PHILIPPINE NATIONAL S TANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
ii 
 Foreword  1 
This Code of Practice (COP) for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin 2 
Contamination in Cereals was developed to assist farmers/producers to comply with 3 
the maximum levels (MLs) of mycotoxins in cereals, particularly aflatoxins, fumonisins 4 
and deoxyniva lenol (DON). This Philippine National Standard (PNS) is an adoption of 5 
the COP for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals, 6 
including Annexes on Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Fumonisins, and Tricothecenes 7 
(CAC/RCP 51 -2003) of the Co dex Alimetarius Commission (CAC), with modifications to 8 
suit the local production and post -production practices in the Philippines, particularly 9 
for rice and corn. In the preparation of this standard, the following Philippine National 10 
Standards (PNS) were considered:  11 
 12 
1. PNS/BAFPS 10:2004 Grains – Corn (Zea mays indentata Linn, Zea mays 13 
indurate Linn. and Zea mays ceritina K. Sturt. Syn. praecox) – Grading and 14 
Classification;  15 
2. PNS/BAFPS 15:2004 Corn (Maize) grits (Zea mays Linn .) – Grading and 16 
Classification ; 17 
3. PNS/BAFPS 20:2008 Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Corn;  18 
4. PNS/BAFPS 27:2008 Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of 19 
Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn; and  20 
5. PNS/BAFS 141:2014 Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Rice  21 
 22 
A Technical Working Group (TWG) was created through Special Order No. 106 Series of 23 
2014 to develop the COP for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination 24 
in Cereals. The TWG represented the relevant agencies of the Department of Agriculture 25 
(DA), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), University of the Philippines Los 26 
Banos (UPLB) and private sector organizations. Public consultations were conducted in 27 
Regions 2, 7, 10, and the National Capital Region (NCR), which represented the major 28 
hubs of cereal production and trade in the country. Comments and recommendations 29 
were solicited from relevant government agencies, academe, private sector and non - 30 
government organizations. Therefore, this COP is the final output of the public -private 31 
sector  collaboration between and among the TWG, and relevant stakeholders that 32 
participated in the public consultations. 33 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL S TANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
  
 Introduction  34 
 35 
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites present in a large part of the world’s food supply that 36 
pose as threat to human and animal health. The five (5) most important naturally 37 
occurring mycotoxins in human food and animal feeds are aflatoxin caused by 38 
Aspergill us flavus  and A. parasiticus ; ochratoxin A (O TA) by A. ochraceus  and Pennicilliun 39 
verrucosum ; deoxynivalenol (DON) by Fusarium graminearium ; zearalenone by F. 40 
graminearium  and F. culmorum ; and fumonisins by Fusarium verticillioides , F. 41 
proliferatum , and F. moniliforme . 42 
 43 
Toxigenic fungi are prevalent in regions in climatic zones which allow for small and 44 
large scale cereal grain production. Although the species and strains may differ among 45 
grain -producing regions, these fungi are present in soils, in wild host plant species, in 46 
the residues of cultivated crops and stored grains and in the dust in drying and/or 47 
storage facilities. The fungi are associated with both pre -harvest and postharvest 48 
mycotoxin contamination in cereals. The list of major mycotoxin -producing fungi that 49 
infect cereals during pre -harvest and postharvest can be found in Annex A.  50 
 51 
Mycotoxins are potent carcinogens, which can produce both acute and chronic toxicities 52 
ranging from deleterious effects in the central nervous, cardiovascular an d pulmonary 53 
systems and the alimentary tract that may finally result in death. Human diseases like 54 
liver and esophageal cancer are associated with aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively.  55 
 56 
The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) has set the Maximum Levels (MLs) for the 57 
different mycotoxins for cereals and cereal -based food and feed products, which can be 58 
found in the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed . 59 
 60 
The complete elimination of mycotoxin producing organism might be diffic ult in humid 61 
environments . The elaboration and acceptance of this COP will provide uniform 62 
guidance to consider in attempting to control and manage organisms responsible for the 63 
mycotoxin contamination in cereals. It is important for farmers/producers to r ealize 64 
that Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) 65 
represent the primary lines of defense against mycotoxin contamination of cereals 66 
during pre-harvest and  post -harvest stages.  67 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
1 
 1 Scope  68 
 69 
 This Code  for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxins in cereals recommends 70 
practices based on GAP and GMP and are generally consistent with Hazard Analysis 71 
Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles which are incorporated into current food 72 
safety practices and certification schemes in production, storage, handling, 73 
transportation, processing, distribution and trade.  74 
 75 
2 Normative references  76 
 77 
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of 78 
their content constitutes requirement s of this document. For dated references, only the 79 
edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced 80 
document (including any amendments) applies.  81 
 82 
CAC/RCP 51 -2003  (Amd. 2017) , Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of 83 
mycotoxin contamination in cereals  84 
 85 
3 Terms and definitions  86 
 87 
For the purpose s of this document , the following terms and definitions apply . 88 
 89 
3.1 90 
cereals  91 
crops belonging to the genera and species of the grass family (Gramineae) used for food 92 
and feeds, which include  but not limited to  rice,  corn, Job’s tears (adlai), sorghum , 93 
barley,  oats, rye, and wheat  94 
 95 
3.2 96 
grains   97 
kernels remaining after removal of inedible parts such as the husk or hull , which can be  98 
used  intact (e.g. , brown rice/milled rice,  corn kernel), cracked (e.g., corn grits), ground 99 
(e.g. , wheat flour), or flaked (e.g. , breakfast cereal)  100  
 101  
3.3 102  
mycotoxins  103  
diverse group of toxic chemical substances (secondary metabolites) produced by fungi  104  
 105  
 3.3.1  106  
aflatoxin   107  
group of highly poisonous and carcinogenic compounds, which are produced by 108  
strains of the fungi, Aspergillus flavus  and A. parasiticus , on suitable substrates 109  
such as corn, peanuts, cassava, copra and other oilseeds  110  
 111  
3.3.2  112  
deoxynivalenol (DON)   113  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
2 
 commonly c alled vomitoxin, is produced by several fungi of the genus Fusarium , 114  
specifically F. graminearium , frequently infecting rice, corn, barley, oats, and 115  
other cereals in the field or during postharvest operations  116  
 117  
3.3.3  118  
fumonisins   119  
produced by the fungi Fusar ium verticillioides , F. proliferatum , F. moniliforme  and 120  
other Fusarium  species that grow on agricultural commodities in the field or 121  
during postharvest operations  122  
 123  
3.3.4  124  
ochratoxin A (O TA)  125  
produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus  and Penicillium , 126  
specifically A. ochraceus  and P. verrucosum , when the nutrients, temperature and 127  
water activity required for growth and biosynthesis are present  128  
 129  
3.3.5  130  
tricothecenes (T -2) 131  
produced by species that belong to several fungal genera of Fusarium , 132  
Stachybotrys , Trichothecium , Trichoderma , Memnoniella , and Myrothecium  133  
generally found in various cereal crops such as corn, barley, oats, rye, wheat and 134  
processed grains  135  
 136  
3.3.6  137  
zearalenone  138  
compound produced by Fusarium  spp. such as F. graminearium  and F. culmorum  139  
found specifically as a contaminant in corn but may also occur in sorghum, 140  
barley, oats, and wheat  141  
 142  
3.4 143  
pre-harvest stages  144  
stages in the cereal food supply chain which includes planting, pest and weed 145  
management, irrigation, and harvesting  146  
 147  
3.5 148  
post -harvest stages  149  
refers to the stages in the cereal food supply chain involving the minimal 150  
transformation of cereals after primary production such as shelling/threshing/drying,  151  
sorting/cleaning,  storage, and transport of the grains  152  
 153  
4 Good  Agricultural  Practice  (GAP)  154  
 155  
4.1 Pre-harvest  156  
 157  
4.1.1  Planting  and crop rotation  158  
 159  
A crop rotation schedule should be developed and maintained to avoid planting the 160  
same crop in the same field, for two consecutive seasons.  161  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
3 
  162  
This can help to reduce the inoculum in the fi eld which may originate from debris 163  
remaining after harvest that harbors toxigenic fungal spores.  164  
 165  
The most susceptible crops to toxigenic fungi and the mycotoxins that can be produced 166  
are shown in Annex B.  167  
 168  
Crops of low susceptibility to toxigenic fungi such as potato, mungbean, soybean, and 169  
other legumes can be used in rotation to reduce the inocula in the field.  170  
 171  
When possible and practical, toxigenic fungi free certified seeds should be used and the 172  
seed b ed should be prepared for each new crop by plowing under or by destroying or 173  
removing old seed heads, stalks, and other debris that may have served, or may 174  
potentially serve as substrates for the growth of mycotoxin producing fungi.  175  
 176  
In areas that are vul nerable to erosion, no -till or minimum tillage practices may be 177  
required in the interest of soil and water conservation.  178  
 179  
 The results of soil/tissue tests should be utilized to determine if there is a need to apply 180  
fertilizer and/or soil conditioners to a ssure  adequate soil pH and plant nutrition to 181  
avoid plant stress, especially during seed development stage of crop  growth.  182  
 183  
Quality seed varieties adapted to the locality and/or those approved by the National 184  
Seed Industry Council (NSIC)  should be used . 185  
 186  
As far as practical , crop planting should be timed to avoid high temperature and drought 187  
stress during the period of seed development and maturation. Predictive models (e.g. , 188  
weather forecasts and planting patterns), when available, could be used as a tool to plan 189  
for the best planting period.  190  
 191  
Appropriate density of planting by maintaining the recommended row and intra -row 192  
and inter -plant spacing for the species/varieties grown should be ensured . Information 193  
concerning plant -spacing may be provided from see d companies , national authorities, 194  
or extension services . 195  
 196  
Minimize mechanical damage to plants during cultivation, irrigation and pest  197  
management practices. Minimize  lodging of plants to prevent contact of the aerial parts 198  
of the plants with soil, particu larly at the flowering stage  of the crop. Soil and soil water 199  
are sources of inoculum (spores) of toxigenic fungal species.  200  
 201  
4.1.2  Pest/ weed management  202  
 203  
Minimize insect damage and fungal infection in the vicinity of the crop by proper use of 204  
registered pes ticides and other appropriate practices within an integrated pest 205  
management program. Predictive models may be used to plan the best time  and mode 206  
of pesticide application . 207  
 208  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
4 
 Weeds in the crop should be controlled by use of mechanical methods, registered 209  
herbicides or other safe and suitable weed management practices  utilizing an integrated 210  
pest management program . 211  
 212  
4.1.3  Irrigation  213  
 214  
If irrigation is used, ensure that it is applied in a timely and even manner so that all 215  
plants in the field will have an adeq uate supply of water. Irrigation during flowering and 216  
ripening of crops should be minimized (except for rice). Excess water during flowering 217  
makes conditions favorable for proliferation and infection by mycotoxin -producing 218  
fungi.  219  
 220  
4.1.4  Harvesting  221  
 222  
Plan to harvest grain at  low moisture content (refer to Annex C) and full maturity . 223  
Delayed harvest of grain already  infected by Fusarium  species may cause an increase in 224  
the mycotoxin content of the crop.  225  
 226  
Before harvest, all equipment to be used for harvesting, drying, cleaning and storage of 227  
crops, should be in a good working order and cleaned of crop residues, grain and dust. A 228  
breakdown of  equipment during this critical period may cause grain quality losses and 229  
enhance mycotoxin formation.  Importa nt spare parts should be available on the farm to 230  
minimize time loss from repairs. Equipment  needed for moisture content 231  
measurements should be available and calibrated.  232  
 233  
Containers (e.g., bags, sacks) and conveyances (e.g. wagons, trucks) to be used for 234  
collecting and transporting the harvested grain from the field to drying facilities, and to 235  
storage facilities after drying, should be clean, dry and free of crop residues, old grain, 236  
grain dust, insects and visible fungal growth before use and re -use.  237  
 238  
Avo id contact of harvested crop with dirt, soil, and other contaminants. Remove the 239  
infected and infested crop from the ground and dispose properly.  240  
 241  
Avoid piling, heaping, or bin storage of high -moisture, freshly harvested commodities 242  
for more than a few hou rs prior to drying or threshing to lessen the risk of fungal 243  
growth. If it is not possible to dry the commodities immediately, aerate them by forced 244  
air circulation.  245  
 246  
4.2 Post -harvest stages  247  
 248  
4.2. 1 Shelling/Threshing/Drying  249  
 250  
Immediately after harvest:  251  
 252  
a. Crops should be cleaned and sorted to remove damaged produce and other 253  
foreign matters.  254  
 255  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
5 
 b. Shell corn on cob at 18-20% MC and dry the kernels to 13-14% MC or less prior 256  
to storage.  257  
 258  
c. Thresh rice at 21-24% MC and sorghum at 16 -20% MC and dry the grains to 259  
14% MC or less prior to storage.  260  
 261  
In the field, do not pile or heap wet and freshly harvested crops for a long period of time 262  
prior to shelling/threshing or drying to lessen the risk of fungal growth.  263  
 264  
Use recommended mechanical drying facilities or equipment for  each commodity. If sun 265  
drying, avoid direct contact with soil by  use of concrete pavement and underlays.  266  
 267  
4.2.2  Storage  268  
 269  
Storage facilities (bins, silos, sheds and other buildings intended for grain storage)  270  
should be dry, well -ventilated, provide protect ion from rain, ground water, moisture 271  
condensation, and the entry of  rodents, birds and insects that cannot only contaminate 272  
grain, but damage grain kernels to render them more  susceptible to mold infection. 273  
Ideally, storage structures should be designed s o as to minimize wide  fluctuations in the 274  
temperature of the stored grain.  275  
 276  
Only grains that have passed the food safety and quality standards (i.e. , MC, mycotoxin 277  
level, and physical qualities)  should be stored . 278  
 279  
For bagged commodities, ensure that bags are clean, dry and stacked on pallets or 280  
incorporate a water  impermeable layer between the bags and the floor. The bags should 281  
facilitate aeration and be made of nontoxic  food -grade materials that do not attract 282  
insects or rodents and are sufficiently stro ng to resist storage for  longer periods.  283  
 284  
When storing in bulk/silo, aerate the grain by circulating air to maintain proper and 285  
uniform temperature, and minimize development of hotspots. Check MC and 286  
temperature of the stored grains at regular fixed time i ntervals.  A temperature rise of 2 - 287  
3°C may indicate microbial growth and/or insect infestation.  288  
 289  
Observe good warehousing practices in accordance with PNS/BAFS 193:2017 Good 290  
warehousing practices for bagged grains.  291  
 292  
4.2.3  Transport  293  
 294  
Transport facilities, in cluding container vans,  trucks, railway cars, and vessels (boats 295  
and ships)  should be clean and dry before use. They should be disinfected/disinfested 296  
with appropriate substances and registered fumigants or pesticides (i.e. , should not 297  
cause off -odors, off -flavor or contaminate the grains).  At unloading, the transport 298  
container should be emptied of all cargo  and cleaned as appropriate.  299  
 300  
Shipments of bagged grains should be protected from additional moisture by using 301  
tarpaulin covers. Minimize temperature fl uctuations that may cause condensation to 302  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
6 
 form on the grain, which could lead to local moisture build -up and consequent fungal 303  
growth and mycotoxin formation.  304  
 305  
Prevent insect, bird, and rodent infestation during transport by the use of insect -and- 306  
rodent pr oof containers or insect and rodent repellant chemical treatments approved 307  
for the intended end use of the grains.  308  
 309  
4.2.4  Sorting/Cleaning  310  
 311  
Sorting and cleaning should be done to remove visibly moldy infected and/or damaged 312  
kernels to reduce formation and contamination of mycotoxin and its further entry into 313  
the food and livestock feed supply chains.  314  
 315  
4.3 Record keeping  316  
 317  
Records of farming operations such as production practices, harvesting and storage 318  
procedures implemented, and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, moisture, 319  
and humidity) should be kept for traceability purposes.   320  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
7 
 Annex  A 321  
(informative)  322  
 323  
Major mycotoxin -producing fungi infecting cereals  324  
during pre -harvest and postharvest  325  
 326  
Type of fungi  Genus  Mycotoxins  
Field Fungi  Fusarium  beauvericin,  
deoxynivalenol (DON),  
enniatins, fumonisins, HT - 
2 toxin, moniliformin, T -2 
toxin, zearalenone  
Storage Fungi  Aspergillus  Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A  
(OTA) 
Penicillium  Ochratoxin A (O TA) 
 327  
328  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
8 
 Annex B  329  
(informative)  330  
 331  
Susceptible rotation crops to toxigenic fungi associated with production of 332  
mycotoxins  (not exhaustive)  333  
 334  
Crops  Fungi  Potential of mycotoxins  
Peanuts  Aspergillus flavus  
A. parasiticus  
A. nomius  
and other related species  Aflatoxins  
Maize  A. flavus  
A. parasiticus  
and other related species  Aflatoxins  
Fusarium graminearum  
F. culmorum  deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 
zearalenone  
F. verticillioides  
F. proliferatum  fumonisins  
Sorghum  Fusarium graminearum  
Fusarium spp.  deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 
zearalenone and diacetoxyscirpenol  
Alternaria spp.  alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, 
tenuazonic acid and altenuene  
F. verticillioides  
F. proliferatum  fumonisins  
A. flavus  
A. parasiticus  
A. section Flavi  Aflatoxins  
P. verrucosum  
A. ochraceus  and related species  
A. carbonarius  
A. niger  ochratoxin A  
Claviceps purpurea  
C. Africana  
C. sorghi and related species  ergot alkaloids  
A. versicolor  sterigmatocystin  
Wheat  Alternaria spp.  alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, 
tenuazonic acid  
 F. graminearum  
F. culmorum  
F. asiaticum  deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 
zearalenone  
Barley  F. graminearum  
F. culmorum  
F. asiaticum  deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 
zearalenone  
Oats  F. graminearum  
F. culmorum  
F. langsethii  deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 
zearalenone, t -2 and ht -2 toxin  
Rye F. graminearum  deoxynivalenol, ergot alkaloids  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
9 
 Crops  Fungi  Potential of mycotoxins  
Claviceps purpurea  
Cotton  A. flavus  
A. parasiticus  Aflatoxins  
Millet  F. graminearum  Deoxynivalenol  
Triticale  F. graminearum  Deoxynivalenol  
  335  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
10 
 Annex C 336  
(informative)  337  
 338  
Recommended moisture conte nt (MC) for harvesting of cereals  339  
 340  
Cereal 
crop MC, Percent 
(%)  Reference  
Rice  21 – 24 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_u  
pload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Co m 
pendium_ -_RICE.pdf  
Corn/Maize  18 - 24 http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0395e/T0395E04.htm   
Sorghum  16 – 20 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_u  
pload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Co m 
pendium_ -_SORGHUM.pdf  
  341  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
11 
 Bibliography  342  
 343  
Codex Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in 344  
Cereals, Including Annexes on Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Fumonisins and Tricothenes 345  
(CAC/RCP 51 -2003).  346  
 347  
Codex  Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A (OtA) 348  
Contamination in Coffee (CAC/RCP 69:2009).  349  
 350  
Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (Codex Stan 351  
193 -1999)  352  
 353  
Codex Recommended International Code of Practice  – General Principles of Food 354  
Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1 -1969, Rev. 2003).  355  
 356  
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and Guidelines for its Management 357  
- CAC/RCP 1 -1969 Rev (2003).  358  
 359  
http://www.darfu4 b.da.gov.ph/pub.html  360  
 361  
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1390e/y1390e02.htm#bm02x  362  
 363  
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_ - 364  
_MAIZE.pdf  365  
 366  
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_ - 367  
_RICE.pdf  368  
 369  
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Com pendium_ - 370  
_SORGHUM.pdf  371  
 372  
http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/economic/fa odef/fdef01e.htm  373  
 374  
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInfor m 375  
ation/ChemicalContaminantsMetalsNaturalToxinsPesticides/ucm120184.htm  376  
 377  
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInform  378  
ation/ucm109231.htm  379  
 380  
http://www.food.gov.uk/policy -advice/mycotoxins/animalfeed/  381  
http://www.he althgrain.org/webfm_send/44  382  
 383  
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635619  384  
 385  
http://www.vkm.no/dav/eee04d10c4.pdf  386  
 387  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFS 146:201 X 
Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals  
Working draft  
For Public Consultative Meeting  
12 
 Leslie, John F., Bandyopadhyay and Angelo Visconti. 2008. Mycotoxin: Detecting 388  
Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade. United Kingdom: CAB 389  
International.  390  
 391  
Mills John T. 1989. Mycotoxin and Toxigenic Fungi in Cereal Grains in Western Cana da, 392  
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg Canada.  393  
 394  
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. 2013. Risk Assessment of Myxotoxin in 395  
Cereal Grain in Norway.  396  
 397  
PNS/BAFPS 20:2008 Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Corn  398  
 399  
PNS/BAFS 141:2014 Code  of Good Agricultural Practices for Rice  400  
 401  
PNS/BAFPS 27:2008 Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Aflatoxin 402  
Contamination in Corn  403  
 404  
PNS/BAFPS 15:2004 Corn (Maize) grits ( Zea mays Linn.)  – Grading and Classification  405  
 406  
PNS/BAFPS 10:2004 Grains – Corn ( Zea mays indentata Linn, Zea mays indurate  Linn. 407  
and Zea mays ceritina K. Sturt. Syn.  praecox ) – Grading and Classification  408  
 409  
Report of the Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF), 410  
2014  411  
 412  
Republic Act 10611: Food Safety Ac t of 2013  413