TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
25 March 2019  
(19-1847) Page: 1/10 
Negotiating Group on Rules  Original: English  
 
A CAP -BASED APPROACH  TO ADDRESSING CERTA IN FISHERIES SUBSIDI ES 
Submission of Australia and the United  States  
The following communication, dated 22 March  2019, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation s of Australia and the United  States . 
 
_______________  
 
 
1. While Members appear to broadly agree on the need to prohibit subsidies contributing to 
illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and overfished stocks, significant differences of 
view persist in the Negotiating Group on Rules (RN G) on addressing subsidies that may contribute 
to overcapacity and overfishing, in particular subsidies for boat building and operating costs, such 
as for fuel. This also appears to be an area where Members of all levels of development see the need 
for som e flexibility in order to operate or maintain programs to support their fishermen, including in 
small scale and artisanal fisheries. A potential approach that would impose meaningful constraints 
on subsidies while at the same time responding to these repea ted calls for flexibility could entail 
negotiating Member -specific subsidy caps, expressed in monetary terms, and in certain cases phase -
downs. Such an approach would be based on the following parameters.  
 
• Subsidies in excess of a Member 's cap would be pro hibited.  
• Subsidies that support IUU or high seas fishing, and subsidies for fishing that negatively 
affect overfished stocks would be prohibited, notwithstanding a Member 's subsidy cap.  
The cap is intended to supplement such prohibitions.  
• Members would als o commit to maintain fisheries management and conservation measures, 
so as not to contribute to adverse impacts on their fisheries resources.  
• A cap would be without prejudice to the rules and disciplines contained in the GATT  1994 or 
the SCM Agreement.  
 
2. The modalities of such an approach would include the following elements:  
 
Baseline subsidy notification and additional information . As a first step, and consistent with 
Article  25.3 of the SCM Agreement and Subsidy Committee practice 1, all Members would esta blish 
a baseline for a subsidy cap by submitting an up -to-date fisheries subsidies notification (i.e., covering 
the most recent two years). Critically, the value of any subsidies given must be provided if available, 
even if only a reasonable estimate.  
 
Member-Specific Subsidy Caps/Default Cap . Taking into consideration this information, Members 
would establish individual Member limits (or "caps") on such subsidies that would be reflected in a 
Schedule to the agreement. In order to take into account  the specific circumstances of Members, a 
three -tier approach that is representative of Members ' respective contributions to global marine 
capture production and trade could be pursued, based on the following parameters.  
 
• Tiered commitment levels  would be based on a three -year average of FAO marine capture 
production and export data for the most recent representative period for which data are 
available, 2014 -2016.  
                                                
1 G/SCM/6/Rev.1 . TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 2 - 
 
  • Tier 1 : Members that account for either 0.7% or more of global marine capture produc tion 
or 0.7% or more of global seafood exports2 would be required to negotiate with other 
Members, on a request -offer basis, individual "subsidy caps " in monetary terms to be 
reflected in a Schedule to the agreement.  
• Tier 2 : Members that account for more t han 0.05% of global marine capture production or 
global seafood exports (but less than 0.7%, per above) would have the option to negotiate 
a cap, based on the recent subsidy information provided, or to accept a "Default Subsidy 
Cap" value of $5 million ann ually.  
• Tier 3 : Members that account for less than 0.05% of global marine capture production or 
global seafood exports would not be required to schedule a cap.  
 
Reduction Commitments . In order to ensure a fair and balanced outcome that fulfils  the Ministerial 
mandate, any Member in Tier 1 would also be required to reduce its subsidy cap over a negotiated 
period of time at a rate commensurate with its overall level of subsidization, meaning that those 
Members with the largest subsidy caps would also be expected to undertake the largest subsidy 
cuts. During the request -offer negotiations, consideration would be given to the nature of a Member 's 
fisheries subsidy programs, and to situations in which a Member has historically notified relatively 
small fisheries subsidy programs. Additional consideration should be given to incentivizing Tier 2 
Members that voluntarily reduce their cap (e.g., with priority technical assistance).  
 
Transparency : Tier 1 and 2 Members would need to maintain up -to-date fish eries subsidy 
notifications in order to continue to benefit from their cap. Tier 3 Members would also need to 
maintain up -to-date fisheries subsidy notifications in order to maintain their exempt status.  
 
Review mechanism : The agreement would include a rev iew mechanism, so that Members’ caps (and 
Tier levels) can be reviewed and, as appropriate, revised, over time.  For example, Members would 
monitor marine capture production and export data both to identify any changes in individual 
Members’ global shares of marine capture production or exports that would shift a Member from one 
Tier to another.  
 
3. To implement the approach outlined above, the RNG would establish a clear process and 
associated time frame for negotiating subsidy caps in order to include these  caps in a schedule as 
part of the final agreement:  
 
• Spring 2019 : For the purpose of RNG negotiations, Members notify existing fisheries 
subsidies programs consistent with Art icle 25.3 of the SCM Agreement (notwithstanding the 
SCM Agreement notification de adline of 30 June).  
• Summer 2019 : Members falling in Tier 1 (and Tier 2, should they opt to do so) engage in 
request -offer negotiations regarding subsidy cap and reduction commitments, as 
appropriate.  
• Autumn 2019 : Members negotiate and finalize subsidy cap and reduction schedules.  
 
4. In order to facilitate Members ' review and understanding of this proposal, Tables 1 and 2 
contain relevant FAO marine capture production and export data for the period 2014 -2016.  
 
_______________  
                                                
2 "Seafood exports" refers to FAO export data for "fisheries commodities" (which includes products of wild 
capture and aquaculture), less data for the FAO categories "corals and shells", "seaweeds and aquatic plants", 
"sponges", and "waste". All other aquatic species are included, e.g., crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, and other 
aquatic animals such as sea urchins.  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 3 - 
 
  ANNEX I  
Table 1: Marine capture by country or territory, 2014 –16 (in metric tons)  
(FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch online query, accessed 
31 January  2019.)1 
 
Note: Entries reflect FAO nomenclature and data, except to the extent adjusted to correspond to official WTO 
Member names. They do not necessarily reflect Australian or US nomenclature or recognition of specific 
jurisdictions.  
Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent of 
world total 
(2014 -16 
average)  
Grand total  79,888,180  81,262,090  79,290,471  80,146,914   
China  14,811,403  15,314,001  15,246,235  15,123,880  18.87%  
Indonesia  6,011,417  6,218,007  6,110,750  6,113,391  7.63%  
EU-28 5,296,928  5,223,533  5,056,074  5,192,178  6.48%  
United States of America2 4,961,327  5,027,659  4,905,325  4,964,770  6.19%  
Russian Federation  4,004,242  4,172,073  4,466,503  4,214,273  5.26%  
Peru 3,548,689  4,786,551  3,774,887  4,036,709  5.04%  
India 3,727,088  3,497,284  3,599,693  3,608,022  4.50%  
Japan  3,612,072  3,423,104  3,167,615  3,400,930  4.24%  
Viet Nam  2,513,833  2,607,214  2,678,406  2,599,818  3.24%  
Norway  2,301,376  2,293,462  2,033,560  2,209,466  2.76%  
Philippines  2,035,877  1,951,175  1,868,114  1,951,722  2.44%  
Malaysia  1,462,206  1,490,130  1,578,523  1,510,286  1.88%  
Chile 2,175,459  1,786,249  1,499,531  1,820,413  2.27%  
Morocco  1,350,258  1,349,941  1,431,521  1,377,240  1.72%  
Korea, Republic of  1,726,556  1,640,669  1,377,343  1,581,523  1.97%  
Thailand  1,488,280  1,317,217  1,343,283  1,382,927  1.73%  
Mexico  1,397,196  1,316,816  1,311,687  1,341,900  1.67%  
Myanmar  1,118,020  1,107,020  1,185,610  1,136,883  1.42%  
Iceland  1,076,578  1,318,916  1,067,015  1,154,170  1.44%  
Canada  835,196  823,155  831,614  829,988  1.04%  
Chinese Taipei  1,068,384  989,315  750,024  935,908  1.17%  
Argentina  815,355  795,415  736,337  782,369  0.98%  
Ecuador  662,255  643,176  715,357  673,596  0.84%  
Bangladesh  595,385  599,846  626,528  607,253  0.76%  
South Africa  595,140  564,281  611,290  590,237  0.74%  
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)  535,866  549,732  600,619  562,072  0.70%  
Mauritania  363,339  388,776  594,754  448,956  0.56%  
Faroe Islands  542,836  585,564  568,435  565,612  0.71%  
Namibia  441,167  507,294  501,078  483,180  0.60%  
Brazil  531,499  475,000  480,000  495,500  0.62%  
Angola  413,197  456,718  468,429  446,115  0.56%  
Sri Lanka  454,732  434,755  447,707  445,731  0.56%  
Senegal  428,668  395,434  442,910  422,337  0.53%  
New Zealand  441,247  431,831  422,419  431,832  0.54%  
Pakistan  348,297  361,029  376,266  361,864  0.45%  
Nigeria  405,362  372,457  357,099  378,306  0.47%  
Turkey  266,080  397,733  301,470  321,761  0.40%  
Papua New Guinea  243,744  221,944  295,744  253,811  0.32%  
Oman  211,037  257,022  279,606  249,222  0.31%  
                                                
1 Marine capture data from FAO does not include aquaculture  – FAO defines capture production as 
excluding aquaculture and mariculture. It reflects wild catch  of aquatic species from "nineteen major marine 
fishing areas with their adjacent seas; and Oceans/suboceans (suboceans are climatic belts within oceans.) ". 
(Capture of aquatic species in inland wa terways is excluded.) Consistent with FAO 's "State of World Fisheries 
and Aquaculture"  report and initial data presented by the Secretariat to the NGR , data were generated to exclude 
the categories "aquatic plants ", "whales, seals, and other aquatic mammal s", and the subcategory for alligators 
and crocodiles. All other aquatic species are included, such as crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, and FAO 's 
"miscellaneous " category, which includes items such as sea urchins and turtles.  
2 Includes FAO data for America n Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto  Rico, and US Virgin 
Islands.  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 4 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent of 
world total 
(2014 -16 
average)  
Greenland  292,441  268,371  273,175  277,996  0.35%  
Venezuela, Boliv . Rep of  166,027  206,986  256,423  209,812  0.26%  
Ghana  197,801  256,175  237,457  230,478  0.29%  
Cameroon  175,000  190,000  205,190  190,063  0.24%  
Korea, Dem. People's Rep  220,700  214,800  203,900  213,133  0.27%  
Mozambique  169,314  193,567  203,449  188,777  0.24%  
Sierra Leone  204,358  200,000  200,000  201,453  0.25%  
Kiribati  116,969  146,036  172,822  145,276  0.18%  
Australia  158,925  157,534  171,723  162,727  0.20%  
Yemen  219,762  180,813  154,450  185,008  0.23%  
Panama  160,846  142,024  144,050  148,973  0.19%  
Hong Kong, China  160,789  145,193  142,775  149,586  0.19%  
Maldives  128,683  127,352  129,191  128,409  0.16%  
Seychelles  75,139  104,986  127,128  102,418  0.13%  
Cambodia  120,250  120,288  120,600  120,379  0.15%  
Tunisia  110,292  117,825  113,864  113,994  0.14%  
Madagascar  73,020  88,013  111,072  90,702  0.11%  
Egypt  107,800  102,934  103,655  104,796  0.13%  
Guinea  105,000  100,000  100,000  101,667  0.13%  
Algeria  97,828  95,946  95,000  96,258  0.12%  
Belize  76,188  97,523  91,432  88,381  0.11%  
Micronesia, Fed. States of  50,670  68,694  88,392  69,252  0.09%  
United Arab Emirates  73,203  73,000  73,000  73,068  0.09%  
Colombia  74,300  63,342  68,344  68,662  0.09%  
Saudi Arabia  68,660  68,130  68,082  68,291  0.09%  
Solomon Islands  73,734  73,096  66,445  71,092  0.09%  
Saint Kitts and Nevis  66,139  100,429  65,734  77,434  0.10%  
Marshall Islands  78,743  89,742  64,795  77,760  0.10%  
Falkland Is. (Malvinas)  79,434  60,474  61,005  66,971  0.08%  
Côte d'Ivoire  67,024  56,000  59,700  60,908  0.08%  
Tanzania, United Rep. of  62,629  64,940  58,377  61,982  0.08%  
Gambia  47,546  52,718  55,686  51,983  0.06%  
El Salvador  61,717  49,983  53,331  55,010  0.07%  
Ukraine  122,646  100,286  52,032  91,655  0.11%  
Uruguay  62,657  56,106  48,177  55,647  0.07%  
Congo  35,348  31,922  46,760  38,010  0.05%  
Suriname  37,708  43,915  46,148  42,590  0.05%  
Nicaragua  49,663  40,240  44,900  44,934  0.06%  
Vanuatu  69,857  82,190  44,002  65,350  0.08%  
Fiji 41,028  38,828  41,928  40,595  0.05%  
Guyana  36,946  35,858  41,442  38,082  0.05%  
Curaçao  28,494  30,159  35,534  31,396  0.04%  
Zanzibar  32,872  34,103  33,893  33,623  0.04%  
Georgia  12,050  12,050  30,058  18,053  0.02%  
Libya 25,003  26,002  30,002  27,002  0.03%  
Somalia  29,800  29,800  29,800  29,800  0.04%  
Togo 14,849  16,497  25,848  19,065  0.02%  
Saint Vincent/Grenadines  81,413  26,206  23,077  43,565  0.05%  
Cuba 23,194  23,764  21,857  22,938  0.03%  
Benin  14,581  15,707  20,791  17,026  0.02%  
Gabon  25,103  22,000  20,000  22,368  0.03%  
Cabo Verde  35,677  37,742  19,900  31,106  0.04%  
Mauritius  14,655  15,739  18,062  16,152  0.02%  
Guatemala  19,816  18,137  16,651  18,201  0.02%  
Comoros  9,256  12,674  16,407  12,779  0.02%  
Kenya  9,217  8,919  16,391  11,509  0.01%  
Jamaica  14,506  16,327  16,100  15,644  0.02%  
Haiti 15,910  15,910  15,910  15,910  0.02%  
Bahrain  15,854  15,000  15,000  15,285  0.02%  
Costa Rica  14,696  14,700  14,700  14,699  0.02%  
Qatar  16,213  15,203  14,516  15,311  0.02%  
French Polynesia  15,254  14,127  13,701  14,361  0.02%  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 5 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent of 
world total 
(2014 -16 
average)  
Dominican Republic  12,940  10,659  13,602  12,400  0.02%  
Brunei Darussalam  3,186  3,370  13,292  6,616  0.01%  
Trinidad and Tobago  13,201  13,266  13,027  13,165  0.02%  
Liberia  12,500  12,500  12,500  12,500  0.02%  
Sao Tome and Principe  10,000  11,448  11,750  11,066  0.01%  
Bahamas  11,878  11,307  11,625  11,603  0.01%  
Honduras  8,539  10,659  10,500  9,899  0.01%  
Samoa  7,500  8,700  8,800  8,333  0.01%  
Dem. Rep. of the Congo  4,004  3,026  8,072  5,034  0.01%  
Tuvalu  7,379  6,148  7,684  7,070  0.01%  
Isle of Man  3,755  7,781  7,040  6,192  0.01%  
Equatorial Guinea  6,600  6,923  7,000  6,841  0.01%  
Guinea -Bissau  6,550  6,550  6,550  6,550  0.01%  
Albania  7,062  6,232  6,205  6,500  0.01%  
Kuwait  4,197  4,287  5,493  4,659  0.01%  
Other nei  3,337  39,006  5,229  15,857  0.02%  
Iraq 5,469  4,448  4,500  4,806  0.01%  
Eritrea  4,300  4,300  4,300  4,300  0.01%  
Lebanon  2,978  3,618  4,271  3,622  0.00%  
Guadeloupe  4,500  4,050  4,000  4,183  0.01%  
New Caledonia  4,063  4,004  3,815  3,961  0.00%  
Martinique  3,600  3,850  3,500  3,650  0.00%  
Palestine  2,854  3,227  3,306  3,129  0.00%  
Timor -Leste  3,200  3,200  3,200  3,200  0.00%  
Réunion  2,585  2,812  3,123  2,840  0.00%  
St. Pierre and Miquelon  2,545  3,498  3,027  3,023  0.00%  
Antigua and Barbuda  3,114  3,000  3,000  3,038  0.00%  
Channel Islands  2,983  2,574  2,985  2,847  0.00%  
French Guiana  3,245  3,202  2,955  3,134  0.00%  
Turks and Caicos Is.  2,419  2,817  2,780  2,672  0.00%  
Grenada  2,850  2,707  2,550  2,702  0.00%  
Cook Islands  3,843  5,426  2,230  3,833  0.00%  
Djibouti  2,298  2,012  2,220  2,177  0.00%  
Saint Lucia  2,096  2,083  2,097  2,092  0.00%  
Syrian Arab Republic  1,800  1,700  2,000  1,833  0.00%  
Sudan  3,008  1,757  1,751  2,172  0.00%  
Barbados  2,208  1,499  1,735  1,814  0.00%  
Tonga  1,837  1,781  1,650  1,756  0.00%  
Macao, China  1,500  1,500  1,500  1,500  0.00%  
Israel  1,525  1,594  1,257  1,459  0.00%  
Singapore  1,433  1,265  1,234  1,311  0.00%  
British Virgin Islands  1,205  1,200  1,200  1,202  0.00%  
Mayotte  1,911  1,059  1,122  1,364  0.00%  
Montenegro  787 825 933 848 0.00%  
Saint Helena  650 613 889 717 0.00%  
Palau  864 848 818 843 0.00%  
Dominica  730 945 770 815 0.00%  
Anguilla  876 780 684 780 0.00%  
Wallis and Futuna Is.  700 670 650 673 0.00%  
Nauru  530 530 530 530 0.00%  
French Southern Terr  430 400 420 417 0.00%  
Bermuda  417 407 410 411 0.00%  
Jordan  277 277 277 277 0.00%  
Sint Maarten  253 253 253 253 0.00%  
Bonaire/S.Eustatius/Saba  222 225 225 224 0.00%  
Tokelau  105 198 198 167 0.00%  
Aruba  142 142 142 142 0.00%  
Cayman Islands  125 125 125 125 0.00%  
Saint Barthélemy  100 100 100 100 0.00%  
Saint-Martin  90 90 90 90 0.00%  
Niue 38 38 38 38 0.00%  
Montserrat  41 34 31 35 0.00%  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 6 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent of 
world total 
(2014 -16 
average)  
British Indian Ocean Ter  9 12 7 9 0.00%  
Bosnia and Herzegovina  5 5 5 5 0.00%  
Pitcairn Islands  3 3 3 3 0.00%  
Gibraltar  1 1 1 1 0.00%  
Monaco  1 1 1 1 0.00%  
 
 
Table 2: Exports of fisheries products by country or territory, 2014 -16 (in  thousand  USD)  
(FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch online query, accessed 
31 January  2019; IHS Markit, Global Trade Atlas database, accessed 31 January  2019.)3 
 
Note: Entries reflect FAO nomenclature and data, except to the extent adjusted to correspond to official WTO 
Member names. They do not necessarily reflect Australian or US nomenclature or recognition of specific 
jurisdictions.  
Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent 
of world 
total 
(2014 -
16 
average)  
Grand total (FAO, includes intra -
EU trade)  146,802,276  131,759,701  141,115,108  139,892,362    
Grand total (as reflected below - 
excludes intra -EU trade)  119,284,622  106,964,384  113,585,134  113,278,046    
China  20,984,231  19,737,723  20,131,384  20,284,446  17.95%  
Norway  10,802,761  9,187,704  10,770,007  10,253,491  9.07%  
Viet Nam  8,028,649  6,756,070  7,320,009  7,368,243  6.52%  
Thailand  6,630,183  5,677,394  5,892,629  6,066,735  5.37%  
India 5,600,900  4,871,591  5,546,049  5,339,513  4.73%  
United States of America  5,712,774  5,532,808  5,456,182  5,567,255  4.93%  
EU-28 (external trade only, GTA 
data)  5,767,137  4,969,465  5,246,882  5,327,828  4.70%  
Chile 5,854,098  4,812,362  5,143,365  5,269,942  4.66%  
Canada  4,527,531  4,624,329  4,906,436  4,686,099  4.15%  
Ecuador  4,272,388  3,652,407  3,937,212  3,954,002  3.50%  
Indonesia  4,243,821  3,604,492  3,861,621  3,903,311  3.45%  
Russian Federation  3,806,148  3,658,288  3,855,030  3,773,155  3.34%  
Peru 2,885,372  2,369,157  2,173,466  2,475,998  2.19%  
Morocco  1,991,370  1,957,752  2,124,157  2,024,426  1.79%  
Japan  1,872,580  1,902,504  2,027,496  1,934,193  1.71%  
Iceland  2,139,851  2,059,505  2,000,134  2,066,497  1.83%  
                                                
3 FAO export data for "fisheries commodities " (which includes products of wild capture and aquaculture), 
less data for the FAO categories "corals and shells ", "seaweeds and aquatic plants ", "sponges ", and "waste ". All 
other aquatic species are included, such as crustaceans, molluscs, finfish, and other aquatic animals such as sea 
urchins and turtles.  Processed products derived from these species are also included. All data ar e from FAO, 
except for the EU -28 and the total excluding intra -EU trade. The EU -28 figures, which exclude trade among the 
EU members, are from the Global Trade Atlas database and reflect exports to non -EU countries of all products 
in chapter 03, headings 1 604 and 1605, and subheadings 0511.91, 1504.10 and 1504.20 of the Harmonized 
System . FAO and Global Trade Atlas export data cover a similar range of products, but small differences in 
coverage may exist.  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 7 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent 
of world 
total 
(2014 -
16 
average)  
Argentina  1,586,001  1,465,666  1,699,532  1,583,733  1.40%  
Korea, Republic of  1,674,531  1,515,176  1,658,097  1,615,935  1.43%  
Chinese Taipei  1,820,193  1,612,075  1,652,327  1,694,865  1.50%  
New Zealand  1,248,032  1,105,119  1,205,598  1,186,250  1.05%  
Faroe Islands  1,085,974  994,128  1,094,367  1,058,156  0.94%  
Australia  1,103,435  1,065,811  1,037,394  1,068,880  0.95%  
Mexico  1,160,302  1,045,266  1,026,463  1,077,344  0.95%  
Turkey  689,685  695,245  803,056  729,329  0.65%  
Philippines  997,995  775,911  720,779  831,562  0.74%  
Malaysia  863,962  685,625  709,840  753,142  0.67%  
Namibia  724,457  620,155  643,843  662,818  0.59%  
South Africa  642,289  516,861  621,256  593,469  0.53%  
Mauritania  464,593  584,160  599,620  549,458  0.49%  
Bangladesh  601,841  447,322  557,091  535,418  0.47%  
Greenland  515,395  377,753  512,847  468,665  0.41%  
Myanmar  536,166  479,722  499,494  505,127  0.45%  
Seychelles  431,036  375,923  483,671  430,210  0.38%  
Honduras  426,076  394,851  425,350  415,426  0.37%  
Senegal  396,353  352,855  377,410  375,539  0.33%  
Singapore  315,069  367,686  353,076  345,277  0.31%  
Pakistan  382,397  348,032  351,964  360,798  0.32%  
Iran (Islamic Rep. of)  256,577  212,273  350,041  272,964  0.24%  
Mauritius  369,769  289,374  300,196  319,780  0.28%  
Nicaragua  313,137  271,832  289,333  291,434  0.26%  
Belarus  319,484  257,255  254,163  276,967  0.25%  
Brazil  207,565  222,502  242,899  224,322  0.20%  
Falkland Is.  (Malvinas)  167,900  95,401  223,418  162,240  0.14%  
Papua New Guinea  137,342  152,537  197,037  162,305  0.14%  
Sri Lanka  266,270  180,680  182,892  209,947  0.19%  
Oman  141,576  144,118  178,933  154,876  0.14%  
Panama  220,212  187,879  176,674  194,922  0.17%  
Colombia  219,061  167,136  161,176  182,458  0.16%  
Tunisia  166,414  153,690  148,498  156,201  0.14%  
Maldives  141,554  140,428  137,568  139,850  0.12%  
Tanzania, United Rep. of  165,112  158,588  137,246  153,649  0.14%  
Madagascar  158,113  112,243  134,927  135,094  0.12%  
Kiribati  108,335  120,091  132,908  120,445  0.11%  
Saudi Arabia  70,469  90,077  131,786  97,444  0.09%  
Uganda  134,504  117,062  121,149  124,238  0.11%  
Yemen  210,195  135,336  119,561  155,031  0.14%  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 8 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent 
of world 
total 
(2014 -
16 
average)  
Costa Rica  145,304  138,461  117,324  133,696  0.12%  
United Arab Emirates  86,320  101,117  111,578  99,672  0.09%  
Côte d'Ivoire  94,997  144,147  109,451  116,198  0.10%  
Korea, Dem. People's Rep  140,348  110,730  108,947  120,008  0.11%  
Guyana  73,391  87,300  99,324  86,672  0.08%  
El Salvador  108,916  87,101  98,969  98,329  0.09%  
Guatemala  130,404  91,978  97,955  106,779  0.09%  
Suriname  88,996  90,006  94,697  91,233  0.08%  
Hong Kong, China  91,691  91,302  91,134  91,376  0.08%  
Uruguay  154,934  113,793  90,771  119,833  0.11%  
Solomon Islands  51,947  60,748  75,372  62,689  0.06%  
Marshall Islands  96,441  72,524  75,069  81,345  0.07%  
Angola  71,878  72,626  74,623  73,042  0.06%  
Vanuatu  77,784  100,498  71,544  83,275  0.07%  
Cuba 42,316  53,362  69,250  54,976  0.05%  
Bahamas  69,705  62,117  66,627  66,150  0.06%  
Ghana  59,996  71,760  63,652  65,136  0.06%  
Fiji 57,604  51,336  63,539  57,493  0.05%  
Albania  46,048  47,756  62,804  52,203  0.05%  
Nigeria  93,648  78,212  60,097  77,319  0.07%  
Kazakhstan  80,601  53,789  54,640  63,010  0.06%  
Cambodia  63,900  60,666  54,442  59,669  0.05%  
Micronesia, Fed.States of  54,721  67,684  54,018  58,808  0.05%  
Venezuela, Boliv Rep of  18,573  29,709  50,706  32,996  0.03%  
Cabo Verde  68,137  57,001  49,546  58,228  0.05%  
Mozambique  61,187  38,424  44,650  48,087  0.04%  
Egypt  34,809  31,474  42,295  36,193  0.03%  
Curaçao  30,009  24,576  34,021  29,535  0.03%  
Georgia  24,617  23,881  32,146  26,881  0.02%  
Bahrain  23,418  27,356  27,164  25,979  0.02%  
Trinidad and Tobago  16,789  26,332  26,670  23,264  0.02%  
Libya 14,049  16,875  24,581  18,502  0.02%  
Israel  30,403  22,499  21,641  24,848  0.02%  
Belize  57,296  44,596  21,617  41,170  0.04%  
Ukraine  48,518  17,503  21,212  29,078  0.03%  
Saint Helena  10,879  17,615  19,573  16,022  0.01%  
Switzerland  22,724  20,172  18,935  20,610  0.02%  
New Caledonia  23,555  17,606  18,599  19,920  0.02%  
Kenya  48,195  33,688  18,344  33,409  0.03%  
Samoa  2,520  13,428  17,011  10,986  0.01%  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 9 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent 
of world 
total 
(2014 -
16 
average)  
Serbia  6,107  5,276  12,975  8,119  0.01%  
Guinea  13,317  10,591  12,752  12,220  0.01%  
Armenia  31,429  14,958  12,551  19,646  0.02%  
French Polynesia  13,848  14,673  11,916  13,479  0.01%  
Jamaica  12,587  10,595  11,840  11,674  0.01%  
Sierra Leone  9,841  10,207  11,337  10,462  0.01%  
Dominican Republic  13,741  14,249  10,557  12,849  0.01%  
Tuvalu  8,317  5,486  7,949  7,251  0.01%  
Haiti 7,606  9,160  7,943  8,236  0.01%  
Bosnia and Herzegovina  6,769  7,606  7,840  7,405  0.01%  
Grenada  8,081  5,430  7,738  7,083  0.01%  
Zimbabwe  15,321  12,518  7,112  11,650  0.01%  
Algeria  7,047  6,317  6,675  6,680  0.01%  
Guinea -Bissau  3,960  4,748  5,664  4,791  0.00%  
Somalia  1,747  3,891  4,612  3,417  0.00%  
Cook Islands  2,931  2,615  4,597  3,381  0.00%  
Tonga  6,422  4,364  4,291  5,026  0.00%  
Turks and Caicos Is.  3,604  3,560  3,112  3,425  0.00%  
Gabon  3,014  3,317  2,917  3,083  0.00%  
Brunei Darussalam  4,144  3,334  2,883  3,454  0.00%  
Gambia  1,987  2,733  2,710  2,477  0.00%  
Rwanda  1,205  2,064  2,549  1,939  0.00%  
Dem. Rep. of the Congo  1,112  1,018  2,135  1,422  0.00%  
St. Pierre and Miquelon  1,951  3,136  1,961  2,349  0.00%  
Lebanon  2,623  2,609  1,844  2,359  0.00%  
Lesotho  2,018  2,660  1,645  2,108  0.00%  
Togo 2,149  1,942  1,455  1,849  0.00%  
Sudan  843 1,122  1,376  1,114  0.00%  
Qatar  1,417  1,825  1,104  1,449  0.00%  
Macedonia, Fmr Yug Rp of  515 344 932 597 0.00%  
Congo  869 936 925 910 0.00%  
Cameroon  2,604  1,967  771 1,781  0.00%  
Barbados  387 465 646 499 0.00%  
Zambia  745 531 538 605 0.00%  
Liberia  422 445 524 464 0.00%  
Mali 335 315 500 383 0.00%  
Syrian Arab Republic  212 291 497 333 0.00%  
Saint Vincent/Grenadines  509 570 491 523 0.00%  
Uzbekistan  103 45 482 210 0.00%  
Kuwait  31 1,364  472 622 0.00%  TN/RL/GEN/197  
 
- 10 - 
 
  Country/Territory  2014  2015  2016  2014 -16 
average  Percent 
of world 
total 
(2014 -
16 
average)  
Palau  622 508 430 520 0.00%  
Palestine  0 546 428 325 0.00%  
Niger  1,037  260 373 557 0.00%  
Aruba  69 86 371 175 0.00%  
Saint Kitts and Nevis  407 376 362 382 0.00%  
Burkina Faso  626 838 300 588 0.00%  
Antigua and Barbuda  319 354 270 314 0.00%  
Ethiopia  486 524 219 410 0.00%  
Azerbaijan  0 23 209 77 0.00%  
Timor -Leste  0 28 161 63 0.00%  
Benin  919 243 138 433 0.00%  
Malawi  156 136 133 142 0.00%  
Kyrgyz Republic  10 87 124 74 0.00%  
Burundi  324 215 122 220 0.00%  
Montenegro  44 3 109 52 0.00%  
Lao People's Dem. Rep.  354 138 72 188 0.00%  
Paraguay  14 12 61 29 0.00%  
Equatorial Guinea  44 46 50 47 0.00%  
Botswana  215 653 49 306 0.00%  
Chad 54 45 48 49 0.00%  
Mongolia  109 134 48 97 0.00%  
Iraq 60 34 42 45 0.00%  
Sao Tome and Principe  19 50 29 33 0.00%  
Djibouti  43 179 21 81 0.00%  
Bermuda  31 22 17 23 0.00%  
Moldova, Republic of  0 0 13 4 0.00%  
Nepal  5 5 10 7 0.00%  
Turkmenistan  3 0 10 4 0.00%  
Saint Lucia  23 8 8 13 0.00%  
Dominica  2 39 7 16 0.00%  
Andorra  1 8 3 4 0.00%  
Eswatini  14 0 2 5 0.00%  
Bhutan  0 1 0 0 0.00%  
Cayman Islands  5 185 0 63 0.00%  
Eritrea  4 176 0 60 0.00%  
Jordan  0 1 0 0 0.00%  
 
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