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Trade Policy Review Body    
 
* In Original language only/ En langue originale seulement /En el idioma original solamente . 
  CHINA 
DRAFT MINUTES  OF THE MEETING* HELD ON 20 AND 22 JULY 2016  
Delegations are invited to submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the 
Secretariat ( Mrs Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanqua rt@wto.org , or to  tprd@wto.org ) no later 
than 19 September 2016 . 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
 
CHINE 
PROJET DE COMPTE REN DU DE LA RÉUNION* TENUE LES 20 ET 22 JUILLET 201 6 
Les délégations sont invitées à soumettre  leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles concernant leurs 
propres déclarations au Secrétariat ( Mme Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org , ou 
tprd@wto.org ) le 19 septembre 2016  au plus tard.  
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
 
CHINA 
PROYECTO DE ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN* CELEBRADA LOS DÍAS 20 Y 22 DE JULIO DE 2016 
Las delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría (Sr a. Barbara Blanquart: 
barbara.blanquart@wto.org , o tprd@wto.org ) a más tardar el 19 de septiembre de 2016  las 
correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir en sus propias declaraciones.  
 
 
_______________  
 WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  TRADE P OLICY REVIEW  
CHINA 
DRAFT  MINUTES OF THE MEETI NG 
Chairperson: Ms. Irene Young (Hong Kong, China)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  3 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE O F CHINA  ................................ .........  5 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ..............  10 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S ................................ ................................ ........................  14 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF CHINA A ND ADDITIONAL COMMEN TS ............  72 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  81 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies 
provided by China are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/342/Add.1 and will be available online 
at http://www.wto.org/english/ tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The sixth Trade Policy Review of China was held on 20 and 22 July 2016. The Chairperson, 
Ms. Irene Young (Hong Kong, China), welcomed the delegation of China headed by Mr. Wang 
Shouwen, Vice Minister, Ministry of Commerce; the delegation from China; and the discussant, 
H.E. Ambassador Hamish McCormick (Australia). As agreed by Members earlier, the United Nations 
Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) was attending this meeting as obs erver on an ad 
hoc basis.  
1.2.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the Trade Policy Reviews and the main elements of 
the procedures for the meeting. The report by China was contained in document WT/TPR/G/342 
and that of the WTO Secretariat in WT/TPR/S/342.  
1.3.  Questions by the following delegations had been submitted in writing before the deadline and 
had been transmitted to the delegation of China: Indonesia; Australia; United States; Switzerland; 
Sultanate of Oman; Malaysia; Colombia; Mexico; Singapore; New Ze aland; Brunei Darussalam; 
Japan; Chinese Taipei; Chile; European Union; El Salvador; Ukraine; Brazil; Hong Kong, China; 
Norway; Canada; Russian Federation; Dominican Republic; and Republic of Korea. The following 
delegations submitted written questions aft er the deadline: Guatemala; Argentina; Costa Rica; 
Benin; Ecuador; Thailand; Israel; Peru; India; and Turkey. These questions had also been 
transmitted to the delegation of China.  
1.4.  At the previous TPR in 2014, Members had remarked that China had become the major 
global merchandise trader and had noted the impact that China's policies had had on the world 
economy and on the functioning of the WTO. Members had highlighted the role that China's 
economic growth had played in contributing to world economic recove ry in the aftermath of the 
global financial crisis.  
1.5.  Two years on, China remained the world's largest trader, but its trade – in terms of both 
exports and imports - had lost considerable momentum. Meanwhile, overcapacity in certain 
industries had been  addressed as a global concern. China's economic growth had also slowed down 
to 6.9% in 2015. In what the authorities would describe as the "New Normal" situation, China was 
expected to have more stable, but lower, GDP growth rates of around 6.5% -7% a year. How  China 
was adjusting to this "New Normal", and what this meant for its own trade policies and for world 
economy, might be of great interest to Members.  
1.6.  Back in 2014, China had been rolling out an ambitious and comprehensive reform agenda 
under a new leade rship. Over the past two years, some of those pilot programmes, such as free 
trade zone, paperless customs clearance, single window for international trade, and levying VAT in 
lieu of business tax, had seen initial success and wider application. Under the 13th Five -Year Plan 
(2016 -2020), China will press on with its structural reforms, notably in relation to State -Owned 
Enterprises, private sector participation, foreign investment and services market access. These had 
been key topics highlighted in the last  TPR. In their written questions this time, Members asked 
again questions about the role of the State in the Chinese economy, as public ownership remained 
important in sectors of strategic importance, despite increasing private sector participation in the 
economy. Members also enquired about the investment regime, in particular the negative list for 
market access and foreign investment; the Investment Catalogue; and the relationship between 
the two. The Chairperson believed they might appreciate an update o n what had emerged from 
the reforms in these areas, and what more they could expect in the coming years.  
1.7.  In the last TPR, Members had commended China for having submitted its notification of 
Category A commitments under the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Su bsequently, not only had 
China ratified that Agreement, but it had also joined a separate plurilateral initiative to expand the 
Information Technology Agreement. In this TPR, some Members were seeking information on how 
China was to implement these commitm ents. Regarding the Agreement on Government 
Procurement, China was still an observer in the process of negotiating its accession. In this 
connection, Members requested information on China's plans to review its Government 
Procurement Law to deal with issue s such as "buy domestic" requirements and to develop a unified 
information system for Government Procurement.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  1.8.  In their questions, Members also showed interest in China's efforts to enforce Intellectual 
Property Rights, which had been of concern in the prev ious Review. They also raised a number of 
questions on issues such as patent quality, improvements to the copyright registration system and 
services, protection of well -known trademarks, and procedures for registering geographical 
indications. Other areas in which Members continued to urge for improvement included: 
compliance with the WTO notification requirements, in particular regarding support programmes; 
as well as TBT and SPS, where Members might like to see China adopting more international 
standards and increasing the transparency and predictability of its measures.  
1.9.  This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail these issues, as 
well as other issues of interest to Members and of systemic importance to the multilateral tra ding 
system. The Chairperson looked forward to a fruitful exchange.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE O F CHINA (MR. WANG SH OUWEN)  
2.1.  Good morning. I was here exactly two years ago. Time flies! I am happy to be back for the 
Sixth WTO Trade Policy Review  of China.  
2.2.  Let me begin by expressing my appreciation to Madam Chair for your very good introductory 
and substantive remarks. My thanks also go to Ambassador Hamish McCormick for assuming the 
role of discussant.  
2.3.  I would also like to acknowledge the treme ndous efforts made by the WTO's TPR team for 
preparing the Secretariat report and this meeting. While studying the text, we have identified 
some factual errors, and I am very glad that the Secretariat of the WTO has agreed to get them 
corrected in the revi sed version of the report, to be distributed after the meeting. We appreciate 
that. 
2.4.  I am really impressed by the turnout of today's meeting, and the room seems to be more 
crowded than two years ago. Thank you very much for coming and for your interest in C hina's 
trade policies.  
2.5.  The Government of China attaches great importance to this review. Joining me today are 
33 colleagues from 16 government agencies of China, and our Ambassador Yu, Minister Yu and 
colleagues at the Mission here in Geneva.  
2.6.  In the past few weeks, my team has been working around the clock. So far, we have 
received close to 1,800 written questions from 34 members, setting a new record in China's TPR. 
By yesterday afternoon, we had answered all 1,475 questions submitted by 25 Members two 
weeks prior to this meeting. And we are working hard on the remaining 300 plus questions 
submitted after 6 July, and will provide responses in one month from now according to the rule.  
2.7.  I would like to approach China's economic performance and trade policy d evelopment during 
the review period from 5 perspectives, namely macro -economy, reform measures, opening -up 
steps, participation in the multilateral trading system, and assumption of the role as a responsible 
major trading nation.  
2.8.  With regard to macro -econo my, in the past two years, China's economy has been growing 
steadily at a medium to high speed and with a better quality.  
2.9.  Last year, China's GDP grew by 6.9%, over 13 million new jobs were created in the urban 
areas, and China's CPI rose by 1.4% year on y ear. Retail sales of consumer goods amounted to 
30.09 trillion RMB yuan, contributing to 66.4% of China's economic growth. The driving force 
behind China's growth has turned from investment and export to service and consumption.  
2.10.   In 2015, China boasted the largest trading partner of over 120 countries and regions. 
Exports made by private enterprises in China accounted for 45.2% of the national total, while 
foreign -invested enterprises (FIEs) took up 44.2%, and state -owned enterprises (SOEs) took up 
10.6%.  
2.11.   Trade in services has maintained steady and fast development. In 2014, China's trade in 
services ranked the global second for the first time. In 2015, China's total trade in services 
amounted to US$713 billion, representing a growth of 14.6% year -on-year. Se rvice imports grew 
by 18.6%, much higher than the growth of exports. As a result, deficit of trade in services 
expanded from US$118.5 billion in 2013 to US$136.6 billion in 2015.  
2.12.   China remains one of the world's most attractive investment destinations, and  has ranked 
top in FDI absorption among developing countries for 25 consecutive years. In 2015, the number 
of newly approved FIEs registered a growth of 11.8% year -on-year growth, and the value of 
paid-in FDI reached US$126.27 billion. Out of it, 61.1% or US$77.18 billion went to the services 
sector, up by 16.5% year -on-year.  
2.13.   At the same time, outbound FDI (OFDI) from China has expanded in scope and displayed 
stronger growth momentum. It reached US$118.02 billion in non -financial sector in 2015.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  2.14.   China has not only maintained its own stable economic growth, but also made important 
contribution to world economic recovery and growth. In 2015, the share of China's economy in 
global economic growth was above a quarter, or 25%.  
2.15.   After many years of rapid growth, C hina has entered into the stage of New Normal in its 
economic development. The speed of economic growth is shifting from high to moderately high 
and medium, the driving force turning from expansion of factors of production and investment to 
innovation, and  the economic structure has continued to upgrade and improve.  
2.16.   With regard to reform measures, given the new circumstances, the Government of China 
embraces the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open and sharing development. New 
approaches have b een adopted in macroeconomic regulation. New growth drivers have been 
cultivated and traditional ones retooled. In parallel with the reasonable expansion of total demand, 
the supply -side structural reform has been stepped up.  
2.17.   The innovation -driven develop ment strategy has been further implemented. Scientific and 
technological innovation has been robustly promoted, mass entrepreneurship encouraged, the 
"Internet Plus" action plan enforced, and the integrated development of different sectors 
enhanced.  
2.18.   The s upply -side structural reform has been prioritized. Ineffective and low -end supply is to 
be cut, and effective and medium - and high -end supply is to be expanded. Estimates indicate that 
addressing overcapacity may affect half a million jobs in the steel and  iron industry, and 
1.3 million jobs in the coal sector of China will also be affected adversely. And the Government has 
decided to earmark 100 billion yuan for the resettlement of the workers to be made redundant 
during the process of restructuring.  
2.19.   The r eform of the administrative examination and approval system has been advanced. In 
2015, the central government of China removed or delegated to local governments 311 items 
which were previously subject to administrative approval. All non -administrative lic ensing reviews 
were cancelled. 214 items designated by the central government to be approved at local 
government levels were abolished. And 123 verifications and accreditations of vocational 
qualifications were revoked.  
2.20.   The reform of the industrial and co mmercial registration system has also been advanced. A 
new business license is now issued by the industry and commerce authorities to replace the three 
licenses that enterprises needed to separately apply in the past. In 2015, 4.212 million new 
private ent erprises were registered, 22% more than in the previous year.  
2.21.   The reform of the foreign investment approval system has been accelerated. After the 
revisions of the Catalogue of Investment Projects Subject to Government Verification in 2013 and 
2014, the nu mber of investment projects subject to verification at the central government level 
had been reduced by 76%.  
2.22.   The reform of the fiscal and taxation system has been advanced. The pilot programme of 
levying VAT in lieu of business tax has been expanded to con struction, real estate, financial and 
household services sectors, covering all industries of goods and services.  
2.23.   The reform of the financial system has been advanced. The upper limit of interest rate for 
deposits has been removed, and control over interes t rates liberalized. The quotation mechanism 
of the RMB (the local currency) versus USD central parity has been improved. The deposit 
insurance system has been officially established. On 1 December 2015, the IMF decided to include 
RMB into the SDR currency  basket.  
2.24.   The reform of SOEs has been deepened. SOEs have been divided into commercial 
enterprises and public welfare ones. Diversified ownership reform pilot projects have been 
promoted in railway, civil aviation, telecommunications and defense among other  sectors. A 
corporate remuneration allocation regime commensurate with the socialist market economy has 
been introduced. State -owned capital investment and operating companies have been reorganized 
and restructured, and the functions of state -owned assets supervision and administration bodies 
have been adjusted towards the administration of capital.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  2.25.   The development of private sector economy has been facilitated. Some small - and 
micro -enterprises continue to be allowed a 50% reduction in income tax, and temp orary 
exemption from VAT and business tax. Public -Private Partnership (PPP) is encouraged to invest in 
public sectors of goods and services. In 2015, private investment climbed by 10.1%, and the 
private investment took up 64.2% of China's total investment.   
2.26.   Law enforcement in IPR protection has been further strengthened. We amended the 
Implementation Rules of the Trademark Law, and the Copyright Law and the Patent Law are also 
in the process of being revised. Infringement and piracy in cyberspace have been cracked down, 
and the Qingfeng action has been conducted to safeguard the overseas image of Made in China 
and to improve the quality of China's exports.  
2.27.   With regard to opening -up measures, while committed to comprehensively deepening 
reforms, the Governmen t of China has been proactively pressing ahead with a new round of 
opening -up. 
2.28.   During the review period, three more Pilot Free Trade Zones (FTZs) have been established 
in Guangdong province, Tianjin municipality and Fujian province, while the replicable ex perience of 
Shanghai Pilot FTZ has been expanded across the country. The reform of foreign investment 
system has been furthered based on the pre -establishment national treatment and the negative 
list approach. Trade facilitation has been improved through r egulatory innovations, and new 
measures have been endorsed to open -up the financial sector.  
2.29.   To implement the Belt and Road Initiative, the Government of China issued the Vision and 
Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Mariti me Silk Road. Guided 
by the principle that the initiative should be jointly built through consultation to meet the interests 
of all, China and other countries along the line have formulated plans for building six economic 
corridors. Based on the initiative , the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Silk 
Road Fund have been established.  
2.30.   Other measures have also been taken to open -up wider to the outside world by China.  
2.31.   Innovative growth of foreign trade has been promoted. Transforming and upgra ding of 
processing trade have been accelerated. Cross -border e -commerce comprehensive pilot zones 
have been established. Pilots on innovative development of trade in services have been launched.  
2.32.   Import administration procedures have been streamlined. Some  81 tariff lines at 10 -digit HS 
level subject to automatic import licensing administration have been removed. Paperless customs 
clearance for automatic import licenses has been applied nationwide.  
2.33.   Customs clearance facilitation has been furthered. Integrat ed cross -region customs 
clearance has covered all the 42 customs offices in China. "One declaration, one inspection and 
one release" has been carried out. "Single window" services for foreign trade have been fully 
operated or operated on a trial basis in e leven provinces and cities, including Shanghai, Tianjin and 
Fujian.  
2.34.   The RMB settlement business for cross -border trade has been advanced. Cross -border trade 
and direct investment can both be settled in RMB. In 2015, RMB cross -border trade settlement 
grew b y 10.4%, and direct investment RMB settlement grew by 121%. By the end of 2015, the 
People's Bank of China had signed currency swap agreements valued at over 3.3 trillion yuan with 
33 central banks or monetary authorities.  
2.35.   Efforts have also been made to co ntinue encouraging foreign direct investment. Catalogue 
for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (2015 Revision) (Investment Catalogue), have 
come into effect compared with the 2011 version. That Catalogue has seen restrictive items 
reduced from 7 9 to 38, items limited to "joint venture and cooperative enterprises" declined from 
43 to 15, and items with "Chinese ownership control" cut from 44 to 35. This revision has opened 
up more areas than the previous five amendments.  
2.36.   Access to the services mar ket has been expanded. The foreign equity cap for joint ventures 
in e-commerce, chain operation, subway, etc. has been lifted or relaxed. Businesses like direct WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  selling, railway freight transport, insurance brokerage and trust companies have been removed 
from the restrictive category of the Investment Catalogue. Architectural design and elderly care 
institutions have also been incorporated as the sectors to be encouraged.  
2.37.   The reform of capital account foreign exchange management has been carried out. The 
foreign exchange in FDI has been generally convertible. The annual inspection on foreign exchange 
and the filing of foreign exchange for overseas reinvestment have been abolished. Discretional 
settlement of foreign exchange for capital funds of FIEs has been  popularized nationwide.  
2.38.   With regard to participation in the Multilateral Trading System, China is an active 
participant, staunch supporter and important contributor to the multilateral trading system. 
Through concrete actions, China has provided unwaverin g support to the multilateral trading 
system represented by the WTO.  
2.39.   China has committed itself to the DDA negotiations. Since the last review, China has got 
fully involved in negotiating various issues on the Doha agenda along with other Members, and 
China played an active role in promoting "harmony and progress for negotiations". After the 
conclusion of the MC10 in Nairobi, China advocated the spirit of solidarity and sense of urgency, as 
well as the concepts of "responsibility, mutual trust and inclusive ness" for advancing the Doha 
round of talks with the hope of benefitting every Member of the WTO.  
2.40.   China has also been actively participating in various rule -making and market access talks 
within the WTO framework. As one of the parties of the ITA expansion  negotiation, China 
contributed to its conclusion in December 2015. China also joined the EGA negotiations with other 
WTO Members for the purpose of protecting global environment, and promoting trade growth and 
development.  
2.41.   As the Chair or Presidency of 20 14 APEC meeting as well as G20 meeting in 2016, China 
together with other members of G20 and APEC, has sent the positive signal of supporting the 
multilateral trading system and opposing protectionism. The 22nd APEC Informal Leaders' Meeting 
convened in Be ijing in November 2014 opened -up a series of new areas for cooperation.  
2.42.   Between 9 and 10 July, the G20 Trade Ministers' Meeting was held successfully in Shanghai. 
Together with many present today, we, G20 members, have accomplished meaningful outcomes.  
2.43.   For example, the G20 trade ministers released a Statement in Shanghai and adopted three 
documents, i.e. the Terms of Reference of the G20 Trade and Investment Working Group, G20 
Strategy for Global Trade Growth, and G20 Non -binding Guiding Principles for Gl obal Investment 
Policymaking. Consensus was also reached on strengthening the multilateral trading system and 
on helping developing economies and SMEs integrate into global value chains (GVCs).  
2.44.   The meeting also witnessed the "debut" of the world trade out look indicator developed by 
the WTO Secretariat.  
2.45.   China has earnestly fulfilled its obligations as a WTO Member. Since its last Trade Policy 
Review, China has reviewed the trade policies of 41 WTO Members with keen interest. China has 
also updated notificat ions on Subsidies, State Trading Enterprises, Quantitative Restrictions, 
Domestic Support, etc. China also submitted 135 TBT notifications and 401 SPS notifications. 
China, in order to ensure that domestic policies comply with the WTO rules, we created a t rade 
policy compliance mechanism in June 2014, nearly 1000 policies have been received for 
compliance assessment.  
2.46.   In this context, I would inform you that before this meeting, we submitted to the WTO 
Notification on Subsidies at Sub -central Government Leve l between 2001 and 2014, the first of its 
kind since China joined this Organization.  
2.47.   China has strictly implemented the WTO rulings. By the end of June 2016, China had been 
respondent to 22 WTO dispute settlement cases in terms of subject matter. For the 1 1 of them 
that had arrived at a ruling by the panel and the Appellate Body, China had either implemented 
the rulings or reached mutually satisfactory solutions with the corresponding complainants within a 
reasonable period of implementation.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  2.48.   As China remai ns committed to giving full play to the fundamental role of the multilateral 
trading system, it also continues to move forward bilateral and regional trade and economic 
cooperation. Since the last review, China has signed FTAs with Australia and the Republ ic of Korea, 
respectively. Both agreements took effect on 20 December 2015.  
2.49.   With regard to the assumption of the Role as a Responsible Major Trading Nation, China has 
advocated a balanced approach to upholding principles and pursuing mutual benefit, China also 
acted in a very responsible manner.  
2.50.   China has been the largest export market for the LDCs since 2008. On 10 December 2015, 
China began to apply zero import tariffs to 97% of the tariff lines in 33 LDCs that have diplomatic 
relations with China and we have completed the exchanges of notes to that effect.  
2.51.   The Government of China has also responded actively to the WTO Aid for Trade Initiative. 
China contributed a total of US$900,000 to the China's LDCs and Accessions Programme (China 
Programme) in 2014 a nd 2015. Sponsored by this programme, the Third and Fourth Roundtable 
on WTO Accession for LDCs were held in Tajikistan and Kenya, respectively. In particular, the 
Fourth Roundtable convened on the African continent was hailed as a very fruitful meeting by  the 
26 participating Members of the WTO. During the MC10 in 2015, China donated another 
US$500,000 to the programme.  
2.52.   China is an active champion of the South -South Cooperation. Over the past years, it has 
provided assistance of over 400 billion yuan to 1 66 countries and international organizations. In 
2015, China launched the South -South Cooperation assistance fund and the Institute of 
South -South Cooperation and Development has also been set up to the benefit of the world's 
development within China's cap acity.  
2.53.   Going forward, China will adhere to innovation -driven growth, stay committed to the 
development through opening -up, and unswervingly improve the globally -oriented and 
business -friendly environment based on the rule of law. In the next five years, Ch ina will work 
hard to maintain an economic growth rate of above 6.5%. The value of its imported goods will 
expectedly exceed US$10 trillion and China's investment in foreign countries will surpass 
US$600  billion in the next five years.  
2.54.   China will continue  to support and safeguard the multilateral trading system, and we will 
help push forward the DDA negotiation and help steer this important system of the WTO towards 
greater balance, win for all and inclusiveness.  
2.55.   With that I conclude my statement. And the  whole of the Chinese delegation remains ready 
to listen to the comments and questions from the discussant and all the Members of the WTO.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  
3.1.  It is a great honor for me to be the discussant at this sixth Trade Policy Review of Chi na. I 
would like to extend a warm welcome to the Chinese delegation, led by His Excellency Mr Wang 
Shouwen, Vice Minister of Commerce. I also wish to thank our Chinese colleagues in Geneva, 
Ambassador Yu and his team. And, of course, the excellent work of the WTO Secretariat.  
3.2.  I want to start today by noting a number of areas where the WTO Membership has clearly 
identified positive messages about China's performance since its last trade policy review:  
1) Members see China's successful leadership of the G20 thi s year as further evidence of its 
commitment to the multilateral trading system.  
2) Members have also praised China for ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement as well as 
pushing ahead with ambitious customs reforms.  
3) Whilst there are still problems regardi ng intellectual property, particularly enforcement, 
Members have acknowledged that China has made improvements regarding patent 
applications, and  
4)  Members have acknowledged that China is playing a leading role in promoting green 
technology and sustainable industries.  
3.3.  Looking more broadly, this Trade Policy Review of China comes at an opportune time. China 
has set out ambitious economic and trade reforms in the 13th Five -Year Plan for National and 
Economic and Social Development (2016 -2020) as well as the re forms announced in the Third 
Plenum of the 18th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Communiqué. Collectively, these 
reforms identified by China are designed to keep the economy growing at a medium to high level, 
improve the standard of living and imp rove the environment. This trade policy review provides 
opportunities to reflect on China's progress against these aims and make constructive suggestions 
for improvements. Of course, for all WTO Members, economic and trade reform is effectively a 
never -ending story for Governments if they are to deliver successfully the economic and 
developmental outcomes expected by their populations.  
3.4.  In my remarks as discussant I want to focus on three specific goals identified by China from a 
trade policy perspective. Bu t before turning to these areas and questions, however, it is worth 
spending a minute to reflect on why China is so important to this House and why China has 
received more questions than any other Member in Trade Policy Reviews.  
Why China matters  
3.5.  China mat ters and the strength of the Chinese economy impacts upon the prosperity of the 
Members in this room. China is the world's second largest economy, the largest on a purchasing 
power parity basis. Whilst China's growth has slowed during the period under revi ew, the economy 
is still growing strongly by global standards (GDP growth was 7.3% in 2014 and 6.9% in 2015). It 
is the world's largest trader as well as the world's largest exporter.   
3.6.  Domestic consumption in China has been playing an increasingly importa nt role in the growth 
of China's economy. 2015 marked the first time ever that the services sector has accounted for 
over 50% of China's GDP. The growth in services has been at the expense of manufacturing, 
mining and power generation which, as a share of GDP, contracted by 5 percentage points over 
the period. Notwithstanding this, China, during the period under review, exported more to the 
world than ever before. Notwithstanding the fact that China is exporting more, the share of these 
exports as a percent age of GDP is shrinking.  
3.7.  Whilst China's exports have grown during the period, its imports have contracted sharply in 
some mining related sectors. The collapse of global energy, resources and minerals prices is 
driving down the value of goods imported into China. Apart from energy and resources however, 
every other category of goods imported into China grew during the period under review.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  3.8.  What does all this mean for China's trading partners? China is transitioning to an economy 
based more on domestic demand rather than foreign trade. Notwithstanding this, China is still 
exporting more to the world, and with the exception of energy and resources, the world is 
exporting more to China.  
3.9.  The extent to which this continues depends in part on the economic growth of China. China's 
ongoing economic growth is critical in meeting its self -imposed development goals (which in turn 
will be a key driver of domestic consumption). At the National People's Congress in March 2016, 
Premier Li reaffirmed the commitment to doubling  per capita income from 2010 levels by 2020, 
which requires a target of annual average growth of 6.5% over the next five years. At the same 
time, Premier Li announced that the Government would lower the growth target, essentially a 
forecast, to a range of 6.5 to 7%. In other words, China needs to maintain its phenomenal growth 
rate in order to meet its own social and development goals, which in turn will continue to foster 
win-win trade outcomes.  
3.10.   As already foreshadowed, I want to use my remaining comments to examine three trade 
related policy settings in the Chinese economy that will be critical to the long term sustainability of 
this growth.  
Allowing markets to play a greater role in resource allocation  
3.11.   The close question relates to allowing markets to pla y a greater role in resource allocation. 
And this allowing markets to play a greater role in resource allocation is identified as a reform goal 
in the Third Plenum of the 18th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Communiqué. 
China's report also states  that: "China has committed itself to building a new system of [an] open 
economy". A very large share of questions from Members relate to issues surrounding, what is 
termed, "overcapacity", in the iron, steel, heavy industry and coal mining sectors of Chin a. 
Overcapacity is essentially when supply outstrips demand. The OECD predicted that in the global 
steel sector the gap between the amount of steel that was produced globally in 2015 exceeded 
demand by 500 million tonnes.  
3.12.   Clearly, this is a global problem and the answer to this complex set of issues doesn't sit with 
China alone. Notwithstanding this, China is the world's largest producer of steel (amounting to 
almost half of global production) and China's exports of steel have been increasing at an 
impressi ve rate (over 18% in 2015) against reductions in its domestic production. Actions taken by 
China in this area can have global repercussions. China's report recognizes overcapacity is an issue 
that it is seeking to manage. China states: it has focused on st rengthening supply -side structural 
reform and completing the tasks in addressing overcapacity, reducing inventory, deleveraging, 
lowering costs, and bolstering areas of weakness. China also states in its report that the Chinese 
Government attaches great im portance to …proactively dissolving excess and outdated production 
capacity in steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and other industries of high energy consumption.  
3.13.   Specifically, China has, over the past three years, closed down "backward production 
capaci ties of over 90 million tonnes in iron -making and steel production, 230 million tonnes in 
cement, more than 76 million weight cases in plate glasses and over 1 million tonnes in electrolytic 
aluminum". Further, the Secretariat reports that local authoritie s and central departments are not 
allowed to approve any capacity expanding projects in this area. This will be welcome news to 
Members who asked questions of China about the measures that it has, and is taking, to address 
the issue of overcapacity, closin g down 90 million tonnes of steel making production is roughly 
equivalent to closing down North American steel making production in one year (based on current 
levels of production - Source OECD).  
3.14.   Whilst Members will be encouraged by these reports from China , the answers from China 
reveal that these industry sectors are still very much managed by government intervention and 
WTO Members have a posed a range of specific questions, including about the establishment of 
new steel plants, and they have identified g aps in China's WTO notifications covering these issues. 
In addition, while acknowledging some reforms, some Members have raised similar types of 
concerns about overcapacity in the cotton sector, as well as the distortionary impact of policy 
incentives appl ied to other agricultural products such as wheat and rice. It is against this backdrop 
that Members would find it useful to hear what steps China has already taken to allow the market 
to play a greater role in allocating resources for these sectors. In add ition, what are the steps that WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  China still needs to take to allow the market to play a greater role in resource allocation in these 
sectors? What is a realistic timeframe to allow for the transition to a more market based model for 
these sectors?  
Eliminati on of investment approvals in all areas except those involving national security 
and strategic resources  
3.15.   As China has grown rapidly and integrated more closely with the world economy through 
trade, it has also benefited from rapidly increasing foreign dire ct investment (FDI) flows. China is 
amongst the world's largest recipients of foreign direct investment flows. Inward foreign direct 
investment has grown significantly, reaching a record of more than US$127 billion in 2015. This 
gives China clearly a great er stake than ever in an open, predictable and transparent investment 
policy setting.   
3.16.   The Third Plenum of the 18th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Communiqué 
states that it is a goal to eliminate investment approvals in all areas except those i nvolving 
national security and strategic resources. Foreign investment conditions are set out in the 
Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries. This catalogue lists the industries in 
which FDI is encouraged, restricted or prohibited. The 2015 version of the catalogue features 
423 entries, 48 less than the previous catalogue. The number of restricted sectors was reduced 
from 79 to 39. The 2015 edition of the Foreign Investment Catalogue lifts restrictions in several 
areas, including manufac turing of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and non -ferrous metals, but there 
remain barriers to investment in services, agriculture and infrastructure. Concerns have been 
expressed by some Members about the frequency of changes to the Foreign Investment Catalogu e 
and the level of specificity regarding permitted investments.  
3.17.   Whilst the level of foreign investment into China is impressive, the question is really what 
the level of foreign investment could be if the market was opened further? This would undoubtedly 
help China to grow more sustainably. The People's Bank of China noted in its Annual Report in 
2014 that aggregate debt levels were a threat to growth. Cheap credit is one tool that China 
utilizes to stimulate certain areas of the economy. Alternative source s of investment could make 
the sector more competitive and sustainable.  
3.18.   China notes that it does have plans for the development of a national negative list for 
market access. Further to this, many Members, as well as my predecessor as discussant, asked 
China questions regarding the expansion of negative lists for investment that are currently in 
operation in the Shanghai free trade zone, and during the period under review, have been 
expanded to also incorporate the Tianjin, Fujian and Guangdong free trade z ones. When does 
China anticipate that it will have in place a national negative list for investment? What steps will be 
taken to streamline the approvals process and transparency measures for investments that require 
Government approval?  
Reforming the role  of state -owned enterprises in the economy  
3.19.   State -owned enterprises are a major feature of the Chinese economy. China notes in its 
report that since the last review, China has continued to deepen the reform of state -owned 
enterprises. From the Secretariat's  and China's reports it is clear that there are reforms underway 
in this area. Notwithstanding this, the preponderance of questions asked by Members on SOEs 
requested more concrete details of the SOE reforms, particularly in areas where Chinese SOEs 
were p roducing goods or services that compete with Members' goods and services. Other 
questions related to national treatment problems caused, purportedly, by the exemption from 
certain laws for SOEs that foreign competitors were subject to. These issues were al so raised by 
my predecessor as discussant. I encourage China to provide more transparency, both within the 
WTO, but also within its own economy about the support provided to SOEs. It would also assist 
Members if China could provide more information on the pathway for reform for SOEs, including 
concrete details about future changes to the treatment of SOEs goods and services, in particular 
traded goods and services.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  Concluding remarks  
3.20.   China's continued growth and development is good for both China and the wo rld. China has 
made remarkable progress since first opening up in 1978 and since joining the WTO in 2001.  
3.21.   But many of the questions raised in this trade policy review also reveal an underlined 
tension.  
3.22.   On the one hand, policies are being followed by a coun try that is pulling its citizens out of 
poverty and into the middle class at one of the fastest rates in human history. GDP per capita in 
China since the last review period increased by an average of almost US$1100 over the period; an 
average increase of o ver 17% over the last two years. As a measure of development, this 
translated into higher minimum wages in 27 Chinese provinces which increased the minimum 
wage by an average of 14.9% in 2015. These are admirable achievements.  
3.23.   On the other hand, the fact t hat, as is the case with all major powers, economic decisions 
taken domestically, and for domestic purposes in China can, in some circumstances, send ripples, 
and in some cases shockwaves around the world. China's size means that it needs to be cognizant 
of the impact of its actions on other Members.   
3.24.   The large number of questions Members have put to China again during this review shows 
that its domestic actions can have significant effects outside of China.  
3.25.   This tension is not new, my predecessor at the l ast TPR of China asked China the extent to 
which global repercussions of its actions (or inactions) are factored into the domestic policy 
making process. This remains a key theme in many of the questions that Members posed. The 
tenor of many of the questio ns suggests that these two policy goals need not, and often are not, 
contradictor. Indeed, China's status as the world's largest trader has been, and will continue to be 
a key part of the development story of China.  
3.26.   Moreover, the examples of reforming SOEs , improving foreign investment conditions, and 
transitioning to a more market based economy are all emblematic of the challenges China faces. 
These examples also reveal that some of the Member's core trade policy interests relating to China 
are:  
1) a desire for more transparency, both in the WTO but more importantly regarding the 
business environment on the ground in China;  
2) a greater role for the market to allocate resources: China is "blamed" rightly or wrongly for 
part of the overcapacity issue because of the role of the State in managing these affected 
industries; and  
3) predictability and fairness when competing with SOEs; there is a perception that SOEs can 
be propped up when they are failing or simply have trading conditions that don't conform to 
the princ iple of national treatment.  
3.27.   With these few observations as a discussant, I look forward to China's responses to 
questions and wish it success in achieving its reform objectives.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
INDONESIA  ON BEHALF  OF ASEAN  
4.1.  ASEAN and the People's Rep ublic of China have strong and cordial trade relations. China was 
ASEAN first FTA partner, having signed the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic 
Cooperation between ASEAN and China in 2002, which later led to the signing of the Agreement on 
Trade  in Goods, Agreement on Trade in Services, and the Investment Agreement. These 
Agreements collectively established the ASEAN -China FTA (ACFTA) in 2010. To ensure that ACFTA 
remains relevant for ASEAN and Chinese businesses, ACFTA is reviewed regularly, and  the most 
recent ACFTA upgrade package was signed in November 2015. ASEAN and China are also currently 
involved in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations, which includes 
ASEAN and its 6 existing FTA partners.  
4.2.  Trade between ASEA N and China has expanded exponentially, with China becoming ASEAN's 
largest trading partner in 2009. Since the entry into force of ACFTA, ASEAN -China trade has grown 
more than threefold in the last decade, from US$113 billion in 2005 to US$346 billion in 2 015. 
China is also ASEAN's fourth largest source of FDI, with accumulated inflow of FDI from China 
totalling US$33 billion from 2006 -2013.  
4.3.  China is undoubtedly an invaluable Member of the WTO and has participated actively in all 
areas. China's constructive  engagement and contributions, including for the successful MC10 
Decision on Export Competition and the conclusion of the ITA Expansion in Nairobi, was much 
appreciated.  
4.4.  Some of the ASEAN members have submitted written questions to China and we thank China  
in advance for its written responses. We also express our thanks to H.E. Mr. Wang Shouwen, Vice 
Minister of Commerce and his delegation for your participation in today's review, as well as to 
Ambassador Yu Jianhua for his constructive engagement with the ASEAN delegations here in 
Geneva.  
INDONESIA  
4.5.  We are pleased to be here today to participate in the Trade Policy Review of China. As one of 
the largest economies and trading entities in the world, China plays a critical role in the 
multilateral trading syste m. 
4.6.  In light of the trade policy review which we are commencing today, we note with positivity 
that China has performed well on its open and transparent economy. Indonesia commends the 
steady growth of China's economy during the period under review.  
4.7.  China h as shown its commitments to promote economic growth and job creation by engaging 
in negotiations to open up trade with its industrialized and emerging trade partners. In a world of 
global chains, China plays a prominent role which affects market access for  services and 
investments as well as access to public procurement. Indonesia also commends the stronger role 
of China in promoting trade and investment liberalization through regional, sub -regional, and 
bilateral cooperation.  
4.8.  We also appreciate China's con tribution in the WTO forum and negotiations, including on the 
remaining DDA issues.  
4.9.  At this opportunity, please allow us to share how both Governments have been engaging in a 
mutually -beneficial trade relationship. Although the value of trade has shown a d ecrease of 7.9% 
per annum in the last three years, China remains Indonesia's largest trading partner, with a deficit 
of about 7% to 14% per annum.  
4.10.   Indonesia's export of non -oil products to China has shown a significant decrease at 18.4% 
per annum from 2012  to 2015, despite China still being our second largest export destination. 
China is also our most important source of non -oil products, albeit there was a slight decrease in 
value at 0.6% in the past three years.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.11.   In 2015, total trade between Indonesia and China reached US$44.4 billion, with Indonesia's 
export products to China dominated by agricultural products, such as palm oil and its fractions as 
well as chemical wood pulp. Meanwhile, Indonesia's imports from China are dominated by 
electronic appliances,  machineries, and semi -finished products of iron.  
4.12.   Total investment by China in Indonesia in 2015 reached US$628.3 million and was ranked 
as the 9th largest foreign investment. The investment was allocated in over 1000 projects.  
4.13.   Through this forum, Indonesi a would like to inform the delegates that the Indonesian 
Government recently established the One Stop Service for Investment as well as a new regulation 
related to tax. We hope that more investment from China will come to Indonesia in the coming 
years.  
4.14.   Aside from the strong and positive economic ties between Indonesia and China, we do find 
some trade and trade -related barriers that have become Indonesia's concerns, such as import 
measures related to tropical fruits and other products. We believe that throug h this Trade Policy 
Review those issues can be addressed. We have submitted a number of questions related to our 
concerns on China's trade policies and practices. We will study the responses provided and hope 
that they will alleviate with our concerns.  
4.15.   Finally, I would like to conclude my remarks by expressing once again my profound 
appreciation to China's delegation for its hard work and wish China every success in its sixth TPR.  
4.16.   I would also like to take this opportunity to especially convey my sincere an d personal 
appreciation to Ambassador Yu Jianhua for his positive contribution to the WTO, including his 
tremendous efforts and outstanding work in the G33 as well as other negotiating forum.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.17.   We welcome China's submission to the WTO Trade Policy Review, which highlights the 
impressive economic changes China has made since the last Trade Policy Review in 2014 and the 
ambition that China has for greater economic liberalization in the future.  
4.18.   The Australia -China economic and trade relationship conti nues to strengthen, with China 
now firmly entrenched as our largest trading partner and our fifth -largest source of, and 
destination for foreign direct investment (FDI).  
4.19.   The entry into force of the China -Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) in 
December  2015 further demonstrates that China is committed to continued trade and investment 
liberalization.  
4.20.   Australia recognizes that China's profile in the global economy continues to rise and gives 
China an influential role among WTO Members. Australia encourage s China to make a contribution 
to the multilateral trading system commensurate with its economic weight.  
4.21.   Australia recognizes China's efforts over the review period regarding submission of 
notifications across a broad range of issues. Notwithstanding, Aus tralia strongly encourages China 
to submit updated notifications as early as possible, particularly in relation to domestic support in 
agriculture.  
4.22.   Despite welcome progress, investment in China remains highly regulated. Foreign investors 
face barriers such  as restrictions on foreign equity, business scope limitations and other forms of 
regulation which place them at a considerable disadvantage relative to domestic investors. 
Australia looks forward to the opening of China's investment environment, including  through the 
adoption of a nation -wide negative list approach to foreign investment that it has already signaled.  
4.23.   Moreover, differences between regulations at the national, provincial and local levels and a 
lack of transparency in enforcement create a diff icult environment for foreign and domestic 
investors alike. Australia encourages China to continue to reform its trade and investment rules, 
including towards greater regulation on a national treatment basis and reducing contradictions and 
ambiguity betwee n policy measures at different levels of government.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.24.   Policy changes often occur with limited preparatory time. For example, the sudden 
announcement and rushed implementation of changes to China's cross -border e -commerce 
taxation regime in April 2016 broug ht uncertainty for both Australian exporters and Chinese 
consumers. We appreciate China's delay to the introduction of import protocols. Australia 
encourages China to provide greater time and information prior to implementation.  
4.25.   Technical barriers to trade  in agricultural products, some of which appear to be more 
complex and trade restrictive than necessary, create additional challenges for Australian exporters. 
Australia acknowledges and supports China's efforts to improve food safety and we are committed 
to meeting China's new requirements. We encourage China to ensure its measures are consistent 
with international standards and guidelines and administrative requirements are streamlined 
where possible.  
4.26.   Australia also encourages China to continue its effort s to harmonize customs procedures 
and regulations across provinces and adopt international standards. China's coal quality standards 
and testing procedures, introduced in January 2015, have created uncertainty and raised costs for 
both Australian exporters  and their Chinese customers. We look forward to exploring with China 
how to achieve greater certainty for coal producers.  
4.27.   Australia notes the significant measures undertaken during the current review period to 
improve the IP system and address concerns of  IP rights holders, particularly around enforcement 
mechanisms. We strongly urge China to demonstrate its ongoing commitment through further 
improvements.  
4.28.   Excess capacity in some industries is hurting producers throughout the world. While the 
factors contr ibuting to this are many, we encourage China in its efforts to reduce overcapacity in 
heavy industries, particularly steel.  
4.29.   Australia notes there has been little change in China's tariff structure since the last review 
and advocates that China streamlines its tariff structure or undertakes further tariff reform. As 
subsidies are trade distorting, we would appreciate information on the level of any subsidies 
provided to firms.  
4.30.   Australia remains concerned about the level of restrictions that China places on i ts exports. 
Export taxes, quotas and licensing are applied to a large number of tariff lines. Given China's 
unique position in some of these markets these restrictions have the potential to affect global 
supply and prices.  
4.31.   Finally, I would again like to t ake the opportunity to express our appreciation to China for its 
efforts to implement its WTO accession commitments and the significant progress it has made 
since the last review. We encourage China to continue to reform and liberalize its trade and 
invest ment environment to support continued strong growth.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.32.   China's accession to the WTO in 2001 brought on dramatic changes, both for China and its 
trading partners. China's agreement to be bound by the internationally agreed rules of the WTO 
not o nly led to many significant revisions to China's trade and investment regime, but also 
generated a greater willingness in enterprises around the world to strengthen and expand trade 
and investment ties with China. The results are plain to see. For many yea rs now, China has 
served as a key engine of growth for the global economy, and since 2013 it has assumed the role 
of the WTO's largest trader. Certainly, China benefits immensely from being part of the global 
trading system, and it is clear that China's in creased participation in that system also has had a 
tremendous and largely positive impact on China's trade partners and the WTO as an institution.  
4.33.   At the time of China's last Trade Policy Review, the United States and many other WTO 
Members remarked on se veral positive signs that China's newly installed leaders had decided to 
focus on re -energizing economic reform following a prolonged period in which China's prior leaders 
had emphasized the state's role in the economy, diverging from the path of economic reform that 
had driven its accession to the WTO in 2001. China's new leaders had endorsed a number of 
far-reaching economic reform pronouncements – not the least of which was that the market shall WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  be "decisive" in allocating resources. Other positive polic y statements followed, and it was clear 
that serious efforts were being made to realize needed economic reforms, even if the going was 
slow and difficult and frequently encountered bureaucratic resistance.  
4.34.   Over the past year, however, as growth in China's economy has slowed, the United States 
has sensed an increasing reluctance among China's economic planners to pursue further reforms. 
In addition, more and more U.S. enterprises have been expressing concern about a less welcoming 
business and regulatory env ironment for foreign enterprises. We are hopeful that these 
developments are temporary and that once China becomes more comfortable with the "New 
Normal" of slower but still healthy economic growth, it will resume a trajectory toward an economy 
that is mor e open and market -oriented and a business and regulatory environment that is more 
transparent, predictable and welcoming for foreign traders and investors.   
4.35.   In our view, a truly open and market -oriented economy and a truly transparent, predictable 
and wel coming business environment are not achievable so long as the State continues to have a 
heavy hand in the country's economic development and the State continues to pursue industrial 
policies guiding, supporting and favoring domestic industries, particularl y ones dominated by 
state-owned enterprises. Continued State intervention also will prevent China from realizing the 
prosperity that its people deserve, and can achieve, if domestic industries are allowed to compete 
on a level playing field where the marke t dictates outcomes, nor will China itself be able to assume 
the role of a full -time responsible stakeholder in the global trading system. State intervention will 
never be as efficient as the market in creating opportunities for real and sustained advancem ent, 
and it can lead to unintended results. A clear example can be found in the various Chinese 
Government measures supporting China's steel and aluminum industries over the past several 
years. These measures fueled significant capacity expansion at times of weak or falling demand 
and contributed heavily to today's severe global excess capacity.  
4.36.   As we consider the Secretariat's report, we see several examples of Chinese Government 
policies that attempt to skew the playing field in favor of domestic enterpr ises. These include:  
China's continued use of export quotas and export duties on a large number of raw material 
inputs; the manipulation of value -added tax rebates on exports of steel and a variety of other 
manufactured products; low tariff -rate quota fil l rates for many bulk agricultural commodities 
despite strong demand for these commodities in the China market; and prohibitions on foreign 
investment in the production, distribution and exhibition of movies, even though China's movie 
market is the second largest in the world and is projected to become the largest market in only a 
few more years. The "Made in China 2025" initiative also falls into this same category. While many 
of its guiding principles are constructive and should help Chinese manufacturers  better address the 
challenges they face, it also identifies domestic content goals, including the ultimate goal of 
increasing domestic content of core components and materials to 70% by 2025. These concerns 
and an array of other U.S. concerns, such as ina dequate IPR protection and enforcement, 
discriminatory "secure and controllable" ICT policies, technology transfer initiatives, widespread 
and massive subsidization, trade remedy abuses, restrictions on services market access and 
problematic sanitary and p hytosanitary measures, are described in detail in annual reports 
published by the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.  
4.37.   Compounding the challenges underlying these various concerns is China's failure to 
implement important transparency commitments that  China made to the WTO membership when 
it acceded. For example, in numerous instances, a Chinese regulator has issued a problematic 
measure without an opportunity for the public to comment on a draft of the measure and without 
the required advance notifica tion to the WTO. China also committed to make available in one or 
more WTO languages all laws, regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in 
goods, services, trade -related intellectual property rights or the control of foreign exchange ; yet, 
China still does not routinely make available the required translations. China also has a poor 
record of notifying its subsidies.  
4.38.   The United States is working bilaterally with China to resolve these concerns through 
cooperative engagement where poss ible. We commend China for its willingness to engage with us 
through numerous high -level dialogues, working groups and other meetings. We also value our 
relationships with China's team here at the WTO and welcome China's work at the WTO. We 
welcome signs t hat China is attempting to become a more active leader. China has notified its 
readiness to implement the Trade Facilitation Agreement. China participated in the successful 
negotiations to expand the Information Technology Agreement, and we hope to see its  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  implementation of that important agreement very soon. At the recent G20 Trade Ministers 
Meeting, China committed to the goal of concluding an ambitious, future -oriented Environmental 
Goods Agreement this year. This institution will increasingly depend on this kind of Chinese 
leadership, as WTO Members rightfully have high expectations of its top traders. As one of those 
top traders, the United States is committed to working with China with a shared and consistent 
sense of responsibility.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.39.   On beh alf of the Swiss Government, let me very warmly welcome the delegation of China, 
led by H.E. Vice -Minister Wang Shouwen, to this TPR. I am glad that we can offer you some real 
summer weather these days here in Geneva, which you hopefully will be able to en joy at least a 
little bit, in spite of an unprecedented avalanche of written questions that have come your way.  
4.40.   China's policy statement and the report by the Secretariat provide an impressive account of 
recent economic and trade policy developments as we ll as of continuing reforms and of challenges 
ahead, against a backdrop of uncertainties and still sluggish growth in the world economy.  
4.41.   We particularly welcome the Chinese Government's commitment and steps taken so far to 
promote innovation and green gro wth, to expand private -sector participation in the economy, to 
further develop the services sector, to reform state -owned enterprises, including by addressing 
over-capacities, to control off -budget spending and to pursue reforms of the exchange rate 
system . With respect to the latter, improved transparency in determining the central parity rate 
would, in our view, be beneficial for enhanced market confidence.  
4.42.   Turning to trade and highlighting some issues contained in our questions, we note with 
satisfaction  a further decline of anti -dumping proceedings. We would wish that this trend would 
also extend to the measures on chemicals products and the average length of application.  
4.43.   Export restrictions, especially export duties and quotas in agricultural and non -agricultural 
sectors to the extent maintained by China, are a matter of concern to Switzerland. We have asked 
a number of questions in this regard, would like to thank for the responses just circulated and will 
be studying these carefully.  
4.44.   We note the steps undertaken by China during the reporting period as part of ongoing 
efforts to strengthen the role and protection of intellectual property. We particularly welcome the 
creation of specialized IP courts and amendments to trademark protection and will be foll owing 
with great interest their activity and impact on the ground.  
4.45.   With respect to government procurement, the Secretariat's report shows the very significant 
part of local entities in the Chinese market. In the context of China's accession process to the GPA, 
Switzerland recognizes the efforts already undertaken by China to include more provinces and 
local entities in its revised offer. We hope to see similar steps following for stated -owned 
enterprises and in the area of services and look forward to a fur ther improved offer this year.  
4.46.   Concerning fossil fuel subsidies, we would like to commend the lead China has taken, 
together with the United States, in peer reviewing their respective policies, as part of efforts to 
meet the objective of the G20 to phase o ut inefficient subsidies in this area.  
4.47.   Switzerland's bilateral economic relations with China are excellent and have seen further 
robust trade growth since the last TPR on the basis of a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement that 
entered into force mid -2014, t hereby reinforcing China's position as our largest trading partner in 
Asia and third globally, after the EU and the United States. During the reporting period, China for 
the first time also became the leading destination in Asia for Swiss investors in term s of FDI stock. 
More than 600 Swiss companies are now established in China, with about 180'000 employees.  
4.48.   Switzerland very much values the positive role of China in the WTO. We would like to 
underscore the contributions to two WTO Ministerial Conferences i n a row that produced tangible 
outcomes for Members and the world economy, notably on trade facilitation, on agriculture and on 
a substantially expanded Information Technology Agreement. We also welcome the commitment 
by China and other G20 participants in  the negotiations on an Environmental Goods Agreement to WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  aim at the conclusion of an ambitious EGA by the end of this year, as expressed at the recent G20 
Trade Ministers Meeting in Shanghai.  
4.49.   Going forward, as the world's top trading nation, China's leader ship and constructive 
engagement in the WTO will be more important than ever if the Multilateral Trading System is to 
continue to play a central role and respond to the evolving needs of a multifaceted, globalized 
economy.  
4.50.   Let me conclude by expressing our  delegation's appreciation for the very good cooperation 
with, and the highly professional work done here in Geneva by Ambassador Yú Jiànhuà and his 
dedicated team, and wish China a very fruitful TPR.  
OMAN  
4.51.   Oman has long historical and friendly relations wi th China. Our bilateral trade has grown 
tremendously making China one of the major trading partners of Oman. We envisage further 
expansion and strengthening of our already strong economic and trade relations in the coming 
years.  
4.52.   We would like to congratula te China on its impressive economic development, despite 
numerous challenges. The GDP growth of China in 2014 stood at 7.3%, and the growth rate for 
2015 was 6.9%. These are high growth rates by any standard. In fact, China's growth rates are 
among the hig hest in the world. It deserves high praise for this achievement.  
4.53.   A remarkable feature of China's economic growth is the performance of its financial 
intermediation sector which grew by 13% in 2014 and 23.2% in 2015. Remarkably, China has a 
current account surplus of US$330.6 billion, which represents a 19.2% increase over the previous 
year and is equivalent to 3% of GDP.  
4.54.   Oman commends China on its progress in international trade. China is the World's largest 
merchandise trader - excluding intra -EU trade. I n terms of its performance in services, China's 
share of services in total exports has grown from 8.8% in 2013 to 12.3% in 2015. Total value of 
service export stood at US$222.2 billion and US$288.2 billion in 2014 and 2015, respectively, 
showing a year -on-year growth of 7.6% and 9.2%. In 2014, China's trade in services ranked the 
second in the world for the first time. China is thus a major player in world trade.  
4.55.   We are pleased to note that China is taking steps to streamline and review its domestic 
standar ds framework and that work has been carried out to eliminate unnecessary standards. We 
also welcome the reform that China has undertaken in the area of accounting and disclosure 
standards. All these are commendable initiatives.  
4.56.   China is a very active Membe r of the WTO. It is a strong supporter of the multilateral 
trading system and an active participant in the Doha Round trade negotiations. We hope China will 
continue its active engagement as an Article XII Member and to fulfill the WTO's objective of 
liberalization and expansion of world trade.  
MALAYSIA  
4.57.   Malaysia and China enjoy a close bilateral economic relation through the years. Despite the 
sluggish global demand, China was Malaysia's largest trading partner in 2015, a position 
maintained since 2009. Tra de with China accounted for 16% of Malaysia's total trade in 2015, 
which amounted to US$59 billion. This is an increase of almost 11% from 2014. In 2015, China 
was Malaysia's largest source of imports valued at US$33 billion, an increase of 12% and second 
largest export destination. We certainly look forward to a continuous upward trend.  
4.58.   The trend of Chinese investment in Malaysia has been very encouraging. There are more 
than 280 companies with Chinese interests operating in the manufacturing sector in Mal aysia. It is 
also worth noting that, some of these companies have established their global trading 
headquarters in Malaysia. Malaysia also has significant investment in China in various sectors.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.59.   Close political and business exchanges continue at the highe st level particularly under the 
Special Committee on Malaysia -China Bilateral Relations that was dedicated to strengthening 
economic and people relations between the two countries.  
4.60.   Regionally, Malaysia and China are building a comprehensive regional econom ic integration 
through the ASEAN -China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) as well as the Regional Comprehensive 
Economic Partnership (RCEP) which is being negotiated. Both countries view the fora as important 
platforms in building a regional value chain through economic and technical cooperation.  
4.61.   Notwithstanding China's excellent track record, there are areas of concerns on China's trade 
and investment policies. As an economic powerhouse, needless to say policies by the China have a 
far-reaching effect on the gl obal economy and more so on developing countries. One of the 
concerns of which we have previously raised both in this meeting and other bilateral and 
multilateral interactions is on tariff. Malaysia observes that several commodities are subject to an 
interim tariff rates where in some cases, such tariff rates exceed the bound rates. We suggest that 
putting in place an appropriate mechanism would help to ensure monitoring of ad valorem 
equivalents of non -ad valorem rates not exceeding WTO bound commitments.  
4.62.   The reports being considered today demonstrate that China remains committed to a 
rules-based and transparent trading system. Malaysia also appreciates that China is committed to 
integrating the LDCs into the multilateral trading system through its signifi cant contribution to the 
DFQF market access.  
4.63.   China is a key Member, both in the regular work of the WTO and in the DDA negotiations. 
We therefore look forward to a stronger leadership by China and other major Members in moving 
forward the Nairobi mandates and bring conclusion to the remaining DDA issues. In this, we 
appreciate the role played by Ambassador Yu Jianhua and his team. We also look forward to the 
implementation of the expanded Information Technology Agreement by China soon.  
4.64.   We take this opportun ity to thank the Chinese delegation for responding to our questions 
and these are being examined at the Capital. In addition, we will also be submitting additional 
questions and we look forward to receiving the feedback.  
COLOMBIA  
4.65.   Hoy, como lo señalamos hac e dos años en nuestra declaración, China sigue siendo uno de 
los principales jalonadores de la economía mundial y un jugador predominante en el comercio 
global actual. Sus tasas de crecimiento, aunque han continuado un lento proceso de aterrizaje 
hacia tas as más estables y duraderas, continúan siendo altas comparadas con los estándares 
mundiales, registrando niveles superiores al 6,5%. Adicionalmente, es por un amplio margen la 
mayor entidad comercial del mundo, si bien las importaciones han disminuido leve mente en el 
último año, principalmente por la reducción en los precios del petróleo entre otros productos.  
4.66.   Observamos positivamente como desde 2013, China ha impulsado reformas para permitir 
que el mercado desempeñe una función más decisiva en la formación  del tipo de cambio. La banda 
de fluctuación del yuan se ha ampliado gradualmente, y la flexibilidad frente al dólar de los 
Estados Unidos se ha ampliado al 2%.  
4.67.   Quisiéramos resaltar lo mencionado en su informe en el sentido del esfuerzo que vienen 
haciendo  de mudar hacia una economía basada en la innovación y en la creación de valor 
agregado, en donde exista un nivel de prioridad para el conocimiento.  
4.68.   También vemos con complacencia que China tiene planificado proseguir el proceso de 
reforma estructural de l a economía, lo que incluye la promoción de la participación del sector 
privado en la economía y la reforma de las empresas estatales. En esa medida, nos complace 
observar, en el informe de la Secretaría, los significativos avances que se registran en la po lítica 
comercial del país desde el último examen, entre los que se destacan:  
 Ampliación del régimen creado para la Zona Franca Experimental (Shanghái) a otras áreas 
como las Zonas Francas Experimentales de Guangdong, Fujian y Tianjin, siguiendo la 
estrateg ia nacional para profundizar las reformas comerciales y de inversión.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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   Implementación de medidas dirigidas a mejorar la protección y observancia de los derechos 
de propiedad intelectual.  
 Introducción de cambios tendientes a acelerar los procedimientos de ev aluación y 
aprobación de proyectos de inversión.  
 Aumento de la facilitación del comercio a través de la implementación de nuevas tecnologías 
y prácticas en ese sentido.  
 Aumento de las preferencias unilaterales otorgadas a un significativo número de PMAs.  
 Disminución del número de investigaciones anti dumping.  
4.69.   Sobre las medidas de defensa comercial de China, entre otros el régimen anti dumping y de 
salvaguardias, es pertinente decir que varias de las preguntas que hicimos dentro de este examen 
buscan clarifi car el funcionamiento de la normativa pertinente.  
4.70.   No obstante, pese a estos y otros avances, ciertos hechos generarían preocupación a los 
Miembros de la OMC:  
 Persistencia de una alta participación del Estado en la economía pudiendo generar 
distorsiones que  a su vez pueden ser amplificadas por el no cubrimiento de las empresas 
estatales por la Ley de Competencia. Este es un punto al cual se refiere la parte final de 
nuestras preguntas.  
 Complejidad y falta de transparencia de la regulación, hecho que dificult a la comprensión de 
las políticas sectoriales aplicadas.  
 Los sistemas de control de precios que se aplican tanto a nivel nacional como provincial 
sobre productos que China considera estratégicos.  
 El desarrollo de ciertas barreras no arancelarias nuevas, qu e si bien persiguen un objetivo 
legítimo pueden afectar las exportaciones de economías como la colombiana.  
 Falta de claridad en cuanto al monto de subsidios y ayuda otorgado por el Gobierno a las 
exportaciones, a la producción interna y a diferentes sector es económicos, en detrimento de 
la competencia externa, así como un retraso de las notificaciones en esta materia.  
4.71.   Vale decir que con respecto a esto último, Colombia en sus preguntas, quisiera contar con 
más claridad sobre la forma que China dice estar me jorando su política de subsidios agrícolas y 
vamos a revisar con cuidado las respuestas que China nos remitió ayer sobre el particular.  
4.72.   Somos conscientes del estatus de China como país en desarrollo, así como del tamaño de su 
economía y de su capacidad de apalancamiento financiero, especialmente en materia de subsidios. 
En este contexto vemos que su política de subsidios y ayudas estatales debe acompasarse, como 
lo menciona en la parte final de su informe, "con el espíritu de solidaridad, de no continuar 
impulsando prácticas suma -cero y de promover prácticas para enfrentar los desafíos comunes a 
toda la membresía". De esta forma, contribuirán a que todos podamos crecer a partir del comercio 
global  
4.73.   En ese sentido, exhortamos nuevamente a China a continuar esa  senda de crecimiento, 
llevando a buen puerto sus políticas de desarrollo interno en consonancia con los principios de 
previsibilidad del sistema multilateral de comercio y de solidaridad con el resto del mundo en 
desarrollo que también requiere condicione s de comercio justas.  
4.74.   Para China, 2011 fue "el año del escritor colombiano y premio nobel Gabriel 
Garcia -Márquez", y en 2014 en Pequín, 300 personas leyeron en su honor durante 24 horas 
seguidas "100 años de soledad", uno de los libros colombianos más reco nocidos mundialmente. 
Este año, China recibió a Colombia, con una monumental exposición del pintor y escultor 
colombiano Fernando Botero en Shanghái. China es el segundo socio comercial de Colombia con 
un comercio bilateral que rondó en 2015 los 12 mil mil lones de dólares EE.UU. A abril de este año WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  nuestras estadísticas indican que les hemos comprado más de 2300 millones de dólares EE.UU. en 
bienes, sin embargo solo nos ha comprado 300 millones de dólares EE.UU. En Colombia, queremos 
que China nos reciba co mercialmente con el mismo entusiasmo con él que desde hace años viene 
recibiendo nuestra cultura.  
4.75.   Concluyo señalando que Colombia le desea a China un provechoso examen de política 
comercial, del que esperamos puedan rescatar recomendaciones y sugerencias q ue puedan ser 
aprovechadas en el futuro.  
MÉXICO  
4.76.   Todos hemos mencionado que, en términos de poder de compra, China tiene el mayor PIB 
del mundo y que, si bien sigue creciendo a ritmos muy elevados, este ritmo se ha reducido 
recientemente. Esto evidentemente  ha creado problemas dentro de las fronteras de China pero 
también más allá de sus fronteras, por lo cual son muy bienvenidas las reformas que se han 
introducido y las que ha mencionado el Viceministro Wang Shouwen. Sin embargo, creemos que 
estas reformas estructurales tienen que ir más allá, a fin de permitir que el mercado juegue un 
papel preponderante.  
4.77.   Quisiera señalar que uno de los problemas que ha traído consigo la reducción en la tasa de 
crecimiento de China es el surgimiento de grandes excesos de c apacidad en varios sectores, el 
acero, el aluminio, el cemento, etc.; los cuales están llegando a los mercados mundiales 
distorsionándolos. Esto es algo que ha hecho que los precios caigan, que en muchos países como 
el mío se creen problemas importantes.  
4.78.   Si bien el informe de la Secretaría reconoce que China ha tomado algunas medidas para 
resolver este problema, éstas no han sido suficientes para desalentar el exceso de capacidad de 
los proyectos en estado ejecución, por lo que reiteramos la necesidad de m ayores esfuerzos para 
llevar a cabo reformas orientadas a eliminar políticas gubernamentales de distorsión de mercado 
que favorecen o mantienen el exceso de capacidad.  
4.79.   China es el segundo socio comercial de México; importamos 70 mil millones de dólares 
EE.UU. de China y las importaciones han crecido muy rápidamente. Esto ha sido ayudado por el 
hecho de que México ha reducido unilateralmente sobre bases MFN sus aranceles a insumos y nos 
hemos favorecido de los insumos procedentes de China. Así, desde 2008 a 2015, el valor en 
dólares estadounidenses de las importaciones de productos chinos en México se duplicó, al pasar 
de 34.7 mil millones de dólares EE.UU. a 70 mil millones de dólares EE.UU., mientras que el valor 
de las exportaciones de productos mexicanos a China durante el mismo periodo aumentó en 
alrededor de un 140%.  
4.80.   En México no hemos incrementado aranceles para proteger industrias, al contrario, los 
hemos reducido. China y México estamos insertados en las mismas cadenas globales de valor, lo 
que nos h ace ser complementarios en muchas áreas. Creo que esto es algo que debería servir 
como ejemplo a seguir aquí en la OMC.  
4.81.   China tiene un índice en el Doing Business del 2016 muy envidiable, el séptimo lugar en 
este índice. Sin embargo, en algunos sectores t ienen problemas que es necesario buscarle 
solución, por ejemplo tiene el 176 en términos de permisos de construcción, también en términos 
del índice de telecomunicaciones e industrias de la información también el índice está dentro de los 
más elevados.  
SINGAPORE  
4.82.   Singapore fully associates itself with the ASEAN statement delivered by Indonesia.  
4.83.   Singapore and China enjoy longstanding bilateral economic ties, underpinned by strong 
trade and investment flows. China has been Singapore's largest trading partner s ince 2013, with 
bilateral trade totaling S$124 billion last year. This was 14% of Singapore's total global trade. 
China also continues to be the top investment destination for Singapore businesses. Singapore's 
cumulative investments in China amounted to US $80 billion last year. These investments are also 
becoming more diversified in terms of geography and sectors. Similarly, as Chinese companies "Go WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  Global", we see their numbers in Singapore grow, increasing over seven -fold between 2000 and 
2015. 120 of the se companies are listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange.  
4.84.   The China -Singapore FTA (CSFTA) is a cornerstone of our economic relations. CSFTA is 
continually being reviewed, with a view to adapt the FTA to changing business needs. CSFTA 
Upgrade negotiations we re launched last November, and will include discussions in areas such as 
trade facilitation, investment, services and other new -generation issues, such as e -commerce and 
environment. Singapore looks forward to working closely with China so as to complete t he 
Upgrade negotiations by end -2016.  
4.85.   As the world's largest trader, China plays a crucial role in international trade. We commend 
the Chinese Government's initiative to "adapt to, grasp and guide the new normal in China's 
economic development, while making  progress and maintaining stability". We note from the 
Government report that despite challenges associated with the "new normal", China's economy 
has contributed to over 25% of global economic growth last year. The Chinese Government has 
also highlighted the reforms and initiatives it has undertaken and will continue to see through. This 
is a positive signal for China's trading partners of China's commitment to continually improve its 
business environment, trade and investment policy regime, amidst future challenges.  
4.86.   Singapore welcomes reforms carried out under China's 13th Five -Year Plan, such as 
measures to enhance cross -border e -commerce, simplified customs clearance, pre -establishment 
national treatment and negative list management system. We continue t o monitor developments 
in the three new pilot FTZs in Guangdong, Tianjin and Fujian provinces with interest. We also 
welcome China's Trade in Services Innovation Pilots, which would be useful in introducing 
structural reforms to enhance the competitiveness  of China's services sectors. Finally, Singapore 
welcomes the "Belt and Road" initiative, which will encourage deeper economic integration and 
infrastructural cooperation between countries in the region, including Southeast Asia. Collectively, 
these reform s and initiatives present opportunities for greater economic cooperation. Singapore 
looks forward to participate meaningfully in China's next phase of growth.  
4.87.   At the WTO, we recognize and commend China's commitment and contributions to the 
multilateral tra ding system. During the period under review, China has made improvements to its 
Competition, IPR and Services regimes. China has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
was party to the recently concluded ITA2. We also welcome the decrease in anti -dumping 
measures in place. Given China's major role in the international trade, it is all the more important 
that China continues its pursuit of progressive policies and adheres to its WTO obligations. We 
encourage China to ensure that its ad valorem  equival ents of non -ad valorem  rates do not exceed 
its bound rates. We urge China to provide timely and up -to-date notifications to the WTO, 
especially in areas such as SPS, TBT and domestic support. Transparency and the provision of such 
information is necessary to a predictable trading environment. We also look forward to China's 
implementation of its ITA2 commitments as agreed to by our Ministers in Nairobi, and to 
welcoming China as one of the Parties to the GPA in the near future.  
4.88.   Our delegation has always enj oyed excellent working relations and cooperation with 
Ambassador Yu's very capable team in Geneva. We look forward to continuing this, in our common 
goal of upholding the multilateral trading system. We wish China a successful sixth Trade Policy 
Review.  
NEW ZEALAND  
4.89.   The reports from the Government of China and the Secretariat demonstrate China's success 
in achieving significant economic growth since the last Trade Policy Review of China in 2014. While 
growth has slowed since 2013, real GDP growth rates remai n at around 6.5% -7% a year, 
supported by strong domestic demand.  
4.90.   The trade relationship between New Zealand and China is underpinned by the 2008 Free 
Trade Agreement (FTA). The FTA has supported strong growth in two -way trade in goods, growing 
from $8.6 b illion in 2008 to $18 billion in 2015. China has become New Zealand's largest export 
market for goods, and in recent years New Zealand's partnership with China has expanded into 
non-traditional areas, such as the creative sector, science and technology, an d e-commerce. Trade 
in services (particularly education and tourism) are continuing to grow strongly. As a result, we WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  are seeing an increasingly vibrant and dynamic trade relationship, which we look to further 
broaden and deepen.  
4.91.   In light of the important  role it plays in the global economy as a whole, and its significance 
to global trade flows in particular, New Zealand looks to China to continue to play a leadership role 
in the WTO. Given the stake which China has in the continued integrity and effective ness of the 
WTO rules based multilateral trading system, we look to China to exercise leadership as the WTO 
membership works towards determining a package of outcomes from the 11th WTO Ministerial 
meeting to be held in 2017.  
4.92.   New Zealand welcomes China's o ngoing commitment to trade liberalization and economic 
reform in a fast -changing, complex environment. New Zealand considers it crucial that China 
continue to pursue these goals, despite challenges that may arise. We appreciate this opportunity 
to seek cla rification from China on aspects of its trade and economic policies and we have posed a 
number of questions that we look forward to hearing China's responses to.  
4.93.   New Zealand welcomes China's recent notifications to the Committee on Subsidies and 
Countervai ling Measures regarding its support programmes, and encourages China to continue this 
effort towards greater transparency in line with its commitments to the WTO. We are also pleased 
that China is committed to an ongoing process of reforming its agricultur al subsidy policies. We 
look forward to updated notifications in this area.  
4.94.   More generally, we understand the importance of the agricultural sector and food security to 
China, and continue to work in partnership with China to share expertise in these area s. As 
productivity in this sector continues to rise we expect that the level of trade distorting subsidies 
will be reduced.  
4.95.   New Zealand remains concerned about subsidies made available to the fisheries sector in 
China, which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing. China exercised welcome leadership in 
APEC in 2014, which included the issuing of the Xiamen Ocean -Related Ministerial Declaration. In 
line with this Declaration and the more recent UN SDG Target 14.6 we encourage China to 
eliminate, and suppo rt multilateral prohibitions on, such harmful subsidies and we look forward to 
updated notifications in this area.  
4.96.   Fossil fuel subsidy reform is an area of increasing importance for all Members. Removal of 
these subsidies reduces distortions and enhances trade flows, as well as improves the 
environment. New Zealand welcomes China's continuing support for the G20's agenda and 
commitments on this important topic, being one of the first countries to undergo a G20 peer 
review of its fossil fuel subsidies. We s trongly encourage other G20 members to volunteer for peer 
review in order to increase policy transparency and share lessons learned.  
4.97.   As a major food and beverage exporter, New Zealand has a strong interest in China's 
regulations affecting these sectors. G iven the potential impacts to New Zealand of changes to 
these rules, we remain committed to working with China to understand any new regulations as 
fully as possible. New Zealand values its cooperative relationship with China on import/export 
requirements and food safety regulatory matters, and is committed to continuing to work with 
China to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness.  
4.98.   New Zealand is interested in the progress of economic reforms in China, including the 
progress of state -owned enterprise r eform, announced by the Chinese government in late 2015.  
4.99.   New Zealand commends China for its plans to adopt the negative list system for market 
access by 2018. We understand that in March 2016, a Draft Negative List for Market Access was 
put into trial use  in Tianjin, Shanghai, Fujian, and Guangdong. We look forward to hearing further 
detail from China on the pilot trials, including the lessons learned so far.  
4.100.   New Zealand is a strong supporter of WTO transparency mechanisms such as Trade Policy 
Reviews. The se instruments play an essential role in allowing Members to better understand and 
review the policies and practices of other WTO Members. In this context, we continue to encourage 
China to ensure the effective use of transparency mechanisms within the WTO , including through 
continuing its efforts to ensure that its notification obligations are fulfilled in a timely way.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  JAPAN  
4.101.   As China is one of the most important players in world trade, Japan expects China to make 
an even greater contribution to the multil ateral trading system through fair and transparent trade 
policies.  
4.102.   Japan highly commends China's active participation in various negotiations including the 
EGA and the GPA.  
4.103.   In particular, the ongoing EGA negotiations are important for their positive impact  on the 
environment, an area that China has placed high priority on. We hope that China will take an even 
more active role in order to conclude the negotiations in accordance with the timeline set out in 
the G20 Trade Ministers' Meeting Statement.  
4.104.   Japan al so appreciates China's efforts to join the GPA. Japan hopes that China will continue 
its reforms of domestic systems including state -owned enterprises, and provide a higher quality 
offer.  
4.105.   Now I would like to touch upon some specific issues.  
4.106.   First, in regar d to subsidies and state -owned enterprises, Japan expects China to 
implement notification about subsidies including those provide by local governments; to make 
activities of state -owned enterprises and government assistance provided to them more 
appropriat e; and to provide information about the upcoming process and timeframe of 
state-owned enterprise reforms.  
4.107.   Second, on China's AD measures, in terms of the transparency of investigation procedures, 
Japan expects China to make its AD measures conform with the  reports of the panel and the 
Appellate Body.  
4.108.   Third, in regard to intellectual property, Japan encourages China to continue its efforts 
towards improving its legal system, by implementing measures to counteract international 
counterfeit goods and protect w ell-known trademarks. Japan also hopes that China will relax 
restrictions related to contracts on the international transfer of technology.  
4.109.   Fourth, in terms of import tax on hand baggage, while Japan welcomes Chinese tourists 
enjoying shopping in Japan, Ch ina increased the rate of import tax on personal effects in April. 
Japan understands that import tax on personal effects is composed of customs duty, import value 
added tax and consumption tax. However, in the case of certain products, the new rates of imp ort 
tax on personal effects appear to exceed the aggregate amount of customs duty, import value 
added tax and consumption tax. Japan requests China to provide details on the measure to clarify 
its consistency with the WTO agreement.  
4.110.   In addition to those sp ecific issues, Japan has submitted written question son various 
topics such as domestic standards and encryption requirements related to cyber security 
measures, regulations on cosmetics, the proposal for revision of China's standardization law, and 
regula tion on circulation of foreign audio visual content. We intend to carefully examine the 
responses received and, if necessary, will submit additional questions. We would appreciate 
China's continued co -operation.  
4.111.   Finally, we would like to briefly comment on  the issue of oversupply capacity. Japan 
understands that this is an important issue to be addressed at the next National People's 
Congress. Although we welcome China's efforts in this regard, the oversupply capacity on iron and 
steel has negatively impact ed the global market. Japan expects the Chinese Government to take 
necessary actions to resolve these issues in accordance with the agreement reached at the recent 
G20 Trade Ministers' meeting.  
4.112.   To conclude, Japan stands ready to work with China, and apprec iates the opportunity to 
participate in this review of China's trade policy.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU  
4.113.   Since the last Trade Policy Review in 2014, China has adopted and brought into play its 
stated policy of making  progress while maintaining stability. It has applied new approaches to the 
challenge of making adjustments to its macro economy, taking into consideration all the various 
needs, such as stabilizing growth, promoting reform, restructuring, improving people s' livelihoods, 
and reducing risks, through a development strategy driven by innovation.  
4.114.   Although China remains the world's largest international trader (not counting intra -EU 
trade), its foreign trade, and imports in particular, lost considerable momentum  over the review 
period, in contrast to the strong development that was highlighted in the previous review. Over 
the next few years, through its process of structural reforms, China is aiming to attain a "New 
Normal" state of development, characterized by increasingly more service - and 
technology -oriented growth, but with a lower average rate of economic growth overall.  Given 
China's major role in global trade and its potential effect on trade patterns, this has important 
implications for the rest of the w orld. All the more reason, therefore, that China should be 
encouraged to ensure the transparency of its relevant measures, and their conformity with WTO 
rules.  
4.115.   In our written questions submitted in advance we are seeking further clarification of 
certain as pects of China's policy direction and approach. We thank China for its responses, which 
we shall examine very carefully.  
4.116.   I will just mention here, if I may, a few aspects where we have particular interests or 
concerns.  
4.117.   Firstly, with China's active partici pation, the expansion of the Information Technology 
Agreement (ITA) was concluded in 2015. We strongly urge China to implement its commitments as 
agreed at the MC10 as soon as possible.  
4.118.   Secondly, China, along with other WTO Members, launched in 2014 the ne gotiations on the 
Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA), to explore various opportunities for the trade 
liberalization of environmental goods within the WTO framework. We noted that the G20 Trade 
Ministers gathered in Shanghai two weeks ago expressed a stron g political will to conclude the 
negotiations to eliminate tariffs on a broad range of environmental goods by the end of this year. 
We hope to see China play an ambitious and constructive role in the EGA negotiations in the 
future.  
4.119.   Thirdly, on its accessio n to the WTO in 2001, China made its commitment to join the 
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). We hope China will further strengthen its efforts to 
accede to the GPA at the earliest possible time.  
4.120.   Fourthly, according to its current regulations, China requires foreign exporters to apply for 
three certificates to export cosmetics to China, which take a great deal of time to get approved. 
We believe it would be mutually beneficial if some simplified measures could be implemented to 
streamline the applicat ions process.  
4.121.   Fifth, we also have some concerns over the relevant local content required of companies 
applying for funding under the Renewable Energy Development Special Fund.  
4.122.   Sixth, we have reason to question whether foreign conformity assessment bodies,  such as 
testing laboratories and certification bodies located inside and outside China, are authorized and 
designated on an equal basis by China to undertake the testing and certification of products.  
4.123.   And, last, but not least, we have asked China for fur ther details of the subsidies provided 
to SMEs that participate in overseas solar -power plants, R&D, and other operations.  
4.124.   Aside from these specific points, in general we remain hopeful that the Chinese 
Government will attempt to accelerate the ongoing de ep and comprehensive reform of its 
economic systems.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.125.   Finally, if I may touch briefly on our bilateral trade and investment relationship. We have 
very close and long -standing economic ties with China. China is currently our largest trading 
partner and the primary destination for our overseas investment. In 2015, the value of our 
bilateral trade was around US$160 billion, while our new investment in China increased by some 
US$11 billion in the same year. It is evident, therefore, that our trade and investmen t have been 
influential in China's overall economic development. What we would like to see in the future 
probably most of all is China continuing to pursue a yet more transparent and open -door trade 
regime.  
CHILE  
4.126.   Mi país otorga gran importancia a su relaci ón bilateral con China. En 1970, Chile fue el 
primer país de América del Sur en entablar relaciones diplomáticas con China, por lo tanto este 
año celebraremos los 46 años de una fructífera cooperación en los más variados campos.  
4.127.   Sumado a ello, este año se  cumplen 10 años de vigencia del Tratado de Libre Comercio de 
Bienes entre ambos países, que entró en vigor el 1° de Octubre de 2006.  
4.128.   Este acuerdo constituye un hito importantísimo respecto de nuestra relación comercial con 
China, que hoy es nuestro princ ipal socio.  
4.129.   También se debe remarcar el dinamismo que ha representado para nuestras relaciones 
comerciales la entrada en vigencia del Acuerdo Suplementario de Comercio de Servicios en 2008 y 
2010 respectivamente. En 2014, entró en vigencia asimismo el Acue rdo Suplementario sobre 
Inversiones.  
4.130.   Como he señalado, China es actualmente el primer socio comercial de Chile  En el año 
2015, el intercambio comercial entre ambos países alcanzó 30.944 millones de dólares EE.UU., 
representando más de 23% del comercio ext erior chileno.   
4.131.   En el período 2009 -2014, el intercambio comercial se ha expandido a una tasa media 
anual de 20%, mientras que las exportaciones a China crecieron a un ritmo promedio anual de 
7,2%.  
4.132.   Nuestra relación es cercana no sólo en el ámbito bilateral  sino también en el multilateral, 
participamos de manera conjunta en importantes organizaciones y foros internacionales como lo 
son OMC, APEC y FOCALAE. Además, destacamos la participación de China como estado 
observador de la Alianza del Pacífico.  
4.133.   Desde su ingreso a la OMC, China se ha transformado en un actor clave en esta 
Organización. Este rol lo ha llevado a tener también grandes responsabilidades al momento de 
alcanzar resultados concretos en las negociaciones.  
4.134.   Tal como señala el reporte de la Secre taría, China es la mayor entidad comercial del 
mundo (excluido el comercio entre los países de la UE), aunque en el período de examen el 
comercio perdió un impulso considerable, particularmente en las importaciones, a diferencia de la 
situación del examen anterior.  
4.135.   Se observa positivamente que el país continúa con el proceso de reforma estructural de su 
economía, promocionando cada vez más la participación del sector privado, avanzando en la 
reforma de empresas estatales (aunque manteniendo la preponderanci a de la propiedad pública), 
reforma fiscal, reforma del sector financiero, facilitación de procedimientos aduaneros para 
hacerlos más eficientes, entre otros esfuerzos para facilitar el comercio y las inversiones.  
4.136.   Sin embargo, también se observa que China  sigue aplicando una serie de medidas 
restrictivas al comercio, tales como impuestos a la exportación, prohibiciones a la exportación, 
restricciones a las importaciones, controles de precios de ciertos productos y servicios, entre otros.  
4.137.   Chile entiende y v alora los esfuerzos que está haciendo China en su proceso de reforma y 
los desafíos que enfrenta como un actor principal en la economía mundial. Confiamos en que siga 
avanzando positivamente en su proceso de reforma.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.138.   Finalmente, queremos señalar que Chile agradece las respuestas que China ha entregado a 
las preguntas realizadas por Chile, y le deseamos mucho éxito en este sexto examen de su política 
comercial.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.139.   China's development since joining the WTO more than 14 years ago has been remarkabl e. 
It shows the enormous benefits that China has reaped from being part of the multilateral 
rules-based trading system, but also the continued importance for China to benefit from an open 
system.  
4.140.   China is the most important trading partner for many of the  Members gathered here today. 
In a world in which we are increasingly interdependent, China's actions and policies have 
tremendous implications for the rest of the world. This brings with it increasing responsibility.  
4.141.   In its report, China describes a numbe r of its policies and reforms, designed to meet the 
needs of a new phase of economic development, in line with the 13th 5 -Year Plan. While the EU 
commends China for its ambition to carry out reforms that aim at letting the market play a 
decisive role in th e allocation of resources, we are somewhat concerned with the pace these 
reforms are taking.  
4.142.   While acknowledging that China has taken important steps – on financial reforms, utility 
prices, fiscal policy and free -trade zones – we find that some essential reforms have not yet taken 
place. We also see a tendency of China to backtrack on some of the promised reforms.  
4.143.   This is the case with a number of recent legislative initiatives that introduce, or plan to 
introduce, new restrictions on foreign operators in  China. New laws and measures on foreign 
investment, national security, NGOs and cybersecurity all contain elements that go against market 
opening and principles of transparency. The long -awaited Guidelines for the reform of State Owned 
Enterprises barely entailed any actual opening - and they certainly do not involve giving the 
market forces a significant role.  
4.144.   Furthermore, while recognizing China's very legitimate ambition to transform and upgrade 
its economy, initiatives such as "Made -in-China 2025" rais e some concerns regarding potential 
trade barriers for foreign companies, for example as regards local content requirements and 
discriminatory elements.  
4.145.   Regarding overcapacity, the EU welcomes the first steps that China is taking as part of the 
global wor ld-wide effort to curtail overcapacity in the steel sector. However, given the extent of 
the problem, we consider that they will not be sufficient to ensure the long -term sustainability of 
the industry. Given China's key role in the global steel market, it  is essential to translate 
announced plans into ambitious, substantial, verifiable and time -bound net reductions to adapt to 
domestic and international demand. The EU also strongly encourages China to join the global effort 
undertaken in margin of the High  Level Meeting on steel held in April 2016 and to put in place the 
Global Forum.  
4.146.   In this regard, the EU welcomes the outcome of the G20 Trade Ministers' Meeting to 
collectively address overcapacity with attention to subsidies and other support, with enhanc ed 
communication and cooperation, and effective steps to enhance market function and encourage 
adjustment. We therefore look forward to working with China to advance discussions on subsidies 
in multiple fora, including in the Rules Negotiating Group.  
4.147.   Since  its entry into the WTO, China has been increasingly engaged and has gradually 
stepped up its participation. It is fair to say that China's stance in the WTO is one of a strong 
believer in multilateralism. At the same time, China can and should do more in taking a more 
leading role in the multilateral trading system, further deepening its engagement in the WTO, and 
to assume greater responsibilities in this Organization, in line with its size and the benefits it draws 
from the system. In particular, we expe ct China to play a constructive role in the Post -Nairobi 
discussion, including on new issues. We welcome China's participation in plurilateral initiatives 
which are an increasingly important feature of the system, and call on China to implement the 
expande d Information Technology Agreement and constructively contribute to the conclusion of WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) this year. We also encourage China to accelerate the 
process leading to its accession to the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA ) by presenting a 
substantially improved market access offer before the end of the year.  
4.148.   The EU wishes to remind China that it does not fully comply yet with its commitments 
under the 2001 Protocol of Accession in a number of areas, such as price controls , transparency 
and notifications.  
4.149.   Transparency is an essential principle of the WTO system, and one of the areas where 
China still needs to improve its record, for instance by publishing all trade -related laws and 
measures, translating them in one or more  WTO languages, and ensuring proper stakeholder 
consultations, within a reasonable time -frame.  
4.150.   Additional efforts are also needed on notifications. We acknowledge China's efforts in 
catching up and understand from China's presentation this morning that Chi na has just submitted 
a notification of its central and sub -central subsidies which we will examine carefully. We further 
note that China has not submitted its notifications on domestic support on agriculture since 2011. 
The EU calls on China to submit its  outstanding notifications without further delay.   
4.151.   Foreign direct investment is an essential driver of growth and development. While the EU 
recognizes that China has taken steps to further open up to foreign investors, considerable market 
access barriers still persist. We would welcome a more ambitious opening and a more level playing 
field.  
4.152.   The adequate protection of intellectual property rights is fundamental for FDI attraction 
and the operation of businesses. We commend the efforts made by China but we  urge China to 
intensify its efforts – in particular with regards to enforcement, including the fight against 
counterfeiting and copyright piracy. And as China aims to upgrade its economy and attract FDI, 
the question of forced technology transfer becomes more pressing.  
4.153.   Lastly, EU companies are still faced with lengthy and often unclear import procedures for 
vegetable and animal products. Furthermore, while the EU praises China for the ongoing reform of 
the Food Safety Law, EU companies still have concern a bout its implementation and notably on 
rules related to food production and trading.  
4.154.   As one of its top traders, the European Union looks forward to working with China with a 
shared sense of responsibility, both in the negotiations and in how we approach th e adherence to 
the important disciplines of the WTO.  
EL SALVADOR  
4.155.   A partir del año 2014, las relaciones comerciales entre El Salvador y China se han visto 
fortalecidas.  
4.156.   Las exportaciones salvadoreñas crecieron un 663% en 2015 y China ocupa el décimo 
puesto como destino de nuestras exportaciones.  
4.157.   Asimismo, las importaciones desde China también han estado en constante crecimiento, 
ocupando actualmente el tercer lugar del origen de nuestras importaciones. Los principales 
productos exportados por El Salvador hac ia China son azúcar, café oro, aluminio, insumos para la 
industria de productos plásticos y prendas de vestir, mientras que los principales productos de 
importación fueron teléfonos móviles, abonos, polietileno, productos de hierro y acero, calzado, 
telas,  neumáticos, entre otros.  
4.158.   Con el propósito de promover el comercio entre ambos países, de 27 al 29 de noviembre 
del año 2015, se llevó a cabo en San Salvador, la III Exposición Comercial de la República Popular 
de China, cuya realización permitió estrechar  los lazos comerciales con ese país y de la cual 
también han derivado visitas de potenciales inversionistas interesados en invertir en nuestro país.  
4.159.   Con este precedente, mis autoridades y el sector privado tienen mucha confianza en lograr 
un mayor fortalec imiento de las relaciones comerciales entre nuestros países en el futuro.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.160.   Con relación a la política comercial de China, consideramos importante resaltar los 
esfuerzos que ha iniciado el Gobierno del Presidente Xi Jinping con el Decimotercer Plan 
Quinquena l (2016 -2020), el cual tiene como propósito proseguir el proceso de reforma estructural 
de la economía, lo que incluye la promoción de la participación del sector privado en la economía y 
la reforma de las empresas estatales, la promoción de la competencia , la reforma fiscal, la reforma 
del sector financiero para aumentar la participación del capital privado en la banca y la ampliación 
de la oferta de servicios financieros, y la adopción de tipos de cambio y de interés determinados 
en mayor medida por el me rcado.  
4.161.   En las negociaciones multilaterales que se celebran en esta Organización, China, al igual 
que El Salvador, como parte del G33, ha venido participando activamente y promoviendo 
iniciativas en materia agrícola que tomen en cuenta las necesidades de lo s países en desarrollo.  
4.162.   Con miras al futuro, es de hacer notar que China ha indicado que en los próximos años, y 
a través del proceso de reforma estructural, pretende conseguir una "nueva normalidad", que se 
caracteriza por un crecimiento económico menor y  cada vez más orientado hacia los servicios y la 
tecnología. Esto tendrá consecuencias para el resto del mundo por el impacto que podría tener 
sobre la pautas del comercio, como lo dice el informe de la Secretaría, tomando en cuenta que 
China es uno de los  principales actores del comercio multilateral.  
UKRAINE  
4.163.   More than thirty years ago China launched economic reforms that transformed the country 
and its place in the world. Today, China is a global player with important role in the world 
economic and trade arena. The country's vision of cooperation with its partners is reflected in the 
One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative announced in 2013 by China. Ukraine is interested in the 
participation in this so called "the Silk Road" initiative. Inclusion of Ukraine i n this project will 
create great development potential and mutual economic benefits, open new investment 
opportunities for both our countries.  
4.164.   This December, China will mark its 15th anniversary of being a WTO Member. Since joining 
the WTO in December 2001 , China has been actively participating in the multilateral negotiations 
on wide range of issues within the organization.  
4.165.   As one of the Recently Acceded Member, Ukraine is looking forward to working further 
together with China within the WTO towards a suc cessful conclusion of the Doha Round. In 
particular, China's position on conclusion of the Round in accordance with its mandate should be 
given due consideration.   
4.166.   Bilaterally, China is a very important partner of Ukraine and mutual cooperation of our 
countries covers different spheres of interest: economy, trade, investment, science etc. Our 
economic cooperation with China stretches from coal to agricultural products and equipment. In 
terms of Ukraine's goods and services turnover China takes the second p lace among all the 
countries. In 2015, China became the largest importer of Ukrainian agricultural products. Last 
marketing year (July -December of 2015/2016) Ukraine had the largest share in export of corn to 
China.  
4.167.   Ukraine attaches great importance to in vestment cooperation between our countries and 
its further development. Key areas of China's direct investment include agricultural and energy 
sectors, information technology sector, infrastructure projects, construction of affordable housing 
etc. 
4.168.   Within t his TPR exercise, Ukraine has raised a number of important questions on China's 
economic and trade policy, covering such areas as exchange rate policy, standards and technical 
regulations, National Standardization Body, sanitary and phytosanitary requireme nts, national food 
safety standards, distribution of quotas for import of cereals, fiscal and monetary policy, import 
promotion policies etc.  
4.169.   We appreciate the responses from China's delegation which we are studying closely.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.170.   In conclusion, Ukraine wishes the delegation of China very successful Trade Policy Review 
and looks forward to continue further strengthening of our bilateral relations.  
BRAZIL  
4.171.   Brazil is glad to participate in this sixth Trade Policy Review of China, a partner with which 
we share commo n objectives towards the promotion of sustainable and inclusive economic 
development. As we can see from the information that has been just presented in the introductory 
remarks, China's economy faces complex challenges to adapt itself to what its Governme nt report 
calls the "New Normal" situation. Brazil is very interested in all measures taken by the Chinese 
Government, both in terms of macroeconomic reforms and trade policies, especially in a context of 
the slow recovery of international trade. Brazil wi shes China every success in these efforts.  
4.172.   Considering China's role as a global trade and economic powerhouse, Chinese reforms will 
directly and decisively impact the capacity of the world economy to recover from the slow growth 
rates that we have observe d in recent years. The growing complexity and correlation between 
domestic choices and international economic trends requires increased political coordination to 
address common challenges with concerted approaches.  
4.173.   Let me take this opportunity to warmly co ngratulate China on the successful organization 
of the G20 Trade Ministerial meeting held in Shanghai on 9 -10 July. The strong reaffirmation of the 
central role of WTO in today's global economy, the "Strategy for Global Trade Growth", the 
"Guiding Principl es for Global Investment Policymaking" – adopted with strong input from UNCTAD 
- as well as the establishment of a supporting "G20 Trade and Investment Group", open to invited 
guests in specific configurations, will jointly help improve the global economic  governance, 
contributing to the much needed resumption of international trade growth.  
4.174.   On the bilateral front, as two of the largest developing economies in the world, Brazil and 
China have benefitted from a longstanding strategic partnership, and economi c and trade relations 
have flourished in the past two decades. China is Brazil's largest trading partner. In 2009, it 
became Brazil's major export market; in 2012, Brazil's main source of imports. Our trade with 
China accounted for 18.3% of our total trade  in 2015, keeping the growth trend we have observed 
for the last couple of years. The development of Brazil's trade relationship with China remains a 
key priority in our Government's agenda.  
4.175.   Our pattern of trade with China, however, draws careful attentio n. Despite the 
considerable increase in value, the diversification of Brazil's exports remains elusive, without any 
significant change since the last Trade Policy Review in 2014. Our main exports to China continue 
limited to a small number of commodities, notably soybeans, iron ore and crude oil, which, 
together, amounted to 75% of total exports in 2015. Imports originating from China, on their part, 
are vastly more diverse, including a wide range of industrial goods, electrical and mechanical 
machinery, or ganic chemicals, steel, plastic and iron products. From Brazil's perspective, this 
asymmetry has to be corrected and action to encourage greater export diversification remains a 
key priority to our Government. Our complex economies could definitely contrib ute to each other's 
growth in a more balanced manner.  
4.176.   Agricultural trade remains a high priority for both Brazil and China. There is a vast 
convergence of interests in a sector that has become the main source of Brazil's exports to China 
in the recent yea rs. That convergence, nonetheless, cannot distract us from effectively removing 
impediments that still affect the sectoral trade, notably in the SPS arena. Despite recent positive 
steps by the Chinese authorities to increase market access opportunities for  Brazilian exporters, 
there is a number of pending accreditations of pork and poultry meat processing plants that 
deserve to be urgently addressed. In line with the need to tend to the vigorous Chinese domestic 
market that increases year after year, in ter ms of scale, sophistication and diversification of 
consumer preferences, Brazilian exporters can deliver high quality products, contributing to the 
reduction of internal costs and food security concerns. Brazil is willing to continue working 
bilaterally wi th China to tackle these pending issues.  
4.177.   The difficult situation of the steel sector worldwide is another issue that needs to be 
addressed and poses challenges to China. Overcapacity, coupled with weak global demand, is 
creating tensions that require a gl obal dialogue with a view to agree on a roadmap for structural WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  adjustment by the main global producers. At the same time, this situation should not lead to the 
protectionist use of trade defense instruments we are seeing in some countries, while recognizin g 
their legitimate use when properly applied. The OECD High -Level meeting held in Brussels in April 
and the G20 Trade Ministerial Meeting in Shanghai offered the opportunity for modest initial steps 
to properly address this important challenge, adding up t o China's announced reduction in steel 
capacity in 2016 up to 2020. It is necessary to build up on this foundation. The way out of the 
current crisis in such a backbone sector for global economic development will require the 
commitment of all relevant glob al players, including China. Brazil remains open to constructively 
engage with our Chinese counterparts on that matter.  
4.178.   On investment, another pillar of crucial importance in Brazil -China bilateral relations, the 
two-way flows are growing in volume, numbe r of sectors covered and systemic importance. New 
Chinese investments in Brazil are being directed to sectors such as finance, infrastructure, 
telecommunications, electricity transmission and railways. The opening of Baidu operations in 
Brazil, in 2014, il lustrates the spreading also onto the information technology sector, with potential 
for additional initiatives. An increasing number of Brazilian companies are likewise incorporating in 
China, including through joint ventures such as the one established by  BRF/Brazil Foods with Dah 
Chon Hong in Shanghai.  
4.179.   Finally, let me note that 2016 is a landmark in the process of accession of China to the 
WTO. Since 2001, China has played an instrumental role in world trade and in the Organization 
itself. Brazil commends  China for its commitment to the multilateral trading system and recognizes 
its participation and engagement in the outcomes achieved at MC10, in Nairobi. We are confident 
that China will play again a pivotal role in the negotiations leading to MC11.  
4.180.   Brazil has submitted a number of questions regarding a wide range of important issues for 
our country. Brazil appreciates the effort by China to answer them in written form and will 
carefully analyze all the information provided.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.181.   Hong Kong, Ch ina enjoys a very close economic and trade relationship with China. China 
has been our largest trading partner for decades, while we are now its second largest trading 
partner. We are also China's largest source of realized foreign direct investment, accou nting for 
more than half of the national total.  
4.182.   Given China's influence on global economy, continuous liberalization of its trade and 
investment regimes will bring tremendous benefits to all its trading partners. We therefore 
welcome the State Council's di rectives to build an open economic system which will greatly 
enhance the business environment; and the many structural and sectoral reforms in support of 
this goal.  
Investment and Trade in Services  
4.183.   In particular, we appreciate that the revised Catalogue fo r the Guidance of Foreign 
Investment Industries 2015 has reduced the number of restricted sectors, and that three new Pilot 
Free Trade Zones (FTZs) have been established to promote foreign investment.  
4.184.   On the services side, a number of regulatory changes ha ve also helped liberalize the 
telecommunication and financial sectors. Since the last review, China's services sector has 
expanded rapidly on a large scale.  For the first time, services are contributing to more than half of 
the national economy, and have become a major impetus to fuel economic growth. We look 
forward to further reforms to promote trade in services and sustain this remarkable momentum.   
State Trading  
4.185.   State -owned enterprises (SOEs) continue to play a significant important role in certain 
sectors. We understand that it is China's national policy to promote private sector participation in 
the economy and reform SOEs, while keeping the preponderance of public ownership. We welcome 
the progress made so far, and encourage China to deepen the refo rms to further enhance 
competition and diversity.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  Intellectual Property Rights  
4.186.   Also as part of China's ongoing reforms, the intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection 
regime has been improved, in terms of enhanced patent protection and stronger enforce ment 
systems at both administrative and judicial levels. We appreciate China's determination to fight 
IPR infringement and counterfeiting, and encourage it to redouble its efforts in this regard.  
Anti-Dumping, Countervailing, and Safeguard Measures  
4.187.   Some as pects of trade policies have not seen significant changes during this review period, 
but it is encouraging to see improvements in practice. For instance, regarding the use of trade 
remedy measures, we are pleased to note that China did not initiate any cou ntervailing 
investigation and safeguard investigation during the review period, and that the number of anti -
dumping (AD) duty order in force by China has been on a declining trend as compared to the last 
review period. Moreover, we are glad to note China's  lower rate of renewal of AD measures 
following sunset reviews, which addresses the concerns expressed by other Members in the past 
trade policy review.  
Tariffs  
4.188.   On tariff, we appreciate that China has already bound all of its tariff lines at ad valorem  
rates, with the average bound rate of 9.8% in 2015. The simple average rate of China's applied 
MFN tariff in 2015 stood at 9.5%, which was almost unchanged since 2013. The little difference 
between the two has made China's tariff regime more predictable. We n ote that the percentage of 
tariff lines which are subject to international tariff peaks that exceed 15% had slightly reduced 
from 14.8% in 2011 to 14.4% in 2015. We encourage China to continue its efforts in bringing 
down its tariffs.  
Supporting the Rules -Based Multilateral Trading System  
4.189.   As fellow Members of the WTO, Hong Kong, China works closely with China to contribute to 
the multilateral trading system. Both of us have already ratified the Agreement on Trade 
Facilitation. We are also parties to the rec ently concluded Information Technology Agreement and 
the ongoing negotiations on an Environmental Goods Agreement. All WTO Members will share the 
fruit of these liberalization efforts. At the same time, we appreciate China's effort in seeking 
accession to the Agreement on Government Procurement. Its latest offer has included more local 
entities, all construction projects and for the first time, state -owned enterprises. We look forward 
to China's accession to the Agreement soon.  
Concluding Remarks  
4.190.   China's pr ominent representation and constructive engagement at the WTO owe much to 
the outstanding leadership of Ambassador Yu and the hard work of his team in Geneva. They 
defend their national interest with vigor and professionalism, but are also prepared to exer cise 
flexibility for the common good. It has been our great pleasure working with the Chinese 
delegation here.  
4.191.   We commend the contributions they have made to the work of the WTO, and we wish 
China a very fruitful and successful Trade Policy Review.  
NORWAY  
4.192.   During the review period, the Chinese economy has grown at a slower pace than earlier 
and is entering into what is labelled the "New Normal" situation. The "New Normal" is, however, at 
a very high level of growth – from 6.5% to 7% a year. Thus, China is st ill contributing significantly 
to global economic growth and trade.  
4.193.   We acknowledge the ongoing rebalancing of the Chinese economy towards growth based 
on domestic consumption and services. According to the WTO Secretariat's report, domestic 
consumption co ntributed with 4.6% of the growth in 2015, while investment contributed with just 
over half, at 2.5%. At the same time, the report does underscore the challenges for this WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  transformation – such as the need for increased innovation capacity, more skilled lab our, and 
access to technology. This implies a need for more market -oriented approaches to investment and 
resource allocation. This structural change in China will influence global trade, and global, as well 
as regional, value chains.  
4.194.   China's fiscal polici es have been an important contributing factor to uphold global 
economic growth in the post -financial crisis period. At the same time, the budget deficit is 
growing, and debt is a rising challenge. We are pleased to note that China has generally resisted a 
protectionist response to the effects of the global economic crisis.  
4.195.   Both China and Norway attach great importance to the multilateral trading system. We 
work together closely to demonstrate the credibility of the WTO and deliver on the outcomes from 
the Ministerial Conference in Nairobi.  
4.196.   We would also like to highlight the close and fruitful shared efforts in the negotiations on 
the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA), and the potential these negotiations could have with 
regard to the climate challenge. All WTO Members will benefit from the outcome of these 
negotiations, as mentioned by Hong Kong.  
4.197.   As regards fossil fuels subsidies reform, we, as others, welcome Chinese participation in 
peer review and China's support for the G20 commitment.  
4.198.   Both Norway a nd China are shipbuilding nations, and have mutual interests in the 
International Working Group on Export Credits (IWG). The broad international dialogue in the IWG 
regarding a possible agreement is important, and Norway appreciates China's role in the ste ering 
committee of the IWG. We especially want to emphasize the importance of having broad 
international guidelines on matters such as premium rates, interest rates and transparency.  
4.199.   China and Norway are both world leading maritime nations, and maritime c ooperation 
between our two countries is significant. It contributes to the economic development in both 
countries. We believe that Norway and China have a shared interest in working for open markets 
and fair competition in the international maritime transp ort services sector.  
4.200.   Norway continues to stress the importance of transparency, predictability and non -
discrimination as the pillars of the international trade regime. Norway commends China for 
continuing the process of opening up the economy and for its efforts to facilitate trade and 
investment. The report from the Government of China describes a range of ongoing reforms that 
point in this direction.  
4.201.   We note with particular interest the initiative described in paragraph 2.38 of the 
Government's report, o n the introduction of the Negative List System for Market Access – which is 
now in a pilot phase in the special economic zones of Shanghai, Tianjin, Fujian and Guangdong. 
This can be a positive step in order to clarify the boundary of the government functi ons and 
contribute to fair and transparent market rules for domestic and foreign companies. We would 
appreciate if the Chinese delegation could share more information on how this reform will be 
implemented at the national level by 2018.  
4.202.   Turning to our bila teral trade relations. In 2015, China was Norway's 3rd largest source of 
imports and 9th largest export destination. We have been pleased to observe that there has been 
a notable increase of 19 % from 2014 to 2015 in our trade in goods. The trade patterns reflect the 
diverse and the complementary nature of our economies – a trade pattern we hope will continue.  
4.203.   Finally, some concerns about seafood. The measures that have been applied by China 
since December 2010 to imports of Norwegian seafood continue to c oncern us. These measures 
include quarantine and testing procedures, a system of import licensing for Norwegian salmon that 
de facto constitutes a system of import quotas – and the lack of updating of lists of Norwegian 
enterprises approved for export to C hina.  
4.204.   Norway fully recognizes each WTO Member's right to set their own appropriate level of 
protection. However, we are concerned about the justification and proportionality of the applied 
measures and the lack of transparency involved. We invite China to  clarify the measures taken and WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  their justification, and to explain how China foresees a process to normalize the situation in line 
with rights and obligations under the WTO agreements.  
CANADA  
4.205.   As has already been pointed out, 2016 marks the 15th anniversar y of China's accession to 
the WTO in 2001. China today finds itself more closely integrated into the global trading system 
than ever before, to the mutual benefit of China's citizens and billions of people around the world. 
China's commitment to a global r ules-based framework for trade, as evidenced by their leadership 
in the G20 and active involvement in international fora like the WTO, is a welcome source of 
stability and predictability.  
4.206.   As G20 trade ministers noted, to resist protectionist sentiment, we each, including China, 
must do our part to ensure that the trading system functions smoothly and efficiently. The WTO 
rules-based framework has been integral to China's growth in the past and continues to fuel its 
prosperity into the future.  
4.207.   I am pleased that China recognizes the importance of continuing to pursue reform and 
opening up to ensure its ongoing development. China must not waver from this path, and should 
push even further with reforms that are tailored to the characteristics of the 21st centur y global 
economy. Although we have submitted a large number of questions, in this intervention I will focus 
my comments on three areas of particular concern where China must build on its progress to fulfil 
its responsibilities as a leading member of the gl obal trading system:  
 non-tariff barriers to trade;  
 barriers to foreign investment; and  
 transparency.  
4.208.   First, foreign companies operating in China continue to express frustration with China's 
inconsistent and unpredictable regulatory practices and standar ds. Their concerns stem in no small 
part from a lack of clarity in the implementation of its guidelines, regulations, and laws. As noted 
in the Secretariat's report, welcome progress has been made in harmonizing often divergent 
national and local standards , but further work is necessary to develop a comprehensive and 
streamlined system of standards. Moreover, we remain concerned about China's persistent lack of 
commitment to international standards and to scientific and risk -based decision -making. Too often , 
this approach has the effect of unnecessarily limiting access for foreign goods to Chinese markets, 
thereby depriving consumers of high -quality and innovative products.  
4.209.   Secondly and similarly, China's investment regime continues to restrict access to fo reign 
investors, to the mutual detriment of China and the global community. While we look forward to 
China consolidating its regulations into a unified Foreign Investment Law and nationwide "negative 
list", we encourage China to ensure meaningful new acces s for foreign investors, and clarify 
guidelines on how remaining restrictions will apply. In addition, we are concerned that China's 
National Security Law could unduly restrict foreign investment in ways not necessary to the 
preservation of China's essenti al security interests. We encourage China to acknowledge the 
benefits of opening its financial markets to foreign investors and to ensure that foreign companies 
operating in China are treated fairly, and in accordance with the rule of law.  
4.210.   Thirdly, China c ontinues to fall short of its transparency commitments concerning 
important areas of its economic and trade regime. Currently, not all Chinese government entities 
publish trade -related measures in China's official journal, and government entities often tak e an 
overly narrow view of what constitute trade -restricting measures. That said, China's recent pattern 
of notifications to various WTO committees is a positive development, and we hope that this marks 
the beginning of more productive engagement on transp arency issues. I encourage China to take 
the results of this review under advice, and to build on its previous progress in improving its 
domestic transparency regime. This will yield mutual benefits not only for Chinese businesses and 
investors, but also f or foreign companies.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.211.   Over, we consider that this Review reveals a mixed portrait of trade -related policy 
developments in China over the last two years. Most disappointing is the pace of reform. China's 
ongoing reliance on state owned enterprises and its u se of industrial policies continue to 
undermine its efforts to harness market forces and the benefits of international trade and 
investment flows. The lack of significant reforms to China's public sector of the economy, notably 
to ensure that SOEs operate in accordance with market principles, continues to be one of the main 
causes of current distortions in global supply and demand across multiple industries, including 
steel.  
4.212.   While time does not permit me to go into detail, Canada's written questions also hi ghlight 
our interest in seeing China pursue the removal of behind -the-border trade barriers, its continued 
efforts to improve the effectiveness of its intellectual property protection and enforcement regime, 
and the opening up through liberalization of fin ancial services, the digital economy and 
government procurement.  
4.213.   Beyond these areas, I am disappointed that after an auspicious beginning, China's 
engagement on plurilateral initiatives at the WTO has hit a self -imposed roadblock. I commend 
China's partici pation in the recent expansion of the Information Technology Agreement, but stress 
the importance of timely implementation of China's tariff elimination commitments; we look 
forward to an update. On the Environmental Goods Agreement, we strongly encourage China's 
active engagement so that participants may collectively deliver an ambitious conclusion in the near 
term. I also encourage China to re -examine its approach to the Government Procurement 
Agreement, and to redouble its efforts towards accession.  
4.214.   Despite these observations, I appreciate China's committed participation in the 2016 
review of its trade policy. The TPR process remains an invaluable, non -adversarial tool for 
members to conform to an open, transparent and, above all else, fully -functioning g lobal trading 
system. China should embrace the results of this review. Given the sheer size of its economy and 
its strong projected growth in the near -to-medium term, China can lead the world by example in 
undertaking reforms that demonstrate its continuin g commitment to dynamic two -way global flows 
of trade and investment.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.215.   The Russian delegation joins others in welcoming the 6th Trade Policy Review of China. We 
are pleased to participate in this important and informative exercise, which significantly enhances 
trade transparency of Russia's key trading partner in Asia.  
4.216.   The Russian Federation and China have a long history of friendly relations, which have 
always been featured by broad, deep, robust and progressing bilateral cooperation acr oss vast 
economic, trade and investment areas. Since 2010 China has been one of the largest trading 
partners of the Russian Federation.  
4.217.   We highly appreciate current economic reforms carried out by Beijing, which are aimed at 
supply -side economic growth, c reation of a new open economic system, cutting down the role of 
the state in the economy. Russia shares a positive overall assessment of the economic policies 
pursued by the Chinese authorities, which contributed to the continuous growth of around 7% in 
the review period, despite complexity and volatility of the external business environment. 
Remaining the world's largest trading nation, China contributed to over 25% of global economic 
growth in 2015. However, this does not mean that China alone shall bear responsibility for newly 
emerged global problems, like the problem of excess capacity.  
4.218.   We attach great importance to promoting cooperation with China at the regional and 
international levels within the framework of different international organizations, su ch as APEC, the 
G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and others.  
4.219.   We also appreciate China's contribution to the development of the multilateral trading 
system with the WTO as its cornerstone. The Russian Federation welcomes the forthcoming expiry 
of Section 15(a)(ii) of the Protocol of Accession of China to the WTO. After 15 years from the date 
of its accession, China will now enjoy full WTO treatment for the purposes of trade remedy 
proceedings and measures. We expect that those members, which imple mented specific WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  methodologies vis -à-vis China in their trade remedy investigations, will adjust these policies and 
review the measures, which were introduced on the basis of such specific methodologies. This will 
be an important step towards alignment of r ules of trade for founding and newly acceded 
Members.  
4.220.   Russia and China have developed a strong partnership and close trade and investment ties 
during many years of fruitful cooperation. There is considerable potential for further expansion of 
mutual trade  in goods and services and increase of investment flows. However, there are also 
some issues to be resolved to materialize fully this potential.    
4.221.   Transparency and predictability are substantial issues for creating more business -friendly 
environment for e conomic activity in China. We appreciate China's significant efforts to continue 
the improvement of its respective legal and institutional framework.  
4.222.   We would also like to highlight some trade and investment measures of China, on which 
we would appreciate to receive clarification. Russia has submitted a number of questions regarding 
customs procedures and tariffs, import licensing, SPS and TBT measures and some others. We 
thank the delegation of China for the replies provided and look forward to reviewing t he responses 
to our follow up comment.  
REPÚBLICA  DOMINICANA  
4.223.   En cada examen China ha demostrado que está más integrada a la economía mundial y 
sus reformas son más extensas y profundas. En este sexto examen de su política comercial, 
podemos constatar, que d urante el período objeto de examen (2014 -2016), la economía de China 
creció a tasas de crecimientos más estables y ajustadas a una demanda agregada mundial muy 
débil que se viene presentando en las economías desarrolladas. El PIB real registró un crecimien to 
del 7,3% en 2014 y del 6,9% en 2015 más de tres veces del promedio de las desarrolladas. Las 
autoridades consideran que la economía ha entrado en una situación de "nueva normalidad", en la 
que se prevén unas tasas de crecimiento, que se situarán en torn o al 6,5% -7% anual. Este 
crecimiento, sigue siendo impulsado por la fuerte demanda interna de China, por la expansión y la 
disponibilidad de crédito en el país, y por el aumento de los ingresos, como respuesta a las 
políticas de China para junto al desarro llo agrícola dirigidas al logro de la seguridad alimentaria, 
convertir el consumo interno y los servicios en las principales fuerzas del crecimiento. Este nuevo 
modelo de desarrollo económico permitirá reducir la brecha en los ingresos que se manifiesta 
agudamente entre las regiones industrializadas de la costa y las interiores. Además, China todavía 
mantiene una enorme población de más del 30% por debajo de los niveles de pobreza. Un 
instrumento clave para el logro de estos objetivos de lucha contra la pob reza, la mala distribución 
del ingreso y la expansión de la clase media es la creación de empleo y producción estable a 
través del apoyo técnico y en créditos a las pymes y la creación de las cooperativas agrícolas con 
títulos propios.  
4.224.   En el área externa e n 2015 las importaciones representaron el 14,5% del PIB, después de 
que alcanzaron el 17,5% en 2014 y el 21,1% en 2011. Esta contracción es atribuible en parte a la 
bajada de los precios de las importaciones de petróleo. Asimismo, se registró una tendencia  al alza 
del superávit por cuenta corriente de China, que totalizó 330.600 millones de dólares EE.UU. en 
2015, equivalentes al 3% del PIB. Ese mayor superávit derivó en gran medida del importante 
aumento del superávit del comercio de mercancías, que creció  notablemente en 2014 y 2015, 
cuando llegó a alcanzar un valor de 567.000 millones de dólares EE.UU., equivalentes al 5,2% del 
PIB. Felicitamos a China por la aprobación del acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio, el cual 
redundara en menores costos y más ág il manejo de sus enormes volúmenes en el intercambio de 
bienes. De los diez mayores puertos mundiales en manejo de carga siete estaban localizados en 
China en el 2012.  
4.225.   China siguió aplicando una política fiscal proactiva, en virtud de la cual el gasto crec ía más 
que los ingresos. El déficit fiscal llegó en 2015 al 2,4% del PIB. Aunque si se contabilizan las 
actividades extrapresupuestarias, es posible que alcanzara el 10% del PIB. En este sentido, 
felicitamos a China, porque a pesar de las secuelas de la cr isis financiera internacional que todavía 
persisten, las cuentas nacionales se mantienen dentro de los márgenes positivos, con tasas de 
crecimiento importantes. Además, es importante la aprobación de una nueva Ley de Presupuesto, 
para responder a la necesi dad de controlar el gasto extrapresupuestario.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.226.   Asimismo, nos complace constatar que en el Decimotercer Plan Quinquenal (2016 -2020), 
las autoridades tienen el propósito de proseguir el proceso de reforma estructural de la economía, 
lo que incluye la promoci ón de la participación del sector privado en la economía y la reforma de 
las empresas estatales. Otras medidas importantes incluidas en el Plan son la promoción de la 
competencia, la reforma fiscal, la reforma del sector financiero para aumentar la partici pación del 
capital privado en la banca y la ampliación de la oferta de servicios financieros. En cuanto a la 
apertura financiera China debe de equipar sus políticas con instrumentos que eviten que el flujo de 
capitales golondrinos pueda generarle desestabi lización a su economía. La adopción del remmibi 
dentro de la canasta de monedas de los Derechos Especiales De Giro del FMI, constituye un 
importantísimo paso para la internacionalización de su moneda lo que facilitara que sus tipos de 
cambio y de interés s ean determinados por las fuerzas del mercado. Las autoridades también han 
adoptado recientemente medidas para hacer frente al exceso de capacidad de producción de 
algunas industrias. En este sentido, se han adoptado medidas para desincentivar o reducir la 
producción en industrias tales como las de hierro y acero, aluminio electrolítico, cemento, vidrio 
plano y embarcaciones. Felicitamos a China por estos esfuerzos para orientar su economía hacia 
una economía más acorde con la realidad del mercado.  
4.227.   Durante e sta discusión los miembros han expresado sus preocupaciones por los subsidios a 
las empresas del Estado. Y sobre esta situación quisiera exponer la experiencia que tuvo mi país al 
absorber el Estado las empresas de la dictadura de Trujillo hace 55 años. To das esas empresas al 
final fracasaron y con los recursos que dispuso el Estado para el mantenimiento de unas empresas 
ineficientes, si estos se hubiesen dedicado a la educación, salud y la infraestructura del país, la 
Republica Dominicana fuera ahora una e conomía desarrollada. También el problema de la mala 
calidad medioambiental tiene que ser atacado por las autoridades para el bienestar de su 
población. Felicitamos a China por su enorme esfuerzo en el desarrollo de la energía renovable el 
cual redundara a  reducir el problema de la contaminación ambiental  
4.228.   En cuanto al comportamiento del comercio, vemos que el mismo redujo su participación en 
el PIB, de forma considerable, durante el período examinado. En 2015, tanto las exportaciones 
como las importaciones de mercancías disminuyeron, sumando las exportaciones 2,28 billones de 
dólares EE.UU., frente a 2,34 billones de dólares EE.UU. en 2014, y las importaciones 1,68 billones 
de dólares EE.UU., frente a 1,96 billones de dólares EE.UU. en 2014. Los productos 
manufacturados siguieron siendo el principal componente de las exportaciones y representaron 
algo más del 94% del total. Los principales productos de exportación de China siguieron siendo las 
máquinas de oficina y el equipo de telecomunicaciones, y los texti les y las prendas de vestir. En 
2015, los servicios representaron el 12,3% de las exportaciones totales de China y el 22,9% de 
sus importaciones. En un documento reciente de la UNCTAD sobre un estudio realizado se 
determinó que el impacto de las cadenas de  valor en China reduciría el imbalance entre los 
Estados Unidos y la China entre 30 y 40%. Aunque con el mejoramiento de la mano de obra 
calificada de China este porcentaje debe haber disminuido.   
4.229.   Nos complace, asimismo, ver que durante el período objeto de examen, China siguió 
alentando la Inversión Extranjera Directa así como las sociedades conjuntas entre empresas chinas 
y extranjeras, también se afianzó el programa piloto de reforma del régimen de inversión 
extranjera iniciado en 2013 mediante el estab lecimiento de la Zona Franca Experimental 
(Shanghái) de China, y se amplió en 2015 para abarcar otras tres zonas francas experimentales en 
Guangdong, Fujian y Tianjin.   
4.230.   También China ha mantenido sus esfuerzos para facilitar el comercio llevando a cabo un a 
serie de reformas para que los procedimientos aduaneros sean más eficientes, tanto en el caso de 
las importaciones como en el de las exportaciones  
4.231.   En 2015, los aranceles NMF aplicados por China son relativamente bajos, siendo el 
promedio de los tipos NMF  aplicados del 9,5%, casi lo mismo que cuando se realizó el examen 
anterior. Felicitamos a China también porque durante el período objeto de examen, el número de 
medidas antidumping aplicadas continuó disminuyendo.  
4.232.   También es muy positivo que durante el p eríodo examinado, en China siguieron 
aplicándose medidas destinadas a mejorar el régimen de protección de los derechos de propiedad 
intelectual, con modificaciones de leyes, reglamentos y normas, relativas a las patentes, 
protección de marcas de fábrica, e ntre otros.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.233.   Para terminar, hemos presentado preguntas a la delegación de China, y agradecemos las 
respuestas que estudiaremos con interés, y solo nos queda exhortar a China para que continúe 
con su proceso de reformas encaminado a la apertura comercial. L es deseamos muchos éxitos en 
este examen de política comercial y en el futuro.   
REPUBLIC  OF KOREA  
4.234.   I participated in the China -Korea FTA negotiation from the beginning stage to the 
conclusion. So I am very happy to have a chance to meet my old friends agai n here in Geneva.  
Korea's Comment on the Trade Policies of China  
4.235.   Korea acknowledges that China plays a key role as one of the major engines of global 
economic growth.  
4.236.   Despite a drastic change in the global economic environment, China's economy grew 6.9% 
last year and is expected to grow 6.7% in the first half of this year. This demonstrates that China's 
economy continues to grow in a steadfast way.  
4.237.   Korea also notes that China is making efforts to pursue structural reforms toward a more 
open economy in ord er to improve the quality of its economic growth. It is our hope that China will 
successfully achieve every goal of its reforms.  
Bilateral Economic Relationship  
4.238.   Turning to the bilateral side, Korea and China, as close neighboring countries, have 
developed strong ties throughout most of their history. The relationship between the two countries 
is broad and deep, encompassing the domains of politics, economy, society, culture, art, and 
more.  
4.239.   With respect to the economy, China has been the largest trading part ner of Korea since 
2004. As Vice Minister Wang mentioned, from last December the China -Korea FTA came into effect 
and is expected to be an outstanding milestone for the economic partnership. We hope that the 
economic partnership between the two countries w ill continue to grow and thrive based on the 
China -Korea FTA.  
Korea's Concern on the Trade Policies of China  
4.240.   This July in Shanghai, the G20 ministers committed to making collective efforts to stem 
the rise of protectionist measures. It is hoped that China,  as a major economic power, will show its 
leadership in supporting the multilateral trading system.  
4.241.   In this regard, I would like to take this opportunity to encourage China to address Korea's 
concerns about some of its trade measures.  
4.242.   First, many Korean c ompanies are facing difficulties in exporting to the Chinese market 
due to non -tariff barriers, especially TBT and SPS measures regarding medical devices, 
pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, food products, and liquors.  
4.243.   Second, we are concerned that some in vestment restrictive measures are still in place, 
especially for foreign investors in service sectors such as telecommunications, banking and 
insurance.  
4.244.   Third, we also request China to provide information on some agricultural issues such as 
TRQs on rice a nd the direct subsidy programme.  
4.245.   I would like to appreciate China's response to our written comments and requests. We also 
await China's response to our additional comments, and we look forward to working closely with 
China to address our concerns.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  Closin g Remarks  
4.246.   Korea appreciates China's contribution to the multilateral trading system. It is also our 
hope that China will continue to constructively engage in the WTO's post -Nairobi work and 
plurilateral agreements such as the GPA and EGA.   
GUATEMALA  
4.247.   El flujo comercial entre Guatemala y China ha aumentado de manera constante en la 
última década. En 2005, el total de bienes intercambiados alcanzó los 368 millones de dólares 
EE.UU., mientras que en 2015 superó los 2,068 millones de dólares EE.UU. De acuerdo c on cifras 
de nuestro Banco Central, las importaciones de productos chinos a Guatemala totalizaron 
1,867  millones de dólares EE.UU. el año pasado. Los productos manufacturados representaron 
83% del total de importaciones y se concentraron en la compra de má quinas y aparatos 
mecánicos, productos de la industria química, materiales textiles y materiales plásticos. En sentido 
inverso, las exportaciones guatemaltecas alcanzaron en 2015 los 201 millones de dólares EE.UU. 
El azúcar, el hierro y el acero fueron los  principales productos guatemaltecos enviados al mercado 
chino.  
4.248.   En relación con el examen que hoy nos concierne, nos complace observar el proceso de 
reforma estructural de la economía china, caracterizado por la promoción de una mayor 
participación del se ctor privado, así como las medidas impulsadas para facilitar el comercio, a 
través de modificaciones a los procedimientos aduaneros relativos a las importaciones y las 
exportaciones. De igual forma, consideramos positivo el proceso de reforma financiera pa ra 
promover la inversión privada y mejorar entre otros, los servicios a las pequeñas y medianas 
empresas, así como las medidas emprendidas para liberalizar el sector de telecomunicaciones. 
Observamos que serán retos a corto y mediano plazo, seguir adelante  con una política fiscal que 
permita controlar el alza en el déficit fiscal observado durante el período estudiado y mantener el 
impulso del comercio en su economía.  
ARGENTINA  
4.249.   La República Argentina fue uno de los primeros países de América Latina en estab lecer 
relaciones diplomáticas con la República Popular China. En virtud de ello, el próximo año 
celebraremos 45 años de relacionamiento en el cual ambos países hemos afianzado los lazos de 
una sólida relación bilateral que va más allá de la dimensión econó mica y comercial.  
4.250.   La Argentina y la RPC establecieron en 2014 una Asociación Estratégica Integral y fijaron 
los lineamientos de su relación en el Plan de Acción Conjunta 2014 -2018, que contiene en su 
sección II los Asuntos Económicos y Comerciales. La Asoc iación Estratégica fue ratificada por los 
Presidentes Mauricio Macri y Xi Jinping en el encuentro celebrado el pasado mes abril en 
Washington en ocasión de la Cumbre de Seguridad Nuclear.  
4.251.   Asimismo, ambos países establecieron un Mecanismo de Diálogo Estraté gico para la 
Cooperación y Coordinación Económica, que tiene por responsabilidad la implementación de los 
aspectos económicos y comerciales del Plan de Acción Conjunta. Este mecanismo ha tenido hasta 
el presente dos reuniones de alto nivel en los años 2014  y 2015.  
4.252.   Por otra parte, se celebró los días 11 y 12 julio en Beijing la XX Reunión de la Comisión 
Mixta Económico Comercial, donde ambos países analizamos la evolución del comercio bilateral y 
las inversiones, de una relación que se ha consolidado a lo la rgo de sucesivas administraciones.  
4.253.   Nuestra relación con China está sustentada por más de 50 acuerdos y memoranda de 
entendimiento que comprenden todos los ámbitos de cooperación económica y comercial.  
4.254.   En los últimos 10 años, China pasó de ser el tercer so cio comercial de la Argentina (detrás 
de Brasil y Estados Unidos), a ubicarse en el segundo lugar. En 2015, las exportaciones argentinas 
a China alcanzaron a 5.174 millones de dólares EE.UU. (crecimiento de 16% respecto a 2014), 
mientras que las importacio nes desde China fueron 11.749 millones de dólares EE.UU. (incremento 
del 9,85% respecto al año anterior). Consecuentemente, el déficit comercial para Argentina fue 
6.575 millones de dólares EE.UU.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.255.   Las exportaciones argentinas están fuertemente concentradas  en productos primarios, 
siendo la soja el primer producto de exportación (3.541 millones de dólares EE.UU., representa el 
68% del total de las exportaciones argentinas a China). Los cinco primeros productos que 
Argentina vende a China son aceite de soja, carne bovina congelada, petróleo crudo y productos 
de la pesca. Los cinco representan el 85% de las exportaciones argentinas al mercado chino 
(2015).  
4.256.   Las importaciones desde China se concentran en manufacturas de origen industrial, y 
consisten fundamentalm ente en bienes de capital (61%), bienes intermedios (25%) y bienes de 
consumo (14%).  
4.257.   Resulta de interés para la Argentina continuar incrementando y diversificando las 
exportaciones hacia el mercado chino, de modo de lograr un mayor equilibrio en la balanza  
comercial bilateral. Con ese propósito, las más altas autoridades de la nueva administración 
argentina (Presidente, Canciller, Ministro de la Producción) han transmitido a sus contrapartes 
chinas en los últimos siete meses la necesidad de aumentar la part icipación de productos 
diferenciados de la cadena de valor agroalimentaria, sector en el cual Argentina cuenta con una 
gran capacidad de producción y China necesita importar alimentos para garantizar su seguridad 
alimentaria.  
4.258.   Se suscribieron varios Protoco los Sanitarios y Fitosanitarios. Se estima necesario dar 
mayor celeridad a las negociaciones para que permitan diversificar y aumentar las exportaciones 
de productos agroalimentarios a China con el fin de reducir el déficit en la balanza comercial 
bilatera l.  
4.259.   A la reciente conclusión de la negociación del Protocolo para la Exportación de Uvas de 
Mesa, se espera poder concluir con la negociación para Arándanos y Cerezas, avanzar con la 
negociación de Carne Bovina Enfriada, carne ovina de la Patagonia, equino s en pie y miel, entre 
otros productos.  
4.260.   Otros sectores de enorme potencial para el trabajo conjunto es el de la infraestructura. En 
tal sentido, la Argentina tiene un plan de inversiones de 100.000 millones de dólares EE.UU. para 
los próximos cuatro años p ara desarrollar carreteras y autopistas, redes ferroviarias, puertos, 
aeropuertos y redes de telecomunicaciones. A ello se le suman importantes proyectos en el área 
de las energías renovables y no renovables, toda vez que la demanda del país crecerá un 25%  en 
los próximos 10 años.  
4.261.   El Presidente Macri señaló que el desafío que tenemos es pasar de ser "el granero del 
mundo" a ser "el supermercado del mundo". Creemos que China puede ser un aliado para 
ayudarnos a desarrollar nuestro potencial, tanto mediante el acceso a su mercado a nuestros 
productos como por sus inversiones en el sector agroindustrial.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.262.   China es un Miembro activo y comprometido con la OMC. Este compromiso es consecuente 
con el tamaño de su economía y su participación en el comercio  mundial. Nos complace el 
liderazgo de China en la OMC, y seguimos con atención el desarrollo de su Presidencia del G20. 
Confiamos que este liderazgo contribuirá a dar dinamismo a la agenda de trabajo de la OMC. 
Asimismo, reconocemos los esfuerzos realizad os por China para concluir la expansión del Acuerdo 
sobre Tecnología de la Información (ITA II) y seguimos con interés su participación en las 
negociaciones actuales sobre productos medioambientales (EGA); esperamos que su decidida 
participación en estas n egociaciones nos conduzcan a un resultado exitoso en este campo muy 
pronto.  
4.263.   China es el segundo socio comercial de Costa Rica, a nivel individual, después de los 
Estados Unidos. Es nuestro principal proveedor de Asia, representa un 13% de nuestras 
importa ciones y también es el segundo mercado de exportación para nuestros productos en Asia. 
Costa Rica y China suscribieron un Tratado de Libre Comercio que entró en vigor en agosto de 
2011. Este Tratado ha contribuido a impulsar el comercio bilateral que ha ma ntenido su ritmo de 
crecimiento anual promedio de 12% en los últimos diez años, pasando de 645 millones de dólares 
EE.UU. en el 2005 a 2 mil millones de dólares EE.UU. en el 2015.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.264.   Un aspecto que ha limitado nuestro ingreso al mercado chino ha sido el proc eso de 
obtención de autorización sanitaria y fitosanitaria para nuestros productos de origen animal y 
vegetal. Hemos logrado importantes avances en este aspecto, y deseamos hacer hincapié en la 
necesidad de seguir contando con el apoyo al más alto nivel pa ra consolidar nuestro comercio con 
este importante socio.  
4.265.   El informe de la Secretaría señala que la economía china está creciendo a un ritmo menor 
que en el pasado y esto también ha afectado las exportaciones de Costa Rica hacia el mercado 
chino. Es por es to que Costa Rica ha estudiado con interés las medidas impulsadas por China para 
potenciar su mercado interno como fuerza motriz del crecimiento, así como las otras iniciativas 
para potenciar el crecimiento de su economía bajo la llamada "nueva normalidad" . Quisiéramos 
también reconocer los pasos que ha dado China para la puesta en vigor del Acuerdo sobre 
Facilitación del Comercio y las acciones tomadas en este campo.  
4.266.   Costa Rica ve con interés el desarrollo y el crecimiento del sector de servicios en China  y 
su participación en la economía y el comercio mundial. Los servicios representan actualmente un 
50% de su economía, aportaron el 25% del crecimiento de su economía y China es ya el segundo 
mercado mundial para el comercio de servicios. Las reformas intr oducidas en varios sectores, en 
particular la eliminación o reducción de las restricciones a las participaciones de capital en 
servicios de comercio electrónico, seguros o servicios de cuidado de pacientes (ancianos), deberían 
contribuir a potenciar este s ector.  
4.267.   Con relación a la promoción de la IED, Costa Rica ha incursionado con especial atención en 
el estudio profundo de los modelos de desarrollo económico que se han implementado en China, 
dentro de los cuales destaca la creación de la Zona Franca Exper imental de Shanghái que se ha 
ampliado a otras tres zonas francas. Sería interesante obtener más información sobre los 
resultados obtenidos en estas zonas francas y cómo estos podrían ser de utilidad para 
re-dinamizar el resto de la economía china y, event ualmente, implementar algunas de estas 
medidas en una escala mucho mayor. También hemos dado seguimiento a las reformas 
implementadas para modernizar el sector agrícola y mejorar su productividad. Esperamos que este 
ejercicio nos permita conocer más sobre estas medidas.  
4.268.   Costa Rica presentó varias preguntas a China y agradecemos las respuestas que nos 
puedan dar. Finalmente, aprovecho para desearle a la delegación de China un exitoso examen de 
sus políticas comerciales.  
BÉNIN  AU NOM  DES  PMA 
4.269.   Le groupe des PM A remercie la Chine pour les informations importantes qui nous ont été 
fournies sur ses réalisations dans les domaines économique et commercial, depuis le dernier 
examen de ses politiques commerciales. Le Groupe est encouragé par l'engagement de la Chine 
sur un certain nombre d'aspects du commerce, et en direction de ses partenaires, y compris les 
PMA. Le Groupe des PMA se félicite des vastes réformes effectuées par la Chine.  
4.270.   Le Groupe remercie également la Présidente et le Présentateur, Son Excellence Mons ieur 
Hamish McCormick, Ambassadeur d'Australie auprès de l'OMC, pour les vues et les perspectives 
formulées sur les politiques commerciales de la Chine.  
4.271.   Le Groupe des PMA apprécie que la Chine mentionne dans sa déclaration de politique ses 
engagements sub séquents annoncés lors du Sommet de Johannesburg du Forum sur la 
coopération sino -africaine (FCSA) tenue en Décembre 2015.  
4.272.   Son Excellence Monsieur le Président Xi Jinping a proposé que le nouveau partenariat 
stratégique entre la Chine et l'Afrique évolue v ers un partenariat stratégique et de coopération 
globale. La Chine a également exprimé sa volonté de mener une coopération pragmatique avec 
l'Afrique dans dix domaines prioritaires, notamment l'industrialisation, la modernisation agricole, 
les infrastructu res, les finances, le développement vert, le commerce et la facilitation des 
investissements, la réduction de la pauvreté, la santé publique, la culture et l'échange entre les 
peuples, ainsi que la paix et la sécurité. Nous sommes rassurés que la Chine vei llera à ce que les 
besoins des PMA demeurent prioritaires dans la mise en œuvre de ces différentes initiatives.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.273.   Nous saluons également la Chine pour avoir mis en place le Programme de la Chine pour 
l'Accession des PMA en 2011. La Chine a mentionné dans son  rapport qu'il a contribué pour un 
total de 900,000 dollars EU au programme entre 2014 et 2015. Nous nous réjouissons de travailler 
avec la Chine pour la lutte contre la pauvreté, à travers l'aide spécifique pour les besoins de 
renforcement des capacités d e production pour permettre aux PMA d'ajouter de la valeur à leurs 
ressources et à participer activement à la fabrication et aux segments supérieurs de chaînes 
régionales et mondiales de valeur, et de s'intégrer ainsi dans le commerce international.  
4.274.   La Chi ne est devenue la plus grande destination d'exportation pour les PMA en tant que 
Groupe, et représente plus du quart des exportations totales de marchandises des PMA. Le régime 
d'Accès au Marché en FDSC renforcée de la Chine est très apprécié et peut jouer  un rôle important 
dans le renforcement des relations commerciales entre la Chine et les PMA. Nous sommes 
encouragés que 40 pays bénéficient de ce régime, et exhortons la Chine à couvrir les exportations 
de tous les 49 PMA.  
4.275.   Le Groupe des PMA saisit cette o ccasion pour apprécier à nouveau la notification faite par 
la Chine en 2015 sur les préférences accordées aux fournisseurs de services des PMA. La Chine a 
notifié les préférences en faveur des fournisseurs de services des PMA, dans certains des domaines 
demandés par les PMA, à savoir : dans la construction -nettoyage, l'impression pour l'emballage et 
les services informatisés de réservation dans le transport aérien. Le Groupe des PMA note en 
particulier que la Chine a fourni une préférence pour les PMA au -delà de ce qu'a prévu l'offre du 
PDD au titre du mode 3 pour les services de nettoyage de bâtiments sans restriction d'examen des 
besoins économiques et a accordé le statut de destination approuvée pour les services touristiques 
des PMA.  
4.276.   La Chine a également  offert une formation aux PMA dans les services touristiques, services 
médicaux, services de logiciels et de technologies de l'information et de l'infrastructure pour 
améliorer les services touristiques dans les PMA. Les PMA sont dans l'attente de cette fo rmation, 
ainsi que de la mise en œuvre du paragraphe 1.4 de la Décision Ministérielle de Nairobi sur la 
Dérogation service en faveur des PMA sur le soutien à fournir aux fournisseurs de services des 
PMA bénéficiant de ces préférences.  
4.277.   Le Groupe des PMA a p réparé et soumis de façon collective, pour la première fois, une liste 
de questions dans le cadre de l'examen des politiques commerciales des Membres. Nous sommes 
heureux de lancer le processus de nos questions écrites qui sont préparées conformément à la 
procédure du Mécanisme d'examen des politiques commerciales à l'occasion de cet examen.  
4.278.   Nous nous réjouissons de l'engagement de la Chine à nous accompagner dans ce 
processus. Notre approche des questions vise la clarification et la compréhension plus appr ofondie 
du régime commercial de l'un de nos partenaires commerciaux et de développement les plus 
importants. Le Groupe des PMA considère sa participation à l'examen des politiques commerciales 
comme point de départ d'un exercice de renforcement des capacit és pour ses Membres, et qui ne 
vise pas seulement à améliorer leur participation aux activités de l'OMC, à Genève, mais 
également à fournir de nouveaux éléments d'appréciation pour nos capitales.  
4.279.   Les questions du Groupe des PMA ne sont pas exhaustives. Á c et égard, le Groupe a mis 
l'accent sur les thèmes collectivement prioritaires pour les PMA. Ces thèmes sont l'Accès aux 
Marchés en FDSC, la facilitation des échanges, les normes techniques et SPS, les droits de 
propriété intellectuelle, l'agriculture et le s services.  
4.280.   Le Groupe remercie la Chine pour les réponses qu'elle apportera à nos questions et 
poursuivra les échanges avec elle au niveau bilatéral.  
4.281.   La délégation du Bénin voudrait, au nom du Groupe des PMA, saisir la présente occasion 
pour exhorter les a utres partenaires techniques et financiers à poursuivre, à l'instar de la Chine, 
leur assistance aux PMA dans leurs efforts de promotion du développement économique et social.  
4.282.   Par ailleurs, le Groupe des PMA apprécie le soutien de la Chine à la poursuite du 
Programme de Doha pour le Développement, et à la conclusion des questions restantes du PDD, et 
salue particulièrement sa contribution.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  ECUADOR  
4.283.   Participamos con gran interés en este Examen de Políticas Comerciales, pues las relaciones 
políticas, económic as, comerciales y de inversión entre China y Ecuador han ido creciendo en los 
últimos años.  
4.284.   La presencia de China en la economía ecuatoriana se ve reflejada en su participación en 
múltiples proyectos y obras civiles; inversiones financieras, tanto privadas  como estatales; y en 
actividades de explotación petrolera, por citar las más importantes  
4.285.   Durante la VII Reunión del Mecanismo de Consultas Políticas Ecuador -China llevada a cabo 
a fines de 2013 con la participación de los Cancilleres de los dos países en Beijing, se reafirmó las 
excelentes relaciones y se logró importantes resultados en materia de promoción de inversiones, 
cooperación, comercio y turismo.  
4.286.   En esa oportunidad, el Canciller ecuatoriano reiteró a las autoridades chinas la invitación 
para que e mpresas chinas se radiquen e inviertan en el Ecuador y destacó la importancia de 
promover el turismo de ciudadanos chinos hacia Ecuador.  
4.287.   Las autoridades chinas se comprometieron a seguir impulsando el comercio bilateral a fin 
de que una mayor cantidad de p roductos ecuatorianos ingresen en el mercado chino y se destacó 
la firma del Convenio de Servicios Aéreos Ecuador -China para establecer inicialmente 
14 frecuencias semanales entre los dos países.  
4.288.   Se espera que las excelentes relaciones entre los dos países  continúen fortaleciéndose y 
logre concretarse la firma de un Acuerdo de Comercio para el Desarrollo, en lo cual las autoridades 
de los dos países han sentado las bases para llevar a cabo estudios técnicos de factibilidad.  
4.289.   En cuanto se refiere al informe presentado por la Secretaría, tomamos nota que en el 
período objeto de examen las tasas de crecimiento de la economía china fueron más estables, 
situándose entre el 6,5% y 7% anual y el PIB real marcó un crecimiento del 7,3% en 2014 y del 
6,9% en 2015, sie ndo la fuerza motora de este crecimiento la demanda interna, a su vez, 
impulsada por la disponibilidad de crédito y el aumento de los ingresos.  
4.290.   Destacamos los elementos del décimo tercer Plan Quinquenal que entre sus líneas 
generales persigue continuar con  la reforma estructural de la economía, lo que incluye la mayor 
participación del sector privado y la reforma de las empresas estatales, aunque manteniendo la 
primacía de la propiedad pública; así como la promoción de la competencia, la reforma fiscal y de  
la oferta de servicios financieros.  
4.291.   Asimismo, registramos varias dificultades que han afectado a la economía de China, como 
son los riesgos para el crecimiento y desarrollo futuros, como por ejemplo los niveles crecientes de 
la deuda global; el aumento de  los costos de producción; y la insuficiente financiación para las 
pequeñas empresas y microempresas.  
4.292.   Frente a este panorama es importante destacar como hecho positivo que China ha 
continuado facilitando los programas de incentivos y liberalización de las cuatro zonas francas 
especiales existentes, de las cuales Shangai es la principal, lo que le ha permitido mantenerse 
como uno de los mayores receptores de inversión extranjera directa del mundo, pues en 2014, las 
entradas de IED alcanzaron un valor de 119. 600 millones de dólares EE.UU., siendo los principales 
sectores de receptores de inversión las manufacturas, servicios inmobiliarios; servicios de 
arrendamiento financiero; servicios prestados a las empresas; y los servicios de venta al por 
mayor y al por menor entre los principales.  
4.293.   Ecuador también reconoce como un logro para la política de atracción de inversiones la 
creación del Catálogo de Industrias que constituye el principal instrumento de orientación de la 
inversión extranjera, el mismo que se revi sa periódicamente y en el que se enumeran los sectores 
en los que se alienta, restringe o prohíbe la IED, así por ejemplo, el año pasado, fueron alentadas 
las inversiones en los sectores tecnológicos; industria manufacturera avanzada; la conservación de 
energía y protección del medio ambiente y las industrias de servicios.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.294.   De otra parte, reconocemos en China un país que da importancia a las negociaciones 
multilaterales y que su activa participación en esta Organización contribuye al desarrollo de sus 
traba jos. Para dar tan solo un ejemplo, en 2015 ratificó el Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio y 
ha presentado su notificación de los compromisos de la categoría A.  
4.295.   En el informe de la Secretaría se manifiesta que las importaciones se dividen en tres 
categorí as: no restringidas, restringidas y prohibidas y que el régimen de licencias automáticas de 
importación se aplica por motivos estadísticos para el seguimiento del volumen de las 
importaciones no restringidas. Al respecto y aprovechando esta oportunidad, de seamos hacer un 
pedido a la delegación china, en el sentido que nos proporcione la información del Catálogo de 
mercancías sujetas a administración de licencias de importación, en idioma inglés, ya que la 
página web se encuentra únicamente en chino.  
4.296.   Para c oncluir, deseamos anticipar nuestro agradecimiento a la delegación de China por sus 
respuestas a las preguntas que hemos planteado sobre algunos aspectos concretos de su política 
comercial que proveerán información importante para el fortalecimiento de las  relaciones 
bilaterales en materia de comercio exterior.  
THAILAND  
4.297.   Thailand would also like to associate itself with ASEAN's statement previously delivered by 
the Ambassador of Indonesia.  
4.298.   China and Thailand have a long -standing trade relation. We have the A SEAN -China FTA 
which provides trade liberalization between ASEAN and China and we are looking to further 
enhance our trade by undertaking a review of the FTA. China became Thailand's largest trading 
partner in 2012, and in 2015, the trade between the two c ountries stood at US$64.22 billion. 
China currently ranks as our 2nd largest export destination and the largest source of import.  
4.299.   China is also Thailand's largest source of tourists, with 7.9 million Chinese tourists making 
up for over 26% of all internati onal tourists entered into Thailand in 2015. Despite volatile global 
economic condition, the bilateral trade has been steady in the past few years, we hope that our 
fundamentally strong relationship will help our bilateral trade in goods and services to ac hieve 
further growth in the near future.  
4.300.   Although the TPR reports indicate that China's economic growth has slowed during the 
review period, growth was nevertheless robust, at a rate of 6.9% in 2015 driven by strong 
domestic demand as a result of domestic credit expansion and availability, and by rising incomes.  
4.301.   We are pleased with China's efforts with regard to trade facilitation, including the launching 
of a series of reforms to make imports and exports customs procedures more efficient, such as the 
Paper less customs clearance, which was implemented in 2014. Thailand also notes that China's 
investment schemes have been enhanced to facilitate procedures and hence, attract more FDIs, 
these include the introduction of various investment incentive schemes and the liberalization of 
investment in four existing Pilot Free Trade Zones including Shanghai, Guangdong, Fujian and 
Tianjin.  
4.302.   On its role to the multilateral trading system, China is a major contributor in the WTO. It 
has played a key role in helping WTO Mem bers reach successful outcomes in Nairobi. China is 
currently an observer to the Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) and 
continues negotiating its accession. We also commend China for the ratification of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement in September 2015. China is also a party of the Information Technology 
Agreement (ITA), and has contributed and agreed to the ITA expansion. Nevertheless, while the 
implementation was scheduled for 1 July 2016, China has yet to implement its commitments un der 
the ITA expansion and Thailand looks forward to an expeditious ratification by China.  
4.303.   In this review, Thailand submitted numerous of question to China, covering the policies 
and measures of our interests regarding Investment and Trade Facilitation poli cies, Intellectual 
Property laws and protection, Competition Policy, TRQ administration, and VAT rebates, to name a 
few. We look forward to China's responses, for which we will study carefully with great interest.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.304.   In conclusion, Thailand would like to expr ess its appreciation to the Chinese delegation for 
today's presentation. We are thankful for the cooperation with China in every level, including that 
between our Geneva -based delegations.  
ISRAEL  
4.305.   Over the last two decades Israel and China have developed in creasingly close ties, 
including in trade, up to a point in which China has become our third largest trading partner. We 
believe this is a trend of incremental economic integration, shared with many Members of this 
Organization and seems quite a natural on e considering that China's share in global trade has 
risen from 4.7% in 2001, the year of its accession to the WTO, to 12.33% of the world total 
exports and 10.26% of total imports in 2015. During the period under review, China's economic 
growth slowed dow n; real GDP expanded by 7.3% in 2014 and 6.9% in 2015, a contraction from 
the 7.7% growth seen in both 2012 and 2013. Notwithstanding, China remains one of the largest 
FDI recipients in the world with inflows reaching US$119.6 billion in 2014, or an 1.7% i ncrease 
with respect to 2013 according to the Secretariat report.  
4.306.   China's accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a central milestone for multilateralism. It 
brought many benefits to China, but it also resulted in increased responsibilities and expectations 
on China.  
4.307.   Regarding our bilateral relations, trade continues to rise steadily, having increased from 
US$8.5465 billion in 2013 to US$9.013.7 billion by the closing of 2015. Israeli exports into China 
consist of electronics and components; minerals and che micals; medical equipment and 
pharmaceuticals; and electric machinery -- among other various goods and value -added services. 
The leading sectors of imports from China into Israel are mechanical and electric machinery; 
textile and footwear; metals, stone an d glass. In the period under review, Chinese FDI into Israel 
grew by 50%.  
4.308.   In 2015, 40% of funds raised by Israeli ventures were from Chinese investors; 50% of the 
investment in Israeli funds involved at least one Chinese investor; and Chinese investment in  
Israeli startups and funds exceeded US$500 million, a solid 300% growth from 2012.  
4.309.   In the period under review, the average applied MFN rate of China was 9.5% compared to 
9.4% in 2013, with an unchanged higher average of 14.8% for agricultural products. Th e average 
rate for non -agricultural products stands at 8.6% since 2011.  
4.310.   We welcome the Chinese structural reforms geared towards a greater involvement of the 
private sector in the economy; reform of state -owned enterprises; the promotion of competition; 
fiscal and financial sector reform to increase private capital participation - among other structural 
improvements. We believe that a friendlier, rules -based and transparent business environment 
would be ultimately beneficial to consumers and traders alike.  
4.311.   In this context, transparency is a core principle of the multilateral trading system and an 
area where there is room for improvement. For instance, predictable fees or allowing sufficient 
time to comment on industry -wide regulations could help actors to pr epare for regulatory changes, 
manage risk better and optimize resources which would result in further investments and jobs in 
China. We also encourage China to submit its several outstanding notifications to the WTO. We 
would also like to encourage China t o accelerate the process leading to its accession to the 
Government Procurement agreement including tabling a high quality offer in the near future. 
Regarding anti -dumping, while we acknowledge the institutional -level changes resulting in a 
reduction in me asures applied, we continue to note that by the closing of 2015 the number of 
measures was still extremely high.  
4.312.   Israel has submitted questions related to licenses, standards and technical regulations, and 
product certification. We look forward to receivin g China's responses and at the same time we look 
forward to deepening our bilateral cooperation and dialogue.  
4.313.   Finally, we would like to note that we are glad that we can currently collaborate with China 
on many arenas. Bilaterally, we will commence our FTA  negotiations in the near future. We are WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  also both parties to the negotiations on the Environmental Goods Agreement, which as per recent 
Ministerial advise, we aim to conclude shortly.  
PERÚ  
4.314.   En consonancia con lo expresado por otros Miembros esta mañana, el  Perú saluda los 
sólidos resultados económicos generales obtenidos por China en el período objeto de examen. El 
Perú hace votos por que el crecimiento económico de China pueda continuar generando bienestar 
para sus ciudadanos, así como proseguir su rol com o uno de los motores para el crecimiento de la 
economía mundial. De igual manera, el Perú saluda los progresos en el campo de la modernización 
de la base industrial, la innovación y la implementación de políticas para reducir el impacto 
negativo de la econ omía en el medioambiente, que apuntalan el crecimiento potencial de China en 
los años a venir, y se suman a los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional por hacer frente a los 
problemas que presenta el cambio climático.  
4.315.   En lo que se refiere a la relación c omercial bilateral, China es el principal socio comercial 
del Perú. Destacamos el continuo crecimiento del comercio bilateral a lo largo del último decenio, 
durante el cual las cifras totales del intercambio se han quintuplicado, superando el año 2015 la 
cifra de quince mil millones de dólares estadounidenses. Esta promisoria dinámica es reflejo de los 
estrechos lazos políticos y culturales, fruto de las históricas relaciones bilaterales que datan de 
mediados del siglo XIX, y de los intereses económicos que  compartimos ambos países. El Perú y 
China cuentan con un Tratado de Libre Comercio en vigor a partir el 1° de marzo de 2010, que ha 
permitido la creación de un ambiente más propicio para el desarrollo del comercio bilateral. Para el 
Perú, este TLC estable ce reglas de juego claras, con un marco transparente y previsible, que 
permite mantener y fomentar un comercio bilateral ordenado, que salvaguarde justificadamente 
los intereses nacionales de ambas partes. Asimismo, brinda una señal positiva que elevará el  
interés de las inversiones procedentes de China.  
4.316.   El Perú ha resaltado con gran interés numerosos puntos contenidos en los informes que 
forman parte del presente examen. Uno de estos puntos es, como se ha mencionado, los 
programas del Gobierno chino para l a reducción de emisiones contaminantes y la protección del 
medio ambiente. De igual manera, el Perú ha tomado conocimiento de los alcances de la 
profundización de la reforma del sistema financiero en China y, en particular, la reforma del tipo 
de cambio de l yuan, en tanto dicha reforma es un factor importante para el comercio 
internacional. Asimismo, si bien el contenido de los informes es bastante detallado, el Perú tiene 
interés en profundizar el conocimiento de ciertas medidas a las que se alude en algun os puntos de 
dichos informes.  
4.317.   Es en relación a estos y otros puntos que la delegación peruana ha presentado algunas 
preguntas relativas a los importantes asuntos descritos en los informes de este Examen. En ese 
sentido, agradecemos de antemano a la Repúbli ca Popular de China por las respuestas que nos 
brinden y les deseamos muchos éxitos en este VI Examen.  
INDIA  
4.318.   Since its accession to the WTO fifteen years ago, China has emerged as a leading economy 
and a key economic driver of the global trade and growth. While, during the period under review, 
China's economic growth slowed down a bit, it remains one of the fastest growing economies. 
China also remains one of the largest recipients of FDI in the world. Through the process of 
on-going economic reforms, China  aims to attain a "New Normal" that will imply somewhat lower 
growth target, but increasingly more service, innovation and technology oriented economic 
growth.  
4.319.   India appreciates the challenge of maintaining steady and robust growth in the face of 
uncertai n global economic situation, and new circumstances and developments faced by China in 
its domestic economy. As noted in its 13th Five Year Plan and other policy documents, China will 
be continuing with its economic reform process, including facilitating gr eater participation of the 
private sector in the economy, reform of the state -owned enterprises, dealing with excess 
production capacities, fiscal and financial sector reforms, modernization of customs procedures to 
facilitate trade, and more broadly to ma ke its trade policy and practices more transparent and 
predictable. With merchandise goods trade of about four trillion dollars, it is obvious that WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  developments in the Chinese economy would have enormous impact on the global trade and 
economy and its tradi ng partners. India, like all other WTO Members, has strong interest in the 
ongoing reform process, and in an open, transparent and predictable environment in China for 
promoting trade and investment linkages.  
4.320.   At the bilateral level, India enjoys multi -faceted and long -standing ties with China. Our 
strategic and cooperative partnership with China has seen steady growth and consolidation, and is 
animated by regular high -level political engagement and wide -ranging bilateral mechanisms for 
expanding cooperative  ties across diverse sectors. Trade and economic is a central component of 
our expanding bilateral ties. India's trade and investment ties with China have expanded 
significantly in recent years. Today, China is India's leading trading partner with a bilate ral trade in 
goods of about US$70 billion last year, although trade balance remains in favour of China. Mutual 
investments and project exports have provided added dynamism to bilateral interaction among 
business communities from both sides. Beyond bilatera l dimension, we work with China on a 
variety of issues of regional and global salience, including within the framework of BRICS, the G20 
and other multilateral fora.  
4.321.   We look forward to receiving the replies of the Chinese authorities to some of the 
questio ns we had posed to them, which would be reviewed by my authorities. However, let me 
underscore some areas of concerns, which also affect India's exports to China. For example, there 
are market access challenges relating to export of bovine meat and other a griculture exports to 
China owing among others to stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. Indian 
businesses face challenges in accessing pharmaceuticals market in China as a result of onerous 
registration and related regulatory requirements. Sim ilarly, our services exports are affected by 
regulatory requirements, including requirement of local references. We would urge the Chinese 
authorities to review these requirements and make them simpler, and reduce regulatory barriers 
to trade, consistent w ith international standards and guidelines. This would also help address the 
trade deficit and help sustain the rapidly growing bilateral trade and investment ties in a balanced 
manner.  
4.322.   As two large developing country Members, India and China have a shared  commitment to 
further strengthening of the multilateral trading system. We appreciate China's strong 
commitment to the multilateral trading system, and its constructive involvement in the trade 
negotiations and in securing balanced outcomes in an inclusiv e and transparent manner. India 
shares China's sentiments that successful outcome in the ongoing Doha negotiations should help 
create opportunities for developing countries, and help achieve the goals of the United Nations 
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel opment. Finally, we commend China's commitment to 
promoting South -South Cooperation through various forms of assistance to developing countries 
and compliment China on its duty free quota free scheme to LDC beneficiaries, and assisting 
accession of LDC mem bers to the WTO.  
4.323.   Before I conclude, my delegation would like to place on record our appreciation for positive 
and constructive role played by China and its Geneva Mission led by Ambassador Yu in advancing 
work in the on -going negotiations, which is crucia l. India and China have been working closely, 
including within the G33, to make progress in our work in the WTO and further expanding trade 
and investment cooperation for mutual benefit. We look forward to continued cooperation with the 
Chinese delegation.  We wish the Chinese delegation a productive and successful TPR.  
TURKEY  
4.324.   The Turkish delegation is very pleased to be present at the 6th trade policy review of 
China. The Chinese economy experienced an astonishing growth in the last few decades, mainly 
thanks to country's increasing integration into the global economy and government's bold support 
for economic activities. In the late 1970s, when China started the programme of economic 
reforms, the country ranked ninth in the world in nominal GDP terms; today  China is world's 
second largest economy with a nominal GDP of US$9.5 trillion. Given the share of China in the 
world economy and trade, this TPR meeting will help us not only explore the structure and 
components of the Chinese economy and trade but also b etter understand the world trade as a 
whole.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.325.   As referred to in the Secretariat report, in 2014 and 2015, China's economic growth 
somehow slowed down with respect to the previous two years. However, the economy has proven 
to be quite resilient. China's nomi nal GDP per capita increased to around US$8,000 in 2015 from 
around US$7,000 in 2013, and it more than doubled since 2008.  
4.326.   At an average of 6.9% for the whole year, country's GDP growth rate stayed very much in 
line with the official target in 2015. While  slower than previous years, this still puts China among 
the fastest growing economies in the world. Given the size of China's economy today, the increase 
in economic output in 2015 was more than in the previous years when the growth rate was higher. 
Accor ding to forecasts made by the IMF, China is expected to continue to be the largest 
contributor to world GDP – in purchasing power parity terms – and is expected to account for 
nearly 20% of world GDP by 2020. This is one of the many aspects of the Chinese economy to be 
commended.  
4.327.   My delegation would like to express its appreciation to China for its contributions to the 
WTO work and trade negotiations on various WTO platforms. As a great beneficiary of the 
multilateral trading system China also plays an impo rtant role and has great responsibility in 
shaping multilateral trade policies. I believe that in line with its increasing share in international 
trade, China will go on to make further successful reforms in its trade and economy, and will give 
even more s upport to the multilateral trading system through its continuous positive engagement.  
4.328.   In terms of bilateral relations, Turkey and China are located respectively on the west and 
east ends of the ancient Silk Road, and have a long history of good political,  cultural and economic 
relations. China is Turkey's third trade partner worldwide. Bilateral trade volume between our two 
countries exceeded US$27 billion in 2015. Turkey's exports to China predominantly consist of raw 
materials and chemicals. On the other  hand, investment goods and intermediate goods make up 
the major part of our imports from China.  
4.329.   Investment cooperation between Turkey and China is improving as well. China's 
contribution to various infrastructure projects in Turkey is increasing from yea r to year. Moreover, 
our companies undertake joint projects in third countries. In order to fully benefit from the 
potential of our economies, Turkey is willing to further improve its economic and trade relations 
with China in various fields. As we make ne cessary efforts to achieve this target, we should also 
aim to achieve a more balanced trade which at present is heavily in favor of China.   
4.330.   Finally, I wish all the good luck to China in achieving the overall goal of creating "a 
moderately prosperous socie ty" based on the 13th Five -Year Plan (2016 -2020), which contains the 
somehow main principles underpinning the policies for China's future development.  
4.331.   Before concluding, let me also mention that Turkey submitted a number of written 
questions in advance fo r this Trade Policy Review, seeking further clarification on certain aspects of 
China's trade and investment policy. We look forward to China's response to these questions.  
BURUNDI  
4.332.   Le Burundi se réjouit des excellentes relations d'amitié et de coopération qui ont existé 
entre nos deux pays depuis l'établissement des relations diplomatiques en 1963.  
4.333.   Ces relations ont été particulièrement renforcées à partir du 6 juin 1972, date à laquelle le 
premier Accord de Coopération Économique, Technique et Commercial f ut signé, sans oublier les 
échanges de délégations entre les deux pays.  
4.334.   Depuis lors, la coopération sino -burundaise s'est accrue de manière satisfaisante grâce 
notamment à l'octroi de crédits préférentiels, de crédits sans intérêt et de dons destinés au 
financement des secteurs prioritaires comme les travaux publics, l'agriculture, l'énergie, l'industrie, 
l'éducation, la santé publique et humanitaire.  
4.335.   Aussi, au cours de la crise que le Burundi vient de traverser, la Chine est l'un des rares 
pays qui ont co ntinué à l'assister en exécutant des projets de développement et en intervenant 
spontanément en faveur des populations sinistrées.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.336.   Ma délégation salue la politique des autorités chinoises de toujours chercher à maintenir 
un taux de croissance stable, à tr avers une stimulation de la consommation intérieure et les 
domaines et secteurs qu'elles ont jugés pertinents comme la modernisation de l'industrie ainsi que 
les investissements étrangers.  
4.337.   La délégation burundaise félicite également la Chine pour les progr ès réalisés dans la lutte 
contre l'insécurité alimentaire en réformant sa politique agricole dans le but de régulariser le coût 
des denrées alimentaires.  
4.338.   Elle soutient l'évolution progressive des efforts de la Chine en matière des services 
financiers en f aveur d'une plus grande libéralisation, notamment en rapport avec les activités non 
bancaires.  
4.339.   Ma délégation note avec satisfaction la volonté du Gouvernement chinois de maintenir 
l'axe général de sa politique, tout en maitrisant la stabilité et en tenant  compte de tous les 
objectifs de stabilisation de la croissance, de promotion des réformes, d'ajustement structurel, 
d'amélioration des moyens de subsistance de la population et de prévention des risques, ainsi que 
la mise en œuvre d'une politique budgétai re volontariste et une politique monétaire prudente.  
4.340.   La délégation burundaise encourage la Chine à toujours chercher à trouver des solutions 
aux importants problèmes économiques et lui souhaite d'aller toujours de l'avant dans son objectif 
de poursuivre le  développement réciproque dans le cadre de la coopération aux niveaux bilatéral, 
régional, sous -régional et multilatéral.  
4.341.   Pour terminer, la délégation burundaise réitère l'engagement du pays à toujours coopérer 
avec la Chine dans la politique de promouvoir  son plan national et international économique et 
dans d'autres domaines.  
MONTENEGRO  
4.342.   Montenegro would like to associate itself with the statement of the European Union.  
4.343.   Montenegro congratulates the Government of China for its active and constructive role as a 
WTO Member in supporting the multilateral trading system, particularly during the process of 
negotiations that led to the successful outcome of both IX and X Ministerial Conference. In 
addition, its funding through the China Round Table continues to b e an important support 
mechanism for further integration of the least developed countries and newly acceded members 
into the global trade regime.  
4.344.   Montenegro congratulates China on achieving a very strong rate of economic growth, 
despite the relative slow -down that China has experienced. In this regard, Montenegro notes that 
the Chinese Government considers that its economy has entered a "New Normal", meaning that 
there will be more stable, albeit lower GDP growth rates of around 6.5% -7%. Notwithstanding th e 
entry of China into a "New Normal", the Chinese economy continues to experience strong 
economic growth. In this regard, real GDP growth was 7.3% in 2014 and 6.9% in 2015. While this 
is down from 7.7% growth in 2012 and 2013, the growth rate is to be comm ended. In addition, 
the Government of China reports that its economy contributed to over 25% of global economic 
growth in 2015, which is an impressive achievement.  
4.345.   Notwithstanding the Secretariat's report that the Chinese trade has declined during the last  
review period, Montenegro commends China on its position as the world's largest trader (excluding 
intra-EU trade). Even though exports have fallen from US$2.34 trillion in 2014 to US$2.28 trillion 
in 2015, China's trade statistics remain strong. In an eco nomic environment capped by weak 
demand in the international market and continued depression in global trade, China has done well 
to maintain such positive trade statistics. In this regard, Montenegro notes the Government of 
China's comment that "confronte d with the new situation, the Chinese Government has been 
proactively committed to transforming the development pattern of foreign trade, innovating in the 
development mode for foreign trade and strengthening pragmatic cooperation with its trading 
partners , to achieve mutual benefit, win -win and common development".  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.346.   In reviewing both reports, Montenegro notes with appreciation remarkable achievements 
of China in transforming its economy and providing better life for its people during the period 
under revie w. 
4.347.   Of particular interest to Montenegro is China's position as one of the largest recipients of 
foreign direct investment in the world. In this regard, Montenegro notes that FDI inflows reached 
US$119.6 billion in 2014, which is 1.7% more than 2013. As a s tate that actively encourages 
foreign investment, Montenegro recognizes the extent of this achievement. We will continue to 
follow closely the implementation of investment incentive schemes and the existing Pilot Free 
Trade Zones.  
4.348.   In addition, of particula r interest to Montenegro is China's work on accelerating the 
development of its service sector and China's work on effectively pushing forward reforms in other 
respects – notably, reform of medical and healthcare systems. In this regard, Montenegro notes 
the Government of China's comment that since the last review the service sector has enjoyed 
comprehensive and fast development on a constantly expanded scale, and that the service sector 
now accounts for nearly half of the national economy. Montenegro furth er notes the Government 
of China's reports that reform of the medical and healthcare system has continued to be 
deepened, and that the development of the medical insurance system for all people has been 
proactively promoted. Montenegro believes that regula tory policies and overall reforms of the 
services sector and the SOE -s will have important implications for the rest of the world.   
4.349.   Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Montenegro 10 years 
ago, with joint efforts of both sides , China -Montenegro relations have developed rapidly and 
cooperation in all fields has advanced steadily through a number of bilateral economic agreements. 
I would like to use this opportunity to highlight the ongoing major infrastructure project with 
funding of €809 million – the highway connecting south and north part of Montenegro financed by 
the Chinese Exim Bank. This highway is considered the cornerstone of Montenegro's long -term 
development strategy. It will mobilize additional public national and private f unding for growth and 
job creation and reduce the regional disparities in Montenegro.  
4.350.   China has been our leading partner in rebuilding the Montenegrin trade fleet with four 
cargo ships built in China already in operation. In addition, since 2012 there has  been an intensive 
cooperation within the framework of "16 +1". The two Governments are working closely toward 
the implementation of a number of new projects in the sectors of infrastructure, technology, 
tourism and green economy. Given China's engagement in our region and its role as a major 
player in global trade, Montenegro stands ready to join efforts and elevate already strong 
Montenegro -China economic partnership to new heights.  
4.351.   In conclusion, Montenegro is looking forward to continuing excellent and constructive 
engagement with the delegation of China in Geneva and my distinguished colleague 
Ambassador  YU Jianhua. We wish China every success in its sixth Trade Policy Review.  
KINGDOM  OF SAUDI  ARABIA  
4.352.   The Trade Policy Review reports prepared by China and  the Secretariat reveal that the 
Chinese economy remains strong, stable and diversified. GDP growth has averaged around 
6.5% -7% annually during the review period. With a population of 1.3 billion, China recently 
became the second largest economy and is inc reasingly playing an important and influential role in 
the global economy.  
4.353.   By setting out wise structural economic reforms based on the guiding principles spelled out 
by the 13th Five -Year Plan (2016 -2020), China's economy has shifted to highly productive  and 
competitive one based on greater innovative capacity, technology and skilled labor. These reforms 
were undertaken in different sectors such as, increasing the private sector participation in the 
economy, State -Owned Enterprises, competition, fiscal, f inancial sector, Foreign Investment 
System, small and medium -sized enterprises, customs procedures, and protection of intellectual 
property rights.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.354.   China is to be commended for its recently introduced measures aimed at dealing with 
overcapacity in certain industries such as iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, plate 
glasses and vessels.  
4.355.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia welcomes China's great efforts towards opening up to the 
outside world through the removal of restrictions to facilitate foreign direc t investment and 
initiatives such as the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone and its expansion in 2015 to three 
other pilot free trade zones.  
4.356.   We also appreciate China's firm commitment to a rules -based multilateral trading system, 
as well as to help de veloping countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) addressing their 
concerns and difficulties. Granting unilateral preferences to LDCs is a clear proof to this effect.  
4.357.   China and Saudi Arabia enjoy a friendly and substantive relationship, underpinned b y 
commercial ties and supported by shared membership in the G20. China was Saudi Arabia's top 
trading partner in 2015, with trade exchange standing at US$74 billion. Saudi Arabia primarily 
exports crude petroleum, gas and petrochemicals to China. China exp orts to Saudi Arabia 
electronics, textiles, food, and special cars.  
4.358.   During his State visit this year, the Chinese President Xi Jinping reaffirmed the diplomatic 
and economic bilateral relations. The two countries expressed their keen interest to boost 
cooperation in the area of energy, investments, commerce, education and technologies.  
4.359.   Additionally, Chinese companies are working with Saudi Aramco to open more refineries in 
China. Chinese oil companies have also focused on engineering, pipeline and oil rep airs, along with 
natural gas projects when engaging in business deals with Saudi firms.  
4.360.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia believes that the multilateral trading system is a key element 
for global development. China has proved its commitment to support the multi lateral trading 
system and has a long -standing tradition of constructive participation in the WTO, and an active 
role in the promotion of free and open trade.  
4.361.   In this regard, I would like to appreciate the active role of H.E. Ambassador Yu Jianhua 
and his delegation in WTO negotiations and other activities at large.  
URUGUAY  
4.362.   Nuestro país ha mantenido y mantiene amistosas y constructivas relaciones con China a 
los largo de estos 26 años de relaciones diplomáticas. La importancia de las relaciones económicas 
con China ha crecido en forma exponencial y espectacular en los últimos años. Esto, no sólo por el 
incremento del peso estratégico mundial a nivel político y económico de China, sino también por 
los avances en el diálogo bilateral a distintos niveles, funda mentalmente en los aspectos políticos, 
de cooperación, económico -comercial y cultural. Este año en particular, numerosas misiones 
técnicas de Uruguay han visitado China con el fin de llevar a cabo sustantivos intercambios en el 
plano sanitario y fitosanita rio, hemos intercambiado visiones sobre el futuro de nuestro 
relacionamiento bilateral y tengo el placer de informarle a toda la membresía que en 2017 la 
Cumbre Empresarial América Latina – China del CCPIT (Consejo Chino para la Promoción del 
Comercio Inte rnacional) se llevará a cabo en la cuidad de Punta del Este.  
4.363.   Otros aspectos a destacar son los concretos avances en la agenda bilateral, el incremento 
de los flujos comerciales, las inversiones chinas en nuestro país, y el muy buen nivel de diálogo y 
coord inación entre ambos países en los planos regional e internacional.  
4.364.   Un dato impactante es que desde el 2015 China se convirtió en el principal socio comercial 
de Uruguay en materia de bienes, y es creciente la participación tanto en nuestras exportaciones 
como en las importaciones. El buen diálogo sanitario y fitosanitario existente permite analizar y 
acordar adecuadamente los temas de esta índole.  
4.365.   Conforme a las cifras podemos afirmar que las exportaciones han crecido en el período 
2011-2013 en el entorno  de un 30% anual. Se ha sabido aprovechar la complementariedad WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  comercial que ha permitido experimentar un desarrollo exponencial en el intercambio comercial en 
los últimos años.  
4.366.   Uruguay exporta principalmente soja, pasta de celulosa, carne bovina y lana, y apuntamos 
a añadir cortes de vacuno de alta calidad, lácteos, vinos y cueros.  
4.367.   En cuanto a las importaciones de Uruguay desde China son principalmente productos 
manufacturados como máquinas, materiales eléctricos y mecánicos, vehículos, autopartes, 
mater ias plásticas, productos químicos orgánicos, prendas de vestir, y otros productos 
industrializados.  
4.368.   Los vínculos con China se consideran como prioritarios y resultan de gran importancia en 
el contexto y los objetivos trazados por Uruguay. Nuestra intenció n es reforzarlos, en particular, 
generando espacios de trabajo y coordinación en áreas tales como infraestructura, medio 
ambiente, agricultura, ciencia y tecnología, servicios comerciales y de software, logística y sector 
audiovisual.  
4.369.   Como comentario final , Uruguay señala el interés de ambos países por aunar esfuerzos 
para la pronta y exitosa finalización de las negociaciones comerciales con un alto nivel de ambición 
así como el fortalecimiento del sistema multilateral de comercio basado en normas previsibl es, 
transparentes y equilibradas que ambos necesitamos para una herramienta que nos permita el 
desarrollo. Independientemente de la diferencia en la magnitud de las economías de ambos 
países, tenemos un interés común en preservar y mejorar el sistema multi lateral.  
PAKISTAN  
4.370.   The period under review brought into light the bold steps taken and implemented by the 
Chinese Government to sustain its economic growth which benefits both China and the world, 
since China's economy contributed to 25% of global economic growth.  
4.371.   Strong domestic demand coupled with well targeted reforms in fiscal and monetary policies 
were key drivers of China's economic growth. We greatly appreciate China's strategic policies for 
its success in maintaining economic growth despite numerous  challenges due to the global 
economic downturn. We particularly commend the measures outlined in 12th Five -Year Plan that 
have contributed to economic growth and helped achieve the Millennium Development Goals 
(MDGs). By 2015, according to the World Bank,  China had achieved all the Millennium 
Development Goals (MDGs) and made a major contribution to the achievement of the MDGs 
globally.  
4.372.   China played a critical role globally in positively influencing wider economic environment 
and pattern of the world trade . In this regard, we commend the direction of China's trade policies 
and measures aimed at stabilizing trade growth domestically and globally.  
4.373.   Pakistan appreciates the measures taken and the commitment demonstrated by China to 
environmental challenges.  
4.374.   During the period under review, China continued its efforts in promoting regional and 
bilateral economic cooperation. Pakistan and China FTA entered into force in 2007. On 
November  2015, the Banking Business Service Protocol of the Services Trade of the FTA took 
effect. This new progress in the Pakistan -China FTA will further improve the liberalization level of 
services trade. Recently a leading Pakistan Bank started its operation in China.  
4.375.   I must mention the major role of China in the area of development coo peration. China has 
made significant contributions in the South -South cooperation such as to the Aid for Trade 
programme, and supported LDCs integration into the multilateral trading system.  
4.376.   Hallmark of China -Pakistan economic and trade partnership is Chin a-Pakistan Economic 
Corridor. China -Pakistan Economic Corridor is linked with two large infrastructure projects 
embracing the whole of Asia and designed to establish new trade and transport links between 
China, South Asia, Middle East, Central Asia and bey ond. CPEC is a vital link between Silk Road 
Economic Belt and the 21st -Century Maritime Silk Road – the "Belt and Road Initiative".  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.377.   This US$46 billion initiative spread over 15 years, it has all the vital elements of economic 
development, like transport, h ighways, railways, ports, industrial zones, IT, and last but not least 
energy (considerable part of this is renewable energy).  
4.378.   CPEC is going to be a game changer for Pakistan and the region, it will be a bridge 
between three engines of growth, China, Sout h Asia and Central Asia, thus giving a stimulus to a 
deep regional economic integration and creating a trading block of 3 billion people, nearly half of 
the planet. Mind you these also include half of world's extreme poor. The deepening of economic 
integra tion will lower trade costs, essential for ending poverty.  
4.379.   Pakistan has a 4 to 5 thousand MW energy deficit which is 25% of our total generation 
capacity, it is costing us 2% of GDP growth. This development deficit needed an initiative of "Big 
Bang Scale" , like CPEC. It is a set of 55 projects, 75% of funding is for providing 17000 MW of 
energy over the next ten years. This includes solar, hydro and wind energy projects. Many of these 
being foreign direct investment of Chinese private sector.  
4.380.   Hallmark of t he initiative is the North -South Highway and Rail link, designed to link Arabian 
Gulf coast of Pakistan in South to North Western Chinese Region of Xinjiang and Kasghar, thus 
reducing the distance of China's North -West from Arabian Gulf from 14000 kms to 2 500 kms, thus 
transforming the trade cost for the whole region.  
4.381.   CPEC will result in increasing trade, investment and financial flows, bringing peace and 
prosperity to the region through the enhancement in the competitiveness of the economies and 
reduction  in trade cost, CPEC epitomizes South -South trade at its best.  
4.382.   We immensely value and acknowledge that active role played by China at the multilateral 
trading system level at the WTO. Particularly Ambassador Yu Jianhua and his team in Geneva, who 
are activ ely and positively engaged in all aspects of the WTO works.  
MALI 
4.383.   Ma délégation souscrit à la déclaration faite par le Bénin au nom des PMA.  
4.384.   Le Mali voudrait saluer la contribution déterminante de la Chine au système commercial 
multilatéral, et son rôle d'a cteur majeur du commerce mondial, et de champion de la coopération 
sud-sud dont nous nous félicitons.  
4.385.   Ma délégation note avec satisfaction les résultats remarquables enregistrés par la Chine, 
deuxième plus grande économie au monde et plus grande nation com merçante dont la croissance 
et le développement ont un impact éminemment positif sur le reste du monde, et l'en félicite.  
4.386.   Nous avons noté avec intérêt les actions majeures entreprises, ainsi que les trains de 
réformes engagées ou envisagées par le Gouverne ment chinois en vue notamment de:  
1. Ajuster la structure économique et la transformation modèle du développement.  
2. Promouvoir la transformation et la modernisation des branches de production traditionnelles 
et des économies d'émergence.  
3. Consolider et renforce r la base du développement agricole.  
4. Accélérer la réforme des entreprises publiques et le développement du secteur privé, celle 
des régimes budgétaire et fiscal, du système financier.  
5. Promouvoir l'innovation pour accélérer le développement du commerce exté rieur avec un 
accent sur l'amélioration de la facilitation des échanges tout en optimisant davantage 
l'investissement étranger à travers des stratégies attractives.  
4.387.   Nous saluons également les efforts de transparence entrepris par la Chine et qui 
participen t considérablement à l'amélioration du niveau des échanges entre la Chine et ses 
partenaires. Les résultats déjà acquis et rappelés dans le rapport pays sont remarquables, 
notamment dans le cadre de la coopération sud -sud et au plan bilatéral avec mon pays . 
4.388.   En effet, le Mali se réjouit de l'excellence des relations politique, économique, culturelle et 
commerciale avec la Chine, qui est aujourd'hui un partenaire majeur du Mali.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.389.   Je voudrais exprimer ici toute la gratitude du C4 à la Chine pour son engagement sans 
faille sur la question du coton africain à l'OMC, et ses soutiens multiformes qu'elle ne cesse 
d'apporter aux pays africains.  
4.390.   Je ne saurai terminer sans rendre hommage à l'action de l'Ambassadeur Yu ici à Genève et 
à la contribution constructive et de  qualité aux débats de l'OMC.  
MAROC  AU NOM  DU GROUPE  AFRICAIN  
4.391.   C'est pour le Groupe africain un immense plaisir de participer, aujourd'hui au sixième 
examen des politiques commerciales de la Chine qui, j'en suis convaincu, sera l'occasion de 
permettre aux p ays Membres de cette Organisation de prendre connaissance des grands progrès 
économiques et commerciaux que ce pays ami continue de réaliser dans le système du commerce 
multilatéral.  
4.392.   Aujourd'hui, la Chine est le pays le plus peuplé du monde. La Chine repré sente un peu plus 
de 19,6% de la population mondiale. Elle est le premier exportateur mondial depuis 2009 et est 
devenue, depuis 2013, la première puissance commerciale avec un poids total dans les échanges 
internationaux représentant 11%.  
4.393.   La part du march é mondial de la Chine du commerce des marchandises n'a pas cessé 
d'augmenter au cours des dernières années. En 2015, les importations et les exportations 
chinoises de marchandises se plaçaient au premier rang mondial pour la troisième année 
consécutive.  
4.394.   La Chine possède d'importantes réserves en charbon et figure comme un leader mondial 
dans la production de certains minerais (fer, or, phosphates…). Elle possède d'importantes 
réserves pétrolières et gazières et elle est le cinquième producteur au monde de p étrole avec 
3,8 millions de barils.  
4.395.   Le Groupe africain se félicite des performances économiques et commerciales 
impressionnantes de la Chine et de ses progrès à pas de géant enregistré ces dernières années. 
Les évolutions successives conjuguées à l'adoptio n des règles et principes de l'économie de 
marché ont permis à l'économie chinoise d'enregistrer des taux de croissance impressionnants et 
de s'engager sur la voie d'un développement durable et diversifié.  
4.396.   La Chine est l'un des plus grands producteurs et c onsommateurs de produits agricoles. Le 
secteur de l'agriculture constitue un domaine clé pour l'accroissement de la demande intérieure et 
l'ajustement de la structure économique. Ce secteur emploie près de 35% de la population active 
et contribue à près de  10% du PIB. Une série de plans sont en cours visant à transformer 
l'agriculture chinoise, en la modernisant, diversifiant et rendant plus productive.  
4.397.   Le secteur des services, lui, a enregistré un développement complet et rapide depuis le 
dernier EPC de la  Chine, et sa taille n'a cessé d'augmenter. Il représente la moitié de l'économie 
chinoise, et grâce à une nouvelle optimisation structurelle ce secteur est en train de jouer un rôle 
positif important dans la croissance économique nationale en favorisant l 'emploi.  
4.398.   Concernant le commerce électronique transfrontière, les opérations d'achat sur le marché, 
les services intégrés au commerce extérieur et d'autres nouveaux modèles d'entreprise deviennent 
progressivement de nouveaux pôles de croissance pour le dév eloppement du commerce extérieur 
de ce pays.  
4.399.   Les IDE chinois en Afrique augmentent à un rythme soutenu depuis 2004, date à laquelle 
Pékin a adopté une série de mesures pour encourager les investissements à l'étranger, y compris à 
travers des fonds d'inves tissement.  
4.400.   L'engagement de la Chine en Afrique est marqué par des relations étroites d'échanges, 
d'investissements et de financements. Si les industries pétrolières et minières dominent encore les 
IDE chinois en Afrique, les services financiers, la constr uction et les industries manufacturières 
représentent désormais la moitié des apports à l'Afrique. Les banques chinoises ont appuyé des WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  investissements d'infrastructure à grande échelle sur le continent et plus de 2 200 sociétés 
chinoises, privées pour l'e ssentiel, opèrent actuellement dans des pays africains.  
4.401.   J'aimerais à la fin de mon intervention souligner quelques faits pour lesquels le Groupe 
africain souhaiterait féliciter et saluer la Chine.  
4.402.   D'abord, la Chine est Membre de l'OMC depuis décembre 2001.  Elle est un pays défenseur 
du système commercial multilatéral. Elle joue un rôle actif dans le cycle des négociations 
commerciales multilatérales en cours.  
4.403.   Ensuite, le Gouvernement chinois a pris part activement aux négociations du PDD et y 
attache encor e beaucoup d'importance. Au cours des deux dernières années, la Chine a collaboré 
avec les autres Membres de l'OMC en prenant pleinement part aux négociations relatives aux 
différents volets du Programme de Doha, en respectant le mandat du PDD en matière d e 
développement et en consolidant ses acquis.  
4.404.   En outre, la Chine fait également partie des premiers Membres à avoir achevé les 
procédures nationales de ratification de l'Accord sur la facilitation des échanges (AFE).  
4.405.   De plus, la Chine s'est attachée à pro mouvoir la libéralisation du commerce des biens 
environnementaux.  
4.406.   Enfin, dans le cadre de la coopération sud -sud, la Chine a offert, au mieux de ses 
capacités, une aide économique et technologique à d'autres pays en développement, en particulier 
les pays les moins avancés (PMA), en contribuant au renforcement des infrastructures, des 
possibilités commerciales et des capacités.  
4.407.   Pour conclure, permettez -moi de féliciter le Gouvernement chinois pour son parcours 
réussi et impressionnant de ces dernières année s ainsi que pour son dynamisme au sein du 
commerce multilatéral. Je souhaite à ce pays ami plein succès dans l'examen de ses politiques 
commerciales.  
MAROC  
4.408.   Le Royaume du Maroc est le deuxième pays arabe et africain ayant établi des relations 
diplomatiques avec la Chine en 1958. Depuis, les relations sont excellentes. Elles se distinguent 
par l'amitié, la compréhension, la solidarité, et par la volonté partagée de consolider et de 
diversifier la coopération bilatérale dans une perspective porteuse de synergi e et de bénéfice 
mutuel.  
4.409.   La coopération bilatérale maroco -chinoise prend appui sur un cadre juridique étoffé et 
couvre des secteurs divers et variés.  
4.410.   La visite officielle de Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI en Chine, en mai dernier, a été 
l'occasion de conclu re une trentaine de conventions de partenariat public -public et public -privé 
entre les deux pays. Elle a également permis aux relations entre nos deux pays de passer à la 
vitesse supérieure dans le cadre d'un partenariat stratégique global, lequel ouvre de  nouvelles 
perspectives d'avenir aux relations politiques entre Pékin et Rabat et permet de renforcer la 
coopération bilatérale dans des secteurs à fort potentiel de création d'emplois et de valeur ajoutée.  
4.411.   Lors de cette visite historique, Sa Majesté le R oi a décidé de supprimer les visas pour les 
ressortissants chinois à partir du mois de juin dernier. Cette décision traduit la volonté d'ouverture 
de la part du Royaume et de développement des échanges humaines, culturels, économiques et 
politiques entre l es deux pays amis.  
4.412.   Ainsi, outre le renforcement de la coopération dans le domaine judiciaire, culturel, 
touristique, énergétique, des infrastructures et consulaires, cette visite a permis de booster le 
partenariat économique entre nos deux pays, notamment dans les secteurs des finances, des 
infrastructures, de l'automobile, du textile, de l'aéronautique, de la logistique et des énergies 
renouvelables.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.413.   Elle a également balisé le terrain aux entreprises chinoises afin qu'elles s'implantent 
davantage au Maroc  et qu'elles fassent du Royaume une plateforme de développement de leurs 
activités en Afrique et en Europe.  
4.414.   Enfin, comme la Chine, le Maroc est conscient d'être l'héritier d'un patrimoine traditionnel 
et d'une civilisation très ancienne qu'il considère com me une richesse et un atout considérable 
pour gérer un développement serein vers l'avenir.  
MYANMAR  
4.415.   My delegation is taking the floor today to speak on this occasion because China is our 
friendly neighbor and a long -standing trade partner.  
4.416.   Myanmar and China  share a long border. Our two countries established diplomatic 
relations on 8 June 1950, and the bilateral trade agreement was signed in 1971.  
4.417.   According to our trade data, China has stood as Myanmar's largest trading partner for over 
a decade. The bilatera l trade has increased, year on year. In the 2015 -2016 Fiscal Year, the 
two-way trade reached the mark of over US$10 billion, which is nearly 40% of the total trade 
volume of Myanmar's foreign trade. We would like to see the continuation of this positive tr end. 
4.418.   In terms of the Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar, China takes the first place, with 
over US$18 billion investment from 132 Chinese companies. This is according to the FDI statistics 
published in March 2016.  
4.419.   China is a big player in both the region al and multilateral trading systems. We are glad to 
note that China has been supportive of the need to bring the current trade negotiations forward, 
including the DDA negotiations.  
4.420.   The delegation of Myanmar is pleased to convey our sincere thanks and appre ciation to His 
Excellency Mr. Wang Shouwen and his delegation for their friendship and constructive engagement 
throughout the TPR.  
SRI LANKA  
4.421.   My delegation appreciates China's continued commitment to the multilateral trading 
system and its active engagement  in the negotiations in the WTO. As a key player in the 
multilateral trading system, China plays a very important role in the WTO. The dynamic role 
played by Ambassador YU Jianhua and his team in proactively engaging in ongoing activities of 
WTO is highly commendable. We also appreciate China's valuable contribution to the Asia –Pacific 
Group of Developing Members which is currently coordinated by Sri Lanka. We also welcome 
China's joining in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement on 4 September 2015 becoming the 16th 
member to formally accept the agreement.   
4.422.   Sri Lanka commends China's new five year plan for 2016 –2020 which aims at continuing 
the process of structural economic reform that includes the promotion of private sector 
participation in the economy, a s well as the reform of state -owned enterprises. We believe that the 
measures mentioned in the Five Year Plan i.e. promotion of competition, fiscal reform, financial 
sector reform to increase private capital participation in banking and expand the provisio n of 
financial services, and making the exchange rate and interest rate more market -oriented will bring 
positive results to the Chinese economy and its people.  
4.423.   Let me also briefly reflect on the historical close bilateral relations between China and 
Sri Lanka. China is a very important and key trading partner for Sri Lanka. The strong relationship 
between the two countries has grown steadily over the time. The value of total trade turnover 
between the two countries has increased from US$659 million in 2005  to US$4025 million in 2015.  
4.424.   Trade relations between Sri Lanka and China span to a long history going back to several 
centuries. In the year 1952, opening a new chapter in trade relations between the two countries, 
China and Sri Lanka entered into a Trade  Agreement relating to barter trade on rubber and rice. 
This was even before the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1957. The Trade WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  and Payment Agreement which was signed between the two countries in 1982 provided MFN 
treatment for pr oducts of export and import of both countries. In 1984, both countries signed an 
Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation and these two agreements were amalgamated 
in 1991 to form the "Sri Lanka -China Joint Committee for Trade and Economic Cooperati on". A 
MOU on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the two countries was signed on 28 May 2013 
and we are now at the preliminary stage of finalizing a FTA.  
4.425.   China has been one of the leading development partners for Sri Lanka for many years. 
Specially, af termath of the civil conflict in Sri Lanka in 2009, China led the development assistance 
in rebuilding of Sri Lanka's infrastructure which includes highways, port and an airport. The two 
countries are further engaged to increase their bilateral trade and e conomic cooperation.  
MAURITIUS  
4.426.   Our two countries share excellent relations and this is vivid in the realm of trade, 
economic, social and cultural interactions between our two countries.  
4.427.   China is a major source of imports for Mauritius. We have seen in rec ent years an 
increasing number of tourists from China and which is a result of a deliberate strategy of 
diversification of our tourist markets.  
4.428.   The global economic and financial volatility affects us all small or big and we laud the 
Government of the Peopl e's Republic of China's efforts to sustain economic growth and domestic 
reforms with a view to bolster trade and investment with the rest of the world.  
4.429.   Whilst China's energy on emerging industries and the transformation of the manufacturing 
sector is to be  commended, we welcome the synergy of efforts towards development of the 
services sector.  
4.430.   Mauritius has been participating actively with China in the ITA 2 negotiations and which led 
to a breakthrough in December 2015. This agreement is expected to generat e US$1.3 trillion 
worth of trade and promoting growth.  
4.431.   We are watching with keen interest China's participation in the Environmental Goods 
Agreement negotiations as well as the Government Procurement Agreement negotiations.  
4.432.   We wish to further commend Chin a's efforts in ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement in 
September 2015 and in launching a series of reforms including paperless customs clearance to 
make customs procedures more efficient for trade.  
4.433.   We encourage China to continue looking for joint ve ntures with foreign companies of other 
developing countries like Mauritius, especially for high -end manufacturing products and high 
quality services.  
4.434.   We wish to congratulate China on the reform of its foreign investment system to exclude 
some imports from examination and approval. This would surely expedite and increase 
investments in the country.  
4.435.   We also commend China for its efforts to strengthen IPR enforcement. However, we wish 
to make an appeal for China to consider measures to stop the export of count erfeit products 
including handicrafts that represent other countries landmarks and national characteristics.  
4.436.   We have noticed that China makes use of TRQs on several products. China also maintains 
high duties on some products of interest to us, including su gar. We look forward to work with the 
Chinese side on this issue.  
4.437.   On the bilateral front, we look forward to work together with China to undertake a 
feasibility study for a Free Trade Agreement to enhance trade and reduce non -tariff barriers to 
trade.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  KENYA 
4.438.   Kenya and China have long -standing warm and cordial relations, which have deepened 
over the many years of diplomatic and economic relation. The relationship has further been 
strengthened by the high level visits that have taken place between the two cou ntries in the recent 
past. 
4.439.   We take note that during the period under review, China's economic growth slowed down, 
registering an average GD growth of about 7.1%. The growth was largely driven by strong 
domestic demand, supported by domestic credit expansio n and availability and rising incomes. The 
economic growth has been affected by among others the effects of global financial and economic 
crisis, slower global growth and increased uncertainties.  
4.440.   We also note that China remains one of the major recipients of Foreign Direct Investment 
globally. In 2014, FDI inflows reached US$119.6 billion while in 2015 it was US$126.27 billion. The 
main sectors attracting FDI were manufacturing, real estate, leasing and business services, and 
wholesale and retail trade. Chi na has also continued to seek to attract further FDI by facilitating 
procedures, through a number of incentives schemes and through liberalization.  
4.441.   We take note of the various reforms being undertaken to improve investment and business 
environment. These r eforms include fiscal and taxation system, administrative examination and 
approval, business environment, investment examination and approval, state -owned enterprises 
and development, financial system and social security. Other areas include amendment of 
Government Procurement Law, amendments of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and 
strengthening of IPR enforcement system and new changes on competition policy regulations with 
respect to mergers.  
4.442.   We commend China's commitment to the multilateral trading sy stem and in its support for 
developing countries particularly least developed countries. We appreciate these efforts and 
encourage China to continue enhancing these developmental initiatives.  
4.443.   On the bilateral front, China remains an important partner for K enya. Over years we have 
benefited from economic and technical cooperation with China, in areas of investment and 
infrastructure projects.  
4.444.   During the review period, bilateral economic and trade cooperation continued to grow. 
According to the Kenya National  Bureau of Statistics, Kenya's total trade with China grew by 26% 
from US$2.7 billion in 2014 to US$3.4 billion in 2015, with balance of Trade being in favour of 
China. Kenya's main exports to China were ores and concentrates of base metals, leather, 
non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, vegetable materials, fruits and nuts and copper while 
imports were civil engineering and contracts' plant and equipment, telecommunications 
equipment, rails and railway vehicles, associated equipment, motor vehicles and m otor cycles, 
rotating electric plant and parts thereof, electrical machinery and apparatus, tubes, pipes and 
hollow profiles and tube or pipe fittings of iron or steel.  
4.445.   Finally, Kenya once again welcomes the efforts by China in enhancing its overall econom ic 
growth and development through multilateral, regional and bilateral initiatives.  
GUINÉE  
4.446.   La délégation de Guinée s'associe aux déclarations prononcées par les coordonnateurs des 
groupes: le Bénin au nom du groupe des PMA et le Maroc pour le Groupe africa in. 
4.447.   La Chine et la Guinée entretiennent des relations diplomatiques et économiques depuis 
1958, date d'accession à l'indépendance de mon pays. Ces relations n'ont cessé de se raffermir au 
cours des vingt dernières années pour se consolider avec l'avènement  de la troisième République.  
4.448.   Les résultats économiques obtenus par la Chine sont le fruit des réformes sans précédents 
amorcées par le pays depuis son accession à l'OMC.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.449.   Les deux rapports qui viennent de nous être soumis mettent suffisamment en exergue les  
performances économiques réalisées par la Chine malgré le ralentissement de l'économie 
mondiale.  
4.450.   Les différentes réformes engagées et les stratégies sectorielles lancées par la Chine 
prouvent à suffisance que les autorités chinoises tiennent à renforcer l a transparence de leurs 
politiques et pratiques commerciales et à contribuer au meilleur fonctionnement du système 
commercial multilatéral.  
4.451.   Les orientations de la politique commerciale de la Chine sont réellement basées sur le 
respect de ses engagements so uscrits au sein de l'OMC, ainsi que sur la coopération avec les 
Membres de l'OMC, notamment les PMA.  
4.452.   Au cours de l'année 2015, les exportations guinéennes vers la Chine ont été de 
4.502  527 dollars EU et de 99.154 134 dollars EU pour les importations.  
4.453.   Pour corriger ce déséquilibre commercial, les autorités guinéennes et chinoises ont décidé 
d'un commun accord de renforcer la coopération dans plusieurs domaines.  
4.454.   En effet, les relations de coopération sino -guinéennes sont régies par les recommandations 
issues  des travaux de la cinquième session de la Grande Commission Mixte de coopération 
économique, commerciale et technique, signées le 14 avril 2011 à Conakry.  
4.455.   Depuis cette date, la République de Chine a amorcé une coopération sans précédent et de 
haut niveau avec la République de Guinée.  
4.456.   Outre les visites d'État effectuées en Chine par le Président de la République de Guinée, le 
Professeur Alpha Condé, la Chine et la Guinée ont signé des accords de coopération dans les 
domaines du commerce, par l'échange pério dique d'informations commerciales entre les 
administrations chargées du commerce, la création de relations de coopération directe entre les 
structures de promotion du secteur privé dont la Chambre de commerce et les organisations 
patronales.  
4.457.   Il est prévu d e créer également des antennes commerciales et des sociétés mixtes 
commerciales et économiques entre privés chinois et guinéens.  
4.458.   Des initiatives comme la prospection commerciale et les manifestations commerciales, 
telles que les foires et les expositions v entes sont en cours.  
4.459.   En termes d'accès aux marchés, outre le système généralisé de préférence, la Guinée 
bénéficie de l'accès au marché en franchise de droit sans contingents pour la majorité de ses 
produits sur le marché chinois.  
4.460.   La République de Guinée n ote avec beaucoup de satisfaction l'accroissement du volume de 
ses échanges commerciaux avec la Chine.  
4.461.   La Guinée importe, entre autres, de la Chine des produits industriels, des motocycles, du 
matériel informatique, du textile, et elle exporte des matières  premières et des produits agricoles 
vers la Chine.  
4.462.   Au-delà du commerce des marchandises, une bonne coopération existe entre le 
Gouvernement chinois et les autorités guinéennes dans l'appui institutionnel à l'administration 
guinéenne.  
4.463.   Au titre de cette coo pération figure, entre autres, la formation de cadres guinéens dans 
divers domaines de l'agriculture, la construction d'écoles primaires rurales et de sites hôteliers, la 
réalisation de forages, la signature d'accord -cadre entre la Banque de développement de la Chine 
et le Gouvernement guinéen.  
4.464.   Comme vous le savez, la Guinée fut frappée par l'épidémie du virus Ebola en 2004. Face à 
cette situation, la réactivité de la Chine a été sans appel, à Genève et dans les deux capitales.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.465.   Dès le début de l'épidémie, l a Chine a dépêché sur Conakry du personnel soignant, du 
matériel médical, des médicaments et des vivres.  
4.466.   La Chine continue de soutenir le Gouvernement guinéen dans son programme de 
développement socioéconomique. Elle vient de réaliser avec la contribution du Gouvernement 
guinéen le barrage hydroélectrique de Kaleta d'une capacité de 240 Mégawatts, permettant ainsi 
d'alimenter de nombreux ménages en électricité et de lancer une base industrielle.  
4.467.   Un autre barrage hydroélectrique est actuellement en construct ion avec pour objectif de 
non seulement fournir de l'électricité aux ménages et aux industries, mais aussi d'en revendre aux 
pays voisins.  
SÉNÉGAL  
4.468.   Le sixième examen de politique commerciale de la République populaire de Chine est 
l'occasion de nous pencher  à nouveau sur l'environnement économique et commercial du premier 
exportateur mondial depuis 2009 et première puissance commerciale depuis 2013. Il y a lieu à cet 
égard de magnifier et féliciter ce pays pour les efforts fournis dans l'amélioration du clim at des 
affaires et des investissements depuis son dernier examen en 2014.  
4.469.   La Chine, qui représente 11% du commerce mondial, confirmant ainsi son ancrage dans le 
système commercial mondial, a su poursuivre des politiques efficaces tendant à diversifier son  
économie.  
4.470.   Malgré le ralentissement de sa croissance ces dernières années, d'importantes réformes 
économiques et commerciales entreprises ont permis à la Chine d'améliorer l'environnement 
intérieur des affaires, de promouvoir les investissements et d'appro fondir son ancrage dans les 
chaines de valeur mondiales.  
4.471.   Cela s'est manifesté par le maintien du PIB intérieur, selon le rapport de la division des 
examens des politiques commerciales de l'OMC, à un taux de 6,9%, quoique légèrement inférieur 
aux années pr écédentes. La consommation intérieure, stimulée par une politique soutenue des 
pouvoirs publics, continue de porter en grande partie la croissance.  
4.472.   La Chine a également poursuivi les grandes lignes de sa politique de réforme économique 
structurelle, visant  à accorder au secteur privé une place plus importante dans l'économie, en 
atteste la réforme opérée au niveau des entreprises d'État.   
4.473.   Il faut, en outre, saluer les importants efforts consentis dans le cadre de la facilitation des 
échanges avec la mise e n pratique du dédouanement électronique sur tout le territoire chinois et la 
ratification de l'Accord de l'OMC sur la facilitation des échanges.  
4.474.   La délégation du Sénégal salue aussi la poursuite de la modernisation du secteur agricole 
qui contribue, selon le même rapport, à environ 10% du PIB du pays dont l'économie bénéficie par 
ailleurs du développement rapide du secteur des services.  
4.475.   Si la Chine est incontestablement une destination privilégiée de l'investissement direct 
étranger (IDE) qui a atteint un montant de 119,6 milliards de dollars EU en 2014, il n'en demeure 
pas moins qu'elle constitue l'un des principaux partenaires du continent africain qui a reçu en 2014 
près de 1.6 milliard de dollars EU des ID chinois. Plus de 2500 sociétés chinoises sont i nstallées en 
Afrique dans différents secteurs de l'économie.  
4.476.   S'agissant particulièrement du Sénégal, nos relations avec la Chine sur les plans politique 
et économique ont suivi une courbe ascendante avec plusieurs réalisations, fruit de cette 
coopération d ynamique dans les domaines de l'énergie, des infrastructures, du financement, etc.  
4.477.   Mon pays se félicite des performances économiques accomplies par votre Gouvernement et 
l'exhorte à poursuivre son engagement et ses efforts visant à renforcer son ouverture au 
commerce et aux chaines de valeurs mondiales afin de contribuer davantage à l'essor de 
l'économie mondiale au bénéfice de tous.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.478.   La délégation sénégalaise se félicite, enfin, de la contribution positive aux travaux de l'OMC 
de la délégation chinoise sous  la conduite de l'Ambassadeur YU Jianhua.  
HONDURAS  
4.479.   En lo que concierne al informe presentado, notamos con gran interés que el PIB real 
registró un crecimiento del 7,3% en 2014 y 6,9% en 2015, siendo la fuerza motora del 
crecimiento la fuerte demanda intern a, impulsada por la expansión y la disponibilidad de crédito en 
el país y por el aumento de los ingresos.  
4.480.   Al mismo tiempo, destacamos que durante el período objeto de examen, la inflación de los 
precios al consumo se mantuvo moderada en solo el 2% en 2014  y el 1,4% en 2015 y notamos la 
adopción del Decimotercer Plan Quinquenal (2016 -2020), cuyo propósito es el de proseguir el 
proceso de reforma estructural de la economía.  
4.481.   Del informe se resalta el establecimiento de la Oficina de medidas comerciales correc tivas 
e investigaciones y de la Oficina de investigaciones sobre la existencia de daño a una rama de 
producción (IBII) en la esfera de las investigaciones sobre medidas comerciales y percibimos los 
cambios en la reglamentación relativa a la política de com petencia particularmente en el tema de 
fusiones, así como el establecimiento de una base jurídica más clara para la determinación, 
evaluación y supervisión de las condiciones restrictivas en materia de competencia económica y 
valoramos la publicación de la s disposiciones para resolver el conflicto entre la protección de la 
propiedad intelectual y la aplicación de la política de competencia, la cual se está estudiando en 
capital.  
4.482.   China ha seguido siendo uno de los mayores receptores de inversión extranjera d irecta 
(IED) del mundo y destaca entre los países con mayor PIB per cápita y en la posición 28 en el 
índice de competitividad Global.  
4.483.   En lo que respecta a nuestro comercio bilateral, en el año 2015, importamos alrededor de 
mil trescientos millones de dólar es EE.UU. en máquinas, aparatos y material eléctrico; aparatos de 
grabación, aparatos y artefactos mecánicos, vehículos y calzado, entre otros y exportamos 
alrededor de 27 millones dólares EE.UU. en minerales, escorias y cenizas, máquinas, aparatos y 
mater ial eléctrico, aparatos de grabación, aluminio y manufacturas de aluminio extractos 
curtientes, entre otros.  
4.484.   Al mismo tiempo hacemos mención que en el año 2006, por la necesidad de entrelazar a 
nuestras dos naciones, nació la Cámara de Comercio e Inversion es Honduras China y del cual se 
derivó la creación de un parque industrial y comercial Honduras -China, así como la creación del 
Centro Cultural Honduras China, recibiendo educación integral con becas y tecnología y del cual 
aprovechamos la oportunidad para  agradecer la cooperación otorgada  
4.485.   Finalmente, permítame reite rar nuestro reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de 
intercambiar y examinar las políticas y prácticas comerciales de China, al mismo tiempo desear 
éxito a las autoridades en la presentación  de su mecanismo de Examen de Políticas Comerciales.  
NEPAL  
4.486.   Both the reports summarize how China's economic and trade development has continued 
to move ahead amidst severe and complicated international environment. The world economy still 
features sluggish overall recovery after the economic crisis. The growth rate of the world economy 
in 2015 was the slowest in the past six years. However, it is worthwhile to note that despite this 
China has continued its reforms and, through adopting appropriate policies a nd further opening up 
of its market, it succeeded to secure around 7% economic growth in the review period. We 
appreciate that China's economy contributed to over 25% of global economic growth in 2015.  
4.487.   We appreciate that China has committed to building a n ew system of open economy and 
accelerated its steps in building new avenues in international competition. It has promoted 
innovative development in foreign trade, facilitated investment promotion and actively explored 
new system of rules and regulatory pat terns for cross -border trade and investment while 
continuing to deepen domestic reforms. Further extending the experiences of the Shanghai Pilot WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  Free Trade Zone it has established three new pilot free trade zones in Guangdong, Tianjin and 
Fujian. China's d omestic consumer market has grown rapidly over the past two years, achieving 
the growth of over 10% in the review period. It is encouraging to note that the contribution rate of 
the service sector to economic growth exceeded 50% for the first time. We take  note of the efforts 
oriented towards expansion of domestic demand in complementarity with supply side structural 
reforms.  
4.488.   As the largest trader of the world, policies and practices introduced by China matter a lot 
for the operation and maintenance of glo bal trade. In this context, the policy reforms, including 
proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, embraced by the country during the period 
under review are further encouraging and supportive to accelerating economic growth. Trade -led 
growth o f China has been a matter of inspiration to developing and LDC members. China has been 
a supporter of the multilateral trading system ever since it joined the WTO. Its commitment to 
implementing its WTO obligations in a transparent and time bound manner is  commendable. We 
believe China has a crucial role to play in strengthening and further promoting multilateral trading 
system in the days to come.  
4.489.   China has always remained positive on LDCs' issues and concerns in the WTO. We 
appreciate that China has exte nded its DFQF scheme to 97% to 33 LDCs that have diplomatic 
relationship with China. This has supported LDCs to enhance their export to the Chinese market. 
China is the largest investor and export destination for LDCs. "China's LDCs and Accessions 
Programm e" has helped the LDCs to effectively participate in and benefit from the multilateral 
trading system and accelerate the accession process of incoming LDCs. We welcome that China 
has submitted LDC services waiver notification in 2015.  
4.490.   China is Nepal's nort hern neighbour and the two countries enjoy excellent age -old cultural 
and trade relationship. Nepal and China signed "Trade and Payments Agreement" in 1981 and 
Agreement for regulating trade and related matters (between Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region 
of China) in July 2002. An Agreement on Transportation was signed between Nepal and China in 
May 1994. To further extend and deepen the bilateral trade relations, the two countries recently 
signed various agreements and MOUs during the visit of the Prime Min ister of Nepal to China this 
March, which includes the Agreement on Transit Transport between the Government of the 
People's Republic of China and the Government of Nepal.  
4.491.   China is Nepal's important trading partner with the total trade between the two coun tries 
covering nearly 12% share in the last fiscal year. In the current fiscal year, the bilateral trade has 
reached almost 15%. This shows the increasing trend of bilateral trade between the two countries. 
China is the second largest source of import for Nepal and fourth largest destination market for 
Nepalese export.  
4.492.   China has remained a strong supporter of Nepal's development endeavours. It is one of 
the largest investors in Nepal and its investment has helped both industrialization and employment 
gener ation. Nepal has been one of the beneficiaries of China's Preferential Tariff Scheme. China 
has offered zero -tariff entry to 8,030 items for Nepal. However, due to structural and supply side 
constraints the utilization rate is very low. The goods of export  interests from Nepal would get 
easier access to China if the technical barriers in the forms of SPS and TBT were less stringent. We 
hope that China would soon bring down the value addition in export goods to 25 percent in line 
with the decision on the LDC  preferential rules of origin reached in Nairobi. Cross border travel 
facilitation through the difficult terrains of the Himalayas is another important area that needs 
special attention in our bilateral trade promotion.  
4.493.   We hope that LDCs would have more f lexibility in accessing the Chinese market both for 
trade in goods and trade in services. We also believe that China would accord full support to 
implement the LDCs Specific outcomes in the WTO. We encourage China to further enhance 
existing technical and financial assistance to LDCs to build their trade capacity and help them get 
better integrated into the multi -lateral trading system.  
DJIBOUTI  
4.494.   Nous avons suivi avec intérêt les présentations faites par les différents intervenants sur cet 
examen et souhaito ns vous faire part de nos observations.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.495.   Nous félicitons la Chine pour son modèle de croissance exemplaire caractérisé par ses 
réformes profondes et graduées. Des efforts drastiques qui lui ont permis, depuis les années 70, 
de maintenir son taux de croissa nce à une moyenne de +7%.  
4.496.   La stratégie d'expansion du commerce de la Chine entraine des actions favorables au 
développement des capacités commerciales de l'Afrique.  
4.497.   Concernant notre relation bilatérale, la Chine contribue, entre autres, aux développement s 
des infrastructures de Djibouti. Djibouti et la Chine ont signé trois importants accords économiques 
et commerciaux évalués à près de 11 milliards de dollars EU.  
4.498.   Il s'agit de la construction de:  
 Deux nouveaux ports  
 La ligne ferroviaire Djibouti -Éthiop ie  
 Une pipeline  
4.499.   Les réformes politiques traditionnelles, bien qu'essentielles, ne permettent pas à eux 
seules d'aboutir à une croissance autonome, d'aboutir aux résultats escomptés dans nos stratégies 
de développement.  
4.500.   Ce type de partenariat offre à un PMA tel que Djibouti l'émancipation économique et la 
possibilité d'atteindre ses objectifs de développement.  
4.501.   Au niveau des échanges commerciaux, ces projets de grande envergure avec la Chine, 
permettent et permettront davantage à Djibouti d'accélérer les flux de marchandises de la région 
et contribueront également à moyen -terme d'atteindre notre objectif de faire de Djibouti une 
plateforme de transbordement pour le commerce de l'Afrique.  
4.502.   Par ailleurs, Djibouti note avec satisfaction les efforts entrepris par la Chine pour réduire sa 
consommation d'énergie et les émissions de gaz à effets de serre.  
4.503.   Nous encourageons la Chine à poursuivre ses efforts de développement économique 
durable et à maintenir son rôle de précurseur dans le développement de gros chan tier 
d'infrastructure en Afrique.  
4.504.   Nous saluons l'appui que la Chine apporte au rôle central de l'OMC dans le système du 
commerce international et les efforts qu'elle fournit en faveur de l'aboutissement du Programme 
de Développement de Doha.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.505.   We a ssociate ourselves with the statement made by Morocco on behalf of the African 
Group.  
4.506.   Since the last Trade Policy Review of China held in 2014, China has achieved stable growth 
and GDP has continued to grow, albeit at a slower rate registering 7.3 % in 20 14 and 6.9% in 
2015, at the backdrop of strong domestic demand. Per capita income showed nominal growth of 
10.1% and real growth of 8%. The consumer Price Index though rising decelerated from a growth 
rate of 2% in 2014 to 1.4% in 2015.  
4.507.   It is pleasing to note that China has deepened its domestic reforms and implemented a 
development strategy that is driven by innovation. This includes the Going Global Strategy, the 
promotion of private sector participation in the economy, state -owned enterprises reforms, 
promotion of competition, business systems and balanced investment development. In this 
process, the country continues to open inland and border areas wider to the outside world. We 
would like to commend the Government of China for such achievements.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.508.   China remains the world's largest trader, excluding intra –EU trade and the largest recipient 
of Foreign Direct Investment in the world. The country has made significant contributions to the 
recovery and development of the global economy. China has also played a key role in shaping the 
work of the Multilateral Trading System.  
4.509.   At bilateral level, Zimbabwe and China have a long history of cordial political and economic 
relations, and China remains Zimbabwe's all weather friend. China is the central focus of 
Zimbabwe 's Look East Policy, adopted in early 2000 which is an export market diversification 
strategy to non -traditional markets such as South -East Asia, the Middle East and the Far East.  
4.510.   In January 2015, Zimbabwe and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding tha t will 
assist Zimbabwe in fully implementing key elements of the economic blueprint, the 
Zimbabwe -Agenda for Sustainable Socio -Economic Transformation (ZIM -ASSET). Key areas 
covered by the MoU are reform and reorganization of State enterprises, design, est ablishment and 
administration of Special Economic Zones and planning and administration of small to medium 
enterprises. Other key components of the agreement cover promotion of strategic economic policy 
planning and research, enhancing capacity to drive na tional economic reform programmes and 
establishing a platform for cooperation in investment and communication in Zimbabwe.  
4.511.   A lot of potential Chinese investors are keen to support the "Going Global" strategy 
contained in their 12th five year plan by consid ering Zimbabwe as one of their investment 
destinations.  
4.512.   China has become one of Zimbabwe's largest trading partners and source of Foreign Direct 
Investment. The country is a destination for many forms of investments from China and hosts 
Chinese companies in mining, cement manufacturing, infrastructure and property development. 
Zimbabwe anticipates more investments from mega deals already signed between Zimbabwe and 
China.  
4.513.   In terms of trade, Zimbabwe and China had total trade of over US$1.2 billion in 2014.  This 
however declined in 2015. Zimbabwe's main exports to China are tobacco, platinum, gold, cotton, 
base metals, mineral products, and ores, amongst other products. Imports from China include; 
machinery, electrical products, chemicals, textiles, transpor t equipment, clothing and electronic 
equipment.  
4.514.   In terms of trade promotion, Zimbabwe has been participating at the China International 
Fair for Investment and Trade (CIFIT) in China since 2006, while Chinese companies exhibit at the 
Zimbabwe Internationa l Trade Fair (ZITF) annually, where they were the biggest exhibitors in 
2013.  
4.515.   Zimbabwe is looking forward to greater economic cooperation with China and wishes the 
Chinese delegation a successful sixth Trade Policy Review.  
GEORGIA  
4.516.   China is a very importan t economic, political and strategic partner of Georgia. Both 
countries display an exemplary strong cooperation in order to reach common goals.  
4.517.   The clear example of the fruitful cooperation is the joint effort to develop the New Silk 
Road. International ev ent "Silk Road Forum" launched last year in Georgia was specifically 
dedicated to the objective to create a new platform which serves to enhance the cooperation in 
crucial sectors such as trade and establishment of business contacts, investments, tourism, 
transport, energy and other important areas. Pursuing this spirit, we strive not only to maintain, 
but further develop amicable relations in all areas.  
4.518.   From the economic viewpoint, it is important to note that China has always taken primary 
positions among  Georgia's foreign trade partners. Trade relations between two countries have 
been dynamically increasing over the course of past years. Today, China is the fourth largest 
trading partner, fifth largest source of import and second largest exporting country  for Georgia.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.519.   It is also noteworthy, that in February 2016 the negotiations on the conclusion of free 
trade agreement between China and Georgia have been launched. Three successful rounds of 
negotiations have been held and we hope that by the end of this year we will celebrate the 
successful completion of the FTA between China and Georgia.  
4.520.   In conclusion, we would like to underline that China is a valued partner of Georgia and 
believe that the existing strong and amicable cooperation will maintain continued  efforts in the 
future.  
CÔTE  D'IVOIRE  
4.521.   La délégation de Côte d'Ivoire souscrit à la déclaration faite par le Maroc au nom du 
Groupe africain.  
4.522.   L'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre la Chine et la Côte d'Ivoire remonte à 
1983. Depuis, ces relation s ont évolué, se sont intensifiées et diversifiées dans plusieurs 
domaines.  
4.523.   Ainsi, la coopération ivoiro -chinoise a permis le financement et la réalisation de plusieurs 
projets en matière d'infrastructures, de transport, d'énergie, d'alimentation en eau po table et de 
télécommunication grâce à une trentaine d'entreprises chinoises présentes en Côte d'Ivoire. Fin 
septembre 2015, les financements octroyés par la Chine représentent environ 28% des 
financements extérieurs actifs en Côte d'Ivoire.  
4.524.   Le renforcement  de l'amitié et de la coopération entre la Chine et la Côte d'Ivoire se traduit 
également par l'engagement de la Chine à contribuer à la mise en œuvre du Plan National de 
Développement 2016 -2020 de la Côte d'Ivoire, notamment dans les domaines de 
l'industr ialisation, de la modernisation agricole et des infrastructures.  
4.525.   Au regard de ce qui précède, notre délégation voudrait exprimer vivement sa 
reconnaissance à la Chine.  
4.526.   En outre, la délégation de Côte d'Ivoire salue hautement l'initiative de la Chine au ni veau 
socio-récréatif et sportif en Côte d'Ivoire concernant le projet de construction d'un stade 
olympique d'une capacité de 60.000 places au Nord d'Abidjan, don de la République Populaire de 
Chine.  
4.527.   En matière commerciale, la Chine est devenue le troisième  partenaire commercial de la 
Côte d'Ivoire après la France et le Nigeria. Les échanges globaux entre la Chine et la Côte d'Ivoire 
sont passés de 272,4 milliards de FCFA (457 millions de dollars EU) en 2011 à 773,6 milliards de 
FCFA (1,298 milliards de doll ars EU) en 2015, soit une hausse plus de 184%.  
4.528.   Les efforts fournis par la Chine à respecter ses engagements ayant trait aux règles du 
système commercial multilatéral dont l'OMC assure la gouvernance et sa contribution à son 
rayonnement sont perceptibles à  travers les rapports aussi bien du Gouvernement chinois que 
celui du Secrétariat de l'OMC. Aussi, la délégation de la Côte d'Ivoire souhaite un plein succès à 
l'examen des politiques commerciales de la Chine dont l'appui au développement de la coopération  
sud/sud est louable.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.529.   China is the world's largest trader. Sharing a border with us on the East and Southeast, 
China has been our second largest trading partner for more than two decades since our 
independence. The People's Republic of Chin a was one of the first countries to recognize the 
independence of the Kyrgyz Republic back in 1991.  
4.530.   We are pleased to see that China continues to deepen its market -oriented reforms, moving 
in the direction of liberalization and simplification of its proced ures, including customs reforms, 
which will contribute into removing of trade barriers.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.531.   As of today, our countries have signed more than 200 bilateral agreements, which set a 
certain basis in regards to legal framework, administrative processes etc. which  is allowing further 
development of a mutually beneficial relations and diversified cooperation on bilateral level, as well 
as on the regional and international levels including in the framework of Shanghai Cooperation 
Organization, the United Nations, WTO  and other international organizations.   
4.532.   With regard to bilateral trade and economic relations, it should be noted that, despite the 
difficult situation that the global economy faced in 2015, China remains one of the main trade and 
economic partners of th e Kyrgyz Republic. The volume of investment from China to Kyrgyzstan is 
approximately 30% of the total volume of direct foreign investment flowing into our Republic.  
4.533.   The high level of political mutual trust is being continuously supported and reinforced b y 
the leaders of our countries via series of reciprocal high -level visits and development of diplomatic 
relationship. In 2015, more than 80 high -level visits were held.  
4.534.   Furthermore, the Kyrgyz Republic was one of the first to officially confirm the country 's 
active participation in the revival of the Great Silk Road, which was stated by the President 
Almazbek Atambayev during his visit to China in 2014. The initiative on economic development 
framework for primarily integrating trade and investment in Eurasi a by building the Silk Road 
Economic Belt (also known as One Belt, One Road) is being considered by Kyrgyz Republic as a 
way to promote the opening up of inland and border areas as well as balanced development 
among different regions.  
4.535.   Kyrgyz Republic suppo rts China's "continuation on pressing ahead with bilateral and 
regional trade and economic cooperation". In that regard, we particularly consider very important 
the programme of cooperation between the Kyrgyz Republic and China, adopted in 2015, for the 
period from 2015 till 2025 and the cross -border cooperation Programme from 2015 till 2020, 
which provide long term measures of bilateral cooperation. Under these projects, the Kyrgyz 
Republic and China plan to actively take diverse measures to expand trade; optimize trade 
structure and the balanced development of bilateral trade; to expand and strengthen bilateral 
cooperation in the hydropower, oil and gas sectors and the mining industry; to promote the growth 
of agricultural trade; to strengthen bilateral co operation in inspection and quarantine of 
agricultural products for the monitoring and prevention of the outbreak of disease; to streamline 
the procedures of the customs clearance of perishable goods crossing the border in the framework 
of the "green corri dor"; and to create a favourable investment climate amongst others.  
4.536.   We commend China's path towards a transparent and non -discriminatory trade system, its 
dedication to which has been proven by its early acceptance of the agreement on Trade 
Facilitation.  
CAMBODIA  
4.537.   My delegation associates itself with the statement made by Indonesia on behalf of ASEAN 
and Benin on behalf of LDCs.  
4.538.   Cambodian and China enjoy a long history of friendship and cooperation. In July 1958, 
diplomatic relations were officially establis hed. In April 2006, we agreed to form a "Comprehensive 
Partnership of Cooperation." and in December 2010, the two countries upgraded our bilateral ties 
to a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Cooperation." Nowadays, the relationship between 
Cambodia a nd China is best than ever.  
4.539.   China is now the largest source of FDI and the largest trading partner with Cambodia. In 
2015, Chinese investment in Cambodia rose to US$961 million and bilateral trade between 
Cambodia and China grew to about US$4.4 billion. W e have targeted our bilateral trade to reach 
US$5 billion by 2017.  
4.540.   Cambodia and China are on the development of the Belt and Road Initiative and 
production capacity cooperation. Under this cooperation, we will further strengthen the 
infrastructure, engine ering machinery, electricity, construction materials and communications.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.541.   My delegation appreciates the good cooperation and assistance of China to both LDCs and 
Cambodia. The total loans and grants to Cambodia have reached to more than US$2 billion in the 
last 50 years.  
4.542.   My delegation also appreciates the preference provided by China. As mentioned by 
H.E Wang this morning that China has provided 97% of DFQF to 33 LDCs and in the report of 
Secretariat, as of 1 January 2015, Cambodia is one of 14 LDCs that Ch ina has provided DFQF at 
95% of our tariff lines. I take this opportunity to encourage China to expand product courage and 
product interests that we are exporting to China into their duty free list such as garment and rice. 
We strongly believe that if Chin a could include product interests of Cambodia into their duty free 
list, millions of people will be lifted out of poverty.  
4.543.   Finally, my delegation commends on the constructive role of China in helping LDCs and 
their engagements under the multilateral tradin g system. We congratulate the achievements of 
China since its fifth TPR. My delegation wishes China a successful sixth TPR.  
QATAR  
4.544.   The State of Qatar enjoys a deep and robust trade and economic relationship with the 
People's republic of China, our bilateral  trade have registered a 26 -fold increase over the past 
10 years and increased by more than 25% during the period in review and today China is Qatar's 
third largest export market and trade flows exceed US$11 billion as of 2016.  
4.545.   We expect our bilateral tra de and economic relationship to further strengthen while we 
continue to cooperate on developing the "Belt and Road" initiative. We believe that the initiative 
will be well implemented in which Qatar is willing to actively participate and step up cooperatio n 
with China. We are further pleased with the outcomes of our recent head of state visit to China, 
where our bilateral relationship was characterized as being that of a "strategic nature". Through 
the Gulf Cooperation Council we are negotiating currently a  free trade agreement with China. 
There has been a number of negotiation rounds so far, during which a number of topics was 
discussed. We expect momentum to build towards achieving a definitive agreement.  
4.546.   China's is the second largest economy in the world  and the world's largest trader, the 
economy continues to readily grow and we commend efforts undertaking to transition further into 
a consumer -based economy. China has ambitions plans for economic reforms going forward, and 
as the TPR report shows the eco nomy remains strong, resilient and diversified.  
4.547.   Since China's Last TPR and testament to the growing resilience of the Chinese economy, 
Qatar has invested more than US$10 billion in China. We expect these investments to continue 
and increase as we diversify  our investment portfolio into the East Asia region. We support the 
ongoing efforts to liberalize and increase transparency and predictability of the framework for both 
inward and outward FDI. We encourage the Chinese Government to continue to strengthen 
measures in streamlining and decentralizing FDI administration and in strengthening enforcement.  
4.548.   We further welcome China's initiatives to build a more open and transparent investment 
climate and expect our cooperation in investment policy and in joint inve stments in third countries 
to continue.  
4.549.   Qatar has further benefited from the internationalization of the Renminbi. This includes the 
establishment of a RMB clearing center initiative in Doha. The center will also make new financial 
products, denominated i n RMB, available to local and regional investors. We believe that the 
clearing center will only strengthen the existing trade and economic links between Qatar and 
China.   
4.550.   Under ambassador Yu Jianhua, China plays an integral role in the WTO and has 
demonst rated its commitment to support the multilateral trading system, we look forward to 
continuing our mutual engagement towards finding a fruitful conclusion to the Doha Development 
Agenda.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  NIGERIA  
4.551.   Nigeria is pleased to note from the report of the Government  of China that consumption 
has contributed to 60.9% of social economic growth, a rise of 11.3 percentage points over 2014. 
China has successfully realized the major transition from an economy driven mainly by investment 
and foreign trade to one mainly driv en by domestic demand, especially consumption. The situation 
continues to reflect the policy adopted by China since 2011, which is aimed at boosting domestic 
consumption thereby making it the major force driving growth.  
4.552.   Nigeria would like to note the progr ess during the period under review, as China has 
continued to implement measures aimed at improving its intellectual property rights (IPRs) 
protection regime, including amendments to laws, regulations and rules. Measures were 
introduced in the area of pate nt protection in 2014 and 2015, which included: the granting of 
design patents for graphical user interface products, the improvement of the protection of 
biological materials through patents; measures to improve the patent agency system; and 
procedures to  standardize patent protection enforcement across China. Changes were also 
introduced in the area of trademark protection related to: the protection of sound marks and 
well-known trademarks, the adoption of multiple -class registration, the protection of ex clusive 
trademark rights, the increase of penalties for trademark infringement, and the responsibility for 
trademark infringement of the operator of an Internet trading platform. In the context of 
promoting healthy foreign trade relations, Nigeria would li ke to know what efforts China is making 
on manufacture and export of counterfeit products.  
4.553.   At the bilateral level, Nigeria has long -standing relationship with China. The bilateral 
relations have been characterized by cooperation and trust between the leade rs of our two 
countries, and are set to continue to grow through the desire of our two countries to forge ahead 
in addressing the important issues that would make the world a better place to live. In this 
context, several agreements were concluded during t he recent official visit by the President and 
Commander -In-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Mr. Muhammadu Buhari and it is our hope 
that it will have a huge and positive impact on key sectors of the Nigerian economy including 
power, solid minerals , agriculture, housing and rail transportation. To further enhance 
Nigeria -China business relations in a mutually beneficial manner, about one hundred Nigerian 
businesses and three hundred Chinese firms participated in the Nigeria -China business forum 
which took place during the visit of Nigeria's President.  
4.554.   In conclusion, Nigeria considers China as an important Member of the WTO and looks 
forward to further collaboration with China in the ongoing Doha Development Agenda (DDA) 
negotiations. In this context,  we wish to acknowledge the constructive and proactive engagement 
of the delegation of China in Geneva.  
CUBA  
4.555.   Tras analizar el informe presentado por China, queremos destacar como muy positivos los 
progresos alcanzados desde su último examen, lo que ha cont ribuido no solo a mejorar la 
estabilidad de su economía, sino también de la economía mundial.  
4.556.   Por solo mencionar algunos ejemplos, debemos mencionar que China ha logrado aumentar 
su Producto Interno Bruto, el ingreso disponible per cápita y los salarios m ínimos en numerosos 
sectores nacionales.  
4.557.   Al margen de sus políticas fiscales y monetarias, estos avances podrían parecer meros 
indicadores económicos si no fueran acompañados de su alto compromiso social. El Gobierno chino 
ha ampliado su oferta de bienes y  servicios públicos, ha aumentado sus gastos fiscales para la 
mejora de las condiciones de vida de su población y ha realizado inversiones en sectores de 
impacto significativo como la seguridad social y el empleo, la atención a la salud y la educación. 
También, como parte de su política, ha promovido los servicios relacionados con el cuidado de 
ancianos, la salud, los servicios sociales y la protección del medio ambiente. Estos logros son, sin 
lugar a dudas, meritorios del más alto reconocimiento.  
4.558.   Otras acc iones se han dirigido a la reforma de los sistemas científicos y tecnológicos, 
mejorando la capacidad de innovación y estableciendo un conjunto de nuevos centros WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  tecnológicos, instituciones de investigación y laboratorios reconocidos por el estado. En 
consecuencia, su estrategia de desarrollo impulsada por la innovación, ha generado nuevos tipos 
de actividades comerciales.  
4.559.   Las cuestiones antes señaladas, demuestran que China es un país que ha sabido combinar 
adecuadamente reformas económicas y comerciales, sin dejar de acometer acciones en pos de 
mejorar las condiciones de vida de su población.  
4.560.   Incluso hoy, a pesar de sus reconocidos logros, continúa explorando alternativas para su 
mejor desempeño, mediante la creación de proyectos piloto para el tratamiento  de los impuestos, 
por ejemplo, o la creación de zonas francas experimentales, que le permitan adquirir experiencias 
y lograr su crecimiento económico.  
4.561.   Conviene mencionar que China es un país que ha apostado por el multilateralismo como 
vía para alcanzar e l desarrollo y para mejorar las oportunidades de comercio, inversión y empleo y 
ha promovido en diversos foros la reducción de las desigualdades, la conclusión de las 
negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha y la consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo de los distintos 
países, lo que da muestras de su alto compromiso con esta y otras organizaciones internacionales.  
4.562.   Además, siendo un país en desarrollo importante, ha asumido responsabilidades en 
correspondencia con su situación nacional al realizar donaciones si gnificativas al fondo de Ayuda 
para el Comercio en este marco multilateral.  
4.563.   China, a la vez que continúa trabajando por su crecimiento, ha brindado especial atención 
a la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo y en el contexto de la cooperación Sur -Sur, ha 
brindado asistencia económica y técnica a muchos de nuestros países y a los PMA para su mejor 
integración a las Cadenas Globales de Valor y el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del 
Milenio. También ha mejorado las condiciones de acceso a s u mercado para los PMA.  
4.564.   Señor Presidente, sin dudas, estamos hablando de un país que ha experimentado un 
crecimiento vertiginoso y positivo. Felicitamos a China por su dinamismo y audacia para seguir 
adelante dentro de este y otros foros internacionales y les deseamos el mejor de los éxitos en su 
examen de política comercial.  
BÉNIN  
4.565.   La délégation du Bénin, à titre national, soutient la déclaration faite par le Bénin au nom 
du Groupe des PMA et par le Maroc au nom du Groupe africain.  
4.566.   Elle remercie le Secrétar iat pour la documentation très instructive préparée et mise à la 
disposition des Membres dans le cadre du présent Examen des politiques commerciales. Ma 
délégation remercie également le Gouvernement chinois pour les informations importantes qui 
nous ont ét é fournies sur ses réalisations dans les domaines économique et commercial, depuis le 
dernier Examen de ses politiques commerciales. La délégation du Bénin se félicite des vastes 
réformes effectuées par la Chine et qui sont reflétées, à la fois, dans le ra pport de politique du 
Gouvernement et dans le rapport préparé par le Secrétariat pour cet examen.  
4.567.   La délégation du Bénin voudrait exprimer sa satisfaction pour la contribution appréciable 
de l'économie chinoise à la croissance économique mondiale en 2015, estimée à environ 25%, 
grâce à son ouverture économique continue, et aux différentes réformes menées par le 
Gouvernement chinois. Sa croissance stable, même quelque peu ralentie, représente une bonne 
nouvelle pour l'économie mondiale. En témoigne que la Ch ine absorbe plus de 15% des 
exportations de coton en provenance des PMA; a importé en 2014, environ 105 millions de tonnes 
de nourriture, notamment 19,51 millions de tonnes de céréales, 71,40 millions de tonnes de soja, 
et 8,67 millions de tonnes de manioc ; cette part n'a cessé d'augmenter entre 2011 et 2015.  
4.568.   La délégation du Bénin voudrait inviter la Chine à poursuivre ses réformes, notamment 
celles relatives au régime administratif d'examen et d'approbation, au régime des entreprises, au 
régime d'examen d'approbation des investissements, aux entreprises publiques et développement 
de l'économie privée, au régime budgétaire et fiscale, et au système financier.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  4.569.   Sur le plan des échanges commerciaux, la délégation du Bénin note que depuis 2014, la 
Chine contin ue de faire de progrès substantiel dans le cadre du commerce extérieur et des 
investissements bidirectionnels. Ainsi, les importations et les exportations chinoises de 
marchandises sont classées au premier rang mondial pour la troisième année consécutive d epuis 
2013, et le commerce général a représenté 53,4% du total des exportations et 54,9% du total des 
importations, en 2015. La Chine a également diversifié ses partenaires commerciaux, ainsi que le 
volume des échanges avec ses partenaires, les entreprises  privées ont continué d'enregistrer des 
résultats supérieurs à la moyenne, notamment dans le secteur des services.  
4.570.   Dans cette même dynamique, la Chine a construit des partenariats économiques et 
commerciaux mutuellement avantageux et gagnant -gagnant, avec  l'établissement des zones de 
libre-échange pilotes.  
4.571.   L'attachement de la Chine au système commercial multilatéral, notamment à la conclusion 
du Cycle de négociation commerciale de Doha, et l'amélioration de la coopération sud -sud sont 
autant d'engagement q ue ma délégation voudrait saluer.  
4.572.   Au titre de la coopération bilatérale, la délégation du Bénin voudrait saluer le partenariat 
qui existe si heureusement entre nos deux pays depuis 1964, et qui continue de se renforcer pour 
la réduction de la pauvreté, et contribuer à poser fondamentalement les bases structurelles et 
infrastructurelles du développement économique du Bénin.  
4.573.   Á ce sujet, la dynamique fort appréciée de la coopération entre la Chine et le Bénin s'est 
traduite par une centaine d'accords de dons et de prêts sans intérêts et de prêts préférentiels 
relatifs à des projets sociaux économiques divers sur la période de 2006 à 2016, évalués à plus 
6,5 milliards de yuans RMB. Grâce à cette coopération, des infrastructures routières ont été 
construites sur  des axes stratégiques facilitant ainsi les échanges commerciaux intra et 
internationaux, la construction des usines, et des infrastructures sociales, sanitaires, éducatives, et 
administratives ont été réalisées.  
4.574.   Le niveau élevé des échanges commerciaux e ntre nos deux pays s'est renforcé avec la 
construction, à Cotonou, du Centre chinois de développement économique et commercial, dont 
l'extension est en cours, pour servir de hub des échanges entre la Chine et la sous -région ouest 
africaine.  
4.575.   Permettez -moi de souligner l'accompagnement bien apprécié dont la délégation du Bénin a 
bénéficié de la Mission permanente de la Chine auprès de l'OMC depuis que mon pays exerce le 
rôle de Coordonnateur du Groupe des PMA. Ma délégation apprécie à sa juste valeur cet 
accompagnement et espère en bénéficier davantage.  
4.576.   Pour terminer, ma délégation remercie la Chine pour son accompagnement aux efforts de 
développement socioéconomique du Bénin, souhaite plein succès à la Chine, et un examen réussi 
de ses politiques commerciale s. WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF CHINA A ND ADDITIONAL COMMEN TS 
5.1.  Good morning. At the meeting on 20 July, Madam Chair, discussant Ambassador McCormick 
and 57 members presented constructive views and comments on the development of China's 
economic and tra de policies since the last review. On behalf of the delegation of China, I would like 
to thank you all for the valuable contributions.  
5.2.  I also appreciate your good words and encouragement on China's economic progress, reform 
and opening -up measures, partici pation in the global economic governance and assumption of the 
international responsibilities.  
5.3.  Now, I would like to make responses and clarifications to the major issues and concerns 
raised by Members in the first session.  
No. 1, with regard to transparen cy 
5.4.  Public participation in legislation has been further improved. The Legislation Law of the 
People's Republic of China was revised in March 2015. It specified the principle of legislation 
publicity. Articles 37 and 67 of the Legislation Law provide for so licitation of public comments on 
draft laws and administrative regulations respectively. Except for cases that need be kept 
confidential according to law, all drafts of administrative regulations and departmental rules have 
been made available on the China  Legislative Information Network (www.chinalaw.gov.cn) for 
public comments. In the field of commerce, the Ministry of Commerce publishes 80 issues of China 
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Gazette annually. The Gazette can be subscribed through 
mail and is published on the website of MOFCOM, with over 3.9 million page views annually. In 
2015, the Gazette published 49 documents for public opinions; it has also started publishing local 
documents as well.  
5.5.  The relevant institutional arrangements on transl ation have been further improved. Besides 
the existing arrangements on the translation of trade -related laws and regulations, the General 
Office of the State Council of China issued, in March 2015, the Notice on Enhancing the Work of 
Translating Trade -related Departmental Rules into English. The notice regulates the translation and 
publication of the English versions of trade -related departmental rules.  
5.6.  Important and positive progress has been made on notification. Since the last review, China 
has submitted  Notification on Subsidies at the Central Government Level covering five years 
(including some subsidy programmes on agriculture and fisheries), Notification on Subsidies at 
Sub-central Government Level covering 14 years, Notification on State Trading Ente rprises 
covering 11 years, Notification on Quantitative Restrictions covering 5 years, all updated to 2014. 
China also submitted Notification on Agricultural Domestic Support for the year 2009 and 2010, 
Notification on Agricultural Export Competition as we ll as Notification on Agricultural Imports under 
Tariff-Rate Quotas for 2013 and 2014, and China made nearly 600 TBT and SPS notifications in the 
review period.  
5.7.  China has almost completed Notification on Agricultural Domestic Support for 2011 and 2012 
and China will submit it as soon as possible. China is also preparing the notification on agricultural 
domestic support for 2013 and 2014.  
No.2, with regard to the state -owned enterprises and subsidies  
5.8.  Since the last review, China has continued to deepen the r eform of state -owned enterprises 
(SOEs). In August 2015, The Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Reform of SOEs were released, 
making clear the orientation of the SOEs reform towards that of socialist market economy.  
5.9.  The Chinese Government attaches great imp ortance to the fair and equitable participation of 
SOEs in the market competition. Following over 30 years' reform, SOEs in China have seen 
profound changes in their management system and operating mechanism. SOEs have been 
integrated into the market econo my and become independent participants of market competition. 
The corporate governance structure of SOEs has been rapidly improved. And the market -oriented 
reform of SOEs' operating mechanism has been pushed into further depth. SOEs enjoy no privilege WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  whatsoever in obtaining assets, in bankruptcy and in competition legislation, and SOEs are subject 
to the same rules and laws as other enterprises.  
5.10.   China explicitly encourages private capital, collective capital and foreign capital to join the 
diversified owne rship reform of the SOEs. By the end of last year, 67.7% of central SOEs have 
mixed ownership structures. More than 80% of SOEs and more than 90% of central SOEs and 
their subsidiaries nationwide have been restructured.  
5.11.   In 2015, export by SOEs in China to ok up only 10.6% in China's total export.  
5.12.   Industrial policies apply equally to all market players. Industrial policies only offer indicative 
guide for the future development directions of industries. They do not designate priority industries, 
nor do they r epresent a means of Government intervention in the economy.  
No. 3, with regard to the IPR protection  
5.13.   The Government of China takes very seriously IPR legislation, judicial work and enforcement 
as well as the building of a long -term mechanism for IPR protec tion. During the review period, the 
number of member institutions under the leading group chaired by the Vice -Premier of the State 
Council increased from 26 to 30.  
5.14.   As regards judicial work, three IPR courts were established in Beijing, Shanghai and 
Guangzh ou in 2014. China is currently studying the establishment of a state -level higher court for 
IPR to govern patents and other related technical cases.  
5.15.   As regards enforcement, "Qingfeng" (meaning "clear wind") Action has achieved initial 
results after impleme ntation of over one year. China has established a relatively complete 
enforcement and monitoring mechanism on export goods. China has also launched an overseas 
monitoring network on exported products for cracking down on counterfeit goods and safeguarding 
IPR. China has carried out online exchange and processing of digital certificate data and 
information with countries like New Zealand and Australia. China has also signed cooperation 
agreements on digital certificates with ten countries. The export of infr inging and counterfeited 
goods is effectively restrained and the quality of exported goods is further improved.  
5.16.   In 2014 and 2015, Chinese customs detained respectively 24,000 and 23,000 batches of 
imported and exported goods suspected of infringing upon IP  rights. According to incomplete 
statistics, in the first half of 2016, Chinese customs seized 4,529 batches of infringing goods. The 
inspection and quarantine authorities cracked down on more than 100 illegal cases of importing 
and exporting goods worth 3 00 million RMB yuan, involving more than 180,000 pieces of goods.  
No.4, with regard to overcapacity  
5.17.   The consensus reached at the G20 trade ministers' meeting is that overcapacity results from 
both cyclical as well as structural factors. Overcapacity is a g lobal problem calling for joint efforts 
of all countries.  
5.18.   Talking about steel, China has, since 2012, eliminated steel capacity that could not meet the 
requirements according to laws and regulations, through strict implementation of laws and 
regulations on  environmental protection, energy consumption, quality, safety and technology. 
During the Twelfth Five -Year Plan period, China accumulatively closed down backward production 
capacities of 90 million tonnes in the iron and steel sector, about 660 million to nnes in cement and 
roughly 2.05 million tonnes in electrolytic aluminum. In the next five years, another 100 to 150 
million tonnes of steel and iron capacity will be reduced. These are all substantial contributions 
made by China in addressing this global d aunting challenge.  
5.19.   In 2015, the utilization rate of the production capacity for crude steel in China was 71.2%, 
higher than the global average of about 68 -69%. In recent years, 15% of China's steel products 
are exported on average, while internationally s peaking, the average proportion of exported steel 
by various countries stood at 30%. That indicates that China's steel industry is predominantly 
aimed at domestic market.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.20.   We therefore call upon all Members with the issue of overcapacity to work together a nd to 
rise up to the difficulties and challenges collectively.  
No. 5, with regard to TBT, SPS and other non -tariff measures  
5.21.   China earnestly fulfils its commitments under the TBT and SPS Agreements. China adopts 
and implements TBT and SPS measures based on transparent, science -based and 
non-discriminatory principles.  
5.22.   From 2014 to 2015, China notified 160 TBT measures and 406 SPS measures to the WTO. 
China leads the WTO Members by total number of notifications with regard to TBT and SPS 
measures. In the same period, China offered a review period of no less than 60 days to more than 
95% of its TBT measures and 100% of its SPS measures. China, without being modest, is the 
best-performing WTO Member in offering the 60 -day review period.  
5.23.   China is highly committed to adopting its TBT/SPS measures based on relevant international 
standards and scientific risk evaluations. By the end of 2014, China had adopted the international 
standards for 74.3% of its total mandatory standards and 75.2% of its voluntary standards. 
Compared with the statistics before 2013, the two figures increased by 5.3 and 1.5 percentage 
points respectively.  
5.24.   TBT/SPS measures are one of the largest barriers impeding China's exports as well. China 
stands ready for more exchanges and cooperation with  other Members on further promoting trade 
facilitation in terms of TBT/SPS measures.  
No. 6, with regard to environment and institutional arrangements for foreign direct 
investment (FDI)  
5.25.   China has all along attached great importance to the absorption of FD I. By further opening 
up, China has relaxed market access restrictions for foreign investment, enhanced protection of 
the legitimate rights and interests of foreign -invested enterprises and endeavoured to build an 
open, transparent and predicable investmen t environment for foreign businesses. Many WTO 
Members have mentioned in their interventions that China is their largest or primary FDI 
destination. In 2015, China saw a new high in its inward FDI. These testify to the attractiveness of 
China to foreign ca pital, and that China's environment for foreign investment is constantly 
improving.  
5.26.   China is vigorously promoting investment facilitation. A foreign investment management 
modality featuring pre -establishment national treatment plus a negative list has been  launched on 
a trial basis in the Pilot Free Trade Zones, and this experiment has generated good effects. 
Between January and May this year, over 99% of foreign invested enterprises in FTZs were 
established after a simple filing, without going through revi ew and approval procedures. China is 
evaluating at the moment its pilot experience in the FTZs and will extend the practice of negative 
list plus pre -establishment national treatment nationwide eventually. I don't think this process will 
be very long.  
5.27.   Some  Members asked about the relations between the negative list for market access and 
the negative list for foreign investment. The answer is that the negative list for market access 
represents the same management measures applicable to both domestic and fore ign investors, 
while the negative list for foreign investment includes management measures that only apply to 
investments by foreign investors in China. In other words, the latter represents special 
management measures for the market access of foreign inve stment.  
No. 7, with regard to China's participation in the Multilateral Trading System  
5.28.   As to the implementation of the outcome of the Information Technology Agreement 
expansion talks, China has already started its internal review and approval process. Afte r 
completing the domestic procedures, China will implement the outcome of the negotiations as 
early as possible.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.29.   With regard to the EGA negotiations, China stands ready to work with all participating 
parties, to address the core concerns of all parties and  conclude the negotiations with best 
endeavour before the end of this year.  
5.30.   As to the GPA negotiations, China submitted its sixth offer in December 2014, and has since 
been actively conducting bilateral and multilateral negotiations with its contracting pa rties. China is 
also conducting evaluation and preparatory work for further improvement of the offer.  
5.31.   A few Members have asked about the conversion of non -ad valorem  rates into ad valorem  
rates for some tariff lines. After China's accession to the WTO, Ch ina's applied specific rates are 
strictly converted according to the committed ad valorem  rates and based on the annual average 
import prices of the previous few years. Specific rates are recalculated regularly to ensure that 
tariff rates do not exceed the  committed bound level of ad valorem  rates. We are willing to further 
exchange views with the Members concerned over this matter. I want to emphasize that China has 
no intention whatsoever not to implement its obligations.  
5.32.   As to the relations between advan cing regional trade arrangements and negotiations on 
multilateral trade rules, China always regards the multilateral trading system as the key channel, 
while regional and bilateral arrangements serve as its useful supplement. They both are conducive 
to con stantly improving the level of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation.  
5.33.   Madam Chair, this roughly concludes my responses to the major comments and questions 
raised in the first session of the review. We have already prepared written answers to  the advance 
questions raised by Members before 6 July, and we will reply to those raised afterwards soon after 
this meeting. Thank you very much.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.34.   I will begin by thanking Vice Minister Wang Shouwen for his responses to the huge range of 
issues raised by Members during the first day of this TPR, and to China more broadly for the 
answers to the many questions posed by Members. China's active participation in this TPR shows 
how seriously China takes this important transparency exercise and is yet a nother sign of its 
strong commitment to the WTO. I also thank the Membership for the very keen interest shown in 
China's TPR.  
5.35.   This week we have had both a record number of questions and a record number of 
interventions by Members. This highlights the impor tance that all Members attach to China's 
economic and trade developments. It is clear that WTO Members see China's success and their 
own success as being part of the same future. It is a sign both of China's status in the WTO, its 
global significance econo mically and for trade and investment. But, more than that, it is also a 
reflection of the growing expectation from WTO Members that China will not only benefit from its 
membership of the WTO but also take on an increasing leadership role in defining the fu ture 
success of the open, predictable and rules -based multilateral trading system.  
5.36.   I heard a great deal of appreciation by Members for China's contributions and commitment 
to the WTO, including through aid for trade, technical assistance, and China's effor ts to assist the 
LDCs. China's leadership shown through its Chairing of APEC and now the G20, its role in 
delivering the outcomes at MC10 in Nairobi, were all examples of how China has been 
demonstrating its commitment to the global trading system and it w as all very welcomed.  
5.37.   I won't go through in detail just how broad were the areas of interest and specific concerns 
raised by Members in their questions and statements. This reflects again the significance of China's 
future for the future success of the res t of the WTO Membership. There is virtually no area where 
developments in China do not have an impact on other Members. Many of the questions revealed 
what seems to be a joint interest with the Chinese Government in delivering a more open Chinese 
economy. I think we have had a clear sign of the interest that Members have in 4 core areas:  
1) a continuing desire for more transparency in China's business and policy environment, as 
well as updated WTO notifications;  
2) a greater role for the market to allocate resour ces;  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  3) a desire for more predictability and fairness when competing with Chinese SOEs; and  
4) more predictable and consultative systems for setting regulations and standards, and a 
greater reliance on relevant international standards, as well as science -based decision 
making in the area of human, animal and plant health standards .  
5.38.   Members were very supportive of many of the directions for future reform set by the 
Chinese authorities but they also had questions and observations about how important it is to 
ensure that reforms are implemented, and the pace at which reform is delivered.  
5.39.   I hope that the benefits of this TPR will not finish today but that China will take home the 
comments and, observations and suggestions by Members for further reflection, and possi bly as 
inputs for China's future reform efforts.  
5.40.   Again, thank you for your contribution today Vice Minister, we had very successful two days 
in this Trade Policy Review process.  
GABON  
5.41.   Ma délégation s'associe à la déclaration faite par le Maroc au nom du G roupe africain.  
5.42.   Le rapport présenté par la Chine démontre que le développement économique et 
commercial de la Chine se poursuit et ce, malgré le ralentissement de la croissance mondiale 
marquée par la faiblesse des échanges et la baisse des prix des produi ts de base.  
5.43.   En effet, la Chine a mis en œuvre une stratégie de développement axée sur l'innovation et 
l'entreprenariat et a vu son PIB augmenté de 7,3% et de 6,9% au cours de ces deux dernières 
années et une hausse de 45,9% des entreprises créées en 2014 e t de 22% en 2015, conséquence 
de l'appui du Gouvernement chinois aux PME ainsi que l'ouverture de son marché aux capitaux 
privés notamment les banques.  
5.44.   Mon pays se félicite des réformes menées par la Chine dans divers secteurs d'activités 
économiques, de s on attachement au système commercial multilatéral conduit par l'OMC ainsi que 
de ses efforts inlassables pour l'aboutissement du PDD.  
5.45.   Le Gabon se réjouit des excellentes relations de coopération qu'entretiennent les deux pays. 
Celles -ci se développent de f açon durable et stable sous l'égide de nos plus hautes autorités, 
S.E. M. Ali Bongo Ondimba, Président de la République gabonaise et S.E. M. Xi Jinping, Président 
de la République populaire de Chine.  
5.46.   Le Gabon et la Chine ont célébré le 40ème anniversaire d e l'établissement de leurs relations 
diplomatiques en 2014.  
5.47.   Aujourd'hui, près d'une trentaine d'entreprises chinoises opèrent dans mon pays notamment 
dans des secteurs comme la santé, les mines, l'exploitation forestière, l'hôtellerie, la restauration, 
la pêche et bien d'autres domaines. La Chine est le troisième fournisseur du Gabon avec un 
volume d'importation de 8,6% et le volume d'exportation des produits gabonais vers la Chine est 
de 14,2%.  
5.48.   Le niveau d'échange entre nos deux pays est tel que ces relati ons s'imposent comme un 
modèle en matière de coopération sud -sud. 
5.49.   La diversification de l'économie gabonaise est l'une des priorités du Chef de l'État déclinée 
dans son programme pour l'égalité des chances et la Chine est l'un des partenaires de 
l'accéléra tion de ce processus de diversification.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.50.   Today, we would like to offer a few comments in light of the discussion that took place on 
Wednesday and also explain the concerns that underlie some of our more important follow -up 
questions.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.51.   On Wedne sday, in its opening remarks, China described many economic reforms that China 
is or will be pursuing.  
5.52.   We are supportive of these reforms, particularly China's supply -side structural reforms, 
which are largely targeted at addressing excess capacity. As is reflected in comments made on 
Wednesday by the United States and several other WTO Members, it is critical that China take 
concrete steps to help tackle this global problem, like enterprises in the United States and 
elsewhere have been doing.  
5.53.   We also would  like to comment on certain other statements made by China in its opening 
remarks.  
5.54.   First, China stated that it strictly implemented every WTO ruling against it.  
5.55.   Up until perhaps 2012, we would have agreed that China had a very good track record in 
complyin g with adverse WTO rulings. But in recent years, problems have arisen.  
5.56.   In DS414, the dispute involving China's antidumping and countervailing duties on imports of 
U.S. grain oriented electrical steel, the United States initiated a proceeding under Article 21.5 of 
the DSU in 2014 challenging China's redetermination as not in compliance with panel and 
Appellate Body findings. The panel handling the compliance proceeding subsequently ruled that 
China had not complied with these findings.  
5.57.   In DS427, the dispute involving China's antidumping and countervailing duties on imports of 
U.S. chicken broiler products, the United States initiated a similar proceeding under Article 21.5 of 
the DSU earlier this year in which it is in the process of challenging another Chine se 
redetermination as not in compliance with the panel's findings.  
5.58.   Meanwhile, in DS413, the China -Electronic Payment Services dispute, China agreed to 
comply by 31 July 2013, nearly three years ago. China did remove or revise certain WTO -
inconsistent measu res by that deadline, but at the same time it also imposed a new requirement 
that continues to block foreign suppliers of electronic payment services from China's market. That 
is, China imposed a new licensing requirement on electronic payment services sup pliers, but it did 
not establish an actual process for these suppliers to obtain licences. Last month, China finally did 
issue the necessary licensing regulations, but questions remain as to how they will be 
implemented.  
5.59.   In particular, according to respons es that China provided to questions that the United States 
submitted in connection with China's Trade Policy Review, it now appears that a national security 
review may be required for a greenfield investment by a wholly foreign -owned supplier of 
electronic  payment services seeking a licence.  
5.60.   This is a troubling development, if China in fact will be requiring national security reviews 
even when a foreign supplier of electronic payment services is not acquiring any ownership 
interest in a domestic enterprise.  
5.61.   This apparent expansion of the scope of China's national security review system is indicative 
of a serious systemic concern that underlies the investment liberalization that China touted in its 
opening markets.  
5.62.   That is, China explains that it has been eli minating approval requirements and removing or 
easing investment restrictions in various services sectors. However, these improvements are not 
so real, if China begins to use its national security review system to maintain many of these same 
restrictions o r to impose new restrictions at its discretion. By its terms, China's national security 
review system already goes beyond traditional notions of national security by including, for 
example, economic security. More recently, China has begun to expand the sc ope of its national 
security review system to include greenfield investments, as China already has done in Pilot Free 
Trade Zones and is contemplating doing more broadly in its draft Foreign Investment Law. This 
trend is troubling, and if it continues, it will call into question China's stated commitment to 
investment liberalization and will discourage new investment by foreign investors.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.63.   On this issue, we submitted several follow -up questions for China to answer.  
5.64.   Turning to other follow -up questions, we no te that several of them deal with China's 
subsidization practices. In this regard, two key areas of inquiry for the United States are China's 
fisheries subsidies and subsidies provided to China's integrated circuit industry.  
5.65.   At the same time, we welcome Ch ina's first notification of sub -central government 
subsidies, submitted on Wednesday and covering the years 2001 through 2014. Although we have 
not yet had an opportunity to review this notification, we expect that it will be quite long, given 
that the Uni ted States over the years has successfully challenged hundreds of subsidy measures 
maintained by sub -central governments in China using the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism 
and the United States also has identified these and many other sub -central govern ment subsidy 
measures through submissions under Articles 25.8 and 25.10 of the SCM Agreement.  
5.66.   One other notable area addressed by our follow -up questions is transparency.  
5.67.   On a positive note, we are encouraged by China's statement in response to one of our 
questions that it has established an "institutional arrangement… for the translation of English 
versions of trade -related laws, regulations and departmental rules". We have asked several follow -
up questions trying to learn more about his new arrangement an d, in particular, when it will be 
fully operational. We are confident that U.S. and other foreign companies will find it much easier to 
understand and navigate China's business and regulatory environment once China routinely 
translates trade -related laws, regulations and departmental rules into English, and once that 
happens, we are equally confident that Chinese companies will benefit as well.  
5.68.   Thank you Chair. That concludes our comments.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.69.   Let me first express our sincere appreciation to the Chinese delegation for the timely replies 
they have provided to the advance written question submitted by the EU. This is specially 
appreciated considering the very high number of questions that China received from WTO 
Members during this review which is s urely a demonstration of China's importance in the global 
trade system.  
5.70.   Today, we would just like to briefly present some comments and observations on the review 
so far and also briefly present some follow -up questions.  
5.71.   Let me begin with our comments on s ome of the main issues:  
5.72.   First of all, the statements we have heard on the first day of this exercise all reflected the 
importance of China to the Members' economies, as the world's largest trader, and the most 
important trading partner for many here. Many statements echoed the discussant's reminder that 
China's size means it must be cognizant of the effect it has on the Members, and the global 
repercussions its actions.  
5.73.   This becomes even more pertinent given China's undertaking to upgrade and transform its 
economy against the backdrop of having entered a "new normal" phase of its development. A 
number of statements, while commending China's ambitions to undertake market driven reforms, 
expressed concern at where these reforms currently stand, and where they are headed. 
Overcapacity, raised by a number of Members, is just one example of this.  
5.74.   Furthermore, it is clear that Members welcome China to play a role in the WTO 
commensurate to its size, both with regards to the multilateral process, as to China's invol vement 
in plurilaterals.  
5.75.   Transparency, and the importance that China honours its transparency commitments, was 
another recurrent theme. Though we welcome the news from Vice Minister Wang that China had 
submitted a full list of its sub -central subsidies, th ere is still a need for China to improve its record 
of notifications, in line with the commitment taken at the recent G20 Trade Ministers' meeting.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.76.   In keeping with the theme of transparency, it is in this spirit that we have submitted some 
follow -up questi ons. The main issues where the EU seeks additional information and clarification 
are the following:  
 First, given that we have found that not all responses provided the information we had been 
hoping for, we are reiterating our request for information on le gislation, policy orientations 
and timelines for reforms where none were provided: for example on investment approval 
procedures, overcapacity, state -owned enterprises, and intellectual property rights.  
 Second, on agriculture and SPS: we have submitted que stions related to food safety and 
certification.  
 Third, on public procurement: questions on national legislation related to China's GPA 
accession.  
5.77.   Furthermore, the EU is taking the opportunity to submit one additional question on China's 
new cooperation fu nd with Africa.  
5.78.   As usual, we have submitted our follow -up questions in writing through the Secretariat, and 
we look forward to receiving the replies to these questions within one month of the meeting.  
5.79.   Finally, let me again express our appreciation to the w hole delegation of China for their 
presence here, their participation in this important exercise and for the contributions presented 
during this sixth Trade Policy Review of China.  
JAPAN  
5.80.   Japan would like to express our sincere appreciation for the efforts made by the Chinese 
delegation to provide us with informative oral explanations regarding our concerns. We also 
appreciate the contribution from the discussant, Ambassador Hamish McCormick.  
5.81.   Japan has submitted follow -up questions in a written format, regar ding customs procedures, 
audiovisual services, enterprise standards, cosmetics, cyber security measures, advertising 
services, and the tax on passenger luggage and private goods, which include requests for:  
 Confirmation of the consistency between the speci fic measures on services and the China's 
GATS commitments; and  
 Further explanation on the tax on passenger luggage and private goods.  
 
5.82.   We are looking forward to receiving answers to the questions in due course.  
5.83.   Finally, we hope the views and opinions expre ssed by Members during this TPR will help 
China to advance its reforms.  
CANADA  
5.84.   My thanks go to the Vice Minister for his comments this morning, many of which touched on 
issues of interest to Canada. We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to the en tire Chinese 
delegation for their very hard work. We had a chance to review the responses to our many 
questions and were impressed both with their timeliness and completeness. So, congratulations to 
all for a job well done and a lot of hard work.  
5.85.   We will b e submitting a small number of follow -up questions later today focused largely on 
standards and technical regulations. Congratulations again. Thank you.  
JAMAICA  
5.86.   The delegation of Jamaica welcomes Vice Minister Shouwen and the entire delegation of 
China to the WTO. We note the importance that China places on the Trade Policy Review process 
as evidenced by its strong contingent to this review meeting. We also note the importance of 
China as a major trading partner. This is indicated by the large number of que stions they have 
received and the number of delegations represented during the course of this two days of review.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  5.87.   Jamaica recognizes the long and solid trade and diplomatic relationship which we share with 
China. Indeed, we are sure and is not surprising t o other Members that China currently counts 
among the main trading partners.  
5.88.   The delegation of Jamaica also welcomes China's engagement in this sixth review process 
under the WTO review mechanism. We wish to take this opportunity to congratulate China for a 
successful completion of its sixth Review.  
VICE  MINISTER  WANG  SHOUWEN  (HEAD  OF THE DELEGATION)  
5.89.   On behalf of the Chinese delegation, I would like to, once again, thank the WTO Secretariat, 
Madam Chair yourself, Mr. McCormick and all the Members for your attention to this review and for 
your support for China's economic and trade development, as well as its reforms and its 
opening -up efforts.  
5.90.   China will continue to adhere to the innovative, coordinated, green and open economy and 
develop the contact with o ur partners to further reform and open -up. China will join hands with 
other WTO Members in upholding the multilateral trading system to help sustain the role of the 
WTO as a main channel for global trade governance and to make its due contributions to the cause 
of the world trade and economic recovery.  
5.91.   As my colleagues and I are going back to Beijing with a record number of questions to 
answer and to think over, we are wishing you and all our colleagues a happy summer break.  WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIR PERSON  
6.1.  This Trade Policy Review has provided an excellent opportunity for us to better understand 
China's trade and investment policies. I would like to thank, once again, Vice Minister Wang 
Shouwen and his delegation for their constructive engagement thro ughout this exercise. I would 
also like to thank our discussant, Ambassador McCormick, for his insightful remarks; and the more 
than 60 delegations which had taken the floor for their active participation.  
6.2.  During the discussion, Members were informed of re cent policy developments in the broader 
macroeconomic context. Members noted that while China's real GDP growth had slowed down 
since 2013, it had remained at a relatively healthy level of 6.5% to 7% a year, supported mainly 
by strong domestic demand. Acco rding to the authorities, the Chinese economy is undergoing a 
structural shift towards a "New Normal", under which economic growth will be led by the services 
sector and knowledge -based industries. Some Members were of the view that this transformation 
would require a more market -oriented approach to investment and resource allocation. They 
commended China for pursuing structural reforms which aimed at allowing the market to play a 
more decisive role. They welcomed initiatives such as establishing more Pilo t Free Trade Zones 
and streamlining customs procedures; and sought more information on the specific measures. 
However, some Members perceived the reforms as having slowed down and not being as extensive 
as they should be, such that market forces were under mined in various sectors.  
6.3.  For instance, barriers to foreign investment still persisted, especially in areas considered of 
strategic importance or related to national security. Concerns had been raised regarding the 
prohibition of foreign investment in fil m production; distribution and exhibition; regulation of the 
circulation of foreign audiovisual content; standards for banking and insurance; and market access 
in telecommunications and financial services. Members hoped to see a more open, predictable and 
transparent foreign direct investment (FDI) regime, which would help China fully reap the benefits 
of FDI, and of the fast -growing services sector, as main drivers of growth and development. 
Members also encouraged China to continue stepping up its protect ion of intellectual property 
rights, which was considered fundamental to attracting FDI.  
6.4.  Members observed that the State continued to play a very active role in China's economy, 
providing domestic industries (including those controlled by state -owned enter prises) with various 
support measures, such as credit. Members raised questions about China's support and subsidy 
policies; the use of export restrictions; import tariffs; tariff quota administration; and other 
measures which could distort market operation s. They were interested in knowing how China 
would deal with overcapacity in certain sectors such as steel, which has become a global concern. 
Other concerns expressed by Members included the use of technical requirements that diverged 
from international s tandards and the unpredictability of its application, as well as the scientific 
justification of certain sanitary and phytosanitary measures.  
6.5.  China being the biggest merchandise trader in the world; one of the largest recipients of FDI; 
and the top tradin g partner of over 120 countries and regions, its policies can have a huge impact 
on the global economy. As the Discussant so aptly put it, there is virtually no area where 
developments in China do not have an impact on other WTO Members. Hence, Members cal l upon 
China to assume the increased responsibility linked with being a major player in the multilateral 
trading system.  
6.6.  In this regard, China was congratulated on having opened its market to products from LDCs, 
and for its leading role in South -South coop eration. Members also commended China for its 
participation in the expanded Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and the Environmental 
Goods Agreement negotiations, and looked forward to the implementation of China's commitments 
under the expanded ITA an d the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Members welcomed China's latest 
offer for its accession to the Agreement on Government Procurement, and encouraged it to make 
further efforts to conclude the negotiations. China was also commended for the restraint shown  
during the period in the use of contingency measures.  
6.7.  As in the last Review, China was encouraged to increase the transparency of its trade policy 
regime. Members highlighted the importance of fulfilling WTO commitments, in particular the 
notification obl igations. In this regard, Members welcomed China's recent notification on sub 
central level government subsidies and its other updates. Some urged China to publish all laws, WT/TPR/W/111  • China  
 
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  regulations and other measures related to trade, and make them available in a WTO official 
language.  
6.8.  China has received over 1,800 advance written questions, and has already responded to 
most of them. This TPR will be successfully concluded in a month's time, when China replies to all 
outstanding questions. I hope that China will find M embers' comments useful and constructive in 
its pursuit of economic and trade reforms. At the same time, I believe Members will feel 
encouraged by China's commitments to: ensuring the fair and equitable participation of 
state-owned enterprises in market co mpetition; building a better mechanism for intellectual 
property right protection; working with all Members to address the problem of overcapacity; and 
vigorously promoting investment facilitation, as highlighted in  the Vice Minister's response. I 
believe Members will look forward to witnessing the fruit of these efforts.  
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