KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CCTV  surveillance systems for use in security  applications —  
 Part 4: Installation, planning and implementation requirements  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
                       PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT,MARCH 20 09                                     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
 
 
                                  TECHNICAL COMMITT EE REPRESENTATION 
 
The following organizations were represented on the  Technical Committee:  
 
Eveready Batteries Kenya Ltd. 
Associated Battery Manufacturers 
Kenya Railways Corporation 
Securicor Alarms (K) Ltd. 
Department of Defence 
Ministry of Roads and Public Works  
Kenya Power & Lighting Company Ltd.  
Automotive Industrial Battery Manufacturers (A.I.B. M) (K) Ltd . 
Ministry of Energy  
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technol ogy — Electrical Engineering Department. 
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat 
 
 
 
 
 
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS 
 
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, K enya Standards shall be regularly reviewed. Suggest ions 
for improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards , 
are welcome. 
 
 
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 2009 
 
Copyright:  Users are reminded that by virtue of se ction 6 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of the Laws of Kenya, copyright subsists in all 
Kenya Standards and except as provided under sectio n 7 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Keny a Bureau of Standards may 
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior perm ission in writing from the 
Managing Director 
ISBN 
 
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS) 
 
Head Office: P.O. Box 54974 Nairobi,Tel.: (+ 254  02 0) 605490, 603433, 602350/1, 603352 ,Fax: (+ 254 020)  
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E-Mail: info@kebs.org,  Web:http://www.kebs.org   
 
 
 
Coast Regional Office Western Kenya Regional Office  Rift Valley Regional Office  
 P.O. Box 99376, Mombasa P.O. Box 2949, Kisumu P.O. Box 81 11, Eldoret 
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 Fax: (+254 041) 229448 Fax: (+254 057) 21814 Fax: (+254 053) 33150  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
Foreword 
 
This Kenya Standard was developed by the Technical Committee on Extra-low Voltage and is in accordance  
with the procedures of the Bureau. 
 
In the preparation of this Kenya Standard reference  was made to SANS 10222-5-1-3:2007. 
 
Acknowledgement is hereby made for assistance deriv ed from this source. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
CCTV surveillance systems for use in security appli cations –  
Part 4: Installation, planning and implementation r equirements 
 
1 Scope  
 
This part of Kenya Standard gives recommendations f or the planning and installation of closed circuit 
television (CCTV) equipment comprising of camera(s)  with monitor(s), video recorder(s), switching cont rol 
and ancillary equipment for use in security applica tions. 
 
The objectives of this part of Kenya Standard are: 
 
a) To provide guidance to the installers of CCTV sy stems with respect to the pre-installation (or plan ning) 
phase and the physical on-site installation phase; 
 
b) To provide an overview of the external environme ntal factors that need consideration during install ation of 
the CCTV system, that could affect its operational performance; 
 
c) To provide an overview of the installation docum entation requirements; and 
 
d) To provide an overview of the testing, commissio ning and hand-over phase of the installation. 
 
2 Normative references  
 
The following standards contain provisions that, th rough reference in this text, constitute provisions  of this 
part of Kenya Standard. All standards are subject t o revision and, since any reference to a standard i s 
deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of t hat standard, parties to agreements based on this p art of 
Kenya Standard are encouraged to take steps to ensu re the use of the most recent editions of the stand ards 
indicated below. Information on currently valid nat ional and international standards can be obtained f rom the 
Kenya Bureau of Standards. 
 
KS 2110-1-  Installation and remote monitoring of detector act ivated CCTV systems- code of practice 
 
KS 2110-2  – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – Operatio nal requirements . 
 
KS 2110-3 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – System d esign requirements . 
 
KS 2110-5 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – Testing,  commissioning and handover 
requirements . 
 
KS 2110-6 – CCTV surveillance  systems for use in security applications – Maintena nce requirements . 
 
3 Definitions and abbreviations  
 
3.1 Definitions  
 
3.1.1  
CCTV camera  
Unit containing an imaging device producing a video  signal from an optical image 
 
3.1.2  
CCTV camera equipment  
Unit containing a CCTV camera plus appropriate lens  and necessary ancillary equipment 
 
3.1.3  
CCTV control unit  
Equipment for controlling and monitoring the requir ed operational functions of the CCTV system 
 
3.1.4  
CCTV surveillance installation  
Installation consisting of the hardware and softwar e components of a CCTV system, fully installed and operational for KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 monitoring a defined security zone  
 
3.1.5  
CCTV surveillance system  
System consisting of camera equipment, monitoring an d associated equipment for transmission and controlling 
purposes, which may be necessary for the surveillan ce of a defined security zone  
 
3.1.6  
Operational requirement  
Statement of needs based on a thorough and systemati c assessment of the problems to be solved and the hoped-for 
solutions  
 
3.2 Abbreviations  
 
3.2.1 CCTV  : Closed circuit television. 
3.2.2 dB  : Decibel. 
3.2.3 RF  : Radio frequency. 
3.2.4 SPD  : Surge protection device. 
3.2.5 UPS  : Uninterruptible power supply. 
3.2.6 VCR  : Videocassette recorder. 
3.2.7 VHS  : Video home system. 
 
4 Planning or pre-installation phase  
 
4.1 General  
 
This phase of the installation identifies various i tems that need to be considered before the actual p hysical 
installation of the CCTV equipment. The different t ypes of items that need to be examined will very mu ch 
depend on the size and scope of the project. For ex ample, a small project will require very little pla nning 
consideration, whereas a larger project will requir e detailed planning. The operational requirements a nd the 
design requirements of the CCTV system should have been clearly defined before the installation, plann ing 
and implementation phase commences. 
 
4.2 Miscellaneous considerations  
 
4.2.1 Operational requirements  
 
4.2.1.1  The operational requirement development process enc ourages clear thinking about the what, where, 
when, why and by whom of a CCTV surveillance system . The operational requirement document shall 
clearly state what the end-user expects from the sy stem. Without an operational requirement document a nd 
associated test procedures, there will be no guaran tee that the system will meet its intended purpose.  
 
4.2.1.2  An operational requirement document shall provide a  statement of needs based on a thorough and 
systematic assessment of the problems to be solved and the resultant desired solutions, provide guidan ce 
on writing operational requirement check-lists, and  finally, illustrate how to apply the end- user’s n eeds in 
terms of the acquisition, installation and manageme nt of a CCTV surveillance system 
(See 4.2.3.2). 
 
4.2.2 System design requirements  
 
4.2.2.1  While many of the technical issues can be defined, the provision of high quality pictures will be of n o 
value if they are of the wrong scene or if they are  not seen by the observer. Many people who purchase  
camera systems, fall into the trap of believing tha t they are buying a simple alarm system when they a re 
actually buying a sophisticated command and control  system. Whatever the original thoughts, careful 
analysis reveals a mix of security, safety and mana gement needs. When designing the system, therefore,  it 
is important to recognize all the issues that are i nvolved in a system. 
 
4.2.2.2  Some or all of the following design criteria are ta ken into account when a quality CCTV surveillance 
installation is designed: 
 
a) Determination of the zones or objects requiring surveillance; 
 
b) Determination of the number of cameras and their  locations, required to monitor the agreed zones or  KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 objects; 
 
c) Evaluation of existing lighting and consideratio n of new or additional illumination; 
 
d) Selection of cameras and equipment depending on the operating environmental conditions; 
 
e) Control point configuration; 
 
f) Power supplies; 
 
g) Determination of functional and operating proced ures; and 
 
h) Maintenance. 
 
4.2.3 Installation documentation  
 
4.2.3.1  In general, sufficient documentation should be cre ated to allow for the identification of all cables,  their 
routing, type and purpose. Although the level of do cumentation will depend on the complexity of the 
individual system, it should be sufficient for the correct operation, safe maintenance and future expa nsion of 
the system. 
 
4.2.3.2  It is advisable to open an installation (or project ) file, which could include some or all of the foll owing 
documents: 
 
a) Original system proposal request; 
 
b) Approval or authorization of request; 
 
c) Formal order from client; 
 
d) Technical specifications; 
 
e) General conditions of contract; 
 
f) Any special conditions of contract; 
 
g) Bills of quantity; 
 
h) Works information; 
 
i) work schedule; 
 
j) Component (or item of equipment) information; 
 
k) Appropriate statutory requirements; 
 
l) Test acceptance and commissioning certificates; and 
 
m) hand-over certificate. 
 
4.2.3.3  Irrespective of the type of information required fo r the planning and implementation of the CCTV 
surveillance installation, the principle of concise , complete and unambiguous information should apply . 
 
4.2.4 Security clearance, induction and medical req uirements  
 
4.2.4.1  Some clients, such as mining houses or certain para statal organizations, may require that all site sta ff 
associated with the installation get security clear ance before the work commences. The particular clea rance 
procedures will, in all probability, vary from clie nt to client and may well take some time, depending  on the 
security level required. The minimum information re quired will normally be full names, addresses and 
identification details. Staff members may also be r equired to wear an identification badge whilst on s ite. 
 
4.2.4.2  In addition to security clearance requirements, lar ge organizations (mining houses in particular) may 
also require staff to attend a site induction cours e, in order to acquaint themselves with the safety and 
working regulations applicable to the particular si te. KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
4.2.4.3  Before the staff are allowed on site, they may be r equired to undergo a medical examination, to 
ensure they are fit enough to work in certain speci alized environments. 
 
4.2.5 Safety clothing and equipment  
 
4.2.5.1  Examples of safety clothing and equipment that cou ld be required at a specific site, are given below:  
 
a) Hard hat; 
 
b) Safety shoes with steel toe caps; 
 
c) Protective gloves; 
 
d) Safety harness – when working on scaffolding or extreme heights; 
 
e) Protective overalls; 
 
f) Simple face masks; and 
 
g) Respiratory masks. 
 
 
4.2.5.2  Conditions at some sites may be more severe than at  others, necessitating the use of intrinsically saf e 
clothing. In these circumstances, the client’s Heal th and Safety department will provide guidance and advice 
on the requirements.  
 
4.2.6 Tools and test equipment  
 
4.2.6.1  Installation staff should have access at site to t he following minimum equipment: 
 
a) Ladder – appropriate to the working height, with  access to a scaffold tower in difficult circumstan ces; 
 
b) Large and small pair of steps; 
 
c) Tool box containing: 
 
– Selection of screwdrivers (Philips, Posidrive, Te rminal) 
 
– Combination pliers (insulated) 
 
– Side cutters (insulated) 
 
– Wire strippers 
 
– shifting spanner 
 
– Selection of suitable spanners 
 
– Hacksaw and blades 
 
– Stanley knife 
 
– Large and small hammers 
 
– set of Allen keys 
 
– Spirit level 
 
– Plumb line– crimping tool(s) 
 
– Soldering iron(s) 
 
– Electric drill and extension lead 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 – Selection of steel and masonry drills 
 
– centre punch 
 
– Flashlight 
 
– Lead light 
 
– Selection of coaxial fly leads 
 
– Suitable multimeter – at least 20 000 Ω/V 
 
4.2.6.2  Additional items of test equipment that will prove  useful during the installation and testing phase a re: 
 
a) oscilloscope with TV synch capabilities; 
 
b) Hand held test monitor; 
 
c) Cable tester; 
 
d) lux level light meter; 
 
e) Focal length finder (viewer); and 
 
f) Electronic focus meter. 
 
4.2.6.3  Site staff should ensure that their tools and equip ment are kept in good working order and arrange for  
regular calibration of their test measuring equipme nt. 
 
4.3 Environmental considerations  
 
4.3.1 General  
 
Too often, references have been made to the poor li ve, recorded and play-back quality (lost or distort ed 
information) of CCTV systems. The causes are often blamed mainly on the camera itself, when in fact it  is 
the entire system which needs to be examined and re ctified. The camera may be a good place to start wh en 
looking for system faults during the installation o f a new system, but consideration should also be gi ven to 
areas such as the lenses, power supplies, cable or transmission types, distances, the switching/multip lexing 
units, monitors and analogue or digital recording e quipment. The optimum performance of all electronic  
equipment may be (and in most cases is) affected by  the environment or conditions in which it is expec ted to 
operate, such as: 
 
Weather         ------- (Rain, hail, lightning, sno w, sleet, wind, dust, heat); 
Light               ------ (Sunlight, artificial li ght, reflection of light); and 
Interference    ------ (Electrical and magnetic). 
 
4.3.2 Weather  
 
Weather conditions affect cameras and any other equ ipment such as lenses, pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) units an d 
cables, which are installed outdoors. Southern Afri ca has a very hostile environment, weather conditio ns are 
extreme and in many instances totally unpredictable . It is important that before any outdoor installat ion takes 
place, a full understanding of the environment in t hat area (or region) is taken into account, and tha t all 
precautions to prevent equipment damage or interfer ence (or both) with the equipment are made by the 
person designing the system. The assumptions, made by the designer, should be confirmed by the site 
installation staff once the work has commenced. 
 
4.3.2.1  Rain, hail and lightning  
 
Cameras, lenses and PTZ units will be affected by r ain and hail if not housed in suitable enclosures. 
Although there is no protection against a direct li ghtning strike, precautions should be taken to prev ent 
damage to cameras and other CCTV equipment against associated voltage surges, by using the appropriate  
surge protection device. These devices should be in stalled at both the camera and control equipment en ds. 
All 220 V a.c. power distribution points feeding CC TV equipment should also be protected against volta ge 
surge at the distribution board and equipment end. KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
 
 
4.3.2.2  Snow, sleet and wind  
 
In areas or regions where CCTV equipment is exposed  to snow or sleet, camera housings should be fitted  
with heaters to prevent misting of the camera housi ng glass front cover. Wind has a major role in came ra 
instability, especially in the case of the heavier PTZ camera units. Structures (for example, the wall s of 
buildings) should be used to secure cameras to coun ter the effects of strong winds. If mounting towers  are 
used, then these should be sufficiently rigid to pr event undue influence of the wind on the camera sta bility. 
 
4.3.2.3  Dust and heat  
 
Protection against dust and heat is also required i f these elements present a problem. Dust proof hous ings, 
sometimes with additional sealant, should be used. In certain situations it will be necessary to fit a  fan inside 
the camera housing to circulate air or limit dust ( or both) from entering the housing. In extreme situ ations, 
low pressure compressed air is used to reduce the a mount of dust coming into the housing or settling o n the 
housing glass window. In high heat and humid condit ions heaters can be used to prevent misting of the glass 
front cover. 
 
4.3.3 Light  
 
There are two main types of light that affect the p icture quality received from the camera, namely, na tural 
light and artificial light. Artificial light is nor mally constant, whereas natural light changes, depe nding on the 
time of day and weather conditions and often withou t warning. The camera cannot adjust to light or ang les of 
view as well as the human eye can, so allowance has  to be made in order to achieve the optimum expecte d 
performance of the camera in all conditions. There are different types of cameras and lenses with filt ers that 
are designed specifically to handle natural or arti ficial light (or both). If the lighting or scene il lumination is 
poor, the entire CCTV systems' live, recording and play-back quality will be poor. This aspect would n ormally 
be taken care of when the cameras to be provided at  the different locations are specified. 
 
4.3.3.1  Natural  light  
 
Natural light sources include the sun, moon and sta rs, and contain most of the colours of the visible 
spectrum as well as infrared (IR) radiation. Althou gh many CCTV cameras have electronic iris 
compensation, this is not very effective in the har sh sunlight conditions experienced in Southern Afri ca. 
Therefore, outdoor cameras should be fitted with au to iris lenses. In addition, cameras should never f ace into 
direct sunlight to avoid silhouetting of the subjec t. When positioning cameras, both internally and ex ternally, 
it is important to face the camera to the north or south (wherever possible) so as to avoid the sunlig ht shining 
directly into the lens, especial y during sunrise a nd sunset. If it is not possible to avoid direct su nlight, then 
install the camera higher off the ground or fit the  camera in a 'sun shield' type housing (or both), a nd tilt the 
front of the camera downward. It is always good pra ctice to install outdoor cameras out of reach of wo uld-be 
vandals. Lens filters may also be used to reduce th e effects of direct sunlight. 
 
4.3.3.2  Artificial light  
 
Artificial lighting is sometimes filtered or mixed with natural lighting coming in through doorways an d windows 
that can present a problem due to the silhouetting of the subject being monitored. In the evening, nat ural 
light or sunlight fades, leaving the artificial lig hting to illuminate the scene. The problem in this instance is 
that the areas that appeared to be well lit during daylight hours may well turn out to be poorly lit a t night, 
resulting in poor scene illumination after hours. A dditional lighting may need to be installed, which may call 
for a night visit to the site, in order to determin e the illumination requirements. Although artificia l lighting 
levels are generally constant, different types of i llumination sources can influence the quality of th e picture 
due to the spectral response of the different lamp types. Whatever the illumination type, it is always  
preferable to face the camera away from a light sou rce to keep it off the camera face-plate, wherever this is 
possible. 
 
4.3.3.3  Reflection of light  
 
The reflection of light can distort video images. L ight reflecting off vehicle windscreens, white or s hiny objects 
and even tiled floors will contribute towards the s ilhouetting of the subject that is being viewed. On ce again, 
filters may be used to overcome some of these probl ems along with the use of camera housings with side  
shields. However, light reflecting off shiny floors  at the inside of the entrance of building doorways  seems to KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 be the most common problem with CCTV installations.  Some methods to overcome direct or reflective ligh t 
problems are: 
 
-Blank off the incoming light by, for example, tint ing the glass, or installing an external sunshield above the 
doors or windows. 
 
-Install additional lighting alongside or behind th e camera and face it towards the subject, being car eful not to 
create more reflection from the shiny floor, and al so position the lights so as not to blind people wa lking 
through the area being monitored. 
 
-Deliberately reflect (or bounce) additional light off the ceiling or walls. This is sometimes a bette r alternative 
to the method suggested above as shadows are less o bvious and the possibility of blinding or irritatin g 
people’s eyes is reduced. 
 
-Use infrared (IR) illuminaires – remember to ensur e that the camera in use is IR compatible. IR light ing may 
also be bounced off reflective surfaces such as cei lings and walls. 
-Carpet highly reflective or shiny floors wherever practical. 
 
-Use lens filters. Polarizing filters darken a blue  sky in the final image without affecting other col ours and also 
reduce reflection from shiny non-metallic surfaces such as glass, water, or varnished wood. Neutral de nsity 
filters are colourless filters that are available i n various degrees of density. They are used to redu ce the 
amount of light reaching the camera’s image sensor without otherwise affecting the colours or values i n the 
picture. 
 
-Relocate cameras to alternative positions. 
 
-Use cameras with Back Light Compensation or Automa tic Gain Control features (or both). 
 
-Control equipment that has brightness and contrast  control, such as digital recording units, can also  be used 
to good effect. 
 
4.3.4 Electrical and magnetic interference  
 
All electronic equipment is sensitive to electrical  and magnetic interference and it is advisable to i nstall CCTV 
equipment away from such sources of interference. I f this is not possible, the provision of 
Intrinsically safe housings may be necessary. Howev er, only protecting the equipment from interference  is 
not enough, all video cables should also be isolate d. 
 
4.4 Bench testing  
 
It is a generally accepted practice for systems tha t incorporate, for example, PTZ units or matrix equ ipment 
(or both), for the contractor to pre-build and benc h test the video equipment at his premises before 
dispatching it to site. These tests would check tha t the equipment conforms to the original specified 
requirements. Furthermore, these tests are usually witnessed by the client and a test certificate, sig ned by 
both parties, is issued. Even if total bench testin g is not done, it is recommended   that all cameras  have their 
back focus adjustment checked or set before deliver y to site (or both). The procedure is to decide the  plane 
of the scene on which the best focus is required an d then set the lens focus ring to the mid-position.  Then 
set the camera mechanical adjustment (or back focus ) for maximum clarity. Finally, fine focusing can b e 
carried out at site using the lens adjustment ring.  
 
4.5 Site visit  
 
4.5.1  General  
 
4.5.1.1   A pre-installation site visit by the contractor sho uld be made, especially for the larger installation s. 
During this visit the contractual obligations shall  be confirmed with the client’s representative and the design 
parameters shall also be checked. A copy of the sit e/system layout drawings shall be used to confirm e ach 
camera position, control equipment location, cable routes, power supply points, etc. Changes to any of  these 
items should be reported to the system designer for  approval and revision of the appropriate drawings.  
 
4.5.1.2  This visit shall also be used to arrange a secure storage location for the CCTV equipment, installati on 
material, tools and test equipment. It is generally  the responsibility of the installation contractor to ensure the 
safekeeping of the goods (that is, equipment, etc.)  until such time as the client signs the formal acc eptance KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 of its hand-over. For the larger installations, the  General Conditions of Contract shall state the lia bility of 
each party in terms of the insurance requirement. A s a rule, the contractor should insure the goods, a s a 
minimum, against theft or damage during transit and  whilst being stored on site. Other insurances in t erms of 
Public Liability, Common Law Liability, Workman’s C ompensation, Liability for the loss or damage to th e 
client's property, and liability for the bodily inj ury to or death of a person arising from or in conn ection with the 
work, are also normally advisable to obtain. 
 
4.5.2 Camera mounting positions  
 
The site visit may reveal that it is no longer poss ible to install the camera in the pre-planned mount ing 
position due to obstructions such as building modif ications or alterations. In deciding on a new posit ion the 
installer should ask, inter alia, the following que stions: 
 
-What does the user/customer need to see? 
 
-Where are the artificial lights in relation to the  camera position? 
 
-Is there any direct sunlight coming into the area to be monitored? 
 
-Is there any reflection of light? Where and what t ime of the day? 
 
4.5.3 Camera lenses and scene  
 
The designer’s camera lens selection and required v iew will also be confirmed during the site visit. A  focal 
length view finder may be used to confirm the corre ct lens selection and required field of view. The r equired 
scene to be viewed should be documented so that the  installer is under no misunderstanding of what is 
required. An example of a typical camera schedule i s given in table 1. This schedule can be adapted to  suit 
the requirements of the installation. For example, instead of a camera description being given, the ca mera 
model number could be used, if the actual type of c amera has already been chosen. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    Table 1 — Typical camera schedule  
4.5.4 Cable routes  
 
All cable routes should be checked and confirmed wi th the client during the site visit. The following check list 
is offered as a guideline for this purpose: 
 
-Ensure that the planned video cable routes are not  shared by electrical cables, as prescribed by the 
recommended separation distance between the video c able and the nearest power cables should be a 
minimum of 1.5 m. 
 
-Cable routes should take the length into considera tion so as to avoid unacceptable voltage drops that  could 
impair the effective operation of the video equipme nt connected to the individual cables. 
This aspect is covered in more detail in the implem entation phase section (see 5.5). 
 
-Ensure that all cable routes are protected from ch emicals, sewerage and any other potentially hazardo us 1 2 3 4 5 
Camera number  Description or type  Lens  Location  Coverage  
1 
 
2 
 
Etc 
 
8 
 
Etc 
 Hi-res, colour, 1/3 ‘’ 
24 VAC  
Hi-res, colour, 1/3 ‘’ 
24 VAC 
Etc 
 
Phillips  
 
Etc 
 2.8 mm, manual iris 
 
2.8 mm, manual iris 
 
Etc 
 
3.5 to 8mm, manual 
iris varifocal 
Etc 
 Showroom 
 
Showroom 
 
Etc 
 
Main entrance 
 
Etc 
 Till No. 1 
 
Till No. 2 
 
Etc 
 
Looking into the 
reception lobby 
Etc KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 substances that may affect the cables in any way. 
 
-Check that any existing conduit has a draw wire, i s free of liquids and any other obstruction and is securely 
fixed. 
 
-If new conduit is to be provided, check the struct ures that will support it for any signs of structur al damage. 
 
-If trenching is required, ensure that there is no conflict with any other existing cable routes, serv ices or by-
laws. This is especially important in the case of c ity or suburban CCTV installations and before appro val from 
the appropriate authorities may be required. 
 
-Cable drops from ceiling to floor should be mechan ically protected. The inside of a dry wall partitio ning is 
ideal for this requirement as not only does it prot ect the cable but it also hides it from view. 
 
-Cables that pass through holes should be adequatel y protected by the use of tubes or grommets, as 
appropriate. 
 
4.5.5 Power supply points  
 
The planned power points for the CCTV equipment sho uld be located as near as possible to the equipment  
they are to power. They should also be dedicated an d not shared with other equipment. The power supply  
requirement at each point should be (230 V ± 10%)/5 0 Hz and should have the necessary surge protection  
device fitted. 
 
4.5.6 Control Point  
 
A control point can range from a simple cupboard or  cabinet that houses the CCTV control equipment and  a 
monitor that is viewed by the client (for example a  small shop owner), right through to a large contro l room 
containing many monitors and a large quantity of co ntrol equipment. Irrespective of the size of contro l point, 
the cables entering the point or room should be car eful y planned to ensure that they enter at the mos t 
convenient location in relation to the CCTV equipme nt. Once again, the video cables should be kept 
separate from other power and signal cables and pro tected when passing through entry holes. 
 
5 Implementation phase  
 
5.1 General  
 
This phase can be seen as the actual physical insta llation of the CCTV surveillance system. However, e ven 
at this stage it is unusual for an installation to be completed as originally designed or even as agre ed at the 
pre-installation site visit. Problems concerning ca ble routes, camera position, lens types, etc. and v ariations 
requested by the client will generally occur during  the installation period. This phase will often ove rlap with 
re-designing and planning changes. The principles a nd requirements given in the CCTV design standard a nd 
in the pre-installation section (see clause 4) of t his part of Kenya Standard still apply. Consequentl y, some of 
the information given in the following section will  be similar to information found in other sections of the 
document as well as in associated standards. 
 
5.2 Camera and lens installation  
 
5.2.1 Cameras  
 
5.2.1.1  The mechanical fixing of a camera bracket (or all video equipment that requires mounting to a 
structure) should be carried out as recommended by the manufacturer(s). Adequate fixing of equipment i s 
vital, so it is important to check that the structu re that is being drilled into can withstand the cam era and lens 
load before drilling. For a solid wall with plaster  covering, ensure that the screw penetrates the pla ster and 
extends into the wall by an adequate amount. 
 
5.2.1.2  Place the camera and lens on the bracket and tight en the bracket screw finger tight. Check the pictur e 
on the portable monitor and make sure that the angl e of view and focus are acceptable. It is usual for  the 
mechanical focusing (or back focus) of the camera t o be undertaken during bench testing of the video 
equipment at the contractor's premises and, therefo re, only fine adjustment, using the lens focus ring , is 
required on site. 
 
5.2.1.3  It is important to remember that, even though a sha rp focused picture may be obtained during 
daylight, it does not guarantee that the picture wi ll have the same sharp focus at night. The most eff ective KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 way to focus a camera for most anticipated poor lig ht conditions is to use an electronic focus meter. 
 
5.2.2 Fixed focal lenses  
 
Screw the lens onto the camera, connect the camera to the portable monitor via a fly lead and adjust t he 
lens focus ring to obtain the sharpest picture poss ible. An electronic focus meter can also be used. R e-adjust 
the back focus on the camera if a sharp focus is di fficult to achieve. 
 
5.2.3 Varifocal lenses  
 
The procedure to be followed when adjusting varifoc al lenses is: 
 
a) Fit the varifocal lens to the camera and connect  the camera to the portable monitor via a fly lead;  
 
b) Manually zoom all the way into the area to be mo nitored and focus, zoom all the way out and focus; 
 
c) If the focus is still not clear, use the back fo cus adjustment on the camera until a sharp focus is  obtained;  
 
d) Repeat this and double-check zoomed-in and zoome d-out focus before selecting the required angle of view; and  
 
e) Zoom to the required angle of view and gently lo ck the lens focus and zoom screws finger tight. 
 
5.2.4 Manual and motorized zoom lenses  
 
5.2.4.1  It is essential that the mechanical or back focus o f the lens is set correctly as this is the most fre quent 
reason for the focus changing when zooming. Zoom le nses have various settings between telephoto (or 
“far”) and wide angle (or “near”). These two positi ons are used when the camera is focused in its oper ating 
position. The following steps should be taken to fo cus the lens: 
 
a) Aim the camera at an object approximately 40 m a way; 
 
b) set the focus ring to “far”, making sure that th e iris is wide open (so that focusing is most criti cal), and set 
the zoom ring to the widest angle of view; 
 
c) Adjust the camera back focus for maximum clarity ; 
 
d) Next, zoom to a nearby object and set the lens f ocus for maximum clarity; and 
 
e) It should now be possible to zoom all the way ba ck without the focus changing. 
 
5.2.4.2  Many motorized lenses will be used in external cond itions with limited light. If this is the case, the n it is 
advisable to fit a neutral density filter in front of the lens to make sure the iris is open fully. A neutral density 
filter is a filter that reduces the amount of light  that enters the lens evenly over the whole of the visible 
spectrum. This will create the shortest depth of fi eld and ensure setting up more accurately for the w orst 
conditions. 
 
5.2.4.3  There are many situations in which motorized zoom l enses with preset (or predetermined) positions 
are used. In this mode of operation the zoom and fo cus ring positions are monitored electronically and  
memorized by the CCTV control system during set-up.  They are then automatically repeated on command 
by the control system at a later stage. These prese t positions need to be agreed with the client and s et as 
part of the control point installation. 
 
5.2.5 Handling of cameras and lenses  
 
It is important to handle all CCTV equipment, espec ially cameras and lenses, carefully. The following 
guidelines are recommended as best practice: 
 
a) Protect cameras and lenses from knocks or vibrat ion (or both); 
 
b) Remove dust from cameras and lenses with a soft brush, avoiding touching of the lens surface; 
 
c) Remove finger prints or oil stains on the lens s urface using lens cleaning paper or clean cotton cl oth with a 
little cleaning liquid. Wipe lightly, starting from  the centre of the lens surface; 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 d) Wipe the camera and lens body only with a silico n cloth; 
 
e) Avoid using any organic solvents such as thinner s or benzene; 
 
f) For health reasons, avoid looking through lenses  into direct sunlight; and 
 
g) Avoid facing cameras directly into sunlight as t his can damage the Image Device. 
 
5.3 Video transmission  
 
5.3.1 General  
 
Video signal transmission is a key component in any  CCTV system. Most systems use coaxial cables, but 
fibre-optic cable is fast gaining acceptance due to  its better picture quality (especially with colour ) and the 
lower risk factor with respect to ground loops and electrical interference. Other techniques, such as 
microwave and infrared, are also available. A brief  overview of the different transmission mediums is given in 
5.3.2 to 5.3.7. 
 
5.3.2 Coaxial cable  
 
Coaxial cable, type RG 59, is the most widely used video transmission medium for short to medium 
distances (i.e. up to approximately 300 m). For dis tances up to 900 m, coaxial cable type RG 11 shall be 
used. These types of cables have a single conductor  with a characteristic impedance of 75 Ω, and the video 
signal is applied between the centre conductors and  a coaxial braided or foil shield. Cables come in m any 
different mechanical formats; including single wire  armoured and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for dir ect 
burial. Cables are also available with different pe rformance ranges, from relatively poor to excellent . 
Performance is normal y measured in high frequency loss per 100 m. The lower the loss figure, the less  
distortion of the video signal. Therefore, higher q uality cables should be used when transmitting the signal 
over long distances. 
 
5.3.3 Twisted pair  cable  
 
The primary purpose of using balanced twisted pair cables is to increase the transmission range and to  
eliminate the picture degradation found in some coa xial applications. Advantages of using twisted pair  cables 
include: 
 
a) The ability to reject unwanted interference; 
 
b) Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length ; 
 
c) Smaller size; 
 
d) Availability of multipair cables; and 
 
e) Lower cost. 
 
However, the advantages shall be considered in rela tion to the cost of the additional equipment required for 
this type of transmission. A launch amplifier to con vert the video signal at the camera end  and an equalizing amplifier 
to reconstruct the signal at the control end are ne eded. 
 
 
5.3.4 Microwave  
 
Microwave systems are radio systems using frequenci es in the gigahertz range and, therefore, require a n 
unobstructed line of sight transmission path. Any m etallic or wet objects in the transmission path cau se 
severe attenuation and reflection, often, rendering  the system useless. Even when a line of sight path  exists, 
there can be signal fading, primarily caused by cha nges in atmospheric conditions between transmitter and 
receiver units. Normally there is one transmitter a nd one receiver for each camera which makes this ty pe of 
transmission system expensive. In addition, licensi ng by the relevant authorities is required. However , when 
it is not possible to make a direct cable connectio n between the camera(s) and the control position, a nd 
especially when real time continuous monitoring is required, this method of video transmission can be 
considered. 
 KENYA STANDARD    KS 2110-4:2009 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 5.3.5 Infrared  
 
One of the newest methods of video transmission is the infrared link. Infrared can be used to transmit  video 
signal over long distances and is unaffected by all  forms of electromagnetic interference. Although in frared 
links offer a cost-effective method of free space t ransmission with no licensing requirement, they do require a 
clear line of sight and are affected by adverse wea ther conditions and certain environmental condition s such 
as smoke. 
 
5.3.6 Fibre-optic  
 
In fibre-optic transmission the video signal is con verted from electrical impulses into pulses of ligh t that are 
then sent down a glass optical fibre. Fibre-optic l inks offer quality signal transmission, reliability  and immunity 
from electromagnetic interference. Fibre-optic tran smitters and receivers are required to convert elec trical 
signals to light signals and vice versa . In addition, the fibre-optic cable has to be term inated correctly to 
ensure optimum operation. With this method of trans mission, the multiplexing of video signals with dat a and 
audio signals travelling in opposite directions sim ultaneously is possible. This makes fibre-optic ver y suitable 
for pan/tilt and zoom applications. Two common type s of fibres are used for CCTV installations, namely : 
 
-Single-mode – small in diameter, producing few refl ections of light and used for long transmission runs of many 
kilometres.  
 
-Multi-mode graded index – larger diameter, produci ng many reflections of light, and used extensively in CCTV security 
applications.  
 
The advantages of using a fibre-optic transmission system include: 
 
a) Complete electrical isolation between the camera  and related equipment from the control end, that is, the monitor, 
recorder, printer, etc;  
 
b) Immunity from radio frequency and electromagneti c induction interference; 
 
c) Inherent transmission security; 
 
d) No fire hazards; 
 
e) Absence of crosstalk; and 
 
f) No radiation of radio frequency and electromagne tic induction interference. 
 
 
5.3.7 Selection of appropriate video transmission s ystem  
 
The most economical and most common method of video  transmission is coaxial cable. For distribution 
within a building or short cable runs (up to 300 m)  from camera sites, RG 59 cable is commonly used. F or 
longer runs (up to 900 m), RG 11 cable is used. Due  to cable characteristics, the higher frequencies a re 
attenuated (video signal loss) and it may be necess ary to install equalizing equipment to restore reso lution 
and contrast on long lengths of cables. In addition , it may also be necessary to provide a video ampli fier to 
boost the video signal level when the distance exce eds the recommended cable length. This amplifier is  
normally installed at the camera location. As an al ternative to using coaxial cables on long runs, bal anced 
twisted pair cables can be utilized quite successfu lly. 
 
 
In applications where running of cables is not desi rable or feasible and a line of sight path is prese nt, an 
infrared or microwave system may be used. Different  models are available based on cost, path distance,  and 
frequency band. In most instances a licence will al so be required. If a cable may be used and coaxial cable 
is not a good choice due to distance, conduit space , interference, ground loops, or security signal co ncerns, 
then a multi-mode graded index fibre-optic cable tr ansmission system can be used. Fibre-optic equipmen t is 
cost sensitive to the distance and each transmissio n path should be analysed to optimize the design. 
 
5.4 Installation of coaxial cables  
 
5.4.1  As previously stated, the most common of all video  transmission systems installed is coaxial cable. 
This cable should only be used in areas where the c ameras and control equipment are in near 
proximity of each other, i.e. not more than 300 m f or RG 59 and not more than 900 m for RG 11.  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
5.4.2  When installing a coaxial cable in a hostile envir onment, where there is a risk of corrosion, excessi ve 
heat, strong sunlight, dampness, or a risk of mecha nical or chemical damage, it should be installed in  
protective sleeves such as conduits or ducts for pr otection (or both). 
 
5.4.3  Cables that pass through holes should be adequatel y protected by means of tubes, sprags, or 
grommets. 
 
5.4.4  Cable drops from ceiling to floor should be mechan ically protected. 
 
5.4.5  When pulling coaxial cable through conduit, the ou ter earth cable should be attached to the “pull 
through” so as to prevent the centre core from bein g stretched or broken (or both). 
 
5.4.6  Coaxial strippers should be used for cutting and p reparing the ends of the coaxial cable. Using a kni fe 
or any other tool is not recommended due to the ris k of damage to the cable and possibly the individua l. 
 
5.4.7  Crimping the BNC connector onto the coaxial cable should also be carried out with the use of a 
crimping tool and not a pair of pliers. The centre core should be crimped as well as the outer BNC sle eve. 
Loose earth wires should be cut away from the BNC c onnection and a rubber boot or sheath should be use d 
to make for a clean, aesthetically pleasing, and pr otected joint. 
 
5.4.8  The unobtrusive marking of each individual cable a t both ends (i.e. the camera and the control point) , is 
essential to facilitate easy and time saving connec tion to the control equipment, as well as future 
maintenance and servicing needs. The marking of the  cables near the exit point in a ceiling void is 
particularly beneficial when tracing cables in the future. The use of alphanumeric tags or printed/hea t shrink 
cable markers is recommended. 
 
5.4.9 In the case of solder on BNC connectors, ensure th at the soldered joint is clean in order to prevent 
signal loss. The importance of clean connections ca nnot be overstated. 
 
5.4.10  When using steel-wire armoured cable, the steel wi re should be earthed at each end of the cable run. 
 
5.4.11  It is important to remember that each part of the installation shall be carried out correctly so that  the 
optimum expected performance of the equipment may b e reached or achieved. 
 
 
5.4.12  It is recommended that the jointing of cables shou ld not be carried out under normal circumstances. 
Should jointing be absolutely necessary, then this should be carried out using BNC connectors. 
 
5.5 Power supply installation considerations  
 
5.5.1  CCTV equipment operates from either an alternating  current (a.c.) or direct current (d.c.) power sour ce. 
The power source type and voltage level used depend  on the equipment chosen and the application 
intended. By far the most convenient power source a vailable for the majority of CCTV equipment is the 230V 
a.c., 50 Hz mains supply. When it is necessary to l ocate equipment remotely from the power source, it is 
often convenient to use 24V a.c equipment and reduc e the voltage to 24V a.c. via a step-down transform er. 
The main advantage of using a 24 V a.c. power sourc e, apart from the obvious safety reasons, is that t he 
power source can be fitted by anyone and a qualifie d electrician (that is, one holding a wireman's lic ence) is 
not necessary. If equipment is designed for use wit h a d.c. power source, such as some CCD cameras or 
small covert type cameras, then a 12 V d.c. power s ource is used, i.e. one 12 V d.c. power supply per 
camera. This can be derived from an a.c. source usi ng an a.c.to d.c. converter or power supply, or fro m a 
battery. 
 
5.5.2  All wires and cables associated with the distribut ion network, shall have the insulation, voltage 
breakdown, and physical characteristics suitable fo r the voltage, current, power, and environment in w hich 
they will be used. In addition, they shall meet the  fire and safety standards of the local authority. 
 
5.5.3  When a single item of equipment is connected to th e power supply output, the conductor size, 
i.e., the wire diameter shall be sufficiently large  so that no significant voltage drop occurs between  the power 
supply and the equipment that could result in too l ow a voltage being available at the equipment.  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 It is normal practice to connect equipment in paral lel across the power source. If this is the case, i t is 
important to ensure that the equipment at the end o f the power line receives the minimum rated voltage  for 
that particular item of equipment. 
 
5.5.4  For safety reasons and to keep extraneous noise fr om contaminating signals, electrical power cables 
shall be run in a separate conduit or trunking and not in the same conduit or trunking as the signal c ables. 
The reason for this is that the power cables are ma nufactured with insulation resistance sufficient to  
withstand the higher voltages used in power systems , whereas the signal cables usually have insulation  
sufficient for voltages up to approximately 100 V. Thus the physical separation of the two types of ca bles will 
prevent accidental short circuiting. 
 
5.5.5  Any jointing of power cables should be made within  a junction box. Only ferrule or lug type connectio ns 
should be used for terminating of the cables. 
 
5.5.6  Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment is ca tegorized by output power capacity and generally 
configured for continuous duty or standby operation . The power is supplied continuously to the load by  a 
device called a static converter, which obtains its  power from a storage battery. The battery charges itself 
continuously through the incoming power line. A dec ision should be made, preferably during the operati onal 
requirements phase, as to whether or not the propos ed CCTV system has any essential camera, monitor, o r 
recording equipment that shall continue operating i n the event of a power failure. If so, then an UPS system 
must be provided. It is recommended that the design  and installation of this type of system be carried  out by 
a qualified electrical engineer. 
 
5.5.7  Another important aspect of the electrical distrib ution system is the use of good earthing practices and 
the elimination or avoidance of earth loops in the system. The finite resistance, inductance and capac itance 
of conductors carrying these earth-loop currents, p rovide common cross- coupling impedance that may in ject 
unwanted signals, noise and crosstalk into sensitiv e input circuits. 
 
5.5.8  To achieve noise-free CCTV image performance, the following installation practices are recommended: 
 
a) Ensure that proper grounding is in place; 
 
b) Coaxial cables should be terminated at both ends ; 
 
c) Equipment chassis and cable shields should never  be used for signal-return paths, except when coaxi al 
cables are used; 
 
d) Signal circuits should use balanced cable such a s twisted pairs or shielded or balanced coaxial lin es; 
 
e) Individual shields of balanced coaxial cables, w hen contained by a common shield, should be insulat ed 
from one another and from the common shield; 
 
f) Cables that carry high-level signals should not be bundled with cables carrying low-level signals, whether 
shielded or not; 
 
g) Each signal cable should have its own independen t return line running as close as possible to the s ignal 
line, thus reducing the loop area; and 
 
h) Use twisted-pair cable (signal and return lines together) to ensure a minimum pickup-loop area. 
 
5.6 Surge protection  
 
5.6.1 General  
 
Surges can enter electronic equipment through the p ower or through the signal cables (or both). Since 
it is easy to identify the points of surge entry, t he location for the fitting of surge protective dev ices 
(SPDs) can also be easily ascertained by the instal ler. 
 
 
  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 5.6.2 Typical surge protection devices  
 
Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) are quite adequate for  the protection of the mains connected equipment. 
However, electronics are characterized by a small d ifference between the normal circuit operating volt age 
and the voltage capable of causing damage and there fore, the protection device must clamp the voltage 
between the signal lines and the signal reference c onductor – the silicon suppressor (usually referred  to by 
its trade name “Transzorb”) is normally used in thi s situation. The problem with this type of suppress or is its 
limited surge energy absorption capability; therefo re, additional components are required in the form of a 
spark gap device and a series impedance device. The  function of the impedance is to limit the current 
through the silicon suppressor both before the spar k gap has operated (the spark gap does not operate 
instantaneously due to inherent delays in the creat ion of the arc – could be microseconds) and after t he 
spark gap has operated (the arc voltage can be as m uch as 30 V). 
 
5.6.3 Installation  
 
Ideally, the spark gap device should be located at the building entrance where both the cable entry po int and 
the earth bar are situated. The advantages of this position are that the surge currents are diverted a s soon 
as possible and the large magnitude magnetic fields  associated with the surge current are kept away fr om 
the sensitive electronic equipment. For many situat ions this spark gap position is not feasible and, t herefore, 
the closest protective earth is used. 
 
Typically, the mains electrical network should be p rotected at the first point of entry of the cable b y a 40 kA, 
3-phase and neutral SPD. Any distribution board mor e than 10 m in distance from the first point of ent ry 
should also have the 40 kA SPD for 3-phase and neut ral installed or a 40 kA SPD for single phase and 
neutral. However, if the distribution boards are le ss than 10 m from the mains supply, a 6.5 kA SPD fo r 3-
phase or single phase and neutral will be sufficien t. The SPD used to protect the electronic equipment  shall 
depend on the type of inputs into the equipment, su ch as telephone lines, antenna cables, or other inp ut 
types. Lightning and surge protection is a speciali zed area of expertise and it is recommended that th e 
appropriate individuals or companies (or both) that  are proficient in this type of protection be appro ached for 
design assistance. 
 
5.7 Ancillary field equipment  
 
5.7.1 General  
 
This section gives recommended guidelines when inst alling typical ancillary CCTV field equipment. 
Only the most commonly used equipment and installat ion situations are dealt with. 
 
5.7.2 Ceiling mounted dome housings  
 
-Ensure that there is enough space for the camera an d cables between the artificial ceiling and the actual concrete 
ceiling.  
-Mark off the area where the hole is going to be cu t with the correct template. 
 
-Fit the camera into the dome bracket, following th e manufacturer's installation instructions. 
 
-Fit the dome bracket to the false ceiling. 
 
-Focus the camera and set the iris position using t he portable monitor. 
 
-Place the dome housing cover onto the dome bracket,  being careful not to scratch or dirty the dome housing cover.  
 
-After fitting the cover on the bracket, check for picture quality, using the portable monitor. 
 
-When using mirror domes, ensure that the selected lens can go down two F-stops. 
 
5.7.3 Internal and external housings  
 
Internal housings protect the camera and lens from tampering and are usually made of light-weight mate rial. 
External housings protect the camera from the envir onment, such as extremes of heat, rain,dust, and di rt, as 
well as from tampering. In both types of housings, however,  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
  
a) The lens of the camera should be as close to the  front glass as possible to eliminate side view 
interference caused by the actual housing enclosure , and 
 
b) The housings should be mounted on suitable brack ets. 
 
5.7.4 Internal camera brackets  
 
-Ensure that the bracket can adequately support the  weight of the camera, lens and housing (if require d). 
 
-Ensure that there are no hidden cables. 
 
-Ensure that the supporting structure can support t he bracket and camera. 
 
-Ensure that the running cable to the selected came ra position is possible without causing damage or 
inconvenience to other current or future installati ons. 
 
-When selecting the bracket position, consider futu re maintenance to the camera and accessories. 
 
5.7.5 External camera brackets  
 
In addition to the requirements detailed for intern al bracket installations, the following should also  be 
considered: 
 
a) Ensure that the bracket is suitable for the envi ronmental conditions expected; 
 
b) Keep bracket (equipment) out of general reach; a nd 
 
c) Protect as far as possible all equipment associa ted with the bracket, including cables, against van dalism. 
 
5.7.6 Pan and tilt mechanisms  
 
There are two main types of pan and tilt units. The  first is a unit where the camera or housing is mou nted 
directly on a platform that forms part of the const ruction – either mounted on top of the platform or mounted 
on the side. The second type of unit is where the d riving components are contained within the same 
enclosure as the camera, such as dome housing. Indo or units are, in general, light-weight and require no 
environmental protection – dome units are ideal for  use in this application. External housings, howeve r, have 
to contend with much harsher environmental conditio ns, such as wind, rain, dust, dirt, corrosion, temp erature 
extremes, humidity, and higher levels of vandalism.  To successfully cope with these additional burdens , the 
pan and tilt mechanisms should be more rugged and e nvironmentally resistant. It is recommended that th is 
type of equipment be installed strictly in accordan ce with the instructions of the relevant supplier o r 
manufacturer. 
 
5.8 Control point installation  
 
The design of control point installations is covere d extensively in the standard on system design 
requirements .Control point equipment shall include , inter alia, the CCTV control equipment, monitors,  
switchers, multiplexers, VCRs, digital storage equi pment, printers and matrices,etc. This equipment sh ould 
be installed and set up in accordance with the rele vant manufacturer's instructions. 
 
6 Documentation  
 
6. 1 The CCTV system documentation will include both dr awings, and operating and maintenance manuals. 
The installer may not be responsible for all aspect s of the documentation but will need to provide, as  a 
minimum, “As built” drawings and possibly some of t he test results. The size of the installation will normally 
determine the amount of documentation required and the person responsible for the supply of such 
documentation. It is recommended that the documenta tion requirements in 6.2 be used as a checklist to 
ensure that sufficient documentation is provided to  allow for the correct operation, maintenance and f uture 
expansion of the system. 
 
6.2  Preferably, the manuals should be bound in book for m with hard plastic covers to withstand constant use, be  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 properly indexed to facilitate easy reference and i nclude the following information:  
 
a) A list of spares to be supplied by the installer /contractor to cover the period of maintenance; 
 
b) A list giving the name and address of the local agent for each item of equipment; 
 
c) A list giving the name and address of the manufa cturer of each item of equipment; 
 
d) Copies of all test certificates obtained for the  system; 
 
e) A preventative maintenance programme for all equ ipment; 
 
f) Operating instructions for each item of equipmen t; 
 
g) Complete “As built” drawings of the installation  and wiring and schematic diagrams; 
 
h) Detailed operating instructions for all the mode s of operation of the system; 
 
i) Take-over certificate; and 
 
j) Test and commissioning data sheets. 
 
7 Pre-commissioning testing  
 
7.1  The size and complexity of the CCTV system shall d etermine the amount of involvement of them local 
site installer. For simple systems, the installer m ay be required to test and commission the system be fore 
handing over to the client. On the other hand, anot her individual in a more formal manner shall possib ly 
commission larger complex systems. 
 
7. 2 Irrespective of the complexity of the system, it w ill need to be checked electrically, mechanically 
(or functional testing) and visually to ensure that  it conforms fully to the system specification. The  functional 
test would check the functional compatibility of th e components of the installation against the operat ional 
requirements and the system specification. The visu al check would cover the standard of workmanship of  
the installation, the functional quality of the equ ipment and its compliance with the system specifica tion. 
 
7.3  As a minimum, the installer may be required to assi st with some or all of the following tests or checks:  
 
a) Check if all wiring is correctly terminated; 
 
b) Check the continuity of all circuit wiring; 
 
c) Check the insulation between conductors and reco rd results; 
 
d) Check and record supply voltages at all equipmen t; 
 
e) Check and record normal light levels in each are a (a lux light meter may be used for this purpose);  
 
f) Record camera type and lens details for each pos ition; 
 
g) Check that all auto-iris lenses operate under va rying light levels; 
 
h) Check the settings of all pan, tilt and zoom uni ts; 
 
i) check that all supplementary lighting is operati onal; 
 
j) Remove mains supply and ensure that the system w orks in the standby mode (if specified); 
 
k) Check that the same phase of the mains power is used for all cameras (if a requirement); and 
 
l) Ensure that all system documentation is provided  and the information correct. 
 
7.4  In general, the testing aspect is concerned with th e checking of individual items of equipment, wiring  and  
 KENYA STANDARD                                                       KS 2110-4:2009 
 
© KEBS 2009- All rights reserved                                                         First Edition,  2009  
 cabling to ensure that they comply with the various  individual specifications and appropriate good pra ctice, 
whereas commissioning is concerned with the functio nal operation of the system as a whole to ensure th at 
every function and camera view is as specified. 
 
It is recommended that a formal specification and p rocedure be established for the inspection, testing  and 
commissioning phase of the CCTV project  
 
7.5  On successful commissioning of the system, in terms  of the specified requirements, a formal hand-over 
to the client takes place using a "Take-over Certif icate". It is this certificate that provides the wr itten 
notification to the installer that the client has t aken over the system in terms of the contract. Fina l contract 
payments and equipment guarantees are normally link ed to the date of this certificate, hence the impor tance 
of this final phase of the installation process.