G/RO/W/192  
 
9 October 2019  
(19-6522) Page: 1/9 
Committee on Rules of Origin  Original: English  
 
FURTHER EVIDENCE FRO M UTILIZATION RATES:  
UTILIZATION BY LDCS OF CHINA'S PREFERENC E 
SUBMISSION BY THE LD C GROUP  
The following submission, dated 7 October 2019, is being circulated at the request of the delegation 
of Tanzania on behalf of the LDC Group.  
 
 
_______________  
 
1  BACKGROUND  
1.1.  The Nairobi Decision on Preferential Rules of Origin for LDCs 2015 established , for the first 
time, a set of multilaterally agreed guidelines to support LDC s to benefit from the preferential market 
access granted by a n umber of WTO members.  
1.2.  It is recalled  that paragraph 4.3 of the Nairobi Decision provides as follows:  
"4.3 Preferential rules of origin shall be notified as per the established procedures. In this 
regard, Members reaffirm their commitment to annually provi de import data to the Secretariat 
as referred to Annex 1 of the PTA Transparency Mechanism, on the basis of which the 
Secretariat can calculate utilization rates, in accordance with modalities to be agreed upon by 
the CRO. Furthermore, the CRO shall develo p a template for the notification of preferential 
rules of origin, to enhance transparency and promote a better understanding of the rules of 
origin applicable to imports from LDCs. " 
1.3.  Four years later, most preference granting Members have notified their ut ilization rates that 
constitute  a valuable tool to identify specific difficulties that LDC may face in complying with rules 
of origin, as highlighted in the presentation made by the LDC Group at the last CRO meeting applying 
UNCTAD's methodology.1    
1.4.  Based on an analysis carried out at the tariff line level, the presentation demonstrated that 
utilization rates constitute an adequate measure of the effectiveness of preferential trade, reflecting, 
among st other thing s, the different degrees of stringency of rules of origin.  
1.5.  It was recogniz ed at the last CRO meeting that further steps to simplify origin rules and improve 
utilization shall be considered. WTO Members acknowledged  that more research is needed to better 
understand the causes behind under -utilization of tariff preferences and id entify specific issues.  
1.6.  In a note2, preliminary insights  have been put forward to understand the link between low 
Swiss utilization rates and rules of origin. The present note is the second contribution of the LDC 
Group and is the first attempt by the Grou p to analyse the recently released Chinese utilization rates  
(2016). 
                                                
1 See forthcoming UNCTAD's study Drafting Rules of Origin,  July 2019.  
2 See document G/RO/W/186.  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 2 - 
 
  2  THE CHINESE UTILIZAT ION RATES – OVERVIEW  
2.1.  Figure 1 below reports the full distributio n of tariff lines over the utilization rates with covered3 
imports from LDCs above USD 10 ,000. Chinese utilization rates appear to be relatively polarized 
around zero and (to a significant lower exten t) around 100%. More specifically, in 2016, 70% 
(880 out of 1,250) of the tariff lines were reported to have zero utilization rate. This percentage 
remains unchanged (69%) when we consider a preference margin above 5%. This proportion 
increases to 74.4% when considering utilization rates between 0 and 5% (930 o ut of 1 ,250).  
2.2.  In contrast, 157 tariff lines (12.5% of the tariff lines) present a utilization rate between 95% 
and 100%. This frequency of high utilization rate is bigger than those of intermediate values of 
utilization rates between 5% and 95%, with frequ ency ranging between 2 and 23 tariff lines (see 
lower part of Figure 1. However, it is still far from the 74% (930 tariff line) at the lower level of the  
utilization rate distribution, with utilization rates between 0 and 5%. Therefore, the polarization 
exists and is heavily biased towards zero.  
Figure 1 – Distribution of tariff lines over utilization rates values  Imports from LDCs > 
USD 10 ,000 
 
 
2.3.  Strong variations of utilization rates are observed between LDCs. Figure 2 depicts utilization 
rates and imports from LDCs covered by preferential treatment with a value above USD 50 million. 
While some LDCs exhibit high utilization rates4, it is remarkable to observe that the five biggest LDC 
exporters to China - trade values between USD 626 million and USD 2 billion - all face difficulties to 
benefit from DFQF preferential treatment. Indeed, four of these five LDCs, namely Zambia;  
                                                
3 Covered imports by the preferential scheme referred to as "eligible" in the Tariff Analysis Online (TAO) 
database.  
4 The right half of the graph, except Madagascar and Mozambique with mitigated results, and Angola 
with a utilization rate of zero.  
G/RO/W/192  
 
- 3 - 
 
  the Democratic Republic of Congo;  Cambodia;  and Myanmar report a n utilization rate of zero. 
Bangladesh, the third biggest exporter to China in terms of covered imports only reaches 45%.  
2.4.  For the remaining LDCs with lower export values to China (Figure 3), the variation of utilization 
rates is even more important . A more disaggregated analysis is therefore needed to better 
understand the causes of such variations and the reasons for low utilization of large exporters 
(trading mostly in minerals that are in general wholly obtained products ).  
Figure 2 – Chinese Utilization Rates, Preference Margin and Eligible imports from LDCs  
Covered Imports > USD 50 million  
 
Figure 3 – Chinese Utilization Rates, Preference Margin and Eligible imports from LDCs  
USD 1 million < Covered Impo rts <= USD 50 million  
 
2.5.  Table 1  of the Annex  reports  the value of Chinese imports from LDC beneficiaries (column (1)), 
for tariff lines (column (2)) where the utilization rate (column (8)) defined as the value of imports 
entering under LDC/GSP (column (6) ) divided by the value of imports covered by the preferential 
treatment (column (5)), lies below 70%. Observations for year 2016 are sorted in descending order 
of import values that are entering under MFN while covered by the preferential treatment (column  
(7)). It is important to keep in mind that all values reported in Table 1  are dutiable. 
The corresponding preference margin is reported under column (9).  2 045
0 091
8497
7198 98 100 99
72
07 713 13 13
1…10 81310 11 12 117 7
02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,500
0102030405060708090100
ZMB COD BGD KHM MMR ETH TZA SDN MDG NER SEN TGO MLI MOZ AGO
Utilization Rate (%) Preference Margin (%) Eligible imports (USD million, right axis)
82
5867
46 46
1 04171
08085
5796
10 8 101311 1179 10 811 13 11 10
05101520253035404550
0102030405060708090100
UGA YEM MRT NPL SOM LSO LBR AFG VUT SLE MWI RWA BEN BDI
Utilization Rate (%) Preference Margin (%) Eligible imports (USD million, right axis)
? G/RO/W/192  
 
- 4 - 
 
  2.6.  Three main observations  can be drawn from Table 1 :  
1. Given the low/zero utilization rates , a signif icant amount of imports from LDCs are entering 
China under the MFN rate. As an illustration, with a preferential margin of 35% the 
USD 73 million imports of precious/semi -precious stones from Myanmar (TL 71162000), could 
generate a saving of USD  26 million  by using the preference.  
2. In the Case of the Democratic Republic of  Congo, despite the lower preferential margin (4%) 
the use of the preferential treatment could also trigger substantial duty savings given the 
extensive amount of trade. Combining the tw o tariff lines for cobalt (TL 81052010 and 
81052090) the duty saving can be estimated to USD 30.2 million (4% of USD 755 million).  
3. Low utilization rates in the case of China DFQF are not confined to a specific type of product 
but applies to a wide range  of tariff lines, from raw materials, natural products, agricultural 
product (see  sugar cane) to garments and other industrial products (motors, static converters, 
etc). 
2.7.  Table 2 of the Annex reports values of trade above USD 15 million from LDCs beneficiaries. 
However, other tariff lines -country  pairs are affected by low utilization as shown in Table 2 . Such 
table provides an initial overview for each LDC by reporting the tariff lines with the highest value of 
covered imports and a utilization rat e below 70%.  
2.8.  For example , Somalia exported USD 4.7 million of Fish and crustacean of HS chapter 3 to China 
but did not receive the preferential treatment and therefore paid USD 560 ,000 of MFN duties. In 
Zambia, almost USD 2 billion of copper of HS chapter  74 have been exported to China in 2016. While 
the tariff line did not appear in the previous table due to the filtering (preference margin above 2%), 
the duty saving that could be generated by a full use of the preferential treatment amount to more 
than U SD 35 million. It therefore clearly shows that low preferential margin do not necessarily imply 
low incentive to make use of the preferenc e. 
2.9.  Finally, Table 3 of the Annex shows  for each country the number of tariff lines for different 
levels of utilization rates: zero utilization, between zero and 50%, between 50% and 70%, and 
above 70%.   
2.10.   It can be noted that observations in the right part of the table are recorded for only 25 LDCs. 
Only these countries managed to export selected product making use of the preference in at least 
half of the cases (tariff lines with utilization rates above 50%).  
3  CONCLUSION  
3.1.  This preliminary analysis of the utilization rate s of China's  DFQF shows th at there are significant 
figure s of low or zero utilization rate. In addition high variations of utilization rates are observed  and 
pockets of low utilization should be further studied. The LDC Group is ready to engage in discussions 
with the Chinese deleg ation and customs authorities to identify  the reasons and possible 
explanation s for the se patterns,  with a view to seek ing remedy at the earliest convenience .  
  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 5 - ANNEX  
Table 1 – China's Imports from LDCs (2016) - Tariff lines  UR < 70%, sorted in descending value of imports entering under MFN (> USD 15 
million), PM>2  
WTO Member  Tariff line  Product Description  Imports (USD thousands)  Utilization 
Rate  
(%) Preference 
Margin  
(%) Dutiable  Covered  LDC/GSP  MFN 
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 
Dep. Rep. of 
Congo  81052010  Cobalt mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy; unwrought; 
powders  703,700  703,700  0 703,700  0.0 4 
Cambodia  43021100  Tanned or dressed furskins, unassembled, -- of mink  141,431  141,430  0 141,430  0.0 12 
Cambodia  90139020  Liquid crystal devices; Parts and accessories  108,990  108,990  0 108,990  0.0 8 
Myanmar  71162000  Articles of precious or semi-precious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed)  73,111  73,111  0 73,111  0.0 35 
Bangladesh  62034290  Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches of cotton  95,739  95,739  40,268  55,471  42.1 16 
Dep. Rep. of 
Congo  81052090  Cobalt mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy; unwrought; 
powders  51,343  51,343  0 51,343  0.0 4 
Cambodia  35051000  Dextrins and other modified starches  50,770  50,770  0 50,770  0.0 12 
Angola  27111200  Propane  50,671  50,671  0 50,671  0.0 5 
Bangladesh  61091000  T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted. - of cotton  78,065  78,065  31,917  46,147  40.9 14 
Bangladesh  62046200  Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided 
skirts, trousers, bib of cotton  43,999  43,999  6,122  37,878  13.9 16 
Myanmar  12129300  Sugar cane  37,718  37,718  0 37,718  0.0 20 
Cambodia  61091000  T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted of cotton  25,519  25,519  0 25,519  0.0 14 
Bangladesh  61102000  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or 
crocheted of cotton  27,803  27,803  2,846  24,957  10.2 14 
Myanmar  71031000  Precious stones (other than diamonds) and semi -precious stones unworked or 
simply sawn or roughly shaped  22,175  22,175  0 22,175  0.0 3 
Cambodia  61112000  Babies' garments and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted of cotton  21,856  21,856  0 21,856  0.0 14 
Bangladesh  61103000  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or 
crocheted man -made fibres  26,110  26,110  5,403  20,707  20.7 16 
Cambodia  61103000  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or 
crocheted. - of man -made fibres  20,275  20,275  33 20,242  0.2 16 
Cambodia  61102000  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or 
crocheted. - of cotton  19,852  19,852  0 19,852  0.0 14 
Bangladesh  62052000  Men's or boys' shirts of cotton  35,019  35,019  15,251  19,768  43.6 16 
Myanmar  71039910  Precious stones (other than diamonds) and semi -precious stones, -- other 19,767  19,767  0 19,767  0.0 8 
Myanmar  90019090  Optical fibres and optical fibre bundles; optical fibre cables other than those of 
heading 85.44; - other 18,163  18,163  0 18,163  0.0 8 
Cambodia  85044014  Static converters  17,372  17,372  0 17,372  0.0 7 
Cambodia  85011099  Motors of an output not exceeding 37.5 W  16,859  16,859  0 16,859  0.0 9 
Source:  TAO database, 1 October 2019 .  
  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 6 - Table 2 - Chinese Imports from Least Developed Countries 2016 – LDC Beneficiaries  First two HS sectors by country with UR<70, Sorted in 
descending order of eligible imports  
Country  HS2 Description  Imports (USD thousands)  Utilization 
Rate 
(%) Preference 
Margin  
(%) Dutiable  Covered  GSP/ 
LDC MFN 
Afghanistan  51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric  969 969 0 969 0.0 9.0 
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or 
medicinal plants; straw and fodder  251 251 0 251 0.0 6.0 
Angola  27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; 
mineral waxes  13,900,000 60,719 0 60,719 0.0 5.0 
25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  13,778 13,778 0 13,778 0.0 3.5 
Bangladesh  62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted  266,713 265,782 71,980 193,802 27.1 15.9 
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted  203,225 202,692 49,578 153,114 24.5 15.7 
Benin  14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or 
included  1,230 1,230 821 409 66.7 4.0 
52 Cotton  14,653 186 0 186 0.0 10.0 
Burundi  25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  2 2 0 2 0.0 3.0 
Cambodia  61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted  171,210 171,210 33 171,177 0.0 15.9 
43 Furskins and artificial fur; manufactures thereof  145,648 145,648 0 145,648 0.0 14.0 
Central African 
Republic  5 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included  114 114 0 114 0.0 10.0 
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and 
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and 
accessories of such articles  46 45 0 45 0.0 12.0 
Chad 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts  75 75 0 75 0.0 15.0 
25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  59 59 0 59 0.0 3.3 
Comoros  33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations  13 13 0 13 0.0 15.0 
Dem. Rep. of 
Congo  74 Copper and articles thereof  971,358 971,358 0 971,358 0.0 2.0 
81 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof  755,395 755,395 0 755,395 0.0 4.0 
Djibouti  12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or 
medicinal plants; straw and fodder  18 18 0 18 0.0 10.0 
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi -precious stones, precious metals, 
metals clad with pre cious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin  12 12 0 12 0.0 3.0 
Eritrea  25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  3 3 0 3 0.0 3.0 
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted  1 1 0 1 0.0 16.0 
Ethiopia  41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather  44,057 43,943 27,853 16,090 63.4 9.4 
9 Coffee, tea, mat é and spices  7,356 7,356 4,759 2,598 64.7 12.7 
Guinea  3 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates  46 46 0 46 0.0 10.0 
92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles  22 22 0 22 0.0 17.0 
Guinea -Bissau  61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted  1 1 0 1 0.0 16.0 
Lesotho  85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and 
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and 
accessories of such articles  6,275 6,217 0 6,217 0.0 9.0 
52 Cotton  702 702 99 603 14.1 10.0 
Liberia  74 Copper and articles thereof  2,911 2,911 0 2,911 0.0 1.0 
89 Ships, boats and floating structures  427 427 0 427 0.0 3.0  
  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 7 - Country  HS2 Description  Imports (USD thousands)  Utilization 
Rate 
(%) Preference 
Margin  
(%) Dutiable  Covered  GSP/ 
LDC MFN 
Madagascar  71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi -precious stones, precious metals, 
metals clad with pre cious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin  8,154 8,154 52 8,102 0.6 15.0 
29 Organic chemicals  5,554 5,554 0 5,554 0.0 6.0 
Malawi  9 Coffee, tea, mat é and spices  718 718 296 422 41.2 11.5 
25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  9 9 0 9 0.0 3.0 
Mali 8 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons  73 73 0 73 0.0 20.0 
1 Live animals  40 30 0 30 0.0 10.0 
Mauritania  3 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates  8,938 8,938 4,539 4,399 50.8 11.8 
25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  20 20 0 20 0.0 3.0 
Mozambique  72 Iron and steel  12,774 12,774 0 12,774 0.0 2.0 
74 Copper and articles thereof  4,597 4,597 0 4,597 0.0 2.0 
Myanmar  74 Copper and articles thereof  130,227 130,227 0 130,227 0.0 4.5 
72 Iron and steel  127,610 127,610 0 127,610 0.0 2.0 
Nepal  90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or 
surgical instrument s and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof  3,675 3,675 0 3,675 0.0 5.5 
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal  5,686 5,686 2,983 2,702 52.5 12.0 
Niger  71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi -precious stones, precious metals, 
metals clad with pre cious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin  621 621 0 621 0.0 27.5 
40 Rubber and articles thereof  31 31 0 31 0.0 15.0 
Rwanda  9 Coffee, tea, mat é and spices  240 240 59 181 24.5 12.7 
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or 
medicinal plants; straw and fodder  52 52 0 52 0.0 30.0 
Senegal  41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather  86 86 0 86 0.0 14.0 
39 Plastics and articles thereof  47 47 0 47 0.0 8.0 
Sierra Leone  71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi -precious stones, precious metals, 
metals clad with pre cious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin  1,903 1,903 0 1,903 0.0 3.0 
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and 
reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and 
accessories of such articles  190 117 0 117 0.0 8.6 
Somalia  3 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates  4,705 4,705 0 4,705 0.0 12.0 
41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather  994 994 64 930 6.5 14.0 
Sudan  13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts  933 933 586 347 62.8 9.0 
74 Copper and articles thereof  142 142 0 142 0.0 1.0 
Tanzania  74 Copper and articles thereof  12,173 12,173 0 12,173 0.0 1.8 
53 Other vegetable textile fibres; paper yarn and woven fabrics of paper yarn  17,610 17,610 11,831 5,780 67.2 5.0 
Timor -Leste 9 Coffee, tea, mat é and spices  94 94 0 94 0.0 8.0 
14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or 
included  20 20 0 20 0.0 15.0 
Togo 25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  4 4 0 4 0.0 3.0 
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal  3 3 0 3 0.0 8.0 
Uganda  41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather  18,073 18,073 12,206 5,867 67.5 11.5 
5 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included  302 302 36 266 11.9 10.0 
Vanuatu  12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or 
medicinal plants; straw and fodder  172 172 0 172 0.0 8.0  
  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 8 - Country  HS2 Description  Imports (USD thousands)  Utilization 
Rate 
(%) Preference 
Margin  
(%) Dutiable  Covered  GSP/ 
LDC MFN 
5 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included  99 99 0 99 0.0 12.0 
Yemen  74 Copper and articles thereof  8,559 8,559 0 8,559 0.0 1.0 
3 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates  426 426 0 426 0.0 10.0 
Zambia  74 Copper and articles thereof  1,958,895 1,958,895 0 1,958,8
95 0.0 1.8 
25 Salt; sulphur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime, cement  459 459 0 459 0.0 4.0 
Source:  TAO database, 1 October 2019 . 
   
  G/RO/W/192  
 
- 9 - Table 3 – Number of tariff lines and trade values over utilization rates categories  
Country  UR = 0  0 < UR < 50  50 < UR < 70  UR > 70  
#TL Covered  PM #TL Covered  PM #TL Covered  PM #TL Covered  PM 
Zambia  46 1,663,314 30 1 222 3    
4 39,934 7 
Dem. Rep. of  Congo  32 703,700 20          
Cambodia  480 141,430 45 1 20,275 16       
Myanmar  352 130,227 35 5 5,875 15       
Angola  20 50,671 35          
Mozambique  37 12,774 14       
11 37,700 16 
Bangladesh  254 8,831 25 92 95,739 20 3 10,320 17 45 69,734 35 
Lesotho  16 6,190 17       
1 99 10 
Madagascar  167 5,552 35 14 5,047 17 4 4,172 17 19 81,827 15 
Yemen  20 5,234 35 1 342 3    
3 12,200 6 
Tanzania  66 5,040 45 2 330 10 4 17,610 15 18 113,772 35 
Somalia  14 4,705 35 1 962 14    
1 4,931 10 
Mauritania  9 4,166 17       
13 10,529 15 
Nepal  131 3,672 35 48 291 24 11 5,628 20 109 1,468 35 
Liberia  11 2,911 20          
Sierra Leone  66 1,903 16          
Niger  26 615 35       
1 121,619 10 
Ethiopia  84 384 25 1 1,650 5 5 19,061 14 23 324,283 24 
Afghanistan  43 365 20       
1 1,739 6 
Sudan  31 201 17 2 422 10 1 109 14 12 120,465 15 
Benin  9 186 20    
1 1,230 4 1 17 20 
Rwanda  14 181 35       
7 1,114 17 
Vanuatu  4 172 15 1 1,000 12    
1 2,109 10 
Central African Republic  7 114 30          
Timor -Leste  15 94 24       
1 104 30 
Senegal  38 86 30 1 1,401 17    
19 97,104 15 
Chad 14 75 30          
Mali 26 73 30       
4 84,364 15 
Uganda  48 62 20 2 298 20 3 3,986 14 9 12,816 15 
Guinea  22 46 24          
Djibouti  12 18 16       
1 89 14 
Comoros  1 13 15          
Malawi  9 9 20 1 717 15    
3 1,068 15 
Togo 6 4 24       
4 92,417 20 
Burundi  1 2 3       
3 1,070 15 
Eritrea  4 2 16          
Guinea -Bissau  1 1 16          
Source:  TAO database, 1 October 2019  
__________