APPENDIX TABLES Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 83 
 
 
Table AI.1 
Structure of exports, 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
Description 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
Total exports (US$ million)  700.4  806.0  582.2  816.9  426.6  743.2  934.1 
  Percentage share 
Total primary products  47.5  54.5  68.7  62.6  76.5  43.9  48.2 
 Agriculture  41.6  52.0  65.3  57.0  67.0  38.9  39.1 
 Food  38.6  48.1  61.4  53.4  60.8  32.0  34.7 
 0361 Crustaceans, frozen  13.6  12.7  21.7  15.9  12.9  13.4  13.7 
 0752 Spices (except pepper and pimento)  14.9  29.3  32.0  31.6  34.2  8.5  8.0 
 0371 Fish, prepared or preserved, n.e.s.; caviar  2.9  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  2.7  4.8 
 0711 Coffee, not roasted, whether or not 
decaffeinated; coffee husks and skins  1.2  0.4  0.6  0.5  1.0  0.8  1.5 
 0721 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted  0.5  0.7  1.4  0.9  1.4  0.5  1.5 
 0582 Fruit and nuts, provisionally preserved; peel of 
citrus fruit or melons  1.7  0.8  1.9  1.3  4.1  1.9  1.3 
 Agricultural raw materials  3.0  3.9  3.9  3.6  6.2  6.9  4.4 
 Mining  5.9  2.4  3.3  5.7  9.5  5.0  9.1 
 Ores and other minerals  2.1  1.3  1.4  1.4  4.7  3.9  3.6 
 2879  Ores and concentrates of other non-ferrous base 
metals  1.0  0.3  0.5  0.4  1.7  1.4  1.4 
 Non-ferrous metals  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.3  0.0  0.0 
 Fuels  3.8  1.2  2.0  4.3  4.4  1.1  5.5 
Manufactures  52.2  44.4  27.3  31.0  22.5  47.1  41.2 
 Iron and steel  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.0 
 Chemicals  1.1  1.3  1.5  1.0  1.7  1.1  1.3 
 5513  Essential oils;  resinoids;  aqueous distillates of 
essential oils  0.9  1.2  1.4  0.8  1.4  1.0  1.2 
 Other semi-manufactures  3.0  1.7  2.5  2.3  4.5  3.1  3.8 
 6673  Precious stones (other than diamonds), not 
strung, mounted or set  2.4  1.2  1.7  1.7  2.2  2.4  2.9 
 Machinery and transport equipment  0.5  0.7  0.6  0.4  1.1  1.3  0.7 
 Power-generating machinery  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.0 
 Other non-electrical machinery  0.0  0.1  0.2  0.1  0.3  0.5  0.1 
 Agricultural machinery and tractors   0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 
 Office machines and telecommunication equipmen t  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.2  0.2 
 Other electrical machinery  0.2  0.3  0.1  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.1 
 Automotive products  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.1  0.1  0.3  0.1 
 Other transport equipment  0.1  0.2  0.2  0.1  0.6  0.2  0.2 
 Textiles  1.5  1.1  0. 8  0.6  2.5  2.0  2.5 
 6523  Other woven fabrics, containing 85% or more of 
cotton, treated, weighing not more than 200 g/m2  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.0  0.8  0.5  1.0 
 Articles of apparel  42.5  34.9  16.5  24.4  0.4  34.5  26.9 
 8426 Women's trousers, etc., not  knitted or crocheted  2.4  3. 2  1.2  6.3  0.0  7.8  5.3 
 8414  Men's trousers, etc., not knitted or crocheted  6.6  6.8  3.9  4.0  0. 0  6.2  3.7 
 8453 Jerseys, pullovers, waistcoats and similar 
articles, knitted or crocheted  18.0  11.1  1.8  2.6  0.0  4.4  2.6 
Table AI.1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 84 
 
 
Description 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
 8461 Clothing accessories (other than those for 
babies), not knitted or crocheted  2.4  2.1  1.7  2.0  0.0  2.3  2.2 
 8454 T-shirts, singlets a nd other vests, knitted or 
crocheted  3.3  3.6  1.0  1.9  0.0  2.9  2.1 
 8459 Other garments, knitted or crocheted  0.1  0.4  0.5  1. 6  0.0  2.6  1.7 
 8442  Suits, ensembles, j ackets, dresses, skirts, 
trousers, bib and brace overalls, etc.  0.6  0.5  1.4  1.3  0.0  1.4  1.5 
 8415  Shirts  2.5  2.2  0.9  0.6  0.0  1.4  1.4 
 Other consumer goods  3.7  4.7  5.3  2.3  12.1  5.0  6.0 
 8928 Printed matter, n.e.s.  1.1  2.2  0.3  0.1  10.0  1.8  3.1 
Other  0.3  1.1  4.0  6.4  1.0  9.0  10.7 
 9310  Special transactions and commodities not 
classified according to kind  0.3  1.1  4.0  6.4  1.0  9.0  10.7 
 Gold  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 
Source : United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 85 
 
 
Table AI.2 
Structure of exports (including re-exports), 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
Description 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
Total exports (US$ million)  861.9  947.6  667.4  979.0  426.6  835.9 1,008.2 
 Percentage share 
Total primary products  41.9  59.2  68.8  57.4  76.5  44.7  48.1 
 Agriculture  35.1  47.6  62.5  52.1  67.0  36.0  36.8 
 Food  31.7  44.2  59.0  49.1  60.8  29.2  32.7 
 0361  Crustaceans, frozen   11.1  10.9  19.3  13.3  12.9  12.5  12.9 
 0752 Spices (except pepper and pimento)  12.1  24.9  28.4  26.4  34.2  7.6  7.4 
 0371  Fish, prepared or preserved, n.e.s.;  caviar  2.4  3.0  4.3  4.4  0.0  2.4  4.4 
 0711  Coffee, not roasted, whether or not 
decaffeinated; coffee husks and skins  0.9  0.3  0.6  0.4  1.0  0.7  1.4 
 0721  Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or 
roasted  0.4  0.6  1.2  0.8  1.4  0.5  1.4 
 0582  Fruit and nuts, provisionally preserved;  
peel of citrus fruit or melons  1.4  0.7  1.7  1.1  4.1  1.7  1.2 
 Agricultural raw materials  3.4  3.3  3.5  3.0  6.2  6.8  4.0 
 Mining  6.8  11.6  6.3  5.3  9.5  8.7  11.3 
 Ores and other minerals  1.7  1.1  1.9  1.2  4.7  3.5  3.3 
 2879  Ores and concentrates of other non-ferrous 
base metals  0.8  0.2  0.4  0.3  1.7  1.2  1.3 
 Non-ferrous metals  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.3  0.0  0.0 
 Fuels  5.1  10.6  4.3  4.1  4.4  5.2  8.0 
Manufactures  57.9  39.9  27.5  37.3  22.5  47.3  42.0 
 Iron and steel  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.1  0.0  0.0 
 Chemicals  1.5  1.3  1.5  1.1  1.7  1.5  1.5 
 5513  Essential oils; resinoids; aqueous 
distillates of essential oils  0.8  1.0  1.3  0.7  1.4  0.9  1.1 
 Other semi-manufactures  2.7  1.7  2.5  2.2  4.5  4.1  4.2 
 6673  Precious stones (other than diamonds), not 
strung, mounted or set  2.0  1.0  1.5  1.4  2.2  2.1  2.6 
 Machinery and transport equipment  1.5  1.4  2.0  10.7  1.1  3.8  2.5 
 Power-generating machinery  0.2  0.3  0.3  0.4  0.1  0.5  0.6 
 Other non-electrical machinery  0.1  0.3  0.7  0.5  0.3  1.4  0.4 
 Agricultural machinery and tractors   0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 
Office machines and telecommunication equipmen t  0.6  0.2  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.5  0.3 
 Other electrical machinery  0.2  0.3  0.1  0.1  0.0  0.1  0.1 
 Automotive products  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.2  0.1  0.5  0.1 
 Other transport equipment  0.1  0.2  0.6  9.4  0.6  0.8  0.9 
 Textiles  10.5  1.4  1. 9  0.9  2.5  2.1  2.7 
 6523  Other woven fabric s, containing 85% or 
more of cotton, treated, weighing not more 
than 200 g/m2  1.7  0.1  0.2  0.0  0.8  0.4  1.0 
 Articles of apparel  36.1  29.7  14.7  20.4  0.4  30.7  25.0 
 8426  Women's trousers, etc., not knitted or 
crocheted  1.9  2.7  1.1  5.2  0.0  6.9  4.9 
 8414  Men's trousers, etc., not knitted or 
crocheted  5.4  5.8  3.5  3.4  0.0  5.5  3.4 
 8453  Jerseys, pullovers, waistcoats and similar 
articles, knitted or crocheted  14.7  9.4  1.6  2.1  0.0  3.9  2.4 
 8461  Clothing accessories (other than those for 
babies), not knitted or crocheted  1.9  1.8  1.5  1.6  0.0  2.1  2.1 
 8454  T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted 
or crocheted  2.7  3.1  0.9  1.5  0.0  2.5  2.0 
 8459  Other garments, knitted or crocheted  0.1  0.3  0.5  1. 3  0.0  2.3  1.5 
 8442  Suits, ensembles, j ackets, dresses, skirts, 
trousers  0.5  0.5  1.3  1.1  0.0  1.2  1.4 
Table AI.2 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 86 
 
 
Description 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
 8415  Shirts  2.0  1.8  0.8  0.5  0.0  1.3  1.3 
 Other consumer goods  5.6  4.3  4.9  2.1  12.1  5.1  6.1 
 8928 Printed matter, n.e.s.  1.2  1.9  0.3  0.1  10.0  1.6  2.9 
Other  0.3  1.0  3.7  5.3  1.0  8.0  9.9 
 9310  Special transactions and commodities not 
classified according to kind  0.3  1.0  3.7  5.3  1.0  8.0  9.9 
 Gold  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 
Source : United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 87 
 
 
Table AI.3 
Structure of imports, 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
Total imports (US$ million)  990.7  920.2  601.9 1,318.1 1, 204.2 1,685. 9 1,760.3 
 Percentage share 
Total primary products  36.6  38.0  50.8  35.1  37.6  31.9  34.8 
 Agriculture  13.5  15.0  16.1  18.7  14.0  15.7  15.5 
 Food  13.2  14.4  15.9  18.3  13.5  15.4  14.5 
 0423  Rice, semi-milled or wholly milled  4.2  4.0  1.5  3. 8  2.9  5.5  2.3 
 0342  Fish, frozen (excluding fillets and 
minced fish)  0.0  0.0  0.8  1.8  0.0  0.7  1.7 
 0819  Food wastes and prepared animal feeds, 
n.e.s.  0.1  1.0  3.0  1.1  0.1  1.1  1.4 
 0611  Sugars, beet or cane, raw, in solid form, 
not containing adde d flavouring or 
colouring matter  0.5  1.1  0.8  1.4  1.9  1.1  1.4 
 4211  Soya bean oil and its fractions  2.2  2.0  3.2  3.6  2.2  1.0  1.2 
 0612  Other beet or cane sugar and chemically 
pure sucrose, in solid form  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.2  0.1  0.5  0.9 
 Agricultural raw materials  0.3  0.7  0.2  0.4  0.4  0.4  1.0 
 Mining  23.0  22.9  34.7  16.3  23.7  16.2  19.4 
 Ores and other minerals  0.1  0.2  0.2  0.1  0.2  0.2  0.4 
 Non-ferrous metals  0.2  0.3  0.4  0.3  0.2  0.2  0.2 
 Fuels  22.7  22.4  34.1  15.9  23.3  15.9  18.7 
Manufactures  63.0  61.4  47.9  64.7  61.8  65.3  64.7 
 Iron and steel  2.5  2.8  2.6  3.1  3.9  2.5  2.8 
 Chemicals  7.9  9.4  12.0  8.5  8.6  7.3  8.6 
 5429  Medicaments for human or veterinary 
use, n.e.s.  1.3  2.0  2.4  1.7  1.8  1.2  1.5 
 Other semi-manufactures  6.9  8.6  8.0  8.  8.4  9.1  8.7 
 6612  Hydraulic cements, whether or not 
coloured or in the form of clinkers  0.5  0.5  0.8  1.1  1.9  0.9  1.2 
 Machinery and transport equipment  18.7  23.1  17.1  18.7  30.7  24.3  19.1 
 Power-generating machinery  0.7  1.4  0.6  0.9  1.4  1.2  0.8 
 Other non-electrical machinery  5.5  6.5  4.9  5.3  8.1  7.0  5.6 
 Agricultural machinery and tractors   0.1  0.1  0.1  0.2  0.4  0.5  0.2 
 Office machines and telecommunication 
equipment  3.0  3.7  3.1  4.0  6.7  4.7  4.2 
 7643 Transmission apparatus for television, 
radio-telephony, etc.  0.3  0.5  0.2  0.3  0.4  0.8  1.2 
 7641 Electrical apparatus for line telephony 
or line telegraphy  0.4  0.2  0.3  0.3  0.1  0.7  0.8 
 Other electrical machinery  2.5  2.5  1.9  2.4  3.1  2.2  1.7 
 Automotive products  3.8  6.1  5.1  4.7  8.5  6.6  4.5 
 7821  Motor vehicles for the transport of 
goods  1.4  2.3  2.0  2.1  4.9  3.8  1.8 
 7812  Motor vehicles for the transport of 
persons, n.e.s.  1.0  1.8  1.6  0.9  0.9  1.1  1.5 
 Other transport equipment  3.2  2.8  1.6  1.4  2.9  2.7  2.3 
 7923  Aeroplanes and other aircraft (other than 
helicopters), of a weight exceeding 
2,000 kg. but not exceeding 15,000 kg.  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.2  0.0  1.0  1.1 
 Textiles  20.2  10.0  2. 3  17.0  3.7  15.6  17.9 
 6511 Yarn of wool or animal hair (excluding 
wool tops)  5.4  2.8  0.1  4.4  0.0  3.1  4.8 
 6552 Other knitted or cr ocheted fabrics, not 
impregnated or coated, etc.  2.8  1.4  0.0  2.5  0.2  2.4  2.9 
Table AI.3 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 88 
 
 
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
 6524  Other woven fabric s, containing 85% or 
more of cotton, treated, weighing more 
than 200 g/m2  2.4  1.1  0.4  1.3  0.1  1.9  1.6 
 6523  Other woven fabric s, containing 85% or 
more of cotton, treated, weighing not 
more than 200 g/m2  1.6  1.0  0.2  2.0  0.3  1.2  1.3 
 6541  Fabrics, woven, of silk or of silk waste  1.7  0.6  0.0  1.2  0.0  0.9  1.1 
 6575  Twine, cordage, ropes and cables and 
manufactures thereof  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  1.0 
 Articles of apparel  0.7  0.7  0.6  0.7  0.3  0.4  0.5 
 Other consumer goods  6.2  6.8  5.3  7.7  6.2  6.1  7.1 
 8928  Printed matter, n.e.s.  1.0  0.9  0.5  1.4  1.2  1.1  1.3 
Other  0.5  0.6  1.3  0.3  0.5  2.7  0.5 
 Gold  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 
Source : United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 89 
 
 
Table AI.4 
Destination of exports, 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
World (US$ million) 700.4 806.0 592.2 816.9 426.6 743.2 934.1 
  Percentage share 
 America 17.9 25.9 24.1 32.5 22.8 25.3 17.5 
 USA 17.2 25.0 21.6 31.0 20.6 24.4 16.0 
 Other America 0.7 0.9 2.5 1.6 2.2 0.9 1.5 
 Canada 0.5 0.8 2.4 1.3 2.1 0.8 1.3 
 Europe 60.9 52.5 58.1 48.6 49.1 54.2 63.8 
 EC(25) 60.4 52.2 57.9 47.9 48.9 53.3 62.6 
 France 40.7 35.9 41.5 36.4 35.8 35.8 41.0 
 Germany 5.7 4.0 3.8 5.0 3.1 6.8 6.1 
 Italy 3.0 2.3 3.2 1.7 3.0 2.9 4.5 
 United Kingdom 3.2 3.5 3.2 1.8 0.7 2.1 3.3 
 Spain 2.3 1.9 2.4 0.9 2.3 1.5 2.5 
 Belgium 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 2.3 
 Netherlands 1.6 1.9 1.4 0.6 1.2 1.8 1.7 
 Portugal 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 
 Denmark 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 
 EFTA 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.8 1.2 
 Switzerland and Liechtenstein 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.8 1.2 
 Other Europe 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 
 Africa 3.6 3.7 4.8 8.2 7.9 4.2 3.8 
 Mauritius 2.6 2.5 3. 7 5.4 5.7 2.0 1.4 
 Morocco 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 
 Comoros 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 
 South Africa 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.4 0.3 0.5 
 Middle East 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 
 Asia 13.2 16.5 11.8 8.8 15.2 13.4 10.7 
 China 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.9 2.1 4.5 2.3 
 Japan 3.2 2.6 4.2 1.8 2.4 2.2 1.4 
 Six East Asian Traders 8.2 10.3 6.0 5.4 8.2 4.6 4.9 
 Singapore 5.4 8.3 3.6 3.0 5.6 1.9 2.1 
 Thailand 1.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.7 
 Hong Kong, China 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.2 1.1 
 Other Asia 1.0 2.8 0.5 0.7 2.5 2.1 2.0 
 India 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 
 Other 4.4 1.2 1.0 1.7 4.5 2.6 3.7 
 Other countries n.e.s. 4.4 1.2 1.0 1.7 0.1 2.6 3.7 
Source : United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 90 
 
 
Table AI.5 
Destination of exports (including re-exports), 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
World (US$ million) 861.9 947.6 667.4 979.0 426.6 835.9 1,008.2 
  Percentage share 
 America 18.8 22.2 21.7 27.2 22.8 22.8 16.4 
 USA 18.3 21.3 19.4 25.9 20.6 22.0 15.0 
 Other America 0.6 0.9 2.3 1.3 2.2 0.8 1.5 
 Canada 0.5 0.7 2.2 1.1 2.1 0.7 1.2 
 Europe 61.9 55.2 58.1 54.9 49.1 51.6 61.3 
 EC(25) 61.5 55.0 57.9 54.4 48.9 50.8 60.1 
 France 44.5 39.6 40.8 42.9 35.8 34.3 39.5 
 Germany 4.8 3.5 4.7 4.9 3.1 6.4 6.0 
 Italy 2.6 2.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.8 4.2 
 United Kingdom 2.7 3.2 3.2 1.7 0.7 1.9 3.0 
 Spain 2.1 1.7 2.2 0.9 2.3 1.4 2.4 
 Belgium 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.9 1.2 2.2 
 Netherlands 1.4 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.6 
 Portugal 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 
 Denmark 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 
 EFTA 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.8 1.1 
 Switzerland and Liechtenstein 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.8 1.1 
 Other Europe 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 
 Africa 3.6 6.1 6.1 7.6 7.9 4.4 4.5 
 Mauritius 2.4 3.2 4. 8 4.6 5.7 1.9 1.4 
 South Africa 0.5 2.0 0.2 1.7 0.4 0.6 1.0 
 Morocco 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 
 Comoros 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 
 Middle East 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.6 0.4 
 Asia 11.1 14.2 10.9 7.5 15.2 13.1 10.2 
 China 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 2.1 4.1 2.2 
 Japan 2.7 2.2 3.7 1.5 2.4 2.1 1.4 
 Six East Asian Traders 7.0 8.9 5.6 4.6 8.2 4.5 4.7 
 Singapore 4.6 7.1 3.2 2.6 5.6 1.7 1.9 
 Thailand 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.3 1.6 
 Hong Kong, China 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.8 1.4 1.1 
 Other Asia 0.8 2.4 0.6 0.7 2.5 2.4 1.9 
 India 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.5 1.5 1.2 
 Other 4.5 2.1 2.8 2.5 4.5 4.5 7.1 
 Other countries n.e.s. 4.5 2.1 2.8 2.5 0.1 4.5 7.1 
Source:  United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 91 
 
 
Table AI.6 
Origin of imports, 2000-2006 
(US$ million and per cent) 
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 
World  (US$ million) 990.7 920.2 601.9 1,318.1 1,204.2 1,685.9 1,760.3 
  Percentage share 
 America 6.4 6.3 5.8 6.7 5.9 4.5 5.3 
 USA 4.6 4.0 3.1 3.6 3.2 2.4 3.6 
 Other America 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.1 1.7 
 Argentina 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.7 1.7 0.7 1.0 
 Europe 22.9 27.2 26.5 28.8 30.2 26.6 24.9 
 EC(25) 22.2 26.3 25.5 27.9 29.1 25.6 23.7 
 France 13.0 14.9 14.9 15.3 15.3 14.8 13.2 
 Germany 2.3 3.7 3.5 2.7 4.2 2.6 2.5 
 Belgium 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.8 3.2 2.8 1.7 
 Spain 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.7 
 Italy 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.8 1.8 1.3 1.5 
 United Kingdom 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 
 EFTA 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.6 
 Other Europe 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 
 Africa 10.3 12.6 12.6 13.4 12.5 16.7 12.5 
 South Africa 3.6 5.9 6.2 7.1 7.3 5.9 5.7 
 Mauritius 6.1 4.3 3. 1 3.3 1.6 7.4 3.1 
 Swaziland 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 
 Middle East 22.0 16.8 29.7 11.1 15.6 15.3 18.6 
 Bahrain 9.1 6.0 11.7 1.8 8.9 13.1 16.4 
 Asia 28.9 26.7 21.5 34.5 29.9 34.3 34.4 
 China 11.9 8.9 5.5 14.8 10.3 13.9 17.8 
 Japan 3.0 4.0 2.3 2.4 4.2 2.4 2.4 
 Six East Asian Traders 7.3 6.3 7.0 8.7 7.3 8.4 6.6 
 Thailand 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.9 1.5 
 Chinese Taipei 1.4 1.0 3.2 2.1 0.8 1.1 1.4 
 Korea, Republic of 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 
 Hong Kong, China 2.9 1.6 0.2 2.2 0.2 1.6 1.0 
 Malaysia 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.0 
 Other Asia 6.8 7.5 6.7 8.7 8.1 9.5 7.6 
 India 1.6 2.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 5.9 2.9 
 Indonesia 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.2 2.0 
 Pakistan 1.8 2.7 0.7 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.6 
 Other 9.3 10.2 3.3 5.1 5.8 2.6 4.2 
 Other countries n.e.s. 9.3 10.2 3.3 5.1 0.1 2.6 4.2 
Source : United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Commodity Trade Statistics (Comtrade) database (Standard 
International Trade Classification, SITC Rev. 3). WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 92 
 
 
Table AIII.1 
Import duties by HS chapter, 2008 
(Per cent) 
HS 
Chapter  Description Number of 
lines  Simple 
average  Range  Standard 
deviation  2006 importsa
(US$ million)  
 Total 6,362 13.0 0-20 6.4 1,760.3 
01 Live animals 46 17.1 5-20 6.0 2.2 
02 Meat 58 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.1 
03 Fish and crustaceans  107 20.0 20.0 0.0 32.4 
04 Dairy produce and eggs 40 17.1 5-20 5.9 8.7 
05 Other products of animal origin 19 5.5 0-20 3.7 2.3 
06 Plants and flowers 35 8.6 5-20 6.0 0.0 
07 Vegetables 62 19.7 0-20 2.5 2.1 
08 Fruit and nuts 63 19.4 5-20 2.9 0.4 
09 Coffee, tea and spices 49 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.9 
10 Cereals 17 4.7 0-10 4.5 48.1 
11 Products of the milling industry 29 9.8 5-10 0.9 21.9 
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits 41 7.2 0-10 4.5 1.2 
13 Lac;  gums, resins and saps 13 7.7 5-10 2.6 0.3 
14 Vegetable plaiting materials 11 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils 62 9.8 5-20 6.6 43.0 
16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans 33 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.8 
17 Sugars and sugar confec tionery 24 9.0 5-20 4.9 41.3 
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 12 16.7 5-20 6.2 1.1 
19 Preparations of cereals 30 18.7 5-20 4.1 7.7 
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 67 20.0 20.0 0.0 2.1 
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 27 18.5 10-20 3.6 5.2 
22 Beverages 42 20.0 20.0 0.0 8.4 
23 Prepared animal fodder 24 6.3 5-20 4.2 25.2 
24 Tobacco 11 17. 3 10-20 4.7 2.2 
25 Salt;  sulphur;  ceme nt 76 6.2 5- 10 2.1 28.3 
26 Ores, slag and ash 37 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
27 Mineral fuels 57 9.7 5-20 6.5 329.2 
28 Inorganic chemicals 178 5.0 0-5 0.4 7.6 
29 Organic chemicals 405 5.0 5.0 0.0 4.6 
30 Pharmaceutical products 34 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.8 
31 Fertilisers 23 0. 0 0.0 0.0 7.0 
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts 55 11.1 5-20 5.9 8.2 
33 Essential oils 52 14.1 5-20 5.1 9.9 
34 Soap 38 14.9 5-20 6.3 12.9 
35 Albuminoidal substances 17 9.4 5-20 4.6 2.4 
36 Explosives 11 17.3 10-20 4.7 1.0 
37 Photographic goods 37 17.4 5-20 5.5 1.4 
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 118 8.0 0-20 3.8 22.3 
39 Plastics and articles thereof 155 12.0 5-20 7.0 55.3 
40 Rubber and articles thereof 99 13.2 5-20 6.4 22.1 
41 Raw hides and skins and leather 101 8.9 5-10 2.1 1.0 
42 Articles of leather 51 20.0 20.0 0.0 4.3 
43 Furskins and artificial fur 12 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.2 
Table AIII.1 (cont'd) Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 93 
 
 
HS 
Chapter  Description Number of 
lines  Simple 
average  Range  Standard 
deviation  2006 importsa
(US$ million)  
44 Wood and articles of wood 112 15.4 5-20 6.8 3.0 
45 Cork and articles of cork 11 15.0 5-20 7.1 0.0 
46 Manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting 
materials;  basketware and wickerwork 22 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.3 
47 Pulp of wood 21 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.1 
48 Paper and paperboard 116 12.6 0-20 5.1 52.8 
49 Printed books 24 20.0 20.0 0.0 25.4 
50 Silk 17 12.1 5-20 7.7 19.5 
51 Wool and horsehair 38 10.5 5-20 7.3 84.3 
52 Cotton 177 15.2 5-20 7.0 77.5 
53 Other vegetable textile fibres 41 12.0 5-20 7.6 0.5 
54 Man-made filaments 72 12.7 5-20 7.5 16.7 
55 Man-made staple fibres 165 16.0 5-20 6.5 14.6 
56 Wadding, felt;  twine, co rdage 45 18.7 10-20 3.4 19.7 
57 Carpets 28 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.3 
58 Special woven fabrics 43 17.7 10-20 4.3 14.7 
59 Impregnated textile fabrics 31 14.5 0-20 5.7 1.4 
60 Knitted or crocheted fa brics 43 20.0 20.0 0.0 54.2 
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or 
crocheted 133 20.0 20.0 0.0 1.9 
62 Articles of apparel and clot hing accessories, not knitted or 
crocheted 137 19.6 10-20 2.1 5.4 
63 Other made-up textile articles; worn clothing and worn 
textile articles 100 18.2 0-20 5.6 23.2 
64 Footwear 52 18.5 10-20 3.6 5.6 
65 Headgear 14 17.9 10-20 4.3 0.5 
66 Umbrellas, walking-sticks 7 17.1 10-20 4.9 0.4 
67 Feathers and down  11 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.2 
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement 55 15.6 10-20 5.0 3.1 
69 Ceramic products 29 20.0 20.0 0.0 7.1 
70 Glass and glassware 70 13.4 0-20 5.7 6.8 
71 Pearls, precious stones, precious metals , jewellery, coins  93 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.5 
72 Iron and steel 167 9.0 5-20 2.2 38.0 
73 Articles of iron or steel 142 13.3 5-20 4.8 35.2 
74 Copper and articles thereof 55 12.1 5-20 5.9 1.0 
75 Nickel and articles thereof 17 9.4 5-20 4.6 0.1 
76 Aluminium and articles thereof 44 12.0 5-20 5.2 6.5 
78 Lead and articles thereof 9 7.8 5-10 2.6 0.1 
79 Zinc and articles thereof 10 7.0 5-10 2.6 1.1 
80 Tin and articles thereof 8 13.1 5-20 7.5 0.0 
81 Other base metals 48 6.9 5-10 2.4 0.1 
82 Tools, implements 89 13.1 10-20 4.7 5.1 
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 56 11.4 5-20 4.2 9.9 
84 Machinery and mechanical appliances 533 10.3 10-20 1.7 128.5 
85 Electrical machinery and equipment 278 12.7 0-20 4.8 94.1 
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock  45 10.0 10.0 0.0 2.4 
87 Motor vehicles 119 11.0 0-20 6.4 89.3 
Table AIII.1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 94 
 
 
HS 
Chapter  Description Number of 
lines  Simple 
average  Range  Standard 
deviation  2006 importsa
(US$ million)  
88 Aircraft, spacecraft, and part s thereof 15 10.0 10.0 0.0 22.0 
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 27 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.8 
90 Optical instruments 173 11.0 10-20 3.0 19.1 
91 Clocks and watches and part s thereof 57 14.7 10-20 5.0 2.4 
92 Musical instruments 20 17.5 10-20 4.4 0.3 
93 Arms and ammunition 58 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.2 
94 Furniture 76 19.1 10-20 2.9 17.0 
95 Toys and sports requisites 33 20.0 20.0 0.0 3.8 
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 68 15.0 10-20 5.0 13.9 
97 Works of art and antiques 30 18.0 0-20 6.1 0.2 
a The figure for total imports is higher than the sum of th e items listed since some products, representing a value of 
US$8.3 million, are not classified in the Harmonized System. 
Source:  WTO Secretariat on the basis of data supplied by the Malagasy authorities. Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 95 
 
 
Table AIV.1 
Applied MFN tariffs by ISIC Rev.2 category, 2008  
(Per cent and US$ million) 
Simple 
average Range Standard 
deviation ISIC code Description Number of 
lines 
(per cent) 2006 importsa
(US$ million)
 Total 6,362 13.0 0-20 6.4 1,760.3 
1 Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 374 13.9 0-20 7.3 20.5 
11 Agriculture and hunting 294 13.8 0-20 7.3 18.0 
12 Forestry and logging 30 6.8 5-20 4.6 1.1 
121 Forestry 22 6.8 5-20 4.5 0.3 
122 Logging 8 6.9 5-20 5.3 0.8 
13 Fishing 50 18.8 5-20 4.1 1.4 
1301 Ocean and coastal fish ing 43 18.6 5-20 4.4 1.4 
1302 Fishing not elsewhere classified 7 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 
2 Mining 112 7.1 5-20 4.8 8.0 
21 Coal mining 4 5.0 5.0 0.0 1.2 
22 Crude petroleum and natural gas production 4 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
23 Metal ore mining 23 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
2301 Iron ore mining 2 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
2302 Non-ferrous ore mining 21 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 
29 Other mining 81 7.8 5-20 5.4 6.8 
2901 Mining of feldspar 34 5.4 5-10 1.4 0.2 
2902 Chemical and fertilizer mine ral mining 13 6.5 5-10 2.4 0.1 
2903 Salt mining 4 6.3 5-10 2.5 6.1 
2909 Mining and quarrying not elsewher e classified 30 11.3 5-20 7.3 0.4 
3 Manufacturing 5,875 13.0 0-20 6.3 1,723.4 
3 - 
31 Manufacturing (excluding food manufact uring) 5,285 12.6 0-20 6.3 1,482.5 
31 Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco 590 16. 6 0-20 5.9 240.9 
311 Food manufacturing 460 16.6 0-20 6.0 195.7 
3111 Slaughtering, preparing and preserving meat 88 18.3 5-20 4.8 3.3 
3112 Manufacture of dairy products 32 16.3 5-20 6.2 8.6 
3113 Canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables 113 19.9 10-20 0.9 4.9 
3114 Canning, preserving and processing of fish, 
crustaces and similar foods 82 19.1 5-20 3.6 33.2 
3115 Manufacture of vegetable and animal  oils and fats 65 9.7 5-20 6.4 40.2 
3116 Grain mill products 37 10.8 0-20 6.2 57.3 
3117 Manufacture of bakery products 17 18.5 5-20 4.2 6.3 
3118 Sugar factories and refineries 10 6.0 5-10 2.1 39.7 
3119 Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar 
confectionery 16 18.4 5-20 4.4 2.3 
312 Manufacture of other food products and prepared 
animal feeds 79 14.6 5-20 6.1 31.0 
3121 Manufacture of food products not elsewhere 
classified 71 15.3 5-20 5.7 5.7 
3122 Manufacture of prepared animal feeds 8 8.8 5-20 6.9 25.3 
313 Beverage industries 43 19.1 5-20 3.5 13.4 
3131 Distilling, rectifying and ble nding spirits 15 20.0 20.0 0.0 6.7 
3132 Wine industries 19 19.2 5-20 3.4 1.5 
3133 Malt liquors and malt 4 13.8 5-20 7.5 5.1 
3134 Soft drinks and carbonated wate rs industries 5 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.2 
314 Tobacco manufactures  8 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.8 
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 96 
 
 
Simple 
average Range Standard 
deviation ISIC code Description Number of 
lines 
(per cent) 2006 importsa
(US$ million)
32 Textile, wearing apparel and leat her industries 1,211 16.8 0-20 5.8 338.5 
321 Manufacture of textile s 902 16.7 0-20 6.1 325.1 
3211 Spinning, weaving and finish ing textiles 525 15. 0 5-20 7.0 232.5 
3212 Manufacture of made-up textile goods except 
wearing apparel 106 18.2 0-20 5.5 14.9 
3213 Knitting mills 176 20.0 20.0 0.0 56.0 
3214 Manufacture of carpets and rugs 28 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.3 
3215 Cordage, rope and twine industries 22 19.1 10-20 2.9 17.2 
3219 Manufacture of textiles not elsewh ere classified 45 16.7 10-20 4.8 4.1 
322 Manufacture of wearing apparel, ex cept footwear 165 19.5 10-20 2.3 7.2 
323 Manufacture of leather and products of leather, 
leather substitutes and fur, except footwear 120 13.5 10-20 4.8 5.0 
3231 Tanneries and leather fi nishing 78 10.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 
3232 Fur dressing and dyeing industries 6 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 
3233 Manufacture of products of leather and leather 
substitutes, except footwear 36 20.0 20.0 0.0 4.0 
324 Manufacture of footwear, except vulcanized or 
moulded rubber or plastic footwear 24 18.3 10-20 3.8 1.2 
33 Manufacture of wood and wood products, including 
furniture 172 17.2 5-20 5.6 8.2 
331 Manufacture of wood and wood products, except 
furniture 130 16.4 5-20 6.2 2.2 
3311 Sawmills, planing and other wood mills 58 12. 9 5-20 7.3 1.5 
3312 Manufacture of wooden and cane containers and 
small cane ware 31 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.3 
3319 Manufacture of wood and cork products  41 18.5 5-20 4.1 0.3 
332 Manufacture of furniture and fixtures, except 
primarily of metal 42 19.5 10-20 2.2 6.1 
        
34 Manufacture of paper a nd paper products, printing 
and publishing 162 13.1 0-20 6.0 76.0 
341 Manufacture of paper and pape r products 130 11.7 0-20 5.6 40.1 
3411 Manufacture of pulp, paper and paperboard 81 9.9 5-20 4.8 19.6 
3412 Manufacture of containers  and boxes of paper and 
paperboard 10 18.0 10-20 4.2 10.1 
3419 Manufacture of pulp, pape r and paperboard articles 
not elsewhere classified 39 13.7 0-20 5.6 10.4 
342 Printing, publishing and allie d industries 32 18. 8 0-20 4.2 35.9 
35 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical, petroleum, 
coal, rubber and plastic products 1,298 8.4 0-20 6.0 531.4 
351 Manufacture of industrial chemicals 797 6.1 0-20 4.0 76.5 
3511 Manufacture of basic industrial chemicals 603 5.5 0-20 2.2 29.3 
3512 Manufacture of fertili zers and pesticides 36 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 
3513 Manufacture of synthetic resins and plastic 
materials except glass 158 9.7 5-20 6.4 33.4 
352 Manufacture of other chemical products 318 10.7 0-20 6.8 77.6 
3521 Paints, varnishes and l acquers 20 15.3 5-20 5.5 4.5 
3522 Manufacture of drugs and medicines 92 3.6 0-10 2.5 45.1 
3523 Manufacture of soap  45 16.9 5-20 6.0 14.2 
3529 Manufacture of chemical products not elsewhere 
classified 161 12.4 0-20 5.4 13.8 
Table AIV.1 (cont'd) Madagascar WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 
 Page 97 
 
 
Simple 
average Range Standard 
deviation ISIC code Description Number of 
lines 
(per cent) 2006 importsa
(US$ million)
353 Petroleum refineries 30 9.7 5-20 5.8 328.2 
354 Manufacture of miscellaneous products of 
petroleum and coal 17 8.8 5-20 4.9 1.4 
355 Manufacture of rubber products 102 15.7 0-20 5.5 26.0 
3551 Tyre and tube industries 35 16.3 10-20 4.9 11.8 
3559 Manufacture of rubber products not elsewhere 
classified 67 15.4 0-20 5.8 14.2 
356 Manufacture of plastic products not elsewhere 
classified 34 16.2 0-20 6.3 21.6 
36 Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, 
except products of petroleum and coal 174 14.8 0-20 5.4 38.2 
361 Manufacture of pottery, china and earthenware 16 18.1 10-20 4.0 2.2 
362 Manufacture of glass and glass products 70 13.4 0-20 5.7 6.7 
369 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 88 15.3 5-20 5.1 29.3 
3691 Manufacture of structural clay products 17 19.4 10-20 2.4 5.0 
3692 Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster 9 9.4 5-10 1.7 21.5 
3699 Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products not 
elsewhere classified 62 15.0 10-20 5.0 2.8 
37 Basic metal industries 387 9.6 5-20 4.3 52.7 
371 Iron and steel basic industries 206 9.2 5-20 2.1 48.0 
372 Non-ferrous metal basic i ndustries 181 10.1 5-20 5.8 4.7 
            
38 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, 
machinery and equipment 1,599 11.9 0-20 4.4 412.6 
381 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except 
machinery and equipment 295 13.4 5-20 4.9 49.1 
3811 Manufacture of cutlery and general hardware 102 12.9 10-20 4.6 6.9 
3812 Manufacture of furniture and fixtures primarily of 
metal 13 16.2 10-20 5.1 1.5 
3813 Manufacture of structural metal products 33 12.1 10-20 4.2 16.2 
3819 Manufacture of fabricated metal products except 
machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified 147 13.8 5-20 5.1 24.5 
382 Manufacture of machinery except electrical 564 11.2 0-20 3.4 120.0 
3821 Manufacture of engines and turbines 13 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.8 
3822 Manufacture of agricultural machinery and 
equipment 39 9.0 0-10 3.1 4.0 
3823 Manufacture of metal and wood working machinery 108 10.0 10.0 0.0 5.7 
3824 Manufacture of special industrial machinery and 
equipment 154 10.1 10-20 0.8 44.6 
3825 Manufacture of office machinery 35 11.1 10-20 3.2 18.1 
3829 Machinery and equipment except electrical not 
elsewhere classified 215 13.0 10-20 4.6 46.8 
383 Manufacture of electrical machinery apparatus and 
appliances 289 13.0 0-20 4.9 97.1 
3831 Manufacture of electrical industrial machinery and 
apparatus 61 10.0 10.0 0.0 15.4 
3832 Manufacture of radio, te levision and communication 
equipment and apparatus 126 13.0 0-20 5.3 61.8 
3833 Manufacture of electrical appliances and 
housewares 27 18.5 10-20 3.6 2.3 
3839 Manufacture of electrical apparatus not elsewhere 
classified 75 13.5 5-20 5.0 17.6 
384 Manufacture of transport equipment 218 10.7 0-20 4.5 121.9 
Table AIV.1 (cont'd) WT/TPR/S/197/Rev.1 Trade Policy Review 
Page 98 
 
 
Simple 
average Range Standard 
deviation ISIC code Description Number of 
lines 
(per cent) 2006 importsa
(US$ million)
3841 Ship building and repairing 31 10.0 10.0 0.0 1.5 
3842 Manufacture of railroad equipment 45 10.0 10.0 0.0 2.4 
3843 Manufacture of motor vehicles 97 10.8 0-20 6.1 82.8 
3844 Manufacture of motorcycles and bicycles 18 13.9 10-20 5.0 6.9 
3845 Manufacture of aircraft 21 10.0 10.0 0.0 28.0 
3849 Manufacture of transport equipment not elsewhere 
classified 6 11.7 10-20 4.1 0.2 
385 Manufacture of professional and scientific 
equipment 233 11.8 0-20 4.3 24.4 
3851 Manufacture of profession al and scientific, and 
measuring and controlling equipment  101 9.7 0-20 2.6 19.4 
3852 Manufacture of photographic and optical goods 76 12.2 10-20 4.2 2.6 
3853 Manufacture of watches and clocks 56 14.8 10-20 5.0 2.4 
39 Other manufacturing industries 282 17.3 0-20 4.9 24.9 
3901 Manufacture of jewellery and re lated articles 48 19.8 10-20 1.4 0.2 
3902 Manufacture of musical instruments 21 17.6 10-20 4.4 0.3 
3903 Manufacture of sporting goods 34 20.0 20.0 0.0 1.8 
3909 Manufacturing industries not elsewh ere classified 179 16.0 0-20 5.6 22.6 
4 Electricity 1 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 
a The figure for total imports is higher than the sum of th e items listed since some products, representing a value of 
US$8.3 million, are not classified in the Harmonized System. 
Source : WTO Secretariat calculations on the basis of data supplied by the Malagasy authorities. 
 
__________