RESTRICTED  WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION  WT/TPR/G/167 
19 June 2006 
 (06-2810) 
Trade Policy Review Body Original :  Spanish 
  
 
 
    
 
TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
 
Report by  
 
NICARAGUA 
 
   
Pursuant to the Agreement Establishi ng the Trade Policy Review Mechanism 
(Annex 3 to the Marrakesh Agreem ent Establishing the World Trade 
Organization), the policy statement by Nicaragua is attached. 
 
 
Note: This report is subject to restricted circ ulation and press embargo until the end of the first 
session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on Nicaragua. Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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CONTENTS 
 
Page 
 
I. INTRODUCTION 5 
II. ECONOMIC  SETTING 6 
III. NICARAGUA AND THE WTO 9 
IV. NICARAGUA'S TRADE POLICY 10 
(1) T REND OF THE EXTERNAL SECTOR  (1999-2004) 11 
(2) T RADE AGREEMENTS  12 
(3) C ENTRAL AMERICAN INTEGRATION  12 
V. ECONOMIC AND TRADE PROSPECTS 13 ANNEX I:  REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED SINCE 1999 15 
ANNEX II:  APPENDIX TABLES 17 
 Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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I. INTRODUCTION 
1. The period covered by the second Trade Po licy Review saw the Nicaraguan economy 
continue to move along on the free-market growth path it had embarked upon in 1990.  Key features 
of economic policy over the period 1999-2004 were efficient macroeconomic management involving 
tight monetary policy and fiscal discipline, suppor ted by strengthening and expansion of economic 
liberalization and open trade practices.  
2. Structural reforms were further deepened, to facilitate economic growth and social 
development, and to reinforce the fight against povert y.  In addition, a group of laws were passed to 
strengthen the country's economic and institutional foundations, thereby maintaining political stability 
and enhancing the climate of confidence for both domestic and foreign investors. 
3. Since 2002, the Nicaraguan Government has fo rmulated a medium- a nd long-term National 
Development Plan (PND) containing policy measures and structural reforms to transform the Nicaraguan economy in the medium-to-long term, b ased on the country's resource potential and with 
the aim of achieving economic growth and reducing poverty. 
4. The PND proposes an economic policy aimed at improving competitiveness in the private 
sector, based on public investments oriented more towards fixed capital formation and human capital, 
supported by policies giving incentives to production a nd trade, which in turn help to reduce poverty. 
The sector focus is thus complemented with a territori al approach, to make the most of the potential of 
different areas and achieve harmonized and integrated development between them.  
5. The PND also sets guidelines for strengthening the financial system and oversight institutions 
such as the Central Bank, for long-run fiscal and ex ternal sustainability, and for retargeting public 
investments, which are viewed as crucial to achieving a medium-term macroeconomic framework that enables the country to achieve its development goals. 
6. In keeping with the priorities established in  the PND, work is ongoing to implement the 
following sector programmes: Prorural, Promypime,  Proambiente and the National Competitiveness 
Programme, which includes the cluster strategy as a means of achieving productive growth.  Key 
clusters include coffee, meat and dairy products, lig ht manufacturing, tourism and shrimp farming.  
7. The reforms introduced during the period covere d by this second trade policy review include 
deepening of administrative decentralization, strengt hening of the financial system and modernization 
of tax administration, among others.  
8. The process of executing structural adjustment pr ogrammes was also strengthened;   and this 
enabled the country to become eligible for the bene fits of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) 
initiative in September 1999, attaining the decision po int in December 2000, and the completion point 
in January 2004.  
9. Since 1999, Nicaragua has successfully quickened the process of deeper trade liberalization in 
keeping with its macroeconomic policy framework, w ith a view to overcoming the fragility of the 
economy's external sector.  Measures have been introduced to improve competitiveness, remove 
barriers to international trade and engage mo re effectively in the international economy. 
10. As the liberalization process unfolds, the strategy  aims to enhance economic integration in the 
region through the establishment of a customs uni on, and to develop greater bilateral openness 
towards the country's main trading partners th rough export promotion measu res and guarantees of a 
stable regulatory framework for both domestic and fore ign investment.  Steps are also being taken to WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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strengthen multilateral, regional, s ubregional and bilateral trading li nks, to make the country an open 
and secure market for its trade partners.  
11. Trade agreements have become a means of promoting production for export and foreign 
direct investment (FDI).  In 2005, Nicaragua  ratified the Central America-Dominican Republic- 
United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR);   and negotiations were completed for a trade 
accord with Chinese Taipei, reflecting a deepening of Nicaragua's strategy in the globalization 
process. 
12. As a result of economic policies implemente d during the reporting period, including trade 
liberalization, economic growth rose to an average of 3.0 per cent per year, driven mainly by goods 
and services exports and private consumption, wh ich expanded by 7.8 per cent and 3.8 per cent 
respectively. 
13. Policy measures have been implemented agai nst a backdrop of enhanced competition, 
unrestricted foreign exchange dealings, elimination of foreign trade barriers and a gradual lowering of 
tariffs. 
14. Going forward, the Government proposes to target policies on achieving fiscal, external, 
environmental and social sustainability in the me dium-to-long term, based on its resource potential, 
which makes it possible to improve competitiveness in  the economy generally and strengthen the rule 
of law, based on principles of peace and democracy in a free-market system. 
II.  ECONOMIC SETTING  
15. The sound economic policies implemented in the period 1999-2004 enabled Nicaragua to 
maintain positive and broadly based growth rates aver aging 3.0 per cent per year, despite lower prices 
obtained for its main agricultural export products.  On the supply side, most economic activities 
posted growth rates above the annual average, wi th agriculture, forestry, manufacturing industry, 
financial services, energy, and potable water and other services playing leading roles.  Factors boosting the demand side were consumer spendi ng and the expansion of external demand. 
16. In 2004, the economy posted its highest growth rate  in recent years (5.1 per cent), thanks to a 
number of events that fuelled expectations in th e business sector, encouragin g private investment and 
economic expansion.  
17. Nonetheless, the Nicaraguan economy has not b een immune to negative shocks from the 
world economy stemming from higher oil prices and inte rnational interest rates, which, in conjunction 
with a low saving rate, affect real interest  rates prevailing in the financial market. 
18. Despite supply shocks such as price hikes in oil and several consumer goods, inflation was 
kept at single-digit levels in 1999-2004, as a resu lt of fiscal discipline aimed at reducing the non-
financial public-sector deficit, and a tight monetary policy. 
19. Wage policy has allowed for increases in the gove rnment sector, with pay rises for teachers, 
paramedic staff and the national police.  The nationa l average real wage, measured in relation to the 
cost of a basket of 53 basic consumer goods, ro se from 136 per cent in December 1999 to 149 per cent 
in December 2004.  
20. The performance of the Nicaraguan economy in 1999-2004 was supported by the following 
programmes: (a) a second Enhanced Structural Adju stment Facility (ESAF), a triennial agreement 
between the Government and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) established for 1998-2000;   (b) Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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the Central American Reconstruction Progra mme implemented in 1999-2001, following the 
destruction caused by Hurricane M itch in December 1998;   and (c ) the first Poverty Reduction and 
Growth Facility (PRGF) arrangement for 2002- 2005, which was signed in December 2002. 
21. On the foreign trade front, policies to promote exports, attract foreign investments and ensure 
open trade practices have helped raise the performance of the external sector, generating a sustained 
increase in the value of merchandise exports, which grew by an average of 8.3 per cent per year.  In volume terms goods and services expor ts expanded at an average annua l rate of 7.8 per cent between 
1999 and 2004, and their value rose from US$509. 0 million in 1999 to US $760 million in 2004.
1  
22. Merchandise imports trended upwards in c.i.f. va lue terms.  This reflected lower tariffs, for 
which the simple average dropped to 5.4 per cent in  2004;   additional external assistance averaging 
US$200 million per year in 1999-20 01 in connection with the na tional reconstruction programme 
following Hurricane Mitch;   and needs genera ted by economic growth and stronger private 
consumption (fuelled by a rise in disposable national income). 
23. For these reasons, the c.i.f. value of mercha ndise imports rose from US$1,723 million in 1999 
to US$2,256 million in 2004;  and in volume term s they expanded by 1.4 per cent on average during 
the reporting period.  
24. The trade deficit widened from US$1,063 milli on in 1999 to US$1,290 million in 2004, or 
from 24.0 per cent of GDP in 2000 to 28.7 per cent in 2004.  The country has also lost real income at 
an average annual rate of 19.7 per cent, resulting fro m a deterioration in the terms of trade as average 
import prices grew faster (8.3 per cent) than average export prices (6.2 per cent).  
25. The real-exchange-rate index has varied onl y slightly and is keeping the country's 
competitiveness constant;  the index shows an aver age annual variation of 1.2 per cent during the 
reporting period.  The rate of depreciation in the o fficial exchange rate slowed from 11.6 per cent in 
1999 to 5.5 per cent in 2004. 
26. The widening current-account deficit has been fi nanced largely through foreign borrowing;  
external-debt relief;  and, increasingly, family remittances, which, according to Central Bank data, 
amounted to US$519 million in 2004.  External c ooperation, including debt relief, provided an 
average of US$686 million in funding per year, struct ured as follows: loans (42 per cent);  grants 
(39 per cent);  and debt relief (29 per cent).  Nicaragua only has access to loans on highly concessional terms from interna tional financial institutions. 
27. A key aspect of the process of opening the Nicar aguan economy has been the role played by 
FDI, which averaged US$238 million per year during th e period.  This also reflects the establishment 
of a climate of security and stability, supported by the approval of an appropriate legal framework, 
deepening of the privatization process, and the signing of investment promotion and protection 
agreements, backed by the country's potential in  terms of resource abundance, and other actions 
implemented.  The fact that the largest amounts of  investment target the energy, trade, service, 
telecommunications, agribusiness and free zone sect ors, reflects the economy's openness to FDI in 
practically all economic sectors. 
28. Gross international reserves climbed to a new high (US$670 million) in 2004.  Excluding the 
cancellation of external debt and interim relief on external debt payments, the flow of external 
cooperation received by Nicaragua in 1999-2 004 totalled US$3,331 million, and averaged 
US$555 million per year.  The external debt stock shrank from US$6,549 million in 1999 to 
                                                     
 
1These figures do not include the value of exports from free zones.  WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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US$5,391 million in 2004, thanks mainly to the relie f provided by the HIPC initiative, which resulted 
in an over 80 per cent reduction in external debt.  
29. In the fiscal domain, strenuous efforts have been made to avoid the distortion in public 
finance, caused by a prudent fiscal policy aime d at strengthening and facilitating production, 
increasing saving and reducing the deficit of the non -financial public sector.  Current saving doubled 
from 2.9 per cent of GDP in 2002 to 6.0 per cent in  2004;  and the relative size of the public-sector 
deficit shrank by almost half from 9.6 per cent of GDP in 2001 to 5.0 per cent in 2004.  
30. This improvement in the country's public financ es was based on larger tax revenue, following 
an expansion of the tax base pursuant to the Law on Commercial Tax Justice (which was replaced by 
the Fiscal Equity Law and subsequent recent amendm ents), assisted by the momentum of economic 
activity in the last three years. 
31. Nicaragua's monetary policy has been kept on a tight rein to maintain exchange-rate and price 
stability.  This made it possible to overcome the banki ng crisis that occurred during the period and to 
maintain confidence in the domestic financial syst em.  Open market operations have made a major 
contribution to keeping liquidity at levels consis tent with economic growth, thereby helping to ease 
inflationary pressures. 
32. Sound monetary policy management has made it possible to lower interest rates on loans in 
the financial system;  and, as a result, credit expande d during the period in nomi nal terms, consistently 
with economic growth.  The stock of loans outsta nding has trended down in relation to GDP, thereby 
easing pressures on gross international reserves. 
33. In terms of holdings of monetary assets, the pub lic have revealed a preference for deposits in 
dollars and indexed-linked time deposits in córdobas. 
34. Lastly, the main structural reforms implem ented during the reporting period include the 
following:  
• Reduction in the number of ministries and restructuring thereof in May 1999. 
 
• Privatization of power distribution (in 2 000) and of the telephone company (in 2003), 
and leasing of the State oil importer (PETRONIC) in 1999. 
 
• The General Customs Directorate and the Ge neral Revenue Directorate turned into 
institutions with administrative and financial autonomy in 2000. 
 
• Approval of tax reform in the Fiscal Equity Law in May 2003. 
 
• Privatization of 51 per cent of the capital of the country's second State bank, Banco 
Nicaragüense de Industria y Come rcio (BANIC), in January 1999. 
 
• Passing of the Deposits Guarantee Law in  2002, to preserve the security and 
confidence of depositors in  financial institutions. 
• Liquidation of Banco Nicaragüense de Industria y Comercio (BANIC) in 
August 2002. 
 
• Reform of the Penal Code in 20 02, to define financial crimes. 
 Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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• Reform of the Law on the Deposits Guarantee Fund (FOGADE) in 2003, to centralize 
the administration of asset liquidation in a new FOGADE unit, in the event of bank 
interventions. 
 
• Tax and tariff reform to reduce import duties;  progress in solving problems relating 
to disputed ownership;  privatization of power distribution lines;  sale of 40 per cent 
of the share capital of the telephone company. 
 
• Start of implementation of the Financia l-Administrative Management Information 
System (SIGFA) to guarantee transparen t use of national budgetary resources. 
 
• Reorganization of the Executive Branch;  amendment of the Foreign Investments 
Law;  issuance of a new law in relation to  the Attorney General of the Republic;  and 
modernization of laws on the central  bank, commercial banks and the Banking 
Superintendency, as well as the strengthening of prudential regulations in the national 
financial system.  
Legal and institutional aspects  
35. In the period 1999-2004, Nicaragua embarked upon a process to modernize and strengthen its 
legal, regulatory and institutiona l framework, with a view to ensu ring security and stability for all 
economic agents, and thus implement the country's  growth and development strategy.  Aspects 
addressed include the regulatory framework that  aims to reduce State monopolies, speed up 
privatization, and strengthen the financial system, in an environment that promotes free competition. 
36. During the reporting period, laws were drafted to  strengthen the financial system with a view 
to maintaining the country's economic, political and social stability.  The most important of these 
include the General Law on Banks, Non-Banking Financial Instituti ons and Financial Groups;  the 
Law on the Superintendency of Banks and Other Fi nancial Institutions;  and the Law Guaranteeing 
Deposits in Financial In stitutions, among others. 
III. NICARAGUA AND THE WTO 
37. Since its accession to the GATT in May 1950 and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 
September 1995, Nicaragua has lobbied for a fair  and equitable multilateral trading system that 
benefits trade growth, strengthens the world economy, and facilitates increases in production, trade in 
goods and services and real incomes, to achieve ec onomic development that allows poverty to be 
overcome, particularly in countries with small, vulnerable economies. 
38. As a Member of the WTO, Nicaragua has dem onstrated full confidence in the global trading 
system by firmly supporting the commitments assu med in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), 
adopted at the fourth Doha Ministerial Conferen ce in November 2001.  This focused on pressing 
ahead with the reform and liberalization of trade po licies, to enable developing and least developed 
countries to participate more effectively in the mu ltilateral trading system and achieve profitable and 
meaningful integration into the world economy.  
39. In this context, as an eminently agricultu ral country, Nicaragua has high hopes for the 
effective fulfilment of commitments for substantial improvements in market access, elimination of all 
forms of export subsidies, and substantial reductions  in agricultural trade-distorting domestic support, 
where special and differential treatment for developi ng countries should be an integral part of all WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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elements of the negotiation.  It is also hoping fo r the successful conclusion of the mandates relating to 
trade in services, non-agricultural products and othe r issues of special interest in these negotiations. 
40. Although the DDA has not moved forward with the priority that had been hoped for, and the 
Hong Kong Ministerial Conference held on 13-18 December 2005 did not encompass all of the 
aspirations of developing countries, Nicaragua re mains confident in the system and is lobbying 
Members, and particularly those with greater negotiating power, to ensure that the DDA fulfils its objectives of open and non-discriminatory trade.  The Government of Nicaragua welcomes the 
decision taken (for the first time in a negotiating rou nd) regarding the need to  expand aid for trade so 
as to create supply capacity and the infrastructure needed to apply the WTO Agreements, benefit from 
them, and expand trade. 
41. It is hoped that such aid will more specifically  address the concerns of small and vulnerable 
economies, such as Nicaragua, which needs additional resources to be able to raise competitiveness to 
levels enabling it to meet its commitments and ta ke advantage of trade opportunities.  Among other 
things, aid for trade would involve developmen t of port services, roads, telecommunications, 
increased levels of power generation, transmission and distribution, and technological development. 
42. Substantial progress has been made in moderniz ing the legal framework, to make it more 
consistent and in harmony with the WTO Agreemen ts, leading to an improvement in the business 
climate and responding to intern ational market requirements. 
IV. NICARAGUA'S TRADE POLICY 
43. The general objective of Nicaragua's trade polic y continues on the path embarked upon in 
1990 to integrate more deeply and efficiently into  the international economy,  in keeping with its 
growth strategy.  This includes greater openness an d trade liberalization, in conjunction with export 
promotion, guarantees of a stable legal framework to attract both domestic and foreign investment, 
and the consolidation of multila teral, regional, subregional and bilateral trading links. 
44. Nicaragua maintains free trade in goods and services with several countries on the American 
continent;  in general it has eliminated impor t and export prohibitions, except for those which 
legitimately safeguard human, animal or plant health , the environment, and national security.  It does 
not apply subsidies that distort trade, production and exports.  
45. It has continued to simplify and streamline bureaucratic procedures in foreign trade, by 
improving the legal and institutional framework, sign ing trade agreements, and simplifying the tariff 
structure. 
46. Nicaragua also aims to elimin ate anti-export bias and diversif y its products and destination 
markets, with measures such as gradual tariff reduc tion, elimination of non-tariff barriers through tax 
reforms, and the formulation of policies to  promote exports, investment and tourism. 
47. The free-zone regime has been strengthened,  by giving incentives such as exemption from 
tariffs and income tax through the Law on Expor t Processing Zones, Decree No. 46-91, and the 
regulations and amendments thereto. Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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(1) TREND OF THE EXTERNAL SECTOR (1999-2004) 
48. The results of the country's trade policy, w ithin its economic engagement strategy, are 
reflected in its external trade performance during the reporting period. 
49. The value of merchandise exports grew by an a ppreciable average of 8.3 per cent per year in 
1999-2004, attaining a level of US$759.9 m illion (f.o.b.) in 2004 — a 14-year high. 
50. Although traditional exports account for 54 per cen t of the total export basket, non-traditional 
products have grown faster during the period, averag ing 11.2 per cent per year, compared to 6.2 per 
cent in the case of traditional exports. 
51. Nonetheless, the Nicaraguan economy remains relati vely undiversified, w ith 60 per cent of its 
export value in 2004 concentrated in a handful of  products:  coffee, sugar, meat, seafood, peanuts, 
livestock, and beans and cheeses.  Its export destination markets are also highly concentrated.  In 
2004, 74 per cent of exports went to just six countries:  the United States, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Mexico and Canada. 
52. Imports grew more slowly than e xports (averaging 5.5 per cent per year on a c.i.f. basis);   but 
they still reached significant levels in 2004 (US$2, 256 million), since purchases of oil and petroleum 
products tripled during the period as a result of the su stained rise in international crude oil prices.  
53. The composition of imports shows significant cha nges in terms of economic destination.  In 
2004, consumer goods accounted for 33 per cent of total imports, growing at an average annual rate of 
6.3 per cent.  The behaviour of international oil prices is clearly reflected in total imports, with 
purchases of oil and petroleum products rising from 9.7 per cent of the total in 1999 to 19.3 per cent 
in 2004.  On the other hand, whereas the share of  intermediate goods impor ts was broadly unchanged 
during the period, imports of capital goods shrank fro m 32 per cent of the total in 1999 to just 18 per 
cent in 2004. 
 TREND OF IMPORTS OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 
(1999 - 2004)
100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 
YearMillions of dollars  WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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54. This has resulted in a growing trade deficit, which averaged US$1,098 million per year, 
equivalent to 27 per cent of GDP.  In contrast, th e current-account deficit narrowed during the period 
from 24.9 per cent of GDP in 1999 to 15.5 per cent in  2004, and was financed mainly by external 
cooperation flows and family remittances. 
(2) TRADE AGREEMENTS  
55. To complement its trade liberalization policies, Nicaragua has strengthened trade agreements 
signed earlier with Mexico and the Dominican Re public;  it is in the process of completing 
negotiations for other free trade agreements with  Panama, Canada and Ch ile;  and it is also 
participating in negotiations for the creation of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), where it 
is demanding special treatment for smaller economies such as Nicaragua.  
56. During the reporting period, Nicaragua also sub scribed to a major trade agreement between 
Central America, the Dominican Republic and th e United States, known as CAFTA-DR, with the aim 
of ensuring better access for products in which Ni caragua has revealed comparative advantages, and 
for sensitive products.  This treaty involves a gr adual tariff reduction process, both linear and non-
linear, with grace periods allowing up to 20 years' protection;  it also includes the application of 
special agricultural safeguards and elimination of export subsidies in  agricultural trade. 
57. This is a broad-scope treaty that includes re gulations on trade in goods and services, foreign 
investment, government procurement, labour rights, the environment and intellectual property;  and, 
for the first time, it includes a comprehensive cooperation agenda. 
(3)  C ENTRAL AMERICAN INTEGRATION  
58. Integration in the framework of the Centra l American Common Market (CACM) has made 
considerable progress, with the reduction of virtually all barriers to intra-regional trade, except for a 
few sensitive products.  Substantial progress has been made to date on tariff, migratory and health 
issues, in the customs union framework.  Of a tota l of 6,194 headings, 94.6 per cent of the tariff 
universe has been harmonized;  progress has also been made on the common customs regulations adapted to the new international trade requirement s, which includes the Central American Uniform 
Customs Code (CAUCA III), approved by Resolution No. 85-2002 of 19 June 2002, and is valid for 
the five countries.  On 12 December 2002, Reso lution No. 101-2002 (Regulations to the Central 
American Uniform Customs Code (RECAUCA))  was approved for the implementation of 
CAUCA III.  Further modernization of  customs regulations is ongoing. 
59. There is also a Central American Regulati ons on the Valuation of Goods for Customs 
Purposes;  COMIECO Resolution 115.2004, approved on 28 June 2004, to ensure customs valuation 
of merchandise imported or brought into the Cent ral American customs territory, whether or not 
subject to duties and taxes under Article VII of  the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 
(GATT 1994).  As a result, the countries fulfil the commitment adopted in the WTO, and have a 
uniform valuation system in place throughout the region. 
60. In terms of free movement of goods and ser vices, free trade is accorded only to goods 
originating from Central American countries, ex cept for those included in Annex "A" (coffee, 
unroasted;  cane sugar;  petroleum products;  ethyl al cohol;  distilled alcoholic beverages;  and coffee, 
roasted) of the General Treaty on Cent ral American Economic Integration.  
61. The following regulations have b een implemented to improve the free trade zone:  origin of 
goods, international customs overland transit, decl aration form and instructions, standardization Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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measures, metrology and authorization procedures, unfair trade practices, safeguard measures (with 
third parties), dispute settleme nt mechanisms, among others. 
62. In the tax harmonization area, taxes that need  to be harmonized were identified, both on 
imports and on intra-regional transactions.  The Convention on Mutual Assistance and Technical 
Cooperation was approved between  Central American tax and customs administrations.  
63. Central American Regulations on the Applicati on of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and 
Procedures, main instrument, approved in 1999. 
• Central American Regulations on Sta ndardization Measures, Metrology and 
Authorization Procedures;  main instrument, approved in 1999. 
 
• Regulations on International Customs Over land Transit, approved on 16 March 2001. 
 
• Work on registration is ongoing with the fo llowing subgroups:  food and beverages, 
medicines and similar products, agricultural inputs and hydrocarbons.  
 
• Major progress has been made in standa rdizing criteria and procedures for the 
application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and in mechanisms for cooperation between the institutions responsib le for animal and plant health in the 
five countries. 
V. ECONOMIC AND TRADE PROSPECTS  
64. The National Development Plan identifies GDP gr owth and increased exports as the keys to 
economic sustainability, through successful engageme nt by Nicaragua in regional and international 
markets.  
65. Although Nicaragua's exports have been on a risi ng trend since 2001, their initial level is so 
low that a major boost in terms of sector developmen t and sustainability is needed to close the trade 
gap.  Export expansion is cruc ial for economic growth and povert y reduction, as a way to address 
fiscal, external, environmental, social, and institu tional sustainability need s — in other words the 
viability of Nicaragua itself. 
66. The Nicaraguan Government is designing industr ial policy to revive the sector and make it 
more competitive, with more diversified production a nd exports containing higher  value-added.  This 
policy, which is consistent with the PND, sees pr ivate enterprise as the leading player and involves 
coordination with the education sector to develo p comprehensive and competitive human talent to 
guarantee its sustainability.  This policy will be implemented from late 2006 onwards. 
67. The Government has designed three sector-level  programmes for implementation of the PND. 
The PRORURAL programme seeks to achieve a comp etitive position for the country's agriculture in a 
situation of trade openness and globalization.  The main policy guidelines aim to promote sustainable 
agricultural and forestry development;  a more effi cient factor market to optimize use of productive 
resources by fostering an investment-friendly business climate;  technology generation and access as a key factor for agricultural development;  and bette r access to financial resources, enabling farmers to 
capitalize their resources through funding for profitable and higher value-added investment projects. 
68. The strategic objective of the Nicaraguan Micr oenterprise and Small-  and Medium-Sized 
Business Support Programme (PROMIPYME) is to enhance and consolidate the competitiveness of WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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microenterprises and SMEs, to enable them to enga ge more effectively in national and international 
markets, to provide quality jobs and incomes for their owners and workers,  and help bring about a 
substantial reduction in poverty levels among the Nicaraguan population.  The programme has three 
components:  improvement of the policy and strate gy framework;  promotion of the competitive and 
productive capacity of prioritized microenterprises and SMEs;  prioritization and promotion of their 
export capacity, and exploitation of trade agreements.  
69. The programme aims to promote sustainable development and add the dimension of 
environmental and natural resource management to  the country's economic, social and institutional 
development policies and strategies.  It covers issues such as environmental quality, trade and the 
environment, protected areas, biodiversity and natu ral resources, clean development mechanisms for 
climate change, prevention and mitigation of natura l disasters, deconcentration and decentralization, 
environmental education, and others. 
70. On the basis of these plans and programmes, the Government is seeking to energize the 
national economy and attain average annual growth  rates of 5 per cent over the period 2005-2011. 
71. As a follow-up to structural reforms, the La w on the Superintendency of Banks and Other 
Financial Institutions and the Deposits Guarante e Law (FOGADE) will both be modernized, with a 
view to improving the interventi on process and protecting their opera tion from political interference;   
the Tax Code, the law on banks, the law on recipro cal guarantee companies and reforms to municipal 
transfers will also be adopted.  All of this aims to  ensure transparent use of resources and promote the 
country's productive capacity. 
72. In the trade policy area, efforts to strengthe n negotiations and the implementation of trade 
treaties will be maintained, to contribute to Nicaragua 's successful engagement in world trade and the 
global economy, and thereby make the most of the opportunities created by these treaties, which 
promise greater export access.  Such efforts include  the following:  negotiations with Chinese Taipei, 
implementation of CAFTA-DR with the United St ates in 2006, and establishment of a trade 
agreement with the European Union. 
73. The priorities to be addressed include expanding production a nd creating economic 
infrastructure, and strengthening capacity to effec tively administer the rights and obligations assumed 
in trade agreements, with a view to making the most of the opportunities they offer. 
74. In short the Government of Nicaragua expects to persevere with its policy of trade openness, 
export promotion, attraction of foreign investment and strengthening of trade links.  It also trusts that 
developed country WTO Members and international and regional financial or ganizations will offer 
further openness and make additional resources availa ble for trade, both of which contribute to the 
development of small economies such as Nicaragua.  
 Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 15 
 
 
ANNEX I:  REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED SINCE 1999  
 
A. Foreign investment, exports and free zones 
• Law on Temporary Admission for Inward Export Processing , Law No. 382, April 2001, and its 
Regulations, Decree No. 80-2001, September 2001. 
• Foreign Investments Promotion Law, Law No . 344, May 2000, and its Regulations, Decree 
No. 43-2000, October 2000. 
B. Customs 
• Regulations on International Cu stoms Overland Transit, Declaration Form and Instructions, 
September 2001.  
• Customs Valuation Law and amendments to La w No. 265, Establishing Self-Clearance for 
Imports, Exports and Other Regimes, Law No. 421, June 2002.  
C. Financial and banking sector 
• Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substa nces and Other Controlled Substances;  
Laundering of Money and Assets Arising from I llegal Activities, Law No. 285, April 1999.  
• General Law on Banks, Non-Ba nking Financial Institutions  and Financial Groups, Law 
No. 314, October 1999. 
• Law on Deposits Guarantee in Financial System  Institutions, Law No. 371, January 2001.  
D. Intellectual Property 
• Law for the Protection of Programme-Carryin g Satellite Signals, Law No. 322, and its 
Regulation No. 44-2000. 
• Law on the Protection of New Plant Varieties, Law No. 318, November 1999, and its 
Regulation No. 37-2000. 
• Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs , Law No. 380, April 2001 and its Regulation, 
Decree No. 83-2001. 
• Law on Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs, Law No. 354, September 2000, and its 
Regulation, Decree No. 88-2001. 
• Law on the Protection of Layout-Designs of Inte grated Circuits, Law No. 324, February 2000, 
and its Regulation, Decree No. 38-2001. 
• International Classification of Trademarks and Patents, Ministerial Agreement No. 082-2002, 
January 2003. 
E. Legal framework governing taxation 
• Tax Equity Law, Law No. 453, May 2003, and its  Regulation, Decree No. 46-2003, June 2003. 
F. Environment and natural resources 
• Law on Fishing and Aquaculture, Law No. 489, December 2004. 
• Basic Law on Animal and Plant Health, Law No. 291, published in La Gaceta No. 136 of 
22 July 1998, and its Regulation, Decree No. 2-99, January 1999.  
• Special Law on Mineral Exploration and Expl oitation, Law No. 387, August 2001, and its 
Regulation, Decree No. 119-2001, January 2002. WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 16 
 
 
• Administrative Procedure and Requirements for Granting Special Permits for the Use of 
Mangrove Swamps, Wetlands, a nd Related Resources, Ministerial Resolution No. 26-2002, 
August 2002. 
• Law No. 462, Law on the Conservation, Promotion and Sustainable Development of the 
Forestry Sector, September 2003, and its Regulation, Decree No. 73-2003, November 2003.  
• Establishment of Regulations for Issuing Envi ronmental Permits in the National System of 
Protected Areas of Nicaragua, Ministerial Resolution No. 9-2003, April 2003. 
G. Health 
• Law on Medicines and Pharmacies, Law No. 292,  June 1998, and its Regulation No. 6-99, 
February 1999. 
• General Health Law, Law No. 423, May 2002. 
H. Tourism 
• Law on Incentives for the Tourism Industry of  the Republic of Nicaragua, Law No. 306, 
June 1999. 
• Regulation on Tourism Enterprises a nd Activities of Nicaragua, May 2001. 
• Regulation on Travel Agencies of Nicaragua, May 2001. 
• Regulation on Tourist Guides, February 2001. 
• Regulation on Pricing, Reservations and Comp lementary Services in Tourism Accommodation, 
Administrative Agreement, May 2001.  
• Regulation on Guesthouses, Food, Bevera ges and Entertainment, October 2001. 
• General Tourism Law, Law No. 495, September 2004. 
I. Energy 
• Electricity Industry Law;   Law No. 272, Ap ril 1998, and its amendments, Decree No. 128-99, 
December 1999. 
• Law on the Exploration and Exploitation of Geothermal Resources, Law No. 443, 
November 2002, and its Regulation, Decree No. 003-2003, January 2003.  
• Law for the Promotion of the Hydroelectric Subsector, Law No. 467, September 2003, and its 
Regulation, Decree No. 72-2003, November 2003.  
J. Water 
• Concession of Exclusive Water Use Rights to  Hidrogesa, Ministerial Agreement No. 001-
aguas/February 2002.  
• Law on the Suspension of Water Use C oncessions, Law No. 440, August 2003.  
K. Telecommunications 
• General Law on Telecommunications and Postal Services, Law No. 200, August 1995, and its 
amendments, Law No. 326, December 1999. 
• Law on the Incorporation of Private Individual s in the Operation and Expansion of Public 
Telecommunications Services, Law No. 210, Dece mber 1995, and its amendments, April 2001. 
   Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 17 
 
 
ANNEX II:  APPENDIX TABLES 
 
Table No. 1 
Main macroeconomic indicators  
Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p
Economic activity and employment       
GDP at 1994 prices (growth rate) 7.0 4.1 3.0 0.8 2.5 5.1
Per capita GDP (growth rate) 1.9 2.4 1.5 (4.4) (0.7) 6.8
Unemployment rate (% labour force)1 10.7 9.8 10.7 10.7 11.7 6.5
Prices and exchange rates  
Annual inflation 7.2 9.9 4.6 4.0 6.6 8.9
Annual depreciation (growth rate) 10.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0
Average exchange rate (C$ x US$) 11.81 12.68 13.44 14.25 15.11 15.94
Exchange rate at end of period (C$ x US$) 12.32 13.06 13.84 14.67 15.55 16.33
Average wage/cost of basic basket ratio (%)  136.02 137.00 149.05 151.99 150.45 148.55
External sector  
Current account deficit (-) (% GDP) (24.9) (21.3) (19.5) (17.3) (15.9) (15.5)
F.o.b. exports (US$ million)2 509.2 629.4 532.3 558.7 610.9 759.9
F.o.b. imports (US$ million)2 1,572.2 1,575.5 1,616.9 1,630.4 1,743.0 2,050.2
Gross international reserves (US$ million)  512.9 496.7 382.8 454.2 504.2 670.4
External debt balance (US$ million) 6,548.9 6,659.9 6,374.2 6,362.7 6,595.8 5,390.6
Non-financial public sector (% GDP)  
Tax burden 14.8 14.5 13.4 14.2 15.9 16.5
Current savin gs 5.1 2.8 0.5 2.9 3.6 6.0
Net operating profit 0.5 (1.3) (3.6) 0.5 0.6 2.4
Primary operating profi t 2.4 1.0 (1.4) 2.7 3.7 4.5
Effective surplus or deficit before grants (6.9) (8.9) (9.6) (5.1) (6.1) (5.0)
Effective surplus or deficit after grants (1.8) (4.4) (6.6) (1.9) (2.3) (1.3)
External financing 11.0 7.9 6.2 6.8 9.1 9.6
Internal financing (4.0) 1.0 3.4 (1.7) (3.0) (4.8)
Monetary sector (growth rate)   
Monetary base 27.6 (0.5) 23.5 7.6 24.2 18.8
Total deposits 23.2 4.8 12.2 13.5 13.8 16.7
M3A 23.7 4.5 12.1 13.0 14.3 17.3
Productive credit balance 39.9 (16.1) (13.4) 14.8 26.2 27.5
Short-term lending rate (%) 18.3 19.7 20.2 15.7 14.4 12.5
Savings interest rate in C$ (%) 12.3 12.5 8.1 5.0 3.5 3.3
Shor t-term lendin g rate in US$ (%) 15.2 15.6 16.5 11.9 11.4 10.0
Savings interest rate in US$ (%)   9.0 9.8 5.4 3.5 2.8 2.6
Memorandum (C$ million)       
GDP (at 1994 prices) 26,008.9 27,075.7 27,877.4 28,087.5 28,795.5 30,276.5
GDP (current C$ million)    44,197.8 49,952.0 55,155.3 57,376.3 61,958.5 71,660.8
GDP (US$ million) 3,742.7 3,938.1 4,102.4 4,026.0 4,101.5 4,496.4
Per capita GDP (US$)    758.3 776.5 788.2 753.7 748.1 799.2
Gross National Income  41,873.7 47,392.2 51,924.6 54,520.4 59,077.7 68,596.1
Current savin gs 2,250.0 1,379.7 260.8 1,646.5 2,232.0 4,274.6
Effective surplus or deficit before grants (3,069.1) (4,451.4) (5,281.6) (2,903.1) (3,754.8) (3,565.5)
Monetary base 1,906.3 1,896.9 3,366.3 3,623.2 4,498.4 5,345.5
Total deposits 17,562.8 18,413.7 20,654.6 23,447.6 26,682.1 31,126.1
M3A 19,297.6 20,167.9 22,604.1 25,533.4 29,188.7 34,229.4
Productive credit balance 13,460.9 11,294.1 9,783.2 11,228.2 14,173.9 18,075.7
p Preliminary figures. 
1 Source : Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN) for data on empl oyment and unemployment for the period 1999 – 2003.  
For 2004, Ministry of Labour (MITRAB) only. 
2 Source : Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 18 
 
 
Table. No. 2 
Gross domestic product, population, and exchange rate 
 GDP 
 Per capita GDP 
 Average 
exchange 
rate (C$ per 
US$) Population
 
Year C$ million 1980 C$ 
million1 Growth 
rate 
 US$ million
 1980 US$ 
million1 1980 US$1 Growth rate   
Inhabitants
(in 
thousands)
1960 2,348.4 10,303.1  335.5 1,030.3 668.3  7.00 1,541.7
1961 2,526.9 11,075.6 7.5 361.0 1,107.6 695.8 4.1 7.00 1,591.8
1962 2,783.0 12,281.8 10.9 397.6 1,228.2 747.3 7.4 7.00 1,643.5
1963 3,075.6 13,616.3 10.9 439.4 1,361.6 802.4 7.4 7.00 1,696.9
1964 3,590.3 15,209.2 11.7 512.9 1,520.9 868.1 8.2 7.00 1,752.0
1965 3,965.8 16,657.9 9.5 566.5 1,665.8 920.9 6.1 7.00 1,808.9
1966 4 ,246.7 17 ,207.8 3.3 606.7 1 ,720.8 921.3 0.0 7.00 1 ,867.8
1967 4,600.2 18,407.1 7.0 657.2 1,840.7 954.5 3.6 7.00 1,928.5
1968 4,871.3 18,654.3 1.3 695.9 1,865.4 936.8 (1.8) 7.00 1,991.3
1969 5,235.8 19,817.9 6.2 748.0 1,981.8 963.9 2.9 7.00 2,056.0
1970 5,436.1 20,086.2 1.4 776.6 2,008.6 946.2 (1.8) 7.00 2,122.9
1971 5,786.0 20,750.0 3.3 826.6 2,075.0 946.2 0.0 7.00 2,193.0
1972 6,165.9 21,210.8 2.2 880.8 2,121.1 936.3 (1.0) 7.00 2,265.4
1973 7,655.0 22,571.9 6.4 1,093.6 2,257.2 964.5 3.0 7.00 2,340.2
1974 10,646.3 25,775.4 14.2 1,520.9 2,577.5 1,066.2 10.5 7.00 2,417.5
1975 11,133.0 25,735.9 (0.2) 1,590.4 2,573.6 1,030.6 (3.3) 7.00 2,497.3
1976 12,935.1 27,076.6 5.2 1,847.9 2,707.7 1,050.9 2.0 7.00 2,576.4
1977 15,679.0 29,342.5 8.4 2,239.9 2,934.3 1,103.9 5.0 7.00 2,658.0
1978 14,994.9 27,042.4 (7.8) 2,142.1 2,704.2 986.1 (10.7) 7.00 2,742.3
1979 14,514.6 19,881.9 (26.5) 1,612.7 1,988.2 702.8 (28.7) 9.00 2,829.1
1980 20,798.8 20,798.8 4.6 2,079.9 2,079.9 712.6 1.4 10.00 2,918.8
1981 24,482.9 21,914.3 5.4 2,448.3 2,191.4 728.2 2.2 10.00 3,009.3
1982 28,349.4 21,735.4 (0.8) 2,725.9 2,173.5 700.5 (3.8) 10.40 3,102.7
1983 32,920.1 22,738.1 4.6 2,511.1 2,273.8 710.8 1.5 13.11 3,198.9
1984 45,030.0 22,382.0 (1.6) 2,777.9 2,238.2 678.6 (4.5) 16.21 3,298.1
1985 115,404.1 21,468.4 (4.1) 2,508.8 2,146.8 631.3 (7.0) 46.00 3,400.4
1986 435,742.3 21,250.0 (1.0) 2,204.2 2,125.0 610.4 (3.3) 197.69 3,481.1
1987 2,695,849.6 21,099.9 (0.7) 2,230.9 2,110.0 592.1 (3.0) 1,208.42 3,563.8
1988a 323,624.9 18,473.0 (12.4) 1,449.3 1,847.3 506.3 (14.5) 223.30 3,648.4
1989 15,273,849.1 18,151.9 (1.7) 1,020.6 1,815.2 486.0 (4.0) 14,965.10 3,735.1
1990 1,159,031,974.0 18,142.4 (0.1) 1,516.7 1,814.2 474.5 (2.4) 764,197.50 3,823.7
1991b 7,220.6 18,108.0 (0.2) 1,604.6 1,810.8 459.9 (3.1) 4.50 3,937.4
1992 8,964.0 18,178.0 0.4 1,792.8 1,817.8 448.4 (2.5) 5.00 4,054.4
1993 10,749.5 18,106.6 (0.4) 1,756.3 1,810.7 433.7 (3.3) 6.12 4,174.9
1994 20,008.4 20,008.4 3.3 2,976.2 2,976.2 692.3 0.4 6.723 4,298.9
1995 24,029.3 21,191.3 5.9 3,191.3 3,152.1 712.1 2.9 7.530 4,426.7
1996 28,008.7 22,535.7 6.3 3,320.3 3,352.1 736.9 3.5 8.435 4,548.8
1997 31,967.1 23,429.6 4.0 3,382.8 3,485.1 745.6 1.2 9.450 4,674.2
1998 37,804.5 24,299.2 3.7 3,573.2 3,614.4 752.5 0.9 10.580 4,803.1
1999 44,197.8 26,008.9 7.0 3,742.7 3,868.7 783.8 4.2 11.809 4,935.6
2000 49,952.0 27,075.7 4.1 3,938.1 4,027.4 794.1 1.3 12.684 5,071.7
2001 55 ,155.3 27 ,877.4 3.0 4 ,102.4 4 ,146.6 796.7 0.3 13.445 5 ,205.0
2002 57,376.3 28,087.5 0.8 4,026.0 4,177.9 782.1 (1.8) 14.251 5,341.9
2003 61,958.5 28,795.5 2.5 4,101.5 4,283.2 781.3 (0.1) 15.106 5,482.3
2000p 71,660.8 30,276.5 5.1 4,496.4 4,503.5 800.4 2.4 15.937 5,626.5
a 1988 – 1990, new C$ 
b C$ 
1 From 1994, the data is in constant 1994 prices. 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  1960-1979 and 1989-1999, Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN).  
 1980-1988, Secretariat of Pl anning and Budget (SPP). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 19 
 
 
Table No. 3 
Public external debt balance, 1999-2004 
Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000p 
 Balance in US$ million  
Bilateral organizations 4,084 4,124 3,741 4,387 3,437 2,110 
Multilateral organizations 2,170 2,260 2,343 1,931 2,916 3,061 
Commercial 294 276 290 44 242 220 
Total 6,549 6,660 6,374 6,362 6,596 5,391 
Debt/GDP (%) 175.0 169.1 155.4 158.0 160.8 119.9 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN). WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 20 
 
 
Table No. 4  
Fiscal adjustment 
(Non-financial public sector: consolidated operations) 
Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p 
 In relation to GDP 
Total revenue 24.5 23.9 20.1 21.2 22.8 25.1 
Total expenditure 31.4 32.8 29.6 26.3 28.9 30.1 
Current expenditure  19.4 21.1 19.6 18.3 19.2 19.1 
Capital expenditure 12.0 11.7 10.1 7.9 9.7 10.9 
Current deficit or savings 5.1 2.8 0.5 2.9 3.6 6.0 
Overall deficit before grants 6.9 8.9 9.6 5.1 6.1 5.0 
Overall deficit after grants -1.8 -4.4 -6.6 -1.9 -2.3 -1.3 
Primary savings 7.1 5.0 2.7 5.1 6.7 8.1 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MHCP), Municipal Government of Managua (ALMA), Social Security 
Institute (INSS), state-owned enterprises and Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 21 
 
 
Table No. 5 
Adjustment of the financial system 
Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000p 
Number of commercial banks 11 9 6 6 6 7 
State 1      
Private 10 9 6 6 6 7 
 In relation to GDP 
Total deposits 39.9 37.0 37.5 40.9 43.1 43.5 
In local currenc y 12.9 11.0 10.9 11.2 13.0 13.5 
State banks 0.3 - - - - - 
Private banks 12.6 11.0 10.9 11.2 13.0 13.5 
In foreign currency 27.1 26.0 26.7 29.7 30.1 30.0 
State banks 0.1 - - - - - 
Private banks 26.9 26.0 26.7 29.7 30.1 30.0 
Private sector credit 32.3 25.8 18.0 19.7 23.8 26.2 
State ban ks 0.3 - - - - - 
Private banks 32.0 25.8 18.0 19.7 23.8 26.2 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN). WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 22 
 
 
Table No. 6 
Adjustment in the balance of payments 
Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000p 
 In relation to GDP 
Current account deficit1 37.1 31.6 31.2 30.5 30.9 30.4 
Current account deficit 24.9 21.3 19.5 17.3 15.9 15.5 
Services account deficit 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.3 
  Exports (f.o.b.) 14.6 16.3 14.4 13.9 14.7 16.8 
  Imports (f.o.b.) 45.4 42.0 39.4 39.7 41.9 44.7 
 External debt  servicing 4.6 4.7 4.0 3.9 2.5 1.7 
Interest 2.0 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.6 
1 Excluding transfers. 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 23 
 
 
Table No. 7 
Nominal protection by economic sector 
Description 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 
Agriculture and livestock production 7.44 7.69 9.23 9.21 9.77 98 29.78 
Hunting and trapping 8.75 8.75 13.13 13.13 12.50 6.25 12.50 
Forestry 1.20 1.20 0.87 0.87 0.80 0.43 1.20 
Logging - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
Fishing 8.29 8.29 9.83 9.75 9.24 9.25 9.16 
Coal mining 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 
Petroleum and natural gas production 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 7.84 0.00 
Metal ore mining 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 1.38 0.63 
Other mining 1.92 1.92 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.28 2.24 
Manufacture of food products, except beverages and 
tobacco 9.09 9.08 11.79 11.52 11.77 12.52 13.78 
Manufacture of food products not elsewhere specified 6.20 6.20 8.01 7.92 7.93 7.95 8.98 
Beverages industries 9.84 9.48 10.03 11.32 12.08 12.37 13.00 
Tobacco manufactures 6.25 6.25 6.25 8.75 10.00 10.00 l0.00 
Manufacture of textiles 5.18 5.18 5.81 5.81 5.76 5.80 5.73 
Manufacture of wearing apparel, except footwear 9.85 9.85 14.64 14.64 14.64 14 6414.64 
Manufacture of footwear, except vulcanized rubbe r 
footwear 8.21 8.21 9.49 11.38 8.45 8.42 
9.33 
Manufacture of wood and wood products, except furniture 5.09 5.09 5.95 5.93 5.66 6.80 8.25 
Manufacture of furniture and fixtures, except of metal 9.63 9.63 14.63 14.63 13.89 13.62 14.04 
Manufacture of paper and paper products 2.40 2.40 2.71 2.69 3.07 3.29 4.90 
Printing, publishing and allied industries 4.11 4.11 5.89 5.89 5.64 5.64 5.61 
Manufacture of industrial chemicals 0.85 0.85 0.88 0.88 1.07 1.18 1.32 
Manufacture of other chemical products 3.07 3.07 4.03 4.01 3.97 4.62 4.62 
Petroleum refineries 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.76 6.19 4.59 
Manufacture of miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal 2.92 2.92 2.92 2.92 3.00 3.13 3.50 
Manufacture of rubber products 3.64 3.64 3.91 3.55 3.90 3.93 5.05 
Manufacture of plastic pr oducts not elsewhere classified 5.78 5.78 6.88 6.81 6.83 7.18 7.84 
Manufacture of pottery, china and earthenware 6.76 6.76 10.00 10.00 9.69 8.42 9.69 
Manufacture of glass and glass products 3.02 3.02 3.88 3.94 3.54 3.94 4.10 
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 3.13 3.13 3.19 3.19 3.33 3.58 7.56 
Iron and steel basic industries 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.47 1.43 2.65 
Non-ferrous metal basic industries 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.93 1.10 0.90 1.76 
Fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment 3.15 3.15 3.65 3.65 3.46 37 34.46 
Manufacture of machiner y exce pt electrical 1.03 1.03 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.55 1.81 
Manufacture of electrical machinery apparatus and 
appliances  2.89 2.89 3.81 3.74 3.62 4.38 
4.33 
Manufacture of transport equipment 4.69 4.69 4.86 4.88 5.07 4.90 5.37 
Manufacture of professional and scientific equipment 2.33 2.33 3.05 2.93 2.97 32 33.31 
Other manufacturing industries 6.17 6.19 7.73 7.73 7.63 8.83 8.55 
Average 4.15 4.17 5.14 5.12 5.17 5.45 5.82 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 24 
 
 
Table No. 8 
Foreign trade 
(US$ million) 
Exp. f.o.b. Imp. CIF  Balance  
Year Value Variation % Valu e Variation % Value 
1999 509.2 (10.2) 1,723.1 12.1 (1,213.9) 
2000 629.4 23.6 1,720.6 (0.1) (1,091.3) 
2001 532.3 (15.4) 1,774.9 3.2 (1,242.6) 
2002 558.7 5.0 1,788.4 0.8 (1,229.7) 
2003 610.9 9.4 1,904.1 6.5 (1,293.2) 
2004p 759.9 24.4 2,256.1 18.5 (1,496.3) 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 25 
 
 
Table No. 9 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section  
(US$ million) 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
 
 No. Harmonized 
System section 
Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
 Quota - - - - 0.01 15.61 0.01 33.18 0.00 41.99 - 66.46
 Household goods0.02 0.63 0.14 1.14 0.48 1.27 0.84 2.37 0.52 0.71 0.58 0.30
I Live animals;  
animal products 156.49 36.16 231.83 39.56 156.42 43.06 220.22 26.50 233.41 23.88 283.91 24.55
II Vegetable products 198.08 122.15 231.22 79.46 173.01 79.15 148.67 71.62 172.48 64.20 226.33 60.27
III Animal or 
vegetable fats and oils 2.37 47.97 0.65 40.16 5.08 45.11 3.19 42.88 6.55 56.89 7.98 62.66
IV Prepared 
foodstuffs, 
beverages, tobacco and tobacco 
substitutes 67.14 116.62 74.76 117.30 84.01 126.78 69.35 132.42 75.99 136.08 97.88 156.56
V Mineral products 4.84 162.61 10.86 325.23 9.49 320.62 11.30 278.43 10.39 357.34 9.61 467.83
VI Products of the 
chemical or allied 
industries 4.39 249.14 7.72 231.86 10.22 261.72 10.18 262.21 15.10 303.25 18.40 349.33
VII Plastics, rubber and 
articles thereof 2.44 88.52 3.74 89.62 4.74 94.01 3.83 98.87 4.11 96.65 4.56 118.17
VIII Raw hides and 
skins, leather and 
saddlery  4.02 5.38 5.16 4.18 7.39 4.30 5.80 5.38 5.50 4.07 7.86 4.90
IX Wood, wood 
charcoal, cork and 
articles thereof 12.10 3.84 16.43 4.37 16.27 5.13 18.22 3.50 16.60 4.20 14.98 5.04
X Wood pulp, paper 
and paperboard 0.62 59.44 1.21 64.75 1.86 66.76 1.30 74.03 2.91 72.56 3.27 84.26
XI Textiles and textile 
articles 3.53 62.78 3.31 49.34 2.23 43.11 1.55 52.29 1.72 51.50 1.91 52.66
XII Footwear, hats and 
other headgear 3.39 13.39 2.70 14.33 2.13 15.05 1.59 16.29 1.20 16.85 0.98 18.95
XIII Articles of stone, 
glass and ceramics  7.01 30.31 6.41 33.35 8.97 32.31 10.61 29.21 11.34 33.14 12.18 39.31
XIV Pearls, precious 
metals and articles 
thereof31.04 0.26 22.94 0.28 30.24 1.80 35.40 0.77 35.34 1.62 48.90 1.35
XV Base metals and 
articles thereof  3.24 138.19 4.90 131.84 11.33 127.85 9.08 118.03 9.21 119.85 12.34 164.91
XVI Machinery and 
mechanical 
appliances, electrical 
equipment, etc. 4.51 323.87 3.28 247.46 5.70 257.90 4.49 285.85 5.60 312.18 5.49 339.72
  Table No. 9 (cont'd)WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 26 
 
 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
 
 No. Harmonized 
System section 
Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
XVII Vehicles, aircraft, 
vessels and 
associated transport equipment 1.11 188.67 0.79 179.70 1.18 150.33 1.72 155.60 1.02 113.84 1.01 134.04
XVIII Optical, 
photographic 
instruments, etc. 0.72 35.89 0.24 25.31 0.23 39.50 0.22 51.74 0.28 50.73 0.47 48.93
XIX Arms and 
ammunition 0.96 2.15 0.00 1.10 0.02 1.65 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.82 - 1.39
XX Miscellaneous 
manufactured 
articles 1.13 35.00 1.06 40.01 1.24 41.57 1.14 45.83 1.57 41.60 1.21 54.44
XXI Works of art and 
antiques 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.26 0.01 0.25 0.02 0.13 0.09 0.19 0.02 0.08
 TOTAL 509.1 1,723.1 629.4 1,720.6 532.2 1,774.8 558.7 1,788.4 610.9 1,904.1 759.8 2,256.1
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC).  Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 27 
 
 
Table No. 10 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section  
(Per cent) 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p 
No. Harmonized 
System section 
 Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
 Quota - - - - 0.00 0.88 0.00 1.86 0.00 2.21 - 2.95
 Household goods 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.01
I Live animals;  
animal products 30.74 2.10 36.84 2.30 29.39 2.43 39.42 1.48 38.21 1.25 37.36 1.09
II Vegetable 
products  38.90 7.09 36.74 4.62 32.51 4.46 26.61 4.00 28.23 3.37 29.79 2.67
III Animal or 
vegetable fats and oils 0.47 2.78 0.10 2.33 0.95 2.54 0.57 2.40 1.07 2.99 1.05 2.78
IV Prepared 
foodstuffs, beverages, 
tobacco and 
tobacco substitutes 13.19 6.77 11.88 6.82 15.78 7.14 12.41 7.40 12.44 7.15 12.88 6.94
V Mineral products 0.95 9.44 1.72 18.90 1.78 18.06 2.02 15.57 1.70 18.77 1.26 20.74
VI Products of the 
chemical or allied industries 0.86 14.46 1.23 13.48 1.92 14.75 1.82 14.66 2.47 15.93 2.42 15.48
VII Plastics, rubber 
and articles thereof 0.48 5.14 0.59 5.21 0.89 5.30 0.69 5.53 0.67 5.08 0.60 5.24
VIII Raw hides and 
skins, leather and 
saddlery  0.79 0.31 0.82 0.24 1.39 0.24 1.04 0.30 0.90 0.21 1.03 0.22
IX Wood, wood 
charcoal, cork and articles thereof 2.38 0.22 2.61 0.25 3.06 0.29 3.26 0.20 2.72 0.22 1.97 0.22
X Wood pulp, 
paper and 
paperboard 0.12 3.45 0.19 3.76 0.35 3.76 0.23 4.14 0.48 3.81 0.43 3.73
XI Textiles and 
textile articles 0.69 3.64 0.53 2.87 0.42 2.43 0.28 2.92 0.28 2.70 0.25 2.33
XII Footwear, hats 
and other 
headgear 0.67 0.78 0.43 0.83 0.40 0.85 0.28 0.91 0.20 0.88 0.13 0.84
XIII Articles of stone, 
glass and 
ceramics1.38 1.76 1.02 1.94 1.68 1.82 1.90 1.63 1.86 1.74 1.60 1.74
XIV Pearls, precious 
metals and articles thereof 6.10 0.02 3.64 0.02 5.68 0.10 6.34 0.04 5.78 0.09 6.43 0.06
       Table No. 10 (cont'd)WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 28 
 
 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p 
No. Harmonized 
System section 
 Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
XV Base metals and 
articles thereof  0.64 8.02 0.78 7.66 2.13 7.20 1.63 6.60 1.51 6.29 1.62 7.31
XVI Machinery and 
mechanical 
appliances, 
electrical equipment, etc. 0.89 18.80 0.52 14.38 1.07 14.53 0.80 15.98 0.92 16.39 0.72 15.06
XVII Vehicles, 
aircraft, vessels and associated 
transport 
equipmen
t 0.22 10.95 0.13 10.44 0.22 8.47 0.31 8.70 0.17 5.98 0.13 5.94
XVIII  Optical, 
photographic instruments, etc. 0.14 2.08 0.04 1.47 0.04 2.23 0.04 2.89 0.05 2.66 0.06 2.17
XIX Arms and 
ammunition 0.19 0.12 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.04 - 0.06
XX Miscellaneous 
manufactured 
articles0.22 2.03 0.17 2.33 0.23 2.34 0.20 2.56 0.26 2.18 0.16 2.41
XXI Works of art and 
antiques 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 29 
 
 
Table No. 11 
Foreign trade by country 
(US$ million) 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
 
COUNTRY Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal.
Poland 0 1 -1 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Sri Lanka  0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1
Luxembour g 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Puerto Rico 5 5 0 9 2 7 15 1 15 16 1 15 15 2 14 19 1 19
Hungary 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 2 -2
Bangladesh 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Romania 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Cuba 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 -0
Pakistan 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Slovak Re public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Swaziland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Bolivia 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Greece 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0, j 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Republic of Moldova 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1
Barbados 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Czech Re public 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Slovenia 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 -2 0 0 -0 0 2 -2
Ethio pia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South Africa 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Bulgaria 1 0 1 5 0 5 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Monaco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Jordan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Dominica 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Macao, China 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jamaica 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lithuania 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 ' -0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Iceland 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Belize (Honduras ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Côte d'Ivoire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Islamic Re public of Iran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
The Gambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Laos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Aruba 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Andorra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Virgin Islands (US) 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Sene gal 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
       Table No. 11 (cont'd)WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 30 
 
 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
 
COUNTRY Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal.
Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gibraltar 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 0
Botswana 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 1 14 -13 3 32 -29 2 38 -36 19 36 -18 25 45 -19 0 1 -1
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 31 
 
 
Table No. 11 
Foreign trade by country 
(US$ million) 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
COUNTRY Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal.
United States 180 566 -387 238 417 -179 141 477 -336 202 481 -278 211 505 -294 273 499 -226
Costa Rica 27 208 -180 38 199 -161 37 188 -151 48 151 -103 49 165 -116 51 189 -139
Mexico 15 77 -62 23 87 -63 27 137 -110 21 113 -92 28 155 -127 40 165 -125
Venezuela 0 87 -87 0 202 -202 2 166 -164 3 198 -195 1 179 -178 1 276 -274
Guatemala 15 134 -119 20 142 -122 23 143 -120 23 135 -112 26 130 -104 32 152 -120
China, People's 
Republic of 0 4 -4 0 10 -10 0 27 -26 0 64 -64 0 83 -83 3 114 -111
Japan 3 92 -89 3 103 -99 3 71 -68 4 94 -90 4 81 -77 7 97 -89
El Salvador 68 100 -32 71 123 -52 76 111 -35 87 96 -10 104 84 21 110 109 1
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 -78
Brazil 0 10 -10 0 14 -14 0 19 -19 0 35 -35 0 50 -50 0 69 -69
Ecuador 0 13 -12 0 14 -14 1 16 -15 0 29 -29 0 32 -32 0 31 -30
Honduras 34 78 -44 36 27 9 39 23 1~ 38 8 30 43 33 11 56 52 5
Argentina 0 5 -5 0 4 -4 0 5 -5 0 6 -6 0 8 -8 0 20 -20
Spain 13 17 -3 13 17 -4 10 24 -14 11 32 -21 16 27 -11 22 29 -8
Germany 53 27 27 55 29 26 29 36 -7 13 35 -22 9 42 -33 14 42 -28
Korea, Republic of 0 18 -18 0 11 -11 0 20 -20 0 23 -23 2 24 -23 1 22 -21
Russian Federation 13 7 6 0 9 -9 43 16 27 13 13 -0 14 14 0 1 20 -19
Canada 7 20 -13 25 21 5 20 26 -6 19 19 0 21 15 6 36 22 14
Peru 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 3 -3 0 3 -3 0 5 -5 0 8 -8
India 0 4 -4 0 5 -5 0 6 -6 0 10 -10 0 11 -11 0 14 -14
Sweden 0 2 -1 1 1 -0 1 4 -3 1 21 -20 1 33 -32 4 6 -3
Taiwan  1 7 -6 1 8 -8 0 14 -14 0 23 -23 0 18 -18 2 16 -14
France 9 11 -2 9 7 2 6 10 -4 10 l0 0 5 11 -6 8 11 -4
Trinidad and Tobago 0 4 -4 1 17 -16 3 14 -12 0 16 -16 0 20 -20 0 18 -18
Italy 4 10 -6 4 9 -4 4 10 -6 5 12 -7 5 10 -5 6 10 -4
Belgium 20 6 14 20 9 11 8 8 -1 4 9 -5 4 11 -7 12 18 -6
Panama 4 122 -118 4 124 -120 9 70 -61 4 21 -17 5 17 -12 4 14 -10
Chile 0 5 -5 0 11 -11 0 7 -7 0 9 -9 0 12 -12 0 13 -13
Thailand 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 -8
Ukraine 0 5 -5 0 6 -6 0 5 -5 0 6 -6 0 12 -12 0 15 -15
Colombia 0 11 -11 0 4 -4 1 8 -7 0 7 -7 0 9 -8 1 9 -8
Switzerland 4 2 1 5 2 3 2 l0 -9 2 8 -5 3 10 -6 4 8 -4
United Kingdom 6 3 3 13 3 10 16 4 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 10 8
Malaysia 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 0 5 -5 0 6 -6 0 10 -10
Israel 0 2 -2 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 10 -10 0 3 -3 0 4 -4
Norway 1 3 -2 0 2 -2 0 1 -0 0 0 -0 1 0 0 0 4 -4
Latvia 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 5 -5 0 2 -2 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Korea, Democratic 
People's Republic of 
(North) 0 10 -10 0 9 -9 0 8 -8 0 8 -8 0 5 -5 1 9 -8
Netherlands  6 6 0 7 12 -5 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 -8
New Zealand 0 1 -1 0 3 -3 0 8 -8 0 10 -10 0 5 -5 0 6 -6
Denmark 1 2 -2 1 3 -1 1 1 -0 0 2 -2 0 1 -1 1 6 -5
Indonesia 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 6 -6 0 9 -9 0 6 -6
Hong Kong 0 4 -4 0 4 -4 0 3 -3 0 4 -4 1 4 -3 1 4 -3
Singapore 0 1 -1 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2 -2
Dominican Republic 4 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 6 1 5 6 3 3
Turkey 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 1 -1
Haiti 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 4 1 3
Ireland 0 1 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 2 -2
Nicaragua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
Kazakhstan 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
Finland 3 0 3 2 0 2 2 0 2 4 1 3 3 2 1 6 3 3
Vietnam 0 4 -4 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Austria 0 1 -0 1 1 -0 0 2 -1 1 2 -1 1 2 -1 1 1 -0
Uruguay 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 0 2 -2 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1
        Table No. 11 (cont'd)WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 32 
 
 
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004p  
 
COUNTRY Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal. Exp. Imp. Bal.
Philippines 0 0 -0 1 0 1 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1 1 1 0
Croatia 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0
Belarus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0
Portugal 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Paraguay 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 0 -0 0 1 -1
Australia 0 0 -0 1 0 0 1 5 -4 1 1 -0 1 1 0 2 1 2
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 33 
 
 
Table No. 12 
Foreign trade by economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
 
 Africa Asia Caribbean CARICOM Andean 
Community Eastern Europe  
Other 
 Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
1999 0.86 0.41 5.13 154.55 18.29 141.55 1.29 4.50 0.61 122.05 12.87 12.71 0.30 0.42
2000 0.44 0.62 6.61 162.19 22.03 153.04 1.67 21.67 0.55 235.90 7.12 16.19 0.73 2.19
2001 0.47 3.05 5.10 160.78 28.66 104.16 2.61 17.68 3.73 212.0
942.59 26.16 0.67 0.90
2002 0.51 0.56 5.85 257.44 24.81 43.25 0.44 16.33 3.89 272.4 13.50 21.78 0.14 0.04
2003 0.13 1.44 8.53 259.15 27.44 23.75 0.77 35.77 1.45 275.0 14.49 27.08 4.98 0.30
2004p 0.22 1.69 16.57 310.84 34.32 97.53 0.46 17.87 2.36 391.70 1.20 36.63 4.30 0.33
 
CACM MERCOSUR Mexico NAFTA OECD European Union  
Year Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. Exp. Imp. 
1999 145.06 519.22 0.15 10.36 14.93 77.17 186.72 586.66 5.36 7.31 117.56 86.15 
2000 164.21 490.69 0.04 16.02 23.34 86.50 263.32 437.06 5.56 6.67 133.72 91.88 
2001 173.92 465.29 0.01 14.52 27.05 136.69 160.38 502.40 2.80 24.36 84.25 106.76 
2002 196.71 390.78 0.07 15.81 21.35 113.33 221.73 499.89 3.25 18.83 66.45 137.85 
2003 222.82 411.02 0.01 20.45 27.88 154.97 232.64 520.34 5.05 16.15 64.74 158.67 
2004p 248.93 501.92 0.12 35.08 39.88 165.33 309.00 521.62 7.45 19.38 95.04 156.19 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 34 
 
 
Table No. 13 
Foreign trade by economic bloc 
(Per cent) 
 Africa Asia Caribbean CARICOM Andean 
Communit yEastern Europe 
 Other 
Year Ex p. Im p. Ex p. Im p. Ex p.I m p.E x p.I m p.E x p.I m p.E x p. Im p. Ex p. Im p.
1999 0.17 0.02 1.01 8.97 3.59 8.21 0.25 0.26 0.12 7.08 2.53 0.74 0.06 0.02
2000 0.07 0.04 1.05 9.43 3.50 8.89 0.27 1.26 0.09 13.71 1.13 0.94 0.12 0.13
2001 0.09 0.17 0.96 9.06 5.38 5.87 0.49 1.00 0.70 11.95 8.00 1.47 0.12 0.05
2002 0.09 0.03 1.05 14.40 4.44 2.42 0.08 0.91 0.70 15.24 2.42 1.22 0.03 0.00
2003 0.02 0.08 1.40 13.61 4.49 1.25 0.13 1.88 0.24 14.44 2.37 1.42 0.81 0.02
2004 P/ 0.03 0.07 2.18 13.78 4.52 4.32 0.06 0.79 0.31 17.36 0.16 1.62 0.57 0.01
 
 
Year CACM MERCOSUR Mexico NAFTA OECD European 
Union 
 Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp Exp Imp 
1999 28.49 30.13 0.03 0.60 2.93 4.48 36.67 34.05 1.05 0.42 23.09 5.00 
2000 26.09 28.52 0.01 0.93 3.71 5.03 41.84 25.40 0.88 039 21.25 5.34 
2001 32.68 26.22 0.00 0.82 5.08 7.70 30.13 28.31 0.53 1.37 15.83 6.02 
2002 35.21 21.85 0.01 0.88 3.82 634 39.69 27.95 0.58 1.05 11.89 7.71 
20003 36.47 21.59 0.00 1.07 4.56 8.14 38.08 27.33 0.83 0.85 10.60 8.33 
2004p 32.76 22.25 0.02 1.55 5.25 733 40.67 23.12 0.98 0.86 12.51 6.92 
p Preliminary figures. 
Source:  Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIFIC). Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 35 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
I.  Live animals;  animal products 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 156.5 100.0 36.2 100.0 120.3 231.8 100.0 39.6 100.0 192.3 156.4 100.0 43.1 100.0 113.4
Africa  0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  2.7 1.7 0.0 0.1 2.7 2.511.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.2
Caribbean  4.5 2.9 9.1 25.1 -4.5 6.7 2.9 6.0 15.1 0.8 12.8 8.2 11.6 27.0 1.2
CARICOM  0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 59.7 38.2 11.7 32.2 48.1 76.0 32.8 13.0 32.9 63.0 72.9 46.6 9.8 22.9 63.1
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.2 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Mexico 2.7 1.7 1.2 3.3 1.5 6.5 2.8 0.4 1.0 6.1 10.1 6.5 0.6 1.5 9.5
NAFTA 78.7 50.3 11.6 32.1 67.1 129.5 55.9 14.7 37.2 114.8 55.2 35.3 13.1 30.4 42.1
OECD 0.0 0.0 1.3 3.5 -1.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 6.7 -2.7 0.0 0.0 7.4 17.2 -7.4
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 2.1 -0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
European Union 7.6 4.9 0.8 2.2 6.8 10.3 4.4 0.9 2.3 9.4 4.0 2.6 0.4 0.8 3.7
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balan Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 220.2 100.0 26.5 100.0 193.7 233.4 100.0 23.9 100.0 209.5 283.9 100.0 24.6 100.0 259.4
Africa  0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  1.9 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.8 2.7 1.2 0.0 0.1 2.7 4.6 1.6 0.1 0.2 4.5
Caribbean  14.1 6.4 5.3 20.1 8.8 13.7 5.9 4.3 17.9 9.4 17.2 6.0 3.7 15.2 13.4
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 79.5 36.1 5.7 21.6 73.8 94.6 40.5 7.5 31.2 87.2 110.5 38.9 7.8 31.6 102.7
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.8 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 -0.3
Mexico 10.0 4.5 0.4 1.6 9.6 10.9 4.7 0.3 1.2 10.7 14.5 5.1 0.4 1.6 14.1
NAFTA 104.9 47.6 9.4 35.3 95.6 98.6 42.2 9.7 40.5 88.9 121.2 42.7 11.1 45.4 110.1
OECD 0.0 0.0 5.2 19.8 -5.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.9 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.7 -0.7
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
European Union 9.4 4.3 0.2 0.6 9.3 11.8 5.0 0.8 3.4 11.0 15.6 5.5 0.4 1.8 15.2
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
II. Vegetable products 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc  Value Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 198.1 100.0 122.2 100.0 75.9 231.2 100.0 79.5 100.0 151.8 173.0 100.0 79.2 100.0 93.9
Africa  0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1
Asia  1.7 0.9 4.6 3.7 -2.8 2.0 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.5 2.8 1.6 0.6 0.7 2.2
Caribbean  1.7 0.9 0.2 0.2 1.5 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.2 1.9 2.6 1.5 0.2 0.2 2.4
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.1 0.0 0.4 0.3 -0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.7
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
CACM 28.5 14.4 35.7 29.2 -7.2 18.5 8.0 34.9 43.9 -16.3 24.9 14.4 30.8 38.9 -5.9
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 2.1 1.7 -2.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.5 -1.2 0.0 0.0 3.1 4.0 -3.1
Mexico 11.2 5.6 0.3 0.3 10.8 15.7 6.8 0.2 0.3 15.5 15.3 8.8 0.3 0.3 15.0
NAFTA 45.4 22.9 70.2 57.5 -24.8 75.4 32.6 38.2 48.0 37.2 51.0 29.5 39.8 50.2 11.2
OECD 5.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 5.1 5.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 5.3 2.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.6
Other 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
European Union 104.0 52.5 8.4 6.8 95.6 111.5 48.2 4.3 5.4 107.2 72.3 41.8 3.9 4.9 68.4
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 148.7 100.0 71.6 100.0 77.1 172.5 100.0 64.2 100.0 108.3 226.3 100.0 60.3 100.0 166.1
Africa  0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2
Asia  3.6 2.4 1.1 1.6 2.4 4.9 2.9 1.0 1.6 3.9 5.7 2.5 1.5 2.5 4.2
Caribbean  2.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 3.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 3.1
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.5 2.6 4.1 -1.8 2.0 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.4
Eastern Europe  0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.2
CACM 34.7 23.3 21.8 30.4 12.9 40.5 23.5 18.5 28.8 22.0 39.2 17.3 18.4 30.6 20.8
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.8 1.1 -0.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.8 -1.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.2 -1.4
Mexico 10.4 7.0 0.8 1.1 9.7 13.9 8.1 0.5 0.9 13.4 22.8 10.1 0.4 0.7 22.4
NAFTA 45.8 30.8 42.5 59.4 3.2 59.7 34.6 36.4 56.8 23.3 73.1 32.3 33.4 55.5 39.7
OECD 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.3 1.3 0.1 0.2 2.2 4.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 4.0
Other 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6
European Union 49.0 33.0 4.4 6.1 44.6 47.5 27.6 3.8 5.9 43.8 74.4 32.9 4.5 7.5 69.9
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 37 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
III. Animal or vegetable fats and oils 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value  Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  2.4 100.0 48.0 100.0 -45.6 0.7 100.0 40.2 100.0 -39.5 5.1 100.0 45.1 100.0       - 40.0 
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.2
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 -0.3
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.7 31.0 28.1 58.6 -27.4 0.4 58.0 23.0 57.3 -22.6 0.6 12.4 20.5 45.4 -19.9
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 -0.3
CACM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MERCOSUR  1.4 58.0 17.9 37.3 -16.5 0.0 6.2 16.1 40.2 -16.1 4.3 84.4 23.5 52.1 -19.2
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
OECD 0.3 11.0 1.9 3.9 -1.6 0.2 35.7 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.2 3.1 0.3 0.6 -0.1
Other 2.4 100.0 48.0 100.0 -45.6 0.7 100.0 40.2 100.0 -39.5 5.1 100.0 45.1 100.0         -40.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value  Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 3.2 100.0 42.9 100.0 -39.7 6.5 100.0 56.9 100.0 -50.3 8.0 100.0 62.7 100.0 -54.7
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 4.0 9.3 -4.0 0.0 0.0 8.1 14.3 -8.1 0.0 0.0 6.6 10.6 -6.6
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.6 1.5 -0.6 0.0 0.5 0.8 1.4 -0.8 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 -0.4
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.7 22.9 17.3 40.2 -16.5 1.7 25.8 20.7 36.5 -19.1 1.7 21.0 28.7 45.8 -27.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.0 6.7 10.7 -6.7
CACM 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MERCOSUR  2.3 72.9 20.5 47.8 -18.2 4.6 69.6 26.6 46.8 -22.1 6.1 76.2 18.5 29.5 -12.4
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
OECD 0.1 4.1 0.2 0.5 -0.1 0.3 4.0 0.3 0.6 -0.1 0.2 2.7 1.7 2.8 -1.5
Other 3.2 100.0 42.9 100.0 -39.7 6.5 100.0 56.9 100.0 -50.3 8.0 100.0 62.7 100.0 -54.7
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
IV. Prepared foodstuffs, beverages,  tobacco and toba cco substitutes 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balanc Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1 Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 67.1 100.0 116.6 100.0 -49.5 74.8 100.0 117.3 100.0 -42.5 84.0 100.0 126.8 100.0 -42.8
Africa  0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.2 0.4 0.9 0.8 -0.6 1.3 1.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.2 -1.5
Caribbean  5.7 8.4 8.1 6.9 -2.4 5.5 7.4 3.6 3.1 2.0 6.1 7.3 2.1 1.7 4.0
CARICOM  0.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 30. 0.0 0.0 2.5
Andean Community  0.2 0.3 1.0 0.8 -0.8 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.0 -1.1 2.2 2.6 1.3 1.1 0.8
Eastern Europe  12.7 19.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 7.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 7.1 42.5 50.6 0.1 0.0 42.4
CACM 21.2 31.6 66.6 57.1 -45.3 21.2 28.4 70.6 60.2 -49.4 20.1 23.9 78.4 61.8 -58.3
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 2.1 1.8 -2.1 0.0 0.0 3.7 3.1 -3.7 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.4 -3.0
Mexico 0.1 0.1 9.2 7.9 -9.1 0.5 0.6 12.0 10.2 -11.5 0.1 0.2 13.2 10.4 -13.0
NAFTA 21.9 32.6 23.3 20.0 -1.5 26.9 36.0 20.8 17.7 6.1 6.3 7.5 20.9 16.5 -14.6
OECD 0.2 0.4 1.3 1.1 -1.1 0.2 0.3 1.6 1.3 -1.4 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.9 -1.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 -0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 3.7 5.5 4.2 3.6 -0.5 10.6 14.2 2.5 2.2 8.1 4.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 -1.0
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1 Share1 Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 69.4 100.0 132.4 100.0 -63.1 76.0 100.0 136.1 100.0 -60.1 97.9 100.0 156.6 100.0 -58.7
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.1 0.1 1.6 1.2 -1.6 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.4 -1.9 2.8 2.8 2.2 1.4 0.6
Caribbean  3.3 4.8 2.3 1.7 1.0 6.2 8.1 1.5 1.1 4.7 9.5 9.7 0.5 0.3 8.9
CARICOM  0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
Andean Community  3.1 4.5 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.4 2.4 1.8 -2.1 0.2 0.2 2.8 1.8 -2.6
Eastern Europe  13.1 18.9 0.1 0.1 13.1 14.2 18.7 0.1 0.1 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
CACM 23.7 34.2 82.5 62.3 -58.7 26.3 34.6 83.8 61.6 -57.5 35.9 36.7 104.2 66.5 -68.2
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 4.5 3.4 -4.5 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.3 -3.2 0.0 0.0 4.8 3.1 -4.8
Mexico 0.4 0.5 14.8 11.2 -14.4 1.3 1.7 16.9 12.4 -15.7 0.7 0.7 15.5 9.9 -14.8
NAFTA 19.2 27.6 17.7 13.4 1.5 18.7 24.7 18.9 13.9 -0.1 40.1 41.0 17.5 11.2 22.6
OECD 1.6 2.3 3.3 2.5 -1.7 2.7 3.6 1.0 0.7 1.7 3.4 3.5 0.6 0.4 2.9
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 5.1 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 3.2
European Union 4.5 6.4 3.8 2.9 0.7 1.9 2.6 6.1 4.4 -4.1 2.0 2.0 8.5 5.4 -6.5
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 39 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
V. Mineral products 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balanc
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 4.8 100.0 162.6 100.0 -157.8 10.9 100.0 325.2 100.0 -314.4 9.5 100.0 320.6 100.0 -311.1
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.1 5.2 3.2 -5.2 0.0 0.0 5.8 1.8 -5.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 -0.5
Caribbean  1.3 26.8 19.4 12.0 -18.1 1.8 17.0 40.0 12.3 -38.2 2.6 27.9 37.9 11.8 -35.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 4.0 2.5 -4.0 0.1 16 21.5 6.6 -21.4 0.0 0.0 17.3 5.4 -17.3
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 90.8 55.9 -90.8 0.0 0.0 209.3 64.3 -209.3 0.0 0.0 174.0 54.3 -174.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1
CACM 3.5 73.0 24.6 15.1 -21.1 8.9 82.3 19.7 6.1 -10.8 6.8 72.0 22.6 7.1 -15.8
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mexico 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.1 -1.8 0.0 0.0 15.7 4.8 -15.7 0.0 0.0 42.8 13.4 -42.8
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 16.1 9.9 -16.1 0.0 0.0 11.3 3.5 -11.3 0.0 0.0 17.2 5.4 -17.2
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 2.3 -7.3
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 -0.7
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 -0.5 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.6 -2.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.11
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 11.3 100.0 278.4 100.0 -267.1 10.4 100.0 357.3 100.0 -346.9 9.6 100.0 467.8 100.0 -458.2
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 -0.8 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 -1.3
Asia  0.0 0.3 1.6 0.6 -1.6 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.5 -1.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 -1.0
Caribbean  0.5 4.6 20.7 7.4 -20.2 0.8 7.3 3.6 1.0 -2.8 0.2 2.4 78.8 16.8 -78.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 16.1 5.8 -16.1 0.0 0.0 35.6 10.0 -35.6 0.0 0.0 17.7 3.8 -17.7
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 214.9 77.2 -214.8 0.0 0.0 198.3 55.5 -198.3 0.0 0.0 298.5 63.8 -298.5
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 10.7 95.1 7.8 2.8 2.9 9.6 92.6 12.7 3.5 -3.1 9.4 97.4 16.2 3.5 -6.9
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 -1.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.9 -3.2 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.3 -1.4
Mexico 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.7 -1.9 0.0 0.0 36.6 10.2 -36.6 0.0 0.0 16.9 3.6 -16.9
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 13.8 5.0 -13.8 0.0 0.1 63.4 17.7 -63.4 0.0 0.1 29.8 6.4 -29.8
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.8 -3.8
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 -0.3
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 -1.1 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.4 -2.1
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 40 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
VI. Products of the chemical or allied industries 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 4.4 100.0 249.1 100.0 -244.8 7.7 100.0 231.9 100.0 -224.1 10.2 100.0 261.7 100.0 -2.6
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.0 -7.8
Asia  0.0 0.0 3.1 1.2 -3.1 0.1 0.8 11.3 4.9 -11.2 0.0 0.0 7.8 3.0 -8.8
Caribbean  0.3 6.0 29.8 12.0 -29.6 0.3 4.2 30.2 13.0 -29.9 0.4 3.6 9.2 3.5 -0.1
CARICOM  0.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 010 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -8.2
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 8.9 3.6 -8.9 0.0 0.0 4.1 1.8 -4.1 0.0 0.1 8.3 3.2 -7.1
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 6.8 2.7 -6.8 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.5 -3.5 0.0 0.0 7.1 2.7 -92.3
CACM 3.8 85.4 105.6 42.4 -101.8 6.0 77.4 99.8 43.1 -93.9 7.0 68.1 99.3 37.9 -2.8
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.2 1.4 0.5 -1.4 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.6 -1.3 0.0 0.0 2.8 1.1 -31.7
Mexico 0.0 0.0 18.6 7.4 -18.5 0.1 0.7 16.3 7.0 -16.3 0.0 0.1 31.8 12.1 -62.7
NAFTA 0.3 7.2 57.3 23.0 -57.0 1.2 15.8 47.6 20.5 -46.3 2.8 27.1 65.5 25.0 -4.4
OECD 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.5 -1.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 -0.7 0.0 0.0 4.4 1.7 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 -22.8
European Union 0.0 0.0 16.4 6.6 -16.4 0.1 0.7 16.9 7.3 -16.9 0.1 1.0 22.9 8.8 -2.6
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 10.2 100.0 262.2 100.0 -252.0 15.1 100.0 303.2 100.0 -288.1 18.4 100.0 349.3 100.0 -330.9
Africa  0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 11.0 4.2 -11.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 5.3 -16.1 0.0 0.0 24.2 6.9 -24.2
Caribbean  0.3 3.2 3.6 1.4 -3.3 0.6 3.9 4.3 1.4 -3.7 0.8 4.1 5.1 1.5 -4.3
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.1 11.7 4.5 -11.7 0.0 0.2 13.0 4.3 -12.9 0.0 0.0 16.2 4.6 -16.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 6.7 2.5 -6.7 0.0 0.0 8.8 2.9 -8.8 0.0 0.0 10.8 3.1 -10.8
CACM 8.2 80.4 85.6 32.6 -77.4 12.8 84.5 95.8 31.6 -83.0 15.8 85.8 106.8 30.6 -91.0
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 4.6 1.8 -4.6 0.0 0.0 5.8 1.9 -5.8 0.0 0.1 9.1 2.6 -9.1
Mexico 0.0 0.2 39.4 15.0 -39.3 0.1 0.8 36.2 11.9 -36.0 0.0 0.1 38.2 10.9 -38.2
NAFTA 1.6 16.1 63.2 24.1 -61.5 1.5 9.6 79.0 26.1 -77.5 1.8 9.8 85.8 24.6 -84.0
OECD 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.1 -5.4 0.0 0.0 5.9 1.9 -5.9 0.0 0.0 5.6 1.6 -5.6
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 30.9 11.8 -30.9 0.1 0.7 38.5 12.7 -38.4 0.0 0.0 47.5 13.6 -47.5
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 41 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
VII. Plastics, rubber and articles thereof 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 2.4 100.0 88.5 100.0 -86.1 3.7 100.0 89.6 100.0 -85.9 4.7 100.0 94.0 100.0 -89.3
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Asia  0.0 0.0 7.8 8.9 -7.8 0.0 0.6 7.2 8.0 -7.2 0.0 0.1 10.4 11.1 -10.4
Caribbean  0.0 0.1 4.0 4.5 -4.0 0.0 0.5 5.1 5.7 -5.1 0.0 0.2 3.5 3.8 -3.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 -1.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.7 -0.6 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.4 -1.3
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 -1.0
CACM 2.4 97.9 38.8 43.8 -36.4 3.7 97.6 42.7 47.7 -39.1 4.6 97.3 41.2 43.8 -36.5
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 -0.8
Mexico 0.0 0.1 5.1 5.8 -5.1 0.0 0.0 5.2 5.8 -5.2 0.0 0.1 6.1 6.5 -6.1
NAFTA 0.0 0.3 29.6 33.4 -29.6 0.0 0.9 26.0 29.0 -26.0 0.1 1.3 26.8 28.5 -26.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 1.0 1.8 2.1 -1.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.8 -2.5 0.0 0.1 2.8 2.9 -2.7
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 3.8 100.0 98.9 100.0 -95.0 4.1 100.0 96.7 100.0 -92.5 4.6 100.0 118.2 100.0 -113.6
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.4 18.7 18.9 -18.7 0.0 0.6 18.5 19.1 -18.5 0.0 0.7 19.8 16.7 -19.7
Caribbean  0.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 -0.9 0.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 -0.9 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 -1.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.1 3.9 3.9 -3.9 0.0 0.0 4.9 5.0 -4.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 3.9 -4.6
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2
CACM 3.7 97.7 33.7 34.1 -30.0 3.9 95.1 36.8 38.1 -32.9 4.4 97.4 47.3 40.0 -42.9
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 -0.5
Mexico 0.0 0.2 5.9 6.0 -5.9 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.2 -6.0 0.0 0.4 5.9 5.0 -5.9
NAFTA 0.0 0.4 30.9 31.3 -30.9 0.1 1.8 26.5 27.4 -26.4 0.0 0.3 35.7 30.2 -35.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.5 3.4 3.4 -3.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.4 -2.4 0.0 0.2 3.0 2.5 -3.0
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 42 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
VIII. Raw hides and skins, leather and saddlery 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 4.0 100.0 5.4 100.0 -1.4 5.2 100.0 4.2 100.0 1.0 7.4 100.0 4.3 100.0 3.1
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.4 6.9 -0.4 0.2 3.4 0.2 5.8 -0.1 0.9 12.0 1.2 27.0 -0.3
Caribbean  0.0 0.2 2.6 48.5 -2.6 0.1 2.1 2.7 63.8 -2.6 0.7 9.2 1.9 43.8 -1.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.4 0.1 1.3 -0.1 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 3.1 76.0 1.4 26.0 1.7 3.9 75.7 0.6 13.4 3.3 3.1 42.5 0.3 7.6 2.8
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Mexico 0.6 15.4 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.4 7.5 0.1 1.9 0.3 0.5 6.2 0.1 2.7 0.3
NAFTA 0.1 1.5 0.8 14.4 -0.7 0.0 0.8 0.6 14.0 -0.5 0.2 3.2 0.8 17.7 -0.5
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
Other 0.2 5.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 8.7 0.0 0.5 0.4 2.0 26.5 0.0 0.8 1.9
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 5.8 100.0 5.4 100.0 0.4 5.5 100.0 4.1 100.0 1.4 7.9 100.0 4.9 100.0 3.0
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.2 2.8 3.6 67.8 -3.5 0.6 11.8 2.8 68.6 -2.1 3.1 39.9 3.1 62.6 0.1
Caribbean  0.6 11.1 0.5 9.8 0.1 0.2 4.1 0.1 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 2.7 45.7 0.5 9.9 2.1 1.7 30.3 0.5 12.4 1.2 1.3 17.1 0.7 14.6 0.6
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0
Mexico 0.4 6.2 0.1 1.9 0.3 1.1 19.6 0.2 4.7 0.9 1.5 18.6 0.5 10.0 1.0
NAFTA 0.0 0.1 0.5 8.6 -0.5 0.1 1.5 0.4 10.4 -0.3 0.2 2.5 0.4 8.9 -0.2
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 2.0 33.7 0.1 1.6 1.9 1.8 32.1 0.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 20.9 0.1 1.2 1.6
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 43 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
IX. Wood, wood charcoal, cork and articles thereof 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 12.1 100.0 3.8 100.0 8.3 16.4 100.0 4.4 100.0 12.1 16.3 100.0 5.1 100.0 11.1
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.3 2.6 0.3 8.2 0.0 0.1 0..4 0.2 4.5 -0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 2.4 -0.1
Caribbean  3.5 29.3 0.1 1.7 3.5 4.5 27.2 0.1 1.9 4.4 1.8 11.0 0.0 0.9 1.7
CARICOM  0.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.3 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 4.1 -0.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 6.1 50.7 2.1 53.7 4.1 9.9 60.2 2.5 57.2 7.4 11.5 70.8 2.0 39.7 9.5
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.2 4.4 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 7.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 10.2 -0.5
Mexico 0.1 0.7 0.1 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.1 1.2 0.2
NAFTA 1.4 11.3 1.0 27.1 0.3 1.6 9.6 1.0 23.0 0.6 1.4 8.5 2.0 38.8 -0.6
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.3
European Union 0.4 3.6 0.1 2.4 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.9 5.7 0.1 2.5 0.8
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 18.2 100.0 3.5 100.0 14.7 16.6 100.0 4.2 100.0 12.4 15.0 100.0 5.0 100.0 9.9
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.1 0.2 4.5 -0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 3.6 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 11.1 -0.5
Caribbean  2.4 13.4 0.0 0.6 2.4 2.2 13.0 0.0 0.6 2.1 2.3 15.3 0.0 0.2 2.3
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.4 10.2 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 10.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 7.6 -0.4
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 12.0 65.7 1.5 42.2 10.5 10.1 61.1 1.6 38.9 8.5 9.1 60.8 2.1 40.7 7.1
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.2 0.6 17.6 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 20.7 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 18.0 -0.9
Mexico 0.1 0.3 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0
NAFTA 3.0 16.5 0.6 17.2 2.4 3.5 21.2 0.7 17.6 2.8 3.2 21.4 0.9 18.5 2.3
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.7 3.6 0.2 5.3 0.5 0.6 3.7 0.3 6.9 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.2 3.0 0.1
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 44 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
X. Wood pulp, paper and paperboard 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 0.6 100.0 59.4 100.0 -58.8 1.2 100.0 64.8 100.0 -63.5 1.9 100.0 66.8 100.0 -64.9
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 -0.4 0.0 1.3 0.9 1.4 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 -0.6
Caribbean  0.0 5.1 0.8 1.4 -0.8 0.0 3.0 1.4 2.1 -1.3 0.0 2.0 1.4 2.2 -1.4
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 1.6 2.8 -1.6 0.0 0.0 2.7 4.2 -2.7 0.0 0.1 5.7 8.5 -5.7
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 0.3 55.0 30.5 51.3 -30.2 1.1 90.9 33.0 51.0 -31.9 1.5 80.7 29.7 44.5 -28.2
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
Mexico 0.0 3.1 5.2 8.8 -5.2 0.0 2.3 5.4 8.3 -5.3 0.3 14.7 5.5 8.2 -5.2
NAFTA 0.2 33.7 18.2 30.6 -18.0 0.0 2.4 18.3 28.3 -18.3 0.0 2.1 20.1 30.2 -20.1
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 3.1 2.2 3.8 -2.2 0.0 0.0 2.6 4.0 -2.6 0.0 0.2 3.4 5.0 -3.4
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 1.3 100.0 74.0 100.0 -72.7 2.9 100.0 72.6 100.0 -69.6 3.3 100.0 84.3 100.0 -81.0
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 1.1 1.5 -1.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.8 -1.3 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.9 -1.6
Caribbean  0.3 23.0 1.5 2.0 -1.2 0.0 1.4 1.9 2.6 -1.9 0.0 1.5 1.5 1.8 -1.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 2.3 8.2 11.1 -8.2 0.0 0.2 9.9 13.7 -9.9 0.0 0.0 9.3 11.0 -9.3
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 0.9 70.7 26.7 36.1 -25.8 2.7 92.1 22.8 31.4 -20.1 2.4 73.2 26.9 31.9 -24.5
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.1 -0.8 0.1 2.1 1.9 2.3 -1.9
Mexico 0.0 0.1 6.7 9.0 -6.7 0.1 4.7 7.9 10.9 -7.8 0.2 6.7 13.0 15.5 -12.8
NAFTA 0.0 3.7 22.6 30.6 -22.6 0.0 0.7 21.4 29.5 -21.4 0.5 16.4 22.7 27.0 -22.2
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 6.6 8.9 -6.6 0.0 0.0 6.6 9.0 -6.6 0.0 0.1 7.1 8.5 -7.1
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 45 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XI. Textiles and textile articles 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 3.5 100.0 62.8 100.0 -59.3 3.3 100.0 49.3 100.0 -46.0 2.2 100.0 43.1 100.0 -40.9
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 5.0 8.0 -5.0 0.1 1. 18 3.8 7.7 -3.7 0.0 1.1 10.6 24.6 -10.6
Caribbean  0.3 9.2 20.3 32.4 -20.0 0.3 9:1 18.4 37.2 -18.1 0.3 15.6 9.6 22.2 -9.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 -0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 -0.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
CACM 2.2 62.6 12.8 20.4 -10.6 1.4 41.4 11.7 23.8 -10.4 0.6 27.6 11.1 25.8 -10.5
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 -0.1
Mexico 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.6 -0.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.1 -1.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.2 -0.9
NAFTA 0.8 21.3 21.2 33.8 -20.5 1.4 41.7 12.4 25.1 -11.0 1.1 47.6 9.0 20.9 -8.0
OECD 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.2 4.7 1.8 2.9 -1.6 0.2 4.7 1.2 2.5 -1.1 0.2 6.9 1.5 3.5 -1.3
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 1.5 100.0 52.3 100.0 -50.7 1.7 100.0 51.5 100.0 -49.8 1.9 100.0 52.7 100.0 -50.8
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Asia  0.0 1.0 21.6 41.3 -21.6 0.0 0.0 21.0 40.8 -21.0 0.1 3.4 21.0 40.0 -21.0
Caribbean  0.4 24.0 1.9 3.7 -1.6 0.3 18.9 1.1 2.1 -0.8 0.4 19.0 1.2 2.3 -0.9
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.9 -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.1 -0.6
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2
CACM 0.6 36.5 14.1 26.9 -13.5 0.4 25.2 13.3 25.8 -12.9 0.4 18.9 12.9 24.5 -12.6
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
Mexico 0.0 0.1 1.3 2.5 -1.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.1 -1.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.8 -0.9
NAFTA 0.4 27.3 11.7 22.4 -11.3 0.7 38.4 13.4 26.0 -12.7 0.7 36.5 14.5 27.5 -13.8
OECD 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.2 9.7 1.1 2.2 -1.0 0.3 15.9 1.0 1.9 -0.7 0.4 21.4 1.1 2.2 -0.7
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XII. Footwear, hats and other headgear 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 3.4 100.0 13.4 100.0 -10.0 2.7 100.0 14.3 100.0 -11.6 2.1 100.0 15.1 100.0 -12.9
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.8 5.8 -0.8 0.0 0.0 1.6 11.0 -1.6 0.0 0.0 3.0 20.1 -3.0
Caribbean  0.1 3.2 3.5 26.3 -3.4 0.1 3.5 4.2 29.2 -4.1 0.1 2.5 2.5 16.8 -2.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1 -0.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 3.3 96.1 4.6 34.3 -1.3 2.6 96.1 4.7 32.6 -2.1 2.1 96.5 4.4 29.5 -2.4
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.5 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.1 -0.2
NAFTA 0.0 0.6 4.0 29.8 -4.0 0.0 0.4 3.7 25.7 -3.7 0.0 0.1 4.7 31.0 -4.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 -0.1
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 1.6 100.0 16.3 100.0 -14.7 1.2 100.0 16.8 100.0 -15.6 1.0 100.0 18.9 100.0 -18.0
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 8.5 52.4 -8.5 0.0 0.0 9.9 58.9 -9.9 0.0 0.3 10.6 56.1 -10.6
Caribbean  0.0 1.8 0.8 4.7 -0.7 0.0 0.9 0.5 3.0 -0.5 0.0 1.6 0.2 1.1 -0.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.5 3.0 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.5 -0.7
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
CACM 1.6 97.8 4.6 28.5 -3.1 1.1 94.0 4.4 25.8 -3.2 0.9 91.5 5.0 26.3 -4.1
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 -0.1 0.1 4.9 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 -0.1
NAFTA 0.0 0.1 1.5 9.4 -1.5 0.0 0.0 1.3 7.8 -1.3 0.0 5.0 1.6 8.2 -1.5
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.1 -0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 -0.2 0.0 1.3 0.7 3.8 -0.7
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XIII. Articles of stone, glass and ceramics 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 7.0 100.0 30.3 100.0 -23.3 6.4 100.0 33.4 100.0 -26.9 9.0 100.0 32.3 100.0 -23.3
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.7 2.2 -0.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.9 -1.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.8 -1.2
Caribbean  0.1 1.5 1.4 4.6 -1.3 0.0 0.5 1.7 5.2 -1.7 0.0 0.4 2.5 7.8 -2.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.2 2.2 7.4 -2.2 0.0 0.0 1.7 5.2 -1.7 0.0 0.0 1.4 4.3 -1.4
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 4.1 58.5 17.2 56.8 -13.1 4.5 69.5 17.9 53.6 -13.4 3.8 42.5 16.4 50.7 -12.6
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1
Mexico 0.0 0.3 2.0 6.5 -2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 6.0 -2.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 6.5 -2.1
NAFTA 2.7 38.6 3.6 11.7 -0.9 1.9 29.7 4.8 14.4 -2.9 5.1 56.5 4.0 12.4 1.1
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.1 0.8 3.2 10.5 -3.1 0.0 0.2 4.1 12.4 -4.1 0.1 0.6 4.6 14.2 -4.5
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 10.6 100.0 29.2 100.0 -18.6 11.3 100.0 33.1 100.0 -21.8 12.2 100.0 39.3 100.0 -27.1
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 2.0 6.8 -2.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 7.5 -2.5 0.0 0.0 3.0 7.5 -3.0
Caribbean  0.0 0.1 0.9 3.0 -0.9 0.0 0.2 1.1 3.2 -1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 -0.2
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 3.1 10.8 -3.1 0.0 0.0 3.8 11.5 -3.8 0.0 0.0 5.0 12.7 -5.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 4.3 40.3 13.1 44.7 -8.8 4.7 41.9 15.2 46.0 -10.5 4.6 37.4 19.0 48.4 -14.5
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.9 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 -0.8
Mexico 0.0 0.0 2.3 7.8 -2.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 6.0 -2.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 7.2 -2.8
NAFTA 6.3 59.3 3.4 11.6 2.9 6.5 57.4 3.8 11.5 2.7 7.5 61.9 3.8 9.7 3.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.3 4.2 14.4 -4.2 0.0 0.1 4.1 12.4 -4.1 0.0 0.4 4.6 11.8 -4.6
1 Per cent  WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XV. Basic metals and articles thereof 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 3.2 100.0 138.2 100.0 -134.9 4.9 100.0 131.8 100.0 -126.9 11.3 100.0 127.8 100.0 -116.5
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.1 2.9 5.5 4.0 -5.4 0.0 1.0 12.8 9.7 -12.7 0.1 0.5 17.3 13.5 -17.2
Caribbean  0.0 0.4 7.0 5.1 -7.0 0.0 0.3 5.1 3.9 -5.1 0.5 4.1 4.0 3.1 -3.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 5.1 3.7 -5.1 0.0 0.2 5.3 4.0 -5.2 0.0 0.0 5.0 3.9 -5.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 4.7 3.4 -4.7 0.0 0.0 12.1 9.2 -12.1 0.0 0.0 15.3 11.9 -15.3
CACM 1.8 56.3 71.8 52.0 -70.0 3.5 70.8 58.5 44.3 -55.0 9.4 82.8 49.1 38.4 -39.7
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2
Mexico 0.2 5.8 8.1 5.9 -7.9 0.0 0.6 10.5 8.0 -10.5 0.1 0.9 9.8 7.7 -9.7
NAFTA 1.1 34.6 30.3 21.9 -29.1 1.3 26.8 20.6 15.6 -19.3 1.3 11.4 19.8 15.5 -18.5
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 -0.7
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 4.6 3.3 -4.6 0.0 0.0 6.4 4.9 -6.4 0.0 0.3 6.5 5.1 -6.5
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 9.1 100.0 118.0 100.0 -109.0 9.2 100.0 119.9 100.0 -110.6 12.3 100.0 164.9 100.0 -152.6
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.4 16.3 13.8 -16.2 0.0 0.2 10.7 9.0 -10.7 0.1 1.2 17.6 10.7 -17.4
Caribbean  0.0 0.4 2.6 2.2 -2.5 0.2 2.1 2.5 2.1 -2.3 0.5 3.7 3.1 1.9 -2.6
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 4.5 3.8 -4.5 0.0 0.2 10.0 8.4 -10.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 8.8 -14.6
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 12.6 10.6 -12.6 0.0 0.0 16.7 14.0 -16.7 0.0 0.0 21.5 13.1 -21.5
CACM 7.6 84.0 47.3 40.1 -39.7 7.5 81.2 47.9 39.9 -40.4 8.6 69.3 66.0 40.0 -57.4
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 -0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 -0.7 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.7 -1.2
Mexico 0.0 0.0 11.2 9.5 -11.2 0.0 0.0 12.3 10.3 -12.3 0.0 0.0 12.0 7.3 -12.0
NAFTA 1.4 14.9 16.1 13.7 -14.8 1.5 15.9 15.5 12.9 -14.0 3.1 25.4 24.5 14.9 -21.4
OECD 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.9 -1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 -0.3
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.1 5.7 4.9 -5.7 0.0 0.1 3.2 2.7 -3.2 0.0 0.1 4.2 2.5 -4.2
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
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Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XVI. Machinery and mechanical appliances, electrical equipment, etc.   
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance 
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 4.5 100.0 323.9 100.0 -319.4 3.3 100.0 247.5 100.0 -244.2 5.7 100.0 257.9 100.0 -252.2
Africa  0.0 0.9 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 20.1 6.2 -20.1 0.3 9.8 22.5 9.1 -22.1 0.0 0.0 24.1 9.3 -24.1
Caribbean  0.4 9.7 21.2 6.6 -20.8 0.2 Y
7119.6 7.9 -19.4 0.4 6.3 8.9 3.5 -8.6
CARICOM  0.1 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 7.4 2.3 -7.4 0.1 3.3 7.4 3.0 -7.3 0.6 9.9 9.7 3.8 -9.1
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 -0.6
CACM 2.9 65.0 41.8 12.9 -38.8 1.8 53.8 35.1 14.2 -33.4 3.5 61.1 31.3 12.1 -27.8
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 -1.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2
Mexico 0.0 0.7 8.2 2.5 -8.1 0.0 0.9 7.3 2.9 -7.2 0.2 4.1 15.1 5.9 -14.9
NAFTA 0.7 15.1 196.4 60.6 -195.7 0.6 18.7 121.1 48.9 -120.5 0.6 11.3 122.2 47.4 -121.6
OECD 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.7 -2.4 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.3 2.6 1.0 -2.6
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.11
European Union 0.3 6.6 24.2 7.5 -23.9 0.1 2.0 33.0 13.3 -32.9 0.3 5.0 43.2 16.7 -42.91
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 4.5 100.0 285.8 100.0 -281.4 5.6 100.0 312.2 100.0 -306.6 5.5 100.0 339.7 100.0 -334.2
Africa  0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.1
Asia  0.0 0.7 57.3 20.0 -57.2 0.0 0.6 67.6 21.7 -67.6 0.1 1.4 90.5 26.6 -90.4
Caribbean  0.1 2.0 0.8 0.3 -0.7 0.6 11.1 0.7 0.2 -0.1 0.1 2.5 0.6 0.2 -0.4
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.1 17.3 6.1 -17.3 0.2 4.4 20.0 6.4 -19.8 0.0 0.1 23.7 7.0 -23.7
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 -0.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 -1.2
CACM 3.4 75.2 17.8 6.2 -14.4 3.6 64.3 17.4 5.6 -13.8 3.8 69.7 24.5 7.2 -20.7
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 -1.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 -1.0 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.4 -1.3
Mexico 0.0 0.3 21.0 7.4 -21.0 0.1 2.0 28.2 9.0 -28.1 0.0 0.9 47.7 14.0 -47.6
NAFTA 0.6 14.3 111.6 39.0 -110.9 0.8 14.3 103.3 33.1 -102.5 1.2 21.2 97.1 28.6 -95.9
OECD 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.4 -1.2 0.0 0.0 3.7 1.2 -3.7 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.6 -2.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.3 6.4 57.0 20.0 -56.8 0.2 3.0 69.6 22.3 -69.4 0.2 3.1 50.9 15.0 -50.7
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 50 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XVII. Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 1.1 100.0 188.7 100.0 -187.6 0.8 100.0 179.7 100.0 -178.9 1.2 100.0 150.3 100.0 -149.1
Africa  0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 97.0 51.4 -97.0 0.0 0.0 88.5 49.3 -88.5 0.0 0.1 72.0 47.9 -72.0
Caribbean  0.1 4.6 5.8 3.1 -5.7 0.0 5.0 5.0 2.8 -5.0 0.2 15.4 2.6 1.8 -2.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Andean Community  0.0 2.3 1.4 0.7 -1.4 0.1 13.2 2.2 1.2 -2.1 0.0 3.2 3.2 2.1 -3.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 -0.5 0.0 1.3 0.3 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.2 -1.8
CACM 0.5 48.9 15.4 8.2 -14.9 0.2 29.8 10.6 5.9 -10.4 0.5 45.7 7.4 4.9 -6.9
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 1.4 0.7 -1.4 0.0 1.3 7.4 4.1 -7.3 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.7 -2.6
Mexico 0.0 0.0 11.9 6.3 -11.9 0.0 0.0 7.4 4.1 -7.4 0.1 5.7 3.7 2.5 -3.7
NAFTA 0.3 26.4 47.1 25.0 -46.8 0.2 21.1 48.5 27.0 -48.4 0.2 20.4 49.4 32.9 -49.2
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 -0.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.2 15.0 8.1 4.3 -7.90.1 16.0 9.1 5.1 -9.0 0.1 5.4 7.3 4.8 -7.2
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 1.7 100.0 155.6 100.0 -153.9 1.0 100.0 113.8 100.0 -112.8 1.0 100.0 134.0 100.0 -133.0
Africa  0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1
Asia  0.0 0.0 92.5 59.4 -92.5 0.0 0.0 77.2 67.8 -77.2 0.0 1.0 85.4 63.7 -85.4
Caribbean  0.1 4.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 14.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.1 0.1 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.1 5.4 3.0 1.9 -2.9 0.0 2.2 5.8 5.1 -5.8 0.0 4.7 10.7 8.0 -10.6
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 -1.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 -0.6 0.0 0.0 2.6 2.0 -2.6
CACM 1.3 76.0 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 40.1 0.9 0.8 -0.5 0.3 26.3 0.6 0.4 -0.3
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 -0.8
Mexico 0.0 2.3 3.8 2.5 -3.8 0.0 0.0 3.6 3.2 -3.6 0.0 0.0 4.4 3.3 -4.4
NAFTA 0.1 7.7 44.4 28.6 -44.3 0.3 33.5 18.1 15.9 -17.8 0.4 34.8 23.1 17.2 -22.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 -0.3
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 20.7 0.0 0.0 0.2
European Union 0.1 3.3 9.1 5.9 -9.10.1 6.7 6.9 6.1 -6 0.1 8.0 6.1 4.5 -6.0
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 51 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XVIII. Optical, photogra phic instruments, etc. 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 0.7 100.0 30.9 100.0 -30.2 0.2 100.0 22.1 100.0 -21.9 0.2 100.0 36.5 100.0 -36.3
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.8 2.5 -0.8 0.0 0.0x 1.8 8.0 -1.8 0.0 0.0 3.4 9.4 -3.4
Caribbean  0.0 1.8 2.0 6.6 -2.0 0.1 23.4 2.2 10.0 -2.2 0.0 8.5 0.9 2.3 -0.8
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 -0.3
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
CACM 0.1 16.2 0.8 2.6 -0.7 0.2 68.0 1.1 5.2 -1.0 0.1 35.5 0.7 1.9 -0.6
MERCOSUR  0.1 15.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Mexico 0.0 0.1 1.4 4.4 -1.4 0.0 3.4 0.9 4.0 -0.9 0.0 1.6 2.1 5.6 -2.0
NAFTA 0.5 66.6 25.5 82.5 -25.0 0.0 5.3 15.8 71.2 -15.8 0.1 53.7 28.7 78.6 -28.6
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.7 0.4 1.1 -0.4
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.1 5.0 16.2 -5.0 0.0 0.4 3.2 14.3 -3.2 0.0 0.4 3.0 8.2 -3.0
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  
 0.2 100.0 45.9 100.0 -45.7 0.2 100.0 42.5 100.0 -42.3 0.4 100.0 39.4 100.0 -39.0
Africa  0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 5.3 11.5 -5.3 0.0 0.0 7.2 17.0 -7.2 0.0 1.2 8.9 22.6 -8.9
Caribbean  0.0 3.0 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 6.6 0.1 0.3 -0.1 0.0 6.0 0.5 1.4 -0.5
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.4 0.5 1.0 -0.5 0.0 1.8 0.8 1.8 -0.7 0.0 10.9 1.0 2.5 -1.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
CACM 0.1 64.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 52.9 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 33.6 0.2 0.6 -0.1
MERCOSUR  0.0 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 -0.3
Mexico 0.0 0.1 1.1 2.3 -1.1 0.0 2.3 0.7 1.6 -0.7 0.0 0.6 1.7 4.4 -1.7
NAFTA 0.1 28.1 38.4 83.8 -38.4 0.1 35.6 32.9 77.5 -32.8 0.2 44.9 26.2 66.4 -26.0
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 -0.5
Other 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 14.8 5.9 12.8 -5.8 0.1 26.2 8.2 19.4 -8.2 0.0 11.7 9.5 24.1 -9.5
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 52 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XIX. Arms and ammunition 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balanc
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  1.0 100.0 2.2 100.0 -1.2 0.0 100.0 1.1 100.0 -1.1 0.0 100.0 1.6 100.0 -1.6
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.3 14.9 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 12.7 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 19.0 -0.3
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0~0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.6 28.3 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 11.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 13.5 -0.2
Andean Community  0.1 13.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 10.8 -0.2
Eastern Europe  0.0 1.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.1 0.0 0.7 0.0
CACM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.2 -0.1
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.3 14.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 15.3 -0.3
Mexico 0.1 6.3 0.4 19.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 60.2 -0.7 0.0 43.9 0.6 36.3 -0.6
NAFTA 0.8 78.3 0.4 20.4 0.3 0.0 -- 0.0 0.1 9.4 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
OECD 1.0 100.0 2.2 100.0 -1.2 0.0 100.0 1.1 100.0 -1.1 0.0 100.0 1.6 100.0 -1.6
Other 0.0 0.0 0.3 14.9 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 12.7 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 19.0 -0.3
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value 
Total  0.0 100.0 1.3 100.0 -1.3 0.0 100.0 0.8 100.0 -0.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 -1.4
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.4 29.0 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 23.8 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 21.9 -0.3
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
CACM 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.2 15.2 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 28.3 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 25.6 -0.4
Mexico 0.0 100.0 0.5 39.0 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 36.9 -0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 39.2 -0.5
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 0.2 14.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 8.9 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 8.6 -0.1
OECD 0.0 100.0 1.3 100.0 -1.3 0.0 100.0 0.8 100.0 -0.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 -1.4
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 Per cent Nicaragua WT/TPR/G/167 
 Page 53 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XX. Miscellaneous manufactured articles  
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp. Balanc
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value
Total  
 1.1 100.0 35.0 100.0 -33.9 1.1 100.0 40.0 100.0 -39.0 1.2 100.0 41.6 100.0 -40.3
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.0 1.7 4.8 -1.7 0.0 1.2 2.7 6.7 -2.7 0.0 0.0 5.7 13.6 -5.7
Caribbean  0.2 15.5 6.0 17.2 -5.9 0.1 k
9* 77.5 18.8 -7.4 0.2 12.9 4.7 11.3 -4.5
CARICOM  0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 -0.4 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.6 -0.7
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 0.6 50.9 9.8 27.9 -9.2 0.6 54.7 11.1 27.7 -10.5 0.7 56.5 10.1 24.3 -9.4
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.9 2.5 -0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.0 -0.4
Mexico 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.6 -2.3 0.0 0.8 1.9 4.8 -1.9 0.0 0.5 2.1 4.9 -2.0
NAFTA 0.3 25.5 11.7 33.4 -11.4 0.3 27.1 14.1 35.3 -13.8 0.3 27.5 16.4 39.3 -16.0
OECD 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.1 6.0 2.3 6.5 -2.2 0.0 3.8 2.2 5.5 -2.1 0.0 1.5 1.6 3.8 -1.6
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 1.1 100.0 45.8 100.0 -44.7 1.6 100.0 41.6 100.0 -40.0 1.2 100.0 54.4 100.0 -53.2
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Asia  0.0 0.4 10.7 23.2 -10.6 0.0 0.0 10.9 26.2 -10.9 0.0 0.0 13.0 23.9 -13.0
Caribbean  0.1 4.8 0.5 1.0 -0.4 0.1 5.8 0.2 0.5 -0.1 0.1 9.5 0.2 0.3 -0.1
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 0.0 1.2 2.6 -1.2 0.0 0.1 1.7 4.1 -1.7 0.0 0.4 2.5 4.6 -2.5
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 0.6 54.6 10.0 21.8 -9.4 0.8 48.8 11.1 26.6 -10.3 0.5 37.9 14.7 26.9 -14.2
MERCOSUR  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2
Mexico 0.0 0.0 2.1 4.6 -2.1 0.1 8.0 2.0 4.7 -1.8 0.0 2.0 4.3 7.9 -4.3
NAFTA 0.4 36.9 17.6 38.4 -17.2 0.5 33.6 11.4 27.5 -10.9 0.6 46.4 16.3 29.9 -15.7
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.2
Other 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
European Union 0.0 2.7 3.7 8.1 -3.7 0.0 2.5 4.0 9.7 -4.0 0.0 1.6 3.2 5.8 -3.1
1 Per cent WT/TPR/G/167 Trade Policy Review 
Page 54 
 
 
Table No. 14 
Foreign trade by Harmonized System section and by main economic bloc  
(US$ million) 
XXI. Works of art and antiques 
 1999 2000 2001 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1Value Value Share1 Value Share1Value 
Total  
 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1 0.0 100.0 0.3 100.0 -0.2 0.0 100.0 0.3 100.0 -0.2
Africa  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 0.0
Asia  0.0 35.2 0.0 13.8 0.0 0.0 17.1 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ó.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 56.7 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 61.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 22.1 0.0 0.2 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CACM 0.0 5.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0
MERCOSUR  0.0 3.1 0.1 70.2 -0.1 0.0 21.6 0.2 91.5 -0.2 0.0 76.5 0.2 71.5 -0.2
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
OECD 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0
Other 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1 0.0 100.0 0.3 100.0 -0.2 0.0 100.0 0.3 100.0 -0.2
European Union 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 0.0
                
 2002 2003 2004 
 Exp. Imp. Balance Exp. Imp.  Balance Exp. Imp. Balance
Bloc Value  Share1 Value  Share1 Value Value1Share1Value Share1 Value Value Share1 Value Share1 Value
Total  
 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1 0.1 100.0 0.2 100.0 -0.1 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1
Africa  0.0 0.2 0.0 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0
Asia  0.0 2.1 0.0 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0
Caribbean  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
CARICOM  0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 5.1 0.0
Andean Community  0.0 5.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0 3.1 0.0
Eastern Europe  0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
CACM 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0
MERCOSUR  0.0 40.7 0.1 61.9 -0.1 0.0 49.9 0.1 37.7 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 53.9 0.0
Mexico 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0
NAFTA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
OECD 0.0 51.6 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 46.8 0.1 44.6 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 21.4 0.0
Other 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1 0.1 100.0 0.2 100.0 -0.1 0.0 100.0 0.1 100.0 -0.1
European Union 0.0 0.2 0.0 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.3 0.0
1 Per cent 
 
________________