S/C/W/361  
 
4 August 2015  
(15-4005)  Page: 1/98  
Council for Trade in Services  Original: English  
 
 
 
 COMMUNICATION FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION  
SIGNALLING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S INTENTION TO NOTIFY PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT TO 
SERVICES AND SERVICES SUPPLIERS OF LEAST-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 
The following Communication from the delegation of the European Union, dated 30 July 2015, is 
being circulated to the Members of the Council for Trade in Services. 
 
_______________ 
  
The Permanent Mission of the European Union to the World Trade Organization in Geneva has the 
honour to signal to the World Trade Organization Council for Trade in Services the European Union's intention to notify – subject to required internal procedures – the preferential treatment 
which the European Union intends to make available to services and services suppliers of Least-
Developed Countries in accordance with the decision by Ministers at the WTO’s Eighth Ministerial Conference on Preferential Treatment to Services an d Service Suppliers of Least-Developed 
Countries  (WT/L/847), and the decision by Ministers at the WTO’s Ninth Ministerial Conference on 
Operationalization of the Waiver Concerning Pr eferential Treatment to Services and Services 
Suppliers of Least-Developed Countries (WT/L/918). 
 
The preferential treatment is intended to be ma de in sectors and modes of supply that are of 
particular export interest to Least-Developed Countries, as set out in The Collective Request 
Pursuant to the Bali Decision on the Operationalization of the LDC Services Waiver Concerning 
Preferential Treatment to Services and Serv ice Suppliers of Least Developed Countries 
(S/C/W/356). The European Union intends to main tain these preferences for the period of the 
Waiver, unless notification a contrario. 
 
_______________ 
  S/C/W/361 
 
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 EUROPEAN UNION  
DRAFT SCHEDULE - TRADE IN SERVICES 
HEADNOTES 
1.1.  The EU maintains that the right to subm it to a review (e.g. an authorisation and/or 
notification procedure) the direct or indirect acquisition and/or control of a company or firm or the 
establishment of a new company or firm on nation al security grounds, under existing or future 
legislation, will be preserved and does not require specific reservations in the offer.  
1.2.  For greater certainty, for the EU, the oblig ation to grant national treatment does not entail 
the requirement to extend to nationals or juridi cal persons of LDC Members the treatment granted 
in a Member State to the nationals and juridical persons of another Member State pursuant to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, or to any measure adopted pursuant to that Treaty, including their implementation in the Member States. Such national treatment is granted 
only to legal persons of the LDC Members established in accordance with the law of another 
Member State and having their registered office , central administration or principal place of 
business in that Member State, including those legal persons established within the EU which are 
owned or controlled by nationals of the LDC Member.  
1.3.  The EU further reserves the right to make technical changes to this Schedule and to correct 
any errors, omissions or inaccuracies. This Schedule does not contain commitments on audio-
visual services 
1.4.  Nothing in this Schedule shall be construed to require the privatisation of public undertakings 
or to impose any obligation with respect to government procurement.  
1.5.  The EU reserves the right to maintain or introduce any measures with respect to subsidies.  
1.6.  Consistent with the provisions of this Sche dule, the EU retain the right to regulate and to 
introduce new regulations to meet legitimate policy objectives. 
1.7.  The EU is examining the interface between it s regulatory framework on audit services and the 
EU's present and future international obligations. This process may lead to further modifications or 
clarification of this Schedule. 
1.8.  Notwithstanding its obligation on market access, the EU may require that in the case of 
incorporation under its own law including the respective law of the individual Member States of the 
European Union, investors and service suppliers must adopt a specific legal form. To the extent that such requirement is applied in a non-discriminatory manner, it does not need to be specified in this Schedule in order to be maintained or adopted by the EU or its respective Member State. 
1.9.  Nothing in this Schedule shall be construed to require the EU to compensate for inherent 
competitive disadvantages which result from the foreign character of the relevant services or services suppliers. 
1.10.  This Schedule shall not apply to measures  affecting natural persons seeking access to the 
employment market of the EU, nor shall it apply to measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis. Nothing in this  Schedule shall prevent the EU from applying 
measures to regulate the entry of natural persons into, or their temporary stay in, its territory, 
including those measures necessary to protect the integrity of, and to ensure the orderly movement of natural persons across its borders, pr ovided that such measures are not applied in 
such a manner as to nullify or impair the benefits accruing to LDC Members under the terms of a 
specific commitment. S/C/W/361 
 
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 1.11.  This Schedule does not cover services relating to the use of nuclear energy for peaceful 
purposes. 
2  LISTS OF COMMITMENTS  
2.1.  The sectors liberalised by the EU pursuant to the Annexes and, by means of reservations, the 
market access and national treatment limitations a pplicable to services and service suppliers of 
LDC Members in those sectors, are set out in lists of commitments included in the Annexes: 
a. List of commitments relating to commercial presence (Annex A)  
b. List of commitments relating to cross- border supply of services (Annex B) 
c. List of reservations relating to business visitors for establishment, intra-corporate 
transferees and service sellers (Annex C)  
d. List of reservations relating to contractual services suppliers and independent 
professionals (Annex D)  
3  OBLIGATIONS CONCERNING THE SCHEDULING ANNEXES  
3.1.  For the purpose of this Schedule and the Annexes, the following obligations are applied:   3.2.  Annex C and D specify commitments and measures by the EU concerning the entry into and 
temporary stay
1 within a Member State of the following categories of natural persons providing 
services, or except where otherwise indicated in the sector specific part of the annexes2.  
3.1  Business visitors for esta blishment purposes ("BVEP")  
3.3.  Business visitors for estab lishment purposes ("BVEP") mean natural persons employed 
in a senior position within a juridical person of a LDC Member who are responsible for setting up an establishment. They do not offer or provide services or engage in any other economic activity than required for establishment purposes. They do not receive remuneration from a source located 
within the Member State concerned. The service pr ovider has its principal place of business in the 
territory of a LDC Member and has no other representative office, branch or subsidiary in the Member State concerned. 
3.4.  For sectors committed under mode 3 and subject to any reservation inscribed under that 
modeentry and temporary stay is permitted for a period of up to 90 days in any twelve month period. 
3.2  Intra-corporate transferees ("ICT")  
3.5.  Intra-corporate transferees ("ICT") mean natural persons who reside outside the 
territory of the Member States at the time of the application and who have been employed by a 
juridical person of a LDC Member or its branch or have been partners in it for at least one year 
immediately preceding the date of admission, and who are temporarily transferred in the context 
of the provision of a service through commercial presence in the territory of the Member State 
concerned. The natural person concerned must belong to one of the following categories: 
                                               
1 All other requirements of EU and Member States' laws and regulation s regarding entry, stay, work and 
social security measures shall contin ue to apply, including regulations concerning period of stay, minimum 
wages as well as collec tive wage agreements. 
2 Commitments do not apply in case s where the intent or effect of their temporary presence is to 
interfere with, or otherwise affect the outcome of , any labour/management dispute or negotiation.  S/C/W/361 
 
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 a. Managers: Persons working in a senior position within a juridical person, who primarily 
direct the management of the establishment, receiving general supervision or direction 
principally from the board of directors or from stockholders of the business or their 
equivalent, including at least: 
i. directing the establishment or a department or sub-division thereof; and 
ii. supervising and controlling the work of othe r supervisory, professional or managerial 
employees; and 
iii. having the authority personally to recruit and dismiss or recommend recruiting, 
dismissing or other personnel actions. 
b. Specialists: Persons working within a juridical person who possess specialised knowledge 
essential to the establishment’s production, research equipment, techniques, processes, 
procedures or management. In assessing such knowledge, account will be taken not only 
of knowledge specific to the establishment, but also of whether the person has a high 
level of qualification referring to a type of work or trade requiring specific technical knowledge, including membership of an accredited profession. 
c. Graduate trainees: Persons who possess a university degree and are temporarily 
transferred for career development purposes or to obtain training in business techniques 
or methods. The recipient company in the EU may be required to submit a training 
programme covering the duration of the stay for prior approval, demonstrating that the 
purpose of the stay is for training. 
3.6.  For sectors committed under mode 3 and subject to any reservation inscribed under that 
mode entry and stay is limited to a maximum of three years in the case of Managers and 
Specialists, and to twelve months in the case of Graduate trainees. 
3.3  Services sellers ("SeSe") 3.7.  Services sellers ("SeSe") mean natural persons who are representatives of a services 
supplier of a LDC Member seeking entry and temporar y stay in the territory of a Member State for 
the purpose of negotiating the sale of services, or en tering into agreements to sell services for that 
supplier. They do not engage in making direct sales to the general public and do not receive 
remuneration from a source located within the Member State concerned, nor are they commission 
agents. 
3.8.  For sectors committed under modes 1, 2 an d 3 and subject to any reservation inscribed 
under these modes entry and temporary stay is permitted for a period of up to 90 days in any 
twelve month period. 
3.4  ‘Contractual services suppliers’ (CSS)  3.9.  ‘Contractual services suppliers’ (CSS) mean natural persons employed by a juridical 
person of a LDC Member which itself is not an agency for placement and supply services of 
personnel nor acting through such an agency, ha s not established in the territory of a Member 
State and has concluded a bona fide  contract to supply services with a final consumer in that 
Member State, requiring the presence on a temporary basis of its employees in that Member 
State, in order to fulfil the contract to provide services. 
3.5  ‘Independent professionals’ (IP)  3.10.  ‘Independent professionals’ (IP) mean natural persons engaged in the supply of a 
service and established as self-employed in the territory of a LDC Member who have not 
established in the territory of the Member States and who have concluded a bona fide contract other than through an agency for placement and su pply services of personnel to supply services S/C/W/361 
 
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 with a final consumer in a Member State, requir ing their presence on a temporary basis in that 
Member State in order to fulfil the contract to provide services. 
4  CONTRACTUAL SERVICES SUPPLIERS AND INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONALS: LIST OF 
ALLOWED SUB-SECTORS 
4.1.1  Contractual services suppliers  
4.1.  Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the EU sh all allow the supply of services into the territory 
of its Member States by contractual services su ppliers of the LDC Members through presence of 
natural persons, subject to the conditions specified below and in this schedule, in the following 
sub-sectors: 
(1) Legal advisory services in respect of international public law and foreign law 
(i.e. non-EU law) 
(2) Accounting and bookkeeping services 
(3) Taxation advisory services 
(4) Architectural services (5) Urban planning and landscape architecture services 
(6) Engineering services 
(7) Integrated Engineering services (8) Medical and dental services 
(9) Veterinary services 
(10) Midwives services (11) Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical personnel (12) Computer and related services 
(13) Research and development services 
(14) Advertising services (15) Market Research and Opinion Polling 
(16) Management consulting services 
(17) Services related to management consulting (18) Technical testing and analysis services 
(19) Related scientific and technical consulting services 
(20) Maintenance and repair of equipment, incl uding transportation equipment, notably in the 
context of an after-sales or after-lease services contract 
(21) Translation and interpretation services 
(22) Site investigation work 
(23) Higher education services (only privately-funded services) (24) Environmental services 
(25) Travel agencies and tour operators' services 
(26) Tourist guides services  
4.2.  The commitments undertaken by the EU are subject to the following conditions:  
a. The natural persons must be engaged in the supply of a service on a temporary basis as 
employees of a juridical person, which has obtained a service contract for a period not exceeding twelve months. 
b. The natural persons entering the EU must be offering such services as an employee of 
the juridical person supplying the services for at least the year immediately preceding the date of submission of an application for entry into the EU. In addition, the natural 
persons must possess, at the date of submission of an application for entry into the EU, 
at least three years professional experience
3 in the sector of activity which is the subject 
of the contract. 
                                               
3 Obtained after having reached the age of majority. S/C/W/361 
 
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 c. The natural persons entering the EU must possess  
i. a university degree or a qualification demonstrating knowledge of an equivalent 
level4 and  
ii. professional qualifications where this is required to exercise an activity pursuant to 
the law, regulations or requirements of the EU  applicable where the service is 
supplied.  
d. The natural person shall not receive remuneration for the provision of services other 
than the remuneration paid by the contractua l service supplier during its stay in the EU. 
e. The temporary entry and stay of natural person s within the EU shall be for a cumulative 
period of not more than six months or, in th e case of Luxemburg, twenty-five weeks, in 
any twelve-month period or for the duration of the contract, whichever is less. 
f. Access accorded under these provisions relates only to the service activity which is the 
subject of the contract and does not confer en titlement to exercise the professional title 
of the EU where the service is provided. 
g. The number of persons covered by the service contract shall not be larger than 
necessary to fulfill the contract, as it may be decided by the laws, regulations and 
requirements of the EU where the service is supplied. 
h. Other discriminatory limitations, including on the number of natural persons in the form 
of economic needs tests, which are specified in this Schedule.  
4.1.2  Independent professionals 4.3.  Without prejudice to paragraph 1 the EU shall allow the supply of services into the territory of 
its Member States by independent professional s of LDC Members, subject to the conditions 
specified below and in this Schedule, in the following sub-sectors:  
(1) Legal advisory services in respect of international public law and foreign law 
(i.e. non-EU law) 
(2) Architectural services 
(3) Urban planning and landscape architecture services (4) Engineering services 
(5) Integrated Engineering services 
(6) Computer and related services (7) Research and development services (8) Market Research and Opinion Polling 
(9) Management consulting services 
(10) Services related to management consulting (11) Translation and interpretation services. 
 
4.4.  The commitments undertaken by the EU  are subject to the following conditions: 
a. The natural persons must be engaged in the supply of a service on a temporary basis as 
self-employed persons established in a LDC Member and must have obtained a service 
contract for a period not exceeding twelve months.  
b. The natural persons entering the EU must po ssess, at the date of submission of an 
application for entry into the EU, at least six years professional experience in the sector 
of activity which is the subject of the contract. 
                                               
4 Where the degree or qualification has not been obtained in the EU where the service is supplied, the 
relevant entity of the EU may evaluate whether this is  equivalent to a university  degree required in its 
territory. S/C/W/361 
 
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 c. The natural persons entering the EU must possess  
i. a university degree or a qualification demonstrating knowledge of an equivalent 
level5 and  
ii. professional qualifications where this is required to exercise an activity pursuant to 
the law, regulations or requirements of the EU applicable where the service is 
supplied. 
d. The temporary entry and stay of natural persons within the EU shall be for a cumulative 
period of not more than six months or, in th e case of Luxembourg, twenty-five weeks, in 
any twelve-month period or for the duration of the contract, whichever is less.  
e. Access accorded under the provisions of this Article relates only to the service activity 
which is the subject of the contract and do es not confer entitlement to exercise the 
professional title of the EU wh ere the service is provided.  
f. Other discriminatory limitations, including on the number of natural persons in the form 
of economic needs tests, which are specified in Schedule. 
5  FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS SCHEDULE THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONS ARE USED: 
AT Austria 
BE Belgium BG Bulgaria 
CY Cyprus 
CZ Czech Republic DE Germany DK Denmark 
EU European Union, including all its Member States 
ES Spain EE Estonia 
FI Finland 
FR France EL Greece 
HR  Croatia 
HU Hungary IE Ireland IT Italy 
LV Latvia 
LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg 
MT Malta 
NL The Netherlands PL Poland 
PT Portugal 
RO Romania SK Slovak Republic SI Slovenia 
SE Sweden 
UK United Kingdom  
The term "Unbound*" shall mean unbound due to lack of technical feasibility. 
 
_______________  
                                               
5 Where the degree or qualification has not been obtained in the EU where the service is supplied, the 
relevant entity may evaluate whether this is equiva lent to a university degree required in its territory. S/C/W/361 
 
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 ANNEX A 
LIST OF EU'S COMMITMENTS ON COMMERCIAL PRESENCE  
(REFERRED TO IN HEADNOTE 2) 
1. The list of commitments below indicates the services liberalised by the EU pursuant to 
Headnote 2 above and, by means of reservatio ns, the market access and national treatment 
limitations that apply to commercial presence of services and services suppliers of LDC 
Members in those services. The lists ar e composed of the following elements: 
 (a) A first column indicating the sector or sub-sector in which the commitment is assumed 
by the EU, and the scope of liberalisati on to which the reservations apply. 
  (b) A second column describing the applicable reservations.  
 When the column referred to under (b)  only includes EU reservations applicable in specific 
Member States , for Member States not mentioned therein the EU undertakes commitments in the sector concerned without reservations (the absence of EU reservations applicable in 
specific Member States in a given sector is without prejudice to horizontal reservations or to 
sectoral EU-wide reservations that may apply).  
 
 Sectors or sub-sectors not mentioned in the list below are not committed. 
 2. In identifying individual sectors and sub-sectors: 
 (a) CPC means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office of the 
United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC prov , 1991. 
  (b) CPC ver 1.0 means the Centra l Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office of 
the United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC ver 1.0 , 1998. 
 3. The list below does not include measures relating to qualification requirements and 
procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements and procedures when they do 
not constitute a market access or a national treatment limitation. Those measures (e.g. need to obtain a license, universal service obligations, need to obtain recognition of qualifications in regulated sectors, need to pass specific examinations, including language 
examinations, non-discriminatory requirement that certain activities may not be carried out 
in environmental protected zones or areas of particular historic and artistic interest), even if not listed, apply in any case to investors of the LDC Members. 
4. In accordance with Headnote 1.5., the list below does not include measures concerning 
subsidies granted by the EU and Member States. 
5. In accordance with Headnote 1.8., non-discriminatory requirements as regards the types of 
legal form of an establishment are not included in the list below. 
 6. The rights and obligations arising from this list of commitments shall have no self-executing 
effect and thus confer no rights directly to individual natural persons or juridical persons. 
 
  
 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
ALL SECTORS Real estate 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, 
RO, SI, SK: Limitations on acquisition of land and real estate by foreign 
investors 
1 
 
ALL SECTORS Public utilities 
 
EU: Services considered as public utilities at a national or local level 
may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to 
private operators.2 3   
 
ALL SECTORS Types of establishment 
 EU: Treatment accorded to subsidiaries (of third country 
companies)  formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and 
having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Communities is not extended to branches or 
agencies established in a Member State by a third country company.  
 In BG: Establishment of branches is subject to authorisation 
 
In EE: At least one half of the members of the management board shall have their residence in the EU.  
In FI: A foreigner carrying on trade as a partner in a Finnish limited or 
general partnership needs a trade permit and has to be permanently resident in the EU. For all sectors except telecommunications services, 
nationality condition and residency requirement for at least half of the 
ordinary and deputy members of the Board of Directors. Company 
exemptions may, however, be granted. If a foreign organization intends 
to carry on a business or trade by establishing a branch in Finland, a 
trade permit is required. A permission to act as a founder of a limited company is required of a foreign organization or a private person, who is not an EU Citizen. For telecommunications services, permanent 
residency for half of the founders and half of the members of the board 
of directors. If the founder is a juridical person, residence requirement for that juridical person. 
 
In IT: Access to industrial, commercial and artisanal activities is subject to a residence permit and specific authorisation to pursue the activity 
 
 
                                               
1 As regards services sectors, these limitations do no t go beyond the limitations reflected in the existing 
GATS commitments. 
2 Public utilities exist in sectors such as related scientific and technical consulting services, R&D services 
on social sciences and humanities, technical testing and analysis services, environmental services, health services, transport services and services  auxiliary to all modes of transport.  Exclusive rights on such services 
are often granted to private operators, for instance oper ators with concessions from public authorities, subject 
to specific service obligations. Given that public utilities often also exist at the sub-central level, detailed and exhaustive sector-specific listing is not practical. 
3 This limitation does not apply to telecommunications services and to computer and related services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In BG, PL: The scope of operations of a representative office may only 
encompass advertising and promotion of the foreign mother company represented by the office. 
 
In PL: With the exception of financial services, unbound for branches. Non-EU investors can undertake and conduct economic activity only in the form of a limited partnership, limited joint-stock partnership, limited 
liability company, and joint-stock company (in the case of legal services 
only in the form of registered partnership and limited partnership).  
In RO: The sole administrator or the chairman of the Board of 
Administration as well as half of the total number of administrators of the commercial companies shall be Romanian citizens unless otherwise 
stipulated in the company contract or its statutes. The majority of the 
commercial companies' auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens.  
In SE: A foreign company, which has not established a legal entity in 
Sweden or is conducting its business through a commercial agent, shall conduct its commercial operations through a branch, registered in 
Sweden, with independent management and separate accounts. The 
managing director, and the vice-managing director if appointed, of the branch must reside in the EEA. A natural person not resident in the EEA, 
who conducts commercial operations in Sweden, shall appoint and 
register a resident representative responsible for the operations in Sweden. Separate accounts shall be kept for the operations in Sweden. The competent authority may in individual cases grant exemptions from 
the branch and residency requirements. Building projects with duration 
of less than a year - conducted by a company located or a natural person residing outside the EEA - are exempted from the requirements 
of establishing a branch or appointing a resident representative.  
A Swedish limited liability company may be established by a natural person resident within the EEA, by a Swedish legal person or by a legal 
person that has been formed according to the legislation in a state 
within the EEA and that has its registered office, headquarters or principal place of business within the EEA. A partnership may be a founder, only if all owners with unlimited personal liability are resident 
within the EEA. Founders outside the EEA may apply for permission 
from the competent authority. For limited liability companies and co-operative economic associations, 
at least 50 % of the members of the board of directors, at least 50% of 
the deputy board members, the managing director, the vice-managing director, and at least one of the persons authorised to sign for the 
company, if any, must reside within the EEA. The competent authority 
may grant exemptions from this requirement. If none of the company’s/society’s representatives reside in Sweden, the board must appoint and register a person resident in Sweden, who has been 
authorised to receive servings on behalf of the company/society.  
Corresponding conditions prevail for establishment of all other types of legal entities. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In SI: The establishment of branches by foreign companies is 
conditioned with the registration of the parent company in a court register in the country of origin for at least one year. 
 
In SK: A foreign natural person whose name is to be registered in the Commercial Register as a person authorized to act on behalf of the entrepreneur is required to submit  a residence permit for the Slovak 
Republic. 
 
ALL SECTORS Investment 
 In ES: Investment in Spain by foreign government and foreign public 
entities (which tends to imply, besides economic, also non-economic 
interests to entity's part), directly or through companies or other entities controlled directly or indirectly by foreign governments, need prior authorisation by the government. 
 
 In BG: In enterprises where the public (State or municipal)  share in the 
equity capital exceeds 30%, the transfer  of these shares to third parties 
needs authorisation. Certain economic activities related to the 
exploitation or use of State or public property are subject to concessions granted under the provisions of the Concessions Act. 
Foreign investors cannot participate in privatisation. Foreign investors 
and Bulgarian juridical persons with controlling foreign participation require permission for a)  prospecting, development or extraction of 
natural resources from the territorial seam continental shelf or the 
exclusive economic zone and b)  acquisition of a controlling participation 
in companies engaged in any of the activities specified under a).   
In FR: Foreign purchases exceeding 33,33% of the shares of capital or 
voting rights in existing French en terprise, or 20% in publicly quoted 
French companies, are subject to the following regulations: 
 
- investments of less than 7.6 million Euros in French enterprises with a turnover not exceeding 76 million Eu ros are free, after a delay of 15 
days following prior notification and verification that these amounts are 
met; 
 - after a period of one month following prior notification, authorisation 
is tacitly granted for other investments unless the Minister of Economic 
Affairs has, in exceptional circumstances, exercised its right to postpone the investment. 
 
Foreign participation in newly privatized companies may be limited to a variable amount, determined by the government of France on a case by case basis, of the equity offered to the public. For establishing in certain 
commercial, industrial or artisanal activities, a specific authorisation is 
needed if the managing director is not holder of a permanent residence permit. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 I n  F I :  A c q u i s i t i o n  o f  s h a r e s  b y  f o r e i g n  o w n e r s  g i v i n g  m o r e  t h a n  o n e  
third of the voting rights of a major Finnish company or a major business undertaking (with more than 1000 employees or with a 
turnover exceeding 168 million Euros or with a balance sheet total 
exceeding 168 million Euros)  is subject to confirmation by the Finnish 
authorities; the confirmation may be denied only if an important national interest would be jeopardized. These limitations do not apply to 
telecommunications services 
 In HU: Unbound for foreign participation in newly privatized companies 
 
In IT: Exclusive rights may be granted or maintained to newly-privatized companies. Voting rights in newly privatized 
companies may be restricted in some cases. For a period of five years, 
the acquisition of large equity stakes of companies operating in the fields of defence, transport services, telecommunications and energy may be subject to the approval of the competent authorities. 
 
ALL SECTORS Geographical zones 
 
In FI: In the Åland Islands, limitations on the right of establishment by natural persons who do not enjoy regional citizenship in Åland or by any 
juridical person without permission by the competent authorities of the 
Åland Islands.  In ES: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal 
services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, including 
representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to provide legal services in 
respect of domestic law. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
1. BUSINESS SERVICES 
  
 
A. Professional Services  
 
a) Legal Services  
(CPC 861) 4 
 
(excluding legal advisory and 
legal documentations and certification services provided 
by legal professionals 
entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, huissiers de justice or other  
officiers publics et 
ministériels) In AT:  Foreign lawyers' (who must be fully qualified in their home 
country)  equity participation and shares in the operating result of any 
law firm may not exceed 25%. They may not have decisive influence in decision making . 
 
In BE: Quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases. 
 
In CY: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with a residency requirement. Only advocates enrolled in the Bar may be partners or shareholders or members of the Board of 
Directors in a law company in Cyprus. 
 In HR: Representation of parties before courts can be practised only by 
the members of the Bar Council of Croatia (Croatian title “odvjetnici”). 
Citizenship requirement for membership in the Bar Council.   
In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la Cour 
de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas.  
 In DK: Only lawyers with a Danish license to practice and law firms 
registered in Denmark may own shares in a Danish law firm. Only 
lawyers with a Danish license to practise may sit on the board or be part of the management of a Danish law firm. Requirement of a Danish 
legal examination in order to obtain a Danish licence. 
 In FR: Some types of legal form ("association d'avocats" and "société 
en participation d'avocat")  are reserved to lawyers fully admitted to the 
Bar in FR. In a law firm providing services in respect of French or EU law, at least 75% of the partners holding 75% of the shares shall be lawyers fully admitted to the Bar in FR. 
 
In HU: Commercial presence should take the form of partnership with a Hungarian barrister (ügyvéd)  or a barrister's office (ügyvédi iroda), or 
representative office. 
  
                                               
4 Includes legal advisory, legal representational, le gal arbitration and conciliation/mediation, and legal 
documentation and certification services. Provision of legal services is only authorised in respect of public international law, EC law and the law of any jurisdiction where the investor or its personnel is qualified to practice as a lawyer, and, like th e provision of other services, is subject to licensing requirements and 
procedures applicable in Member States of the European  Union. For lawyers providing legal services in respect 
of public international law an d foreign law, these may take inter alia the form of compliance with local codes of 
ethics, use of home title (unless recognitio n with the host title has been obtained)  insurance requirements, 
simple registration with the host country Bar or a si mplified admission to the ho st country Bar through an 
aptitude test and a legal or professional domicile in the host country. Legal services in respect of EC law shall in principle be carried out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in the EC acting personally, 
and legal services in respect of the law of a Member St ate of the European Union shall in principle be carried 
out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in that Member Stat e acting personally. Full 
admission to the Bar in the relevant Member State of  the European Union might therefore be necessary for 
representation before courts and othe r competent authorities in the EC since it involves practice of EC and 
national procedural law. However, in some Member St ates, foreign lawyers not fully  admitted to the Bar are 
allowed to represent in civil proceedings a party being a national or belonging to the State in which the lawyer is entitled to practice. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In PL: While other types of legal form are available for EU lawyers, 
foreign lawyers only have access to the legal forms of registered partnership and limited partnership. Legal advisory and legal 
representational services on tax matters shall only be performed by 
specific entities such as tax advisors, legal advisors and barristers – registered in Poland. Legal entities, can provide tax advisory only in the legal form of limited liability companies or joint stock companies, 
registered in Poland. 
 
b) 1. Accounting and 
Bookkeeping Services (CPC 86212 other than 
"auditing services", CPC 
86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220) In AT: Foreign accountants' (who must be authorised according to the 
law of their home country)  equity participation and shares in the 
operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25%, if 
they are not members of the Austrian Professional Body 
 In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector.  
 
In DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised accountants, foreign accountants have to obtain permission from the 
Danish Commerce and Companies Agency. 
 
b) 2. Auditing services 
(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services) In AT: Foreign auditors' (who must be authorised according to the law 
of their home country)  equity participation and shares in the operating 
results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25%, if they are not 
members of the Austrian Professional Body 
 
In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the employment situation in the sub-sector. 
 
In CZ and SK: At least 60% of capital share or voting rights are reserved to nationals 
 
I n  C Z :   O n l y  a u d i t o r s  a p p r o v e d  i n  t h e  C z e c h  R e p u b l i c  m a y  p e r f o r m  auditing services. In legal entities the majority of voting shares must belong to the auditors approved in the Czech Republic. The majority of 
persons in a statutory body must be of the auditors approved in the 
Czech Republic.  
In DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised 
accountants, foreign accountant have to obtain permission from the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency  
 
In ES: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors and for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law. 
 
In FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish Liability company 
 
In HR: None, except that auditing can be performed only by legal persons. 
In LV: In a commercial company of sworn auditors more than 50% of 
the voting capital shares shall be owned by sworn auditors or commercial companies of sworn auditors of the EU.  
I n  L T :  N o n  l e s s  t h a t  7 5 %  o f  s h a r e s  s h o u l d  b e l o n g  t o  E U  a u d i t o r s  o r  
auditing companies.  S/C/W/361 
 
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In SE: Statutory audit in listed companies and companies exceeding 
certain thresholds concerning turnover, total assets and number of employees must be performed by publ ic auditors authorised in Sweden. 
Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for authorisation or 
approval. Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform statutory auditing services in certain legal entities, including in all limited companies, as well as of physical persons. Only auditors approved in 
Sweden, and registered public account ing firms, may be shareholders or 
form partnerships in companies which practice qualified auditing (for official purposes). Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required 
for approval. The titles of “approved auditor” and “authorised auditor” 
may only be used by auditors approved or authorised in Sweden.  
In SI: The share of foreign persons in auditing companies may not 
exceed 49% of the equity.   
 
c) Taxation Advisory Services 
(CPC 863)  5 In AT: Foreign tax advisors' (who must be authorised according to the 
law of their home country)  equity participation and shares in the 
operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed 25%; this 
applies only to non-members of the Austrian Professional Body 
 In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the 
employment situation in the sub-sector.  
 In CZ: Taxation services may be provided by natural persons only who are registered in the list of the Chamber of Tax Consultants or in the 
Chamber of Auditors. 
 
d) Architectural services 
and e) Urban planning and 
landscape architectural 
services (CPC 8671 and CPC 8674) In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors 
have to act in partnership with or as subcontractors of local investors.  
In CY: Unbound  
 In LV: For architectural services, in order to receive a licence enabling to engage in business activity with full range of legal responsibility and 
rights to sign a project, practice of 3 years in Latvia in the field of 
projecting and university degree are required.  
In SK: Membership in relevant chamber is obligatory; membership in 
relevant foreign institutions may be recognised. Residency requirement, however exceptions might be considered. 
 
f) Engineering services 
and 
g) Integrated engineering 
services (CPC 8672 and CPC 8673) 
 In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors 
have to act in partnership with or as subcontractors of local investors. 
 In CY: Unbound   
                                               
5 Does not include legal advisory and legal representational services on tax matters, which are to be 
found under 6.A.a). Legal services. S/C/W/361 
 
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h) Medical (including 
psychologists)  and Dental 
services 
(CPC 9312 and part of CPC 
85201)   In AT: Unbound except for dental services and for psychologists and 
psychotherapists, where: none  
In DE: Economic needs test when medical doctors and dentists are 
authorized to treat members of public insurance schemes. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and dentists in the given region.   
In CY, CZ, FI: Unbound 
 In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, 
foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société 
d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle".  
In LV: Economic needs test. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and 
dentists in the given region.  In BG, LT: The supply of service is subject to authorisation which is 
based on a health services plan established in function of needs, taking 
into account the population and already existing medical and dental services. 
 
In SI: Unbound for social medicine, sanitary, epidemiological, medical/ecological services; the supply of blood, blood preparations and 
transplants; autopsy 
 In UK: Establishment for doctors under the National Health Service is subject to medical manpower planning . 
 
i) Veterinary services 
(CPC 932) In AT, CY: Unbound 
 
In CZ: Access is restricted to natural persons only.   
In BG: Economic needs test. Main criteria: population and density of 
existing business  In HU: Economic needs test. Main criteria: labour market conditions in 
the sector 
 
j) 1. Midwives services 
(part of CPC 93191) In BG, CY, FI, MT, SI: Unbound 
 In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, 
foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société 
d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle".  In LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment 
situation in the sub-sector 
 
j) 2. Services provided by 
Nurses, Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel 
(part of CPC 93191) In AT: Foreign investors are only allowed in the following activities: 
nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, logotherapists, dieticians and nutricians 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, MT: Unbound  
In FI, SI: Unbound for Physiotherapists and Paramedical Personnel 
 In FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of "société 
d'exercice liberal" and "société civile professionnelle". S/C/W/361 
 
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In LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment situation in the sub-sector 
 
In LV: Economic needs test for foreign physiotherapists and paramedical personnel. Main criteria: employment situation in the given region.  
 
k) Retail sales of 
pharmaceuticals and retail 
sales of medical and orthopaedical goods  
(CPC 63211) 
and other services supplied by pharmacists 
6 In AT, BG, CY, FI, MT, PL, RO, SE, SI: Unbound 
 
In BE, DE, DK, EE, FR, IT, HR, HU, IE, LV, PT, SK: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: population and 
geographical density of existing pharmacies. 
In ES: Access restricted to natural persons only. Monopoly for pharmacists of supply of pharmace uticals to the general public. 
Establishment of new pharmacies is subject to an economic needs test. 
 
B. Computer and Related Services 
(CPC 84)  None 
C. Research and Development 
Services  
 
a) R and D services on natural 
sciences (CPC 851) 
b) R and D services on Social 
Sciences and Humanities (CPC 852 excluding 
psychologists services) 
7 
c) Interdisciplinary R and D 
services 
(CPC 853) 
 EU: For publicly funded R and D services, exclusive rights and/or 
authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical 
persons having their headquarters in the EU  
D. Real Estate Services 8 
  
a) Involving Own or Leased 
Property  
(CPC 821) None 
b) On a Fee or Contract Basis 
(CPC 822) None 
In CY: Unbound   
                                               
6 The supply of pharmaceuticals to the general public, like the provision of other services, is subject to 
licensing and qualification requirements  and procedures applicable in Member  States of the European Union. As 
a general rule, this activity is reserv ed to pharmacists. In some Member States, only the supply of prescription 
drugs is reserved to pharmacists. 
7 Part of CPC 85201 which is to be found under 6.A.h)- Medical and dental services. 
8 The service involved relates to the profession of real estate agent and does not affect any rights 
and/or restrictions on na tural and juridical persons purchasing real estate. S/C/W/361 
 
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E. Rental/Leasing Services 
without Operators   
a) Relating to Ships 
(CPC 83103) In CY: Reservations on the maximum level of non-EU ownership in a 
ship.  
In LT: Ships must be owned by Lithuanian natural persons or 
companies established in Lithuania.  
In SE: To fly the Swedish flag proof of dominating Swedish operating 
influence must be shown in case of foreign ownership interests in ships.  
b) Relating to Aircraft 
(CPC 83104) EU: Aircraft used by Community carriers have to be registered in the EU 
Member State licensing the carrier or elsewhere in the EU. The aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality 
criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding 
ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors). Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under 
exceptional circumstances. 
 
c) Relating to Other Transport 
Equipment  (CPC 83101, CPC 83102 and 
CPC 83105)   None 
d) Relating to Other 
Machinery and Equipment 
(CPC 83106, CPC 83107, CPC 
83108 and CPC 83109) None 
e) Relating to personal and 
household goods (CPC 832) In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, 
PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound for CPC 83202 
f) Telecommunications 
equipment rental 
(CPC 7541) 
 None 
F. Other Business Services  
  
a) Advertising 
(CPC 871) None 
b) Market Research and 
Opinion Polling 
(CPC 864) None 
c) Management Consulting 
Services (CPC 865) None 
d) Services Related to 
Management Consulting (CPC 866) In HU: Unbound for arbitration and conciliation services (CPC 86602).   
e) Technical Testing and 
Analysis Services  
(CPC 8676) None 
In CY: Unbound for Chemists and Biologists 
f) Advisory and Consulting 
services incidental to 
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry (part of CPC 881) None S/C/W/361 
 
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g) Advisory and Consulting 
Services Relating to Fishing (part of CPC 882) None 
h) Advisory and Consulting 
Services incidental to Manufacturing 
(part of CPC 884 and part of 
CPC 885) None 
i) Placement and Supply 
Services of Personnel   
i) 1. Executive search  
(CPC 87201) In BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound 
In ES: Prior to the start of the activity, placement agencies are required to submit a sworn statement certifying the fulfillment of the 
requirements stated by the current legislation. 
 
i) 2. Placement Services  
(CPC 87202) In AT, BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK: Unbound 
 
In BE, FR, IT: State monopoly  
 
In DE: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: 
situation and development of the labour market  
i) 3. Supply Services of office 
support personnel (CPC 87203) In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR , LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: 
Unbound In IT: State monopoly 
 
i) 4 Model agency Services  
(part of CPC 87209) None. 
In CY: Unbound  
 
j) 1. Investigation Services 
(CPC 87301) In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, ES, EE, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, 
NL, PL,  PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound 
 
j) 2. Security Services  
(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 
87304 and CPC 87305) In DK: Requirement of nationality and residence for members of the 
board. Unbound for the supply of airport guard services 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Licence may be granted only to nationals and to national registered organisations 
 
In ES: The provision of security services by a foreign provider on a cross-border basis is not allowed. Nationality condition for natural and 
juridical persons and for private security personnel. 
 In HR: Unbound.  
k) Related Scientific and 
Technical Consulting Services  
(CPC 8675) In FR: Foreign investors require a specific authorisation for exploration 
and prospecting services  
 
l) 1. Maintenance and repair 
of vessels 
(part of CPC 8868) None 
l) 2. Maintenance and Repair 
of Rail Transport Equipment  (part of CPC 8868) In LV: State monopoly 
 In SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investor intends to establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space 
and capacity constraints. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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l) 3. Maintenance and Repair 
of motor vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles 
and road transport Equipment  
(CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868) In SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investor intends to 
establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space and capacity constraints  
l) 4. Maintenance and Repair 
of Aircraft and parts thereof  
(part of CPC 8868) None 
l) 5. Maintenance and Repair 
services of metal products, of 
(non office)  machinery, of 
(non transport and non office)  equipment and of 
personal and household 
goods 
9 
(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 
8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, 
CPC 8865 and CPC 8866) None 
m) Building-Cleaning Services 
(CPC 874) None 
n) Photographic Services 
(CPC 875) None 
o) Packaging Services 
(CPC 876) None 
p) Printing and Publishing 
(CPC 88442) In HR: Residency requirements for publisher and editorial board. 
 
In LT, LV: Establishment rights in publishing sector granted only to nationally incorporated juridical persons (no branches) 
 
In PL: Nationality requirement for the editor-in-chief of newspapers and journals 
 
In SE: Natural persons who are owners of periodicals that are printed and published in Sweden must reside in Sweden or be citizens of the EEA. Owners of such periodicals who are juridical persons must be 
established in the EEA. Periodicals that are printed and published in 
Sweden, and technical recordings must have a responsible editor, who must be domiciled in Sweden.   
 
q) Convention Services 
(part of CPC 87909) None 
r) 1. Translation and 
Interpretation Services 
(CPC 87905) In DK: Authorisation for authorised public translators and interpreters 
may limit the scope of activity 
 
In HR: Unbound for translation and interpretation services for/before Croatian courts. 
 
In PL: Unbound for the supply of sworn interpretation services  
In BG, HU, SK: Unbound for official translation and interpretation  
                                               
9 Maintenance and repair services of tran sport equipment (CPC 6112, 6122, 8867 and CPC 8868)  are to 
be found under 6.F. l)  1 to 6.F.l)  4. Maintenance and repair services of office machinery and equipment 
including computers (CPC 845)  are to be found under 6. B. Computer services. S/C/W/361 
 
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r) 2. Interior Design and other 
Specialty Design Services (CPC 87907) None 
r) 3. Collection Agency 
Services (CPC 87902) In IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors 
 In CZ: Unbound 
 
r) 4. Credit reporting services 
(CPC 87901) In BE: For consumer credit databanks, nationality condition for 
investors  
 In IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors 
 
r) 5. Duplicating services 
(CPC 87904) 10 None 
r) 6. Telecommunications 
consulting services 
(CPC 7544) None 
r) 7. Telephone answering 
services 
(CPC 87903) None 
 
2. COMMUNICATION SERVICES  
A. Postal and Courier Services 
 (Services relating to the 
handling 
11 of postal items 12 
according to the following list of sub-sectors, whether for 
domestic or foreign 
destinations: (i)  Handling of 
addressed written 
communications on any kind 
of physical medium 
13, 
including Hybrid mail service and Direct mail, (ii)  Handling 
of addressed parcels and 
packages 
14, iii)  Handling of 
addressed press products 15, 
(iv) Handling of items referred 
to in (i)  to (iii)  above as 
registered or insured mail, 
(v) Express delivery 
services 16 for items referred 
to in (i)  to (iii)  above, 
 None 17 
                                               
10 Does not include printing services, which fall under CPC 88442 and are to be found under 6.F p). 
11 The term "handling" should be  taken to include clearance, sorting, transport and delivery. 
12 "Postal item" refers to items handled by any type of commercial operator, whether public or private. 
13 E.g. letter, postcards. 
14 Books, catalogues are included hereunder. 
15 Journals, newspapers, periodicals. 
16 Express delivery services may include, in additi on to greater speed and reliability, value added 
elements such as collection  from point of origin, personal delive ry to addressee, tracing and tracking, 
possibility of changing the destination and addressee in transit, confirmation of receipt. 
17 For subsectors i)  to iv), individual licences imposing particular universal services obligations and/or 
financial contribution to a compensation fund may be required. S/C/W/361 
 
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vi) Handling of non-addressed 
items, (vii)  Document 
exchange 18  
Sub-sectors (i), (iv)  and 
(v) are however excluded 
when they fall into the scope 
of the services which may be 
reserved, which is: for items of correspondence the price of 
which is less than 2.5 times 
the public basic tariff, provided that they weigh less 
than 50 grams 
19, plus the 
registered mail service used in the course of judicial or administrative procedures.) 
(part of CPC 751, part of CPC 
71235 
20 and part of CPC 
73210 21) 
  
B. Telecommunications 
Services 
These services do not cover the economic activity consisting of the provision of 
content which requires 
telecommunications services for its transport   
a) All services consisting of 
the transmission and 
reception of signals by any 
electromagnetic means 22, 
excluding broadcasting 23  None 24 
b) Satellite broadcast 
transmission services 25 EU: service suppliers in this sector may be subject to obligations to 
safeguard general interest objectives related to the conveyance of content through their network in line with the EU regulatory framework 
for electronic communications 
In BE: Unbound 
                                               
18 Provision of means, including the supply of ad hoc pr emises as well as transpor tation by a third party, 
allowing self-delivery by mutual exchange of postal item s between users subscribing to this service. Postal item 
refers to items handled by any type of comm ercial operator, whether public or private. 
19 "Items of correspondence": a communication in writ ten form on any kind of physical medium to be 
conveyed and delivered at the address indicated by the se nder on the item itself or on its wrapping. Books, 
catalogues, newspapers and periodicals are not regarded as items of correspondence. 
20 Transportation of mail on own account by any land mode. 
21 Transportation of mail on own account by air. 
22 These services do not include on-line informatio n and/or data processing (including transaction 
processing)  (part of CPC 843)  which is to be found unde r 6.B. Computer services. 
23 Broadcasting is defined as the un interrupted chain of transmission re quired for the distribution of TV 
and radio programme signals to the general public, but does not cover contribution links between operators. 
24 Footnote for clarification purposes: Some Member  States of the European Union maintain public 
participation in certain telecommunication operators. In so me Member States the right is reserved  to maintain 
such public participation in the fu ture. This is not a market access li mitation. In Belgium, government 
participation and voting rights in Belgacom are freely de termined under legislative po wers as is presently the 
case under the law of 21 March 1991 on the reform of government-owned economic enterprises. 
25 These services cover the telecommunications service consisting of the transmission and reception of 
radio and television broa dcast by satellite (the uninte rrupted chain of transmission via satellite required for the 
distribution of TV and radio programme signals to the general public). Th is covers selling use of satellite 
services, but does not include the selling of television programme packages to households. S/C/W/361 
 
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3. CONSTRUCTION AND 
RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES  
(CPC 511, CPC 512, CPC 513, 
CPC 514, CPC 515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and CPC 518)   
 In BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors 
have to act in partnership of as subcontractors of local investors  
In CY: Unbound  
4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES 
(excluding distribution of 
arms, munitions, explosives 
and other war material) All sub-sectors mentioned 
below  In AT: Unbound for distribution of pyrotechnical goods, of ignitable 
articles and blasting devices and of toxic substances. For the 
distribution of pharmaceutical products and of tobacco products, 
exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU  
nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the  
EU. 
 In FI: Unbound for distribution of alcoholic beverages and wholesale of 
pharmaceutical products.  
 
In HR: Unbound for distribution of tobacco products.  
A. Commission Agents' Services  
  
a) Commission Agents' 
Services of motor vehicles, 
motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof 
(part of CPC 61111, part of 
CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 ) None 
b) Other Commission Agents' 
Services 
(CPC 621) 
 None 
B. Wholesale Trade Services  
a) Wholesale Trade Services 
of motor vehicles, 
motorcycles and snowmobiles 
and parts and accessories thereof 
(part of CPC 61111, part of 
CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 ) None 
b) Wholesale Trade Services 
of telecommunication terminal equipment 
(part of CPC 7542) None 
c) Other wholesale trade 
services 
(CPC 622 excluding wholesale trade services of energy 
products 
26) 
 In FR, IT: State monopoly on tobacco 
 
In FR: Authorisation of wholesale phar macies is subject to an economic 
needs test. Main criteria: population and geographical density of 
existing pharmacies. 
                                               
26 These services, which include CPC 62271, are to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 18.D. S/C/W/361 
 
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C. Retailing Services 27 
Retailing Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and 
snowmobiles and parts and 
accessories thereof  (CPC 61112, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 ) 
Retailing Services of 
telecommunication terminal equipment 
(part of CPC 7542) 
Food retailing services  (CPC 631) 
(Retailing services of other 
(non-energy)  goods, except 
retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orthopaedic 
goods 
28 
(CPC 632 excluding CPC 63211 and 63297) In IT: State monopoly on tobacco 
 In ES: State monopoly on tobacco. Establishment is subject to an EU 
nationality condition. Only natural persons (tobacconists) are permitted 
to provide retail services of tobacco products. Each tobacconist cannot obtain more than one license, and cannot have professional or employment relationship with any of the importers, manufacturers or 
wholesale distributors of tobacco products, unless such linkage ends 
before the final award of the license.   
In BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: Authorisation for department stores (in 
the case of  
FR only for large stores)  is subject to an economic needs test. Main 
criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. 
 
In IE, SE: Unbound for the reta il sale of alcoholic beverages 
 
 
D. Franchising  (CPC 8929) 
 None 
5. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 
(only privately funded 
services)   
  
A. Primary Education Services  
(CPC 921) 
 
B. Secondary Education Services 
(CPC 922) 
C. Higher Education Services (CPC 923) D. Adult Education Services 
(CPC 924) EU: Participation of private operators in the education network is 
subject to concession 
 
In AT: Unbound for higher education services. Unbound for education services for adults by means of radio or television broadcasting 
 
In BG: Unbound for the supply of primary and/or secondary education services by foreign natural persons and associations and for the supply of higher education services 
 
In CZ, SK: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board. Unbound for the supply of higher education services except for post-
secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310).  
 In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound 
 
In EL: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board in primary and secondary schools. Unbound for higher education institutions granting recognised States diplomas 
 
In ES, IT: Needs test for opening private universities authorised to issue recognised diplomas or degrees; procedure involves an advice of the 
Parliament. Main criteria: population and density of existing 
establishments  
                                               
27 Does not include maintenance and repair services, which are to be found in BUSINESS SERVICES 
under 6.B. and 6.F.l). Does not include retailing services  of energy products which are to be found in ENERGY 
SERVICES under 18.E and 18.F. 
28 Retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orth opaedic goods are to be found under PROFESSIONAL 
SERVICES in 6.A.k). S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
In HR: Unbound for Primary Education Services (CPC 921). For 
Secondary Education Services: None for legal persons. 
In HU, SK: The number of schools bein g established may be limited by 
local authorities (or in the case of high schools and other higher 
education institutions by central authorities)  in charge of granting 
licenses  
In LV: Unbound for the supply of education services relating to technical 
and vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped students  
(CPC 9224) 
 In SI: Unbound for primary schools. Nationality condition for majority of 
members of the Board in secondary and high schools 
 
E. Other education services 
(CPC 929) In AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, UK: Unbound 
 In CZ, SK: Participation of private operators in the education network is 
subject to concession. Nationality condition for majority of members of 
the Board  
6. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES    
A. Waste Water Services 
(CPC 9401) 29 
 
B. Solid/hazardous waste management, excluding 
cross-border transport of 
hazardous waste a) Refuse Disposal Services 
(CPC 9402) 
b) Sanitation and Similar 
Services (CPC 9403) 
 
C. Protection of ambient air and climate 
(CPC 9404) 
30 
  None 
                                               
29 Corresponds to Sewage Services. 
30 Corresponds to Cleaning Services of Exhaust Gases. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
D. Remediation and clean up 
of soil and waters a) Treatment, remediation of 
contaminated/polluted soil 
and water (part of CPC 9406) 
31 
 
E. Noise and vibration 
abatement (CPC 9405) 
 
F. Protection of biodiversity and landscape  
a) Nature and landscape 
protection services (part of CPC 9406)  
G. Other environmental and 
ancillary services (CPC 9409)  
7. FINANCIAL SERVICES 
  
A. Insurance and insurance-
related services In AT: The licence for branch offices of foreign insurers has to be denied 
if the insurer, in the home country, does not have a legal form 
corresponding or comparable to a joint stock company or a mutual 
insurance association.  
In BG, ES: Before establishing a branch or agency in Bulgaria or Spain 
to provide certain classes of insurance, a foreign insurer must have been authorised to operate in the same classes of insurance in its country of origin for at least five years. 
 
In EL: The right of establishment does not cover the creation of representative offices or other permanent presence of insurance 
companies, except where such offices are established as agencies, 
branches or head offices.  
In FI: At least one half of the promoters and members of the board of 
directors and the supervisory board of an insurance company shall have their place of residence in the EU , unless the competent authorities 
have granted an exemption. Foreign insurers cannot get a licence in 
Finland as a branch to carry on statutory pension insurance. 
 In IT: The authorisation of the establishment of branches is ultimately 
subject to the evaluation of supervisory authorities. 
 In BG, PL: Local incorporation (no branches)  required for insurance 
intermediaries. 
  
                                               
31 Corresponds to parts of Nature and Landscape Prot ection Services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In PT: In order to establish a branch in Portugal, foreign insurance 
companies need to demonstrate prior operational experience of at least five years. Direct branching is not permitted for insurance 
intermediation, which is reserved to companies formed in accordance 
with the law of an EU Member State.   In SK: Foreign national may establish an insurance company in the 
form of a joint stock company or may conduct insurance business 
through their subsidiaries with registered office in the Slovak Republic (no branches).  
 
In SI: Foreign investors cannot participate in insurance companies under privatisation. Membership of the mutual insurance institution is 
limited to companies established in the Republic of Slovenia (no 
branches)  and domestic natural persons. For providing consultancy and 
claim settlement services, incorporation is required as a legal entity (no branches). For sole proprietors, a residence in the Republic of Slovenia 
is required. 
 In SE: Insurance broking undertakings not incorporated in Sweden may 
establish only through a branch. 
 
B. Banking and other financial 
services (excluding insurance) EU: Only firms having their registered office in the Community can act 
as depositories of the assets of investment funds. The establishment of 
a specialised management company,  having its head office and 
registered office in the same Member State, is required to perform the 
activities of management of unit trusts and investment companies  
 In BG: Pension insurance shall be implemented through participation in 
incorporated pension insurance companies (no branches). Permanent 
residence in Bulgaria is required for the chairperson of the management board and the chairperson of the board of directors.  
In CY: Only members (brokers)  of the Cyprus Stock Exchange can 
undertake business pertaining to securities brokerage in Cyprus. A brokerage firm may only be registered as a member of the Cyprus 
Stock Exchange if it has been established and registered in accordance 
with the Companies Law of Cyprus (no branches)  
 In FI: At least one half of the founders, the members of the board of 
directors, at least one ordinary and one deputy member of the supervisory board and the person entitled to sign in the name of the credit institution shall have their permanent residence in the EU. 
Exemption form these requirements may be granted by the competent 
authorities.  
In HR: None, except for settlement and clearing services where the 
Central Depositary Agency (CDA) is the sole supplier in Croatia. Access to the services of the CDA will be granted to non-residents on a non-
discriminatory basis.  
 
 In HU: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset 
management services for private pension funds or management of 
venture capital. The board of a financial institution should include at 
least two members, who are Hungarian citizens, residents in the meaning of the relevant foreign exchange regulations and have 
permanent residency in Hungary for at least one year. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In IE: In the case of collective investment schemes constituted as unit 
trusts and variable capital companies (other than undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities, UCITS), the 
trustee/depository and management company is required to be 
incorporated in Ireland or in another Member State of the Community (no branches). In the case of an investment limited partnership, at least one general partner must be incorporated in Ireland. To become a 
member of a stock exchange in Irel a n d ,  a n  e n t i t y  m u s t  e i t h e r  ( I )  be 
authorised in Ireland, which requires that it be incorporated or be a partnership, with a head/registered office in Ireland, or (II)  be 
authorised in another Member State in accordance with the EU 
Investment Services Directive.  
 In IT: In order to be authorised to manage the securities settlement 
system with an establishment in Italy, a company is required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). In order to be authorised to manage central securities depository services with an establishment in 
Italy, companies are required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). 
In the case of collective investment schemes other than UCITS harmonised under EU legislation, the trustee/ depository is required to 
be incorporated in Italy or in another Member State of the EU and 
established through a branch in Italy. Management companies of UCITS not harmonised under EU legislation are also required to be 
incorporated in Italy (no branches). Only banks, insurance companies, 
investment firms and companies managing UCITS harmonised under EU 
legislation having their legal head office in the EU, as well as UCITS incorporated in Italy may carry out activity of pension fund resources 
management. In providing the activity of door-to-door selling, 
intermediaries must utilise authorised financial salesmen resident within the territory of a Member State of the European Communities. 
Representative offices of foreign intermediaries cannot carry out 
activities aimed at providing investment services.  
In LT: For the purpose of asset management, incorporation as a 
specialised management company (no branches)  is required. Only firms 
having their registered office in Lithuania can act as the depositories of the assets. 
 
In PT: Pension fund management may be provided only by specialized companies incorporated in Portugal for that purpose and by insurance 
companies established in Portugal and authorised to take up the life 
insurance business or by entities authorised to pension fund management in other EU Member States (unbound for direct branching 
from non-EU countries). 
 In RO: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset management services 
 
 In SK: Investment services in the Slovak Republic can be provided by 
banks, investment companies, investment funds and security dealers 
which have legal form of joint-stock company with equity capital 
according to the law (no branches).   
In SI: Unbound for participation in banks under privatisation and for 
private pension funds (non-compulsory pension funds)   
 In SE: A founder of a savings bank shall be a natural person resident in 
the EU. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
8. HEALTH SERVICES AND 
SOCIAL SERVICES  (only privately funded 
services) 
  
A. Hospital Services 
(CPC 9311) 
 B. Ambulance Services 
(CPC 93192) 
 C. Residential health facilities 
other than hospital services 
(CPC 93193)  D. Social Services 
(CPC 933) EU: Participation of private operators in the health and social network is 
subject to concession. Economic needs tests may apply. Main criteria: 
number of and impact on existing establishments, transport infrastructure, population density, geographic spread, and creation of 
new employment. 
 In AT, SI: Unbound for ambulance services 
 
In BG: Unbound for hospital services, for ambulance services and for residential health facilities other than hospital services   
In CZ, FI, MT, PL, SE, SK: Unbound 
 In HU, SI: Unbound for social services 
 
In BE, UK: Unbound for ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services other than 
convalescent and rest houses and old people's homes 
 In CY: Unbound for hospital services, ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social 
services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people's 
homes  
9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES 
  
A. Hotel, Restaurants and 
Catering  
(CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC 643) excluding catering in air 
transport services 
32 In BG: Incorporation is required (no branches) 
 
In IT: Economic needs tests applied on bars, cafes and restaurants. Main criteria: population and density of existing establishments  
In HR: Location in the protected areas of particular historic and artistic 
interest and within national or landscape parks is subject to approval by the Government of the Republic of Croatia which can be denied. 
 
B. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Services (including 
tour managers) (CPC 7471) In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
In CY: Foreign service providers have to be represented by a resident Travel Office  
In CZ: Economic needs test based on population criterion   
 In PT: Requirement of constitution of a commercial company having its 
corporate base in Portugal (unbound for branches) 
 
C. Tourist Guides Services (CPC 7472)  None 
In CY: Nationality condition 
                                               
32 Catering in air transport services is to be fo und in SERVICES AUXILIARY TO TRANSPORT SERVICES 
under 17.D.a)  Ground handling services. S/C/W/361 
 
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10. RECREATIONAL, 
CULTURAL AND SPORTING SERVICES (other than audio-
visual services) 
  
A. Entertainment Services 
(including Theatre, Live 
Bands, Circus and Discotheque Services) 
(CPC 9619) In CY, CZ, FI, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Unbound  
 
In BG: Unbound except for theatrical producer, singer group, band and orchestra entertainment services (CPC 96191), services provided by 
authors, composers, sculptors, entertainers and other individual artists 
(CPC 96192)  and ancillary theatrical services (CPC 96193) 
 
In EE: Unbound for other entertainment services (CPC 96199)  except 
for cinema theatre services   In LV: Unbound except for cinema theatre operation services (part of 
CPC 96199) 
 
B. News and Press Agencies Services  (CPC 962) In CZ: Unbound 
 In FR: Foreign participation in companies publishing publications in the 
French language may not exceed 20% of the capital or of voting rights 
in the company. Establishment of press agencies by foreign investors is subject to reciprocity.  
C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural 
services  
(CPC 963) In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound 
 
In AT, LT: Participation of private operators in the libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services' network is subject to concession 
or licence. 
 
D. Sporting services (CPC 9641)   
 In AT, SI:  Unbound for ski school services and mountain guide services 
 In BG, CY, CZ, EE, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound  
E. Recreation park and beach Services  
(CPC 96491) 
 None 
11. TRANSPORT 
SERVICES   
A. Maritime transport  
  
a) International passenger 
transportation (CPC 7211 less national 
cabotage transport). 
b) International freight 
transportation 
(CPC 7212 less national 
cabotage transport) 
33 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, 
NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the 
national flag of the State of establishment 
 In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
In BG, CY, DE, EE, ES, FR, FI, EL, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI and SE: Feedering services by authorisation.  
                                               
33 Includes feedering services and movement of equipment by international maritime transport suppliers 
between ports located in same State when no revenue is involved. S/C/W/361 
 
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B. Internal Waterways 
Transport  
  
a) Passenger transportation 
(CPC 7221) b) Freight transportation 
(CPC 7222) EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to 
inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries 
concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. 
Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.
 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the 
national flag of the State of establishment 
 In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, 
nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. 
Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU 
citizens. 
 In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
In FI: Services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag.  
In HR: Unbound. 
 
C. Rail Transport   a) Passenger transportation 
(CPC 7111) 
b) Freight transportation 
(CPC 7112)  In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 In HR, LT: Unbound. 
 
D. Road Transport  
  
a) Passenger Transportation 
(CPC 7121 and CPC 7122) In EU: Foreign investors cannot provide transport services within a 
Member State (cabotage), except for rental of non-scheduled services 
of buses with operator 
 In EU: Economic needs test for taxi services. Main criteria: number of 
and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic 
spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment  In AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to 
EU nationals and to EU juridical pe rsons having their headquarters in 
the EU  
In BG, CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 In FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered 
vehicles 
 In LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration 
 
In ES: Economic needs test for CPC 7122. Main criteria: Local demand S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In IT, PT: Economic needs test for limousine services. Main criteria: 
number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new 
employment 
 
 In ES, IE, IT: Economic needs test for intercity bussing services. Main 
criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population 
density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of 
new employment  
In FR : Unbound for intercity bussing services 
 
b) Freight Transportation  
(CPC 7123, excluding transportation of mail on own account 
34). In AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to 
EU nationals and to EU juridical pe rsons having their headquarters in 
the EU  
In BG, CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 In ES: Unbound  
 
In FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles 
 
In LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration  
In IT, SK: Economic needs test. Main criteria is local demand 
 
E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel 
35  
(CPC 7139) 
 AT: Exclusive rights can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU 
juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU 
12. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO 
TRANSPORT 36 
  
A. Services auxiliary to 
Maritime Transport  
 a) Maritime Cargo Handling 
Services 
b) Storage and warehousing 
Services 
(part of CPC 742) 
c) Customs Clearance 
Services d) Container Station and 
Depot Services 
e) Maritime Agency Services 
f) Maritime Freight 
Forwarding Services 
g) Rental of Vessels with 
Crew 
(CPC 7213) In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: For pushing and towing services 
and for supporting services for maritime transport unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a 
fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment 
 In IT: Economic needs test for maritime cargo-handling services. Main 
criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population 
density, geographic spread and creation of new employment  In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). 
Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49%.  
 In CY: Unbound for rental of vessels with crew 
 
In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches)  can perform customs clearance 
 
                                               
34 Part of CPC 71235, which is to be found in COMMU NICATION SERVICES under 7.A. Postal and courier 
services. 
35 Pipeline transportation of fuels is to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 18.B. 
36 Does not include maintenance and repair services of transport equipment, which are to be found in 
BUSINESS SERVICES under 6.F.l)  1 to 6.F.l)  4. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
h) Pushing and towing 
services  (CPC 7214) 
 
i) Supporting services for 
maritime transport (part of CPC 745) 
j) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services (including catering) 
(part of CPC 749) In FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships 
operating under the Finnish flag.  
In HR: Unbound for c) Customs Clearance Services, d) Container 
Station and Depot Services, e) Maritime Agency Services and f) Maritime Freight Forwarding Services. 
 
For a) Maritime Cargo Handling Services, b) Storage and warehousing 
Services, j) Other supporting and auxili ary services (including catering), 
h) Pushing and towing services and i) Supporting services for maritime transport: None, except that foreign legal person is required to 
establish a company in Croatia which should be granted a concession by 
the port authority, following a public tendering procedure. The number of service suppliers may be limited reflecting limitations in port 
capacity.  
 In MT: Unbound for Customs Clearance Services   
B. Services auxiliary to internal waterways transport  
a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) b) Storage and warehouse 
services 
(part of CPC 742) c) Freight transport agency 
services  
(part of CPC 748) 
d) Rental of Vessels with 
Crew 
(CPC 7223) 
e) Pushing and towing 
services  
(CPC 7224) 
f) Supporting services for 
internal waterway transport (part of CPC 745) 
g) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services  (part of CPC 749) EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to 
inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube 
link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries 
concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping.
 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT,  NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for pushing and towing 
services and supporting services for internal waterway transport. 
 In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by 
natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, 
nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. 
In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU 
citizens.  In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). 
Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49% 
 In HU: Participation of the State may be required in an establishment 
 
In FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag. 
 
In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches)  can perform customs clearance. 
 
In HR: Unbound. 
 
C. Services auxiliary to rail transport  a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) 
b) Storage and warehouse 
services (part of CPC 742) 
c) Freight transport agency 
services  (part of CPC 748) In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49%  
In CZ: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches)  can perform customs clearance 
 
In HR: Unbound for pushing and towing services.  S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
d) Pushing and towing 
services  (CPC 7113) 
e) Supporting services for rail 
transport services  (CPC 743) f) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services 
(part of CPC 749)   
D. Services auxiliary to road 
transport  
a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) b) Storage and warehouse 
services 
(part of CPC 742) 
c) Freight transport agency 
services  
(part of CPC 748) 
d) Rental of Commercial Road 
Vehicles with Operators 
(CPC 7124) 
e) Supporting services for 
road transport equipment (CPC 744) 
f) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services (part of CPC 749) 
 In AT: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, 
authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical 
persons having their headquarters in the EU 
 In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to 49% 
 
In FI: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles 
 
In HR: Unbound for Rental of Commerc ial Road Vehicles with Operators.
 
 
In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no 
branches)  can perform customs clearance 
 
E. Services auxiliary to air 
transport services  
a) Ground handling services 
(including catering) E U :  C a t e g o r i e s  o f  a c t i v i t i e s  d e p e n d  o f  s i z e  o f  a i r p o r t .  T h e  n u m b e r  o f  
providers in each airport can be limited due to available-space 
constraints and to not less than two suppliers for other reasons.  In HR: Unbound. 
 
In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)  
b) Storage and warehouse 
services 
(part of CPC 742) In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
In PL: For storage services of frozen or refrigerated goods and bulk 
storage services of liquids or gases, categories of activities depend of size of airport. The number of provid ers in each airport can be limited 
due to available-space constraints and to not less than two suppliers for 
other reasons  
c) Freight transport agency 
services  
(part of CPC 748) In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
In CZ: Unbound  
In SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no 
branches)  can perform customs clearance 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
d) Rental of aircraft with crew 
(CPC 734) EU: Aircraft used by Community carriers have to be registered in the EU 
Member State licensing the carrier or elsewhere in the EU. The aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality 
criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding 
ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors). Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under exceptional circumstances. 
 
BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)  
e) Sales and Marketing EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation 
systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers 
 
BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required)  
f) Computer Reservations 
System EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation 
systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers  
In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 
g) Airport management  In BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required) 
 In PL: Foreign participation is limited to 49% 
 
F. Services auxiliary to 
pipeline transport of goods 
other than fuel 37 
a) Storage and warehouse 
services of goods other than 
fuel transported by pipelines   
(part of CPC 742)  None 
13. ENERGY SERVICES 
  
A. Services Incidental to 
Mining  (CPC 883) 
38 
 None 
In CY: Unbound 
B. Pipeline Transportation of 
fuels  
(CPC 7131)  In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, 
NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  
C. Storage and warehouse 
services of fuels transported through pipelines  
(part of CPC 742) 
 In PL: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be 
prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). 
                                               
37 Services auxiliary to pipeline transportation of  fuels are to be found in ENERGY SERVICES, under 
18.C. 
38 Includes the following service rendered on a fee or  contract basis: advisory and consulting services 
relating to mining, on land site preparation, on land rig installation, drilling, drilling bits services, casing and tubular services, mud engineering and supply, solids control, fishing and downhole special operations, wellsite geology and drilling control, core taking, well testin g, wireline services, supply and operation of completion 
fluids (brines)  supply and installation of completion devices, cementing (pressure pumping), stimulation 
services (fracturing, acidising an d pressure pumping), workover and well repair services, plugging and 
abandoning of wells. S/C/W/361 
 
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D. Wholesale trade services of 
solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products 
(CPC 62271) 
and wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water  
 EU: Unbound for wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot 
water.  
E. Retailing Services of motor 
fuel 
(CPC 613)  
F. Retail sales of fuel oil, 
bottled gas, coal and wood (CPC 63297) and retailing services of 
electricity, (non bottled)  gas, 
steam and hot water  EU: Unbound for retailing services of motor fuel, electricity, (non 
bottled)  gas, steam and hot water  
 In BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: For reta il sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, 
coal and wood, authorisation for department stores (in the case of FR 
only for large stores)  is subject to an economic needs test. Main 
criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new 
employment 
 In CY: Unbound 
 
G. Services incidental to energy distribution  
(CPC 887) In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, HU, IT, LU, LT, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, UK: Unbound except for consultancy 
services, where: none  In SI: Unbound except for services incidental to the distribution of gas, 
where: none. 
 
14. OTHER SERVICES NOT INCLUDED ELSEWHERE   
a) Washing, Cleaning and 
Dyeing services 
(CPC 9701) None 
 
b) Hairdressing services 
(CPC 97021) In CY: Unbound   
 
In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The 
economic needs test, when applied,  sets a limit on the number of 
enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business 
 
c) Cosmetic treatment, 
manicuring and pedicuring 
services  (CPC 97022) In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The 
economic needs test, when applied,  sets a limit on the number of 
enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business  
d) Other beauty treatment 
services n.e.c. (CPC 97029) In IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The 
economic needs test, when applied,  sets a limit on the number of 
enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
e) Spa services and non 
therapeutical massages, to the extent that they are 
provided as relaxation 
physical well-being services and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes 
39   
(CPC ver. 1.0 97230) 
 None  
g) Telecommunications 
connection services (CPC 7543) 
 None 
 
 
_______________ 
 
 
                                               
39 Therapeutical massages and thermal cure  services are to be found under 6.A.h)  Medical services, 
6.A.j)  2 Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists an d para-medical personnel an d health services (13.A 
and 13 C). S/C/W/361 
 
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 ANNEX B 
LIST OF COMMITMENTS ON CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY OF SERVICES 
(REFERRED TO IN HEADNOTE 2) 
1. The list of commitments below indicates the services sectors liberalised by the EU pursuant 
to Headnote 2 above, and, by means of re servations, the market access and national 
treatment limitations that apply to LDC services  and services suppliers in those sectors. The 
list is composed of the following elements: 
 
 (a) A first column indicating the sector or sub-sector in which the commitment is assumed 
by the Party, and the scope of liberalisation to which the reservations apply. 
  (b) A second column describing the applicable reservations 
 
 When the column referred to under (b)  only includes EU reservations applicable in specific 
Member State, for Member States not mentioned therein the EU undertakes commitments in 
the sector concerned without reservations (the  absence of EU reservations applicable in 
specific Member States  in a given sector is without prejudice to horizontal reservations or to sectoral EU-wide reservations that may apply). 
 
 Cross-border supply of services in sectors or sub-sectors covered by this Agreement and not 
mentioned in the list below is not committed.  
 
2. In identifying individual sectors and sub-sectors: 
  (a) CPC means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office of the 
United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC prov , 1991. 
  (b) CPC ver. 1.0 means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office 
of the United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC ver 1.0 , 1998. 
 3. The list below does not include measures relating to qualification requirements and 
procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements and procedures when they do 
not constitute a market access or a national treatment limitation.  Those measures (e.g. 
need to obtain a license, universal service obligations, need to obtain recognition of qualifications in regulated sectors, need to pass specific examinations, including language 
examinations), even if not listed, apply in any case to LDC service suppliers. 
 4. The list below is without prejudice to the feasibility of Mode 1 in certain services sectors and 
sub-sectors and without prejudice to the existe nce of public monopolies and exclusive rights 
as described in the list of commitments on establishment. 
 5. In accordance with Headnote 1.5., the list below does not include measures concerning 
subsidies granted by the EU and Member States. 
 6. In accordance with headnote 1.8., non-discriminatory requirements as regards the types of 
legal form of an service supplier are not included in the list below. 
 7. The rights and obligations arising from this list of commitments shall have no self-executing 
effect and thus confer no rights directly to individual natural persons or juridical persons. 
  S/C/W/361 
 
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Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
ALL SECTORS Real estate 
 
For Modes 1 and 2 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, EL, FI, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, RO, 
SI, SK: Limitations on acquisition of land and real estate by 
foreign investors 
1 
1. BUSINESS SERVICES   
A. Professional Services 
  
a) Legal Services  
(CPC 861) 2 
 (excluding legal advisory and 
legal documentations and 
certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public 
functions, such as notaries, 
huissiers de justice or other  
officiers publics et 
ministériels)  For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In AT, CY, ES, EL, LT, MT, SK: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of domestic (EU and Member State)  law, is 
subject to a nationality condition 
 In BE, LU, FI: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition, 
coupled with residency requirements.   
 In BE quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" 
in non-criminal cases. 
 In BG: Foreign lawyers can only provide legal representation 
services of a national of their home country and subject to 
reciprocity and cooperation with a Bulgarian lawyer. For legal mediation services permanent residence is required.  
In ES:  Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal 
services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, including representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss 
nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to 
provide legal services in respect of domestic law. Industrial property attorneys are subject to an EU nationality condition. 
 
In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la Cour de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas and to a nationality condition 
                                               
1 As regards services sectors, these limitations do no t go beyond the limitations reflected in the existing 
GATS commitments. 
2 Includes legal advisory, legal representational, le gal arbitration and conciliation/mediation, and legal 
documentation and certification services. Provision of legal services is only authorised in respect of public international law, EC law and the law of any jurisdiction where the investor or its personnel is qualified to practice as a lawyer, and, like th e provision of other services, is subject to licensing requirements and 
procedures applicable in Member States of the European  Union. For lawyers providing legal services in respect 
of public international law an d foreign law, these may take inter alia the form of compliance with local codes of 
ethics, use of home title (unless recognitio n with the host title has been obtained)  insurance requirements, 
simple registration with the host country Bar or a si mplified admission to the ho st country Bar through an 
aptitude test and a legal or professional domicile in the host country. Legal services in respect of EC law shall in principle be carried out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in the EC acting personally, 
and legal services in respect of the law of a Member St ate of the European Union shall in principle be carried 
out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in that Member Stat e acting personally. Full 
admission to the Bar in the relevant Member State of  the European Union might therefore be necessary for 
representation before courts and othe r competent authorities in the EC since it involves practice of EC and 
national procedural law. However, in some Member St ates, foreign lawyers not fully  admitted to the Bar are 
allowed to represent in civil proceedings a party being a national or belonging to the State in which the lawyer is entitled to practice. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
 In HR: Unbound for practicing of Croatian law. 
 In HU: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality 
condition, coupled with residency requirements. For foreign 
lawyers the scope of legal activities is limited to the provision of legal advice. 
 
In LV: Nationality requirement for sworn solicitors, to whom legal representation in criminal proceedings is reserved.  
In DK: Marketing of legal advice activities is restricted to lawyers 
with a Danish licence to practice and law firms registered in Denmark. Requirement of a Danish legal examination in order to 
obtain a Danish licence. 
 In SE: Admission to the Bar, necessary only for the use of the 
Swedish title "advokat", is subject to a residency requirement. 
 
b) 1. Accounting and 
Bookkeeping Services (CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 
86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 
86220) For Mode 1 
 In FR, HU, IT, MT, RO, SI: Unbound  
In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent 
authorities  
In CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: the 
employment situation in the sub-sector.  
In PL: Statutory audit activities may be carried out only by locally 
approved statutory auditors or audit firms  For Mode 2 
 
None  
b) 2. Auditing services 
(CPC 86211 and 86212 other 
than accounting services) For Mode 1 
 
In BE, BG, CY, DE, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, 
SI, UK: Unbound  In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent 
authorities and for performing audits provided for in specific 
Austrian laws (e.g. joint stock companies law, stock exchange law, banking law, etc.) 
 
In HR: Foreign audit firms may provide audit services on the Croatian territory where they have established a branch. 
 
In SE: Statutory audit in listed companies and companies exceeding certain thresholds concerning turnover, total assets and number of employees must be performed by public auditors 
authorised in Sweden. Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is 
required for authorisation or approval. Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform statutory auditing services in certain legal 
entities, including in all limited companies, as well as of physical 
persons. Only auditors approved in Sweden, and registered public 
accounting firms, may be shareholders or form partnerships in 
companies which practice qualified auditing (for official purposes). S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Residency within the EEA or Switzerland is required for approval. 
The titles of “approved auditor” and “authorised auditor” may only be used by auditors approved or authorised in Sweden. 
 
In LT: Auditor's report must be prepared in conjunction with an auditor accredited to practise in Lithuania 
 
For Mode 2  None 
 
c) Taxation Advisory Services 
(CPC 863)  3 For Mode 1 
 
In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent authorities 
 
In CY: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria:  the employment situation in the sub-sector.  
 
In CZ: Taxation services may be provided by natural persons only who are registered in the list of the Chamber of Tax Consultants or in the Chamber of Auditors. 
 
In BG, MT, PL, RO and SI: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 None 
 
d) Architectural services 
 
and 
 e) Urban planning and 
landscape architectural 
services  
(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674) For Mode 1 
 
In AT: Unbound except for planning services. 
 In BE, BG, CY, EL, IT, MT, PL, PT, SI: Unbound 
 
In DE: Application of the national rules on fees and emoluments for all services which are performed from abroad 
 
In HR: Natural and legal persons may supply architectural services upon approval of the Croatian Chamber of Architects. A design or project elaborated abroad must be recognized 
(validated) by an authorized natural or legal person in Croatia 
with regard to its compliance with Croatian Law. Unbound for urban planning.  
 
In HU, RO: Unbound for landscape architectural services  
For Mode 2 
 None 
                                               
3 Does not include legal advisory and legal representational services on tax matters, which are to be 
found under 1.A.a). Legal services. S/C/W/361 
 
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f) Engineering services;  
and g) Integrated engineering 
services 
(CPC 8672 and CPC 8673) For Mode 1 
 In AT, SI: Unbound except for pure planning services. 
 
In BG, CY, EL, IT, MT, PT: Unbound In HR: Natural and legal persons may supply engineering services 
upon approval of the Croatian Chamber of Engineers. A design or 
project elaborated abroad must be  recognized (validated) by an 
authorized natural or legal person in Croatia with regard to its compliance with Croatian Law. 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
h) Medical (including 
Psychologists), and Dental services 
(CPC 9312 and  
part of CPC 85201)   For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, 
NL, PT, RO, SK, UK: Unbound  
 In HR: Unbound, except for telemedicine.  
In SI: Unbound for social medicine, sanitary, epidemiological, 
medical/ecological services, the supply of blood, blood preparations and transplants and autopsy. 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
i) Veterinary services 
(CPC 932) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY,  DE, DK, EE, ES, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, MT, NL, PT, RO, SI, SK: Unbound  
 
In CZ: Access to natural persons only  
In UK: Unbound except for veterinary laboratory and technical 
services supplied to veterinary surgeons, general advice, guidance and information e.g.: nutritional, behaviour and pet care. 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
j) 1. Midwives services 
(part of CPC 93191)  j) 2. Services provided by 
Nurses, Physiotherapists and 
Paramedical Personnel (part of CPC 93191) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SI, SK, UK: Unbound 
 
In FI, PL: Unbound except for nurses   
In HR: Unbound, except for telemedicine. 
 For Mode 2 
 
None S/C/W/361 
 
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k) Retail sales of 
pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and 
orthopaedical goods  
(CPC 63211) and other services supplied 
by pharmacists  
4 For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, 
PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI. UK: Unbound 
 In  LV, LT: Unbound except for mail order 
 
In HU: Unbound except for CPC 63211  For Mode 2 
 
None  
B. Computer and Related Services 
(CPC 84) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None 
 C. Research and Development 
Services   
a) R and D services on natural 
sciences (CPC 851) 
 
b) R and D services on Social 
Sciences and Humanities 
(CPC 852 excluding 
psychologists services) 
5 
 c) Interdisciplinary R and D 
services 
(CPC 853)  For Modes 1 and 2 
 EU: For publicly funded R and D services, exclusive rights and/or 
authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU 
juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU  
 
D. Real Estate Services 6 
  
a) Involving Own or Leased 
Property  
(CPC 821) For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound 
 In HR: Commercial presence required.   
For Mode 2 
 None 
 
b) On a Fee or Contract Basis 
(CPC 822) For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound  In HR: Commercial presence required.  
 
                                               
4 The supply of pharmaceuticals to the general public, like the provision of other services, is subject to 
licensing and qualification requirements  and procedures applicable in Member  States of the European Union. As 
a general rule, this activity is reserv ed to pharmacists. In some Member States, only the supply of prescription 
drugs is reserved to pharmacists. 
5 Part of CPC 85201, which is to be found under 1.A.h. Medical and dental services. 
6 The service involved relates to the profession of real estate agent and does not affect any rights 
and/or restrictions on na tural and juridical persons purchasing real estate. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
For Mode 2 
 None 
E. Rental/Leasing Services without Operators 
  
a) Relating to Ships 
(CPC 83103) For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, DE, HU, MT, RO: Unbound  For Mode 2 
 
None  
b) Relating to Aircraft 
(CPC 83104) For Modes 1 and 2: 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, HU, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound 
 EU: Aircraft used by Community air carriers have to be registered in the Member State licensing the air carrier or elsewhere in the 
Community. Waivers can be granted for short term lease 
contracts or under exceptional circumstances.  
c) Relating to Other Transport 
Equipment  
(CPC 83101, CPC 83102 and 
CPC 83105)   For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, HU, LV, MT, PL, RO, SI: Unbound 
 In SE: Suppliers of rental or leasing services of cars and certain 
off-road vehicles (terrängmotorfordon) without a driver, rented or 
leased for a period of less than one year, are obliged to appoint someone to be responsible for ensuring, inter alia , that the 
business is conducted in accordance with applicable rules and 
regulations and that the road traffic safety rules are followed. The 
responsible person must reside in Sweden.  
For Mode 2 
 None 
 
d) Relating to Other 
Machinery and Equipment 
(CPC 83106, CPC 83107, CPC 
83108 and CPC 83109) For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, HU, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound  
 For Mode 2 
 
None  
e) Relating to personal and 
household goods (CPC 832) For Modes 1 and 2 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, 
NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound 
 In EE: Unbound except for leasing or rental services concerning 
pre-recorded video-cassettes for use in home entertainment 
equipment  S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
f) Telecommunications 
equipment rental (CPC 7541) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None. 
 
F. Other Business Services    
a) Advertising 
(CPC 871) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None.  
b) Market Research and 
Opinion Polling (CPC 864) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
 
c) Management Consulting 
Services 
(CPC 865) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None.  
d) Services Related to 
Management Consulting (CPC 866) For Modes 1 and 2 
 In HU: Unbound for arbitration and conciliation services (CPC 
86602). 
 
e) Technical Testing and 
Analysis Services (CPC 8676) For Mode 1 
 In IT: Unbound for the profession of biologist and chemical 
analyst 
 In BG, CY, CZ, MT, PL, RO, SK, SE: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 In BG, CY, CZ, MT, PL, RO, SK, SE: Unbound 
 
f) Advisory and Consulting 
services incidental to 
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 
(part of CPC 881) For Mode 1 
 
In IT: Unbound for activities reserved to agronomist and "periti agrari" 
 
In EE, MT, RO, SI: Unbound  For Mode 2 
 
None  
g) Advisory and Consulting 
Services Relating to Fishing 
(part of CPC 882) For Mode 1 
 
In LV, MT, RO, SI: Unbound 
 For Mode 2  
None 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
h) Advisory and Consulting 
Services incidental to Manufacturing 
(part of CPC 884 and part of 
CPC 885)  For Modes 1 and 2 
 None. 
 
 
i) Placement and Supply 
Services of Personnel  
  
i) 1. Executive search  
(CPC 87201) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, 
SK, SI, SE: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, 
SK, SI: Unbound 
 
i) 2. Placement Services  
(CPC 87202) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE , ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, 
LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound  
 
For Mode 2  
In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, LV, 
LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, UK: Unbound  
i) 3. Supply Services of office 
support personnel (CPC 87203) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, FR, IT, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, NL, 
PL, PT, RO, SE, SK, SI: Unbound 
 For Mode 2 
 
In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FI, FR, IT, HR, IE, LV, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound 
 
j) 1. Investigation Services 
(CPC 87301) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, UK: Unbound   
j) 2. Security Services  
(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 
87304 and CPC 87305) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In HU: Unbound for CPC 87304, CPC 87305  
 In BE, BG, CY, CZ, ES, EE, FI, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, MT, PT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Unbound  
 
k) Related Scientific and 
Technical Consulting Services 
(CPC 8675) For Mode 1 
 
In BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, UK: Unbound for exploration services 
 
In HR: Services of basic geological, geodetic and mining consulting services as well as related environmental protection S/C/W/361 
 
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consulting services on the territory of Croatia can be carried out 
only jointly with/or through domestic legal persons.  For Mode 2 
 
None  
l) 1. Maintenance and repair 
of vessels 
(part of CPC 8868) For Mode 1 
 
For maritime transport vessels: In BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, 
FR, HR, EL, IE, IT, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, UK: Unbound  For internal waterways transport vessels: EU: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
l) 2. Maintenance and Repair 
of Rail Transport Equipment  (part of CPC 8868) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, UK: Unbound  
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
l) 3. Maintenance and Repair 
of motor vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles and road transport Equipment  
(CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of 
CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868) 
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 None  
l) 4. Maintenance and Repair 
of Aircraft and parts thereof  
(part of CPC 8868) For Mode 1 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, HR, EL, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  
 
For Mode 2  None 
 
l) 5. Maintenance and Repair 
services of metal products, of 
(non office)  machinery, of 
(non transport and non 
office)  equipment and of 
personal and household goods 
7 
(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 
8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, 
CPC 8865 and CPC 8866) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None  
 
                                               
7 Maintenance and repair services of tran sport equipment (CPC 6112, 6122, 8867 and CPC 8868)  are to 
be found under l.F. l)  1 to 1.F.l)  4. 
   Maintenance and repair services of office machinery and equipment including computers (CPC 845)  are 
to be found under 1.B. COMPUTER SERVICES. S/C/W/361 
 
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m) Building-Cleaning Services 
(CPC 874) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES , EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LU, 
LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound 
 For Mode 2 
 
None.  
n) Photographic Services 
(CPC 875) For Mode 1 
 In BG, EE, MT, PL: Unbound for the supply of aerial photographic 
services 
 In HR, LV: Unbound for specialty photographic services (CPC 
87504) 
 For Mode 2 
 
None.  
o) Packaging Services 
(CPC 876) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
 
p) Printing and Publishing 
(CPC 88442) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None  In SE: Natural persons who are owners of periodicals that are 
printed and published in Sweden must reside in Sweden or be 
citizens of the EEA. Owners of such periodicals who are juridical persons must be established in the EEA. Periodicals that are 
printed and published in Sweden, and technical recordings must 
have a responsible editor, who must be domiciled in Sweden.    
q) Convention Services 
(part of CPC 87909) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None 
 
r) 1. Translation and 
Interpretation Services 
(CPC 87905) For Mode 1 
 
In PL: Unbound for services of sworn interpreters  
In HR:  Unbound for official documents. 
 In HU, SK: Unbound for official translation and interpretation 
 
For Mode 2  None 
 
r) 2. Interior design and other 
specialty design services 
(CPC 87907) For Mode 1 
 
In DE: Application of the national rules on fees and emoluments for all services which are performed from abroad 
 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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For Mode 2 
 None 
 
r) 3. Collection Agency 
Services 
(CPC 87902) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  
 
r) 4. Credit reporting services 
(CPC 87901) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, 
LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound   
r) 5. Duplicating services 
(CPC 87904) 8 For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound   For Mode 2 
 
None  
r) 6. Telecommunications 
consulting services 
(CPC 7544) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None 
 
r) 7. Telephone answering 
services (CPC 87903) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None  
2. COMMUNICATION SERVICES 
  
A. Postal and Courier Services 
 
(Services relating to the handling 
9 of postal items 10 
according to the following list 
of sub-sectors, whether for domestic or foreign destinations: (i)  Handling of 
addressed written 
communications on any kind of physical medium 
11, 
including Hybrid mail service 
and Direct mail, (ii)  Handling 
of addressed parcels and 
packages 12, iii)  Handling of 
addressed press products 13,  For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None 14 
                                               
8 Does not include printing services, which fall under CPC 88442 and are to be found under 1.F p). 
9 The term "handling" should be  taken to include clearance, sorting, transport and delivery. 
10 "Postal item" refers to items handled by any type of commercial operator, whether public or private. 
11 E.g. letter, postcards. 
12 Books, catalogues are included hereunder. 
13 Journals, newspapers, periodicals. 
14 For subsectors i)  to iv), individual licences imposing particular universal services obligations and/or 
financial contribution to a compensation fund may be required. S/C/W/361 
 
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(iv) Handling of items referred 
to in (i)  to (iii)  above as 
registered or insured mail, 
(v) Express delivery 
services 15 for items referred 
to in (i)  to (iii)  above, 
vi) Handling of non-addressed 
items, (vii)  Document 
exchange 16  
Sub-sectors (i), (iv)  and 
(v) are however excluded 
when they fall into the scope 
of the services which may be 
reserved, which is: for items of correspondence the price of 
which is less than 2.5 times 
the public basic tariff, provided that they weigh less 
than 50 grams 
17, plus the 
registered mail service used in the course of judicial or administrative procedures.)   
 
(part of CPC 751, part of CPC 71235 
18 and part of CPC 
73210 19) 
  
  
B. Telecommunications Services  (These services do not cover the economic activity 
consisting of the provision of 
content which requires telecommunications services 
for its transport) 
  
a) All services consisting of 
the transmission and reception of signals by any electromagnetic means 
20, 
excluding broadcasting 21  For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
                                               
15 Express delivery services may include, in additi on to greater speed and reliability, value added 
elements such as collection  from point of origin, personal delive ry to addressee, tracing and tracking, 
possibility of changing the destination and addressee in transit, confirmation of receipt. 
16 Provision of means, including the supply of ad hoc pr emises as well as transpor tation by a third party, 
allowing self-delivery by mutual exchange of postal item s between users subscribing to this service. Postal item 
refers to items handled by any type of comm ercial operator, whether public or private. 
17 "Items of correspondence": a communication in writ ten form on any kind of physical medium to be 
conveyed and delivered at the address indicated by the se nder on the item itself or on its wrapping. Books, 
catalogues, newspapers and periodicals are not regarded as items of correspondence. 
18 Transportation of mail on own account by any land Mode. 
19 Transportation of mail on own account by air. 
20 These services do not include on-line informatio n and/or data processing (including transaction 
processing)  (part of CPC 843)  which is to be found unde r 1.B. Computer services. 
21 Broadcasting is defined as the un interrupted chain of transmission re quired for the distribution of TV 
and radio programme signals to the general public, but does not cover contribution links between operators. S/C/W/361 
 
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b) Satellite broadcast 
transmission services 22 For Modes 1 and 2 
 EU: None except that service providers in this sector may be 
subject to obligations to safeguard general interest objectives 
related to the conveyance of content through their network in line with the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications 
 
In BE: Unbound  
3. CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES (CPC 511, CPC 
512, CPC 513, CPC 514, CPC 
515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and CPC 518)   
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
 
4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES (excluding distribution of 
arms, munitions, explosives and other war material)   
A. Commission Agents' 
Services 
a) Commission Agents' 
Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles 
and parts and accessories 
thereof (part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 
6121)   
b) Other Commission Agents' 
Services 
(CPC 621) 
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 
EU: Unbound for distribution of chemical products, of precious 
metals (and stones).  
In AT: Unbound for distribution of pyrotechnical goods, of 
ignitable articles and blasting devices and of toxic substances.  In AT, BG: Unbound for distribution of products for medical use 
such as medical and surgical devices, medical substances and 
objects for medical use.  
 
B. Wholesale Trade Services 
a) Wholesale Trade Services 
of motor vehicles, 
motorcycles and snowmobiles 
and parts and accessories thereof (part of CPC 61111, part of 
CPC 6113 and part of CPC 
6121 ) b) Wholesale Trade Services 
of telecommunication terminal 
equipment (part of CPC 7542) 
c) Other wholesale trade 
services (CPC 622 excluding wholesale trade services of energy 
products 
23) In ES: State monopoly on retail sales of tobacco. Establishment is 
subject to an EU nationality.  Distance selling, mail order or similar procedures for retail sale or supply of tobacco is 
prohibited. 
 In HR: Unbound for tobacco products. For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BG, PL, RO: Unbound for distribution of tobacco and tobacco products.  
 
In IT: For wholesale trade services, state monopoly on tobacco  
In BG, FI, PL, RO: Unbound for dist ribution of alcoholic beverages 
 In SE: Unbound for retail distribution of alcoholic beverages  
                                               
22 These services cover the telecommunications service consisting of the transmission and reception of 
radio and television broa dcast by satellite (the uninte rrupted chain of transmission via satellite required for the 
distribution of TV and radio programme signals to the general public). Th is covers selling use of satellite 
services, but does not include the selling of television programme packages to households. 
23 These services, which include CPC 62271, are to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 18.D. S/C/W/361 
 
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C. Retailing Services 24 
Retailing Services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and 
snowmobiles and parts and 
accessories thereof  (CPC 61112, part of CPC 6113 
and part of CPC 6121) 
Retailing Services of telecommunication terminal equipment 
(part of CPC 7542) 
Food retailing services  (CPC 631) 
Retailing services of other 
(non-energy)  goods, except 
retail sales of pharmaceutical, 
medical and orthopaedic 
goods 
25 
(CPC 632 excluding CPC 63211 and 63297) 
 
D. Franchising  (CPC 8929) 
 In AT, BG, CZ, FI, RO, SK, SI: Unbound for distribution of 
pharmaceuticals,   
In BG, HU, PL: Unbound for commodity brokers' services. 
 In FR: For commission agents' services, unbound for traders and 
brokers working in 17 markets of national interest on fresh food 
products. Unbound for wholesale of pharmaceuticals  In MT: Unbound for commission agents' services 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, UK: For retailing services, unbound except for mail order. 
 
5. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES (only privately-funded 
services)   
  
A. Primary Education Services  
(CPC 921) For Mode 1 
 In BG, CY, FI, FR, HR, IT, MT, RO, SE, SI: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
In CY, FI, HR, MT, RO, SE, SI: Unbound 
 
B. Secondary Education Services (CPC 922) For Mode 1 
 In BG, CY, FI, FR, HR, IT, MT, RO, SE: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound  
 
For Modes 1 and 2  
In LV: Unbound for education services relating to technical and 
vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped students (CPC 9224)   
 
                                               
24 Does not include maintenance and repair services, which are to be found in BUSINESS SERVICES 
under 1.B. and 1.F.l). 
25 Retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orth opaedic goods are to be found under PROFESSIONAL 
SERVICES in 1.A.k). S/C/W/361 
 
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C. Higher Education Services 
(CPC 923) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BG, CY, FI, FR, IT, MT, RO, SE: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
In AT, BG, CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound 
 For Modes 1 and 2  
In CZ, SK: Unbound for higher education services, except post-
secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310) 
 
D. Adult Education Services (CPC 924) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In AT: Unbound for adult education services by means of radio or television broadcasting. 
 
In CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound.  
E. Other education services (CPC 929) For Modes 1 and 2 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, 
LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, UK: Unbound. 
 For Mode 1 
In HR: None for correspondence education or education via 
telecommunications.  
6. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES   
A. Waste Water Services 
(CPC 9401) 26 
 
B. Solid/hazardous waste management, excluding 
cross-border transport of 
hazardous waste a) Refuse Disposal Services 
(CPC 9402)  
b) Sanitation and Similar 
Services (CPC 9403) 
 
C. Protection of ambient air and climate 
(CPC 9404) 
27 
 For Mode 1  
 
EU: Unbound except for consulting services 
 For Mode 2 
 
None 
                                               
26 Corresponds to Sewage Services. 
27 Corresponds to Cleaning Services of Exhaust Gases. S/C/W/361 
 
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D. Remediation and clean-up 
of soil and waters a) Treatment, remediation of 
contaminated/polluted soil 
and water (part of CPC 94060) 
28 
 
E. Noise and vibration abatement (CPC 9405) 
 
F. Protection of biodiversity and landscape  
a) Nature and landscape 
protection services (part of CPC 9406) 
 
G. Other environmental and ancillary services (CPC 94090) 
  
7. FINANCIAL SERVICES 
  
A. Insurance and insurance-
related services For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO,  SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for direct insurance services except 
for insurance of risks relating to: 
i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching 
and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle 
transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and  
ii) goods in international transit 
 
In AT: Promotional activity and intermediation on behalf of a 
subsidiary not established in the Community or of a branch not established in Austria (except for reinsurance and 
retrocession)  are prohibited. Compulsory air insurance, except for 
insurance of international commercial air transport, can be underwritten only by a subsidiary established in the Community or by a branch established in Austria. Higher premium tax is due 
for insurance contracts (except for contracts on reinsurance and 
retrocession)  which are written by a subsidiary not established in 
the Community or by a branch not established in Austria. 
Exception from the higher tax can be granted. 
 
                                               
28 Corresponds to parts of Nature and Landscape Prot ection Services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 In DK: Compulsory air transport insurance can be underwritten 
only by firms established in the Community. No persons or companies (including insurance companies)  may for business 
purposes in Denmark assist in effecting direct insurance for 
persons resident in Denmark, for Danish ships or for property in Denmark, other than insurance companies licensed by Danish law 
or by Danish competent authorities. 
 In DE: Compulsory air insurance policies can be underwritten only by a subsidiary established in the Community or by a branch 
established in Germany. If a foreign insurance company has 
established a branch in Germany, it may conclude insurance contracts in Germany relating to international transport only 
through the branch established in Germany. 
 
 In FR: Insurance of risks relating to ground transport may be 
carried out only by insurance firms established in the Community. 
 In PL: Unbound for reinsurance and retrocession except for risks relating to goods in international trade. 
 
In PT: Air and maritime transport insurance, covering goods, aircraft, hull and liability can be underwritten only by firms 
established in the EU; only persons or companies established in 
the EU may act as intermediaries for such insurance business in Portugal. 
 
In RO: Reinsurance on international market is allowed only if the reinsured risk cannot be placed on the domestic market  
 In ES: For actuarial services, residence requirement and three-
year relevant experience.  
For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PT, RO, 
SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for direct insurance intermediation 
services except for insurance of risks relating to:   i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching 
and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any 
or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and  
ii) goods in international transit 
 In BG: Unbound for direct insurance, except for services supplied 
by foreign suppliers to foreign persons in the territory of the 
Republic of Bulgaria. Transport insurance, covering goods, insurance of vehicles as such and liability insurance regarding risks located in the Republic of Bulgaria may not be underwritten 
by foreign insurance companies directly. A foreign insurance 
company may conclude insurance contracts only through a branch. Unbound for deposit insurance and similar compensations 
schemes, as well as mandatory insurance schemes. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 In CY, LV, MT: Unbound for direct insurance services except for 
insurance of risks relating to:  
i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching 
and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle 
transporting the goods and any liability arising herefrom; and  
ii) goods in international transit In LT:  Unbound for direct insurance services except for insurance 
of risks relating to: 
 
i) Maritime shipping and commercial aviation and space launching and freight (including satellites), with such insurance to cover any 
or all of the following: the goods being transported, the vehicle 
transporting the goods and any liability arising therefrom; and  ii) goods in international transit, except related to land transport 
where the risk is located in Lithuania 
 In BG, LV, LT, PL: Unbound for insurance intermediation  
In FI: Only insurers having their head-office in the EU or having 
their branch in Finland may offer direct insurance (including co-insurance) services. The supply of insurance broker services is 
subject to a permanent place of business in the EU. 
 In HR: Unbound for direct insurance and direct insurance 
intermediation services, except 
a) life insurance: for the supply of life insurance to foreign persons residing in Croatia; b) non-life insurance: for the supply of non-life insurance to 
foreign persons residing in Croatia other than automobile liability 
c) marine, aviation, transport.   
 In HU:  The supply of direct insurance in the territory of Hungary 
by insurance companies not established in the EU is allowed only through a branch office registered in Hungary. 
 
In IT: Unbound for the actuarial profession. Transport insurance of goods, insurance of vehicles as such and liability insurance regarding risks located in Italy may be underwritten only by 
insurance companies established in the Community. This 
reservation does not apply for international transport involving imports into Italy. 
 
In SE: The supply of direct insurance is allowed only through an insurance service supplier authorised in Sweden, provided that 
the foreign service supplier and the Swedish insurance company 
belong to the same group of companies or have an agreement of cooperation between them.  
For Mode 2 
 In AT, BE, BG, CZ, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, 
NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, SI, UK: Unbound for intermediation 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 In BG: For direct insurance, Bulgarian natural and juridical 
persons, as well as foreign persons who conduct business activity in the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, can conclude insurance 
contracts only with suppliers with respect to their activity in 
Bulgaria, which are licensed to conduct insurance activity in Bulgaria. Insurance compensation resulting from these contracts 
shall be paid in Bulgaria. Unbound for deposit insurance and 
similar compensations schemes, as well as mandatory insurance schemes.  
In HR: Unbound for direct insurance and direct insurance 
intermediation services, except a) life insurance: for the ability of foreign persons residing in 
Croatia to obtain life insurance; 
b) non-life insurance:   (i) for the ability of foreign persons residing in Croatia to 
obtain non-life insurance other than automobile liability;  
 (ii) - personal or property risk insurance that is not available in the Republic of Croatia; - companies purchasing insurance  abroad in connection with investment works abroad 
including the equipment for those works; - for ensuring the return 
of  foreign loans (collateral insurance); - personal and property insurance of wholly-owned enterprises and joint ventures which 
 perform an economic activity in a foreign country, if it is in 
accordance with the regulations of that country or it is required by  its registration; - ships under construction and overhaul if it 
is stipulated by the contract concluded with the foreign client 
 (buyer); c) marine, aviation, transport.   
 In IT: Transport insurance of goods, insurance of vehicles as such 
and liability insurance regarding risks located in Italy may be underwritten only by insurance companies established in the 
Community. This reservation does not apply for international 
transport involving imports into Italy  
B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance) 
 For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, 
PT, SK, SE, UK: Unbound except for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation 
 
In BE: Establishment in Belgium is required for the provision of investment advisory services. 
 
In BG: Limitations and conditions relating to the use of telecommunications network may apply. 
 
In CY: Unbound except for trading of transferable securities, for provision of financial information and financial data processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding 
intermediation 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 In EE: For acceptance of deposits, requirement of authorisation 
by Estonian financial Supervision Authority and registration under Estonian Law as a joint-stock company, a subsidiary or a branch. 
 
In EE: The establishment of a specialised management company is required to perform the activities of management of investment 
funds, and only firms having their registered office in the 
Community can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds. In HR: Unbound except for lending, financial leasing, payment 
and money transmission services, guarantees and commitments, 
money broking , provision and transfer of financial information and advisory and other auxiliary financial services, excluding 
intermediation.  
 In LT: The establishment of a specialised management company 
is required to perform the activities of management of unit trusts 
and investment companies, and only firms having their registered office in the Community can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds. 
 
 In IE: The provision of investment services or investment advice 
requires either (I)  authorisation in Ireland, which normally 
requires that the entity be incorporated or be a partnership or a 
sole trader, in each case with a head/registered office in Ireland (authorisation may not be required in certain cases, e.g. where a 
third country service provider has no commercial presence in 
Ireland and the service is not prov ided to private individuals), or 
(II) authorisation in another Member State in accordance with the 
EU Investment Services Directive. 
 
In IT: Unbound for "promotori di servizi finanziari" (financial salesmen). 
 
In LV: Unbound except for participation in issues of all kinds of securities, for provision of financial information and financial data 
processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding 
intermediation  In LT: Commercial presence is required for pension fund 
management 
 In MT: Unbound except for acceptance of deposits, for lending of 
all types, for provision of financial information and financial data 
processing and for advisory and other auxiliary services excluding intermediation  
 
In PL: For the provision and transfer of financial information, and financial data processing and related software: Requirement to use the public telecommunication network, or the network of 
other authorised operator. 
  S/C/W/361 
 
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 In RO: Unbound for financial leasing, for trading of money market 
instruments, foreign exchange, derivative products, exchange rate and interest rate instruments, transferable securities and 
other negotiable instruments and financial assets, for 
participation in issues of all kinds of securities, for asset management and for settlement and clearing services for financial 
assets. Payments and money transmission services are allowed 
only through a resident bank.  In SI:  
(i) Participation in issues of Treasury bonds, pension fund 
management: Unbound.  
(ii) All other sub-sectors, except participation in issues of 
Treasury bonds, pension fund management, provision and transfer of financial information and advisory and other auxiliary 
financial services: Unbound except accepting credits (borrowing 
of all types), and accepting guarantees and commitments from foreign credit institutions by domestic legal entities and sole proprietors. Foreign persons can only offer foreign securities 
through domestic banks and stock broking company. Members of 
the Slovenian Stock Exchange must be incorporated in the Republic of Slovenia or be branches of foreign investment firms or 
banks. 
 
 For Mode 2 
 
In BG: Limitations and conditions relating to the use of telecommunications network may apply.  
In PL: For the provision and transfer of financial information, and 
financial data processing and related software: Requirement to use the public telecommunication network, or the network of 
another authorised operator.  
 
8. HEALTH SERVICES AND SOCIAL SERVICES  (only privately-funded 
services) 
  
A. Hospital Services 
(CPC 9311) 
 C. Residential health facilities 
other than hospital services 
(CPC 93193) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, DE, CY, CZ, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LV, LT, MT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
D. Social Services 
(CPC 933) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, FR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, UK: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
In BE: Unbound for social services other than convalescent and 
rest houses and old people's homes S/C/W/361 
 
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9. TOURISM AND TRAVEL 
RELATED SERVICES   
A. Hotel, Restaurants and 
Catering  
(CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC 
643) excluding catering in air 
transport services 
29 For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, 
NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound except for catering. In HR: Unbound. 
 
For Mode 2  None 
 
B. Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Services  
(including tour managers) (CPC 7471) For Mode 1  
 
In BG, HU: Unbound  
In CY: Foreign service providers have to be represented by a 
resident Travel Office  For Mode 2 
 
None  
C. Tourist Guides Services (CPC 7472) For Mode 1 
 
In BG, CY, CZ, HU, IT, LT, MT, PL, SK, SI: Unbound. 
 For Mode 2  
None 
10. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING 
SERVICES (other than audio-visual services)  
A. Entertainment Services 
(including Theatre, Live 
Bands, Circus and 
Discotheque Services)   
(CPC 9619) For Mode 1 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR,  HU, IE, IT, LV, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, UK: Unbound  For Mode 2 
 
In CY, CZ, FI, HR, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI: Unbound  
In BG: Unbound, except for theatrical producer, singer group, 
band and orchestra entertainment services (CPC 96191); services provided by authors, composers, sculptors, entertainers and other 
individual artists  
(CPC 96192); ancillary theatrical services (CPC 96193)  In EE: Unbound for other entertainment services (CPC 96199), 
except for cinema theatre services 
 In LT, LV: Unbound, except for cinema theatre operation services 
(part of CPC 96199) 
                                               
29 Catering in air transport services is to be fo und in SERVICES AUXILARY TO TRANSPORT SERVICES 
under 12.D.a)  Groundhandling services. S/C/W/361 
 
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B. News and Press Agencies 
Services  (CPC 962) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
 
In CZ: Unbound  
C. Libraries, archives museums and other cultural 
services  
(CPC 963) For Mode 1 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, 
LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  For Mode 2 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound 
 
D. Sporting services (CPC 9641) 
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 
AT: Unbound for ski school services and mountain guide services.  In BG, CZ, HR, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound 
 
For Mode 1  
In CY, EE: Unbound 
 
E. Recreation park and beach Services  (CPC 96491)  For Modes 1 and 2 
 None 
11. TRANSPORT SERVICES 
  
A. Maritime transport 
a) International passenger 
transportation (CPC 7211 less national 
cabotage transport).  
b) International freight 
transportation (CPC 7212 less national 
cabotage transport) 
30 
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 
In BG, CY, DE, EE, ES, FR, FI, EL, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI and SE: Feedering services by authorisation. 
B. Internal Waterways Transport  a) Passenger transportation 
(CPC 7221)   
b) Freight transportation 
(CPC 7222) For Modes 1 and 2 
 EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on 
access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-
Main-Danube link)  reserve some traffic rights for operators based 
in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim 
Convention on Rhine Shipping. 
 In AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company 
by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, 
nationality condition for the majority of managing directors, the 
                                               
30 Includes feedering services and movement of equipment by international maritime transport suppliers 
between ports located in the same State when no revenue is involved. S/C/W/361 
 
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managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company 
or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens. 
In BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, HR, HU, LT, MT, RO, SE, SI, SK: Unbound 
 
C. Rail Transport  a) Passenger transportation 
(CPC 7111) 
b) Freight transportation 
(CPC 7112) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  None. 
 
D. Road Transport  a) Passenger Transportation 
(CPC 7121 and CPC 7122)   
b) Freight Transportation 
(CPC 7123, excluding 
transportation of mail on own account 
31). For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound.  
For Mode 2 
 None  
E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel 
32 
(CPC 7139) For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound. 
 For Mode 2 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  
12. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO TRANSPORT 
33 
  
A. Services auxiliary to 
Maritime Transport 
a) Maritime Cargo Handling 
Services b) Storage and warehousing 
Services 
(part of CPC 742)   
c) Customs Clearance 
Services 
d) Container Station and 
Depot Services 
e) Maritime Agency Services  
f) Maritime freight forwarding 
Services g) Rental of Vessels with 
Crew 
(CPC 7213)  For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound for customs clearance services and for container station and depot services  
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for maritime cargo handling services 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for storage and 
warehousing services 
 In AT, BE, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for pushing and towing services 
 
In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, HU, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI, SE: Unbound for rental of vessels with crew  
                                               
31 Part of CPC 71235, which is to be found in COMMU NICATION SERVICES under 2.A. Postal and courier 
services. 
32 Pipeline transportation of fuels is to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 13.B. 
33 Does not include maintenance and repair services of transport equipment, which are to be found in 
BUSINESS SERVICES under 1.F.l)  1 to 1.F.l)  4. S/C/W/361 
 
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h) Pushing and towing 
services  
(CPC 7214) 
i) Supporting services for 
maritime transport  
(part of CPC 745) 
j) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services  (part of CPC 749) 
  
In HR: Unbound except for freight transport agency services. 
 
For Mode 2 
 None 
B. Services auxiliary to 
internal waterways transport 
a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) 
b) Storage and warehouse 
services (part of CPC 742) 
c) Freight transport agency 
services  (part of CPC 748) d) Rental of Vessels with 
Crew 
(CPC 7223) e) Pushing and towing 
services  
(CPC 7224) f) Supporting services for 
internal waterway transport 
( part of CPC 745) g) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services  
(part of CPC 749) 
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 
EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-
Main-Danube link)  reserving some traffic rights for operators 
based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim 
Convention on Rhine Shipping. 
  EU: Unbound for pushing and towing services 
 
In HR: Unbound.  
For Mode 1 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HU, LV, LT, MT, RO, SK, SI, SE: 
Unbound for rental of vessels with crew 
C. Services auxiliary to rail 
transport a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) 
b) Storage and warehouse 
services (part of CPC 742) 
c) Freight transport agency 
services  (part of CPC 748) 
d) Pushing and towing 
services  (CPC 7113) 
e) Supporting services for rail 
transport services  (CPC 743) f) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services  
(part of CPC 749)  For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound for pushing and towing services 
In HR: Unbound, except for freight transport agency services. 
 In CZ: No direct branching (incorporation is required)  
For Mode 2 
 None S/C/W/361 
 
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D. Services auxiliary to road 
transport  
a) Cargo-handling services 
(part of CPC 741) b) Storage and warehouse 
services 
(part of CPC 742) c) Freight transport agency 
services  
(part of CPC 748) 
 For Mode 1 
 In AT, BG, CY, CZ, EE, HU, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK, SI, SE: 
Unbound for Rental of Commercial Road Vehicles with Operators 
 In HR: Unbound except for freight transport agency services and 
supporting services for road transport. 
 For Mode 2  
None 
d) Rental of Commercial Road 
Vehicles with Operators (CPC 7124) 
e) Supporting services for 
road transport  (CPC 744) 
f) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services (part of CPC 749)   
E. Services auxiliary to air 
transport services 
  
a) Ground-handling services 
(including catering services) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
EU: Unbound except for catering  
b) Storage and warehouse 
services (part of CPC 742) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None. 
 
c) Freight transport agency 
services  
(part of CPC 748) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None  
In CZ: Unbound 
 
d) Rental of aircraft with crew 
(CPC 734) For Modes 1 and 2 
 
EU: Aircraft used by Community air carriers have to be registered in the Member States licensing the air carrier or elsewhere in the 
Community. Waivers can be granted for short term lease 
contracts or under exceptional circumstances.   
In HR: Unbound. 
 
e) Sales and Marketing 
f) Computer Reservations 
System For Modes 1 and 2 
 EU: Specific obligations for service suppliers operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers. 
 
g) Airport management For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound  
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
For Mode 2 
 None 
 
F. Services auxiliary to pipeline transport of goods 
other than fuel 
34 
a) Storage and warehouse 
services of goods other than 
fuel transported by pipelines,  (part of CPC 742) For Mode 1 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  None 
 
13. ENERGY SERVICES   
A. Services Incidental to 
Mining 
(CPC 883) 35  
 For Modes 1 and 2 
 
None 
B. Pipeline Transportation of fuels (CPC 7131) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound. 
 
For Mode 2  
In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound  
C. Storage and warehouse services of fuels transported through pipelines 
(part of CPC 742) For Mode 1 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, HR, IE, IT, LT, LU, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound 
 For Mode 2 
 
None  
D. Wholesale trade services of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products 
(CPC 62271) 
and wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot 
water For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound for wholesale trade services of electricity, steam 
and hot water 
 For Mode 2 
 
None  
                                               
34 Services auxiliary to pipeline transportation of fu els are to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 13.C. 
35 Includes the following service rendered on a fee or  contract basis: advisory and consulting services 
relating to mining, on land site preparation, on land rig installation, drilling, drilling bits services, casing and tubular services, mud engineering and supply, solids control, fishing and downhole special operations, wellsite geology and drilling control, core taking, well testin g, wireline services, supply and operation of completion 
fluids (brines)  supply and installation of completion devices, cementing (pressure pumping), stimulation 
services (fracturing, acidising an d pressure pumping), workover and well repair services, plugging and 
abandoning of wells. Does not include direct access to or  exploitation of natural resources. 
Does not include site preparation work for mining of resources other than oil and gas (CPC 5115), which is to be found under 3. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES. S/C/W/361 
 
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E. Retailing Services of motor 
fuel (CPC 613) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
F. Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood (CPC 63297) and retailing services of 
electricity, (non bottled)  gas, 
steam and hot water For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound for retailing services of electricity, (non bottled)  gas, steam and hot water 
 
In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, UK: For Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood, 
unbound except for mail order where: none. 
 For Mode 2 
 
None  
G. Services incidental to energy distribution (CPC 887) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound except for consultancy services where: none 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
14. OTHER SERVICES NOT 
INCLUDED ELSEWHERE 
  
a) Washing, Cleaning and 
Dyeing services (CPC 9701) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
b) Hairdressing services 
(CPC 97021) For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 None. 
 
c) Cosmetic treatment, 
manicuring and pedicuring 
services  
(CPC 97022) For Mode 1 
 
EU: Unbound 
 For Mode 2 
 
None  S/C/W/361 
 
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d) Other beauty treatment 
services n.e.c  (CPC 97029) For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound 
 
For Mode 2  
None 
 
e) Spa services and non 
therapeutical massages, to the extent that they are provided as relaxation 
physical well-being services 
and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes 
36 
(CPC ver. 1.0 97230) 
 For Mode 1 
 EU: Unbound  
For Mode 2 
 None 
g) Telecommunications 
connection services  (CPC 7543) For Modes 1 and 2 
 None  
  
_______________ 
 
 
                                               
36 Therapeutical massages and thermal cure  services are to be found under 1.A.h)  Medical services, 
1.A.j)  2 Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists an d para-medical personnel and health services (8.A 
and 8 C). S/C/W/361 
 
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 ANNEX C 
RESERVATIONS ON BUSINESS VISITORS FOR ESTABLISHMENT PURPOSES,  
INTRA-CORPORATE TRANSFEREES AND SERVICE SELLERS 
(REFERRED TO IN HEADNOTES 2 AND 3 ABOVE) 
1. The list of reservations below indicates the services  liberalised by the EU pursuant to 
Headnote 2 for which limitations on key personnel and graduate trainees in accordance with 
Headnote 3 apply and specifies such limitations. The lists are composed of the following elements: 
 
 (a) A first column indicating the sector or sub-sector in which limitations apply.   (b) A second column describing the applicable limitations. 
 
 When the column referred to under (b)  only includes EU reservations applicable in specific 
Member States, for Member States not mentioned therein the EU undertakes commitments 
in the sector concerned without reservations (the absence of EU reservations applicable in 
specific Member State in a given sector is without prejudice to horizontal reservations or to sectoral EU-wide reservations that may apply). 
 
 The EU does not undertake any commitment for business visitors for establishment 
purposes, intra-corporate transferees or service sellers in services which are not liberalised (remain unbound)  pursuant to Headnote 2.   
 
2. In identifying individual sectors and sub-sectors:  
 (a) CPC means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office of the 
United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC prov , 1991. 
 
 (b) CPC ver. 1.0 means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office 
of the United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 77, CPC ver 1.0 , 1998. 
 3. Commitments on business visitors for establishment purposes, intra-corporate transferees or 
service sellersdo not apply in cases where the intent or effect of their temporary presence is 
to interfere with or otherwise affect the outcome of any labour/management dispute or 
negotiation. 
 
4. The list below does not include measures relating to qualification requirements and 
procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements and procedures, and measures 
regarding employment, work and social security conditions when they do not constitute a 
limitation of market access. Those measures (e.g. need to obtain a license, need to obtain recognition of qualifications in regulated sectors, need to pass specific examinations, including language examinations, need to have a legal domicile in the territory where the 
economic activity is performed, need to co mply with national regulations and practices 
concerning minimum wages and with collective wage agreements in the host country), even 
if not listed, apply in any case to business visitors for establishment purposes, intra-
corporate transferees or service sellers of the LDC Members  investors.  
 5.  In accordance with Headnote 1.5. above, the list below does not include measures 
concerning subsidies granted by the EU and Member States. 
 6. The list below is without prejudice to the exis tence of public monopolies and exclusive rights 
as described in the list of commitments on establishment.  
 S/C/W/361 
 
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7. In those sectors where economic needs tests are applied, their main criteria will be the 
assessment of the relevant market situation in the Member State or the region where the 
service is to be provided, including with respect to the number of, and the impact on, existing services suppliers.  
 
8. The rights and obligations arising from this list of reservations shall have no self-executing 
effect and thus confer no rights directly to individual natural persons or juridical persons. S/C/W/361 
 
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Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
ALL SECTORS Graduate trainees 
 In AT, DE, FR, ES, HU, LT, SK, training must be linked to the 
university degree which has been obtained. 
 Economic needs test 
 
BG, HU: Economic needs test is required for graduate trainees  
ALL SECTORS Scope of intra-corporate transfers 
 In BG: The number of intra-corporate transferees is not to exceed 
10% of the average annual number of the EU citizens employed 
by the respective Bulgarian juridical person: Where less than 100 persons are employed, the number of intra-corporate transferees 
may, subject to authorisation, exceed 10%. 
 In HU: Unbound for natural persons who have been a partner in a juridical person of the other Party. 
 
ALL SECTORS Managing directors and auditors 
 
In AT: Managing directors of branches of juridical persons have to be resident in Austria; natural persons responsible within a 
juridical person or a branch for the observance of the Austrian 
Trade Act must have a domicile in Austria.  
In FI: A foreigner carrying on trade as private entrepreneur needs 
a trade permit and has to be permanently resident in the EU. For all sectors, except telecommunications services, nationality condition and residence requirement for the managing director of 
a limited company. For telecommunications services, permanent 
residency for the managing director.  
In FR: The managing director of an industrial, commercial or 
artisanal activity, if not holder of a residence permit, needs a specific authorisation 
 
In RO: The majority of the commercial companies' auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens  
In SE: The managing director of a juridical persons or a branch 
shall reside in Sweden  
ALL SECTORS Recognition 
 
In EU: EU directives on mutual recognition of diplomas only apply 
to EU nationals. The right to practise a regulated professional service in one Member State does not grant the right to practise in another Member State 
1 
 
                                               
1 In order for third-country nationals to obtain EU -wide recognition of their qualifications a Mutual 
Recognition Agreement is necessary.  S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
1. BUSINESS SERVICES 
  
A. Professional Services  
a) Legal Services  
(CPC 861) 2 
(excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and 
certification services provided 
by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, 
huissiers de justice or other  
officiers publics et ministériels)  In AT, ES, EL, LT, MT, PL, RO, SK: Full admission to the Bar, 
required for the practice of domestic (EU and Member State)  law, 
is subject to a nationality condition. For ES, the competent authorities may grant waivers.  
 
In BE, CY, FI, LU: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements.  
 
In BE quotas apply for appearing before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases.  
 
In ES:  Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State) law, 
including representation before courts. Only EEA or Swiss 
nationals may be admitted to the Bar, and are thus entitled to provide legal services in respect of domestic law. Industrial property attorneys are subject to an EU nationality condition. 
 
In HR: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition (Croatian citizenship 
and, upon accession to EU, citizenship of an EU Member State). 
 
 In BG: Foreign lawyers can only provide legal representation 
services of a national of their home country and subject to 
reciprocity and cooperation with a Bulgarian lawyer. For legal mediation services permanent residence is required.  
In FR: Lawyers' access to the profession of "avocat auprès de la 
Cour de Cassation" et "avocat auprès du Conseil d'Etat" is subject to quotas and to a nationality condition 
 
In HU: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality condition, coupled with residency requirements. For foreign 
lawyers the scope of legal activities is limited to the provision of 
legal advice, which has to take place on the basis of a collaboration contract concluded with a Hungarian attorney or law firm. 
 
                                               
2 Includes legal advisory, legal representational, le gal arbitration and conciliation/mediation, and legal 
documentation and certification services. Provision of legal services is only authorised in respect of public international law, EC law and the law of any jurisdiction where the investor or its personnel is qualified to practice as a lawyer, and, like th e provision of other services, is subject to licensing requirements and 
procedures applicable in Member States of the European  Union. For lawyers providing legal services in respect 
of public international law an d foreign law, these may take inter alia th e form of compliance with local codes of 
ethics, use of home title (unless recognitio n with the host title has been obtained)  insurance requirements, 
simple registration with the host country Bar or a si mplified admission to the ho st country Bar through an 
aptitude test and a legal or professional domicile in the host country. Legal services in respect of EC law shall in principle be carried out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in the EC acting personally, 
and legal services in respect of the la w of a Member States of the European Union shall in principle be carried 
out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in that Member Stat e acting personally. Full 
admission to the Bar in the relevant Member State of  the European Union might therefore be necessary for 
representation before courts and othe r competent authorities in the EC since it involves pratice of EC and 
national procedural law. However, in some Member St ates, foreign lawyers not fully  admitted to the Bar are 
allowed to represent in civil proceedings a party being a national or belonging to the States in which the lawyer is entitled to practice. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
In LV: Nationality requirement for sworn solicitors, to whom legal 
representation in criminal proceedings is reserved.  
 In DK: Marketing of legal advice activities is restricted to lawyers 
with a Danish license to practise. Requirement of a Danish legal 
examination in order to obtain a Danish licence.  
In LU: Nationality condition for the supply of legal services in 
respect of Luxembourg and EU law.   In SE: Admission to the Bar, necessary only for the use of the 
Swedish title "advokat", is subject to a residency requirement. 
 In SI: Representing clients before the court against payment is 
conditioned by commercial presence in Republic of Slovenia, 
except when foreign lawyers enter into the register under the professional tittle of their home country and work with a lawyer 
who has the right to practise law in Republic of Slovenia under 
the Slovenian title »lawyer" (odv etnik). All lawyers (those with 
Slovenian title "odvetnik" and thos e with professional title from 
their country) have to enter into the Register of Lawyers. All 
lawyers have to be members of the Bar. 
 
b) 1. Accounting and 
Bookkeeping Services (CPC 86212 other than 
"auditing services", CPC 
86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220) In FR: Provision of accounting and bookkeeping services is 
conditional on a decision of the Minister of Economics, Finance and Industry, in agreement with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 
The requirement of residence cannot exceed 5 years. 
b) 2. Auditing services 
(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services) In AT: Nationality condition for representation before competent 
authorities and for performing audits provided for in specific Austrian laws (e.g. joint stock companies law, stock exchange 
law, banking law, etc.) 
 In DK: Residence requirement 
 
In ES: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors and for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than 
those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law. 
 In FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish Liability company 
 
In HR: Only certified auditors holding a licence formally recognised by the Croatian Chamber of Auditors can provide 
auditing services.  
In EL: Condition of nationality for statutory auditors  
In IT: Condition of nationality for administrators, directors and 
partners of companies other than those covered by the 8th EEC directive on company law. Residence requirement for individual auditors. 
 
In PL: Audit firms may be established only in certain Polish legal forms. The majority of the owners (of voting rights) as well as of 
the members of the management bo dy in an audit firm must be 
(held by) audit firms or statutory auditors approved in any Member State of the EU. Statutory audit activities may be carried S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
out only by locally approved statutory auditors or audit firms 
 
In SE: Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform legal auditing services in certain legal entities, among others in all 
limited companies. Residency required for approval. 
 
c) Taxation Advisory Services 
(CPC 863)  3 In AT: Nationalitycondition for representation before competent 
authorities.  In BG, SI: Nationality condition for specialists 
 
In HU: Residency requirement  
In PL: Unbound  
 
d) Architectural services 
and e) Urban planning and 
landscape architectural 
services (CPC 8671 and CPC 8674) In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or 
consultant)  must be resident in Estonia 
 
In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience in the field of 
construction of at least two years. Nationality condition for urban planning and landscape architectural services  
In EL, HR, HU, SK: Residence requirement 
 In CY: Nationality requirement 
 
f) Engineering services 
and 
g) Integrated engineering 
services (CPC 8672 and CPC 8673) In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or 
consultant)  must be resident in Estonia 
 In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience in the field of construction of at least two years 
 
In CZ,  EL, HR, HU, SK: Residence requirement  
In CY: Nationality requirement 
 
h) Medical (including 
psychologists)  and Dental 
services (CPC 9312 and part of CPC 
85201)   In CZ, IT, SK: Residence requirement  
 In CZ, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons. 
 
In BE, LU: For graduate trainees , authorisation by the competent 
authorities required for foreign natural persons 
 
In BG, CY, MT: Condition of nationality  
In DE: Condition of nationality which can be waived on an 
exceptional basis in cases of public health interest  In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be 
given for maximum 18 months and requires residence. 
 In FR: Condition of nationality. However, access is possible within 
annually established quotas. 
 
                                               
3 Does not include legal advisory and legal representational services on tax matters, which are to be 
found under 6.A.a). Legal services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
In LV: Practice of medical profession by foreigners requires the 
permission from local health authority, based on economic needs 
for medical doctors and dentists in a given region.  
In PL: Practice of medical profession by foreigners requires the 
permission. Foreign medical doctors have limited election rights within the professional chambers 
 
In PT: Residence requirement for psychologists.  
i) Veterinary services 
(CPC 932) In BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, FR, HR,  HU, MT, SI: Nationality condition 
 In CZ and SK: Nationality condition and residence requirement 
 
In IT: Residence requirement  
In PL: Nationality requirement. Foreign persons may apply for 
permission to practise  
j) 1. Midwives services 
(part of CPC 93191) In AT: In order to establish a professional practice in Austria, the 
person concerned must have practised the profession in question at least three years preceding the setting up of that professional 
practice 
 In BE, LU: For graduate trainees , authorisation by the competent 
authorities required for foreign natural persons 
 In CZ, CY, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent 
authorities required for foreign natural persons 
 In FR: Condition of nationality. However, access is possible within annually established quotas 
 
In CY, HU: Nationality condition   
In IT: Residence requirement 
 In LV: Economic needs determined by the total number of 
midwives in the given region, authorized by local health 
authorities  In PL: Nationality condition. Foreign persons may apply for 
permission to practise 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
j) 2. Services provided by 
Nurses, Physiotherapists and 
Paramedical Personnel (part of CPC 93191) In AT: Foreign services suppliers are only allowed in the following 
activities: nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, 
logotherapists, dieticians and nutricians. In order to establish a professional practice in Austria, the person concerned must have 
practised the profession in question at least three years preceding 
the setting up of that professional practice  
In BE, FR, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the 
competent authorities required for foreign natural persons  In CY, CZ, EE, RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent 
authorities required for foreign natural persons. 
 In CY, HU: Condition of nationality. 
 
In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for maximum 18 months and requires residence. 
 
In CY, CZ, EL, IT: Subject to economic needs test: decision is subject to regional vacancies and shortages  
In LV: Economic needs determined by the total number of nurses 
in the given region, authorized by local health authorities  
k) Retail sales of 
pharmaceuticals and retail 
sales of medical and 
orthopaedical goods  (CPC 63211) and other services supplied 
by pharmacists 
4 In FR: Condition of nationality. However, within established 
quotas, access for third country nationals is possible provided the 
service provider holds the French degree in pharmacy. 
 In CY, DE, EL, SK: Condition of nationality  
In HU: Condition of nationality except for retail sales of 
pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods (CPC 63211) 
 
In IT, PT: Residence requirement  
D. Real Estate Services 5 
  
a) Involving Own or Leased 
Property  (CPC 821) In FR, HU, IT, PT: Residence requirement 
 In LV, MT, SI: Nationality condition 
 
b) On a Fee or Contract Basis 
(CPC 822) In DK: Residence requirement unless waived by the Danish 
Commerce and Companies Agency 
 In FR,HU, IT, PT: Residence requirement 
 
In CY, LV, MT, SI: Nationality condition  
                                               
4 The supply of pharmaceuticals to the general public, like the provision of other services, is subject to 
licensing and qualification requirements  and procedures applicable in Member  States of the European Union. As 
a general rule, this activity is reserv ed to pharmacists. In some Member States, only the supply of prescription 
drugs is reserved to pharmacists. 
5 The service involved relates to the profession of real estate agent and does not affect any rights 
and/or restrictions on na tural and juridical persons purchasing real estate. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
E. Rental/Leasing Services 
without Operators 
  
e) Relating to personal and 
household goods (CPC 832) EU: Nationality condition for graduate trainees 
 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, 
PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nati onality condition for specialists  
f) Telecommunications 
equipment rental 
(CPC 7541)  EU: Nationality condition for specialists and for graduate trainees.  
F. Other Business Services  
  
e) Technical Testing and 
Analysis Services (CPC 8676) In IT, PT: Residence requirements for biologist and chemical 
analyst.  
In CY: Nationality condition for biologist and chemical analyst. 
 
f) Advisory and Consulting 
services incidental to Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 
(part of CPC 881) 
 In IT: Residence requirements for agronomists and "periti agrari".
 
j) 2. Security Services  
(CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 87304 and CPC 87305) In BE: Nationality condition and residence requirement for 
management personnel.  
In BG, CY, CZ, EE, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Nationality 
condition and residence requirement  In DK: Nationality condition and residence requirement for 
managers and for airport guard services. 
 In ES, PT: Nationality condition for specialized personnel. 
 
In FR: Nationality condition for managing directors and directors.  
In IT: Nationality condition and residence requirement in order to 
obtain necessary authorisation for security guard services and the transport of valuables.  
k) Related Scientific and 
Technical Consulting Services 
(CPC 8675) In BG: Nationality condition for specialists 
 
In DE: Nationality condition for publicly appointed surveyors 
 In FR: Nationality condition for "surveying" operations relating to 
the establishment of property rights and to land law 
 In IT, PT: Residence requirement  
l) 1. Maintenance and repair 
of vessels 
(part of CPC 8868) MT: Nationality condition 
l) 2. Maintenance and Repair 
of Rail Transport Equipment  
(part of CPC 8868) In LV: Nationality condition S/C/W/361 
 
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l) 3. Maintenance and Repair 
of motor vehicles, 
motorcycles, snowmobiles and road transport Equipment  
(CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of 
CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868) EU: For maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles 
and snowmobiles, nationality condition for specialists and for 
graduate trainees  
l) 5. Maintenance and Repair 
services of metal products, of (non office)  machinery, of 
(non transport and non 
office)  equipment and of 
personal and household 
goods 
6 
(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, 
CPC 8865 and CPC 8866) EU: Nationality condition for specialists and for graduate trainees  
m) Building-Cleaning Services 
(CPC 874) In CY, EE, HR, MT, PL, RO, SI: Nati onality condition for specialists 
n) Photographic Services 
(CPC 875) In HR, LV: Nationality condition for speciality photography 
services 
 
In PL: Nationality condition for the supply of aerial photographic services 
 
p) Printing and Publishing 
(CPC 88442) In SE: Residency requirements for publisher and owner of 
publishing and printing company 
In HR: Residency requirement for publishers.  
q) Convention Services 
(part of CPC 87909) In SI: Nationality condition 
r) 1. Translation and 
Interpretation Services (CPC 87905) In FI: Residence requirement for certified translators 
 In DK: Residence requirement for authorized public translators 
and interpreters, unless waived by the Danish Commerce and 
Companies Agency.   
r) 3. Collection Agency 
Services (CPC 87902) In BE, EL, IT: Nationality condition 
r) 4. Credit reporting services 
(CPC 87901) In BE, EL, IT: Nationality condition 
r) 5. Duplicating services 
(CPC 87904) 7 In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nationality condition 
for specialists and for graduate trainees 
 In LV: Economic needs test for specialists and nationality 
condition for graduate trainees 
 
                                               
6 Maintenance and repair services of tran sport equipment (CPC 6112, 6122, 8867 and CPC 8868)  are to 
be found under 6.F. l)  1 to 6.F.l)  4. Maintenance and repair services of office machinery and equipment 
including computers (CPC 845)  are to be found under 6. B. Computer services. 
7 Does not include printing services, which fall under CPC 88442 and are to be found under 6.F p). S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
3. CONSTRUCTION AND 
RELATED ENGINEERING 
SERVICES (CPC 511, CPC 512, CPC 513, CPC 514, CPC 
515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and 
CPC 518)   
 In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience in the field of 
construction of at least two years 
 In CY authorisation  required  
 
In MT: Nationality condition 
4. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES (excluding distribution of arms, munitions and war 
material) 
  
C. Retailing Services 8 
  
c) Food retailing services 
(CPC 631)  In FR: Condition of nationality for tobacconists (i.e. buraliste) 
5. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES 
(only privately funded services)   
  
A. Primary Education Services  
(CPC 921)   
 In FR: Condition of nationality. However, third country nationals 
may obtain authorisation from competent authorities to establish 
and direct an education institution and to teach.  
In IT: Condition of nationality for service providers who are 
authorised to issue State-recognized diplomas.  
In EL: condition of nationality for teachers. 
 
B. Secondary Education 
Services 
(CPC 922) In FR: Condition of nationality. However, third country nationals 
may obtain authorisation from competent authorities to establish 
and direct an education institution and to teach.  
In IT: Condition of nationality for service providers who are 
authorised to issue State-recognized diplomas.  
In EL: Condition of nationality for teachers. 
 In LV: Condition of nationality for technical and vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped 
students (CPC 9224)   
 
C. Higher Education Services (CPC 923) In FR: Condition of nationality. However, third country nationals 
may obtain authorisation from competent authorities to establish and direct an education institution and to teach. 
 
In CZ, SK: Condition of nationality for higher education services, except for post-secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310).  
 
In IT: Condition of nationality for service providers who are authorised to issue State-recognized diplomas. 
 
In DK: Condition of nationality for professors.  
                                               
8 Does not include maintenance and repair services, which are to be found in BUSINESS SERVICES 
under 6.B. and 6.F.l). S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
6. FINANCIAL SERVICES 
  
A. Insurance and 
insurance-related services IN AT: The management of a branch office must consist of two 
natural persons resident in Austria. 
 In EE: For direct insurance, the management body of an 
insurance joint-stock company with foreign capital participation 
may include citizens of non-EU countries only in proportion to the foreign participation and not more than half of the members of the management group. The head of the management of a 
subsidiary or an independent company must permanently reside 
in Estonia.  
In ES: Residency requirement and three years of experience for 
the actuarial profession  
In IT: Residency requirement for the actuarial profession. 
 In HR: Residency requirement.  
In FI: The managing directors and at least one auditor of an 
insurance company shall have their place of residence in the EU, unless the competent authorities have granted an exemption. The 
general agent of the foreign insurance company shall have his 
place of residence in Finland, unless the company has its head office in the EU. 
 
B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance) In BG: Permanent residence in Bulgaria is required for the 
executive directors and the managerial agent.  
 In FI: The managing directors and at least one auditor of credits institutions shall have their place of residence in the EU, unless 
the Financial Supervision Authority has granted an exemption. 
The broker (individual person)  on derivative exchange shall have 
his place of residence in the EU. 
 
In IT: Condition of residence within the territory of a Member State of the EU for "promotori di servizi finanziari" (financial 
salesmen) 
 In HR: Residency requirement. The management board shall direct the business of a credit institution from the territory of the 
Republic of Croatia.  At least one management board member 
must be fluent in the Croatian language.  
In LT: At least one manager must be an EU citizen. 
 In PL: Nationality requirement for at least one of the bank 
executives 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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7. HEALTH SERVICES AND 
SOCIAL SERVICES 
(only privately funded services) 
 
A. Hospital Services (CPC 9311) 
 
B. Ambulance Services (CPC 93192)  
C. Residential health facilities 
other than hospital services (CPC 93193) 
 
E. Social Services (CPC 933) 
 In FR: The necessary authorisation for the access to management 
functions takes into consideration the availability of local 
managers  
In LV: Economic needs tests for doctors, dentists, midwives, 
nurses, physiotherapists and para-medical personnel.  
In PL: Practice of medical profession by foreigners requires 
permission. Foreign medical doctors have limited election rights within the professional chambers  
8. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES 
  
A. Hotel, Restaurants and 
Catering  
(CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC643) 
(excluding catering in air 
transport services 
9) In BG: The number of foreign managers is not to exceed the 
number of managers who are Bulgarian citizens, in cases where 
the public (state and/or municipal)  share in the equity capital of a 
Bulgarian company exceeds 50%  
 
In HR: Nationality requirement for hospitality and catering services in households and rural homesteads. 
 
B. Travel Agencies and Tour 
Operators Services (including 
tour managers) 
(CPC 7471) In BG: The number of foreign managers is not to exceed the 
number of managers who are Bulgarian citizens, in cases where 
the public (state and/or municipal)  share in the equity capital of a 
Bulgarian company exceeds 50%  
In CY: Nationality conditionIn HR: Approval of the Ministry of 
Tourism for office manager position.  
C. Tourist Guides Services (CPC 7472) In BG, CY, ES, FR, EL, HR, HU, IT, LT, MT, PL, PT, SK: Nationality 
condition  
9. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING SERVICES 
(other than audio-visual 
services)   
A. Entertainment Services 
(including Theatre, Live 
Bands, Circus and 
Discotheque Services) (CPC 9619)  In FR: The necessary authorisation for the access to management 
functions is subject to a condition of nationality when the 
authorisation for more than two years is required 
                                               
9 Catering in air transport services is to be fo und in SERVICES AUXILARY TO TRANSPORT SERVICES 
under 17.D.a)  Groundhandling services. S/C/W/361 
 
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10. TRANSPORT 
SERVICES 
  
A. Maritime transport 
  
a) International passenger 
transportation  (CPC 7211 less national 
cabotage transport) 
b) International freight 
transportation (CPC 7212 less national 
cabotage transport) 
10 
 EU: Nationality condition for ships' crews 
 In AT, CY: Nationality condition for the majority of managing 
directors 
  
D. Road Transport    
a) Passenger Transportation 
(CPC 7121 and CPC 7122) In AT: Nationality condition for persons and shareholders entitled 
to represent a juridical person or a partnership  In DK, HR: Nationality condition and residence requirement for 
managers. 
 In BG, MT: Nationality condition 
 
b) Freight Transportation 
(CPC 7123, excluding 
transportation of mail on own account 
11). In AT: Nationality condition for persons and shareholders entitled 
to represent a juridical person or a partnership 
 In BG, MT: Nationality condition 
 
In HR: Nationality condition and residency requirement for managers.  
E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel 
12 
(CPC 7139) 
 In AT: Nationality condition for managing directors 
11. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO 
TRANSPORT 13 
  
A. Services auxiliary to 
Maritime Transport  
a) Maritime Cargo Handling 
Services b) Storage and warehousing 
Services 
(part of CPC 742)   
c) Customs Clearance 
Services 
d) Container Station and 
Depot Services EU: Nationality condition for crews for pushing, towing services, 
and for supporting services for maritime transport.  
In AT, CY: Nationality condition for the majority of managing 
directors  
In BG, MT: Nationality condition 
 In DK: Requirement of residence for customs clearance services 
 
In EL: Nationality condition for customs clearance services  
                                               
10 Includes feedering services and movement of equipment by international maritime transport suppliers 
between ports located in same State when no revenue is involved. 
11 Part of CPC 71235, which is to be found in COMMU NICATION SERVICES under 7.A. Postal and courier 
services. 
12 Pipeline transportation of fuels is to be found in ENERGY SERVICES under 18.B. 
13 Does not include maintenance and repair services of transport equipment, which are to be found in 
BUSINESS SERVICES under 6.F.l)  1 to 6.F.l)  4. S/C/W/361 
 
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e) Maritime Agency Services  
f) Maritime Freight 
Forwarding Services g) Rental of Vessels with 
Crew 
(CPC 7213) h) Pushing and towing 
services  
(CPC 7214) i) Supporting services for 
maritime transport  
(part of CPC 745) 
j) Other supporting and 
auxiliary services 
(part of CPC 749) 
 In IT: Requirement of residence for "raccomandatario marittimo" 
 
B. Services auxiliary to 
internal waterways transport e) Pushing and towing 
services  
(CPC 7224) 
f) Supporting services for 
internal waterway transport 
(part of CPC 745) 
 EU: Nationality condition for crews 
D. Services auxiliary to road 
transport d) Rental of Commercial Road 
Vehicles with Operators 
(CPC 7124)  In AT: Nationality condition for persons and shareholders entitled 
to represent a juridical person or a partnership  
In BG, MT: Nationality condition 
 
E. Services auxiliary to pipeline transport of goods other than fuel 
14 
a) Storage and warehouse 
services of goods other than fuel transported by pipelines  
(part of CPC 742) 
 In AT: Nationality condition for managing directors 
12. ENERGY SERVICES 
  
A. Services Incidental to 
Mining 
(CPC 883) 15 
 In SK: Residence requirement 
                                               
14 Services auxiliary to pipeline transportation of  fuels are to be found in ENERGY SERVICES. under 
18.C. 
15 Includes the following service rendered on a fee or  contract basis: advisory and consulting services 
relating to mining, on land site preparation, on land rig installation, drilling, drilling bits services, casing and tubular services, mud engineering and supply, solids control, fishing and downhole special operations, wellsite geology and drilling control, core taking, well testin g, wireline services, supply and operation of completion 
fluids (brines)  supply and installation of completion devices, cementing (pressure pumping), stimulation 
services (fracturing, acidising an d pressure pumping), workover and well repair services, plugging and 
abandoning of wells. 
 Does not include direct access to or  exploitation of natural resources. 
 Does not include site preparation work for mining of resources other than oil and gas 
(CPC 5115), which is to be found under 8. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES. S/C/W/361 
 
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13. OTHER SERVICES NOT 
INCLUDED ELSEWHERE 
  
a) Washing, Cleaning and 
Dyeing services (CPC 9701) EU: Nationality condition for specialists and for graduate trainees  
b) Hairdressing services 
(CPC 97021) In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nationality condition 
for specialists and for graduate trainees 
 In AT: Nationality condition for graduate trainees  
c) Cosmetic treatment, 
manicuring and pedicuring 
services  
(CPC 97022) In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nationality condition 
for specialists and for graduate trainees 
 In AT: Nationality condition for graduate trainees 
 
d) Other beauty treatment 
services n.e.c  
(CPC 97029) In BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, 
LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Nationality condition 
for specialists and for graduate trainees 
 In AT: Nationality condition for graduate trainees 
 
e) Spa services and non 
therapeutical massages, to 
the extent that they are provided as relaxation 
physical well-being services 
and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes 
16 
(CPC ver. 1.0 97230) 
 EU: Nationality condition for specialists and for graduate trainees  
 
 
_______________ 
 
                                               
16 Therapeutical massages and thermal cure  services are to be found under 6.A.h)  Medical services, 
6.A.j)  2 Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists an d para-medical personnel an d health services (13.A 
and 13 C). S/C/W/361 
 
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 ANNEX D 
RESERVATIONS ON CONTRACTUAL SERVICES 
SUPPLIERS AND INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONALS 
(REFERRED TO IN HEADNOTES 2, 3 AND 4) 
1. The list of reservations below indicates the services sectors liberalised by the EU pursuant to 
Headnotes 4.1  and 4.3 above and the specific discrimin atory limitations which apply thereto. 
The lists are composed of the following elements: 
 
 (a) A first column indicating the sector or sub-sector in which limitations apply. 
  (b) A second column describing the applicable limitations.  
 When no specific limitations, other than those specified in Title II of the Agreement, apply to 
both contractual service suppliers (CSS)  and independent professionals (IP), "none" is 
inscribed next to the relevant Member State(s). 
 
2. In identifying individual sectors and sub-sectors, CPC means the Central Products 
Classification as set out in Statistical Office of the United Nations, Statistical Papers, 
Series M, No 77, CPC prov , 1991. 
 3. The list below does not include measures relating to qualification requirements and 
procedures, technical standards and licensing requirements and procedures, and measures 
regarding employment, work and social security conditions when they do not constitute a 
discriminatory limitation within the meaning of Headnotes 4.1  and 4.3  above. Those 
measures (e.g. need to obtain a license, need to obtain recognition of qualifications in 
regulated sectors, need to pass specific examinations, including language examinations, 
need to have a legal domicile where the activity is performed, need to comply with national regulations and practices concerning minimum wages and with collective wage agreements 
in the host country), even if not listed, apply in any case to contractual services suppliers 
and independent professionals of the LDC Member. 
 4. In accordance with Headnote 1.5 above, the list below does not include measures 
concerning subsidies granted by the EU and Member States. 
 5. The list below is without prejudice to the exis tence of public monopolies and exclusive rights 
as described in the list of commitments on establishment. 
 6. In those sectors where economic needs tests are applied, their main criteria will be the 
assessment of the relevant market situation in the Member State of the European Union or 
the region where the service is to be provided, including with respect to the number of, and the impact on, existing services suppliers. 
 
7. The rights and obligations arising from this list of reservations shall have no self-executing 
effect and thus confer no rights directly to individual natural persons or juridical persons. 
 
8. Commitments on contractual services suppliers and independent professionals do not apply 
in cases where the intent or effect of their temporary presence is to interfere with or otherwise affect the outcome of any labour/management dispute or negotiation. 
 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
ALL SECTORS 1 Transitional periods 
 In AT, BE, DE, DK, EL, ES, FI, FR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PT, SE, UK: None. 
 
Recognition  
EU: EU directives on mutual recognition of diplomas only apply to 
nationals of EU Member States. The right to practise a regulated professional service in one Member State does not grant the right to practise in another Member State.  
2 
 
Legal Advisory Services in respect of public international 
law and foreign law (i.e. non-EU law) 
(part of CPC 861) 
3 In AT, DE, EE, IE, LU, NL, PT, SE, UK: None.  
 
In ES, HR, IT, EL, PL: Economic needs test for independent professionals. 
 
In LV: Economic needs test for CSS.  In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In BG, CZ, DK, FI, HU, LT, MT, RO, SI, SK: Economic needs tests.  
 
In DK: Marketing of legal advice activities is restricted to lawyers with a  
Danish license to practice. Requirement of a Danish legal 
examination in order to obtain a Danish licence.  In FR: Full (simplified)  admission to the Bar through an aptitude 
test is required. 
In HR: Full admission to the Bar required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality condition. 
 
In CY: Nationality condition   
                                               
1 Note for transparency for BE: wher e applicable, the referred to annual wage amount is currently set at 
33,677 euros (March 2007). 
2 In order for third-country nationals to obtain EC-wide recognition of their qualifications, it is necessary 
that a Mutual Recognition Agreement be negotiated within the framework defined in Article 85 of the Agreement. 
3 Includes legal advisory, legal representational, le gal arbitration and conciliation/mediation, and legal 
documentation and certification services. Provision of legal services is only authorised in respect of public international law, EC law and the law of any jurisdiction where the investor or its personnel is qualified to practice as a lawyer, and, like th e provision of other services, is subject to licensing requirements and 
procedures applicable in Member States of the European  Union. For lawyers providing legal services in respect 
of public international law an d foreign law, these may take inter alia the form of compliance with local codes of 
ethics, use of home title (unless recognitio n with the host title has been obtained)  insurance requirements, 
simple registration with the host country Bar or a si mplified admission to the ho st country Bar through an 
aptitude test and a legal or professional domicile in the host country. Legal services in respect of EC law shall in principle be carried out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in the EC acting personally, 
and legal services in respect of the law of a Member St ate of the European Union shall in principle be carried 
out by or through a fully qualified lawyer admitted to the Bar in that Member Stat e acting personally. Full 
admission to the Bar in the relevant Member State of  the European Union might therefore be necessary for 
representation before courts and othe r competent authorities in the EC since it involves practice of EC and 
national procedural law. Admission may be subject to  residency or other requir ements. However, in some 
Member States, foreign lawyers not fu lly admitted to the Bar are allowed to represent in civil proceedings a 
party being a national or belonging to the State in which the lawyer is entitled to practice. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Accounting and Bookkeeping 
Services 
(CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 86213, CPC 
86219 and CPC 86220) In DE, EE, ES, HR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None.  
 
In AT: The employer must be member of the relevant professional body in the home country where such body exists.  
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In FR: Authorisation requirement.  In BG, CY, CZ, DK, EL, FI, HU, LT , LV, MT, RO, SK: Economic needs 
test.  
 
Taxation Advisory Services (CPC 863)  
4 In , DE, EE, ES, FR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 In AT: The employer must be member of the relevant professional 
body in the home country where such body exists; nationality 
condition for representation before competent authorities.  In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In BG, CY, CZ, DK, EL, FI, HU, LT , LV, MT, RO, SK: Economic needs 
test.  
 In PT: Unbound 
 
In HR, HU: residence requirement  
Architectural services and Urban planning and landscape architectural services 
(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674) In  EE, EL, FR, IE, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 In ES, HR, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent 
professionals. 
 In LV: Economic needs test for CSS. 
 
In FI: The natural person must demonstrate that (s)he possesses special knowledge relevant to the service being supplied.  
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations.  
In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three 
months   
In BG, CZ, DE, FI, HU, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test.  
 In AT: Planning services only, where: Economic needs test. 
 
In HR, HU: residence requirement  In CY: Nationality condition 
 
                                               
4 Does not include legal advisory and legal representational services on tax matters, which are to be 
found under Legal Advisory Services in respect of public international law and foreign law. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Engineering services  
and Integrated engineering 
services (CPC 8672 and CPC 8673) In , EE, EL, FR, IE, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 
In ES, HR, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent professionals.  
 
In LV: Economic needs test for CSS.  
In FI: The natural person must demonstrate that (s)he possesses 
special knowledge relevant to the service being supplied.   In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three 
months  
 In BG, CZ, DE, FI, HU, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test. 
 
In AT: Planning services only, where: Economic needs test.  In HR, HU: Residence requirement 
 
In CY: Nationality condition  
Medical (including psychologists)  and dental 
services 
(CPC 9312 and part of CPC 85201)   In SE: None. 
 
In BE, , CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI: 
Economic needs test.  In AT: Unbound except for psychologists and dental services, 
where: Economic needs test. 
 In BG, EL, FI, FR, HU, LT, LV, SK, UK: Unbound.  
 
In CY: Nationality condition  
Veterinary services (CPC 932) In BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, FI, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, 
RO, SI, SE: Economic needs test.  
 
In AT, BG, FR, HR, HU, LV, SK, UK: Unbound.   In CY: Nationality condition 
 
Midwives services (part of CPC 93191) In SE: None. 
 
In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI: Economic needs test. 
 
In BG, FI, FR, HU, SK, UK: Unbound.   In CY: Nationality condition 
 
Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical 
personnel (part of CPC 93191) In AT, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, IE, IT, LT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, 
PT, RO, SI, SE: Economic needs test.  
 In BG, FI, FR, HU, SK, UK: Unbound.  
 
In CY: Nationality condition S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Computer and Related Services 
(CPC 84) In DE, EE, EL, FR, IE, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE: None.  
 
In ES, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent professionals.   
In LV: Economic needs test for CSS. 
 In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three months  
 
In HR: Residency requirement for CSS. Unbound for IP.  
In AT, BG, CY, CZ, FI, HU, LT, RO, SK, UK: Economic needs test. 
 
Research and Development Services (CPC 851, 852 excluding psychologists services 
5, 853) EU: A hosting agreement with an approved research organisation is 
required 6. 
 In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In CZ, DK, FI, SK: Economic needs test. 
 
Advertising (CPC 871) In CY, DE, EE, ES, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DK, EL, FI, HU, LT , LV, MT, RO, SK: Economic needs 
test.   
Market Research and Opinion Polling 
(CPC 864) In CY, DE, EE, FR, IE, LU, NL, SE, UK: None.  
 
In ES, HR, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent 
professionals.  
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations.  In AT, BG, CZ, DK, EL, FI, LT, LV , MT, RO, SI, SK: Economic needs 
test.  
LT, PT: Unbound for public opinion polling services (CPC 86402).   
In HU: Economic needs test except for public opinion polling 
services (CPC 86402), where: Unbound  
                                               
5 Part of CPC 85201, which is to be found under Medical and dental services. 
6 For all Member States except UK and DK, the appr oval of the research organisation and the hosting 
agreement have to meet the conditions set pursuant to EC Directive 2005/71/EC. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Management Consulting Services 
(CPC 865) In  CY, DE, EE, EL, FR, IE, LV, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None.  
 
In ES, HR, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent professionals  
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three months   
In AT, BG, CZ, FI, HU, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test. 
 
Services Related to Management Consulting (CPC 866) In CY, DE, EE, EL, FR, IE, LV, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 In ES, HR, IT, PL: Economic needs test for independent 
professionals. 
 In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three months  
 
In AT, BG, CZ, FI, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test.  
In HU: Economic needs test, except for arbitration and conciliation 
services (CPC 86602), where: Unbound.  
Technical Testing and Analysis Services (CPC 8676) In DE, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, SI, SE, UK: None.  
 In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three 
months  
 In AT, BG, CZ, FI, HU, LT, LV, MT, PT, RO, SK: Economic needs 
test. 
 In CY: Nationality condition for biologist and chemists  
Related Scientific and Technical Consulting Services 
(CPC 8675) In CY, EE, EL, ES, HR, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, SI, SE, UK: None.  
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage 
is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations.  
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, LT, LV, MT, PT, RO, SK: Economic 
needs test.   In DE: Unbound for publicly appointed surveyors. 
 
In FR: Unbound for "surveying" operations relating to the 
establishment of property rights and to land law. 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Maintenance and repair of 
vessels 
(part of CPC 8868) In CY, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, LU, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE: None 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, MT, RO, SK, UK: Economic needs test.  
 
Maintenance and repair of rail 
transport equipment 
(part of CPC 8868) CY, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: 
None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test. 
 
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, 
snowmobiles and road transport equipment (CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of 
CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868) In CY, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, LU, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE: None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations.  
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, MT, RO, SK: Economic needs 
test.  
UK: Economic needs test for maintenance and repair of motor 
vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles (CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of CPC 8867). 
 
Maintenance and repair of 
aircraft and parts thereof 
(part of CPC 8868) In CY, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: 
None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test.  
 
Maintenance and repair of metal 
products, of (non 
office)  machinery, of (non 
transport and non office)  equipment and of 
personal and household goods  
7 
(CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, CPC 8865 
and CPC 8866) 
 In CY, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: 
None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test.  
                                               
7 Maintenance and repair services of office ma chinery and equipment including computers (CPC 845)  are 
to be found under Computer services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Translation and Interpretation 
Services 
(CPC 87905, excluding official or certified activities) In CY, DE, EE, FR, LU, MT, NL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None. 
 
In ES, IT, EL, PL: Economic needs test for independent professionals.  
 
In LV: Economic needs test for CSS.  
In HR: Unbound for IP. 
 In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DK, FI, HU, IE, LT, RO, SK: Economic needs test.   
Site investigation work (CPC 5111) In DE, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: 
None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations.  
In AT, BG, CZ, FI, HU, LT, LV, RO, SK: Economic needs test. 
 In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three 
months  
 In CY: Nationality condition 
 
Higher Education Services (only privately-funded services) 
(CPC 923) In AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EL, ES, FI, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, 
MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound. 
 In FR, LU: Only for university professors.   
In FR: The professors must have obtained an employment contract 
from a university or other higher education institution. Economic needs test, unless those professors are designated directly by the 
Minister in charge of higher education. The work permit is delivered 
for a period not exceeding nine months renewable for the duration of the contract. The recruiting institution must pay a tax to the 
International Migration Office. 
 
Environmental services  
(CPC 9401 8, CPC 9402, CPC 
9403, CPC 9404 9, part of CPC 
94060 10, CPC 9405, part of CPC 
9406, CPC 9409) In CY, EE, ES, FR, HR, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SI, SE, UK: None.  
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In AT, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EL, FI, HU, LT, LV, RO, SK: Economic needs test.  
 
                                               
8 Corresponds to sewage services. 
9 Corresponds to Cleaning Services of Exhaust Gases. 
10 Corresponds to parts of Nature and Landscape Prot ection Services. S/C/W/361 
 
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 Sector or sub-sector Desc ription of reservations 
Travel Agencies and Tour 
Operators Services (including 
tour managers 11) 
(CPC 7471) In AT, CZ, DE, EE, ES, FR, HR, IT, LU, NL, PL, SI, SE: None. 
 
In BE: Economic needs test, except for CSS when the annual wage is above the amount defined by the relevant laws and regulations. 
 
In DK: Economic needs test except for CSS stays of up to three months  
 
IE: Unbound except for tour managers.  In BG, EL, FI, HU, LT, LV, MT, PT, RO, SK, UK: Economic needs 
test. 
 In CY: Nationality condition 
 
Tourist Guides Services  (CPC 7472) In SE: None. 
 
In AT, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FI, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL,  RO, SK, SI, : Economic needs test  
In ES, FR, HR, LT, PL, PT, UK: Unbound 
 In CY: Nationality condition 
 
 
 
_______________ 
  
                                               
11 Services suppliers whose function is to accompany a tour group of a minimum of 10 persons, without 
acting as guides in specific locations. S/C/W/361 
 
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  ENQUIRY POINTS 
 
EUROPEAN UNION 
 European Commission - DG TRADE 
Services and investment units 
Rue de la Loi 170 B-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium E-mail: TRADE-GATS-CONTACT-POINTS@ec.europa.eu  
 
AUSTRIA Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy 
 Department for Multilateral and EU-Trade Policy - C2/3 
Stubenring 1 A-1011 Vienna, Austria 
Telephone:  +43 1 711 00 (ext. 5612/5945) 
Telefax: +43 1 718 0508 E-Mail:  POST.C23@bmwfw.gv.at   
 
BELGIUM Federal Public Service Economy, SMEs,  
Self-employed and Energy, 
Directorate – General Economic Analysis and International Division, 
Rue du Progrès, 50  B-1210 Brussels, Belgium  
Telephone:  (322) 277 51 11  
Telefax:  (322) 277 50 21  E-mail:  info-gats@economie.fgov.be 
 
BULGARIA 
 Foreign Economic Policy Directorate 
Ministry of Economy  
12, Knyaz Alexander I Str.  
1000 Sofia, Bulgaria 
Telephone: (359 2)   940 77 61 
 (359 2)   940 77 93 (services) (359 2)   940 77 65 (investment) 
Telefax: (359 2)   981 49 15 
E-mail: wto.bulgaria@mee.government.bg 
 
 
CROATIA Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs 
Trade Policy Department Trg N.Š.Zrinskog 7-8 
10000 Zagreb 
Croatia Telephone:  +385 1 6444 612 
Telefax:  +385 1 6444 601 
E-mail:  sluzba.t-politika@mvep.hr 
 
CYPRUS Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism 
Trade Service Department for Trade Policy, Bilateral and Public Relations  
6, Andreas Araouzos street 
1421 Nicosia, Cyprus Telephone: (357 22) 867 100  
 (357 22) 867 228 (direct line)  
Telefax: (357 22) 304 924 E-mail: gtsiamettis@mcit.gov.cy  
 ts@mcit.gov.cy 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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  CZECH REPUBLIC Ministry of Industry and Trade 
Trade Policy and International Economic Organizations  Department 
Politických v ězňů 20 
Praha 1, Czech Republic 
Telephone (420 2) 2485 2664 
Telefax (420 2) 24 221560 E-mail: services@mpo.cz 
 
DENMARK Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Trade Council 
International Trade Policy and Global Public Affairs 
Asiatisk Plads 2 
DK-1448 Copenhagen K, Denmark Telephone: (45) 3392 0821 
Telefax: (45) 3392 0812 
E-mail: hp@um.dk 
 
ESTONIA Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications 
11 Harju street  
15072 Tallinn, Estonia 
Telephone: (372) 625 6360  (372) 625 6360 Telefax: (372) 631 3660 
E-mail: services@mkm.ee 
 
FINLAND Ministry for Foreign Affairs 
Department for External Economic Relations Trade Policy Unit 
P.O.Box 428, 
FI-00023 Government, Finland TUO-10@formin.fi 
Telephone:  +358 9 160 55541 
Telefax:  +358 9 160 55576  
 
FRANCE Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances  
Direction Générale du Trésor Service des Affaires Multilatérales et du Développement 
Sous Direction Politique Commerciale et Investissement – Multicom 1 
Bureau Politique commerciale, OMC et accords commerciaux de l'UE 139 rue de Bercy (télédoc 554) 75572 Paris Cedex 12, France 
Telephone::  +33 (1) 44 87 20 25 
E-mail:  aymeric.pontvianne@dgtresor.gouv.fr  
 
Secrétariat Général des Affaires Européennes 
Secteur RELEX 66-68 rue de Bellechasse 
75007 Paris  
Telephone:  +33 (1) 44 87 10 97 / +33 (1)  44 87 12 73  Telefax:   +33 (1) 43 42 24 46 E-mail: sgae-relex@sgae.gouv.fr  
 
GERMANY 
 Germany Trade & Invest GmbH – GTAI 
Villemombler Straße 76 
53123 Bonn Telephone:  +49 (0)228 24993-364  
Telefax:  +49 (0)228 24993-212 
E-mail:  zoll@gtai.de 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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  GREECE 
 Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism 
General Directory of International Economic and Trade Policy 
Directorate of International Trade Policy 1 Kornarou Street 
105 63 Athens, Greece 
Telephone:  0030 210 328 6301 and 0030 210 328 6231 E-mail:  elb@mnec.gr  
 ela@mnec.gr  
 ela3@mnec.gr  
Telefax:  0030 210 328 6179 
  
HUNGARY  Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Trade 
Department for Trade Policy 
H-1027 Budapest 
Bem rkp. 47 Telephone:  +361-458-1498 
Telefax:  +361-458-2250 
E-mail:  kerpol@mfa.gov.hu 
 
IRELAND 
 Department of Jobs, Enterprise, and Innovation 
Trade Policy Unit 23 Kildare Street 
Dublin 2, Ireland 
Telephone:  (353) 1 6312543 Telefax: (353) 1 6312562 
E-mail: Trade@djei.ie 
 
ITALY 
 Ministry of Economic Development 
General Directorate for Trade Policy – Division V Viale Boston, 25 00144 Rome, Italy 
Telephone:  (+39) 06 5993 2280/2598 
Telefax:  (+39) 06 5993 2666 E-mail:  polcom5@mise.gov.it   
 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Piazzale della Farnesina, 1 
00194 Rome, Italy 
General Directorate for the European Union Unit II – EU External Relations  Telephone:  (+39) 06 3691 3664  
E-mail:  dgue2@esteri.it   
 
LATVIA 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia 
Foreign Trade and Foreign Economic Relations Promotion Department Foreign Trade and Investment Division 
K.Valdemara str. 3 
Riga, LV-1395, Latvia Telephone:  +371 67016482 Telefax:  +371 67828121 
E-mail:  tpc@mfa.gov.lv  
 
LITHUANIA 
 International Economic Organizations Division 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs J. Tumo-Vaizganto 2 
LT-01511 Vilnius, Lithuania 
Telephone:   +370  7065 2594   +370 7065 2259 
Telefax: +370 5 2313090 
E-mail: teo.ed@urm.lt  S/C/W/361 
 
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  LUXEMBOURG 
 Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes 
Direction des Relations économiques internationales et des affaires 
européennes 6, rue de l'Ancien Athénée 
L-1144 Luxembourg, Luxembourg 
Telephone: (352) 247 82313/82344 (Secretariat) Telefax: (352) 22 20 48 
E-mail: polcom.rpue@mae.etat.lu 
 
MALTA 
 Director 
International Economic Relations Directorate 
Economic Policy Division Ministry of Finance 
St. Calcedonius Square 
Floriana, Malta  
Telephone: (356) 21 249 359 
Telefax: (356) 21 249 355 
E-mail: epd@gov.mt 
 
 
NETHERLANDS 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs  
Directorate-General for Foreign Economic Relations 
Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 P.O. Box 20061 
2500 EB Den Haag, The Netherlands 
Telephone: (3170) 348-6345  (3170) 348-6187 
E-mail: Martin.RiesmslagBaas@minbuza.nl   
 
POLAND 
 Ministry of Economy 
Trade Policy Department Plac Trzech Krzyzy 3/5 00-507 Warsaw, Poland  
Telephone:  (48 22) 693 58 17  
Telefax: (48 22) 693 40 18  E-mail: sekretariatDPH@mg.gov.pl 
 
PORTUGAL 
 AICEP Portugal Global – Trade and Investment Agency 
Intelligence and Knowledge Unit 
Av. 5 de Outubro, 101 1050-051 Lisbon, Portugal Telephone: (351 21) 790 95 00 
Telefax: (351 21) 790 95 78 
E-mail: aicep@portugalglobal.pt   
 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 
General Directorate for European Affairs (DGAE) Trade Policy Department  
R da Cova da Moura 1 
1350 –115 Lisbon, Portugal Telephone: (351 21) 393 55 00 Telefax: (351 21) 395 45 39/40 
E-mail: pcc@mne.pt 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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  ROMANIA 
 Minstry of Economy, Trade and Tourism  
Department for Foreign Trade and International Relations 
Diana Codau - principal expert- Department for Foreign Trade and International Relations 
Claudia Munteanu – counsellor - RO Perm Representation to the EU 
Email :  dgre@dce.gov.ro  
Calea Victoriei  nr. 152 
Sector 1, Bucharest, Romania 
Telephone: 0040214010503 Telefax: 0040-21 312 05 12  
SLOVAK REPUBLIC  Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic 
Foreign Trade Policy and European Affairs Directorate 
Foreign Trade Policy Department 
Mierová 19 827 15 Bratislava 212, Slovak Republic 
Telephone: (421-2) 4854 7110 
Telefax: 
E-mail: (421-2) 4854 3116 
vybor133@mhsr.sk 
 
 
SLOVENIA 
 Ministry of Economic Development and Technology  
Tourism and Internationalisation Directorate  
Kotnikova 5  
1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia  Telephone:  (386 1) 400 35 21  
Telefax:  (386 1) 400 36 11  
E-mail:  eutrade.mg@gov.si   
Internet:  www.mgrt.gov.s i 
 
SPAIN 
 Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness 
Department of Trade  
General Directorate for Trade and Investment  
International Trade in Services and Investment Unit  Paseo de la Castellana 162 
28046 Madrid, España 
Telephone:   (34)  91 349 3781 E-mail:  sgserinv@comercio.mineco.es  
 
SWEDEN 
 National Board of Trade  
Department for WTO Affairs 
Box 6803 
113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Telephone: (46 8) 690 4800 
Telefax: (46 8) 30 6759 
E-mail: registrator@kommers.se  
Internet: http://www.kommers.se 
 
Ministry for Foreign Affairs Department: International Trade Policy Department 103 39 Stockholm, Sweden 
Telephone: 46 (0) 8 405 10 00 
Telefax: 46 (0) 8723 11 76 E-mail: registrator@gov.se  
Internet: http://www.sweden.gov.se/ 
 S/C/W/361 
 
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  UNITED KINGDOM 
 Department for Business , Innovation & Skills 
Trade Policy Unit 
Bay 326 1 Victoria Street 
London SW1H 0ET, England, United Kingdom 
Telephone:  (4420) 7215 5139 Telefax:  (4420) 7215 3830  
E-mail:  A133services@bis.gsi.gov.uk  
Internet: https://www.gov.uk/government/ topics/trade-and-investment 
 
 
 
__________