WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
28 March 2007 
 (07-1294) 
Council for Trade in Goods Original:   English 
  
 
REQUEST FOR A WAIVER 
 
African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
 
 
Revision  
 
  The following communication, dated 22 March 2007, is being circulated at the request of the Delegation of the United States.    
 
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Special United States Trade Arrangemen ts for Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa
 
 
Pursuant to Article IX:3 of the Marrak esh Agreement Establishing the World Trade 
Organization (WTO Agreement), the United States he reby requests Members to waive its obligations 
under paragraph 1 of Article I and paragraphs 1 an d 2 of Article XIII of the General Agreement on 
Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) through 30 Septem ber 2015, to the extent necessary to permit it 
to provide duty-free treatment to eligible products  originating in beneficiary sub-Saharan African 
countries (“beneficiary countries”) designated pursuan t to the African Growth and Opportunity Act 
(AGOA).1  
                                                      
1  For the purposes of this request, “African Grow th and Opportunity Act” and “AGOA” mean Title I 
of the Trade and Development Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-200) as amended by Section 3108 of the Trade Act 
of 2002 (Public Law 107-210 ), the AGOA Acceleration Ac t of 2004 (Public Law 108-274), the Miscellaneous 
Trade and Technical Corrections Act of  2004 (Public Law 108-429), and the African Investment Incentive Act 
of 2006, enacted as Division D, Title VI of the Tax Re lief and Health Care Act of 2006 (Public Law 109-432).   G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  1. D
ESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURE  
The AGOA provides for non-reciprocal preferentia l trade benefits through 30 September, 
2015, for certain U.S. imports from sub-Saharan African countries that meet specific eligibility 
criteria.2  The text of the AGOA is attached at Annex I.   
 
Since 1976, the United States has granted tariff preferences to developing countries under the 
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program.  Section 111 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. § 2466a) authorizes the President to provide duty-free treatme nt to certain products excluded by statute from 
the GSP program that originate in a beneficiary c ountry.  On December 18, 2000, the President made 
an additional 1,835 such products eligible for duty-fre e treatment.  A list of these items is attached at 
Annex II.  Section 114 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. § 2466b) extends existing U.S. GSP preferences to 
beneficiary countries through 30 September 2015.
3 
The AGOA also makes beneficiary countries that adopt certain procedures, listed in 
section 113 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. §3722), to prevent illegal transhipment eligible to receive duty-
free treatment for textile and apparel products prov ided for in section 112 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C.  
§ 3721).4  In particular, section 112 of the AGOA provides for duty-free treatment for apparel 
assembled in eligible beneficiary countries from:   
(i) fabrics formed in the United States from U. S. yarns and cut in the United States;  
(ii) components knit-to-shape in the United States from U.S. yarns;  
(iii) fabrics formed in the United States from U.S.  yarns, cut in the region, and sewn with 
U.S. thread;  
(iv) a combination of U.S. and regional components, whether from components cut in the 
United States and the region from fabrics fo rmed in the United States from U.S. yarns 
                                                      
2  In accordance with Section 107 of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. § 3706), “sub-Saharan Africa” refers to the 
following countries or any successor political entities of these countries: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina 
Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the 
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibou ti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The 
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,  Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, 
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda , Sao Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra 
Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.  As of December 21, 2006, the President has desi gnated the following countr ies as beneficiary sub-
Saharan African countries: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, 
Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon , The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea , Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, 
Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of 
Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, 
Uganda, and Zambia.    Sections 104 and 111(a)(1) (19 U.S.C. §§ 3703 a nd 2466a(a)(1)) of the AGOA describe the eligibility 
criteria countries must meet to be de signated as a beneficiary country. 
 In general, an article that is otherwise eligib le for preferential treatment  under AGOA will remain 
eligible even if it contains inputs from a country that  ceased to be a beneficiary sub-Saharan African country 
because it entered into a free trade agreement with the United States.  
3  U.S. GSP preferences for other developing countries are currently set to terminate on 31 December 
2008. 
4  The beneficiary countries currently eligible fo r duty-free treatment of certain textile and apparel 
products are: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibi a, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda , Senegal, Sierra Leone, 
South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  or components knit-to-shape in the United States and the region from U.S. yarn, sewn 
with U.S. thread;  and  
(v) fabrics or yarns from third party sources, if those inputs are determined to be in “short 
supply” in the United States.   
The AGOA also provides for duty-free treatment fo r certain sweaters, handloomed, handmade, and 
folklore textiles or apparel, and ethnic printed fabr ics.  Subject to an annual quantitative limit, the 
AGOA provides for duty-free treatment for apparel assembled from fabric formed or components 
knit-to-shape in the region from U.S. or regiona l yarns, or both, or apparel formed on seamless 
knitting machines from U.S. or regional yarns.   
Through 30 September 2012, duty-free treatment  applies to apparel made in countries 
designated “lesser developed” under the AGOA, regardl ess of the source of the fabric or yarn, subject 
to annual quantitative limit.5  In order to encourage local sourcing of fabric, AGOA does not provide 
benefits for apparel goods made from fabric or  yarn components from third countries if such 
components are in “abundant supply” in AGOA countries.  Additionally, under the African 
Investment Incentive Act of 2006, duty-free treatment  is authorized for certain textiles and textile 
articles (non-apparel)6 imported from designated AGOA “lesse r-developed” countries that are made 
from components that originate in those lesser-developed countries. 
Section 111(a)(2) of the AGOA (19 U.S.C. § 246 6a(a)(2)) requires the President to determine 
annually which beneficiary countries are eligible for benefits.  Under sec tion 111(a)(3) of the AGOA 
(19 U.S.C. § 2466a(a)(3)), the President may termin ate the designation of a beneficiary country under 
certain circumstances.  The AGOA does not alter the benefits the United States provides under its 
GSP program to other developing countries. 
2. S PECIFIC POLICY OBJECTIVES OF THE MEASURE  
The AGOA is designed to alleviate poverty an d promote stability and sustainable economic 
development in sub-Saharan Africa by fostering increased trade and investment between the United States and beneficiary countries.  The AGOA is also intended to encourage regional economic 
integration and help beneficiary countries partic ipate more fully in the global economy.  It 
complements efforts by other Members to prom ote growth and development in the region. 
3. C
IRCUMSTANCES JUSTIFYING THE WAIVER  
Because of the severe and pressing development challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa, these 
policy objectives cannot be fully achieved through measures consistent with U.S. obligations under 
GATT 1994.  Sub-Saharan Africa as a re gion ranks at or near the bottom in most of the key categories 
measured in the World Bank’s World Development I ndicators, including life expectancy at birth, 
child mortality, and GNI per capita.   
                                                      
5 The President has designated the following countries as lesser developed sub-Saharan African 
beneficiary countries: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, 
Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea,  Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bi ssau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, 
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, an d Zambia.  Congress designated Botswana and Namibia 
as lesser developed sub-Saharan African beneficiary co untries and designated Mauritius as a lesser developed 
sub-Saharan country through September 2005.  
6 These articles are classified under chapters 50 th rough 60 or chapter 63 of the Harmonized Tariff 
Schedule of the United States.  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  In addition, sub-Saharan Africa has lagged behind  the rest of the developing world in its 
participation in global trade.  Despite the surge in world trade over the past decade, sub-Saharan 
Africa’s share of global trade has fallen from about 6 percent in 1980 to about 2 percent today.  By 
many accounts, sub-Saharan Africa is the world re gion that is least integrated into the global 
economy.   
At the same time, in recent years many A frican countries have begun to undertake vital 
economic reforms, including opening their markets a nd focusing greater attention on using trade as a 
means to spur greater economic growth and deve lopment.  These circumstances suggest that sub-
Saharan African countries are both in need of speci al trade preferences such as those offered under 
AGOA and are positioning themselves to make the most of such preferences.   
4. C
ONCLUSION  
Pursuant to Article IX:3 of the WTO Agreemen t, the United States requests a waiver of its 
obligations under paragraph 1 of Article I and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article XIII of the GATT 1994 
through September 30, 2015, to the extent necessar y to permit it to provide duty-free treatment under 
the AGOA to eligible products originating in bene ficiary countries. A draft waiver decision is 
attached for consideration. 
The United States requests the Council for Trade in Goods to give this application for a 
waiver expeditious and favorable consideration.  In the meantime , the United States will promptly 
enter into consultations, on request, with any inte rested Member with respect to any difficulty or 
matter that may arise as a result of the preferential treatment provided under the AGOA.  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  AGOA ANNEX I 
(Public Law 109-432) 
 
African Investment Incentive Act of 2006 
  
SEC. 6001. SHORT TITLE. 
This title may be referred to as the `A frica Investment Incentive Act of 2006'. 
 
SEC. 6002. PREFERENTIAL TREATMEN T OF APPAREL PRODUCTS OF LESSER 
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. 
(a) In General- Section 112 of the African Gr owth and Opportunity Act (19 U.S.C. 3721) is 
amended-- 
(1) by redesignating subsections (c) th rough (f) as subsections (d) through (g); 
(2) in subsection (b)-- 
(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking `The' and inserting 
`Subject to subsection (c), the' ; and 
(B) by striking subparagraph (B) a nd redesignating subparagraph (C) as 
subparagraph (B); and 
(3) by inserting after subsection (b) the following new subsection: 
`(c) Lesser Developed Countries- 
`(1) PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF PRODUCTS THROUGH SEPTEMBER 
30, 2012- 
`(A) PRODUCTS COVERED- In addition to the products described in 
subsection (b), and subject to paragr aph (2), the preferential treatment 
described in subsection (a) shall a pply through September 30, 2012, to 
apparel articles wholly assembled, or kn it-to-shape and wholly assembled, or 
both, in one or more lesser devel oped beneficiary sub-Saharan African 
countries, regardless of the country of origin of the fabric or the yarn used to 
make such articles, in an amount not to  exceed the applicable percentage of 
the aggregate square meter equivalents of all apparel articles imported into 
the United States in the preceding 12-month period for which data are 
available. 
`(B) APPLICABLE PERCENTAGE- For purposes of subparagraph (A), the 
term `applicable percentage' means-- 
`(i) 2.9285 percent for the 1-year period beginning on October 1, 
2005; and 
`(ii) 3.5 percent for the 1-year period beginning on October 1, 2006, 
and each 1-year period thereafte r through September 30, 2012. 
`(2) SPECIAL RULES FOR PRODUCTS IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES IN 
AFRICA- 
`(A) PETITION PROCESS- Upon a petition filed by an interested party 
(which may include a foreign manufacturer), the Commission shall determine 
whether a fabric or yarn produced in beneficiary sub-Saharan African 
countries is available in commercial quantities for use by lesser developed 
beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries. 
`(B) EFFECT OF AFFIRMATIVE DETERMINATION- 
`(i) DETERMINATION OF QUAN TITY AVAILABLE- If the 
Commission determines under subparagr aph (A) that a fabric or yarn 
produced in beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries is available in 
commercial quantities for use by lesser developed beneficiary sub-G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  Saharan African countries, the Commission shall determine the 
quantity of the fabric or yarn th at will be so available in lesser 
developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries in the 
applicable 1-year period beginning  after the determination is made. 
`(ii) DETERMINATIONS- In each case in which the Commission 
determines that a fabric or yarn is available in commercial quantities 
under subparagraph (A) for an a pplicable 1-year period, the 
Commission shall determine, before the end of that applicable 1-year 
period-- 
`(I) whether the fabric or yarn produced in beneficiary sub-
Saharan African countries will be available in commercial 
quantities in the succeeding applicable 1-year period; and 
`(II) if so, the quantity of the fabric or yarn that will be so 
available in that succeeding 1-y ear period, subject to clause 
(iii). 
`(iii) DETERMINATION REGARDING IMPORTED ARTICLES- 
After the end of each applicable 1-year period for which a 
determination under clause (i) is in effect, the Commission shall 
determine to what extent the quantity of the fabric or yarn determined 
under clause (i) to be available in  commercial quantities for use by 
lesser developed beneficiary sub-Sa haran African countries was used 
in the production of apparel article s receiving preferential treatment 
under paragraph (1) that were ente red in that applicable 1-year 
period. To the extent that the quantity so determined was not so used, 
then the Commission shall add to the quantity of that fabric or yarn 
determined to be available in the next applicable 1-year period the 
quantity not so used in the preceding applicable 1-year period. 
`(C) DENIM- Denim articles provided for in subheading 5209.42.00 of the 
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the Unite d States shall be deemed to have 
been determined to be in abundant supply under subparagraph (A) in an 
amount of 30,000,000 square meter equivalents for the 1-year period 
beginning October 1, 2006. 
`(D) PRESIDENTIAL AUTHORITY TO RESTRICT IMPORTS- 
`(i) IN GENERAL- Subject to clause (ii), the President may by 
proclamation provide that apparel articles otherwise eligible for 
preferential treatment under paragraph (1) that contain a fabric or 
yarn determined to be available in commercial quantities under 
subparagraph (A) may not receive such preferential treatment in an 
applicable 1-year period unless-- 
`(I) the fabric or yarn in such articles was produced in 1 or 
more beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries; or 
`(II) the Commission has determined  that the quantity of the 
fabric or yarn determined unde r subparagraph (B) (or (C), as 
the case may be) to be available in lesser developed 
beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries for that applicable 
1-year period has already been used in the production of 
apparel articles receiving preferential treatment under 
paragraph (1) that were entere d in that applicable 1-year 
period. 
`(ii) MANDATORY RESTRICTION- If a fabric or yarn is 
determined to be available in commercial quantities under 
subparagraph (A) in an applicable 1-year period, and for 2 
consecutive applicable 1-year periods  the quantities determined to be  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  so available are not used in the production of apparel articles 
receiving preferential treatment under paragraph (1) that were entered 
during those 2 applicable 1-year periods, then beginning in the 
succeeding applicable 1-year period, apparel articles containing that 
fabric or yarn are ineligible  for preferential treatment under 
paragraph (1) in any succeeding app licable 1-year period unless the 
Commission has determined that the quantity of the fabric or yarn 
determined under subparagraph (B) (o r (C), as the case may be) to be 
available in lesser developed be neficiary sub-Saharan African 
countries for that applicable 1-year  period has already been used in 
the production of apparel articles receiving preferential treatment 
under paragraph (1) that were ente red in that applicable 1-year 
period. 
`(E) PROCEDURES- The Commission sha ll use the procedures prescribed in 
subsection (b)(3)(C)(iv) for the Secretary of Commerce in making 
determinations under this paragraph. 
`(3) REMOVAL OF DESIGNATION OF FABRICS OR YARNS NOT 
AVAILABLE IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES- If the President determines that-- 
`(A) any fabric or yarn described in pa ragraph (2)(A) was determined to be 
eligible for preferential treatment, or 
`(B) any fabric or yarn described in paragraph (2)(B) was designated as not 
being available in commercial quantities, 
on the basis of fraud, the President may remove the eligibility or designation (as the 
case may be) of that fabric or yarn with resp ect to articles entered after such removal. 
`(4) APPLICABILITY OF OTHER PROVISIONS- Subsection (b)(3)(C) applies to 
apparel articles eligible for preferential tr eatment under this subsection to the same 
extent as that subsection applies to apparel articles eligible for preferential treatment 
under subsection (b)(3). 
`(5) DEFINITIONS- In this subsection: 
`(A) APPLICABLE 1-YEAR PERIOD- The term `applicable 1-year period' 
means each of the 12-month periods begi nning on October 1 of each year and 
ending on September 30 of the following year. 
`(B) COMMISSION- The term `Commission' means the United States 
International Trade Commission. 
`(C) ENTER; ENTRY- The terms `enter' and `entry' refer to the entry, or 
withdrawal from warehouse for consumpti on, in the customs territory of the 
United States. 
`(D) LESSER DEVELOPED BENEFICIARY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN 
COUNTRY- The term `lesser developed beneficiary sub-Saharan African 
country' means-- 
`(i) a beneficiary sub-Saharan Afri can country that had a per capita 
gross national product of less than $1,500 in 1998, as measured by 
the International Bank for R econstruction and Development; 
`(ii) Botswana; and 
`(iii) Namibia.'. 
(b) Additional Preferential Treatment- Section 112( b) of the African Growth and Opportunity 
Act (19 U.S.C. 3721(b)) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: 
`(8) TEXTILE ARTICLES ORIGINATING ENTIRELY IN ONE OR MORE 
LESSER DEVELOPED BENEFICIARY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN 
COUNTRIES- Textile and textile articles cla ssifiable under chapters 50 through 60 or 
chapter 63 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States that are products 
of a lesser developed beneficiary sub-Sahara n African country and are wholly formed G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
Page 8  
 
  in one or more such countries from fibers, yarns, fabrics, fabric components, or 
components knit-to-shape that are the product of one or more such countries.'. 
(c) Technical Amendment- Section 112(e)(3) of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (as 
redesignated by subsection (a)(1) of this section)  is amended by striking `subsection (b)' and 
inserting `subsections (b) and (c)'. 
 
SEC. 6003. TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS. 
Section 112 of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (19 U.S.C. 3721) is amended as 
follows: 
(1) Subsection (b)(5) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph: 
`(C) REMOVAL OF DESIGNATION OF FABRICS OR YARNS NOT 
AVAILABLE IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES- If the President 
determines that any fabric or yarn was determined to be eligible for 
preferential treatment under subparagr aph (A) on the basis of fraud, the 
President is authorized to remove that  designation from that fabric or yarn 
with respect to articles entered after such removal.'. 
(2) Subsection (f), as redesignated by section 6002(a)(1), is amended by adding at the 
end the following: 
`(5) ENTER; ENTERED- The terms `enter' and `entered' refer to the entry, or 
withdrawal from warehouse for consumption, in the customs territory of the United 
States.'. 
 
SEC. 6004. EFFECTIVE DATE FOR AGOA. 
Subsection (g) of section 112 of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (19 U.S.C. 3721), 
as redesignated by section 6002(a)(1), is amende d by striking `2008' and inserting `2015'. 
  G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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UNITED STATES – AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY ACT   
 
Draft Decision of ....20071 
 
  The General Council, 
  Conducting  the function of the Ministerial Conference in the interval between meetings 
pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article IV of the WTO Agreement;   
 
Having  regard to  paragraphs 1, 3 and 4 of Article  IX of the Marrakesh Agreement 
Establishing the World Trade Organization (the "W TO Agreement"), the Guiding Principles to be 
followed in considering applications for waiver s adopted on 1 November 1956 (BISD 5S/25), and the 
Understanding in Respect to Waivers of Obliga tions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and 
Trade 1994 (the "Understanding");   
 
Taking note of the request of the United States, pursuant to paragraph 3 of Article IX of the 
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement), for a waiver of 
its obligations under paragraph 1 of  Article I and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article XIII of the General 
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994)  through 30 September 2015, to the extent 
necessary to permit it to provide duty-free treatment to eligible products originating in beneficiary 
sub-Saharan African countries (“beneficiary countri es”) designated pursuant to the African Growth 
and Opportunity Act (AGOA).   
Bearing in mind  the Ministerial Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed 
Countries, adopted in Marrakesh on 15 April 1994;  
Considering  the exceptional situation of the beneficiary countries of the AGOA, and the 
stated objective of the AGOA to alleviate poverty and promote stability and sustainable economic 
development in sub-Saharan Africa by fostering increased trade and investment between the United 
States and beneficiary countries, and to encourage regional economic integration and help beneficiary 
countries participate more fully in the global economy;  
Considering  further that the preferential treatment provided under the AGOA is designed to 
promote the expansion of trade and economic de velopment of beneficiary countries in a manner 
consistent with the objectives expressed in paragr aphs 1, 2, and 3 of the Preamble to the WTO 
Agreement;  
Considering  further that the preferential treatment  provided under the AGOA will not alter 
benefits provided under the U.S. Generalized System  of Preferences to other developing countries; 
 
Noting  the assurances given by the United States that it will promptly enter into consultations, 
on request, with any interested Member with respect  to any difficulty or matter that may arise as a 
result of the preferential treatment provided under the AGOA; 
 Decides,  in view of these exceptional circumstances, as follows: 
 
1. Subject to the terms and conditions set out he reunder, paragraph 1 of Ar ticle and paragraphs 1 
                                                     
 
1 Adopted in accordance with th e Decision-Making Procedures under Article IX of the WTO 
Agreement agreed by the General Council in November 1995 (WT/L/93). G/C/W/509/Rev.1 
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  and 2 of Article XIII shall be waived through 30 September 2015, to the extent necessary to permit 
the United States to provide duty-free treatment to eligible products originating in beneficiary 
countries designated pursuant to the AGOA.  2. The United States shall submit to the Genera l Council an annual report on the implementation 
of the preferential treatment provided under the AGOA . 
 3. The United States shall promptly notify the Ge neral Council of any change in the designation 
of beneficiary countries, as well as any change that would affect the eligibility of products for the 
preferential treatment provided under the AGOA.  
 
4. The United States shall promptly enter into consultations, on request, with any interested 
Member with respect to any difficulty or matter that  may arise as a result of the preferential treatment 
provided under the AGOA.  If a Member considers that any benefit accrui ng to it under the GATT 
1994 may be or is being impaired unduly as a result of such implementation, such consultation shall 
examine the possibility of action for a satisfactory resolution of the matter.   
 5. This Decision does not affect Members’ rights  as set forth in the Understanding in Respect of 
Waivers of Obligations under the GATT 1994.  
 
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