Reference number  
DRS 311: 2018  
© RBS yyyy  
© RSB 2018   
 RWANDA 
STANDARD  DRS  
311 
 
Second  edition  
2018 -mm-dd 
 
Earth en floors — Design and construction 
— Code of practice  DRS 311: 2018  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  ii 
 
 In order to match with technological development and to keep continuous progress in industries, 
Standards are subject to periodic r eview. Users shall ascertain that they are in possession of the latest 
edition  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© RSB 2018 
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized 
in any form or by any means, electronic or mecha nical, including photocopying and microfilm, without 
prior written permission from R SB. 
Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to  
Rwanda Standards  Board  
P.O Box 7099 Kigali -Rwanda  
KK 15 Rd, 49  
Tel. +250 788303492  
Toll Free: 3250  
E-mail: info@rsb.gov.rw  
Website: www.rsb.gov.rw   
e-Portal: www.portal.rsb.gov.rw   DRS 311:2018  
iii                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Contents                    Pages  
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  ivv 
1. Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  1 
2. Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  1 
3. Terms and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  1 
4. Design and Construction  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  3 
4.1 General requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  3 
4.2 Design considerations  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  34 
4.2.1  Choice of materials  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................  34 
4.2.2  Thermal performance  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  34 
4.2.3  Durability  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  34 
4.3 Construction  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  45 
4.3.1 General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  45 
4.3.2  Surface finish and coatings  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  45 
4.3.3  Departure from datum and surface regularity  ................................ ................................ ..................  45 
4.3.4  Moisture control  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 56 
4.3.5  Settlement and cracking  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  56 
5. Performance criteria ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  56 
5.1 General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  56 
5.2 Compressive strength ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  56 
5.3 Wearing surface hardness  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  56 
5.4 Resistance to abrasion  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  56 
5.5 Resistance to water  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................  56 
5.6 moist ure absorption  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  57 
Annex  A (informative)  The roll test  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  78 
A.1 Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  78 
A.2 Result  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  78 
Annex  B (normative)  Water absorption test  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 89 
B.1 Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  89 
B.2 Results  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  89 
Annex  C (Informative)  Recommended material choices  ................................ ................................ ...........  910 
C.1 Earthen mixes  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 910 
C.2 Water  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  910 
C.3 Surface sealants  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  910 
Annex  D (Informative)  Flat rock test  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  1011 
D.1 Procedure  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  1011 
D.2 Results  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  1011 
Annex  E (Informative)  Sedimentation b ottle shake test  ................................ ................................ ..........  1112 
Annex  F................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................  1213 
Annex  G ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  1314 
Annex  H ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  1415 
Bibliography  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  1516 
 DRS 311: 2018  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  iv 
 
 Foreword  
Rwanda Standard s are prepared  by Technical Committees and approved by R wanda Standards Board of 
(RSB) Board  of Directors in  accordance with the p rocedures of RSB, in compliance with Annex 3 of the 
WTO/TBT agreement on the preparation, adoption and application of standards.  
The main task of technical committees is to prepare national standards.  Final Draft Rwanda S tandards 
adopted by Technical commi ttees are ratified by me mbers of RSB Board of Director s for publication and 
gazett ed as Rwanda Standards.  
DRS 311 was prepared  by Technical Committee RSB/TC 009, Building materials and civil engineering . 
In the preparation of this standard, reference was m ade to the following standard:  
SAZ 724:  2005 Rammed earth structures — Code of practice  
The assistance de rived from the above source is hereby acknowledged with thanks.  
This second edition cancels and replaces the first  edition (RS  311: 2016 ), clauses 1, 2 , 3 and 9  and annexes; 
B and A of which have  been technically revised.  Clauses 4, 5 and 6 have been. . Clause 9 has been changed 
to clause 5. Clauses 8 and 7 have been combined into clause 4. Annexes D, E, F, G and H have been added 
to the standard.  
Commi ttee membership  
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee on Building  materials and civil 
engineering  (RSB/TC 009) in the preparation of this standard.  
EarthEnable  
Green Effect Engineering Rwanda  
Institut d’Enseignement Sup érieur de Ruhengeri (INES -Ruhengeri)  
NPD  Ltd 
RULIBA Clays Ltd  
Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA)  
Rwanda Public Procurement Authority (RPPA)  
Rwanda Transport Development Agency (RTDA)  
Standards For Sustainability Rwanda  
Strawtec  
University of Rwanda - College of S cience and Technology (UR -CST)  
Rwanda Standards Board — Secretarial  
 DRS  311: 2018  
1                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Earth en floors  — Design and construction — Code of practice  
1. Scope  
This Draft Rwanda Standard t gives guidance on the design  and construction , performance criteria and test 
methods for ea rthen floors . It is limited to impervious earthen floors for use i n residential buildings of classes 
R4 and R5 and where applicable in educational buildings of Class E1 under normal use  conditions.  
2. Normative references  
The following referenced documents ar e indispensable for the application of this document. For dated 
references, only edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document 
(including any amendments) applies.  
RS 107, Building Sands  from natural sources  – Specifications  
RS ISO 22475 -3, Geotechnical Investigation and Testing Sampling Methods and Groundwater Measurements 
Laboratory Testing of Soil - Part 3: Standard Penetration Test  
ASTM D  6024 – Standard Test Method for Ball Drop on Controlled Low Strength M aterial (CLSM) to 
Determine Suitability for Load Application   
ISO 11890 -2:2013: Paints and varnishes -- Determination of volatile organic compound (VOC) content -- Part 
2: Gas -chromatographic method  
ASTM C805 – 13a: Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete  
3. Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this standard, the follow ing terms and definitions apply . 
3.1 
earthen floor  
a floor made of raw  earth  or other unworked ground materials . It is constructed on a stabilized sub-base , 
composed of  selected granular  soils mixed to a thickened consistency , spread with a mixture of sand with or 
without binders  or fibers  such as clay , straw  and ounce dry is sealed with a drying oil  or other impermeable 
surface sealants  
3.2 
varnish  
any liquid surface  coating that dries after application, conferring favorable stabilization properties.  
3.3 
soil stabilization   
alteration of soils to enhance their physical propertie s, the shear strength and/or control the shrink -swell 
properties of a soil,  to improv e the loa d bearing capacity of a sub -grade to support foundations.  
3.4 
Stabilized Earthen Floors   
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  2 
 
 Earthen floors whose  sub base has been mechanically  or chemically stabilized to  enhance its soil bearing 
capacity  but also to improve the overall performance of the ear then floor with respect to other properties such 
as  impact resistance, abrasion resistance, impermeability and bearing capacity.  
3.5 
Optimum  moisture  content  (OMC)  
water content in percentage at which a soil can be compacted to a maximum dry unit weight b y a given 
compactive effort  
NOTE  In this context a soil is dry when no further water can be removed at a temperature within the range of 105 °C 
± 5 °C  for 24 h . 
3.6 
normal use 
 any residential use of a floor where a uniformly distribut ed load of 1.92kN/m2kN/m2 is not exceeded   
3.7 
wearing surface  
surface of an earthen floor  that will come in contact with people and objects inside the house  
3.8 
competent authority   
any person that has been legally appointed or invested by authority , institution of engineer s or construction 
inspection, verification or execution.    
3.9 
safe materials  
any building material that is not known to cause har m to users or the environment.  
3.10 
Sub-base material  
material below the wearing surface of the floor which provides the struct ural stability of the floor.  
3.11 
R-4 Building Class  
occupancy consisting of two or more dwelling units on a single site  
3.12 
R-5 Building Class  
occupancy consisting of a dwelling unit on its own site, it may include a garage and other domestic out 
buildin gs, if any. It will usually be occupied by members of one or two families and has a total sleeping 
accommodation for not more than 20 persons.  
3.13 
E-1 Building Class  
Educational building class that ranges from preschool to secondary level and whose  sub-division shall include 
any building or a group of buildings under single  management, which is used for students not less than 20 in 
number  DRS  311: 2018  
3                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 3.14 
 datum  
horizontal plane of known height to which the elevation of all other points is referenced. The mean sea lev el is 
the level generally adopted as a datum . It is used to establish the required depths for levelling the floor with 
respect to the adjacent grade level  
4. Design and Construction  
4.1 General requirements  
4.1.1 The design and construction requirements in this s tandard shall be used in conjunction with the 
requirements of the relevant sections Rwanda Building Code.  
4.1.2 Earthen floors and perimeters shall be built to prevent the entrance of runoff  from rain and flooding.  
4.1.3 The designer shall also define and  state the design life of the earthen floor  including periodic 
maintenance and repairs  
4.2 Design c onsiderations  
4.2.1  Choice of materials  
4.2.1.1  Different regions of the country shall have different building materials with varying properties.  
4.2.2.2  Selection of materials shall be based on  their performance as according to the requirements 
stated in clause 5   
4.2.2.3  When selecting material, the  designer shall also take into account the thicknesses of each layer of  
the floor pavement, and where necessary  determine  the subsurface water, the geographical location of the 
area with respect to its geological and hydrological  factors.  
4.2.2  Thermal performance  
4.2.2.1 Light -colour ed floors reflect and radiate heat, dark -coloured floors mainly re -radiate heat only and 
therefore  absorb and conduct a high proportion of solar heat gain to the backing (base and sub -base of the 
floor).Consideration should be given to sub -floor insulation to enhance the thermal performance of an earthen 
floor. These  characteristics may be used in the design of thermally efficient buildings  
4.2.2.2 Where it is suspected that thermal movement of the floor may be excessive, special precautions 
such as provision of movement joints should be considered.  
4.2.2.3 Earthen floors shall be designed to resist the rmal cracking  and shrinkage . Provision shall be made 
to accommodate movement due to shrinkage expansion or settlement of the threshold between 2 rooms . 
4.2.3  Durability  
4.2.3.1 The structure shall be designed such that deterioration over its design working life does not impair 
the performance of the earthen floor below that intended, having due regard to its environment and the 
anticipated level of maintenance.  
4.2.3.2 The degree of any deterioration may be estimated on the basis of calculations, experimental 
investigation, experience from earlier constructions, or a combination of these considerations.  
4.2.3.3 in order to achieve an adequately durable structure, the following s hall be taken into account :   
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  4 
 
 a)  environmental conditions shall be identified at the desig n stage so that their significance can be 
assessed in relation to durability and adequate provisions can be made for protection of the materials 
used in the structure  
b) composition, properties and performance of the materials and products ;  
c) properties of the  soil ; and 
d) quality of workmanship, and the level of control  
4.2.3.4 The wearing surface of finished floors shall meet the performance criteria defined in clause 5 .  
4.3 Construction   
4.3.1  General  
4.3.1 .1 Earthen floors shall be  substantially levelled  to follow a degree slope towards the door to allow the 
surface  runoff of water from the interior . 
4.3.1.2 Sub-soils shall be compacted to a minimum bearing capacity  of 50 kPa  to meet the performan ce 
criteria defined in clause 5 . In situ subsoils may meet this capacity  without replacement or improvement.  
4.3.1.3 The floor shall be without sharp changes in height (e.g. between different surfaces or between 
individual bricks) of more than ± 5 mm over a 300 mm straight edge, other than for a step into a different room .  
4.3.2  Surface finish and coatings   
4.3.2.1 Surface coating  materials such as natural products, chemical products, and combinations of 
products which form an external protection against earth en floor wear and resistance to penetration by water 
or other fluids.  
4.3.2.2 Surface coatings for earth en floors may consist of materials such as natural oils or waxes, or other 
proprietary sealants or products  with equivalent  or improved  properties .  
4.3.2.3 Surface coatings shall be safe materials  
4.3.2.4 Flatness  or surface regularity is a measure of the deviations from a plane over a large area of the 
floor, as well as over small local areas. Some variations in surface level can be allowed without detriment to 
the satisfactory performance of the floor.  
4.3.2.5 the floor sha ll be without sharp changes in height (e.g. between different surfaces or between 
individual bricks) of more than ± 5 mm over a 300 mm straight edge  
4.3.3  Departure from datum  and surface regularity  
4.3.3.1 The maximum departure from the finished floor level sho uld be specified, taking into account the 
area of the floor and its use . 
4.3.3.2 Greater accuracy to datum may be needed in small rooms, along the line of partition walls, in the 
vicinity of door openings and where speciali zed equipment is to be installed directly on the floor  
4.3.3.3 Tolerances for floor levels should be the following:  
a) within one room the variation from corner to corner  or from the datum  should be not more than ±  15 
mm; 
b) the variation over a 2 m long straight edge should be not more than ±  10 mm.  DRS  311: 2018  
5                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 4.3.4  Moisture control  
4.3.4.1 Earthen floors should be protected from rising moisture so that  it does not penetrate the floor. 
4.3.4.2 If floors are intended to be washed, the floor surface should be waterproofed, and the junction of 
floor and walls shou ld be protected with a suitable raised skirting.  
4.3.5  Settlement and cracking  
Floors shall be structurally independent of the walls to avoid excessive cracking due to wall loadings and 
settlement of footings.  
5. Performance  criteria  
5.1 General  
Key performance met rics shall be evaluated no earlier than 7 days after completion of an earthen floor or after 
visible drying, whichever is longer. The floor shall pass these same performance metrics 1 year after 
completion.  
Earthen flooring is routinely cast in -situ withi n actively occupied residential homes, necessitating the provision 
of minimally to non -destructive field tests that can approximate laboratory -grade tests. La boratory tests shall  
be carried out for quality assurance purposes when deemed necessary by a comp etent authority.  
5.2 Compressive  strength        
5.2.1 The sub -floor (under the wearing surface) shall resist all loads typical of buildings classes specified 
inin this standard . The compressive strength shall be  verified by compliance with the test in Ann ex B. 
5.2.2 Dry compressive strength values for unstabilized  earthen floor should be at least 1.5 MPa after 1 
month curing . 
5.3 Wearing  surface hardness  
The wearing surface of the floor that people interact with should be hard enough to withstand point loa ds 
including tables, benches, beds, and shoes , verified by com pliance with the test in Annex D  and Annex F   
5.4 Resistance to abrasion  
The floor shall be able to withstand sc ratching and gouging under normal use , including the movement of 
wooden furniture.  Resistance to abrasion shall be measure in accordance to  Annex H 
5.5 Resistance to water  
The floor shall be able to withstand  absorption of water due to cleaning/washing as defined in Annex  G 
5.6 moisture absorption  
Finished  earthen floor shall have a lo w moisture absorption rate not exceeding 4 %. Absorption can be 
measured according to Annex B . 
 
 
  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  6 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DRS  311: 2018  
7                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Annex  A 
(informative ) 
 
The roll test  
A.1 Procedure  
A.1.1  Take a handful of unsieved soil  sample , moisten, make  into a ball , and leave to dry in the sun. If it falls 
apart it has too little clay, and is thus unsuitable for earthen floors: look for another soil source.  
A.1.2  If the ball remains together when dry, crush the soil to remove any lumps. Add water slowly.  
A.1.3  Make a ball and place it on hard ground. T ake a 10 mm diameter reinforcing bar, 500 mm long, and 
stand it vertically, with its end resting on the middle of the ball of damp soil.  
A.1.4  Let it sink in under its own weight. (Do not push it). When the bar sinks in exactly 20 mm, the water 
content is right for doing the test.  
A.1.5  Take enough of the damp soil to form a ball in your hands; then between your hands form into a roll 25 
mm thick and 200 mm long. Place the roll on a table, and push it gently over the edge.  
A.1.6  Measure how long it gets bef ore it breaks off. Check the length of the piece that drops.  
A.2 Result  
If the roll breaks off less than 80 mm, there is not enough clay. If the roll breaks off longer than 120 mm, there 
is too much clay.  
NOTE  Any other equivalent standard test method  shall be used.   
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  8 
 
 Annex  B 
(normative ) 
 
Water absorption test  
B.1 Procedure  
B.1.1 Take five samples, preferably smaller samples as they can be dried out more quickly. The samples 
should weigh at least  500 grams.  
B.1.2 Weigh each sample and then dry it out  on either a hot plate o r an oven  until no further weight 
reduction is recorded. Then expose the samples to constant saturation or immersion for 2 hours  days, dry off 
the surface level water with an absorbent cloth or napkin, and weigh them again.  
B.1.3 In the absence of accurate  weighing equipment, absorption can be assessed by the dimensional 
difference between a dry and a wet sample.  
B.1.4 Prepare the samples in the same way as above, and accurately measure the dry and wet dimensions. 
Expansion when wet should be at most 4 % for stabilized earthen floor.  
B.2 Results  
The absorption shall be the increase in weight of the wet sample as a percentage of the dry weight (Average 
the results from the five samples).  
 
 
 
 
 DRS  311: 2018  
9                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Annex  C 
(Informative)  
 
Recommended material choices  
 
C.1 Earthen mixes       
C.1.1 Soils  used to form earthen floors should be free from organic material and other non -soil substances, 
such as plastics, leaves, dung, or other  deleterious material.   
C.1.2 Earthen floors may be viably constructed using a wide range of protocols, each desig nating a specific 
range of soil, gravel,  and clay  ratios. The composition of any component soil may be approximated by a bottle 
test, described in Annex F or a roll test described in Annex A . Laboratory gradation tests can be performed for 
more accurate da ta. 
C.1.3 The purpose of stabilization is to improve soil properties  such as  increasing compressive  strength , 
reducing the variations in cohesion and volume  caused by changes in moisture content , reducing the erosive 
effect of water on the surface, or by c ombinations of these. Stabilization should use any safe material that 
strengthens the floor if required.    
C.2 Water        
Water used for ramming should be from a clean source. It should be free from organic material and any other 
harmful substances.  In genera l, potable  water may be used for preparation of earthen mixes.  
C.3 Surface sealants  
C.3.1 Surface coatings such as  natural products, chemical products, or combinations of products , may be 
used as a waterproof covering  which form an external protection against earthen floor wear and resistance to 
penetration by water or other fluids.  Surface coatings for earthen floors may consist of materials such as 
natural oils or waxes, or other  equivalent products.  
C.3.2 Surface coatings must contain very little  volatile o rganic carbon (VOC) compounds, containing no 
more than 50g of VOC/L. At no time during application or during surface curing may butanone oxime levels 
exceed 20µg/m3, nor shall total VOC exceed 1500 µg/m3. Requirements for measuring VOC shall be done in 
accordance with ISO 11890 . 
C.3.3 Surface coatings must contain no more than 90 mg elemental lead per kg of liquid coating . Ideal 
surface coatings should  be lead -free, containing no more than 15µg/kg of elemental lead.  
 
  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  10 
 
 Annex  D 
(Informative)  
 
Flat rock test  
D.1 Procedur e 
D.1.1 Find a flat rock with a 20  cm - 25 cm in diameter (e. g. a piece of gravel). Place it onto the floor’s 
subfloor sub-base after compaction and drying of any admixtures or moisture, so that it is thus ready for the 
wearing surface to be added.   
D.1.2 Have a person with weight varying from 60 kg to 90kg  (or an equivalent load) step onto the flat rock, and 
apply their full weight for 30 s econds . 
D.1.3 Record the depth of the resulting indentation.  
D.2 Results  
Floors with acceptable compressive strength  will not sink more than 3 mm in depth  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DRS  311: 2018  
11                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Annex  E 
(Informative)  
 
Sedimentation bottle shake test  
E.1 Procedure  
E.1.1 Fill a 1.5 l clear bottle 50% with the material of interest.  
E.1.2 Add water until 75%  full. 
E.1.3 Shake the bottle vigorously until the water an d material are thoroughly mixed.  
E.1.4 Allow the material to settle for 30 min.  
E.2 Results  
The top layer will be clear water, the next layer will be clay, then silt, then sand/rocks. To measure the 
percentage of clay, divide the height of the clay layer by t he height of the full height of non -water material.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  12 
 
 Annex  F 
(Normative ) 
Ball-indentation hardness test  
Ball-indentation test shall be carried out in accordance with ASTM D6024  or where using a Schmidt hammer 
test as per ASTM C805 – 13a, depending on the  available equipment.   
F.1 Procedure  
F.1.1 The indenter shall be a hardened and polished steel ball. The ball shall not show any deformation or 
damage after the test.  The ball shall have a 25.4 mm diameter and a mass of 70.0  g (+/- 0.7g)  
F.1.2 Elevate the ind enter at a height of 500 mm (+/ - 10 mm) over the surface of a level, dry, earthen floor 
that has been wiped  free of surface contamination.  
F.1.3 Release the ball and record the diameter of the indentation using callipers . Move to a new location 
within 5 m,  and repeat the test for a total of three im pacts per floor.  
F.2 Results  
F.2.1 If the standard error is greater than 2  mm, repeat the tes t until the error is below 2 mm  
F.2.2 If the mean diameter of indentations is less than 7.5  mm, the floor is suitable f or normal use 
applications.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DRS  311: 2018  
13                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Annex  G 
(Normative)  
 
Swipe Test  
G.1 Procedure  
G.1.1 Clean a 10  cm x 10  cm square patch on the floor by wetting the floor, and wiping gently with a 
moistened cloth. This removes loose dirt sitting on top of the floor.  
G.1.2 Flood the 10  cm x 10 cm square and allow it to sit for 1 minute.  
G.1.3 Wipe the square vigorously with a new cloth , and evaluate transference of sand and clay  particles  to 
the cloth.  
G.2 Results  
Floors with acceptable resistance to water induced erosion will not tr ansfer sand and clay to the wiping cloth.  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  14 
 
 Annex  H 
(Normative)  
 
Finger Nail Scratch Test  
H.1 Procedure  
H.1.1 Wet a 10  cm x 10  cm square of floor and wipe it dry.  
H.1.2 Scratch the floor surface with one's thumbnail , or a Moh’s  hardness standard of 2.  
H.1.3 Wipe the floor with a moistened wipe.   
H.2 Results  
Floors with acceptable abrasion resistance will not leave a scratch mark  
 
 DRS  311: 2018  
15                 ©RSB 2018  All rights reserved  
 
 Bibliography  
[1] NZS 4298 (1998): Materials and workmanship for earth buildings  [Building Code Compliance 
Document E2 (AS2)]  
[2] Building Wi th Earth : A Handbook . By: John Norton  
[3] AASHTO T 180 -10 - Standard Method of Test for Moisture -Density Relations of Soils  
[4] 16 CFR part 1303  – US Code of Federal  Regulations: Ban of Lead - Containing Paint and Certain 
Consumer Products  
[5] ASTM E2392 -10: Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems  
[6] ASTM E2392 - Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems  
[7] ASTM D559 - Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil Cement Mi xtures  
[8] AASHTO T 180 -10 - Standard Method of Test for Moisture -Density Relations of Soils  
 
[9] 16 CFR part 1303  – US Code of Federal Regulations: Ban of Lead -Containing  Paint and Certain 
Consumer Products  
[10] ASTM D421 - 85(2007) Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle -Size 
Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants  
[11] ASTM D422 - 63(2007)e2 Standard Test Method for Particle -Size Analysis of Soils  
[12] ASTM D 558 – 04 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture -Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil -
Cement Mixtures  
[13] ASTM C944 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the 
Rotating -Cutter Method  
[14] ASTM D6913 - 04(2009)e 1 Standard Test Methods for Particle -Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils 
Using Sieve Analysis  
[15] ASTM D4318 - 10e1 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils  
[16] ASTM D2434 -68(2006) Standard Test Method for Permeabilit y of Granular Soils (Constant Head) 
(Withdrawn 2015)  
[17] ASTM D2166 / D2166M - 13 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive 
Soil [5]  
[18] ASTM D2216 - 10 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of 
Soil and Rock by Mass  
[19] ASTM D1556 / D1556M - 15 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by 
Sand -Cone Method [2]  
[20] ASTM D1557 - 12 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using 
Modified Effort (56,000 ft -lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN -m/m3))  
[21] EAS 73: 2000, Building limes (Quicklime and Hydrated Lime) — Specification   
©RSB 2018 All rights reserved                  16 
 
 [22] RS ISO 22476 -2 Geotechnical Investigation And Testing - Field Testing - Part 2: Dynamic Probing  
[23] RS 277: 2015, Water Treatment - Hydrated Lime - Specificatio n  
 
 
 
 
 DRS 311: 2018  
ICS 91.060.30  
 
 
©RSB 2018 All right s reserved