Quality Protocol
Processed Fuel Oil (PFO)
End of waste criteria for the production and use of processed fuel oil 
from waste lubricating oils
DraftThis Quality Protocol was funded by
Defra and the Welsh AssemblyGovernment (WAG) as a businessresource efficiency activity. It wasdeveloped by the Environment Agencyand WRAP (Waste & Resources ActionProgramme) in consultation with Defra,WAG, industry and other regulatorystakeholders. The Quality Protocol isapplicable in both England and Wales. It sets out end of waste criteria for theproduction and use of processed fuel oil from waste lubricating oils.
Contents
Foreword 01
1. Introduction 02
2. Producing processed fuel oil from waste lubricating oils 06
3. Providing evidence of compliance with the Quality Protocol 07 4. Use of processed fuel oil 08
Appendix A
Definitions 09
Appendix BAcceptable input types 10
Appendix CStandards and specifications to which this Quality Protocol applies 12Background
Uncertainty over the point at which waste has been fully recovered and ceases to be waste within
the meaning of Article 1(1)(a) of the EU Waste Framework Directive (2006/12/EC) has inhibited thedevelopment and marketing of materials produced from waste which could be used beneficiallywithout damaging human health and the environment. In some cases, this uncertainty has alsoinhibited the recovery and recycling of waste and its diversion from landfill.
Interpretation of EU legislation is ultimately a matter for the courts and there is now a substantial
body of case law on the interpretation of the definition of waste in Article 1(1)(a) of the WasteFramework Directive. Drawing on the principles established in this case law, it is possible toidentify the point at which certain wastes cease to be waste and thus when the Waste FrameworkDirective’s waste management controls no longer apply. This identification is the purpose of theWaste Protocols Project.  
More specifically, depending on the circumstances of the waste concerned, the project seeks 
to achieve the following outcomes:
/boxsolid to produce a Quality Protocol identifying the point at which waste, having been fully recovered, may be regarded as a non-waste product that can be either reused by business or industry, or supplied into other markets, enabling it to be used without the need for waste management controls; and/or
/boxsolid to produce a statement that confirms to the business community what waste management controls they must comply with.
Following the Court of Appeal judgement in OSS Group Ltd v Environment Agency (2007) theCourt suggested that Defra and the Environment Agency should provide practical guidance for those affected on what it referred to as “the end of waste test”
1. 
The Environment Agency decided that this guidance should take the form of a Quality Protocol,and established a Technical Advisory Group comprising relevant industry specialists andGovernment departments to examine this issue fully and provide the basis for such guidance. The methodology used was to be analogous to that applied to previous Quality Protocols produced by the Waste Protocols Project.
What is a Quality Protocol? A Quality Protocol sets out end of waste criteria for the production and use of a product from a
specific waste type. Compliance with these criteria is considered sufficient to ensure that the fullyrecovered product may be used without undermining the effectiveness of the Waste FrameworkDirective and therefore without the need for waste management controls. In addition, a QualityProtocol indicates how compliance may be demonstrated and points to good practice for the useof the fully recovered product. 
The Quality Protocol further aims to provide increased market confidence in the quality of
products made from waste and so encourage greater recovery and recycling. Processed fuel oil  01
Foreword
1The appeal concerned the limited question ‘...whether a lubricating oil, thus not originally used as a fuel, which becomes waste can thereafter be burnt other than 
as waste…’. The conclusion was that, in order for a waste to cease to be waste ‘it should be enough that the holder has converted the waste material into a distinct,marketable product, which can be used in exactly the same way as an ordinary fuel, and with no worse environmental effects’.  02Processed fuel oil
1.1 What is this Quality Protocol?
1.1.1 This Quality Protocol has been developed by WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme)
and the Environment Agency in consultation with industry and other regulatory stakeholders. 
It is applicable in both England and Wales. 
1.1.2 This Quality Protocol sets out end of waste criteria for the production and use of processed 
fuel oil (PFO) from waste lubricating oils (WLO). If these criteria are met, PFO will normally 
be regarded as having been fully recovered and to have ceased to be waste because: 
/boxsolidit has been converted into a distinct, marketable product; 
/boxsolidit can be used in exactly the same way as the relevant virgin equivalent; and 
/boxsolidit can be used with no worse environmental effects than that equivalent.
1.1.3 Producers and users are not obliged to comply with the Quality Protocol. If they do not, the fuel 
oils they produce will normally be considered to be waste and waste management controls will 
apply to their handling, transport and use. Furthermore, the Waste Incineration Directive will 
apply to their combustion.  
1.1.4 Producers of PFO should note that this Quality Protocol does not affect the obligation to hold 
an environmental permit and comply with all of its conditions to store and process waste 
lubricating oils.
1.1.5 Producers of PFO should also note that by producing a fully recovered product they may 
be subject to further legal obligations, e.g. the registration of substances under REACH2.
1.2 The purpose of the Quality Protocol
1.2.1 This Quality Protocol has four main purposes:
i. to clarify the point at which PFO ceases to be waste and waste management controls, 
including the Waste Incineration Directive’s controls, are no longer required;
ii. to provide users with confidence that the PFO they purchase conforms to an 
approved standard ;
iii. to provide users with confidence that the PFO is suitable for use; and
iv. to protect human health and the environment.
1.3 Complying with the Quality Protocol
1.3.1 PFO will normally be regarded as having ceased to be waste, and therefore no longer subject 
to waste management controls, including the Waste Incineration Directive’s controls, provided it:
/boxsolidrequires no further processing before use;
/boxsolidhas been produced using only those input materials specified in Section 2; and
/boxsolidmeets the requirements of an approved standard (see Section 2).
1.3.2 Producers must demonstrate that these criteria have been met. They will do this in the ways 
set out in Section 3, which include maintaining records.1. Introduction
2Waste is exempted from REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006) as it is covered by separate waste
management controls. However, once waste has been fully recovered and ceases to be waste, waste management controls cease to apply and REACH may apply instead at that point. Unless specifically exempted (e.g. because a substance has already been registered), producers may need to register substances recovered from waste andplaced back on the market and make available appropriate hazard and safety information, for example a suitable safety data sheet.
Further information on REACH is available at the REACH UK Competent Authority website www.hse.gov.uk/reach or Helpdesk on 0845 408 9575 or email
ukreachca @hse.gov.uk.Processed fuel oil 03
1.3.3 This Quality Protocol will be adopted as a technical regulation under Technical Standards and 
Regulations Directive 98/34/EC as amended3. We recognise that there may be codes of practice 
or standards which apply in European Economic Area (EEA) states other than the UK setting out 
requirements for the production and use of waste lubricating oil-derived fuels. We accept that 
waste lubricating oil-derived fuels may cease to be waste provided they have been produced in compliance with:
/boxsolida relevant standard or code of practice of a national standards body or equivalent body  of any EEA State; or
/boxsolidany relevant international standard recognised for use in any EEA State; or
/boxsolidany relevant technical regulation with mandatory or de facto mandatory application  for marketing or use in any EEA State. 
These must provide levels of product performance and protection of human health and the environment which are equivalent to those required in this Quality Protocol.
1.3.4 An outline of the main stages and control mechanisms of the Quality Protocol is presented
in Figure 1. These are described further in Sections 2 and 3.
1.4 When Quality Protocol compliant material may become waste
1.4.1 Producers and users of PFO should note that, even if the Quality Protocol is complied with, the 
material may become waste again and subject to waste management controls if it is at any stage:
/boxsoliddiscarded or disposed of; or
/boxsolidstored indefinitely with little prospect of being used.
1.4.2 In addition, if Quality Protocol compliant materials are mixed with waste materials, the resulting 
mix will be considered to be a waste and subject to waste management controls. However, if 
Quality Protocol compliant materials are mixed with other non-waste materials the resulting mix will not, as a result of this, be waste.
1.5 Failure to comply with the Quality Protocol
1.5.1 Where this Quality Protocol is not complied with, for example the PFO does not meet an approved 
standard, or the producer cannot demonstrate evidence of compliance, the PFO will normally 
be considered to be waste. In such circumstances, the producer or user must comply with the appropriate waste management and Waste Incineration Directive controls for the transportation, storage and use of the PFO and may be committing an offence if they do not do so.
1.5.2 Detailed guidance on waste management controls and the Waste Incineration Directive can be 
obtained from the Environment Agency’s National Customer Contact Centre on 08708 506 506 or from its website (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/waste/)
3The Technical Standards and Regulations Directive 98/34/EC seeks to ensure the transparency of technical regulations and is intended to help avoid the creation of new
technical barriers to trade within the European Community.04Processed fuel oil
1.6 Updating the Quality Protocol
1.6.1 We plan to review and update this document every two years from the date of final 
publication.
1.6.2 However, this document may be subject to change before the review dates. Triggers 
for change could include:
/boxsolidpollution incidents;
/boxsolida change in the market;
/boxsolida change in legislation or case law; and
/boxsolida shift in the chemical composition or physical properties of waste lubricating oil inputs.
1.6.3 This Quality Protocol may be withdrawn if it becomes apparent that it is generally being 
misapplied and/or misused.
1.7 Importing and exporting Quality Protocol compliant material1.7.1 Producers intending to export Quality Protocol compliant material should be aware that, 
although the material may cease to be waste in England and Wales, the country of 
destination may take a different view. Under the Waste Shipment Regulation (EC/1013/2006), if the competent authority in the country of destination considers the material to be waste, the controls specified in that Regulation will apply to the shipment. 
1.7.2 Producers intending to import Quality Protocol compliant materials to England and Wales 
should be aware that if the country of dispatch regards the material as waste the controls set out in the Waste Shipment Regulation will apply to the shipment, even though the material may be regarded as having ceased to be waste in England and Wales. 
1.7.3 As such it is prudent to check with the competent authority for the country of 
despatch or destination before importing or exporting PFO. A list of the relevant European competent authorities can be found at 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/shipments/pdf/list_competent_authorities.pdf?lang=_eProcessed fuel oil 05
Despatch from site of production for use in
designated market sectorRejectStart
Pass2. Process material
4. Quality Protocol compliant product
KeyPoint at whichmaterial ceases to be waste
Records
managementrequired Figure 1  Main stages and control mechanisms of the Quality Protocol
Fail1. Input MaterialsApply waste acceptance criteria in accordancewith permit requirements.
Accept
3. Inspect and test materialIn accordance with approved standard.
5. Produce supply documentation06Processed fuel oil
2.1 Regulating the production process
2.1.1 The process of turning WLO into PFO is classified as a waste recovery operation and 
is subject to the waste management controls in the Waste Framework Directive and 
domestic legislation. This Quality Protocol does not affect the obligation by producers to hold an environmental permit that authorises the storage and processing of WLO and to comply with its conditions.
2.2 Criteria for producing PFO that has ceased to be waste
2.2.1 To comply with this Quality Protocol PFO must require no further processing before use. 
To do this the criteria outlined in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 must be met.
2.3 Input materials2.3.1 The PFO must be produced using only those input materials specified in Appendix B 
of this Quality Protocol.
2.3.2 The waste lubricating oil processor should be mindful of the required standard for the 
processed fuel oil product when accepting waste lubricating oil as there will be limitations 
to what the process can achieve and therefore accept as feedstock. Appendix B therefore represents the minimum 
acceptance criteria .
2.4 Processed in accordance with the approved standards
2.4.1 The producer must comply with all the requirements of the approved standards. 
Appendix C lists the approved standards at the time of publishing this Quality Protocol. 
Additional standards may be approved by the Environment Agency for inclusion in this Quality Protocol when it is reviewed. Standards will be approved only if they contain the important elements set out in Appendix C.
2.4.2 Producers should be aware that the approved standards are subject to regular review 
and should ensure they comply with the latest version.
2.5 Additional customer specifications
2.5.1 In addition to the criteria set in Sections 2.3 to 2.4, a customer may also request additional 
requirements for the PFO to meet.2. Producing processed fuel oil from waste lubricating oilsProcessed fuel oil 07
3.1 Producers must be able to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this 
Quality Protocol.  
3.2 Some of the specified records may already be required as part of the producer’s 
environmental permit conditions. This Quality Protocol does not affect the obligations 
on producers to comply with the environmental permit conditions and requirement of the hazardous waste regulations.
3.3 Records management
3.3.1 Records must be kept of all incoming wastes intended for the purpose of producing PFO. 
As a minimum, a record of each load delivered to site must be kept giving:
/boxsoliddate of receipt;
/boxsolidEuropean Waste Catalogue (EWC) code and description;
/boxsolidplace of origin (where known);
/boxsolidhazardous waste consignment note code;
/boxsolidquantity by weight/volume;
/boxsoliddescription to show that it is suitable for the process (see Section 2);
/boxsolidcarrier’s name and contact details;
/boxsolidsupplier’s name and contact details; and
/boxsolidwhether the load was accepted.
3.3.2 Testing of PFO must be undertaken in accordance with the approved standards as outlined 
in Appendix C. Producers should retain records of all inspection and testing carried out 
for compliance with the approved standards.
3.3.3 Producers should also retain records of each sale or supply of PFO. This supply 
documentation must include the following elements:
/boxsoliddate of supply;
/boxsolidcustomer’s name, contact details and nature of business;
/boxsolidproducer’s name and contact details (including address of processing site);
/boxsolidintended use (see Section 4);
/boxsolidquantity supplied by weight/volume;
/boxsolidthe approved standard with which the PFO supplied complies;
/boxsolida statement that the PFO was produced in compliance with this Quality Protocol; and
/boxsolidinformation on good practice relating to the storage, transportation and use of PFO.
3.3.4 These requirements are additional to any statutory record-keeping obligations. However, 
some records may be used to fulfil both a regulatory obligation and evidence of compliance with the Quality Protocol.
3.3.5 For the purposes of this Quality Protocol the producer must keep and retain specified 
records for a minimum of four years. 3. Providing evidence of compliance with the Quality Protocol 08Processed fuel oil
4.1 The purpose of this Quality Protocol is to clarify when fuels derived from WLO can cease 
to be waste. Any reference to BS2869:2006 or any other standard is made only in this 
context. This Quality Protocol is not guidance on PFO’s suitability for use or indicative of performance in any particular application, appliance or equipment.
4.2 To comply with this Quality Protocol the PFO must comply with the appropriate standard 
in Appendix C.
4.3 Appendix C distinguishes between 
distillate oil (e.g. gas-oil) equivalent and residual oil
(e.g. heavy fuel oil (HFO)) equivalent . A WLO derived fuel that meets all the given criteria 
for a distillate oil equivalent can be sold or supplied for use in any application where virgin oil use is allowed and appropriate.
4.4 A WLO derived fuel that meets all the given criteria for a residual oil equivalent can only 
be sold or supplied for use in any application where it is a direct substitute for a residual oil (e.g. HFO), i.e. it cannot be used where the use of HFO is not allowed or appropriate. 
4.5 Fuels manufactured from waste
4.5.1 PFO is a ‘fuel manufactured from waste’ and its combustion will therefore be regulated 
under Section 1.1 of Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the Environmental Permitting (England and 
Wales) Regulations 2007 (EPR).4. Use of processed fuel oilProcessed fuel oil 09
Appendix A Definitions
In this Quality Protocol, the words and phrases below have the following meanings. 
Term Description
Acceptance criteria Written procedures that set out the process for identifying types 
and quality of waste which may be accepted as an input to the 
production process. The process for rejecting loads will also be 
included in acceptance criteria.
Approved standard The standards listed in Appendix C and any other standard approved 
by the Environment Agency for inclusion in this Quality Protocol.
Distillate oil equivalent A petroleum distillate product meeting the standard set out in 
BS2869:2006, Class D fuel and the additional parameters set out 
in Appendix C of this Quality Protocol.
European Economic The EEA States consist of the members of the EU (Austria, Belgium, Area (EEA) Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, 
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK) together with Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Although the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are part of the UK, they are not part of the EU and businesses registered there are subject to different 
licensing legislation.
Environment Agency The Environment Agency is the leading public body for protecting 
and improving the environment in England and Wales. Its job is to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, 
healthier world.
Environmental permit Environmental permits issued or exemptions registered under the 
Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007, which came into force on 6 April 2008, or a position adopted by the Environment Agency in accordance with its guidance on the regulation of low-risk activities.
From 6 April 2008, the following automatically became 
environmental permits:
/boxsolidPPC permits issued under the Pollution Prevention and Control (England and Wales) Regulations 2000 (as amended); and
/boxsolidWaste Management Licences (WMLs) issued under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (as amended).
Exemptions from the need for a Waste Management Licence, registered under Regulation 18 and Schedule 3 of the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 (as amended) will now come under Schedule 3 of the Environmental Permitting (England 
and Wales) Regulations 2007.
European Waste European Waste Catalogue (EWC 2002 and amendments) - Catalogue (EWC) comprehensive list of waste codes and descriptions based on waste 
source and type.
Producer(s) The operators who undertake the production process.
Processed fuel oil (PFO) Waste lubricating oil that has been processed in accordance with 
this Quality Protocol.
Residual oil equivalent A residual petroleum product meeting the standard set out in 
BS2869:2006, Class E, F or G fuel and the additional parameters set out in Appendix C of this Quality Protocol.10  Processed fuel oil
Term Description
Supply documentation Records of who the processed fuel oil is supplied to, including  
the documentation accompanying each load or consignment of 
processed fuel oil. It will detail the chosen standard to which the product complies and states that the processed fuel oil was 
produced in conformance with this Quality Protocol.
Technical Standards Seeks to ensure the transparency of technical regulations and and Regulations is intended to help avoid the creation of new technical barriers 
Directive 98/34/EC to trade within the European Community.
User(s) The individuals or organisations that obtain processed fuel oil from 
a producer complying with this Quality Protocol.
Waste management Controls under legislation that govern the treatment, handling, 
controls containment and storage of waste.
Waste lubricating oil(s) Refers to any waste lubricating oil or other oils suitable for recovery 
as a mineral oil type fuel substitute, as set out in the European 
Waste Catalogue (attached as Appendix B).
WRAP (Waste & WRAP helps individuals, businesses and local authorities to reduce 
Resources Action waste and recycle more, making better use of resources and helping Programme) to tackle climate change.
4Each waste type is assigned a six digit EWC code made up of three, two digit sub-codes. Acceptable inputs are only those specific waste types listed, as identified by a full
six digit EWC code. The first two digit sub-code (EWC chapter) describes the type of process and the second two digit sub-code (EWC sub-chapter) describes the industry or sector from which a waste type arises. Two and four digit sub-codes are shown for information purposes only.
* indicates that the waste type is considered to be hazardous waste.Appendix B Acceptable inputs for the production of PFO
Acceptable inputs for the production of PFOWaste type (EWC code)
4Description
12 Wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical surface 
treatment of metal and plastics
12 01 Wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical surface 
treatment of metals and plastics
12 01 06* Mineral-based machining oils containing halogens 
(except emulsions and solutions)
12 01 07* Mineral based machining oils free of halogens 
(except emulsions and solutions)
12 01 10* Synthetic machining oils
12 01 19* Readily biodegradable machining oil
13 Oil wastes and wastes of liquid fuels 
(except edible oils, and those in chapters 05, 12 and 19)
13 01 Waste hydraulic oils
13 01 09* Mineral-based chlorinated hydraulic oils
13 01 10* Mineral based non-chlorinated hydraulic oils
13 01 11* Synthetic hydraulic oilsProcessed fuel oil 11
Waste type (EWC code)4Description
13 01 12* Readily biodegradable hydraulic oils
13 01 13* Other hydraulic oils
13 02 Waste engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 04* Mineral-based chlorinated engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 05* Mineral-based non-chlorinated engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 06* Synthetic engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 07* Readily biodegradable engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 02 08* Other engine, gear and lubricating oils
13 03 Waste insulating and heat transmission oils
13 03 06* Mineral-based chlorinated insulating and heat transmission 
oils other than those mentioned in 13 03 01
13 03 07* Mineral-based non-chlorinated insulating and heat 
transmission oils
13 03 08* Synthetic insulating and heat transmission oils
13 03 09* Readily biodegradable insulating and heat transmission oils
13 03 10* Other insulating and heat transmission oils
13 04 Bilge oils
13 04 01* Bilge oils from inland navigation
13 04 02* Bilge oils from jetty sewers
13 04 03* Bilge oils from other navigation
13 05 Oil/water separator contents
13 05 02* Sludges from oil/water separators
13 05 03* Interceptor sludges
13 05 06* Oil from oil/water separators
13 05 08* Mixtures of wastes from grit chambers and oil/water separators
13 07 Wastes of liquid fuels
13 07 01* Fuel oil and diesel
13 07 03* Other fuels (including mixtures)
19 Wastes from waste management facilities, off-site waste water 
treatment plants and the preparation of water intended for human 
consumption and water for industrial use
19 02  Wastes from physico/chemical treatments of waste (including 
dechromatation, decyanidation, neutralisation)
19 02 07* Oil and concentrates from separation
20 Municipal wastes (household waste and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes) including separately 
collected fractions
20 01 Separately collected fractions (except 15 01)
20 01 26* Oil and fat other than those mentioned in 20 01 25Appendix C Standards and specifications
to which this Quality Protocol applies
Waste lubricating oil may be processed into a replacement fuel for either distillate oil or residual fuel oil. 
Producers of processed fuel oil (PFO) must have the facility to analyse the PFO for all test
parameters specified, in UKAS accredited laboratories (either in-house or by contractlaboratories).
Samples must be analysed by producers of each batch; if additions are made to a batch tank 
then it becomes a new batch and should be re-analysed. Loads should not be despatched until the supplier’s analysis is known.
Where alternative sampling and testing regimes are submitted by producers that can be
demonstrated to meet the standards of the Quality Protocol, these will be considered by theEnvironment Agency on a site by site basis.
C1 Standard for a distillate oil equivalent
The starting-point for a non-waste distillate oil equivalent fuel is to meet the parameters 
set in the most up to date version of the British Standard (BS2869:2006) for class D fuels, with the exception of viscosity. In addition to these parameters, the distillate oil equivalent must also be analysed for total halogens expressed as chlorine, and metals and their compounds. The test methods which should be used and the acceptable limits are as detailed in Table 1 below.  
* Proposed test methods, the precision of which will be determined before publication12Processed fuel oil
Table 1 Specification for a distillate oil equivalent
Parameter Limit Test method
Total halogens , as chlorine (ppm) <5 IP 503
PCBs (ppm) <5 IP 462
Metals (ppm)
Mercury <5 IP PM DZ*
Lead <5 IP PM ED*
Nickel <5
Chromium <5
Copper <5
Zinc <5
Arsenic <5
Cadmium <5
Thallium <5
Antinomy <5
Cobalt <5
Manganese <5
Vanadium <5C2 Standard for a residual oil equivalent
The starting-point for a non-waste residual oil equivalent is to meet the parameters set 
in the most up to date version of the British Standard (BS2869:2006) for Class E or F or G fuels, with the exception of viscosity. In addition to these parameters the PFO must also be tested for total halogens expressed as chlorine, and metals and their compounds, using standard test methods. The limit for ash content contained in Table 2 below should be referred to rather than that contained in the British Standard. All of the additional parameters which must be analysed, the test methods and acceptable limits, are detailed in Table 2 below. 
* Proposed test methods, the precision of which will be determined before publicationTable 2 Specification for a residual oil equivalent 
Parameter Limit Test method
Ash content [%(m/m)] (max) 0.20 IP 550
Total halogens , as chlorine (ppm) 150 IP 503
PCBs (ppm) <5 IP462
Metals (ppm)
Mercury <5 IP PM DZ*
Lead 25 IP PM EB*
Nickel <5 
Chromium <5
Copper 40 
Zinc 300
Arsenic <5
Cadmium <5 
Thallium <5
Antinomy <5
Cobalt <5
Manganese <5
Vanadium <5Processed fuel oil 13While steps have been taken to ensure its accuracy, the authors cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of or in
connection with this information being inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. This material is copyrighted. It may be reproduced free of charge subject to the materialbeing accurate and not used in a misleading context. The source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged. This material must not be usedto endorse or used to suggest WRAP’s endorsement of a commercial product or service. For more detail, please refer to our Terms & Conditions on our website -www.wrap.org.uk
Waste & Resources
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