Risk Management Proposal : 
Fresh Table Grapes for Human 
Consumption  
 
Equivalent phytosanitary measure for regulated pests of fresh table 
grapes  (Vitis  vinifera )  
  
  
FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION  
 
 
January 2018  
 
   
    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
Pastoral House  
25 The Terrace  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Tel: +64 4 894 0100  
Fax: +64 4 894 0662  
Email: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  
  
 Draft for Consultation  Page 3 of 15 Disclaimer  
This document does not constitute, and should not be regarded as, legal advice. While every effort has been made 
to ensure the information in this document is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any 
responsibility or liability whatsoever for any error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, 
however it may have occurred.  
Requests for further copies should be directed to:  
 
Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
 
Email: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz  
 
© Crown Copyright – Ministry for Primary Industries.  
   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 4 of 15 Submissions  
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on the proposed equivalent 
phytosanitary treatment  (irradiation)  for regulated pests associated with fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ). 
The meaning of an IHS is defined in section 22(1) of the Biosecurity Act 1993 as “A n import health standard  
specifies requirements to be met for the effective management of risks associated with importing risk goods, 
including risks arising because importing the goods involves or mi ght involve an inci dentally imported new 
organism”.   
MPI therefore seeks comment  on the proposed equivalent phytosanitary treatment (irradiation) for table grapes . MPI 
has developed this proposal based on the available scientific evidence and assessment of this evidence. I f you 
disagree with the measure  proposed to manage the risks, p lease provide either data or published references to 
support your comments. This will enable MPI to consider additional evidence which may change how risks are 
proposed to be managed . 
The following points may be of assistance in preparing comments:  
 Wherev er possible, comments should be specific to a n IHS requirement  (referencing section numbers 
and pest  names as applicable).  
 Where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments are requested.  
 The use of examples to illustr ate particular points is encouraged.   
MPI encourages respondents to forward comments electronically. Please include the following in your submission:  
 The title of the consultation document in the subject line of your email;  
 Your name and title (if appli cable);  
 Your organisation’s name (if applicable); and  
 Your address.  
 
Send submissions to: plantimports@mpi.govt.nz . 
However, should you wish to forward submissions in writing, please send them to the follow ing address to arrive by 
close of business on 21 February 2018.  
Plant Imports  
Plants, Food & Environment  Directorate  
Ministry for Primary Industries  
PO Box 2526  
Wellington 6140  
New Zealand  
Submissions received by the closure date will be considered during  the development of the final IHS. Submissions 
received after the closure date may be held on file for consideration when the issued IHS is next revised/ reviewed.  
Official Information Act 1982  
Please note that your submission is public information and it  is MPI policy to publish submissions and the review of 
submissions on the MPI website. Submissions may also be the subject of requests for information under the Official 
Information Act 1982 (OIA).  
The OIA specifies that information is to be made availab le to requesters unless there are sufficient grounds for 
withholding it, as set out in the OIA. Submitters may wish to indicate grounds for withholding specific information 
contained in their submission, such as the information is commercially sensitive or  they wish personal information to 
be withheld.  
Any decision to withhold information requested under the OIA is reviewable by the Ombudsman.  
  
 Draft for Consultation  Page 5 of 15 Contents  
Purpose  6 
Scope  6 
Part 1: Background  8 
Commodity Description  8 
Trade  8 
Current IHS Requirements  8 
Proposed Amendments to the IHS  8 
Part 2: Context  6 
Domestic  6 
International  6 
Equivalence  6 
New Zealand’s Biosecurity System  7 
Strength of measures  7 
Part 3: Assessment  10 
Summary of Risk  10 
Information Sources  10 
Treatment Efficacy  11 
Conogethes punctiferalis  11 
Maconellicoccus hirsutus  12 
Other regulated pests  13 
Feasib ility 13 
Summary of Proposed IHS Requirements  14 
References  15 
 
 
   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 6 of 15 Purpose   
(1) The purpose of this risk management proposal (RMP) is to:  
a) outline the proposed amendment to the import requirements for fresh table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ) for the 
management of : 
i) high impact  pests Bactrocera neohumeralis , B. tryoni  and Ceratitis capitata ; and 
ii) moderate impact  pests Conogethes punctiferalis  and Maconellicoccus hirsutus .  
b) explain how the  proposed  measures are equivalent to existing measures and are consistent with New 
Zealand’s domestic legislation and international obligations . 
Scope   
(2) This RMP provides information and the process used to assess the efficacy of a proposed phytosanitary 
measure as equivalent to an existing measure.  
(3) The draft amendment  to the  import health standard  (IHS) is the subject of consultation under section 23(3) of 
the Biosecurity Act (1993). This RMP provides information to support the consultation on the IHS amendment 
but is not itself the subject of consultation. However , MPI will accept comments and suggestions on the RMP 
in order to improve future IHS consultations.  
Part 1 : Context  
Domestic   
(4) The New Zealand biosecurity system is regulated through the Biosecurity Act 1993. Section 22 of the Act 
describes the meaning of an I HS, and requires  that the IHS  specifies requirements to be met for the effective 
management of risks associated with importing risk goods (including plants and plant products) into New 
Zealand.  
(5) The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) is the government au thority responsible for the effective 
management of risks associated with the importation of risk goods into New Zealand (Part 3, Biosecurity Act 
1993).  
(6) MPI engages with interested parties and/or affected New Zealand stakeholders and the exporting country 
requesting market access during the development of an IHS.  
(7) MPI follows MPI policies and procedures for the development of an IHS  and consultation.  
International   
(8) Where possible, phytosanitary measures are aligned with international standards, guidelines,  and 
recommendations to meet  New Zealand’s obligations under Article 3.1 of the World Trade Organisation 
(WTO ) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), WTO 1995 
and section 23(4)(c) of the Biosecurity Act 1993.     
(9) The SPS Agreement states that phytosanitary measures must not discriminate unfairly between countries or 
between imported or domestically produced goods . Where there is a choice of phytosanitary measures to 
reduce risk to an acceptable level, WTO members must select the least trade restrictive measure.    
(10) Setting the least trade restrictive measure to manage risk  to an acceptable level in an IHS includes 
evaluating alternative or equivalent measures as requested by trading partners (Article 4 SPS Agreement).  
Equivalence  
(11) For a phytosanitary measure to be approved by MPI as equivalent it must offer the same or grea ter level of 
protection to the measures it is replacing or are currently in place.  
(12) The assessment of any equivalence request is based on:   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 7 of 15 a) international standards for phytosanitary measures (ISPMs) ; for example:  
 ISPM 24 (2005) Guidelines for the determination and recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary 
measures ; 
 ISPM 28 (2007) Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests.  
b) efficacy data relating to a treatment ;  
c) the target pest (s); and  
d) other relevant information (e.g. history of trade).  
(13) MPI m ust ensure that any measure approved is consistent with the Biosecurity Act 1993 and, the Sanitary 
and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) agreement with regard to scientific justification, non -discrimination and 
offer transparency in assessment processes and dec isions.  
New Zealand’s Biosecurity System  
(14) New Zealand operates a biosecurity system for which the phytosanitary aspect (covering plant health) is a key 
part.  
(15) No biosecurity system is capable of reducing risk to zero. The objective of the system is to reduc e to an 
acceptable level the likelihood of entry and establishment  of regulated organisms  (includi ng pests, diseases 
and weeds).  
(16) The New Zealand phytosanitary system focuses on ensuring that the most significant pests, for example 
economically important f ruit flies, are unlikely to ever establish in New Zealand. The system also manages risk 
associated with all regulated pests.  
(17) The focus of the IHS for plant -based goods is to manage  unacceptable  phytosanitary risk s identified as being 
associated with the go ods before arrival  at the New Zealand border.  The expectation is that commercial 
consignments of plants and plant products meet New Zealand’s phytosanitary import requirements on arrival  
(risk is managed off -shore) .  
(18) MPI monitors the pathway performance re lated to each IHS to ensure it provides the expected level of 
protection. This is achieved through verification and inspection activities at the border (and where possible, 
identification of pests detected) and audits of the export systems and critical control points contai ned in the 
Export Plans . 
Strength of measures  
(19) Measures are required for regulated pests where the ‘probability of introduction and spread’ on a pathway is 
unacceptable (i.e. if it is able to enter through the pathway, find a suitable h ost, and able to establish and 
spread in New Zealand).  
(20) The strength of the measure required should not be  more than necessary to manage the risk the organism 
poses. MPI has classified measures into three categories of increasing strength: Basic Measures , Targeted 
Measures  or MPI-Specified Measures .  
(21) The strength of measure required depends on the risk posed by the organism on the pathway. This risk is 
determined by a combination of the consequences the pest may cause if it was introduced into New Zealand 
and the likelihood that the pest will enter and establish from a pathway. For pests that would result in very high 
consequences, such as economically important species of fruit fly, MPI-Specified Measures  are required. This 
is because these pests would caus e significant consequences to New Zealand, even if the likelihood of them 
entering and establishing a transient population is low.  
(22) The greater the risk of a pest, the greater the level of assurance MPI requires that the pest is not present in a 
consignmen t unless the pest has been rendered non -viable (dead or sterile from irradiation). For Targeted  and/ 
or MPI-Specified Measures  an Export Plan  will be developed,  based on an MPI pathway assessment visit  (if 
required) . The Export Plan  will identify how Targe ted and MPI-Specified Measures  will be applied. The Export 
Plan must be negotiated with and approved by MPI, and is subject to audit and review  by MPI .   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 8 of 15 Part 2 : Background  
(23) The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) issued the IHS: Grape, Vitis vinifera  from Australia on 20 December 
2000, with the requirement for table grapes to be cold treated at a rate of <1 °C for 16 days , or < 0 °C for 13  
days .  
(24) The Australian Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) has requested that MPI consider 
irradiation at a rate of 150 Gray (Gy) as equivalent to the current IHS measure for the mana gement of 
regulated fruit flies.  
a) Equivalence  of phytosanitary me asures is set out in ISPM 24 (Guidelines for the determination and 
recognition of equivalence of phytosanitary measures).  
(25) The irradiation treatment for fruit flies of economically important fruit flies (150 Gy) to prevent the emergence 
of adult fruit flies  from any host is an internationally agreed treatment under the SPS Agreement (ISPM 28 PT 
7).  As such MPI has already accepted this treatment.   
(26) Given that the proposed irradiation treatment is internationally recognised as efficacious against all fruit f lies 
in the Tephritidae family, and evidence of efficacy for moderate risk pests associated with table grapes, MPI 
has assessed the proposed treatment in Part 3 of this RMP.  
Trade  
(27) Fresh table grapes are currently approved for import from Australia, Chile, China, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South 
Korea and the United States of America (USA).  
(28) The bulk of table grape imports come from the USA (47%1, June to December), Australia (18%1, January to 
May), Chile (13%1, December to June), Mexico (10%1, May to July), Peru (9%1, October to March), Korea 
(2%1, July to October).  
(29) New Zealand has imported fresh table grapes from Australia for over 16 years. New Zealanders consume 
large quantities of table grapes and this pathway forms part of a high -volume and highly valued imp ort/export 
segment.  
Commodity Description  
(30) Fresh table  grapes for consumption are defined as commercially -produced export grade bunches of grapes 
from the Vitaceae family and include s the grape, pedicel and peduncle . 
(31) The commodity should be free from leaves, roots, any other plant parts or extraneous material.  
Current IHS Requirements  
(32) The current measures for table grapes from Australia for the management of B. tryoni  and other species of 
fruit flies are: 
a) Country Freedom;  
OR 
b) Pest Free Area (in country ); 
OR 
c) Cold treated at a rate of <1 °C for 16 days , or < 0 °C for 13  days . 
(33) The current measures for table grapes from Australia for the management of Conogethes punctiferalis and 
Maconellicoccus hirsutus  are: 
a) Appropriate pest control activities;   
OR 
                                                             
1 Based on number of consignments imported between 01/01/2015 to 01/01/2017 [QuanCargo, 2017]   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 9 of 15 b) Sourced  from a pest free area.  
Proposed Amendments to the IHS  
Measures for fruit flies  
(34) The following amendment to the IHS is proposed as equivalent to current measures to manage economically 
significant  fruit flies. The IHS is proposed  to include  the following ad ditional MPI -Specified Measure as an 
option to manage Bactrocera  neohumeralis , B. tryoni  and Ceratitis capitata : 
a) Irradiation at a rate of 150  Gy; 
(35) No change to current cold treatment rates or pest free area requirements is proposed.  
 
Measures for moderate r isk pests  
(36) The following amendment to the IHS is proposed as equivalent to current measures to manage moderate risk 
pests . The IHS is proposed  to include  the following additional Targeted Measure as an option to manage 
Conogethes punctiferalis and Maconellicoccus hirsutus : 
a) Irradiation at an effective dose  (e.g. minimum absorbed dose of 289Gy) . 
(37) No change to appropriate pest control activities or pest free area requirements is proposed.  
   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 10 of 15 Part 3: Assessment  
Summary of Risk  
(38) Fresh table grapes are know n hosts of economically significant fruit fly species , and o ther regulated pests of 
concern.  Tephritidae fruit flies (Table 2) are internally feeding organisms and are considered a high risk , 
requiring MPI-Specified Measures  (previously Quarantine Risk Gro up 3, RG3 pests) . Any incursion of live 
Tephritidae  fruit fly could disrupt trade and potentially cause significant economic losses for New Zealand 
exporters of fruit fly host material.  
a) The fresh table grape export pathway from Australia ha s been compliant  for more than 10 years, 
without any detections of live or dead fruit flies (MPI, 2016b).  
(39) Fresh table grapes are also known to be hosts of moderate risk pests ( previously Quarantine Risk Group 2, 
RG2 pests, now  Targeted Measure  pests) (Table 2).  
a) Spiders, although requiring an additional level of measure, are not included in the assessment for 
irradiation equivalence. Spiders are non -plant pests , but regulated due to the risk they pose to human 
health. Endpoint f umigation with CO 2SO 2, or approved pest contr ol activities is recognised as being 
efficacious for managing the risk associated with spiders  on table grapes . 
Table 2: Regulated insect pests of concern associated with  fresh table grapes  from Australia   
 Scientific name  Common name  Targeted 
Measures  Conogethes punctiferalis  
Maconellicoccus hirsutus  Yellow peach moth  
Pink hibiscus mealybug  MPI-Specified 
Measures  Bactrocera neohumeralis  
Bactrocera tryoni  
Ceratitis capitata  Lesser Queensland fruit fly  
Queensland fruit fly  
Mediterranean fruit fly  
(40) The proposed equivalent treatment is internationally recognised as efficacious against all Tephritidae fruit 
flies (ISPM 28 PT 7).  
(41) The proposed equivalent treatment for Targeted Measure  pests is recognised as efficacious  at a rate of  289 
Gy for C. punctif eralis and M. hirsutus . 
(42) Note, use of irradiation as a Targeted Measure  or MPI-Specified Measure  for C. punctiferalis and M. hirsutus  
must be recorded in a bilateral arrangement  prior to its use.  
Information Sources  
(43) The following information was used as evidence that the  proposed measure is equivalent to  the current cold 
disinfestation measure to manage economically significant  Bactrocera spp. fruit flies associated with fresh 
table grapes  imported from Australia:  
 ISPM  28. Phytosanitary  treatments for reg ulated pests , PT 7 (Irradiation treatment for fruit flies of the 
family Tephritidae (generic)).  
 MPI 2016 a. MPI Standard 152.02, Importation and clearance of fresh fruit and vegetables into New 
Zealand . 
 MPI 2016 b. Quancargo imports database  (pathway pest in terception records) . 
 Relevant literature searches . 
  
 Draft for Consultation  Page 11 of 15 Treatment Efficacy  
(44) MPI requires (and as per the phytosanitary certificate’s certifying statement) that a consignment is visually 
free from regulated pests. Phytosanitary inspection verifies that a consign ment is visually free of regulated 
pests of concern to New Zealand, or determines the appropriate remedial action to be taken . 
a) If regulated vectors, fungi, weed seeds, viruses or pathogens are detected pre -treatment, the 
consignment requires conditioning prior to re -inspection and treatment with irradiation; or should be 
reject ed for export.  
b) Note: Irradiation should not be a substitute for goo d hygiene, good agricultural or good handling 
practices.  
Tephritidae fruit flies  
(45) Adult Tephritidae fruit flies are likely to be obvious during visual inspection.   
a) Adult fruit fl ies are small, present on the outside of the fruit and visually obvious agains t the surface of 
the fresh table grapes (green and purple flesh colour).  
- Adult Bactrocera tryoni  are 7.0 - 8.0 mm in length (PHA, undated; GISD, 2016). Adults are a 
reddish brown in colour, with yellow markings (GISD, 2016).  
- Adult Bactrocera neohumeralis  are in the B. tryoni species complex and a similar size and 
morphology (PHA, 2016).  
- Adult Ceratitis capitata are 3.5 - 5.0 mm in length. Adults are yellowish with a brown tinge, with a 
distinctive white thorax with black blotches (Thomas et al. 2010).   
(46) Presence of Tephritidae fruit fl y eggs , larvae  or pupae in the fruit can be identified by puncture marks on the 
fruit surface and associated necrosis.  
(47) The proposed measure (irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 150  Gy) is sufficient to manage the 
likelihood of introduction  of all Tephritidae fruit flies for fresh grape s imported from any country for the 
following reason : 
a) Irradiation as a proposed measure provides an equivalent level of protection to current IHS measures 
for Tephritidae fruit flies as assessed against ISPM 28 ( Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests ). 
i) The efficacy of the treatment at preventing emergence was greater than 99.9968%2 at the 95% 
level of confidence (ISPM 28 PT 7 (Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests: Irradia tion 
treatment for fruit flies of the family Tephritidae (generic)).  
ii) The efficacy level of a phytosanitary treatment must be at least 99.99%3 at the 95% confidence 
level to meet New Zealand’s appropriate level of protection for economically important fruit  fly 
species . 
Conogethes punctiferalis  
(48) C. punctiferalis  (yellow peach moth, YPM) are likely to be obvious during  visual inspection . 
a) Adult YPM  are orange -yellow  with a number  of conspicuous black  spots are located on the wings and 
body (MPI, 2009).  Adult moths have a wingspan of 2.5 cm and are present on the outside of the fruit.  
b) Eggs are  elliptical, about 2  mm in length and laid individually on the skin of the fruit  or on the stalk (MPI, 
2009).   
c) Larva e are up to 25 mm in length and bore into the fr uit to feed (MPI, 2009). Entry wounds may be 
obvious on the fruit surface.  
d) Pupae are brown, 13 mm long  and surrounded by shelters of webbing and frass, occurring in or on the 
surface of the fruit (MPI, 2009).  
e) Only egg, larvae and pupae are likely to be ass ociated with fruit in international trade, and pupae are 
likely to be detected and removed during post -harvest inspection (MPI, 2009)  
                                                             
2 Equivalent to Probit 9, or no survivors from 90,000 tested individuals.  
3 Equivalent to Probit 8.7, or no survivors from 30,000 tested individu als.  
 Draft for Consultation  Page 12 of 15 Irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of  289Gy  is justified and sufficient to manage the likelihood of introduction  
of YPM  on table grapes because : 
(49) The most radio tolerant Lepidopteran life stages (late instar larvae, pupae and adults; Hallman et al., 2013) 
are unlikely to be present on hosts at treatment.  
a) The damage caused by late -instar feeding and pupation is likely  to be visibl y detectable during 
production , harvest and packing activities (MPI, 2009)  and is likely to render fruit unsuitable for export.  
i) Late instar larval feeding causes fruit deterioration or early fruit drop e.g. rambutan turn brown (MPI, 2016).  
ii) Pupae are surrounded by shelters of webbing and frass, and are sometimes on the outside surface of the 
fruit (MPI, 2009). Pupae are 13 mm in length and 4 mm wide (MPI, 2009).  
b) Adults are nocturnal and active fliers so are unlikely to be associated with the com modity during the 
harvesting process (MPI, 2009).  Adults have a wingspan of 25 mm (MPI, 2009)  and are visibly 
detectable . 
c) The imported commodities for which irradiation is currently required are minor hosts ( Molet, 2015 ) and 
YPM may not be present on the p athway or may be present at very low levels.  
(50) The least radio tolerant life stages (eggs and early instar larvae; Hallman et al., 2013) of Lepidoptera  are 
likely to be managed by a dose of 289Gy  based on evidence from another species in the Crambidae  famil y 
(Hallman &  Hellmich 2009 ). 
a) Irradiation at a maximum absorbed dose of 289Gy prevented F 1 developing past the first instar in 
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) . 
b) Eggs and early instar larvae of YPM are the most likely lifestages to be pre sent on the pathway as they 
may go undetected during phytosanitary inspection due to their small size.  
i) Eggs are laid individually on the surface of fruit and are only 2 -2.5mm in length (MPI 2009, 2013). Larvae 
can grow up to 25mm  (note: fully grown larvae , not early instar)  (MPI 2009, 2013).  
c) In-field pest control measures for YPM and/or similar species as part of commercial production is likely 
to manage the pest to low levels prior to irradiation treatment.  
(51) Note: The rate of 289Gy for the management of YP M is proposed to be updated on other irradiated fresh 
produce import pathways i.e. capsicum.  
Maconellicoccus hirsutus  
(52) Heavy infestations of M. hirsutus are likely to be obvious during visual inspection  (MPI, 2009) . 
a) Adults and nymphs are a reddish pink colour  and covered with a sticky white wax. Both the adult and 
nymph  are visually obvious against the surface of the fresh table grapes (green and purple flesh colour)  
(MPI, 2009) . 
b) Eggs are laid on the outside of fruit in whitish cottony egg sacks  (MPI, 20 09). 
(53) Irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 289Gy is suf ficient to manage the likelihood of introduction  of M. 
hirsutus on table grapes  because:  
a) Treatment with a minimum absorbed do se 289 Gy will prevent adults (the most radio tolerant life stage)  
from laying viable eggs  (Jacobsen and Hara, 2003).  
i) Jacobsen and Hara (2003) exposed 3,093 of the most tolerant life stage (adults) to between 218 and 289 
Gy and prevented eclosion4 of all of the subsequent eggs produced.   This provides a 99.9 03% level of  
efficacy (none in 1,0 31) that any eggs laid from irradiation adults will not enclose.  
b) In-field pest control measures for M. hirsutus  and/or similar species as part of commercial production is 
likely to manage the pest to low levels prior to irradiation tr eatment.  
                                                             
4 Eclosion: act of emerging from the pupal case or hatching from the egg.   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 13 of 15 Other regulated pests  
(54) Irradiation at a higher  dose  (up to a maximum absorbed dose of 1000 Gy) may be approved by MPI for non -
target pests .  
It is important to note that efficacy information for irradiation has not been tested against all regulated  pests of 
concern, nor has it been conclusively demonstrated by large -scale testing. Therefore additional phytosanitary 
treatments may be required in addition to irradiation on this pathway.  
Feasibility  
(55) The application of irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 150  Gy and 2 89 Gy is operationally feasible for 
the following reasons:  
a) Irradiation has been approved for use as a phytosanitary treatment by Food Safety Australia New 
Zealand (FSANZ).  
b) Imported table grapes are regularly irradiated (e.g. from Austra lia), with no apparent quality or 
consumer acceptance issues.  
c) The irradiation facility , Steritech , is currently certified by DAWR as compliant with international and 
Australian domestic requirements. The irradiation plant is located in Brisbane and is used to treat 
mangoes , lychee, papaya, tomato and capsicum for export to New Zealand, as well as fresh produce 
for export to other international destinations (e.g. Australian mango exported to the USA).  
   
 Draft for Consultation  Page 14 of 15 Summary of Prop osed IHS Requirements  
(56) MPI considers the risks presented by some pests on fresh table grapes import pathway will be effectively 
managed with irradiation.  
(57) The dose  MPI has identified as necessary to manage the identified pests on fresh table grapes  are 
summ arised below:  
 Organism /group  Life stage  Rate  MPI-Specified pests  Tephritidae fruit flies  
Bactrocera neohumeralis  
Bactrocera tryoni  
Ceratitis capitata  Eggs, larvae and pupae  150 Gy Targeted pests  Conogethes punctiferalis   Eggs and early instar  larvae  
 289 Gy 
Maconellicoccus hirsutus  All life stages  289 Gy  
(58) All measures contained in the fresh table grape IHS are subject to regular review based on pathway 
compliance, emerging risk assessment, new information/intelligence, and results of audit of the Export Plan.  
(59) MPI monitor s interceptions of  all regulated pests (and  hitchhiker s) and the appropriateness/ effectiveness of 
phytosanitary measures  during trade .  
 Draft for Consultation  Page 15 of 15 References  
GISD (2016) Global Invasive Species Database. Species profile: Bactrocera tryoni . Available at: 
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=925 . Accessed 23 July 2016.  
Hallman  G., Hellmich R L. ( 2009 ) Ionizing radiation as a phytosani tary treatment a gainst European  Corn Borer 
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in ambient, low oxygen,  and cold conditions . Journal of Economic Entomology  102(1): 64 -
68ISPM 28. Phytosanitary treatments for regulated pests. Rome, IPPC, FAO  
Jacobsen, C.M., Hara, H.A. (2003). Irradiation of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Psuedococcidae) for 
phytosanitation of agricultural commodities. Journal of Economic Entomology . 96(4): 1334 -9. 
PHA (undated) Fact Sheet: Queensland and Mediterranean fruit flies. Plant Health Australia. Available at: 
http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp -content/uploads/2013/01/QFly -and-Medfly -FS.pdf . Accessed 23 July 
2016.  
MPI (2009). Import Risk Analysis: Table grapes ( Vitis vinifera ) from China. ISBM 978 -0-478-35726 -4. 
MPI (2016a). IHS 152 -02: Importation and Clearance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables into New Zealand . Retrieved 
from https://www.mpi.govt.nz/document -vault/1147  
MPI (2016b). QuanCargo database report – Interception reports of fresh table grapes from Australia to New Zealand 
from 2000 -2016.  
 
Plant Health Australia (PHA) (2016) .The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies. Version 2.1. Plant 
Health Australia. Canberra, ACT.  
Thomas, M C; Heppner, J B; Woodruff, R E; Weems, H V; Steck, G J; Fasulo, T R (2010) Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 
Ceratitis capitata  (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). DPI Entomology Circulars EENY -214. Available at: 
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/mediterranean_fruit_fly.htm . Accessed 23 July 2016.  
WTO 1995. Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures . Geneva : World Trade Org anisation