WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
20 October 2010 
 
 (10-5440) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of  
Intellectual Property Rights Original:   English 
 
 
 
REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
 
JAPAN 
 
Addendum  
  
 The following communication, dated 15 October 2010, is being circulated at the request of 
the delegation of Japan. 
 
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  The Government of Japan has been conduc ting development cooperation activities in many 
fields.  Of course, one of the most important objectives of the cooperation activities is to promote and 
encourage the transfer of technology.  
Japan understands that incentive for technology transfer should be interpreted to include 
variety of measures such as financial support a nd support for business environment and that support 
for business environment by strengthening intellectua l property protection is one of the effective 
measures to promote technology transfer by privat e sectors.  Based on this understanding, Japan has 
provided many incentive measures.  
With regard to the incentives that Japan provi des enterprises and ins titutions in Japan, the 
Government of Japan would like to report on the following activities.  The Government of Japan believes that the following activities contribute to ra ising the level of technological infrastructure in 
the least developed countries (LDCs), which will bring about further technology transfer. 
I. SPECIAL INITIATIVES 
A. A
ID FOR TRADE  
1. In 2005, Japan announced the Development In itiative for Trade, as its unique and proactive 
contribution to Aid for Trade.  Accordingly, Japan has carried out comprehensive and tailored 
assistance by combining various tools including ODA and other measures to improve market access 
for LDC products in each stage of trade -"to prod uce","to sell", and "to buy".  Over the following 
three years, Japan successfully  achieved all commitments under the Initiative, through various 
assistance, such as doubling ODA for Africa at TICAD IV, and the "One Village, One Product Campaign," which aims to support developing countr ies' efforts in entering  the Japanese market.  In 
July 2009, in addition to their assistances, Jap an announced "Development Initiative for Trade 2009" 
as its new strategy for Aid for Trade.  Under th is new initiative, Japan will provide US$12 billion 
through bilateral assistance for trade-related pr ojects from 2009 to 2011 and also provide technical 
assistance over the same period for 40,000 persons in to tal in the field of trade-related activities.   IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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  II. ACTIVITIES TAKEN BY TECHNICAL COOPERATION ORGANIZATONS 
A. JICA 
2. JICA provides technical cooperation throug h ODA and techniques and technologies are 
transferred necessarily through such technical coopera tion.  The technical cooperation projects aim to 
provide support for training of  personnel required to achieve social and economic progress in 
developing countries and help the development and di ffusion of technology and skills.  Elements such 
as the dispatch of experts, acceptance of technical training participants and the provision of equipment 
are systematically linked and integrated into each and every aspect of technical cooperation projects - 
from the formulation of plans to their execution and evaluation.  Such technical cooperation are varied 
– support for sustainable development of developi ng countries such as support for socio-economic 
infrastructure and information and communicati on technology(ICT), support for social/economic 
development such as agricultural and rural support, fi sheries, health, addressing global issues such as 
environmental issues, resources and energy, infectio us diseases.  The budget for technical cooperation 
through JICA amounts to approxima tely ¥161.7 billion for FY2009.  Some examples of technical 
cooperation for LDC Members are listed below: 
 
• Uganda:  NERICA Rice Promotion Project (2008-2011); 
 
• Cambodia:  The Project of Operation and Ma intenance of the Rural Electrification on 
Micro-hydropower in Mondul Kiri Province (2008-2011); 
 
• Senegal:  The Project on the Popularization of the Transformation Technique for 
Marine Products (2007-2009); 
 
• Bangladesh:  Poultry Technology Development and Dissemination Project 
(2006-2011); 
 
• Burkina Faso:  The Project for Dissemination of Improved Seeds (2008-2011); 
 
• Madagascar:  The Project for Rice Productivity Improvement in Central Highland 
(2009-2014); 
 
• Mauritania:  The Project for Reinforcement of Mineral Exploitation Research 
(2007-2008); 
 
• Mozambique:  The Project on Implementati on of Mid-Level ICT Diploma Course in 
Mozambique Information and Communication Institute (MICTI) (2007-2010); 
 
• Malawi:  Rural Electrification Promotion Project (2006-2009); 
 
• Zambia:  The Project for Improvement of  Animal Health and Production Delivery 
through Extension Services (2006-2009); 
 
• Cambodia:  The Project of Capacity Development on ICT Management at Nida 
(2008-2010); 
 
• Lao PDR:  Assistance for Promotion of Lao Electric Power Technical Standard 
(2005-2008); 
  IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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  • Afghanistan: Improvement of Rice-based Agriculture in Nangarhar Province 
(2007-2011); 
 
• Cambodia: Technical Service Center for Irrigation System Project Phase  
(2006-2009); 
 
• Sierra Leone: Sustainable Rice Development Project (2010-2014); 
 
• Benin: Project for the Extension of Inland Aquaculture  (2010-2013); 
 
• Malawi: Institutional and Human Resouce Development Project For One Village One 
Product Programme (OVOP) (2005-2010); 
 
• Nepal: Promotion of Quality Cocoon Pro duction and Processing Project (2006-2011). 
 
B. AOTS 
3. The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship (AOTS) is a public organization 
established in 1959, and provides training programmes within Japan and overseas. 
4. The main targets are engineers and managers in industrial sectors from developing countries. 
Training programmes in Japan  
 
• Training conducted for engineers and mana gers invited to Japan from developing 
countries as trainees. 
 
• Its programmes include practical trainings implemented by private-sector companies, 
which allows trainees to acquire the sk ills or techniques in specific fields. 
 
Overseas training programmes  
 
Overseas training carried out by skilful expe rts dispatched from Japan as instructors. 
• Specific techniques can be taught to a number of participants efficiently at once, and 
the level of training can be adju sted to the actual needs there. 
 
• Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar:  Training on environmental measures in chemical 
industry (2005-2007). 
 
• Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar:  Training on recycling of minerals and metals (2007-
2008). 
 
C. JODC 
5. The Japan Overseas Development Corporation (J ODC) was established in 1970, and has been 
engaged in dispatch of expertswith specific skills  toward developing countries for human resources 
development as its main objective. 
6. JODC experts provide technical guidance and a dvice to local companies, and contribute for 
improvements in areas such as manufacturing technologies and business management skills. IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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• Myanmar:  Technical instruction on development of software (2007-2008) 
• Cambodia:  Support for Cambodia rubber institution (2007-2009)  
 
D. JETRO 
7. The Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) was established by the Japanese 
Government in 1958 as the nation's principal organi zation for the comprehensive implementation of 
trade policy.  
(a) Dispatch of Experts to the Private Sector - Dispatch of Experts to Improve the Business 
Environment of Developing Countries to Promote Trade and Investment. 
8. JETRO is engaged in the dispatching of e xperts to assist developing countries in the 
establishment of various rules and institutions necessary to create a business environment conducive 
to trade and investment.  More specifically, at th e requests of private sector bodies and other entities 
from developing countries, experts in such fields as intellectual property rights, standard and 
conformity assessment, and logistics are dispatched from Japan to provide advice and assistance to the 
entities making the requests. 
• Myanmar:  Support for human resource development on production management 
technology in sewing industry(2008-2010). 
 
(b) Dispatch of Experts to the Private Sector - Support For Export Industries 
9. JETRO helps developing countries achieve the expansion of its export to Japan and self-
sustainable economic growth, through the dispatch  of experts to identify and develop promising 
export products. Experts give advice and gui dance on improving products design, production 
techniques and marketing strategies, etc.  These activities include some projects as part of its 
assistance for "One Village One Product (OVOP)" campa igns  implemented by  developing countries. 
(c) Development and Import Schemes   
10. The "Development and Import Schemes" is a proj ect to give a support, including a financial 
one, to Japanese companies having the purpose of deve loping industries and contributing to economic 
activities in a developing country, preferably in a le ast developed country, in order to give them an 
incentive to take a risk.  They seek to locate pr omising products in developing countries, develop 
products in accordance with the needs in the Jap anese market, and import them to Japan.  Such 
supports will also be conducive to the nurturing of industries, and eventually to economic growth in 
developing countries.  JETRO is using this sch eme to provide support to motivated Japanese 
companies and to build a business model in developing countries. 
• Malawi:  Production of fermented tea ma terial of high quality Puerh tea(2007) 
 
• Uganda, Ethiopia, 
Madagascar:   Development of spice and food material (2008) 
 
• Tanzania:  Development of mix spice (2008) 
 
E. NEDO   
11. Research cooperation differs from technical coope ration in that it takes the form of research 
and development that are adapted to the technologi cal development issues (technological needs) being 
addressed at the developing countries.  Assistance is provided indirectly through New Energy and 
Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) to research institutions in developing 
countries and other bodies working jointly with them.  IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
 Page 5 
 
 
  12. NEDO, established in 1980, is Japan's larg est public management organization promoting 
research and development as well as the dissemina tion of industrial, energy and environmental 
technologies. 
13. The assistance is in the form of the dispatch  of research staff and technicians and the conduct 
of joint research through the accep tance of research personnel from the countries concerned.  In 
addition, joint research is carried out through va rious activities including the production of materials 
and equipment necessary for research cooperation, the installation of such materials and equipment in 
the recipient countries, and integrated operation and conduct of research.  
• Cambodia:  Development of the Genera tion Technology by Mixed Combustion of 
Nonfood Biomass Fuel (2009-2010) 
 
• Cambodia:  Removing Arsenic from Ground Water Using High Performance Iron 
Adsorbent (2010-2011) 
 
• Myanmar: Cooperative Research Project on Utilization of Rice Husks as Biomass 
Fuels in Myanmar (2010-2011) 
 
III. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR 
14. As the provision of quality medicines form the foundation of healthcare, the establishment of 
a system that can consistently manufacture effec tive, safe and high-quality medicines is a task of 
extreme importance. 
15. Furthermore, the spread of counterfeit medici nes is a great public health problem as it not 
only threatens people's health but also harbours the risk of spawning resistant bacteria.  As such, 
strengthening measures to combat the distribution of counterfeit medicines is also of great 
importance. 
16. From these perspectives, the Government of Jap an, through the JICA and Japan International 
Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS), conducts  the following training programmes in order to 
develop and reinforce specialist personnel engaged in pharmaceutical administration: 
Study Programme for Pharmaceutical Affairs Experts  
 This study programme is to develop human r esources in the planning and implementation of 
pharmaceutical administration in the respective count ries referring to the system and experiences by 
Japan and information from attending countries.   The programme includes presentations on 
pharmaceutical affairs administration and related service in Japan, study visits to related facilities and 
lectures on building up pharmaceutical affairs administration in developing countries as well as 
information sharing among participants to pr omote mutual understanding in the field of 
pharmaceutical administration.  In FY 2009, Japan we lcomed eight participants from seven different 
countries, including Thailand ，Philippines ，Indonesia ，Malaysia，Botswana ，Iraq，Papua New 
Guinea. 
 
Study Programme on Manufac turing Control of Essential Drugs - GMP Course  
 This study programme is to develop human r esources in the planning and administration of 
quality control in line with the GMP concept a nd the quality assurance of essential drugs in the 
respective countries referring to the system and e xperiences by Japan and information from attending 
countries.  The programme includes lectures on the Japanese pharmaceutical administration, GMP 
legislation, the Japanese pharmacopoeia, and the phar maceutical inspection in  Japan.  The programme IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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  also includes study visits to the related facilities to provide more concrete information as well as 
information sharing among participants to prom ote mutual understanding in the field of quality 
control, in line with the GMP concept, and th e quality assurance of essential drugs.  In FY 2009, 
Japan welcomed four participants from seve n different countries, including Cambodia, 
Thailand，the Philippines ，Indonesia ， Viet Nam ，and Algeria. 
 
17. In addition to these programs, the Governme nt of Japan in cooperation with Japanese 
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers A ssociation (JPMA) and JICA supported the introduction of short 
course chemotherapy (SSC) against tuberculousis in Nepal. Technology transfer was conducted in 
order to enable the local production, followed by  the supply of bulk powder.  Furthermore, the 
Government of Japan in cooperation with JPMA  contributes to improvement of parmaceutical 
regulations through participation in internationa l conferences and makes efforts to disseminate the 
outcomes to developing countries in Asian region.     
IV. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 
A. A
CTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS  
18. The Japan Patent Office (JPO) has been holding group training courses on intellectual 
property rights (IPRs) for government officials, in  cooperation with the WIPO and the Asia-Pacific 
Industrial Property Center (APIC) of the Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation (JIII).  In 
FY 2009, the following four group training courses were held for the ESCAP region and 
57 participants in total received training.  These four training courses were organized by the WIPO and managed by the JPO, in cooperation with the APIC of JIII: 
• The Training Course on the Enforcement of IPR under WIPO Funds-in-Trust/Japan is a 
two-week course for senior officials engaged in the enforcement of IPR in enforcement-related government agencies. 
 
• The Training Course on the Use of Information Technology in IP Administration under 
WIPO Funds-in-Trust/Japan is a two-week c ourse for senior offici als of IP offices 
responsible for information technology matters. 
 
• The Training Course on the Examination Practices of Industrial Property (Basic 
Programme) under WIPO Funds-in-Trust/Japan is a two-week course for examiners in 
the field of IPRs.  Participants are divided into two groups according to their 
specialties:  patents and trademarks. 
 
• The Training Course on Industrial Propert y Administration under WIPO Funds-in-
Trust/Japan is a two-week course for senior o fficials in IP offices in charge of general 
administration and policy planning. 
 
19. This training course is implemented by the JP O, in cooperation with APIC of JIII and the 
Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship (AOTS). 
• The JPO/IPR Training Course on the Pate nt Examination Practices for ASEAN 
Member Countries is five-day course for o fficials in IP offices of ASEAN member 
countries. 
 
20. The JPO has also been holding the following group training course on industrial property 
rights for trainees from the private sector:  IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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  JPO/IPR Training Course for IP Trainers 
Trainees of this three-week course are employees at universities or research institutions 
involved in education on the IP system and tho se engaged in the dissemination of IPR at IP 
assistance organizations. 
  This training course is managed by the JPO in cooperation with the APIC/JIII and the 
AOTS.  In FY 2009, 15 participants received training. 
 
21. The dispatch of experts is one of the WIPO  Funds-in-Trust/Japan programmes and has been 
executed according to the request from developing c ountries in the Asia and Pacific region with the 
purpose of providing foreign IP offices with neces sary instructions and advice.  The dispatched 
experts contribute to increasing the efficiency of fo reign IP offices to grant industrial property rights, 
and streamlining IP administration through rationali zation of administrative procedures.  Since 2008, 
the Government of Japan has also made annua l contributions to WIPO (i.e., WIPO Funds-in-
Trust/Japan for Africa and the LDC) on a voluntary b asis to promote technology transfer in Africa, 
and in 2009, the JPO began to dispatch its experts to Africa utilizing the contributions. 
WIPO Seminar on Successful Experiences Li nking Intellectual Property and Business  
Aiming to support intellectual property developmen t in Africa, the JPO dispatched experts to 
the WIPO Seminar  in Pretoria, South Africa in May 2009.  The seminar had 60 participants from 35 
African countries and was the first event utilizing th e WIPO funds-in-trust/Japan for Africa and the 
LDCs.  
 WIPO Regional Forum on the Role of National Design Councils for the Effective Promotion 
and Protection of Industrial Design  
The forum was held in Vientiane, Lao Peopl e's Democratic Republic in August 2009 and 
provided each country with the opportunity to shar e information on the protection and promotion of 
industrial designs and  to discuss effective methods of protecting and utilizing industrial designs.  The 
JPO dispatched experts to the forum to share Japan’s experience and knowledge.  The forum had 
50 participants from 15 countries mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. 
 
WIPO National Workshop on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for Law 
Enforcement Agencies  
 In order to discuss IPR enforcement issues including the importance of enforcement in 
Cambodia, the necessity of a legal framework to realize enforcement, and cooperation between the 
intellectual property office and the enforcement orga nization, the JPO dispatched an expert to the 
national workshop in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in October 2009.  The workshop had 50 local 
participants from governmental agencies and the private sector.  
WIPO Regional Workshop on Technology Transfer Based on the Strategic Use of Intellectual
 
Property   
 The workshop was held in C asablanca, Morocco in April 2010 and provided participants with 
the opportunity to share informati on and to exchange views on the stra tegic use of IPR in the process 
of technology transfer including the role of technology management offices (TMOs).  The JPO dispatched experts to the workshop.  The semi nar had about 30 participants from 26 African 
countries/organizations. 
 IP/C/W/551/Add.3 
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  B. A
CTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF COPYRIGHTS  
22. The Japan Copyright Office (JCO) has been  planning and carrying out the following 
programmes in order to develop copyright systems in developing countries a nd to strengthen regional 
cooperation among Asia Pacific countries: 
APACE Program  
 Since its establishment in 1993, "Asia-Paci fic Copyright Systems Enhancement (APACE) 
Program" has contributed to the development of copyright systems in Asia-Pacific countries in cooperation with WIPO.  The APACE program mainly  consists of several activities such as Annual 
Regional Symposium, National Seminar, Training Programme, and Experts Missions. 
 The Asia-Pacific Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Seminar
 
 
This programme has been organized once a year since 1997, in order to provide opportunities 
for exchanging information and views on copyright and neighbouring rights issues with copyright 
officials from Asia-Pacific countries.  The title was changed to 'Asia Copyright Conference' in 2010. 
 JICA Group Training Course  
 
This training course has been organized sinc e 1998, in cooperation with the JICA for the 
development of copyright systems and its  enforcement in developing countries. 
C. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF  PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION  
23. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fi sheries (MAFF) Japan has been planning and 
implementing the following activities on the purpose of  facilitating establishment and international 
harmonization of PVP systems in developing co untries, especially in East Asian countries. 
 JICA Group Training Course  
 
This JICA training course was started in 2000 in cooperation with the National Center for 
Seed and Seedlings (NCSS) to contribute to the pr otection of plant breeders' rights.  In FY 2009, ten 
trainees were accepted from nine countries in Asian and Middle Eastern regions. 
 Cooperative Activities under the East As ia Plant Variety Protection Forum  
 
The East Asia Plant Variety Protection Foru m was set up in 2008 with participation of 
ASEAN countries, China, Republic of Korea and Ja pan.  Various cooperative activities proposed in 
this forum were implemented. Japan provided traini ng courses in Japan, dispatched experts to the In-
Country Training, and held Workshop and Se minar on Plant Variety Protection in FY 2009.   
 
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