: Testing, commissioning and hand-over requir ements 
 
1 Scope  
 
This standard gives recommendations for the testing , commissioning and hand-over of CCTV systems used 
in security applications. 
 
The objectives of this part are to provide: 
 
a) Guidance to installers with respect to the testi ng and commissioning of CCTV systems;  
 
b) Guidance on how to compile a typical acceptance test procedure (ATP); and 
 
c) An overview of the commissioning and hand-over p hases of the CCTV installation and completion of th e 
system hand-over certificate. 
 
2 Normative references  
 
The following standards contain provisions which, t hrough reference in this text, constitute provision s of this 
standard. All standards are subject to revision and , since any reference to a standard is deemed to be  a 
reference to the latest edition of that standard, p arties to agreements based on this standard are enc ouraged 
to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Informat ion on 
currently valid national and international standard s can be obtained from Kenya Bureau of Standards. 
 
KS 2110-1-  Installation and remote monitoring of detector act ivated CCTV systems- code of practice 
KS 2110-2  – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – Operatio nal requirements . 
KS 2110-3 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – System d esign requirements . 
KS 2110-4 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications –installat ion, planning and implementation 
requirements. 
KS 2110-6 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – Maintena nce requirements . 
 
 
3 Definitions and abbreviations  
 
3.1 Definitions  
 
For the purposes of this standard, the following de finitions apply:  
 
3.1.1  
Back focus  
Distance between the external surface of the lens t hat is closest to the imaging device and the focal point 
 
3.1.2  
Camera housing  
Enclosure to provide physical or environmental prot ection (or both) for the camera, lens and ancillary  
equipment 
 
 
3.1.3  
CCTV camera  KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 Unit that contains an imaging device that produces a video signal from an optical image 
 
3.1.4  
CCTV camera equipment  
Unit that contains a CCTV camera plus appropriate l enses and the necessary ancillary equipment 
 
3.1.5  
CCTV control unit  
Equipment for controlling and monitoring the requir ed operational functions of the CCTV system  
 
3.1.6  
CCTV surveillance installation  
Installation consisting of the hardware and softwar e components of a CCTV system, fully installed and 
operational for monitoring a defined security zone 
 
3.1.7  
CCTV surveillance system  
System that consists of camera equipment, monitorin g and associated equipment for transmission and 
controlling purposes, which could be necessary for the surveillance of a defined security zone 
 
3.1.8  
Character generator  
Device for generating alphanumeric characters or sy mbols (or both) and adding them into the image 
 
3.1.9  
Focal length ( F) 
Property of a lens, expressed in millimetres, givin g the angle of view for a given sensor size  
 
3.1.10  
Iris   
The imaging device of the CCTV camera  
 
3.1.11  
Lens  
Optical device for projecting an image of a desired  scene onto the photosensitive surface of the imagi ng 
device 
 
3.1.12  
Operational requirement  
Statement of needs based on a thorough and systemat ic assessment of the problems to be solved and the 
hope for solutions  
 
3.1.13  
Pan-and-tilt camera unit   
Motorized unit permitting the vertical and horizont al positioning of the camera equipment 
 
3.1.14  
Picture storage  
Storing of video images  
 
3.1.15  
 
Preset shot  
Function in pan-and-tilt camera units or zoom lense s (or both) that allows automatic return to one or more 
predetermined positions  
 
3.1.16  
Time and date generator  
Device for generating the time and date and incorpo rating them into the image 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 3.1.17  
Time-lapse recording  
Periodical recording of video signals at predefined  intervals  
 
3.1.18  
Time multiplex recording  
Method for recording several video signals on one v ideo channel by time multiplexing the frames of the se 
video signals  
 
3.1.19  
Variable focal length lens  
Lens with variable focal length in which the image does not remain in focus as the focal length change s  
 
3.1.20  
Video matrix  
Unit for connecting several input video signals to several outputs  
 
3.1.21  
Video monitor  
Device for converting video signals into pictures o n a display screen 
 
3.1.22  
Video motion detection  
Method of detecting movement in the view of the cam era by electronic analysis of the change in picture  
contrast  
 
3.1.23  
Video switcher  
Unit for switching a number of video input signals to one or more outputs manually or automatically or  on 
receipt of an external signal 
 
3.1.24  
Zoom lens  
Lens with adjustable focal length in which the imag e of the scene remains in focus as the focal length  is 
changed 
 
3.2 Abbreviations  
 
For the purposes of this standard, the following ab breviations apply:  
 
3.2.1 ATP  Acceptance test procedure 
 
3.2.2  CCIR  Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunic ation (International Radio 
 Consultative Committee)  
 
3.2.3 CCTV  Closed-circuit television 
 
3.2.4 PSDB  The United Kingdom Police Scientific Development B ranch 
 
3.2.5 PTZ  Pan, tilt and zoom  
 
3.2.6 RPM  Revolutions per minute 
 
3.2.7 VCR  Video cassette recorder  
 
3.2.8 VMD  Video motion detection 
 
 
4 Overview  
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 4.1  Once an acceptable design specification has been p roduced, a system test specification shall be drawn  
up. The system test specification shall include tes ts that will be used to test the system for accepta nce and 
tests to be carried out as part of a periodic test scheme. Care shall be taken to so select the tests that it shall 
be possible to ensure that the system fully satisfi es its operational requirement. Points to be covere d shall be 
agreed upon between the end-user (that is the perso n representing the customer or client) and the supp lier. 
The level of visual performance testing shall inclu de subjective testing, such as the visual assessmen t of the 
displayed picture quality, coverage of the surveyed  areas and objective testing using an appropriate t est 
target. 
 
4.2  The system test specification shall comprise proce dures that include the following: 
 
a) The visual and functional check of all parts of the CCTV installation. The visual tests cover the s tandard of 
workmanship of the installation, the functional qua lity of the various system components and their 
compliance with the system specification. The funct ional tests include checking the functional compati bility of 
the components of the installation; 
 
NOTE   The inspection tests may be carried out on i ndividual parts of the installation as they are com pleted. 
b)  Confirmation that the operator manual and syste m documentation are complete; 
 
c) The performance specification and results from p erformance testing, together with a signed inspecti on 
report; 
 
d) Recommended maintenance schedule for the system if no maintenance contract has been agreed upon; 
 
e) Sufficient training to ensure correct operation of the system if the functional requirement states that 
training is to be provided by the contractor; and 
 
f)  An acceptance document to establish the exact c ompletion date. 
 
4.3  The focus of this standard is aimed at the larger,  more complex, CCTV installations where clearly 
defined test procedures are necessary and a structu red testing, commissioning and hand-over approach i s 
evident. However, this does not mean that smaller s ystems do not need a similar approach. The only 
difference would be the scale of testing and docume ntation to be undertaken. 
 
5 Testing  
 
5.1 General  
 
In order to ensure that all aspects of the system a re thoroughly evaluated and tested, it is recommend ed that 
an acceptance test procedure (ATP) be documented be forehand. Key elements  that should be included in 
the ATP are outlined in 5.2. 
 
5.2 System specification  
 
5.2.1 Conformance  
 
The ATP shall verify the conformance of all aspects  of the system specification. A well-compiled speci fication 
shall include references to the aspects in 5.2.2 to  5.2.4. 
 
5.2.2 Measurable equipment specification  
 
The minimum required performance criteria shall be included in the equipment specification. This norma lly 
includes measurable criteria such as bandwidth, res olution and signal to noise ratios. It is up to the  end-user 
to decide whether published equipment specification s will be acceptable to verify the conformance of a  
product without proof in the form of test reports. In most instances, the cost of obtaining test repor ts from 
independent test laboratories to prove the conforma nce of a product is prohibitive (the majority of CC TV 
companies do not have the specialized equipment or the necessary skills to undertake this task). It is  
therefore advisable and strongly recommended that o nly products from well-known and reputable equipmen t 
manufacturers should be considered at the time of c ontract adjudication. KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
5.2.3 Operational equipment specification  
 
The ATP shall also include a method of verifying, e valuating and proving the full operational aspects of the 
system. 
 
5.2.4 Quality standards  
 
The specification shall include the minimum accepte d quality standard that applies to the installation . This 
may include standards such as: 
 
a) ISO 9001: 2008 Quality management systems – Requirements  
 
Equipment produced in a 9001 certified organization  shall be preferred at the time of adjudicating a c ontract. 
Quality related procedures are instilled at all lev els within such an organization, which allows for a  proven 
quality consistency of the end products. In additio n, the employment of an installation contractor cer tified to 
the same set of standards, who can also  apply meas urable quality standards to his work, documentation  
and all other aspects of the contract, shall also a pply.  
 
b) End-user quality standards  
 
The ATP shall make provision to verify whether the installed system conforms to the user standards inc luded 
in the system specification. 
 
c) Published standards  
 
In instances where it is required that a system sha ll be installed to conform to standards published b y a 
standards authority such as Standards South Africa,  then the ATP shall include a method of verifying s uch 
conformance of the installed system. 
 
d) Installation standard 
 
The ATP shall include a section devoted to this asp ect of the installation. This is, typically, a visu al inspection 
of the installed system. 
 
5.3 Types of system tests  
 
5.3.1 General  
 
Various types of system tests can be used to evalua te the performance of the CCTV system to ensure tha t it 
meets its operational requirement. These tests migh t consist of some or all of the following: 
 
a) Full test, testing all aspects of performance wi th regard to the total system; 
 
b) Partial test, testing some or all aspects of per formance of specific parts of the system; and 
c) Spot checks, partial testing of the system, carr ied out at random or to some pre-determined pattern . This 
might be considered as "worst case scenario" testin g. It is often used to confirm that previous tests have 
been carried out correctly. The spot check has the advantage of requiring minimum resources.  
 
5.3.2 Detailed system tests  
 
5.3.2.1 General  
 
The generic types of test listed in 5.3.1 shall be sub-divided into more detailed types of tests, as i n 
5.3.2.2 to 5.3.2.6. 
 
 
5.3.2.2 Feasibility testing  
 
This test is carried out at the planning stage. Var ious options, including selection, placement and ad justment KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 of equipment, are tried out in order to see what ca n be achieved. The tests can be carried out at typi cal 
locations on a site "worst case scenario" or cover the whole site, i.e. at every proposed camera posit ion. 
 
5.3.2.3 Setting-up testing  
 
This test shall be carried out by the installer or contractor before the hand-over. It allows for fina l adjustments 
to be made to the equipment. It is an opportunity t o ensure that the commissioning test will be merely  a 
formality.  
 
5.3.2.4 Commissioning testing  
 
This is a test of a system after it has been set up  by the installer or contractor. It aims to demonst rate to the 
end-user, the effectiveness of the overall system i n meeting the operational requirement. This test sh all be 
as comprehensive as possible, as the results will b e used to confirm end-user acceptance that the syst em is 
fit for operational use. Acceptance of the system w ill pass responsibility for any remedial action to the end-
user. 
 
5.3.2.5 Coverage testing  
 
A test target facing the camera shall be used for e ach area, at points within or near the area to be o bserved. 
The test target shall be positioned so as to ensure  that the limits of the system are fully explored. This test 
target might be an individual, a physical object or  a specifically designed CCTV test chart or model. The 
coverage test shall aim to: 
 
a) Confirm the area to be viewed in terms of covera ge specified in the operational requirement; 
b) Confirm the size of the image of the target; and  
c) Show the existence and extent of all blind spots .  
 
5.3.2.6 Effectiveness of view test  
 
The effective field of view from a camera is the us eful view as displayed on the monitor. This might b e 
reduced by blind spots caused by obstructions or ar eas that are poorly lit. 
 
5.3.2.7 Routine testing  
 
The purpose of these tests is to ensure that the eq uipment is still functioning in accordance with the  current 
operational requirement. It shall either confirm th at no significant performance changes took place, o r expose 
any shortfalls. It might include repetition of some  or all of the commissioning tests, or a spot check  based 
either on random selection or on some other means o f determination. 
 
5.4 Objective performance testing  
 
5.4.1  The usual methods of testing CCTV systems are very  subjective and might vary from site to site. This 
lack of consistency and objectivity in performance testing might lead to some of the legal problems 
mentioned in the commissioning section. At the very  least, it could cause confusion as to just what is  an 
acceptable system. The most common causes of poor q uality recordings are as follows: 
 
a) The subject is too small or not long enough in v iew; 
 
b) The images are out of focus or moving objects ar e blurred; and 
 
c)  Cameras are not covering the relevant areas or the light was insufficient. 
 
5.4.2  Although many of the problems might be the result of poor system design and specification, the final 
commissioning testing does not always make them app arent. The absence of a simple but reliable accepte d 
performance standard was identified as a key issue.  This has led to the development of a device called  the 
ROTAKIN (see figure 1). 
 
5.4.3  The ROTAKIN is a test target mounted on a stand. T he target is a weatherproof panel measuring 1 600 
mm x 400 mm, black in colour, and shaped at each en d to represent the outline of a human head. It bear s KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 
high contrast resolution bars and a wedge chart for  static and dynamic resolution measurements. A 
camouflage cloth cover allows additional intruder d etection in various positions with or without the s tand. 
 
5.4.4 A small battery driven motor shall rotate the targe t at 25 RPM. This is representative of a person 
moving quickly but stealthily. The complete kit is light and easily portable. 
 
5.4.5  The ROTAKIN test target shall be used to carry out  the following objective tests:  
 
a) The area covered by each camera, to detect and e liminate blind spots;  
 
b) The size of the target and if it is readily seen ; 
 
c) The system response time and staff reaction; 
 
d) The visibility of target camouflage against a co ntrasting background; 
 
e) The effects of different types of scene illumina tion; and 
 
f)  Lens focus and adjustments.  
 
5.4.6  This type of objective performance testing is not generally a feature of the testing methods used by 
CCTV companies, as most companies only use subjecti ve tests. Although the ROTAKIN test target is 
available in South Africa, it might be difficult to  locate, as only larger CCTV companies have access to it.   
 
5.4.7  The ROTAKIN test target measurements and results s hall form part of the acceptance test procedures. 
It also requires some skill to undertake the perfor mance tests, recording of the results and the subse quent 
interpretation of such results. A knowledgeable CCT V contractor or supplier should be able to assist w ith this 
aspect. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1 ― ROTAKIN test target  
 
5.4.8  Due to increasing incidents of armed robbery in th eir banks, the German banking industry requested 
CCTV suppliers to develop some form of objective te st measurement, in order to ensure that their CCTV 
systems meet the requirements of the police and jus tice departments in terms of quality evidential vid eo KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 
recordings. A committee consisting of representativ es from the banking industry, security experts, the  police, 
and the CCTV industry was formed. As a result of th e committee's deliberations, two test charts were 
developed, the test chart 150 and the test chart 60 0. 
These are shown in figures 2 and 3, respectively. T hese charts provide video performance test patterns  for 
horizontal and vertical resolution, colour renditio n and grey scale compare 
 
Figure 2 ― Test charts 150  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3 ― Test charts 600  
5.4.9  The size of an object (target) on a CCTV monitor s creen shall be appropriate to the task of the 
operator, for example, identification, recognition,  detection or monitoring. If the target is a person , the usual 
method to determine the above parameters is the hei ght of the target in relation to the monitor screen . For KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 this method, the minimum sizes (see SANS 10222-5-2)  shall be as follows: 
 
a) For identification, the target shall represent a t least 120 % of the screen height; 
 
b) For recognition, the target shall represent at l east 50 % of the screen height; 
 
c) For detection, the target shall represent at lea st 10 % of the screen height; 
 
d) For monitoring and control purposes, the target need only represent 5 % of the screen height. 
 
The ROTAKIN test figure uses the height of the targ et as the basis for determining whether or not the needs 
of the operator have been met. 
 
5.4.10  The German test targets, however (which were devel oped for internal use), use the width of the scene 
as the reference point. For identification purposes  the width of the test scene is deemed to be 1.5 m,  i.e. the 
operator or other responsible authority shall be ab le to identify the person in the scene from the vid eo 
recording. For recognition purposes, the scene widt h is deemed to be 6.0 m, i.e. it shall be possible to 
recognize the person but, more importantly, the mov ements (or activity) of the person (or persons) in the 
scene from the video recording. The 150 and 600 tes t charts represent these requirements respectively.  
From a banking aspect, cameras shall be positioned to capture clear, identifiable images of individual  
perpetrators and, in addition, capture essential pa rts of the actual hold up or robbery, including the  faces of 
the perpetrators. 
 
5.4.11  During the installation, each camera shall be test ed by recording the person in the test scene holdin g 
the test chart at waist height, using one or other of the test charts, depending on the operational re quirement. 
It is essential to ensure that the tests meet the s cene width requirements by using a tape measure or some 
other measuring means to accurately determine the s cene width. In addition, the person holding the tes t 
chart shall also stand in a similar position to tha t in which the likely target would stand. 
 
5.4.12  When testing the identification capability of a pa rticular camera, it shall be possible to clearly 
distinguish resolution test line "C" on the video r ecording, when the person holding test chart 
150 is standing within a scene width of 1,5 m. For example, for a 1/3" camera with a lens that has a f ocal 
length of 8 mm, the distance from the person holdin g the test chart will be approximately 2.5 m. (See table 
1.)  
 
5.4.13  When testing general view (or recognition) require ments of a camera, a similar procedure shall be 
used, with the exception that the scene width shall  be 6 m and test chart 600 shall be used. 
For the image to be acceptable, resolution test lin e "2" shall be clearly distinguished on the relevan t video 
recording. For example, for a 1/2" camera fitted wi th a lens of focal length 6 mm, the distance to the  object 
will be approximately 5.6 m. (See table 1.)  
 
5.4.14  Test chart 150 shall also be used to provide quali tative judgement of the colour rendition of colour 
cameras as well as grey scale comparison for monoch rome cameras. The greater the number of 
distinguishable shades of grey that a camera can pr oduce, the more realistic a picture shall be produc ed. 
 
5.4.15  The distance to the object (or target) for scene w idths of 1,5 m and 6,0 m respectively, shall be 
calculated for different sizes of sensor formats an d different lens focal lengths. Because of manufact uring 
tolerances, the actual distance can vary slightly. The width and height of the different CCD sensor fo rmats 
are given below 
 
•  Sensor format 2/3". 8,8 mm x 6,6 mm (width x heig ht)  
 
•  Sensor format 1/2". 6,4 mm x 4,8 mm  
 
• Sensor format 1/3". 4,8 mm x 3,6 mm  
 
•  Sensor format 1/4". 3,6 mm x 2,7 mm  
 
5.4.16  The formula for calculating the distance to the ob ject shall be as follows: 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
  Lens focal length x Scene width 
               Object distance.  
                           Width of CCD sensor 
 
A similar formula can be constructed for the height  of a scene and the corresponding height of the sen sor, 
namely:  
 
 Lens focal length x Scene Height  
               Object distance.    
                                       Height of CC D sensor 
 
By transposing the formula,   
 
. 
 
                                    Object distance  x Width of sensor 
               Lens focal length.                  
                                            Scene w idth 
 
 
5.4.17  Table 1 provides worked examples for different sen sor formats, lens focal lengths and scene widths 
based on test charts 150 and 600. 
 
  
 Table 1  ― Object distances with respect to  
                                 Lens focal lengths  and sensor formats  
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 
Sensor 
format Scene  
width Test  
chart   Object distance ( in m) with respect to lens focal length ( in mm)  
25 16 12 8 7.5 6 4.8 3.5 2.8 2.1 
 
2/3’’ 
2/3’’ 
 
½’’ 
½’’ 
 
1/3’’ 
1/3’’ 
 
¼’’ 
¼’’ 
  
1.5m 
6.0m 
 
1.5m 
6.0m 
 
1.5m 
6.0m 
 
1.5m 
6.0m 
  
150 
600 
 
150 
600 
 
150 
600 
 
150 
600 
  
4.2 
17.0 
 
5.9 
23.4 
 
7.8 
31.3 
 
10.4 
41.7  
2.7 
11.0 
 
3.8 
15.0 
 
5.0 
20.0 
 
6.7 
26.7  
2.0 
8.2 
 
2.8 
11.3 
 
4.7 
15.0 
 
5.0 
20.0  
1.4 
5.4 
 
1.9 
7.5 
 
2.5 
10.0 
 
3.3 
13.3  
1.3 
5.1 
 
1.8 
7.0 
 
2.3 
9.4 
 
3.1 
12.5  
1.0 
4.1 
 
1.4 
5.6 
 
1.9 
7.5 
 
2.5 
10.0  
0.8 
3.3 
 
1.1 
4.5 
 
1.5 
6.0 
 
2.0 
8.0  
0.6 
2.4 
 
0.8 
3.3 
 
1.1 
4.4 
 
1.5 
5.8  
0.5 
1.9 
 
0.7 
2.7 
 
0.9 
3.5 
 
1.2 
4.7  
0.4 
1.4 
 
0.5 
2.0 
 
0.7 
2.6 
 
0.9 
3.5 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
5.4.18  Other additional information that might be useful when testing a CCTV installation is that of the 
horizontal angle of view provided by different lens  focal lengths and sensor formats. The horizontal a ngle of 
view is the maximum horizontal scene angle that can  be seen through the lens. Similarly, the vertical angle 
of view is the maximum vertical angle that can be s een through the lens. The most common angle of view  
used during testing is the horizontal one. Table 2 provides typical values for different lens focal le ngths and 
sensor formats.  
 
                          Table 2  ― Horizontal angle of view with respect  
                          to lens focal lengths and  sensor formats  
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 
Sensor 
format Horizontal angle of view ( in o) with respect to lens focal length ( in mm)  
25 16 12 8 7.5 6 4.8 3.5 2.8 2.1 
2/3” 
½” 
1/3” 
¼” 20 
14.6 
11 
8.2 30.8 
22.6 
17.1 
12.8 40.3 
29.9 
22.6 
17.1 57.6 
43.6 
33.4 
25.4 60.8 
46.2 
35.5 
27.0 72.5 
56.1 
43.6 
33.3 84.9 
67.4 
53.1 
41.1 103.0 
84.9 
68.9 
54.4 115.1 
97.6 
87.6 
65.5 129.0 
113.5 
97.6 
81.2 
 
 
5.4.19  As with the ROTAKIN test target, the German test c harts 150 and 600 are usually not used as part of 
the testing, commissioning and hand-over process – although the charts are available in 
South Africa from previously stated CCTV distributo rs or installers (or both), reliance on only  subje ctive 
type testing might sometimes lead to a dispute betw een the end-user and the CCTV installation company as 
to what constitutes an acceptable system or, at the  very least, parts of the system. This disagreement  
normally relates to specific views (images seen at the monitor) of individual cameras, either in the l ive mode 
or the video recording playback mode. 
 
5.4.20  Some form of objective testing shall be included i n the acceptance test procedure (ATP), using the 
test targets described, or any other appropriate ob jective test means (this is to be agreed between th e end-
user and the CCTV installing company). For example,  the British Police Scientific  
Development Branch (PSDB) has designed a range of t est targets. Two are very similar to the 
German test charts 150 and 600. One was developed t o provide a reference for grey scale, colour, facia l 
appearance and image detail and another very simple  resolution test chart. 
 
5.4.21  The ROTAKIN test charts 150 and 600 as well as tho se designed by the PSDB are all approved by 
Standards South Africa for use in testing CCTV syst ems.  
 
5.5 Typical equipment testing  
 
5.5.1 General  
 
Guidelines for the testing of typical equipment fou nd in a CCTV system are detailed in 5.5.2 to 
5.5.9. 
 
5.5.2 Camera video images  
 
This is a visual test, and it shall be performed as  follows: 
 
a) Monitors used during the test shall retain the s ame brightness and contrast settings for all camera s; and 
 
b) Colour cameras shall be displayed and inspected on a colour monitor, and monochrome cameras shall b e 
displayed and inspected on a monochrome monitor. Th is allows a true reflection of the camera performan ce 
and settings. 
 
5.5.3 Individual camera tests  
 
The recommended tests are: 
 
a) Camera lenses  KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
Check that the correct lenses are fitted in line wi th the specification and that the focus and back fo cus of the 
cameras are adjusted correctly. 
 
b) Camera angle of view  
 
The test procedure shall clearly state the required  coverage of each of the cameras. The camera covera ge 
shall be inspected closely to confirm if the area i s covered in accordance with the requirement. Camer a 
viewing angles shall be adjusted on the spot by the  installation staff, during the test. 
 
c) Daytime performance of the camera  
 
These tests include checking the camera lens focus and iris settings. A test procedure for zoom lens f ocus 
tracking shall be included. This test shall confirm  whether the back focus settings of  the cameras ar e done 
correctly (i.e. camera image remaining in focus whe n zooming out).  
 
d) Night time performance of the cameras  
 
Any CCTV system that is used for day and night surv eillance shall also be tested at night. These tests  shall 
include the camera lens focus and iris settings. Le ns adjustments shall be done at night as this repre sents 
the worst case scenario, i.e. the lens iris shall b e open, and shall result in a shorter lens depth of  field 
requiring an accurate focus adjustment. 
 
e) Video text  
 
During these tests, any camera text that may be sup erimposed on the video image shall be verified in 
accordance with tabulated camera descriptions. The action of switching camera images to each monitor 
shall confirm the operation of installed video matr ix switching facilities.  
Each of the cameras shall be selected for viewing o n each of the monitors. 
 
5.5.4 Video recordings  
 
Perform the following important checks and tests:  
 
a) Ensure that appropriate storage facilities are p rovided to archive recorded videotapes; 
 
b) Review video recordings to test the system perfo rmance; 
 
c) If more than one VCR is installed, ensure that t hey all display the same correct time and date; 
 
d) Load the VCRs with the supplied tapes and activa te to record. Verify automated alarm-activated 
recordings; and 
 
e) Verify time lapse speed settings of time-lapse r ecorders in accordance with the specified requireme nts.  
 
5.5.5 Video switchers  
 
Check that the dwell time and sequencing of video s ignals are as specified. If there are multiple vide o 
connections, ensure that the correct termination is  applied. 
 
5.5.6 Video multiplexers  
 
Check that the time, date and camera titles are set  correctly. Also check that multiplexers are progra mmed to 
match the speed of the VCR in use. 
 
5.5.7 Video motion detection  
 
Check that the system operates under the worst ligh ting conditions if external surveillance is require d. 
Irrespective of whether or not the system is used i nternally or externally, check that the VMD feature  does 
not cause false alarms and is sensitive enough to d etect movement. KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
5.5.8 PTZ units  
 
Test PTZ units to ensure that the fixing bolts are tight, that there is no sign of water seepage into fitments, 
plugs or sockets and that the end stops are correct  and not loose. Check that the pan/tilt controls co rrespond 
to the correct direction of movement. If, for examp le, the operator requires the unit to pan left by m oving the 
control mechanism to the left, ensure that the actu al unit moves to the left, etc. Reversing of the ca ble 
terminations such that an operator control movement  left results in the PTZ unit moving right is quite  
common. If PTZ unit pre-set positions are incorpora ted as part of the system, check that the specific fields of 
view are covered. 
 
5.5.9 Other tests  
 
The ATP shall include a test procedure for all othe r installed system components, such as graphic user  
interfaces (GUI) and alarm systems such as camera s ignal fail units. A functional test for each facili ty of the 
installed components shall be included.   
 
5.6 Documentation of the tests  
 
5.6.1  Tabulate the required tests in a spreadsheet forma t and include columns for recording the results and  
remarks of each test performed. Specify the require d corrective action for rejected items. It is advis able that 
the contractor has sufficient skilled personnel on site, during the tests, to adjust cameras, address minor 
problems, etc. during the test. 
 
5.6.2 and 5.6.3 below contain general information r elating to CCTV systems for consideration when writ ing 
an ATP. 
 
5.6.2 Conformance with the specification  
 
It is important to determine which of the clauses o f a specification need to be tested for conformance  before 
documenting the test procedure. Each of the clauses  of a specification shall therefore be categorized as 
shown in the example below. 
 
             Typical ATP conformance to specificati on documentation format  
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Clause  Statement  Demonstrate  Test  Visual  Not 
applicable Specification  
reference 
       
       
       
       
 
a) Clause:  This is the specification reference or paragraph n umber. 
 
b) Statement:  Many statements are made in a tender specification . In such a case the ATP must indicate 
that this is a statement only and not subject to te sting. 
 
c) Demonstrate:  The requirement specified in the clause shall be p roven by a demonstration test to the 
nominated representative of the end-user and a proc edure shall be documented for each demonstration to  
be performed. These tests shall prove conformance t o "Operational equipment specification" as noted un der 
5.2.2. 
 
d) Test:  Conformance to the specification shall be tested a nd a test procedure shall be documented for each 
of the tests to be performed. 
 
e) Visual:  Conformance to the specification is visually inspe cted. 
 
f) Not applicable:  Such a clause is not applicable to testing, such a s a change in the specification after the 
initial publication. KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
g) Specification reference:  Such a clause shall include reference of conforman ce to a published 
specification or the equipment brochure as noted un der 5.2.2. 
 
5.6.3 Documenting the tests  
 
The recommended format for documenting the test res ults in the ATP is as follows: 
 
                        
                            Typical ATP test result  documentation format 
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 
Item  Reference  Description  Accepted  Rejected  Remarks  
      
      
      
      
 
 
The definition of each item tabulated above is as f ollows: 
a) Item:  This is an incrementing reference number starting at number one. 
 
b) Reference:  The test reference number refers to each of the wr itten test procedures for the items 
categorized as "Demonstrate" and "Test" in 5.6.2. 
 
c) Description: The description of the test is tabulated here. 
 
d) Accepted:  The nominated representative of the end-user shall  initial this column, should an item pass a 
test. The remarks  column shall be completed to include additional in formation for future reference.   
 
e) Rejected:  The nominated representative of the end-user shall  initial this column should an item fail a test. 
The remarks  column shall be completed to indicate the required  corrective action for the item to pass the 
test. 
 
5.7  Performance test failures  
 
Reasons for performance test failures shall, where possible, be noted during the test. The following a re 
typical examples: 
 
a) System design  
 
• Target too small 
 
•  Target concealed from view  
 
•  Area not covered by cameras  
 
• Equipment too slow  
 
• Equipment difficult to operate 
 
• Equipment malfunction 
 
• Excessive alarm rate  
 
• Search task too complex 
 
• Inadequate viewing conditions  
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 • Light glaring on the monitor screen 
 
• images not focused 
 
• focus error due to lack of depth of field 
 
• movement blur  
 
b)  Lighting  
 
• Blinding the camera  
 
• Shadows concealing the target 
 
• Insufficient contrast between the target and backg round 
 
6 Commissioning  
 
6.1 General  
 
6.1.1  Once all the components in an installation have be en tested, checked and set up, the system shall be 
commissioned to function as specified in the specif ication documents. This really means operating the 
system from the controls and ensuring that every fu nction and view is as originally designed. Normally , it 
might be necessary to make some fine adjustments to  the cameras, lenses and angles of view, etc. At th is 
stage, a record of every camera and the scene in vi ew, shall be made. It is also advisable to comment on the 
details that can be seen at various distances from the camera.  
 
6.1.2  Commissioning might often require operating the sy stem through the night, if appropriate. 
Particular note shall be made of the views and focu s of cameras using artificial or infrared illuminat ion (or 
both). There might be areas of flare or dark pocket s that have to be considered. It is not always easy  to 
predict what the effect of artificial or infrared i llumination might be during the design stage. There fore, during 
the commissioning stage, reducing or increasing the  power of some of the lamps (or even repositioning of 
lamps) shall be considered if they are not producin g the expected results.  
 
6.1.3  It is recommended that an experienced person under take this commissioning process.  
 
6.1.4  Apart from the obvious testing and checking of the  overall CCTV system, other issues shall be 
addressed during the commissioning stage. These inc lude: 
 
a) The completion of the operator's manual, the mai ntenance manuals and other documentation in respect  of 
the system; 
 
b) The completion of a signed inspection report on the performance specification and results from 
performance testing; 
 
c) The availability of a recommended maintenance sc hedule for the system, if no maintenance contract h as 
been agreed on; 
 
d) Sufficient training to ensure correct operation of the system takes place, especially if the operat ional 
requirement states that training is to be provided,  by the contactor, on the operation of the system; and 
 
e)  An acceptance document drawn up to establish th e exact completion date of the system. 
 
6.1.5 An important aspect of commissioning the system sha ll be to record all programming and equipment 
set-up procedures that have been carried out. These  have to be included in the final operation and 
maintenance manuals that will be handed over on com pletion. There might be such items as the 
programming of multiplexers, the programming of ala rm handling, sequences set up on matrix switching 
systems, etc. These shall be fully documented in th e operation and maintenance manuals.  
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 6.2 Operation and maintenance manuals  
 
6.2.1 Documentation is possibly the most common problem f ound in all CCTV installations. It is normally poor  
in quality or non-existent. Irrespective of the typ e of information required, the principle of concise , complete 
and unambiguous information shall apply.  
 
6.2.2  Three copies of the final operating and maintenanc e manuals for the system should be supplied. The 
manuals shall be bound in book form with hard plast ic covers to withstand constant use. 
 
6.2.3  The manuals shall be properly indexed to facilitat e easy reference. 
 
6.2.4  The manuals shall include the following informatio n: 
 
a) A list of spares to be supplied by the contracto r (installer) to cover the period of maintenance. 
This list shall cover all spares to be held in stoc k by the contractor for the CCTV installation and s hall not in 
any way relieve the contractor of the obligation to  provide spares required during the maintenance per iod; 
 
b) A list giving the name and address of the local agent for each item of equipment; 
 
c) A list giving the name and address of the manufa cturer of each item of equipment; 
 
d) A copy of all test certificates received with th e system; 
 
e) A preventative maintenance programme for all equ ipment; 
 
f) Operating instructions for each item of equipmen t; 
 
g) Complete as built drawings of the installation a nd wiring and schematic diagrams;  
 
h) Detailed operating instructions for all the mode s of operation of the system; 
 
i) Acceptance document; and 
 
j) Test and commissioning data sheets.  
 
6.2.5  The aim of the contractor shall be to provide the end-user with sufficient information to be able to have 
the system maintained by any competent company in t he future. The need to produce this documentation 
shall be considered in the price quoted for the sys tem in the first place. Produced effectively, the 
documentation could represent a significant cost th at should not be ignored. 
 
7 System hand-over  
 
7.1 General  
 
7.1.1  Once the person responsible for commissioning is s atisfied that the system meets the system 
specification, it has to be formally handed over to  the end-user. For large CCTV systems, this could b e the 
culmination of months of discussions and negotiatio ns that are as vital as the original specification.  It is the 
opportunity for the end-user to comment on the inst alled system. This shall also form a legal foundati on for 
the installation company. A responsible representat ive of the end-user shall be present during the ent ire 
hand-over proceedings. It shall be established that  this person has the authority to sign for the inst allation on 
behalf of the end-user. 
 
7.1.2  The starting point of the hand-over process shall be to go through the specification in detail. 
The aims and objectives of the system shall be clea rly understood by everyone attending. If there is a  video 
recorder in the system, it is advisable to record t he hand-over proceedings. In this regard each camer a 
position shall be recorded in the three-hour mode f or at least 10 s.  
 
7.1.3  The next phase is to operate the system and obtain  agreement on every camera view. It is in this area  
that there is the most likelihood of misunderstandi ng. Until this point, the end-user has probably onl y seen 
the theoretical areas of view on drawings and descr ibed in the specification. KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 Things like perspective and size of people and obje cts can suddenly seem different from that perceived  
during discussions. At this stage the importance of  a detailed and descriptive specification is signif icant. 
 
7.1.4  Instead of spending much time on debating one scen e, it is preferable to make notes and carry on 
viewing all the other cameras. In the eyes of the e nd-user this might develop a better understanding o f the 
whole system and how it functions. Provided the sys tem has been properly designed, it shall also put i nto 
perspective the appropriateness of each scene in co ntributing to the whole project. 
 
7.1.5 If, in the end, there are still problems or disagre ements on the camera scene, then a further discussi on 
shall be necessary. It will frequently be the situa tion where compromise has to be made in the selecti on of 
lenses, for instance, there is no lens available be tween a 25 mm and a 50 mm lens. Usually an explanat ion 
of the compromise satisfies the end-user. At times,  there might be a mistake in the selection of a len s. In this 
case, the contractor shall have no hesitation in ag reeing to change it. The action shall be to make no tes of 
comments from the end-user but continue with the ha nd-over procedure with a view to returning to the 
comments.  
 
7.1.6  The hand-over shall proceed with a demonstration o f every function and feature of the system. If ther e 
are multiplexing and video recordings, recording sh all be made at all time lapse modes to be used. Thi s shall 
be played back to the end-user as part of the hand- over process.  
Similarly, "electronic zoom" on a multiplexer shall  be demonstrated and the limitations as well as its  use shall 
be explained. If there are alarm inputs to a multip lexer or matrix, they should be activated and the r esults 
demonstrated. If there is any type of motion detect ion system, it shall be thoroughly "walk tested". 
 
7.1.7  If the system is to be operated during the night t ime, the hand-over procedure shall include it,with "walk 
testing" motion detection equipment if necessary. 
 
7.1.8  At the end of the hand-over procedure there might be a snag or exception list agreed between the 
contractor and the end-user. This should only be a list of minor corrections or adjustments to be made , for 
example, the changing of one or more lenses. The co ntractor shall now obtain the end-user’s signature on a 
standard form (see annex A for a typical hand-over certificate, including a section for remarks and 
exceptions), accepting the installation subject to an agreed list of work to be done, if relevant. Thi s shall state 
a time scale within which the work will be complete d.It is quite unreasonable for an end-user to refus e to sign 
such a document, provided that the list consists of  only minor faults. 
 
7.1.9  Speed in carrying out any outstanding work is very  important. It shall be completed within the time 
scale agreed upon (see 7.1.8). Delays at this stage  can cause a total disproportionate amount of aggra vation 
and lose a great deal of goodwill. When all the out standing items are complete, a final completion cer tificate 
and a final acceptance obtained from the end-user s hall be issued. The last thing to do is to handover  the 
finalized version of the operation and maintenance manuals.  
 
7.2 Problems in completing  
 
7.2.1  If the guidelines outlined in the associated stand ards have been followed, there should be no reason 
why the end-user should not sign off the system and  authorize payment. However, there might be many 
reasons for an end-user refusing to pay. 
 
7.2.2  Before any action is taken, an objective and thoro ugh internal investigation shall be carried out to find 
the cause of discontent. The objective is not to fi nd a scapegoat but to establish what needs to be do ne. This 
is the other aspect where speed is essential. 
 
7.2.3  Immediate communication with the end-user is equal ly important to advise that the matter is being 
looked into. This might prevent unpleasant legal im plications later. It is, however, sensible to avoid  the delay 
by maintaining accurate documentation. If no legiti mate reason can be found for refusal to accept the 
system, then the next move shall be made.   
 
7.2.4  An approach at the most senior management of the e nd-user level shall be made by the most senior 
manager in the installing company. At this stage it  shall be assumed that courtesy might achieve more than 
threats, for example, it might be that the end-user  is short of cash and that a mutual arrangement can  be 
made. 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 7.2.5  If the approach in 7.2.4 fails, it is possible tha t the end-user has no intention of paying. This usu ally 
involves creating a smoke screen of fatuous complai nts and unfounded criticisms of the system. Again, 
speed is of the essence and there are two actions t o consider: 
 
a) The first is to put the matter in the hands of t he contractor=s solicitors with an instruction to i mplement 
legal action; and 
 
b) The second shall be to employ an independent con sultant who is knowledgeable about the type of 
installation. The brief shall be to make a complete ly independent and objective assessment of the CCTV  
installation. If the contractor is totally blameles s, it gives confidence to proceed with legal action . Often this 
action alone might spur the end-user into paying. 
 
7.2.6  It could, however, be that the contractor is parti ally to blame, in which case it is better to know i t sooner 
rather than later. The consultant's report shall ha ve included recommendations on how to rectify the 
situation. Therefore, these shall be carried out as  quickly as possible. 
 
7.2.7  If the operational requirement is clearly defined,  the survey carried out efficiently, the specificat ion 
carefully prepared and the installation professiona lly carried out, the probability of the end-user fa iling to pay 
will be remote. 
 
8 Training  
 
8.1 General  
 
Another important aspect of the commissioning and h and-over process is the training of operating staff  and, 
to a lesser extent, the end-user=s maintenance staf f. The details of training provided shall have been  given 
in the specification. The training shall include an  understanding of all the functions in the system a s well as 
the operation. A good starting point shall be the a ims and objectives of the system as stated in the 
specification. The specification shall then form a large part of the training program. There are no fi xed rules 
for training, because every installation is differe nt. Even so, no matter how small the system is, som eone 
shall be trained to operate it. The ATP shall make provision for acceptance of the specified training 
requirement. The training aspects in 8.2 to 8.5 sha ll be considered. 
 
8.2 Operator training  
 
The installing company shall provide this training by using the operation and maintenance manuals 
described in 6.2. The complexity of the installed s ystem might require that follow-up training be prov ided 
once the user is familiar with the system operation . This aspect shall also be addressed in the ATP. 
 
8.3 First-line maintenance  
 
In cases where the end-user has technicians on site  to provide first-line maintenance, the contractor shall 
provide such training. The technical manual shall i nclude a fault-finding flow chart to assist the tec hnicians in 
localizing a fault to a modular level. 
 
8.4 Second-line maintenance  
 
In cases where the end-user has skilled technicians  on site to provide second-line maintenance to 
component level, the supplier shall provide such tr aining. 
 
8.5 Factory training  
 
It might be necessary to include a requirement that  the end-user's technicians receive training at the  
premises of the manufacturer. In certain cases this  might include an overseas trip, which, due to the costs, 
might not be possible. 
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD      KS 2110-5:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
 
                                            Annex A   
                                              (Info rmative)  
 
                                      Hand-over cer tificate  
 
Contract/order No    ______________________________ __________________  
 
Contact description:  _____________________________ ___________________  
 
Name of contractor/installer:  ____________________ _____________________  
 
Contract completion date: _________________________ ____________________  
 
Hand-over date:  
 
 
As-built drawings included   
_______________  
 
 
       Yes / No    (please tick as appropriate)  
 
Manuals/documentation provided              Yes / No    (please tick as appropriate)  
 
Training  received   
Yes  / No    (please tick as appropriate)  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
Remarks and exceptions  
 
 
NOTE   This section will include any relevant infor mation or components regarding the outstanding item s 
(i.e., the exceptions to the original contract work ) to be completed and the agreed period of time for  such 
completion. If this list is lengthy, it should be r eferred to in this section and a separate exception  list attached 
to the hand-over certificate.  
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
___________________________________________________ __________________________  
 
 
 
 
Signed by:   
 
 
 
    Contractor/installer:    
 
 
 
            End-users representative:  
 
Signature:  __________________  
 
Name:      __________________   
_______________________  
 
_______________________  
 
Date:                                  
 _________________   
  ___________________  
_______________________