WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
IP/C/W/580 
16 October 2012  
 
(12-5611) 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of 
Intellectual Property Rights Original:   English 
 
 
 
REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
 
JAPAN 
 
 The following communication, dated 28 Septem ber 2012, from the delegation of Japan is 
being circulated pursuant to paragraph 1 of the Decision on Implementation of Article 66.2 of the 
TRIPS Agreement (IP/C/28).  
 Communications from other developed country Me mbers will be circulated as addenda to this 
document.  
_______________ 
 
 
1. The Government of Japan has been conductin g development cooperation activities in many 
fields.  One of the most important objectives of th e cooperation activities is to promote and encourage 
the transfer of technology. 
2. Japan understands that incentive for technology transfer should be interpreted to include 
variety of measures such as financial support a nd support for business environment and that support 
for business environment by strengthening intellectua l property protection is one of the effective 
measures to promote technology transfer by privat e sectors.  Based on this understanding, Japan has 
provided many incentive measures.  
3. With regard to the incentives that Japan provi des enterprises and ins titutions in Japan, the 
Government of Japan would like to report on the following activities.  The Government of Japan believes that the following activities contribute to ra ising the level of technological infrastructure in 
the least developed countries (LDCs), which will bring about further technology transfer. 
I. SPECIAL INITIATIVES 
A. A
ID FOR TRADE  
4. Japan has carried out its Aid for Trade Initiativ es under the title of the Development Initiative 
for Trade for two consecutive periods, under wh ich Japan has implemented comprehensive and 
tailored assistance by combining various tools incl uding ODA and other measures to improve market 
access for LDC products in each stage of trade - "to produce", "to sell", and "to buy".  For the first 
phase of 2006-08, Japan announced, prior to th e 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, the 
promotion of Aid for Trade related measures and fully implemented the first initiative containing 
provision of US$10 billion of financial assistance in cluding trade, production a nd distribution and the 
exchange of a total of 10 thousand trainees and expe rts in trade-related fields over the same period. 
Upon the successful results of the above-mentione d first initiative, Japan announced a new AfT 
strategy, 'Development Initiative for Trade 2009' in July 2009.  Its main pillar is US$12 billion of IP/C/W/580 
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  financial assistance for trade-related projects includi ng technical assistance for 40 thousand persons in 
total for 3 years from 2009 to 2011.  
II. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF  PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR 
5. As the provision of good-quality medicines form the foundation of healthcare, it has become a 
important task to establish a system that can consis tently ensure the availability of quality, safe and 
efficacious medicines in developing countries.  
6. Furthermore, the spread of substandard/s purious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit 
(SSFFC) pharmaceutical products is a great public hea lth problem, as it not only threatens the health 
of individual users but also leads to waste of  public resources and/or to the risk of spawning 
drug-resistant strains of bacteria.  As such, st rengthening measures to combat the distribution of 
SSFFC pharmaceutical products is also of great importance. 
7. From these perspectives, the Government of Jap an, through the JICA and Japan International 
Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS), conducts  the following training programmes in order to 
develop and reinforce specialist personnel e ngaged in pharmaceutical regulatory services: 
Training Programme for Good Governance of Medici nes for Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authorities 
in Developing Countries 
8. This training programme is to develop human  resources in the planning and implementation 
of pharmaceutical administration in the respective countries referring to the system and experiences 
by Japan and information from attending countr ies.  The programme includes presentations on 
pharmaceutical administration and related services in  Japan, study visits to related facilities and 
lectures, with an aim of building up pharmaceutical  administration in developing countries as well as 
information sharing among participants to pr omote mutual understanding in the field of 
pharmaceutical administration.  In FY 2011, Japan welcomed nine participants from six different 
developing countries:  China, Iraq, Indo nesia, Lao PDR, Philippines and Malaysia. 
Training Programme on Manufacturing Cont rol of Essential Medicines - GMP Course 
9. This training programme is to develop human resources in the planning and administration of 
quality control in line with the GMP concept and the quality assurance of essential medicines in the 
respective countries referring to the system and e xperiences by Japan and information from attending 
countries.  The programme includes lectures on the Japanese pharmaceutical administration, GMP 
legislation, the Japanese pharmacopoeia and the pharm aceutical inspection in Japan.  The programme 
also includes study visits to the related facilities to provide more concrete information as well as 
information sharing among participants to prom ote mutual understanding in the field of quality 
control, in line with the GMP concept, and the quality assurance of essential medicines.  In FY 2011, 
Japan welcomed eight participants from four diffe rent developing countries:  Cambodia, Indonesia, 
Philippines and Thailand.  
10. In addition to these programmes, the Govern ment of Japan, through the JICA and Japan 
International Medical Technology Foundation (JIM TEF), conducts training for hospital pharmacists 
engaged in management of medicines in core hos pitals in developing countries.  This training 
provides an opportunity to acquire practical know ledge and skills necessary for hospital pharmacists 
through understanding the management of medici nes of Japanese hospitals.  Furthermore, the 
Government of Japan in cooperation with Jap anese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association 
(JPMA) contributes to improvement of pharma ceutical regulations through participation in 
international conferences and makes efforts to di sseminate the outcomes to developing countries in 
Asian region.      IP/C/W/580 
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  III. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 
A. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS  
11. The Japan Patent Office (JPO) has been holding group training courses on intellectual 
property rights (IPRs) for government officials, in  cooperation with the WIPO and the Asia-Pacific 
Industrial Property Center (APIC) of the Japan Institute for Promoting Invention and Innovation 
(JIPII).  In FY 2011, the following five group traini ng courses were held, and 84 participants in total 
received training.   
Training Courses Target Organizer 
Training Course on the Use of Information 
Technology in IP Administration under WIPO 
FIT/JP senior officials of IP offices responsible 
for information technology matters WIPO and JPO 
Training Course on the Enforcement of IPR 
under WIPO FIT/JP senior officials engaged in the 
enforcement of IP R in enforcement-
related government agencies WIPO and JPO  
Training Course on th e Examination Practices 
of Industrial Property (Basic Programme) 
under WIPO FIT/JP  patent examiners and trademark 
examiners  WIPO and JPO 
Training Course on  IP Management 
and the Formulation and Implementation of 
Results-Based IP Office Plans under WIPO  senior officials who are responsible for 
formulation of IP policies  WIPO and IPO 
The JPO/IPR Training Course on the Patent 
Examination Practices for ASEAN Member Countries  patent examiner in IP offices of ASEAN 
member countries  JPO 
12. The JPO has also been holding the following group training course on industrial property 
rights for trainees from the private sector:  In FY 2011, the following group training course was held, 
and 16 participants received training: 
Training Course Target Organizer 
The JPO/IPR Training Course for IP Trainers employees at universities or research 
institutions involved in education on the 
IP system and those engaged in the 
dissemination of IPR at IP assistance organizations JPO 
13. The dispatch of experts is one of the WIPO  Funds-in-Trust/Japan programmes and has been 
executed according to the request from developing c ountries in the Asia and Pacific region with the 
purpose of providing foreign IP offices with neces sary instructions and advice.  The dispatched 
experts contribute to increasing the efficiency of fo reign IP offices to grant industrial property rights, 
and streamlining IP administration through rationali zation of administrative procedures.  Since 2008, 
the Government of Japan has also made annua l contributions to WIPO (i.e., WIPO Funds-in-
Trust/Japan for Africa and the LDC) on a voluntary b asis to promote technology transfer in Africa, 
and in 2009, the JPO began to dispatch its experts to Africa utilizing the contributions ,as well as 
providing equipment and scholarships to African Un iversity in Zimbabwe and the University of 
Yaoundé II in Cameroon. 
WIPO Seminar on Successful Experiences Link ing Intellectual Property and Business 
14. Aiming to support intellectual property developmen t in Africa, the JPO sent experts to the 
WIPO Seminar  in Pretoria, South Africa in May 2009.  The seminar had 60 participants from 
35 African countries (Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Ca meroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, IP/C/W/580 
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  Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, 
Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sao Tome  and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra 
Leone, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Tanzania , Zambia, Zimbabwe, ARIPO) and was the first 
event utilizing the WIPO funds-in-trust/Japan for Africa and the LDCs.  
WIPO Regional Forum on the Role of National Design Councils for the Effective Promotion 
and Protection of Industrial Design 
15. The forum was held in Vientiane, Lao PDR in  August 2009 and provided each country with 
the opportunity to share information on the protec tion and promotion of industrial designs and to 
discuss effective methods of protecting and utilizing industrial designs.  The JPO dispatched experts 
to the forum to share Japan's experience and knowledge.  The forum had 50 participants from 
15 countries mainly in the Asia-Pacific region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, 
Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, 
Viet Nam and Lao PDR.) 
WIPO National Workshop on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for Law 
Enforcement Agencies 
16. In order to discuss IPR enforcement issues including the importance of enforcement in 
Cambodia, the necessity of a legal framework to realize enforcement, and cooperation between the 
intellectual property office and the enforcement orga nization, the JPO dispatched an expert to the 
national workshop in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in October 2009.  The workshop had 50 local 
participants from governmental agencies and the private sector. 
WIPO Regional Workshop on Technology Transfer Ba sed on the Strategic Use of Intellectual 
Property  
17. The workshop was held in Casab lanca, Morocco in April 2010 a nd provided participants with 
the opportunity to share informati on and to exchange views on the stra tegic use of IPR in the process 
of technology transfer including the role of technology management offices (TMOs).  The JPO dispatched experts to the workshop.  The semi nar had about 30 participants from 26 African 
countries/organizations. (Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, 
Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Re public of Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, 
Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rw anda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, 
ARIPO, OAPI). 
WIPO Technology and Innovation Support  Centers Workshop on Patent Information 
18. This seminar was held in Casab lanca, Morocco in June 2010. The workshop was attended by 
approximately 50 participants, including representativ es of universities, public research organizations, 
business associations, and Moroccan Industrial an d Commercial Property Office (OMPIC).  The 
meeting provided participants w ith an overview of patent information and its uses, specific 
technology databases, issues in tran sfer of technology, and best pr actices in establishing technology 
and innovation support networks. 
WIPO Study Programme on Innovati on and Transfer of Technology   
19. Aiming to provide an opportunity to discuss e xperiences, best practices and policy options 
with senior officials of member states, which have  either developed or are in process of developing 
innovation support centres, the JPO sent experts to Casablanca, Morocco in April 2011.  The study 
programme had about 20 participants from 12 A frican countries/organiza tions (Congo, Cameroon, 
Ghana, Madagascar, Morocco, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria,  Rwanda, Senegal, Zambia).  IP/C/W/580 
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  WIPO Policy Dialogue on the Role of IP for Economic, Social and Cultural Development 
20. This forum was held in Lusak a, Zambia in May 2011 and provided a platform for dialogue 
between senior officials from the African Regi onal Economic Communities (RECs), and high level 
officials of countries of the region in charge of IP policy including heads of Intellectual Property (IP) offices, on IP and innovation policy issues and their impact on economic, social and cultural 
development.  The JPO sent expe rts to the forum to share Japan's  experiences and knowledge.  The 
forum had 50 participants from African countries and RECs (Botswana, Congo, Cameroon, Egypt, 
Ghana, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Ni geria, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, 
COMESA, EAC, UEMOA, ARIPO, OAPI).  
WIPO Regional Seminar on Realizing the Deve lopment Potential of ICT-Based Business 
Services  
21. This seminar was held in Victoria Falls,  Zimbabwe in May 2011 to discuss the growth 
potential of ICT and IP technology-based business  services.  The seminar brought together 33 IP 
officials from 17 countries in the African region (Botsw ana, Gambia, Ghana, Keny a, Lesotho, Liberia, 
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swazila nd, Uganda, Tanzania, 
Zambia, Zimbabwe).  The participants excha nged views on the importance of developing ICT 
infrastructures and how to improve the efficiency and quality of ICT-based businesses.  The JPO sent 
an expert to the seminar and introduced its IP information services and how to make use of such 
information. 
 WIPO Seminar on Innovation Support through  Access to Technological Knowledge and the 
establishment of Technology and In novation Support Centers (TISCs ), ARIPO member states  
22. This seminar was held in Hara re, Zimbabwe in June 2011 and enhanced the capabilities of the 
member states to retrieve information on pate nt and technology from databases, demonstrate the 
practical advantages of using intellectual property (IP) information, and exchange experiences in 
developing innovation support networks . The JPO sent an expert to the seminar to share Japan's 
experiences and knowledge.  The forum had 50 pa rticipants from 21 Africa n countries (Botswana, 
Burundi, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Libe ria, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, 
Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa,  Sudan, Swaziland, Tan zania, Uganda, Zambia, 
Zimbabwe). 
  WIPO National Workshop on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights 
23. This workshop was held in Cambodia in September 2011 with the aim of deepening the 
understanding of the connection between enforcem ent of intellectual property rights and economic 
development, focusing on building capacity to impr ove border enforcement.  This workshop had 60 
participants including government officials involve d in intellectual property rights enforcement such 
as customs, police and chamber of commerce.  Th e JPO sent two experts to this workshop and 
introduced a global overview of counterfeiting/pi racy and support on enhancing strategic public 
cooperation, including private sector support.  
WIPO Study Programme on Innov ation and Transfer of Technology  
24. This seminar was held from November, 28 2011 to December 2, 2011 in Tunis, Tunisia. The 
objectives of the study visit were to provide an oppo rtunity to senior officials of member states that 
have developed or are in the process of devel oping innovation support centers to undertake a study 
visit in Technology, IP and in innovation awarenes s in the context of a more technology advanced 
African country.  The study programme had abou t 14 participants from 11 African countries IP/C/W/580 
Page 6  
 
  (Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, th e Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Gambia, 
Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Si erra Leone, Uganda and Zimbabwe). 
  WIPO Regional Workshop for the LDCs of Asia and the Pacific Region on the Use of 
Intellectual Property for Enhancing Ec onomic Competitiveness and Development  
25. This workshop was held in Bhutan in Decemb er 2011 for the purpose of raising awareness of 
the importance of IP for economic development fo r LDCs in the Asia-Pacific region and sharing 
information on business activities and various measures effectively utilizing IP. About 30 participants 
brought together from seven countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Nepal, Samoa) attended the workshop.  The JPO sent an expert to this workshop and introduced 
Japanese experience on how intellectual property functions as a tool for economic growth and 
business competitiveness. 
  JICA Group Training Course 
 
26. JICA provides various IP training programmes by  inviting government officials from various 
countries to Japan.  Under such programmes, particip ants are expected to acquire general and basic 
knowledge through lectures, discussion and site obser vation, etc. and to share the knowledge among 
participants from various countries. "Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights" courses were held 
in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 , and 2012.  The courses had many participants from Myanmar, Cambodia, 
Gambia, Uganda, and Tanzania. 
B. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF COPYRIGHTS  
27. The Japan Copyright Office (JCO) has been  planning and carrying out the following 
programmes in order to develop copyright systems in developing countries a nd to strengthen regional 
cooperation among Asia Pacific countries: 
APACE Programme 
 
28. Since its establishment in 1993, Asia-Pacifi c Copyright Systems Enhancement (APACE) 
Programme has contributed to the development of  copyright systems in Asia-Pacific countries in 
cooperation with WIPO.  The APACE programme ma inly consists of several activities such as 
Annual Regional Symposium, National Semina r, Training Programme, and Experts Missions. 
 The Asia-Pacific Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Seminar 
 
29. This programme has been organized once a year  since 1997 in order to provide opportunities 
for exchanging information and views on copyright and neighbouring rights issues with copyright 
officials from Asia-Pacific countries.  The title was changed to 'Asia Copyright Conference' in 2010. 
 JICA Group Training Course 
 
30. This training course has been organized since 1998 in cooperation with the JICA for the 
development of copyright systems and its enforcem ent in developing countries.  In FY 2010, five 
trainees were accepted from four countries in Asia. 
C. ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF  PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION  
31. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fi sheries (MAFF) of Japan has been planning and 
implementing the following activities with the purpo se of facilitating establishment and international 
harmonization of PVP systems in developing co untries, especially in East Asian countries.  IP/C/W/580 
 Page 7 
 
 
   JICA Group Training Course 
 
32. This JICA training course started in 2000 in cooperation with MAFF a nd the National Center 
for Seed and Seedlings (NCSS) to contribute to prot ection of plant breeders' rights.  In FY 2011, six 
trainees were accepted from four countries in Asia. 
 Cooperation Activities under the East Asia  Plant Variety Protection Forum  
 
33. The East Asia Plant Variety Protection Foru m was set up in 2008 with participation of 
ASEAN countries, China, Republic of Korea and Ja pan.  Various cooperative activities proposed in 
this forum were implemented.  Japan has provide d training courses in Japan, experts to support in-
country training courses, and held workshops and seminars.   
IV. ACTIVITIES TAKEN BY TECHNICAL COOPERATION ORGANIZATONS 
A. JICA 
34. JICA provides technical cooperation throug h ODA and techniques and technologies are 
transferred through such technical cooperation.  The technical cooperation projects aim to provide 
support for training of personnel required to achie ve social and economic progress in developing 
countries and help the development and diffusion of  technology and skills.  Elements such as the 
dispatch of experts, acceptance of technical traini ng participants and the provision of equipment are 
systematically linked and integrated into each a nd every aspect of technical cooperation projects - 
from the formulation of plans to their execution and evaluation.  Such technical cooperation are varied 
– support for sustainable development of developi ng countries such as support for socio-economic 
infrastructure and information and communicati on technology(ICT), support for social/economic 
development such as agricultural and rural support, fi sheries, health, addressing global issues such as 
environmental issues, resources and energy, infectio us diseases.  The budget for technical cooperation 
through JICA amounts to approximately JPY168.8 billion for FY2010.  Some examples of technical 
cooperation for LDC Members are listed below: 
 Madagascar:  The Project for Rice Productivity Improvement in Central Highland 
(2009-2014); 
 Mozambique:  Sustainable Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha in Mozambique 
(2011-2016); 
 Afghanistan:  The Project for the Development of Wheat Breeding Materials for 
Sustainable Food Production (2011-2016); 
 Sierra Leone: Sustainable Rice Development Project (2010-2014); 
 Benin: Project for the Extension of Inland Aquaculture (2010-2013); 
 Bangladesh: Safe Motherhood Promotion Project (Phase 2 ）(2011-2016) 
 Uganda: The Technical Assistant Support to Improve the National Capacity of 
Animal Disease Diagnoses and Control (2010-2013) 
 Rwanda: The Project for RECO's Capacity  Building for Efficient Power System 
Development (2011-2013) 
 Senegal:  Project on Improvement of Rice Productivity for Irrigation Schemes in the 
Valley of Senegal (2010-2013) 
 IP/C/W/580 
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   Tanzania:  Study on Water Resources Mana gement and Development in Wami/Ruvu 
Basin (2010-2013) 
 35. As the funding agency for science and technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency 
(JST) cooperates with JICA and promotes intern ational joint research projects with developing 
countries, aiming at resolving the global issues
1, called Science and Technology Research Partnership 
for Sustainable Development (SATREPS).  JST supports the Japanese research institutions/researchers for the project activities in Japan.  JICA supports project implementation in 
the developing countries, such as dispatch of Jap anese experts (res earchers), provision of equipment 
and training of personnel, and othe r supports related to the project in the developing countries under 
the framework of ODA technical cooperation. SA TREPS projects implemented with LDC members 
are listed below: 
 Burkina Faso:  Improving Sustainable Wate r and Sanitation Systems in Sahel Region 
in Africa: Case of Burkina Faso (FY2009-2014) 
 Sudan:  Improvement of Food Security in Semi-arid Regions of Sudan through 
Management of Root Par asitic Weeds (FY2009-2014) 
 Zambia: Establishment of Rapid Dia gnostic Tools for Tuberculosis and 
Trypanosomiasis and Screening of Ca ndidate Compounds for Trypanosomiasis 
(FY2008-2012) 
 Zambia:  Surveillance of viral zoonoses in Africa (FY2012-2017) 
 Afghanistan: Project for the Development of Wheat Breeding Materials for 
Sustainable Food Production (FY2010-2015) 
 Bangladesh:  Research and Development of Prevention and Diagnosis for Neglected 
Tropical Diseases, Especially Kala-Azar (FY2010-2015) 
 Bhutan:  Study on GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods) in the Bhutan Himalayas 
(FY2008-2011) 
 Tuvalu:  Eco-technological Management of  Tuvalu against Sea Level Rise (FY2008-
2013) 
B. HIDA 
36. The Overseas Human Resources and Industry De velopment Association (HIDA) is an 
organization for human resources development in developing countries to promote technical cooperation through training, experts dispatch and other programs.  Those programmes aim at 
contributing to economic growth of developing coun tries.  (The Association for Overseas Technical 
Scholarship (AOTS) and Japan Overseas Develo pment Corporation (JODC) merged into The 
Overseas Human Resources and Industry Development Association (HIDA)) 
Training programmes in Japan  
 
(a) Technical Training 
 
37. Training is conducted for engineers and managers  invited to Japan from developing countries 
as trainees.  Its programmes include practical trainings implemented by private-sector companies, which allows trainees to acquire the sk ills or techniques in specific fields. 
                                                      
1 Global issues:  Issues which are problematic for countries or regions and which require common 
engagement by the international community.  IP/C/W/580 
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   Afghanistan, Cambodia and Lao PDR,:  tr aining on knowledge and management of 
telecommunication project (2011). 
 Cambodia and Ethiopia:  Training on human resource development in automotive 
industry(2011) 
 Cambodia: Training on knowledge and tec hnical skills of CAD (Computer Aided 
Design)  for design of buildings (2011) 
 Nepal:  Training on knowledge and techni cal skills of Mobile Mapping (2011). 
 
(b) Management training 
 38. Engineers as well as middle and top managers, et c., from developing countries are invited to 
Japan to acquire skills and techniques in busin ess or factory management  through understanding 
management concepts and observing real examples of their usage. 
 Afghanistan, Nepal, Ethiopia and Sudan:  Training on Practical Corporate 
Management (2011 ） 
 Afghanistan, Nepal and Sudan: Producti on management training for executives and 
managers (2011 ） 
 Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Sudan: Management training for water supply 
business operation (2011) 
 Bangladesh, Nepal and Sudan: Project management training for Infrastructure sector 
(2011) 
 Myanmar: Management and operation training for Methanol and DME production 
plant (2011) 
 
39. HIDA experts provide technical guidance and advice to local companies, and contribute for 
improvements in areas such as manufacturing technologies and business management skills. 
 Myanmar:  Technical instruction on information processing (2011) 
 Bangladesh:  Technical instruction on manufacturing of footwear (2011)  
 
C. JETRO 
40. The Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) was established by the Japanese 
Government in 1958 as the nation's principal organi zation for the comprehensive implementation of 
trade policy.  
(a) Dispatch of Experts to the Private Sector - Dispatch of Experts to Improve the Business 
Environment of Developing Countries to Promote Trade and Investment. 
41. JETRO is engaged in the dispatching of e xperts to assist developing countries in the 
establishment of various rules and institutions necessary to create a business environment conducive 
to trade and investment.  More specifically, at th e requests of private sector bodies and other entities 
from developing countries, experts in such fields as  standard and conformity  assessment, and logistics 
are dispatched from Japan to provide advice and assistance to the entities making the requests. IP/C/W/580 
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   Myanmar:  Support for human resource development on production management 
technology in sewing industry (2008-2010). 
 
(b) Dispatch of Experts to the Private Sector - Support For Export Industries 
42. JETRO helps developing countries achieve the expansion of its export to Japan and self-
sustainable economic growth, through the dispatch  of experts to identify and develop promising 
export products. Experts give advice and gui dance on improving products design, production 
techniques and marketing strategies, etc.  These activities include some projects as part of its assistance for "One Village One Product (OVOP)" cam paigns implemented by developing countries. 
(c)  Demonstration Program for Trade Development 
43. The "Demonstration Program for Trade Development"  is a project to give a support, including 
a financial one, to Japanese companies for the purpo se of developing industries and contributing to 
economic activities in a developing country, preferably  in a least developed country, in order to give 
them an incentive to take a risk.  They seek to  locate promising products in developing countries, 
develop products in accordance with the needs in  the Japanese market, and import them to Japan.  
Such supports will also be conducive to the nurtu ring of industries, and eventually to economic 
growth in developing countries.  JETRO is us ing this scheme to provide support to motivated 
Japanese companies and to build a business model in developing countries. 
 Malawi:  Production of fermented tea ma terial of high quality Puerh tea (2007) 
 Uganda:  Ethiopia, Madagascar:  Developm ent of spice and food material (2008) 
 Tanzania:  Development of mix spice (2008) 
 Ghana:  Sustainable Cacao Beans from Designated Farms (2009) 
 Uganda:  Organic Cotton Products and Shea Butter Soap (2009) 
 Kenya:  Tea from Designated Production Areas (2009) 
 Rwanda:  Traditional Handicrafts (eg.Baskets) (2009-2010) 
 Uganda:  Dried Fruits and Gingers (2010-2011) 
 Morocco:  Chili Peppers (2010-2011) 
 Egypt:  Herbs (2010) 
 Cambodia:  Silk Products (2010) 
 Bangladesh/Nepal:  Natural Soaps (2010) 
 Bangladesh:  Bean Sprout Seeds (2010)  
 Madagascar:  Cotton Products (Bed linen, Towels) (2011) 
 Sierra Leone:  Cacao and Cacao mass (2011) 
 African countries:  Natural Orga nic  Cosmetic Products (2011) 
 Cambodia:  Palm sugar (2011) 
 
Bangladesh/Nepal:  Natural Soaps (2011)  
  IP/C/W/580 
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  D. NEDO   
44. Research cooperation differs from technical coope ration in that it takes the form of research 
and development that are adapted to the technologi cal development issues (technological needs) being 
addressed at the developing countries.  Assistance is provided indirectly through New Energy and 
Industrial Technology Developmen t Organization (NEDO) to research institutions in developing 
countries and other bodies working jointly with them. 
45. NEDO, established in 1980, is Japan's larg est public management organization promoting 
research and development as well as the dissemina tion of industrial, energy and environmental 
technologies. 
46. The assistance is in the form of the dispatch  of research staff and technicians and the conduct 
of joint research through the accep tance of research personnel from the countries concerned.  In 
addition, joint research is carried out through va rious activities including the production of materials 
and equipment necessary for research cooperation, the installation of such materials and equipment in 
recipient countries, and integrated operation and conduct of research.  
 Cambodia:  Removing Arsenic from Ground Water Using High Performance Iron 
Adsorbent (2010-2012) 
 Myanmar:  Cooperative Research Project  on Utilization of Rice Husks as Biomass 
Fuels(2010-2012) 
 Myanmar:  Development of the Nonfood Biomass Fuel production Technology 
(2011-2012) 
 
 
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