WT/TPR/M/430  
20 December  2022 
(22-9411) Page: 1/52 
Trade Policy Review Body   
12 and 14 October 2022  
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
DJIBOUTI  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF DJIBOUTI ................................ .... 4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  8 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF DJIBOUTI  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ....... 40 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies 
provided by Djibouti  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 430/Add.1  and will be available online 
at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 2 - 
 
  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti  was held on 12 and 14  October  2022. The 
Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez  (Mexico)  welcomed the delegation of Djibouti , 
headed by H.E. Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and Tourism ; H.E.  Ambassador 
Hassan Kadra Ahmed , Permanent Representative of Djibouti  to the WTO; the rest of the 
delegation; and the discussant, H.E. Ambassador Adam u Mohammed Abdulhamid  (Nigeria).  
1.2.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also 
benefited from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the 
Membership .  
1.3.   The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements  of procedures for the 
meeting. The Report by Djibouti  is contained in document WT/TPR/G/ 430, and that of the WTO 
Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 430. 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Iceland, Canada, United States, Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia, Singapore, China, European  Union, and 
United  Kingdom.   
1.5.  The Chairperson  recall ed some elements of Djibouti's previous Review in 2014 and 
developments since then, as well as by identif ied some key issues ar ose from the advance written 
questions submitted by Members for this TPR.  
1.6.  At the time of the previous Review in 2014, Members had praised Djibouti for its positive 
economic growth, despite the challenging global context. Members welcomed its efforts to 
implement its d evelopment strategies, with a view to improving the living standards of its citizens, 
boosting human capital and broadening its economic base. While Members were appreciative of its 
efforts to modernize its customs procedures, they nevertheless urged Djibo uti to further comply 
with WTO rules, mainly with regard to customs valuation, procedures for developing and 
implementing technical regulations, and notifications. Concerns were also raised regarding the 
protection of intellectual property rights, and the heavy involvement of the Government in the 
economy. Djibouti was encouraged to ensure private sector participation in its economy with a 
view to improving its competitiveness.   
1.7.  The Chairperson first focused on developments since Djibouti's last Review. Du ring the period 
under review, Djibouti proceeded with the implementation of its long -term strategic plan, the 
economic Vision  2035, which places economic diversification at the centre of its long -term 
development objectives. To achieve th at goal, the Gover nment of Djibouti undert ook several 
actions, such as customs modernization, simplification of administrative procedures and reforms of 
public enterprises to improve the quality of public services and reduce their costs. According to the 
Secretariat Report, the authorities have an ambitious agenda to promote private sector 
participation in the energy and telecommunication industries. In addition, a comprehensive law 
was enacted to govern public -private partnership, with a view to leveraging private inv estments in 
the economy. While such initiatives were commendable and conducive to business development 
and economic growth, it was worth urging the Government of Djibouti to swiftly move from 
ambition to action for the benefit of its country.  
1.8.  The reforms u nder Djibouti's economic Vision 2035, together with the large investments in its 
ports, roads, and the special economic zone, contributed to Djibouti's economic performance, with 
annual GDP growth rates consistently above 5% between 2014 and 2019. However,  the COVID -19 
pandemic took a toll on Djibouti's economic performance, as its GDP grew at a much slower pace 
in 2020. The ensuing stimulus package, compounded by weaker fiscal revenue and numerous tax 
exemptions, further deteriorated Djibouti's public fina nces, and put the country's debt 
sustainability at risk.  
1.9.  Djibouti does not officially have a customs tariff. However, the Secretariat Report note d that 
its internal consumption tax (TIC) could be likened to a tariff. In addition, numerous other duties 
and charges were collected on imports.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 3 - 
 
  1.10.   The advance written questions submitted for th e Review were an indication of the wide 
range of topics of interest to Members regarding Djibouti's trade and investment regimes. 
Questions were raised concerning notificatio n of trade -related measures, SPS and TBT regulations, 
state-owned enterprises, customs issues, government procurement, intellectual property rights, 
sectoral policies, and measures to promote a green economy. Overall, most of the concerns 
expressed by Memb ers at the time of the previous TPR of Djibouti were renewed.  
1.11.   The Chairperson was sure that th ose topics, as well as others, w ould be thoroughly 
discussed by Members during the two -day session .  
1.12.   Djibouti received 98  advance written questions from 8 Members  for th e Review, all of which 
were sent within the established deadline. Prior to th e meeting, Djibouti provided written replies to 
all of the questions and the Chairperson looked forward to hearing Djibouti's updates on the issues 
raised by Members during  the two -day session.  
1.13.   The meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of 
interest to them and of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system.  
1.14.   The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing Djibouti  a very successful 
third Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 4 - 
 
  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF DJIBOUTI (H .E. MR MOHAMED 
WARSAMA DIRIEH ) 
2.1.  Your Excellency, Chair of the Session, Ángel Villalobos, Ambassador of the United  States  of 
Mexico; Your Excellency, Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 
Dr Adamu  Mohammed  Abdulhamid, discussant of the third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti; 
Ambassador  Kadra  Ahmed  Hassan; Your Excellencies; distinguished participants; ladies and 
gentlemen.  
2.2.  Allow me to express our gratitude and appreciation to the Ambassador of the Republic of 
Nigeria, H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, for serving as the discussant for our Trade Policy 
Review. I would also like to extend our sincere thanks to the WTO Secretariat for the preparation 
of the Secretariat report and the constructive engagement with our team in this process.  
2.3.  This Trade Policy Review takes place in exceptional circumstances, in the light of the multiple 
global health crises, food insecurity a nd their implications for the multilateral trading system.  
2.4.  As a small country with less than 1  million inhabitants, my country was hit hard by the 
COVID -19 pandemic, the effects of food insecurity, endemic drought and the security situation in 
Ethiopia. Th e lockdowns and restrictions imposed in 2020 and 2021 effectively prevented the 
spread of the virus in the country. However, economic activities were severely affected. Our GDP 
contracted by 1.2% in 2020, whereas it was 6.6% before the pandemic in 2019. Th e sectors most 
affected by the decline in value added are construction and public works, air, sea and road 
transport, general trade, tourism, hotels and restaurants.  
2.5.  The fiscal position deteriorated in 2020 owing to a decline in budgetary revenues and an 
unexpected increase in current expenditure linked to COVID -19. By the end of 2020, 
COVID -19-related expenditure reached 2.5% of GDP and capital investment shrank by 0.9% of 
GDP. 
2.6.  In the face of this situation, the Government put in place a National Solidarit y Plan (PNS) to 
provide support to businesses, individuals and households to protect enterprises, safeguard jobs 
and assist vulnerable groups.  
2.7.  Economic measures focused on the introduction of micro -credit to support the very small 
enterprises in the touris m, construction and food service sectors.  
2.8.  Other measures included the deferment of taxes to avoid the risk of bankruptcy, the 
establishment of a partial guarantee line to support SMEs, the payment of employers' social 
contributions, the deferment of utilit y bills of state -owned enterprises (water, electricity and 
telecommunications) and improving our social resilience. The Government's objective is to mitigate 
the effects of global crises and boost the affected sectors of the economy.  
2.9.  Furthermore, my countr y witnessed the rise of e -commerce, which become of interest and 
necessary to economic sectors during the pandemic . In an effort to maintain this momentum, my 
country created a new Ministry of the Digital Economy in order to better support economic 
recover y and further develop the potential for digital transformation.  
2.10.   I am pleased to report that Djibouti has officially joined the Digital Cooperation 
Organization  — which is a Saudi initiative - on 17  May 2022 in order to accelerate growth.  
2.11.   Despite the criticism of the WTO, my country remains fully committed to a fair and equitable 
rules-based multilateral trading system.  
2.12.   We remain fully committed to deeper economic integration, at the bilateral,  regional and 
global levels. My country has actually continued to open up at the bilateral and regional levels to 
trade in goods and services. We advocate a liberal trade policy and attracting foreign direct 
investment is the backbone of our wealth creatio n in sectors showing great potential. Our intention 
is to diversify market opportunities for trade in goods and services.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 5 - 
 
  2.13.   International trade remains fundamental for Djibouti because of its geostrategic position, 
located on the second busiest shipping lane , an ideal crossroads for trade in goods and services 
with Europe, Asia and Africa.  
2.14.   My country had the honour of hosting the Second Regional Dialogue on WTO Accessions for 
the Greater Horn of Africa from 3 to 6  December  2018, on the theme of "Trade for Pea ce through 
WTO Accessions". This reflects our desire to promote the multilateral trading system and use trade 
as an instrument for preserving peace in the Horn of Africa. The Regional Dialogue was opened by 
the Prime Minister of Djibouti, Abdoulkader Kamil  Mohamed, WTO Deputy Director -General, 
Alan Wolff, and the representative of the International Trade Centre (ITC).  
2.15.   At MC12, my country was among those that supported the Ministerial Declarations on the 
emergency response to food insecurity and on World Foo d Programme food purchases exemption 
from export prohibitions or restrictions, and the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies.  
2.16.   We welcome the success of MC12 and we are confident that this will further strengthen the 
WTO's leadership role in the multilateral tra ding system.  
2.17.   This year, my country is coordinating the LDC Group and is working hard with Member 
States and the WTO Secretariat on the post -MC12 work programmes.  
2.18.   In 2021, my country set to work to pursue our regional and continental integration with the 
entry into force of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), 
which is the largest free trade area in the world, covering 55  countries and a population of 
1.3 billion people.  
2.19.   Djibouti, as an African country, will continue  to support the acceleration of regional and 
continental integration. My country has a national AfCFTA strategy, which is expected to boost 
trade in goods and services and strengthen regional value chains. The first phase of the AfCFTA 
covered trade in ser vices and trade in goods, and my country has already concluded the schedule 
of commitments for the five priority trade -in-services sectors (transport, communication, tourism, 
telecommunications and professional services) and will continue to participate ac tively in the 
second phase of the negotiations in that vein.  
2.20.   Since the second Review, the Republic of Djibouti has invested heavily in strengthening port 
infrastructure with six specialized platforms to meet the strong demand from the Ethiopian market, 
and is positioning itself in the regional and continental transhipment market.  
2.21.   In July  2018, my country launched the Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ) for 
industry and commerce to allow continental and international companies to set up processing  units 
in order to add value to products, rather than focusing on the import and export of raw materials. 
This is the largest special economic zone in Africa, covering an area of 48.2  km2, with an attractive 
incentive scheme for industrial and commercial e nterprises.  
2.22.   A new 756  km-long electric railway connecting Djibouti's ports to Addis Ababa was opened 
in 2017 to transport goods, hydrocarbons and vehicles. Rail services allow transport times and 
costs to be substantially reduced.  
2.23.   With the construction of the Tadjourah -Balho north corridor and the Djibouti -Loyada route, 
the road sector has strengthened economic ties and connections with Ethiopia, Somalia and, by 
extension, neighbouring landlocked countries in the Great Lakes region, allowing transportation of 
cattle, agricultural products, miscellaneous goods and people.  
2.24.   The airline, Air Djibouti, was relaunched in 2015 to complement the network of ports, roads 
and railways, and to expand the different forms of logistical infrastructure connecting the countr ies 
in the region. Ethiopian Airlines recently joined forces with Air Djibouti to launch a multimodal 
sea-air shipping service to handle freight arriving from China by sea and distribute it by air from 
Djibouti airport to different parts of Africa.  
2.25.   The Gov ernment of Djibouti has invested in renewable energy sources, which are expected 
to gradually supplement the current production of thermal power stations and energy imports via WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 6 - 
 
  the interconnection with Ethiopia, which are considered to be an important ener gy policy 
component. Strengthening the energy supply is expected to drive the development of 
industrialization.  
2.26.   In recent years, the country has seen significant progress in data and connectivity at the 
regional level, thanks to a dense network of submarin e cables. Djibouti is currently connected to 
nine submarine optical fibre cables, making it a regional telecommunications hub.  
2.27.   More recently, the national operator, Djibouti Télécom, together with a consortium of East 
African telecom operators, launched a new regional system of submarine cables called "DARE1" 
(Djibouti Africa Regional Express), connecting Somalia and Kenya in order to provide fibre -optic 
services.  
2.28.   The Republic of Djibouti could leverage its geostrategic location to position itself as a digi tal 
hub in the region, particularly for data centres. In 2013, the country launched the Djibouti Data 
Centre, a tier  3 centre majority -owned by Djibouti Télécom, to centralize incoming data 
connections in a single location and redirect them within Africa a nd to Asia and Europe. The Data 
Centre complements the Djibouti Internet Exchange (DjIX), which is comprised of 16 members, 
including major regional players, such as MTN and Telkom SA, and international content 
distribution network providers.  
2.29.   The Governmen t's decision to open state -owned Djibouti Télécom to private investors will 
improve service efficiency and quality and reduce the costs of telecommunications services, which 
are currently high in relation to comparable countries in the COMESA region.  
2.30.   The forthcoming liberalization of the telecommunications sector in Djibouti, the development 
of the telecommunications network at the regional and international levels, and the emergence of 
numerous employment opportunities for young people in offshoring will r einforce the country's 
privileged position as a regional and continental connectivity nexus.  
2.31.   With regard to financial services, Djibouti has made the strategic choice to become a 
regional financial hub, which is reflected in Vision  2035. The Government has  facilitated the 
opening of new commercial banks, including the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Silk Road 
International Bank, the Bank of China and International Business Bank. Strengthening the banking 
fabric has significantly impacted Djibouti's GDP growth and the buoyancy of its services sector.  
2.32.   Islamic banks play an important role in the market, accounting for 22% of banking assets 
and improving traditional banking products. The financing of Islamic banks has strengthened 
financing for the economic sector.  
2.33.   My country has a micro -finance strategy for 2019 -23 to promote financial products and 
develop the sector.  
2.34.   Moreover, my country has concluded a wide range of international investment promotion 
and protection agreements, as well as agreements to avoid doubl e taxation with a number of 
countries, which remove barriers to cross -border investment flows and provide investors with 
certainty.  
2.35.   Djibouti has made significant efforts in the area of combating money laundering and 
terrorist financing, and joined the Midd le East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force 
(MENAFATF) in December  2018. This step is part of the Central Bank's efforts to make Djibouti's 
financial position more transparent and to combat the use of the national financial system for 
criminal pur poses by applying the most stringent international standards. By joining this Task 
Force the country seeks, on the one hand, to affirm its willingness to meet the requirements for 
combating financial crime, and, on the other hand, to stem the decline in co rrespondent banking 
that has affected the country's major banks.  
2.36.   In March  2021, the Republic of Djibouti carried out a national risk assessment to illustrate 
our country's commitment to tackling these issues, and to improve our knowledge of our 
weaknesses and vulnerabilities in order to mitigate their effects by establishing a detailed action WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 7 - 
 
  plan. A mutual evaluation of the national anti -money laundering and financing of terrorism regime 
of the Republic of Djibouti is expected to be carried out in 2024.  
2.37.   In July 2022, a national payment system was set up that allows for electronic clearing and 
settlement through the interconnectedness of the banking network (real -time gross settlement 
(RTGS)).  
2.38.   My country has made significant progress on reforms to improve th e business climate in 
recent years. The Republic of Djibouti was ranked 172nd out of 190 economies in the 2012 Doing 
Business report. The country moved up a remarkable 55 places to 99th position in 2019 and is 
among 20 of the world's most reforming economi es. 
2.39.   On the matter of international commitments, on 9  June 2020, Djibouti deposited its 
instrument of ratification of the Convention of the International Centre for the Settlement of 
Investment Disputes (ICSID), which entered into force on 9 July 2020.  
2.40.   Lastly, Chair, the WTO is an organization that has been instrumental in mainstreaming 
dialogue, and as such it can be recognized as an Organization for Peace as it promotes global, 
rules-based trade governance.  
2.41.   I express here our wish for a la sting peace in the world through international trade as an 
essential driver of good relations, of trade between nations and peace.  
2.42.   Thank you for your kind attention.  
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 8 - 
 
  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  It is my pleasure and honour to be a discussant in this important third  Trade Policy Review of 
Djibouti. Let me seize this opportunity to warmly welcome Djibouti reformist led by the Minister of 
Trade  and Tourism , H.E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh. Let me also take this opportunity to commend 
my colleague and sister, H.E. Kadra Ahmed Hassan , the Ambassador of Djibouti to Switzerland and 
Permanent Representative to the UN and other International Organi zations including the WTO for 
her tireless efforts in advancing the interest of Djibouti and indeed Africa in the WTO.  
Developments since Djibouti last TPR  
3.2.  My intervention would centre on some key developments since Djibouti last  TPR in 2014 with 
emphasis on Djibouti macro -economic policies and reforms; trade policy regimes ; trade policy a nd 
practice by measures; trade po licy by sector , and thereafter I would wrap up with my views on 
some development challenges and way forward on trade issues requiring more attention by 
Djibouti to foster greater utilization of global trade to drive growth.  
Djibouti macro -economic policies  and reforms  
3.3.  It is heart -warming that, Djibouti a LDC, classified by the World  Bank as a lower middle 
income country, is implementing reforms towards structural transformation, and economic 
diversification. As evident in both the Secretariat and Government  Reports, these reforms are 
yielding positives results in terms of macroeconomic stability and GDP growth. Prices have been 
relatively stable and fiscal deficit averaged 2% of GDP except for the sharp increase in 2015 and 
2016 due to financing of large inf rastructure projects.  
3.4.  These positive developments notwithstanding, Djibouti would need to intensify efforts 
towards unlocking its agriculture and manufacturing productive capacity to diversify its exports 
basket. The situation whereby the current account surplus is largely driven by re -exports is not 
sustainable.  
Trade and investment policy regimes  
3.5.  Djibouti is actively engaged in the multilateral trading system embodied in the WTO as well 
as regional and bilateral economic arrangements. It is a co -sponsor  of the WTO Joint Statement 
Initiative on Investment Facilitation for Development.  
3.6.  The Government has also made efforts towards mainstreaming trade policy into its broad 
economic development goals, industrial planning, and social development objectives. Tr ade 
expansion is in the heart of the Djibouti National Development Plan for 2020 –24. It is evident from 
both reports that the main aim of Djibouti's trade policy reform is to foster transparent, and 
outward -oriented trade policy framework that supports the  objectives of industriali zation and 
economic diversification. The National Trade Development Strategy is geared towards fostering the 
integration of Djibouti into regional and global value chain. I wish to commend Djibouti's 
commitments to Africa's region al integration. These initiatives are consistent with Africa's 
Agenda  2063, the Africa we want.  
Trade Policy and practice by measures  
3.7.  I will now consider some of the pertinent trade policies and practices by measure from the 
Secretariat's Report.  
3.8.  Djibouti through the 2022 Finance Law established five internal consumption tax (TIC) bands 
similar to a customs tariff. The Report observed t hat Djibouti has further liberalized its TIC given 
that the simple arithmetic average of these rates is 18.2% in 2022, compared to 21% in 2013. 
However, Djibouti may wish to review and reduce its high tariffs on raw materials, and other 
manufacturing input s to reduce domestic production costs and boost domestic m anufacturing 
productive capacity.  
3.9.  Regarding trade facilitation , Djibouti is intensifying efforts towards modernization and 
digitization of customs administration. Its customs offices have been compu terized and 
interconnected. I believe the benefit of this initiative is unambiguous as it would reduce trade 
transaction costs, and enhance competitiveness, and business opportunities.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 9 - 
 
  3.10.   Turning to SPS and TBT measures, I wish to commend Djibouti for adoptin g a legal 
framework for the national standardization and quality promotion system consistent with the 
relevant provisions of the WTO  Agreement s on TBT and SPS Measures. This framework needs to 
be operationalized to enhance Djibouti's participation in inter national trade.  
Trade policies by sector  
3.11.   I will now highlight some of the key sectors in Djibouti's economy starting with services 
which accounts for around 75% of GDP in 2018. Transport services especially maritime transport, 
generate significant surpluse s because of the important role played by Djibouti's ports as exit 
points for Ethiopia's trade.  
3.12.   Financial services in Djibouti are dominated by the banking sector, which accounts for 97% 
of assets. The expansion in the country's banking sector is underpin ned by the growth of its GDP 
and the dynamism of its services sector.  
3.13.   Telecommunications services has been developing rapidly. Djibouti is the terminus of 
several interoceanic cables. However, during the period under review, the sector has not benefited 
from increased competition that should foster growth due to the presence of a national monopoly, 
Djibouti  Telecom.  
3.14.   The tourism sector could potentially drive Djibouti's economic growth if fully exploited. The 
sector remains under -exploited, accounting for less than 3% of GDP. Going forward, Djibouti will 
have to focus on how to unlock its tourism potentials and I am happy that the Secretariat noted in 
its report that the Government has developed a strategy based on sustainability t o boost the 
sector.  
3.15.   Regarding the energy sector, it is noteworthy that Djibouti has taken significant steps 
towards energy diversification with the 2011 interconnection of its electricity grid with Ethiopia. As 
evident in the Secretariat Report, Djibouti's  objective is to achieve 100% renewable energy by 
2035. To this end, energy legislation has been modernized to attract investment and foster 
competition. It is also commendable that Djibouti a country amongst those worst affected by 
climate change is takin g significant steps towards climate mitigation and adaptation.  
3.16.   The agriculture sector productive capacity is abysmally low due to arid climate and semi 
desert soil that is unsuitable for agriculture. Djibouti is a net importer of agricultural goods and 
depends heavily on imports to meet domestic demand for food. Livestock breeding is the country's 
main agricultural activity accounting for 0.9% of GDP of a total agricultural contribution to GDP of 
1.5%. Thanks to the support of the export assistance centre ( veterinary and customs) established 
by the Government, Djiboutian farmers export a larger number of animals.  
3.17.   The manufacturing sector's share of GDP is very small standing at 0.3% for 2019. Free 
zones are the main tool for promoting manufactured exports. However, the free zones are still 
struggling to attract processing companies and promote manufacturing activities. Efforts at 
building a competitive manufacturing sector are underway as the Government is currently 
preparing an industrial policy and strateg y to unlock its manufacturing productive capacity.  
Development challenges and way forward  
3.18.   Let me now turn to other development challenges that requires Djibouti's attention going 
forward. These include inequitable growth that disproportionately affects women and rural 
dwellers. Consequently, the need for policies that would drive inclusive growth and creates 
opportunities for all cannot be overemphasi zed.  
3.19.   The inability of Djibouti to effectively collect trade data and publish its foreign trade statistic 
is also a challenge that needs to be addressed. Otherwise, it would continue to undermine the 
adoption of evidence -based trade policy framework that would supports the objectives of 
industriali zation and economic diversification . WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 10 - 
 
  The way forward  
3.20.   On way forward, Djibouti needs to continuously prioritize the provision of improved 
trade -enabling environment to foster inclusive and sustainable growth. In particular, there is need 
for trade policies that would promote the participatio n of women in trade especially cross border 
trade as well as regional and global value chain. Efforts at scaling up supply side support to 
women -owned businesses should also be intensified.  
3.21.   The Government also needs to ensure that its sectorial policies ar e in tandem with its broad 
economic objectives of industriali zation and economic diversification. Trade policies especially the 
relatively high tariffs on raw materials, and other manufacturing input should be reviewed and 
reduced.  
3.22.   As indicated in the Gove rnment Report, Djibouti could leverage its geostrategic location to 
position itself as a regional digital hub, particularly for data centres and drive digital economic 
growth. As you all are aware, the performance of the digital economy is an important det erminant 
of the distributional effects of trade, and growth in this 21st century. The establishment of the 
Ministry for the Digital Economy and Innovation to ensure coherence in government policies and 
programmes to drive the development of the digital eco nomy is commendable. Going forward, 
Djibouti needs to focus on reforms and interventions that would address the challenges 
undermining the effective development of its digital ecosystem such as low fixed broadband 
penetration, low digital literacy, and iss ues related to affordability of broadband -enabled devices 
for the poor. A critical first step in this direction would be the unbundling of the telecom sector to 
foster competition, efficient service delivery and reduce the high costs of telecommunications 
services.  
3.23.   Finally, Djibouti needs to intensify its ongoing reforms towards structural transformation, 
and economic diversification.  
Conclusion  
3.24.   This Trade Policy Review is taking place at a very difficult time for most economies, Djibouti 
inclusive. The cou ntry continued to experience the adverse effects of climate change, which have 
now been exacerbated by the challenges arising from the health, economic and social impacts of 
the COVID -19 pandemic. Djibouti's policy and reforms towards structural transforma tion, and 
economic diversification should be encouraged and supported.  
3.25.   I would like to conclude by wishing Djibouti a very successful TPR, and speedy and effective 
implementation of its National Development Plan for 2020 –24 towards inclusive growth and 
development.  
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 11 - 
 
  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
CANADA  
4.1.  Canada joins other WTO Members in welcoming the members of the delegation from the 
Republic of Djibouti. We are pleased to be participating in this third Trade Policy Review of 
Djibouti, and we thank the Government of Djibouti and the Secretariat for the quality of the 
reports submitted.  
4.2.  First of all, we would like to congratulate Djibouti on the sustained growth of its economy 
since its last Review. We commend Djibouti's diligent efforts to create a busin ess-friendly 
environment while facing the many challenges arising from and exacerbated by the COVID -19 
health crisis, and by the impacts on global trade caused by the Russian  Federation 's invasion of 
Ukraine. Canada stands ready to support the people of Dj ibouti and to work further with Djibouti 
to mutually strengthen our economies.  
4.3.  Canada welcomes the initiatives taken by the Government in recent years to support its 
economic growth. The establishment of a strategic development plan to channel the Governme nt's 
efforts towards more inclusive growth and a more diversified economy reflects Djibouti's 
willingness to adhere to best business practices and improve its international competitiveness. The 
entry into force of the African Continental Free Trade Agreeme nt in 2021 will give fresh impetus to 
Djibouti's development and its trade with other African countries and the world.  
4.4.  In the last Review, Canada paid particular attention to the energy sector. We welcome the 
laws adopted by the Government to open up energ y production to competition with a view to 
achieving the goal of a Djibouti powered by 100% renewable energy by 2035. There are many 
areas of potential collaboration between our two countries to tackle climate change and build a 
sustainable future.  
4.5.  We note  Djibouti's efforts to further liberalize key sectors such as the financial sector and 
encourage Djibouti to put in place more reforms to remove barriers to market liberalization.  
4.6.  At the WTO, Canada welcomes Djibouti's participation in the negotiations for  an agreement 
on investment facilitation for development. We hope that such an agreement, as it promotes a 
transparent investment climate and simplified administrative procedures, may lead to an increase 
in foreign investment in Djibouti.  
4.7.  We also encourage  Djibouti to join the Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation and to 
participate in the discussions of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender and the 
Structured Discussions on Trade and Environmental Sustainability.  
4.8.  We note that there are many required notifications that Djibouti has not submitted for many 
years, for example on domestic support for agriculture. We encourage Djibouti to seek the 
necessary technical assistance from the WTO Secretariat to complete all of its required 
notifications.  
4.9.  We also note that we have submitted written questions and we look forward to Djibouti's 
responses.  
4.10.   In closing, Canada welcomes Djibouti's role within this Organization and we look forward to 
continuing our collaboration through various multilater al frameworks, including in the International 
Organization of la Francophonie.  
4.11.   Dear members of the delegation of Djibouti, on behalf of Canada, I wish you every success.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.12.   The United  States welcomes the distinguished delegation from Djibouti an d compliments the 
Government of Djibouti on completing its third  Trade Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 12 - 
 
  4.13.   The United  States would first like to recognize the important role that Djibouti has played as 
a member of the Common Market for Eastern Africa (COMESA), including as one  of the first 
countries to implement the COMESA free trade area. The United  States has long been a supporter 
of strengthening regional integration in Eastern  Africa. We signed a Trade and Investment 
Framework Agreement with COMESA in 2000 to enhance engage ment with the COMESA 
Secretariat and COMESA member States, including Djibouti, in order to increase US -COMESA trade 
and support greater intra -African trade. As a result of these ties, bilateral trade between the 
United  States and Djibouti has grown steadil y by about 6 % annually over the last decade, 
increasing to USD 227 million in 2021.  
4.14.   The United  States, through USAID, has provided assistance and capacity building to Djibouti 
towards workforce development, health, education, citizen engagement, and humani tarian 
assistance. We are also partnering with Djibouti to address food insecurity. USAID has supported 
over 35,000 food insecure Djiboutians, migrants, and refugees through general food distributions, 
malnutrition treatment and prevention programs, and ca sh supplements. USAID has also provided 
food assistance to an additional 30,000 Djiboutians who experienced food insecurity as a result of 
the COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.15.   Furthermore, Djibouti is the only country in sub -Saharan Africa to receive bilateral foreign 
military financing assistance from the United  States, totalling USD 6 million in fiscal year 2022, 
and receives other security capacity building assistance under Department of State and 
Department of Defense authorities.  
4.16.   The United  States is committed to assisting Djibouti and other African countries by using 
trade as an en gine of economic growth, demonstrated through our African Growth and Opportunity 
Act (AGOA) trade preference program me. The United  States has also established trade capacity 
building programs designed to assist developing and least developed African countr ies to take 
advantage of AGOA. We encourage Djibouti to work with the United  States and other partners to 
develop strategies for ensuring that they are taking full advantage of the opportunities presented 
by AGOA.  
4.17.   The United  States supports deeper trade a nd investment ties with  Africa and Djibouti, 
through USAID 's Prosper Africa program me, which brings services from across US government 
agencies to help companies and investors do business in US and African markets. In addition, our 
Power Africa program me supports cleaner and more efficient electricity in sub -Saharan Africa – an 
important enabling factor for Djibouti 's trade and investment environment.  
4.18.   Djibouti has been a leader in demonstrating how effective trade facilitation measures and 
investment in in frastructure can lead to a positive ripple -effect that encourages economic 
development. Its deep -water port is a critical port for Djibouti and its neighbours . Djibouti's role as 
a regional transportation hub presents opportunities for regional growth in t ransportation services 
and other tertiary services, such as finance. We commend the progress that Djibouti has made in 
improving its trading environment, upgrading its customs systems, and facilitating the 
establishment of new businesses. Given the importa nce of logistics to its economy, we would 
encourage Djibouti to continue to prioritize such trade facilitation reforms.  
4.19.   Transparent, fair, and consistent border procedures are critically important to international 
trade. We look forward to Djibouti 's clar ification of the ambiguities reported by the Secretariat 
regarding the documentary requirements for all commercial imports, and regarding processes 
associated with obtaining an importer 's licen ce. We are also interested to hear of potential new 
development s regarding Djibouti 's dispute settlement database.  
4.20.   In addition, we have identified some areas of concern in the Secretariat 's Report. We have 
several questions regarding Djibouti 's use of minimum or indicative values in its customs valuation 
procedures, and the use of an import levy on goods from non -African countries.  
4.21.   Given the importance of trade facilitations reforms, we encourage Djibouti to focus on 
fulfilling its WTO notification obligations in accordance with the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
the Customs Valuation Agreement. The United  States seeks Djibouti 's clarification on its plans for 
submitting overdue notifications. In addition, the United  States also looks forward to hearing WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 13 - 
 
  Djibouti 's plans for submitting overdue notifications to the WT O Working Party on State Trading 
Enterprises and the Committee on Agriculture.  
4.22.   Strong intellectual property (IP) protections are a critical component for improving the 
domestic business environment and facilitating the growth of new business. As reflected in our 
questions, the United  States is interested in hearing more about Djibouti 's implementation of 
international treaties and conventions that regulate IP protections, its protections for phonogram 
producers and performers, the operations of the Djibouti  Office for Copyright and Related Rights 
(or BDDA), and Djibouti 's sanctions for IP infringement.  
4.23.   The United  States believes that Djibouti has the potential to create an attractive 
environment for foreign investment. We have some minor concerns about the c ontinued role of 
SOEs in the economy and would like more information regarding the steps Djibouti 's Government 
will take to ensure equal market opportunities for private companies.  
4.24.   We congratulate Djibouti for its hard work in upgrading its public works and improving the 
operation of its ports amidst the backdrop of regional instability. We appreciate th e opportunity to 
learn more information about Djibouti 's economic and trade policies, and hope this discussion is 
meaningful for Djibouti as it continues its path toward s economic growth.  
4.25.   We would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge our appr eciation for the efforts, 
hard work, and dedication of Ambassador  Hassan. She is an impressive and effective advocate for 
Djibouti 's interests here at the WTO and plays an essential role as Chair of the CTD in Special 
Session.  
THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI  ARABIA ON BEHALF OF THE ARAB GROUP  
4.26.   I am pleased to take part in the third  Trade Policy Review of Djibouti on behalf of the 
Arab Group and wish to extend a very warm welcome to H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , 
Minister of Trade and Tourism of Djibouti and his distin guished team.  
4.27.   I would like to take this opportunity to thank our brothers and sisters in Djibouti and the 
WTO Secretariat for their detailed and comprehensive Trade Policy Review Reports. I also thank 
the discussant H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid , Ambas sador and Permanent 
Representative of Nigeria to the WTO for his insightful remarks.  
4.28.   The Secretariat Report highlights that Djibouti economic growth rate ranging from 5.1% to 
8.5% in the period of 2014 -2019. Thanks to the measures adopted by the Government  of Djibouti 
to mitigate the pandemic 's impact on the economy, Djibouti GDP grew by 1.2% in 2020.  
4.29.   The Arab  Group would like to commend Djibouti for the progress made under its Vision  2035 
which aims to make Djibouti the Africa's trade and logistics hub, la unching the strategic 
development plan to streamline the government's efforts to support the country's economic 
growth, maintaining a low -inflation environment from the last review till 2020, authorizing the 
foreign investment in all sectors of Djibouti.  
4.30.   We congratulate Djibouti for the ratification and depositing its instrument of acceptance of 
the Protocol concerning the Trade Facilitation Agreement with the WTO in 2018, its legislative 
reforms to modernize and improve the business climate, its expansion in the country's banking 
system and strengthening the regulatory framework for Islamic banks.  
4.31.   As an original Member of the WTO, Djibouti greatly value the multilateral trading system 
and we appreciate its actively engagement in the WTO activities. Moreover , Djibouti is part of the 
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA), 
the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the Intergovernmental Authority on 
Development (IGAD) and the Community of Sahel -Saharan States (CEN -SAD).  
4.32.   Before I conclude, I would like to say a few words on behalf of the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia. 
Saudi  Arabia enjoys deep brotherly relationship with Djibouti supported by shared membership in 
the Arab league and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The Saudi -Djiboutian Joint 
Committee which established to strengthen joint relations in various fields and invest in trade and WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 14 - 
 
  economic opportunities and the resources available to both parties culminated its meet ing in 
Riyadh last June with signing two  agreements; a cooperation agreement between the Kingdom of 
Saudi  Arabia and Djibouti in the maritime transport, and a cooperation agreement between Prince 
Saud Al -Faisal Institute for Diplomatic Studies and Diplomat ic Institute in Djibouti.  
4.33.   Trade exchange between the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia and Djibouti reached about 
SAR 7 billion in 2021 with an average rate of growth of more than 150% compared with the 
volume of trade in goods between the two brotherly countries in 2016.  
4.34.   Before I conclude, I would like to thank my dear sister H.E.  Mrs Kadra Ahmed Hassan , 
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Djibouti to the WTO and her distinguished team for 
the great cooperation between our two missions here in Gen eva. I also commend her for her able 
leadership as a chair for the Special Sessions of the Committee on Trade and Development and her 
active role as an LDCs coordinator as well as her valuable actively engagements within the 
Arab Group.  
4.35.   To conclude, we wis h our brothers and sisters in Djibouti a very successful Trade Policy  
Review . 
SINGAPORE  
4.36.   Allow me to begin by extending a very warm welcome to the delegation from Djibouti, led 
by Minister of Trade  and Tourism , H.E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh. I would also like  to express our 
appreciation to Djibouti for its comprehensive Government Report and statement. Let me thank 
the Chair, Ambassador Ángel Villalobos, and Discussant, Ambassador 
Adamu  Mohammed  Abdulhamid for their valuable insights, as well as the Secretaria t for the 
well-structured Report. Let me make three points.  
4.37.   First, Singapore and Djibouti are both small, trade -reliant countries that sit alongside two of 
the busiest shipping lanes in the world. In 2021, the Financial Times reported that 30% of the 
world 's shipping passes through the Strait of Bab -el-Mandeb, which connects Africa to Asia. The 
Strait of Malacca, which connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans, is similarly a major maritime 
artery that carries 60% of international maritime trade. Hence, t here is significant potential for 
Singapore and Djibouti to strengthen bilateral trade and economic ties, including acting as each 
other 's gateway to Asia and Africa. In 2021, our bilateral trade amounted to US D 26.5 million, with 
a significant year -on-year increase of 13.8 %. It may surprise you that there is a modest but 
growing Singapore presence in Djibouti. For example, VCC, an e -trade solutions provider launched 
a National Single Window e -trade pilot project in Djibouti in 2018. This platform, which is  funded 
by the World  Bank, aims to ease cross -border trade processes and reduce costs. Another example 
is the Singapore Cooperation Enterprise, which is working with the Djibouti Ministry of Cities, 
Urbanism and Habitat to develop a conceptual and urban ma ster plan for Djibouti City.  
4.38.   Second, Singapore commends Djibouti 's recent economic reform efforts, which are intended 
to attract greater foreign investments and to enhance its business environment. Djibouti has also 
taken steps to improve its investment cl imate. These include developing an Investor Map platform 
which provides data, information and insights on investment opportunities in Djibouti, and joining 
the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). We encourage 
Djibouti to  continue to create more favo urable  operating conditions for business and foreign 
investors, including opening up more sectors, improving access to information, and streamlining 
regulations and administrative processes. We also welcome Djibouti 's ongoing e fforts to diversify 
its economy through the Vision  2035 plan, in sectors like telecoms, finance, tourism, and new 
sectors such as fintech. Adopting a law on public -private partnerships, the promotion of 
privati zation, and investments in infrastructure, hav e led to stronger economic growth in recent 
years. Djibouti 's plans to accelerate digital transformation will further strengthen these efforts and 
generate greater economic benefits for all segments of Djibouti 's population, especially the MSMEs 
and women entrepreneurs. In this connection, Singapore would encourage Djibouti to participate 
in the JSI on e -commerce, especially  in view of the Minister's statement earlier that digital trade is 
blossoming in Djibouti.  
4.39.   Third, we welcome Djibouti 's commitment to t he rules -based multilateral trading system. 
Djibouti is a founding Member of the WTO, an active participant in the African  Group, and currently WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 15 - 
 
  has the responsibility of coordinating the LDC  Group. We note that , Djibouti ha s ratified the 
Agreement on Trade Facilitation in 2018, and  we encourage Djibouti to consider acceding to the 
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). We believe that these will support Djibouti 's 
ambitions to become a regional hub, and spur on the successfu l implementation of the Vision  2035 
plan. 
4.40.   In closing, Singapore looks forward to working closely with the Permanent Mission of 
Djibouti in Geneva, which is ably led by Ambassador  Kadra Ahmed Hassan, who is an active and 
well-regarded colleague and friend. I wish Djibouti every success for its third  Trade Policy Review.  
CHINA  
4.41.   Let me start by extending our warm welcome to the Djibouti delegation led by Minister of 
Trade and Tourism , H.E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , I would like to take this opportunity  to 
express  our appreciation to H.E.  Ambassador Adamu Mohammed A bdulhamid  (Nigeria) for his 
insightful observations as discussant. My thanks also go to you , Chair, for your leadership, and the 
Secretariat for their efforts to make this review happen.  
4.42.   China highly com mends the significant progress Djibouti has achieved during the review 
period. We are happy to see that since the launching of the strategic development plan "Vision 
Djibouti 2035" in 2014, Djibouti has been steadily advancing its domestic reforms, improvi ng its 
business climate, enhancing economic diversification, and actively integrating itself into the 
regional and multilateral trading system.  
4.43.   All these efforts  have led to very encouraging achievements , the average economic growth 
rate of Djibouti reach ed about 6% between 2014 and 2019, among one of the fastest -growing 
economies in the world. In 2020, although the economic growth rate dropped to 1.2% due to the 
pandemic, Djibouti  was still one of the few economies in the world that maintained growth, 
indicating the resilience of the economy amidst multiple challenges.  
4.44.   China notes that Djibouti constantly invests in infrastructure development and  believes such 
investment will help Djibouti further improve its capacity to participate in global economy. Chin a 
also commends Djibouti 's ambition to develop itself to become a regional and international 
economic, commercial and financial hub and welcomes its adoption of a strategic framework for 
national development policy. We note Djibouti 's active engagement in regional cooperation, such 
as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa  (COMESA), the African Continental Free 
Trade Area  (AfCFTA), etc. We believe that, with full commitment to realizing its ambitious strategic 
development plan, Djibouti could not  only be the "lighthouse of the Red  Sea", but also "Africa 's 
trade and logistic hub ". 
4.45.   China appreciates Djibouti's firm commitment to the multilateral trading system, and 
especially , as a small delegation , it has a  big role in the WTO.  In this regard, we would like to 
highly appreciate Ambassador  Kadra Ahmed Hassan 's leadership as Chair of the Committee on 
Trade and Development in Special Session, and the coordinator of LDC  Group and all her personal 
contributions to this Organization .  
4.46.   China we lcomes Djibouti 's acceptance of Trade Facilitation Agreement and encourages 
Djibouti 's early implementation of this important Agreement. China also commends Djibouti 's 
active participation in the Investment Facilitation for Development Initiative. We belie ve that 
Investment Facilitation Initiative will help Djibouti to create  a better environment for foreign 
investment and thus to attract more investment into Djibouti. For this purpose, China looks 
forward to working closely with Djibouti and other particip ating Members toward s a successful 
conclusion of the investment facilitation text negotiations at the end of this year.  
4.47.   Bilateral trade between China and Djibouti maintains steady and with positive growth. 
According to China 's statistics, despite the shri nking global trade market due to the pandemic, our 
bilateral trade volume rebounded to USD 2.63 billion in 2021, up 11.5% year -on-year. In 
particular, China 's imports from Djibouti have increased by 131% and 21% in 2020 and 2021 
respectively. In the meanti me, we  are also expecting that duty -free treatment of 98% tariff lines 
goods originating from Djibouti will give more opportunities to Djibouti 's export to China. We 
believe  with the efforts of both countries, including th e cooperation  under Belt and Road Initiative , WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 16 - 
 
  will further unleash the cooperative potential between our two countries, and finally benefit people 
of both countries.  
4.48.   Facing the most difficult time now and multiple global  challenges , China again commit to 
stand with Dj ibouti and give our full support to Djibouti.  
4.49.   For the purpose of this review, China has submitted questions to Djibouti. We thank Djibouti 
for the timely response and wish this Trade Policy Review a complete success.  
EUROPEAN  UNION   
4.50.   I would first like to welcome the delegation of Djibouti led by H.E.  Mohamed Warsama 
Dirieh, Minister of Trade and Tourism. I would also like to thank the WTO Secretariat and the 
Government of Djibouti for their Reports, which form the basis for our discussion today. Let me 
also extend our appreciation to the discussant, H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid (Nigeria) 
for introducing us to the main features of Djibouti 's trade policy.  
4.51.   The EU welcomes this opportunity to discuss the developments in Djibouti 's trade policies 
and pract ices. Since the previous Trade Policy Review in 2014, Djibouti launched a long -term 
reference framework, Vision Djibouti 2035, which aims to promote economic diversification 
through reforms such as improving the business climate, including by reducing fact or costs, and 
carrying out major infrastructure projects. We look forward to hearing about the first results of this 
important framework.  
4.52.   The implementation of the first economic development plan, the Strategy for Accelerated 
Growth and Employment Creatio n (SCAPE), including investments in infrastructure, has enabled 
Djibouti's economy to register strong growth, with GDP increasing at rates ranging from 5.1% to 
8.5%, between 2014 and 2019. In 2020, economic growth was 1.2%, due to the socio -economic 
effect s of the COVID -19 pandemic and the political and security situation nearby. A second plan, 
the Inclusion, Connectivity, Institutions (ICI), adopted in February  2022 for a five -year period, 
aims to make Djibouti a regional  and logistics hub, and develop a m odern regional financial centre.  
4.53.   The strong economic performance since the last Review has led to an improvement in 
Djibouti 's economy. Notably, it has been classified by the World  Bank as a lower -middle -income 
country and the Human Development Index (HDI) has gradually increased.  
4.54.   A healthy rules -based multilateral trading system is fundamental for Djibouti, given its 
limited goods production and reliance on imports. Djibouti 's economic growth can certain ly 
contribute to new trade and investment opportunities. We encourage Djibouti to further improve 
its business environment, for example, by increasing transparency and training.  
4.55.   Djibouti is an original Member of the WTO and continues to play an active rol e, both in 
multilateral and plurilateral work, including as the current Chair of the Committee on Trade and 
Development in Special Session, and in the Joint Statement Initiative on Investment Facilitation 
for Development. The EU would nonetheless encourage  Djibouti to also engage in the WTO 
environmental and e -commerce initiatives.  
4.56.   The EU notes Djibouti 's current role as the LDC  Group coordinator, which puts the country at 
the centre of WTO reform discussions. The EU urges Djibouti to proceed with the implementation 
of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement, including its category  B and C commitments.  
4.57.   Trade is an important component of EU – Djibouti bilateral relations. The EU is one of the 
main sources of Djibouti's imports. Djibouti 's trade with the EU  is covered by the "Everything but 
Arms" initiative, which makes its exports to the EU duty -free-quota -free. 
4.58.   We note with satisfaction that Djibouti is a strong advocate for regional cooperation, as an 
active member of the Intergovernmental Authority on De velopment (IGAD) and the Common 
Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Djibouti is a signatory to the African 
Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), whose objectives are to create a single market for goods 
and services, facilitated by the movement  of persons, in order to deepen the economic integration 
of the African continent and lay the foundation for the establishment of a Continental Customs WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 17 - 
 
  Union at a later stage. The EU is ready to work closely with Djibouti to ensure a smooth 
implementation of the AfCFTA.  
4.59.   The EU -Djibouti partnership is vast and goes beyond trade, including EU development 
cooperation. Around EUR 355 million worth of programmes and projects are ongoing or planned 
under the new Global Europe 2021 –2027 framework. These support Dj ibouti 's efforts on access to 
drinking water and sanitation; food security and resilience; financial and digital governance; 
promotion of human rights; civil society; gender equality and decentrali zation; and support for 
youth employability. For example, a s part of the project on "Production of Drinking Water by 
Desalination and Renewable Energy", the financing agreement provides for a support component 
for sectoral reforms in water and electricity.  
4.60.   In its advance written questions, the EU has raised some i ssues, notably on intellectual 
property, foreign investment, manufacturing, regional integration, and notification implementation. 
We are also interested in learning more about the special economic zones and integration 
processes with Africa and the action s taken to increase competitiveness. Finally, we are interested 
in the strategic plan for more sustained and inclusive economic development based on the 
digitali zation of procedures, for which the timely adoption of a digital code would be essential.  
4.61.   The E U acknowledges with satisfaction Djibouti 's progress since the previous review in 2014, 
despite the challenges faced by the country, and reiterates its willingness to support the Djibouti 
Government in its efforts to ensure economic recovery. We look forwa rd to a constructive 
exchange of views and wish the Djibouti delegation a successful third  Review.  
ICELAND  
4.62.   It is with pleasure that Iceland welcomes the distinguished delegation of Djibouti led by 
H.E. Minister Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , to their Trade Policy Review today . We also express 
appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and to Djibouti for the Reports prepared, as well as to the 
discuss ant, Ambassador Adam u Mohammed Abdulhamid , for the excellent framing of the issues for 
our discussion toda y. 
4.63.   We are encouraged to observe Djibouti's economic progress since its last Trade Policy 
Review, a growth rate ranging from  5.1% to 8.5% between 2014 to 2019 is among the world's 
highest . The economic effects of the pandemic on Djibouti's growth have  been considerab le, 
however, as has been the case for other Members, it is important that relevant policies to revive 
economic activity, including trade policy, be designed to incentivi ze inclusive growth  that actively 
benefits all sections of Djibouti and society . 
4.64.   It is now widely recognized that the economic and trade impacts of the pandemic have had 
a disproportionately adverse impact on women . It is therefore important to address women's 
economic empowerment at the WTO , doing so will benefit economies in concrete ways by 
positively affecting trade and by contributing to increase economic growth.  Many indicators also 
point towards a positive contribution of increase gender equality within economies to sustainable 
peace and stability.  Our Ministers have acknowledged that the WTO c an contribute to improve 
women's economic empowerment through discussions and information sharing on targeted 
gender -based trade policies and program mes.  
4.65.   Iceland,  as one of the co -chairs of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender , invites 
Djibouti to contribute and to participate in its deliberations, which are open to the whole WTO 
membership . Improved data collection and gender -based analysis are crucial ingredients for 
developing gender -based trade  policies, so is the sharing of b est practices of respective 
experiences relating to those policies and program mes. 
4.66.   In the spirit of supporting relevant data gathering in this field, Iceland has submitted , in 
advance, written questions on the participation of women in the economy of Djibo uti. We welcome 
the replies as the answers will be useful in gathering best practices in the promotion of gender 
equality within trade.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 18 - 
 
  4.67.   Iceland appreciates Djibouti's active engagement in the WTO and their continued support for 
the multilateral trading sys tem, and we wish the delegation of Djibouti every success in the ir Trade 
Policy Review . 
UNITED  KINGDOM  
4.68.   The United  Kingdom would like to welcome Djibouti 's delegation, under the leadership of 
H.E. Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade  and Tourism. The U nited Kingdom  is grateful 
to the Government of Djibouti and to the Secretariat for their Reports and preparation for this 
Trade Policy Review.  
4.69.   We would also like to thank the Chair and our distinguished discussant, H .E. Dr Adam u 
Mohamme d Abdulhamid, Ambassador of Nigeria, for kindly facilitating this Trade Policy Review  and 
for his insightful remarks . 
4.70.   Firstly, the United  Kingdom wishes Djibouti great success in their new role as coordinator of 
the WTO LDC  Group. We would like to particul arly commend the efforts of Ambassador Has san 
who, the U nited States has said , is playing an instrumental role in the WTO to her leadership at 
the LDC  Group, and her role chairing CTD Special Session . 
4.71.   The U nited Kingdom  is firmly committed to the integrati on of LDCs into the rules -based 
multilateral trading system , and we look forward to working closely with Djibouti in their new role  
as LDC s coordinator .  
4.72.   To this end, we would like to bring to Members ' attention the U K's new Developing 
Countries ' Trading S cheme  (DCTS) , which will come into effect in early 2023. This scheme is 
intended to improve access to the UK market for countries with developing economies. The DCTS 
will offer developing countries one of the most generous sets of trading preferences of an y country 
in the world. The consultation process has demonstrated the UK 's resolve to improve on our 
market access offer to developing countries, and our commitment to building long -term, mutually 
beneficial relationships with emerging economies.  
4.73.   Turning to this review, in our advance written questions the U nited Kingdom  sought to 
better understand Djibouti 's trade policies and practices regarding the renewable energy sector, 
telecommunications, and foreign investment tendering processes in port se rvices. We thank 
Djibouti for their helpful responses to our inquiries.  
4.74.   As highlighted in Djibouti 's Report, this review was conducted during a period of acute 
global economic stress. The UK notes that Djibouti 's economic and financial development over the  
last two decades has been mainly driven by FDI, and that the COVID -19 pandemic caused a 
significant decline across international FDI levels.  
4.75.   Reflecting on Djibouti 's previous TPR, the UK notes that Djibouti 's economy was then 
dominated by state-owned Ente rprises (SOEs), which enjoyed exclusive rights in a large range of 
sectors.  
4.76.   This largely continues to be the case, and the United  Kingdom encourages Djibouti to 
address the ongoing dominance of SOEs. In addition, heavy taxation and high production cost 
factors also present problems.  
4.77.   We encourage Djibouti to consider opening sectors to competition, which will enable inward 
foreign investment and help to further stimulate the economy.  
4.78.   For instance, as highlighted in the 2014 TPR  Report , "The transport sector offers 
considerable potential for job creation and poverty reduction. However, the lack of a consistent 
strategy for the development of transport services and logistics is a serious obstacle ". Maritime 
and transit activities remain reserve d for national investors and the UK hopes that Djibouti 
considers opportunities for reform in this sector in the future.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 19 - 
 
  4.79.   Elsewhere, tourism is a notably underdeveloped sector with huge potential. Given Djibouti 's 
beautiful, globally unique natural environm ent, and rich cultural and archaeological heritage, 
developing this sector will hopefully provide additional sources of economic diversity and growth.  
4.80.   The UK was pleased to read in The Secretariat 's Report that Djiboutian authorities ' efforts 
over this rev iew period have been focus ed on clearing external arrears, reducing public sector 
borrowing, and strengthening debt management.  
4.81.   The UK was pleased to find that efforts have been made to promote privatization and 
significant investments in infrastructure. These efforts can help to build the foundations for 
long-term economic success.  
4.82.   Regarding customs, the UK was also pleased to note the further streamlining of Djiboutian 
customs procedures through the increased use of digital tools. Significantly, all of Djibouti 's 
customs offices have now been computeri zed and interconnected. These practical reforms are 
highly impactful for ensuring an effective commercial environment.  
4.83.   Lasty, regarding multilateral contributions, the UK thanks Djibouti for their explicit support 
here for this review, and we concur that transparency is an essential feature of an effective 
rules-based multilateral system. The UK notes that Djibouti continu es to have difficulties with 
fulfilling WTO notification obligations. The UK is sympathetic and receptive to Members ' individual 
pressures, and we encourage Djibouti to consult with the WTO Secretariat and Members to help 
facilitate this.  
4.84.   The UK also enco urages Djibouti to accede to the Agreement on Government Procurement 
(GPA).  
4.85.   In concluding, the United  Kingdom thanks Djibouti for their fruitful engagement in this 
important transparency exercise and we wish them a successful third Trade Policy Review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.86.   Let me start by welcoming H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and 
Tourism of Djibouti, and his delegation for their third Trade Policy Review.  We also thank the 
Secretariat and the Djibouti authorities for their respective Reports.  
4.87.   Our delegation vividly recalls the second Review of Djibouti and the fourth Review of 
Mauritius that were held jointly in October  2014. Since then, both our countries have travelled 
through our respective development paths. Being among the smallest states in the African 
continent we are often faced with common challenges such as small markets, climate change and 
more recently, the COVID -19 pandemic. Prior to the COVID -19 pandemic, Djibouti was on a steady 
and strong GDP growth path. But like many of us, especi ally small states, the country has been 
affected by the economic downturn resulting from the pandemic. We are confident that with the 
new measures and initiatives, the country will overcome the negative impacts of the pandemic.  
4.88.   It is against this backgroun d, that we thank H.E.  Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , for highlighting 
the trade and trade related measures undertaken by the Government of Djibouti since the last 
Review. We also take this opportunity to thank H.E.  Dr Adam u Mohammed Abdulhamid , 
Permanent Representative of Nigeria, for highlighting not only the measures adopted but also the 
challenges faced. His remarks have indeed provided important insights that sets the framework for 
today 's discussion.  
4.89.   Djibouti just like Mauritius, is a country that is not blessed with natural resources except for 
its human capital. We commend Djibouti for leveraging its strategic location as it lies at the 
crossroads Africa, Asia , and Europe. The country has been able to fully take advantage of this to 
become an importa nt port for cargo vessels serving the region and beyond. As a fellow African 
country, we are proud of the role that Djibouti plays in maritime transport and logistics and its 
contribution to international trade. Indeed, as Mauritius plans to further develo p its maritime port, 
we are sure that we may learn a lot from Djibouti.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 20 - 
 
  4.90.   We also take note of the fact that, like Mauritius, Djibouti is an NFIDC and importer of most 
consumer products. The objective of the Government of Djibouti to focus on trade in servic es is 
also one that we can relate to. Mauritius would be happy to share our own experience and assist 
Djibouti in these endeavours . In our view, human resource development and education are crucial 
elements for service s sector developments. In this regard,  Mauritius would be happy to host 
students from Djibouti in its education hub which comprises of a number of world class institutions 
which speciali ze in some of the sectors that Djibouti wishes to further develop including tourism, 
information technology , and financial services.  
4.91.   Turning to trade in goods, despite our common membership to the African  Union and 
COMESA, we unfortunately have very limited exchange of trade. We are, however, confident that 
the recent operationalization of the African Continenta l Free Trade Area, there is scope for growth, 
particularly, in speciali zed products meant for niche markets. Furthermore, in these trying times 
for the world economy, it is essential that we work towards promoting and facilitating intra -African 
trade and c ontribute to efforts towards achieving Africa 's agenda  2063.  
4.92.   As a country that is highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change, Mauritius welcomes 
Djibouti's objective to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2035 and commend the country for the 
various me asures taken in this regard.  
4.93.   Before concluding, let me commend H .E. Kadra Ahmed Hassan , Permanent Representative 
of Djibouti, and her team for their proactive role in the various discussions at the WTO, in 
particular, the CTDSS, as well as her valuable con tribution to the work of the African  Group in 
Geneva.  
4.94.   We congratulate Djibouti for completing this important WTO compliance requirement and 
wish the Djibouti delegation a successful Trade Policy Review.  
ANGOLA  
4.95.   The Angola delegation would like to congratula te Djibouti for the public assessment of its 
third Review of trade policies and practices. We took good note of the official Report from Djibouti 
that gathered pertinent data on the country's trade achievements and challenges in the context of 
today 's global economic crisis. We are well aware of the constraints that cause LDCs to be 
permanently engaged in demanding and ambitious social, financial, and economic reforms. The 
Angola delegation would also like to express its gratitude to the secretariat f or producing a 
comprehensive Report containing nearly eight years of Djibouti's economic progress and functional 
trends.  
4.96.   The Angola delegation takes note that since the first confirmed case of COVID -19 in Djibouti 
back in March  2020, the country was oblig ed to impose a wide lockdown and the closure of 
borders, creating considerable economic and social problems. These profound disruptions to trade 
flows, impacted economic activity and Djibouti's GDP contracted by around 6.2% and increased 
the fiscal deficit  to 12.5% of the GDP. Thus, the future growth projections and decreasing 
revenues, due to the global economic crisis, will probably have lasting effects.  
4.97.   Angola commends Djibouti for the clear signs of economic recovery registered since 
mid-2021, grounded  primarily on stabilizing foreign debt and by efforts to strengthen and support 
private sector development to target new trade linkages and markets.  
4.98.   Angola also welcomes Djibouti's exertions to shrink economic and social corruption, namely 
in state -owned companies, that still largely dominate the economic landscape. This is an area in 
which Angola would like to cooperate with Djibouti, to share our country's legal and economic 
deployments in the fight against corruption that, prompted the recovery of a con siderable wealth 
dispersed worldwide, for the national budget.  
4.99.   Despite being for more than 25  years committed partners in the WTO and having shared for 
several years membership in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) the 
trade between  our countries is still very modest.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 21 - 
 
  4.100.   According to the UN  COMTRADE database, the best year of bilateral commerce between 
our countries was in 2017, registering transactions worth USD  25 million. In 2019, our imports 
from Djibouti were only USD  429,000 and exports worth around USD  9 million. The pandemic 
crisis has demoted these humble initiatives to even lower levels.  
4.101.   Notwithstanding, the Government of Angola is fully engaged in increasing our common 
trade and reciprocal investments, namely in the fields o f maritime transportation, tourism, and 
joint ventures in the industrial and commercial sectors, aiming to develop considerable and fair 
trade between Atlantic and Indian ocean economies as a powerful platform for world economic and 
commercial recovery.  
4.102.   Regardless of the limited area and a population, of roughly around 1 million inhabitants, 
Djibouti is, like all other small countries, a valuable and key member of the international 
community.  
4.103.   The delegation of Angola is thankful for this opportunity to p ositively discuss the Trade 
Policy Review of a friendly African country. We congratulate again the Republic of Djibouti for a 
successful Trade Policy Review.  
YEMEN  
4.104.   My delegation allies itself with statement made by the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia on behalf 
of the Arab  Group. We deliver this in our national capacity  
4.105.    Excellency, Mr  Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and Tourism . The Republic of 
Yemen takes the floor to congratulate the Republic of Djibouti on the occasion of its third Trade 
Policy Review at the WTO.  
4.106.   Yemen praise Djibouti for major investment projects in the field of basic infrastructure 
(transport chain, water supply, energy, etc.) have been implemented in recent years. In the 
meantime, the Government continued to pursue reforms for macroeconomic stability, as well as 
promoting economic diversification through increased participation of the private sector and 
foreign investment.  
4.107.   Yemen welcome s, Djibouti 's long-term strategic vision entitled "Vision  2035", which aims 
to transform the c ountry into a regional and international economic and commercial to enable 
diversified and competitive economy. It is commendable that such vision has attracted very wide 
stakeholders ' participation and national consensus.  
4.108.   Last, Djibouti is an active part icipant in the regular activities of the WTO, as well as in 
different areas of negotiations. The proactive policy initiated by the Government on a number of 
reforms made it possible to highly involve in the WTO multilateral trade negotiations. We wish 
Djibouti every success in accomplishing its objectives, as well as its third Trade Policy Review.  
GABON  
4.109.   My delegation would like to begin by joining previous delegations in extending a warm 
welcome to Geneva to the delegation of Djibouti, led by H.E. Mr Mohame d Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism, to whom we pay a special tribute for the presentation he made on 
the economic situation and trade policy of his country.  
4.110.   We would then like to congratulate the discussant, H.E.  Dr Adamu  Mohammed 
Abdulhamid, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the WTO, on his excellent 
presentation, not forgetting, of course, to thank the WTO Secretariat for its tireless efforts to 
ensure the success of the Trade Policy Reviews of member countries, which are proof of the 
transparency of this Organization.  
4.111.   The reports prepared by the Republic of Djibouti and the Secretariat note that the country 
has grown exponentially from 5% to 7% over the periods 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2019, 
including through the implement ation of large -scale transport, water and telecommunications 
infrastructure projects.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 22 - 
 
  4.112.   My country notes with satisfaction that these results have been possible thanks to a trade 
strategy guided by the long -term development strategy document "Vision 2035" an d the adoption 
of the five -year development plans.  
4.113.   However, the health crisis caused by the COVID -19 pandemic has not spared the economy 
of Djibouti, the GDP of which fell to 1.2% in 2000 as a result of its heavy dependence on transport 
and logistics servi ces, which were severely disrupted by the lockdown measures taken to curb the 
pandemic.  
4.114.   Nevertheless, signs of post -COVID economic recovery are already visible in Djibouti's 
economy, which is expected to grow by an average of 5% by 2022.  
4.115.   Gabon and Djibouti  enjoy fraternal and cooperative relations. Under our bilateral 
agreements, a number of agreements were signed in 2013, including the framework agreement on 
cooperation, which provides opportunities for cooperation between the two governments and a 
coopera tion protocol on regular diplomatic consultations, in order to boost our collaboration.  
4.116.   Furthermore, my country, which is planning to develop its deep -water ports, is hoping to 
benefit from Djibouti's considerable expertise in this sector.  
4.117.   I cannot conclud e without congratulating my sister and colleague, the Ambassador, and 
her team for their active involvement in the work of the WTO.  
4.118.   I wish Djibouti every success in this Review.  
INDIA  
4.119.   My delegation is pleased to participate in the third  Trade Policy Review of Djibouti and 
would like to extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of Djibouti led by H.E.  Mr Mohamed 
Warsama Dirieh Minister of Trade  and Tourism of Djibouti. My delegation would like to commend 
H.E. Mrs Kadra Ahmed Hassan, Permanent Repres entative of Djibouti to the WTO for her 
endeavours , and the Government of Djibouti along with the WTO Secretariat for their 
comprehensive Reports. We also thank the discussant H.E.  Dr Adamu  Mohammed A bdulhamid  of 
Nigeria for his insightful comments.  
4.120.   India and Djibouti enjoy long standing historical links, cultural affinities and 
people -to-people contacts. In 2017, the then President of India paid the first ever State visit to 
Djibouti. The visit gave an impetus to the bilateral relations between our two co untries. It was 
followed by the visit of the President of Djibouti to India in 2018.  
4.121.   India partners with Djibouti on its various developmental assistance programmes. The 
Export Import Bank of India has extended four lines of credits aggregating US D 50.39  million to 
the Government of Djibouti for the construction of cement plant at Ali  Sabieh. Till date, around 
50 professionals from Djibouti have benefited under the technical assistance and capacity building 
programme, ITEC. Similarly, about 66  Djiboutian s tudents have benefit ed from ICCR scholarships 
for pursuing higher education in India. India 's assistance also includes providing 50  metric tonnes 
of food aid to Djibouti in 2020, followed by a consignment of medicines and 24,000 doses of 
COVID -19 vaccines gifted to Government of Djibouti in 2021.  
4.122.   Commercial relations between India and Djibouti have existed since ancient times. The 
port of Adulis was a hub of maritime trade for Indian seafarers.  
4.123.   In more contemporary terms, India 's exports to Djibouti increased from US D 347 million in 
2020-21 to US D 713.33  million in 2021 -22 seeing a 105.6% increase. While India 's imports from 
Djibouti, at US D 41.68  million, saw an 106% increase vis-à-vis 2020-21. Exports from India 
consists mainly of rice ; engineering goods ; fruits and vegetables ; paper and plastic products ; 
machinery ; metals ; yarns and fabrics ; and food items.  
4.124.   There is immense potential for cooperation between our two countries especially in the 
areas of education, health, information technol ogy, agriculture, small scale industries, portable 
electricity generation, fisheries, and water resource development.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 23 - 
 
  4.125.   As brought out in Secretariat 's Report, we are happy to note that Djibouti during the period 
under review, has taken several trade policy initiatives and new legislative actions and measures 
that fostered economic growth at rates ranging from 5.1% to 8.5% between 2014 and 2019. 
However, o wing to the pandemic lockdown and other restrictive measures that were imposed, 
there growth rate slowed to 1.2 % in 2020.  
4.126.   We applaud the Government of Djibouti for its trade and development related initiatives, 
including its "Vision Djibouti 2035" progra mme to pursue its trade policy goals while enhancing 
social inclusion, economic growth and diversification and sustainable development.  
4.127.   We further appreciate the recently launched strategic development plan to streamline the 
government's efforts to support  the country's economic growth; with the aim to improve the 
business climate and attract investment to promote economic diversification and inclusive growth.  
4.128.   India is willing to partner and support Djibouti 's efforts in this regard, and we are confident 
that Djibouti will be able to derive benefits from the multilateral trading system and its regional 
integration efforts.  
4.129.   We appreciate the contribution of Djibouti in the ongoing work at the WTO especially as the 
coordinator of the LDC  Group. We look forwar d to working together with Djibouti in further 
expanding and fostering our bilateral trade and investment ties, as well as working closely on 
issues concerning developing countries including the LDCs at the WTO.  
4.130.   We wish the delegation of Djibouti a produc tive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
TÜRKIYE  
4.131.   We welcome the delegation of Djibouti headed by M r Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister 
of Trade and Tourism.  
4.132.   We thank the Secretariat and the Government of Djibouti for their Reports as well as 
discussant Ambassador Dr  Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid of Nigeria for his invaluable remarks.  
4.133.   Türkiye is pleased to note that steps taken to diversify economy and investments in 
Djibouti were resulted in economic growth between 2014 -2019. We believe that Djibouti 's 
economy will highly benefit from the "Vision Djibouti 2035 " paper.  
4.134.   Accordingly, we welcome Djibouti 's efforts to promote manufacturing and renewable 
energy and deve lop a sustainable tourism sector.  
4.135.   We commend Djibouti 's active engagement in the WTO regular bodies. Along with its 
leadership to the LDC  Group, Djibouti 's participation in negotiations and discussions contributes to 
our work at the WTO.  
4.136.   We welcome Djibou ti's ratification of Trade Facilitation Agreement. We are also glad to 
work with Djibouti in Investment Facilitation for Development Joint Statement Initiative.  
4.137.   Türkiye and Djibouti enjoy brotherly relations with deeply rooted historic and cultural ties. 
Djibouti is one of our closest partners in the Horn of Africa.  According to 2020 data, Türkiye is the 
fourth main trading partner of Djibouti, following Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates and China.  
4.138.   We are pleased to see that our annual trade volume exceeded USD 300 million in the last 
three  years.  
4.139.   Agreement on Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments entered into force in 
2020 between our countries. We are working to deepen the legal ground of our bilateral trade. In 
this regard, we hope to resume F TA negotiations as soon as possible.  
4.140.   We also support developing intra -African capacities and structures by the African initiatives 
and effective multilateralism.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 24 - 
 
  4.141.   The Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation with the AfCFTA was signed between 
AfCFTA Secr etariat and our Ministry of Trade on the margins of the Third Türkiye -Africa 
Partnership Summit.  
4.142.   In this respect, we hope that the AfCFTA will create opportunities beyond trade and 
business for the African nations. As a new continental vision for developm ent, it could be 
instrumental in alleviating poverty and social injustice, hence helps to realize Africa 's true 
potential.  
4.143.   We are pleased that the Memorandum of Understanding between Türkiye and 
Intergovernmental Authority on Development was signed in July  2019.  
4.144.   We believe that with its growing economy and vision of becoming a trade -hub, Djibouti is a 
good model for other countries in the region.  
4.145.   In conclusion, we would like to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Hassan and her 
able team for the excellent preparation for this review, as well as their constructive contributions 
to WTO activities.  
4.146.   We wish Djibouti a successful Trade Policy Review.  
THE GAMBIA  ON BEHALF OF THE LDC GROUP  
4.147.   The LDC  Group welcomes Excellency M r Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , Minister of Trade  and 
Tourism, Chief of delegation and the distinguished delegation of Djibouti on the occasion of the 
Republic of Djibouti 's third Tra de Policy Review.  
4.148.   The period under review witnessed important reforms carried out by the Government of 
Djibouti in view of operationalizing its "Vision 2035 " strategy that integrates five key pillars: 
national peace and unity, good governance, a diversifie d and competitive economy, the 
consolidation of human capital and regional integration.  
4.149.   The strategic framework is further complemented by development plans, the most recent 
being the National Development Plan for 2020 -2024. As part of this development plan, institutional 
reforms have been identified as a key pillar. In line with this ambition, the recent creation of a 
Ministry for the Digital Economy and Innovation is particularly praiseworthy as this will contribute 
to a formulation of policies that support digitalization and enabling the development of electronic 
commerce.  
4.150.   Improvement of the business climate is another fundamental area where Djibouti has 
undertaken reform. Upgrading the transport and port infrastructu re is a concrete illustration of the 
progress achieved since the previous review. This has translated into increased capacity to 
manage cargo with the port complex at Doraleh able to manage up to 8.2  million tonnes of bulk 
cargo and more than 200,000 conta iners per year. In parallel the construction of a new port in 
Damerjog will enable handling and storing petroleum products and also exporting livestock. The 
site in Damerjog will also include an industrial free zone covering an area of 2.5  km2.  
4.151.   In paralle l, Djibouti also introduced steps to facilitate the conduct of business such as 
simplifying business registration procedures facilitated by information systems; improving access 
to credit through the establishment of an improved credit registry; promoting legal certainty and 
predictability via the strengthening of the legal framework for the enforcement of contracts and 
adoption of a new Code of Civil Procedure.  
4.152.   We also take this opportunity to commend the Government of Djibouti for taking the bold 
step of  developing a Single Window to facilitate cross -border trade that is currently in a pilot 
phase, which will undoubtedly attract and stimulate foreign investment once operational. In 
particular , Djibouti has highlighted eight sectors in which foreign investment can support the 
country achieve Sustainable Development Goals, namely, transportation ; services ; renewable and 
alternative energy ; finance ; ICTs; infrastructure ; food and beverages ; and he alth.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 25 - 
 
  4.153.   The LDC  Group would also like to commend the Government of Djibouti for embarking on a 
plan to develop its information and communication technologies sector. With 59% of the 
population already enjoying access to the internet, which is amongst the hi ghest share in the 
region and continent, efforts to further develop the sector through liberalization will certainly 
stimulate foreign direct investment and contribute to transform the economy and digital base.  
4.154.   Finally, against the backdrop of C OVID -19 an d the current shortages in food supply, the 
Government of Djibouti has experienced significant increases in expenditures given the country 's 
dependence on food imports. In parallel, Djibouti also experienced shortfalls in revenues due to a 
halt in certain sectors affected by lockdown measures. However, despite the challenges, also as 
an LDC, Djibouti has been able to cope with the economic shock through sound economic 
management and resilience embedded in the strong drive to reform.  
4.155.   We commend the Governme nt of Djibouti for preserving and fostering trade and economic 
ties across the region and continent and wish the officials present a successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN  
4.156.   The Kingdom of Bahrain is delighted to participate in the third Trade Po licy Review of the 
Republic of Djibouti, and would like to warmly welcome H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism of Djibouti, and H.E.  Ms Kadra Ahmed Hassan, Ambassador and 
Permanent Representative of Djibouti to the WTO, and wish th em and their delegation a very 
successful Review.  
4.157.   We would also like to thank the WTO Secretariat for their efforts in preparing the detailed 
report, and the discussant H.E.  Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, Ambassador and Permanent 
Representative of Nigeria to the WTO his insightful remarks and active discuss ion. 
4.158.   We commend Djibouti for the many accomplishments achieved since its last Review, 
including the launch of a strategic development plan to streamline the government's efforts to 
support the country's econ omic growth which fostered at rates ranging from 5.1% to 8.5% 
between 2014 and 2019.  
4.159.   We are also pleased by the findings of the Report, that during the period under review, 
Djibouti carried out numerous legislative reforms to modernize and improve the bus iness climate.  
4.160.   I cannot conclude this statement without highlighting Djibouti 's role as a long standing and 
strong supporter of the WTO and the multilateral trading system. As an original and active Member 
of the WTO, Djibouti has consistently demonstrate d its full support and belief in the effectiveness 
of an open and rules -based multilateral trading system in contributing to global economic 
development and prosperity.  
4.161.   Finally, we would like to wish Djibouti every success in its Trade Policy Review.  
JAPAN  
4.162.   Japan welcomes the delegation of the Republic of Djibouti to this Trade Policy Review, 
headed by H .E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , Minister of Trade  and Tourism of Djibouti. Japan would 
like to extend our appreciation to the WTO Secretariat and to  the Government of Djibouti for their 
respective Reports submitted for this review. We would also like to thank and commend the 
discussant, H.E.  Ambassador of Nigeria, Dr  Adamu Mohammed A bdulhamid , for his insightful 
remarks.  
4.163.   We acknowledge that based on t he long -term national strategy "Vision Djibouti 2035 ", the 
Government of Djibouti has so far been focusing on the development of service industries, such as 
ports and logistics, with a focus on geographical advantage.  
4.164.   We commend the steady progress of nece ssary efforts by Djibouti, including the 
implementation of legislative reforms in various fields to modernize and improve the business 
environment, as well as the enactment of new laws to improve domestic standards and quality. It WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 26 - 
 
  is hoped that these effor ts will contribute to the development of industrial infrastructure and the 
improvement of the basic living environment of the people, leading to further economic 
development in Djibouti.  
4.165.   Today, we would like to highlight three issues.  
4.166.   First, on our bilate ral economic relations. Since Djibouti's independence, Japan has 
continued to provide assistance without interruption, including in the 1990s when Djibouti was 
suffering from a civil war. In the late 1990s, the plaza that became the starting point of the m ain 
road, developed with Japanese assistance, was named "Place de Tokyo". This is a sign that Japan 
and Djibouti have maintained and developed a long -term friendly and cooperative relationship. It 
is one of the symbols that has come to symbolize our ties.  
4.167.   In addition, Djibouti is located on the sea lanes that connect Asia, the Middle  East, Africa 
and Europe, and is an important partner of Japan in realizing the free and open Indo -Pacific that 
Japan advocates. In this regard, supporting Djibouti's own effort s in the field of socio -economic 
development will support the resolution of various issues in Djibouti. Furthermore, it will contribute 
to the realization of a free and open Indo -Pacific. From this perspective, Japan will continue to 
provide necessary assi stance through development cooperation for Djibouti.  
4.168.   Second, on our regional trade activities.  Djibouti Port serves as an outer port for 
neighbouring  landlocked countries such as Ethiopia and South Sudan, and Djibouti is extremely 
important in forming a si ngle East  African market that encompasses South  Sudan, Ethiopia, 
Eritrea, and Somalia.  
4.169.   According to the Secretariat's Report, Djibouti participates in five regional economic 
activities, including COMESA and TFTA. It is hoped that these regional efforts will contribute to the 
expansion of trade and investment in Djibouti, and to the progress of structural reforms.  
4.170.   The third point , I would like to address is on the WTO.  As a founding Member of the WTO, 
Djibouti is expected to actively participate i n the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its 
core. We would like to express our appreciation for Ambassador Hassan 's vital role and her efforts 
as Chair of CTDSS in promoting the discussions of divergent views among the Members. And also, 
we appre ciate that she is actively engaging the discussions as LDCs coordinator.  
4.171.   In conclusion,  Japan will continue to play a leading role in African development through the 
Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) process, which is an open, 
inclusive and transparent partnership framework. In August  2022, the Tunis Declaration was 
adopted at TICAD8, and Japan expressed the importance of "investment in people" and called for 
various efforts to be made to realize structural transformation for sus tainable economic growth 
and development. It also welcomed African initiatives on regional economic integration, such as 
the provisional launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) trade. It is hoped that 
these efforts will also contribute t o the revitalization of Djibouti's economy.  
4.172.   Japan appreciates Djibouti 's constructive contribution to the multilateral trading system  
and its active participation in today 's TPR. We wish the delegation of Djibouti a successful and 
fruitful Trade Policy Rev iew. 
TUNISI A 
4.173.   My delegation is pleased to be participating in the third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti and 
would like to extend a warm welcome to H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and 
Tourism of Djibouti, and to the delegation accompanying him from the capital Djibouti and 
Geneva, and to congratulate him on his efforts to summarize and analyse the information provided 
to give us a comprehensive picture of the economic situation and trade policy of his country.  
4.174.   I also thank H.E.  Ambassador Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, Permanent Representative 
of Nigeria to the WTO, for the insightful remarks in his presentation and commend the Secretariat 
for the comprehensive report submitted to us for this Review.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.175.   Firstly, we would like to commend the foresight of Djibouti 's policy, which has made this 
fellow country a haven of peace and development in the Horn of Africa and on the continent, 
despite a regional environment experiencing a degree of instability.  
4.176.   Short of natural resources, Djibouti has relied on its political  stability, geographical location 
and port infrastructure to become an important maritime hub by undertaking ambitious 
democratic, economic and social reforms, including under "Vision Djibouti 2035", aimed at making 
Djibouti "Africa's trade and logistics h ub". 
4.177.   The Secretariat Report notes that, since its last Trade Policy Review in 2014, Djibouti has 
launched a strategic development plan to streamline the Government's efforts to support the 
country's economic growth, improve the business climate and diversi fy the economy, aiming for 
increased openness on public -private partnerships and more inclusive growth.  
4.178.   These privatization efforts and massive investments in infrastructure, including ports, 
roads, and free zones, fostered economic growth in the country a t rates ranging from 5.1% to 
8.5% during the review period, as well as controlling inflation and the public debt deficit.  
4.179.   These indicators have all been affected by the COVID -19 pandemic, as have most regions 
in the world, particularly because of the justi fied support measures for households and businesses 
adopted by the Djibouti Government in response to the economic shutdown.  
4.180.   Djibouti would need the full support of the specialized agencies and its strategic partners to 
mobilize the resources needed to fun d its major infrastructure projects and to move forward with 
its Vision 2035 objectives.  
4.181.   Furthermore, as an original member of the WTO, Djibouti is actively engaged in WTO 
activities and attaches great importance to the multilateral trading system.  
4.182.   We part icularly welcome its integration into a number of regional economic areas such as 
the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Tripartite Free Trade Area 
(TFTA), the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the Intergovernmental Aut hority on 
Development (IGAD) and the Community of Sahel -Saharan States (CEN -SAD).  
4.183.   Tunisia welcomes the excellent fraternal and historical relations with Djibouti, based on 
trust, mutual respect and fraternal cooperation.  
4.184.   We are working together to ensure the continuity of bilateral consultations and the 
exchange of high -level visits between the two countries. The most recent official visits to Tunisia 
by the Djiboutian President, a great friend of Tunisia, in October  2018 and March  2019, proved 
ideal opportunities to strengthen bilateral cooperation.  
4.185.   We take this opportunity to reiterate our country's willingness to make its expertise and 
experience available to Djibouti in several areas of development, including education and 
vocational training, he alth, tourism and industrial development.  
4.186.   In this regard, we encourage contacts between Tunisian entrepreneurs and their Djiboutian 
counterparts, and urge them to participate in the various economic events organized in both 
countries.  
4.187.   We both attach partic ular importance to supporting trade between the two countries, 
especially with the growth in business in the port of Djibouti and its free zone and our strategic 
positions as gateways to Europe and the countries of the Horn of Africa and East Africa.  
4.188.   Befor e concluding, we would like to congratulate our dear Ambassador, H.E.  Ms Kadra 
Ahmed Hassan, Permanent Representative of Djibouti, for her active involvement in the activities 
of the WTO and our African and Arab groups, and her team.  
4.189.   Lastly, we wish Djibou ti a very successful Trade Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 28 - 
 
  PAKISTAN  
4.190.   We wish to join others in welcoming the delegation of Djibouti led by H.E . Mohamed 
Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade  and Tourism at this third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti.  
4.191.   We wish to start by thanking the discussant H .E. Dr Adamu Mohammed A bdulhamid  for his 
insightful comments enriching the discussions at this Trade Policy Review.  
4.192.    We also wish to thank the Secretariat for their hard work in preparing the Report for this 
review.  
4.193.   Since its last Review i n 2014, Djibouti has been on a positive development track till the 
pandemic struck. The GDP growth rate accelerated to an average of almost 6% over the period 
2016–19. The Government has undertaken bold reforms to achieve its economic growth and 
sustainabl e development as well as for better social inclusion of its population through "Vision 
Djibouti 2035".  
4.194.   We wish to commend Djibouti on these targeted reforms aimed at improving the business 
climate and facilitating investment. The important infrastructure i nvestment has enabled economic 
growth at rates ranging from 5.1% to 8.5% between 2014 and 2019.  
4.195.   We applaud the ongoing efforts by the Government to develop opportunities in the 
fisheries and livestock farming ; renewable energy ; transport and logistics ; new information 
technologies ; and tourism.  
4.196.   By ratifying the TFA, Djibouti has taken an additional step in its objective to enable 
international trade to develop. We wish to encourage the Government in its efforts in 
implementing the relevant measures of th e TFA as they are conducive to economic growth through 
trade.  
4.197.   Pakistan highly appreciates the progress made so far in deepening the relations with 
Djibouti. Currently the bilateral trade between the two countries has lots of potential. Pakistan has 
initiated a "Look Africa " policy to develop trade relations through m utual cooperation.  
4.198.   At the WTO, we wish to commend the active engagement of Djibouti through its Mission in 
Geneva, especially in the areas of interests to the LDCs. We wish to particularly highlight the 
proactive role of Ambassador Kadra  Ahmed  Hassan  in chairing the Committee on Trade and 
Development in Special Session. This committee is an important forum to discuss and advance the 
development interests of both developing and least developed economies.  
4.199.   In concluding, we wish Djibouti every success in its impressive economic and business 
reforms and wish Djibouti a fruitful T rade Policy Review.  
CHAD  
4.200.   At the outset, we align ourselves with the statement made by the Ambassador of the 
Gambia on behalf of the LDC Group.  
4.201.   Chad welcomes the delegation of Djibouti, led by the Minister of Trade and Tourism, and 
expresses its solidarity with the country in this third Trade Policy Review.  
4.202.   My delegation thanks the Head of Delegation for his comprehensive presentation and the 
Ambassador of Nigeria as discussant. It also t hanks and congratulates the Permanent 
Representative of Djibouti in Geneva, Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan, and her whole team for 
her decisive role in preserving and strengthening the multilateral trading system, in particular her 
commitment to the least d eveloped countries.  
4.203.   Chad welcomes Djibouti's vision regarding the key strategic areas of its overall policy, 
which include strengthening the foundations of the State and improving public governance; 
building a competitive economy that generates growth; dev eloping human resources; and 
broadening access to basic services.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 29 - 
 
  4.204.   Chad welcomes Djibouti's efforts in various areas, including the modernization of customs 
procedures, the fight against money laundering to increase banking transparency, the reforms of 
state-owned enterprises with a view to enhancing their efficiency, investment in special economic 
zones, the establishment of digital data centres geared towards the continent and other strategic 
areas, and trade and investment facilitation. All this is part o f a long -term vision and strategic plan 
to improve the business climate and attract investment for economic diversification and inclusive 
growth.  
4.205.   All of these efforts by Djibouti help strengthen the transparency and predictability of its 
trade regime, its economy and the multilateral trading system.  
4.206.   Chad also welcomes Djibouti's vision regarding compliance with multilateral trade rules, its 
determination to meet notification requirements and its commitment to fulfilling its WTO 
obligations. We welcome the f act that Djibouti has deposited with the WTO its instrument of 
acceptance of the Protocol concerning the Trade Facilitation Agreement and has also notified the 
list of measures for the different categories.  
4.207.   Similarly, the report notes that all import decla rations are made electronically through the 
simplified customs clearance system, which is interconnected with, inter alia, the Ethiopian 
customs services, free -zone operators, the tax directorate and the treasury, and with the 
Djiboutian port system. These  are extremely important efforts that could be of interest to us as 
LDCs in terms of sharing best practices.  
4.208.   All these commendable initiatives have been taken, despite the challenging context 
described by Djibouti's Minister of Trade, in connection with th e COVID -19 pandemic, which has 
severely impacted economic activities. Added to this is the threat of other crises, including the 
food crisis, due to the very difficult international geopolitical situation.  
4.209.   We encourage WTO Members and all technical and fin ancial partners to support Djibouti in 
its efforts, including in the structural transformation of its economy and technology transfers, 
especially given that Djibouti is strategically located as the terminus of several interoceanic cables.  
4.210.   Lastly, Chad ful ly supports Djibouti's vision, which firmly defends WTO rules while 
advocating an open, transparent, inclusive and non -discriminatory multilateral trading system.  
4.211.   Chad wishes Djibouti every success in its third Trade Policy Review.  
SENEGAL 
4.212.   We align ourselves with the statement made by the Gambia on behalf of the LDCs. Allow 
me to join the first speakers in welcoming the delegation of the Republic of Djibouti to Geneva. We 
thank the WTO Secretariat and the Government of Djibouti for the quality of the  reports.  
4.213.   Senegal also congratulates H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid for the quality of his 
remarks as discussant for this Trade Policy Review.  
4.214.   This third Trade Policy Review of the Republic of Djibouti is particularly important, given 
the developments a nd other reforms undertaken in the field of trade and trade -related policies.  
4.215.   We welcome the major reforms undertaken by Djibouti and the massive investments it has 
made in infrastructure, including ports, roads and free zones as part of the implementation  of its 
strategic document, entitled "Vision Djibouti 2035", which has been highlighted by several 
speakers. We commend the Republic of Djibouti on the number of legislative reforms undertaken 
with a view to modernizing and improving the business environme nt. 
4.216.   The Secretariat's report shows that the objective of Djibouti's trade policy, as set out in the 
above -mentioned document, is to make this country the African trade and logistics hub, in 
particular by developing fisheries, tourism, logistics, new inform ation and communication 
technologies, financial services, manufacturing and energy. In this regard, we encourage WTO 
Members and development partners to support the Republic of Djibouti in addressing the 
challenges associated with achieving this objective.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 30 - 
 
  4.217.   In conclusion, given that services constitute the bulk of economic activity in Djibouti, 
Mr Minister of Trade, Head of Delegation, we would like to encourage your country to increase and 
diversify its agricultural and manufacturing production in order to address the challenges, 
inter alia, of food sovereignty and industrial development.  
4.218.   We wish Djibouti every success in this third Trade Policy Review.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.219.   Good afternoon to you Mr  Chair  and to all colleagues here present, a very warm welcome 
as well to  the distinguished delegation of Djibouti headed by H .E. Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , 
Honourable Minister of Trade  and Tourism and equally warm salutation to our dear and much  
respected colleague, H.E. Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan, and our sincere thanks her and  her 
team for the active  and very effective role they play within the activities of the Africa n Group here 
in Geneva, warm greetings and thanks as well to H.E. Ambassador Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid 
of Nigeria , and thank you for the role you have played and the insightful comments you have 
made as discuss ant today.  
4.220.   Zimbabwe would like to join other in congratulating Djibouti on its third  Trade Policy 
Review. As other have said, this review comes in the time of great challenges and difficulties for all 
African countries, indeed all developing countries, a s we strive to recover from the impact of the 
pandemic compounded in many parts of the world by food insecurity, ca used c ertainly in part, in 
large part by recur rent drought and other forms of extreme weather, leading to rising food prices 
with the inevitable negative impact on lives and livelihoods in our countries . 
4.221.   These challenges and negatives have not, however, prevented or impeded the Government 
and the p eople of Djibouti from moving forward and pressing ahead with significant economic and 
trade policy reforms.  
4.222.   We welcome the encouraging indicators reflected in the Review and the positive growth 
recorded over the period 2014 to 2019 prior to the impact of th e COVID -19 pandemic . Most 
impressive  and clearly indicative of the forward -looking national development vision , is the growth 
being recorded in th e services sector, including in telecommunications, banking, construction , and 
transpor t logistics , specifical ly maritime transport logistics, amongst other sectors . 
4.223.   The presentation made by H .E. the Minister , reflects the importance accorded by Djibouti 
to the ever -increasing importan ce of ICT within evolving global trading practices and policies . 
The entire landscape of how we conduct trade in goods and services is rapidly changing and like 
Djibouti is doing, we all need to ensure that we have both , the policy framework  and the physical 
and technological infrastructure in  place to ensure that we do not  get left behind . 
4.224.   We commend the adoption of the long -term strategic Vision 2035 which aims to transform 
the country into a regional  an international commercial and financial hub . This strategic framework 
for national development with its five co re pillars  dovetails  well with the developmental aspirations 
of the African continent as a whole , as encapsulated in the African  Union's Agenda 2063. 
4.225.   The positive steps being taken by Djibouti towards expanding trade, increasing market 
access and  gradually opening u p to competition was certainly boo sted in with investment, 
industrial development , and diversification ; and with  that the creation of more productive 
employment opportunities in the country as the economy grows in response  to such positive 
stimulation . 
4.226.   We welcome the clear focus on regional integration and the determination to fully 
implement and indeed to benefit from the myriad opportunities of fered under the AfCFTA,  a 
continent -wide free trade framework which, as it evolves, has the poten tial to dramatically 
transform intra -African trade and to accelerate both regional and continental  industrial 
development and integration.  
4.227.   Zimbabwe and  Djibouti enjoy cordial relations, although our bilateral trade flows are still  
very low by way of value , it is clear that we are both committed to enhancing those relations and 
to boosting trade under the facilitative umbrella of the A fCFTA. I'm aware that ZIMTRADE,  the WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 31 - 
 
  Zimbabwe's National Trade Promotion Agency, which falls under the administrative  oversig ht of 
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade is actively investigating value added trade 
opportunities across the continent, including with Djibouti . We are convinced that there is scope 
for positive movement , an in  that regard we look for ward to being able to report back to this body 
on a future occasion . 
4.228.   Let me conclude by once again welcoming and thanking the distinguished delegation from 
Djibouti for their presence and detailed  presentation to ensure them that Zimbabwe is fully 
supporti ve of the developmental trajectory they are embarked upon and that we wish them 
everything of the best, most especially a successful Trade Policy Review . 
BRAZIL  
4.229.   Brazil would like to thank the Government of Djibouti for engaging in its third  Trade Policy 
Review and for providing Members with an overview of the country 's economic performance and 
commitment to the multilateral trading system.  
4.230.   We would also like to express our appreciation to the WTO Secretariat for its 
comprehensive Report, as well as  to the discussant, Ambassador Dr  Adamu Mohammed 
Abdulhamid  for his insightful introductory remarks.  
4.231.   Brazil attaches great importance to trade policy reviews, in the understanding that they 
contribute to enhance transparency and predictability for trade st akeholders. The COVID -19 health 
crisis and its impact on the global economy are additional elements that reinforce the relevance of 
this kind of exercise.  
4.232.   In this regard, while acknowledging that Djibouti 's level of growth and other economic 
indicators wer e affected by the pandemic, we commend the country for its high GDP rates between 
2014 and 2019, thanks largely to structural investments in infrastructure. We sincerely hope that 
the numbers continue to improve, as projected since the rebound in 2021.  
4.233.   Brazil would also like to point out, in this context, the Djiboutian government 's efforts to 
diversify and modernize the economy within the framework of the country 's strategic development 
plan launched in 2014.  
4.234.   Moving on to WTO issues, Brazil notes with sat isfaction the ratification of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement in 2018 and Djibouti 's participation in the discussions of the Joint Initiative 
on Investment Facilitation for Development.  
4.235.   Regarding our bilateral relations, trade flows between Brazil and Dj ibouti are still very 
modest. But we do see potential for incrementing them, as well as to enhance technical 
cooperation under a bilateral agreement signed in 2012 and recently enacted internally in Brazil.  
4.236.   Let me conclude by wishing the delegation of Dji bouti a successful conclusion of its Trade 
Policy Review.  
CAMEROON ON BEHALF OF THE AFRICAN GROUP  
4.237.   Chair, I would like to congratulate you on how you are conducting this third Trade Policy 
Review of Djibouti. Cameroon, on behalf of the African Group, welcom es the delegation of Djibouti, 
under the leadership of H.E.  Minister Mohamed Warsama Dirieh. We would like to congratulate 
you, Minister Dirieh, for your relevant presentation which contains important information on the 
progress made by Djibouti in recent years.  
4.238.   We would also like to thank our brilliant colleague, the distinguished Ambassador of 
Nigeria, Dr  Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, for his excellent presentation. And, of course, we 
extend our warmest congratulations to our dynamic colleague, Ambassador Ka dra Hassan, for her 
leadership.  
4.239.   The African Group commends the efforts made by the Government of Djibouti to transform 
its country in all sectors (economic, trade and digital). The African Group welcomes Djibouti's WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 32 - 
 
  progress in the development of the trade sector, including the transport infrastructure that 
supports this development.  
4.240.   Today, Djibouti is positioning itself as a real hub, a trade platform for COMESA and a model 
for the African continent.  
4.241.   The Group also welcomes the economic vision - the main pillars of which the Minister has 
just outlined - that culminates in Vision 2035. This vision is in harmony with WTO rules, Agenda 
2063 and, above all, its firm commitment to put AfCFTA into operation.  Such an undertaking raises 
hopes for the development of Central African trade and for the integration of the entire continent.  
4.242.   We also commend Djibouti's commitment to the digital path. Today, despite its LDC status, 
Djibouti is ranked among the 20 most r eforming countries in the world. Such commitment offers 
the rest of the continent encouragement and augurs a better tomorrow for the people of Djibouti 
and for all the countries in the region. We call on all partners to support Djibouti in this 
transformat ion. 
4.243.   We wish the delegation of Djibouti the very best for this third review, and our heartfelt 
congratulations to H.E.  Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan for her dynamism and unwavering 
support for multilateralism.  
TOGO   
4.244.   First of all, I would like to say that T ogo associates itself with the statement made by the 
Ambassador, the Permanent Representative of the Gambia on behalf of the LDCs.  
4.245.   It is a real pleasure for my country to participate today in the third Trade Policy Review of 
Djibouti. We extend our warm gr eetings to H.E.  Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and 
Tourism, the Head of Delegation, and to the whole team who are accompanying him. My 
delegation, in turn, congratulates the Minister on his comprehensive introductory statement on the 
state of th e economy of Djibouti.  
4.246.   I would like to thank our colleague H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, Ambassador of 
Nigeria, discussant for this review, for his insightful comments and observations.  
4.247.   With regard to documentation, we appreciate, of course, the quali ty of the reports 
produced for this review by the Government of Djibouti and the WTO Secretariat.  
4.248.   Togo would like to commend the Djibouti authorities on their constant efforts to keep this 
small country stable and on a path of continuous progress that we c an only welcome, given the 
geopolitical context characterized by multiple challenges.  
4.249.   Despite today's challenging context of acute drought coupled with various causes of 
instability in the region, on top of the effects of the COVID -19 health crisis, Djibou ti's economy has 
shown resilience in the face of these different situations. Consequently, GDP rallied in 2021, with 
real growth of 4.8% as a result of the economic recovery following the reopening of the borders, 
which had of course been closed due to the  COVID -19 pandemic. This level of performance was 
supported by the transport, telecommunications and banking sectors, in the light of the massive 
investments made by the Government of Djibouti in infrastructure and other areas.  
4.250.   As a member of the same cont inental space, my country, Togo is engaged, together with 
Djibouti, in the negotiations on the AfCFTA, in order to liberalize and strengthen Central African 
trade. This commitment has led both of our countries to adopt a national AfCFTA implementation 
strategy, which seeks to further integrate our economies and consolidate our trade links on a 
continental scale.  
4.251.   Moreover, both of our countries, as least developed countries (LDCs), are actively working 
towards better integration into the international tradin g system, by taking into account the specific 
opportunities offered to this category of countries and by engaging in the search for appropriate 
solutions to ensure compliance with WTO commitments in favour of LDCs.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 33 - 
 
  4.252.   We can testify to the different responsib ilities undertaken by Djibouti within the WTO, 
notably through its Ambassador, our dear colleague, Ms  Kadra Ahmed Hassan, who is currently the 
coordinator for LDC members of the Enhanced Integrated Framework, the mechanism dedicated to 
Aid for Trade in LDC s. 
4.253.   It remains certain that, with solid reforms and the commitment of the Government, 
Djibouti's economy will continue its progress towards a sustained structural transformation with 
the resulting development and improved well -being of its people.  
4.254.   In that c onnection, we welcome the new regional livestock export centre set up by 
Djibouti, the new export terminal in Damerjog, and the adoption of plans to strengthen renewable 
energy sources.  
4.255.   While hoping that this exercise will contribute to the inevitable impr ovement and 
strengthening of Djibouti's integration into the international trading system, through greater trade 
for economic and social development, we would like to wish the delegation of Djibouti a successful 
Trade Policy Review with a view to social an d economic progress.  
MADAGASCAR  
4.256.   Firstly, Madagascar associates itself with the statements made by Gambia on behalf of the 
LDC Group and by Cameroon on behalf of the African Group, and welcomes the members of the 
delegation of the Republic of Djibouti.  
4.257.   Mada gascar congratulates Djibouti on this report, particularly the progress and reforms 
undertaken in the area of trade and related policies.  
4.258.   It is clearly established in the report that Djibouti has developed and implemented effective 
government policies. The se contributed to the economic transformation and resulted in a GDP 
growth rate of 6% between 2016 and 2019, before the pandemic. The COVID -19 pandemic had a 
significant impact on Djibouti's economic situation, with a drop in GDP to 1.2% over that period.  
4.259.   Nevertheless, Djibouti has always committed itself to international trade by consolidating 
its role within the WTO through its active participation in the activities and negotiations at its 
heart. At the regional level, Djibouti is an important player both  within the AfCFTA, the Tripartite 
Free Trade Area and COMESA.  
4.260.   With regard to investment policy and trade facilitation, the development of the SDG 
Investor Map is an example of concrete and sustainable support for investment. Moreover, the 
various reforms undertaken by the Government, geared towards the business and trade 
environment, are reflected in a marked improvement in Djibouti's business climate. "Vision 2035", 
which boosts economic diversification and participation in international trade initiatives , together 
with the accelerated growth and employment promotion strategy all reinforce trade facilitation and 
the investment policy.  
4.261.   It is also important to highlight the strengthening of partnerships with private and foreign 
operators in the fisheries sec tor. This will help both to improve the situation of artisanal fishers 
and to put trading partners in the best possible position.  
4.262.   We also note the establishment of a regional cattle export centre, which will improve 
farmers' incomes while at the same time supplying regional and international markets. The new 
export terminal at Damerjog is undoubtedly a step in this same direction.  
4.263.   Lastly, Madagascar wishes to highlight Djibouti's active participation within the WTO, in 
particular its strong leadership withi n the LDC Group.  
4.264.   Once again, Madagascar extends its congratulations to the Republic of Djibouti for its 
commitments, programmes and actions, and wishes it every success for the tasks which lie ahead.  
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 34 - 
 
  NIGERIA  
4.265.   We would like to associate ourselves to the statement delivered by Cameroon  on behalf of 
the Africa n Group.  
4.266.   I take this opportunity to warmly welcome the very high -level delegation from Djibouti, led 
by H .E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , Minister of trade and Tou rism; and to congratulate 
H.E. Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan , Permanent Representative of Djibouti to the WTO, for her 
excellent work in leading the Geneva -based delegation  in this process and in the WTO negotiations 
at large.  
4.267.   Mr Chair, permit  me to especi ally thank you and the discuss ant, my Ambassador, 
H.E. Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid , Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the WTO  for his 
detailed and insightful statement.  
4.268.   I would like to commend the Government of Djibouti and the WTO Secretariat for th e 
Report which reflect s the policy and program mes undertook by the duty during the period on a 
review . The Report reflects an excellent overview of Djibouti 's trade and economic policies as well 
as progress attained since  their last Review.  
4.269.   Despite its location in the conflict -ridden  the Horn of Africa region, Djibouti currently 
benefit s from a stable political situation . The country is  strategically located in a framed 
geographical position which enable s its significant economic activity as a  major maritime t rade hub 
with several deep-water  ports serving as a transit  and transhipment site for other countries . A 
strategic location in addition to its political stability has resulted in making the country an 
important site for military base s constitute source of revenue for the country.  
4.270.   It is worthy to note that , the Government of Djibouti has made significant economic 
progress . According to the African Development Bank poverty rate has  decline  from 4 0.8% in 2013 
to 35.8% in 2017, with a gradual improvement of the Human Development Index from 0.4 45 to 
0.524 between 2013 and 2019.  
4.271.   Djibouti is a major player  in the service s sector with its GDP, primarily dominated by its 
services sector , as a result of port activities  and finance . The country's GDP grew by 6 % on 
average between 2000 and 2019 and the country 's structural investment on transport, 
telecommunications, water  supply  infrastructure  has driven its GDP growth.  
4.272.   Although Djibouti maintains a presence o f state-owned enterprise s, it is commendable that 
efforts are being made by the Government to  rationalize the activities of th e state -owned 
enterprises to promote the development of the private sector in some economic sectors such as 
telecommunication . 
4.273.   Reforms are o n their way to develop a medium -term fiscal framework and strengthening 
debt management, improve the governance of state-owned  enterprise s, which has the effects of 
lowering external arrears and  reducing public sector borrowing . 
4.274.   Inflation rates have been noticeably  controlled  with an average of 1% since 2017 , though 
experiencing a rise to 2.5% in 2021. The country has maintained a l ow inflation rate as a result its 
currency board arrangement in placed. 
4.275.   It is worthy that, the Government of Djibouti  address the socio -economic impact of the 
pandemic with a number of useful measures such as distribution of food and cash transfer to the 
vulnerable members of the society . The country through its legislat ion in place has made  
considerable effort s to preserve the external and internal value of national  currency . 
4.276.   Similarly,  under the review period, the Government  of Djibouti undertook various reforms 
aimed at modernizing and improving the business climate . The Vision  2035 is a remarkable policy 
to mark Djibouti as Africa's trade and logistic hub by developing fisheries ; tourism ; logistics ; 
information and communication technology ; financial services ; manufacturing industry ; and 
renewable energy ; resources  aimed to att ain 100% renewable energy  as stated by others . WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 35 - 
 
  4.277.   Despite the positive features of Djibouti, like many other African countries, significant 
challenges remain.  Like many economies, Djibouti 's economy was heavily impacted by losses 
during the  COVID -19 crisis of which related measures slowed down economic activities . However, 
it is remarkable that the Government in it s wisdom authorize d a stimulus package that aided a 
resumption of growth of the economy to pre-pandemic  years.  
4.278.   Nigeria and Djibo uti continue to foster s trong ties and have maintained significant export s 
and import s between the two countries. Similarly, Nigeria shared the same vision with Djibouti in 
our plan to foster stronger trade ties with partners across the African continent as a mean s of 
encouraging economic integration and enhance connectivity between eastern  and western Africa.   
4.279.   In conclusion, we congratulate the entire delegation of Djibouti and wish them a successful 
Trade Policy Review exercise.  
KENYA ON BEHALF OF THE ACP GROUP  
4.280.   I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the ACP Group . 
4.281.   The ACP Group would like to join other delegations in expressing a warm welcome to the 
delegation of Djibouti led by H.E . Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , Minister of Trade and Tourism.  
4.282.   Djibouti has shown immense commitment and determination to improve its national and 
local economic landscape. Djibouti registered an average economic growth rate of 6% between 
2016 and 2019, which is evidence of effective government policies and Djibouti 's economic 
transformation.   
4.283.   During the COVID -19 pandemic, Djibouti was heavily impacte d, with its GDP contracting by 
1.2% and a deterioration in the current account balance with adverse effects on employment. 
Nonetheless, the ACP Group remains optimistic of Djibouti 's economic potential and commends the 
resilience of the people during the c hallenging times of the pandemic.  
4.284.   Djibouti has demonstrated a remarkable commitment to international trade. On the 
regional side, Djibouti actively participated in the establishment of the historic African Continental 
Free Trade Area (AfCFTA ) and developed a national strategy to implement the Agreement 
establishing the AfCFTA, which will strengthen its intra -regional trade by increasing access to the 
continental market. In addition, the National Trade Development Strategy is also a new 
forwar d-looking policy with a strong focus on regional trade, which can help transform the country 
into an international trade hub.  
4.285.   Djibouti has also taken landmark decisions corresponding to investment policy and 
facilitating trade. The SDG investor map is a much relevant initiative to support investments in a 
sustainable and holistic manner, as well as facilitate private investments in the country. This is 
reflected in the recent changes in the country 's rankings on the "overall business climate " which 
are ev idence of the country 's steadfast commitment to improving its economic environment.   
4.286.   Complementing the investment policy and trade facilitation initiatives, the Government 's 
landmark "Vision  2035" is a promising strategy with a significant prospect of tra nsforming 
Djibouti 's economy. The ACP Group applauds the formulation of the five pillars that holistically 
represent Djibouti 's ambitions and goals to develop into a regional and international hub with a 
strong focus on the well -being of its ' citizens.  
4.287.   Djibouti has magnificent opportunities in its transport and logistics sector which are being 
leveraged by various timely initiatives of the Government.  Examples of such initiatives include the 
Djibouti International Free Trade Zone (DIFTZ), which is poised t o be one of the largest special 
economic zones in Africa that will stimulate immense economic growth and opportunities not just 
for Djibouti but for the rest of the continent.  
4.288.   The ACP Group also congratulates Djibouti and Ethiopia on the construction of t he railway 
line which will enhance trade capacity, thus improving regional and international trade. It is also 
noteworthy that the Djibouti Port Community System and its impact on strengthening trade WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 36 - 
 
  facilitation by reducing time, administrative procedures , and costs will make it easier for traders 
and MSMEs to conduct trade across the world.  
4.289.   Finally, we wish to underline Djibouti 's commitment to multilateral trade, which would be 
further strengthened through new trade facilitation measures and national po licies. The ACP Group 
also wishes Djibouti success in continuing its economic and social transformation through trade, 
digitalization, and seizing opportunities in its transport sector.  
HONDURAS  
4.290.   Honduras extends a warm welcome to the entire delegation of D jibouti, led by its head of 
delegation, H.E. Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade and Tourism, as well as our 
thanks to Ambassador Ms  Kadra Ahmed Hassan and her team for their excellent work, while 
thanking them for their statement and Report.  
4.291.   We a lso extend our thanks to you, Chair, for your leadership and guidance, to the 
discussant, for his valuable contributions, and to the WTO Secretariat for its excellent work.  
4.292.   With regard to the reports before us, our country is pleased to note that Djibouti has 
undertaken important economic and social reforms and has invested heavily in key infrastructure, 
with a view to accelerating economic growth, creating jobs in the sectors identified as engines of 
growth and reducing the poverty level of the population.  
4.293.   Furthermore, we also note that, in the context of Article  IV consultations, the IMF also 
recognized that significant progress has been made over the past couple of years in simplifying 
business creation, facilitating access to finance, protecting minority  investors and registering 
property.  
4.294.   A study, published by the World Bank in May  2022, on the Container Port Performance 
Index ranks Djibouti's ports first among ports in Sub -Saharan Africa and nineteenth globally.  
4.295.   We note that, in accordance with Vision  2035, Djibouti aspires to become a leading 
regional tourist destination, revolving around three hubs: a capital hub, a seaside hub and an 
eco-friendly hub, and to participate fully in guiding changes, building subregional groups, fostering 
regional integrat ion and championing globalization.  
4.296.   The country has seen significant progress in the area of connectivity and data in recent 
years, thanks to a dense network of submarine cables, and continues to make considerable efforts, 
which is remarkable.  
4.297.   Lastly, Honduras commends Djibouti's contributions to, achievements and active 
participation in the WTO and we wish it every success in the presentation of its third Trade Policy 
Review.  
NAMIBIA  
4.298.   We join others in congratulating the Republic of Djibouti and  the WTO Secretariat for their 
comprehensive Reports on the third TPR.  
4.299.   My Delegation further extends a warmly welcome to H .E. Mr Mohammed Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism of Djibouti, and his esteemed delegation to this TPR session.  
4.300.   We wish to thank H .E. Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan , our able African sister and 
colleague for driving SDT pillar for LDC s and developing countries under the CTDSS and her team 
for all their efforts and hard work in preparing for this trade policy review.  
4.301.   In addi tion, thank my Colleague, Ambassador Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid  of Nigeria 
for his insightful comments as the discussant for this session.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 37 - 
 
  4.302.   We share the same aspiration as members of the A frican Union, in ensuring that the 
Agenda  2063 and its  goals and objec tives of the organization, which is the Africa we want , are 
achieved.  
4.303.   In addition, Namibia and Djibouti are among the members of the African Continental FTA, 
with common objectives which includes , among others : 
• to create a single continental market for goods and services, with free movement of 
businesspersons  and investments, and thus pave the way for accelerating the 
establishment of the Continental Customs Union and the African Customs Union; 
• to expand intra Africa n trade through better harmonization and coordination of trade 
liberalization and facilitation regimes and instruments across RECs and across the 
Africa n region as a whole.   
4.304.   The efforts by Djibouti under the long -term strategic vision entitled "Vision  2035", which 
aims to transform the country into a regional and international economic, commercial , and 
financial hub, ensuring the well -being of the population in a safe and clean environment are 
commendable.  
4.305.   We take note of reforms under Pillar  3 of Vision  2035 which centres  on pursuing strong and 
sustainable growth driven by the exploitation of existing opportunities in various key sectors 
(transport and logistics, ICTs, financial services, fisheries , and tourism) and boosting exports of 
goods and se rvices which are fundamental towards economic growth and reliance.  
4.306.   We also take of Djibouti's trade policy regime which aims to contribute to economic and 
social development, the reduction of poverty and unemployment, the establishment of a regional 
trade  platform, and most importantly, greater economic integration into regional markets and the 
multilateral trading system which in our view are key to ensure full implementation of the African 
Continental Free Trade Area . We hope that this will create market  access opportunities for 
Namibia.  
4.307.   In conclusion, Namibia is committed to working with the Republic of Djibouti in the 
implementation of the trade agreements to which we are party to . In addition , we take  this 
opportunity to wish the Government of Djibout i a very successful third Trade Policy Review.  
MOROCCO  
4.308.   The delegation of the Kingdom of Morocco would like to extend a very warm welcome to 
the distinguished delegation of the Republic of Djibouti led by H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism. We thank both the Government of Djibouti and  the Secretariat for 
the detailed reports, as well as H.E.  Mr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, Ambassador of Nigeria, 
for his comments as the discussant.  
4.309.   Morocco congratulates the Government of the Republic of Djibouti for its commitment to 
and drive within the multilateral trading system, as well as for the conduct of its third Trade Policy 
Review.  
4.310.   We also commend Djibouti for its role within the WTO, including chairing the Committee on 
Trade and Development, in the person of H.E.  Ms Kadra Ahmed Hassan, as well as its active 
engagement in negotiations, whether as a member of the African Group or the Arab Group.  
4.311.   We also welcome Djibouti's commendable efforts to maintain an ever -growing economy, 
despite the impact of the global context characterized by many health,  climate and geopolitical 
challenges.  
4.312.   The policy of economic openness and diversification of trading partners, in addition to the 
constant striving for innovative development of a country that wants to be a regional and 
international trade hub, is welcomed  by our delegation. We believe that the implementation of a 
development model based on the development of import -export activities, services or value -added 
logistics operations, carried out in the context of a multimodal logistics hub, in order to penetrat e WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 38 - 
 
  the regional and African market, can only promote harmony between domestic and international 
flows, as well as a mutually reinforcing relationship.  
4.313.   Djibouti's Trade Policy Review report reveals the remarkable progress made by the country 
in recent years,  enabling it to consolidate its position among economies with a great potential for 
investment and job creation. Thus, Djibouti is pursuing its objective of developing international 
trade and investment in accordance with its national strategy, five -year p lans and various related 
administrative measures.  
4.314.   My delegation also commends Djibouti's economic performance in recent years, which is 
the result of having implemented the Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion Strategy 
2015-19, the first five -year p lan in the framework of Vision Djibouti 2035.  
4.315.   We also welcome Djibouti's clear efforts to address, through its trade policies, the negative 
consequences of COVID -19 for its socio -economic progress that have been mitigated by the 
implementation of the Natio nal Solidarity Pact (PNS), adopted by the Government of Djibouti on 
13 April 2020 and aligned with global agendas.  
4.316.   The bilateral partnership between Morocco and Djibouti, friendly and brotherly countries, is 
long-standing. Morocco would also like to streng then this economic and trade partnership by 
fostering actions aimed at bringing the business communities of both countries closer, including 
through business and trade missions, and participation in economic and trade events organized by 
each of the two co untries. Economic symposiums and meetings between economic operators from 
both countries could serve to identify business opportunities, and to exchange economic and trade 
information for in -depth knowledge of the respective markets and the existing potent ial on both 
sides.  
4.317.   Morocco remains available to share its trade policy experience with Djibouti and to step up 
dialogue between the two countries for regional economic integration projects of common interest 
at the African, AfCFTA, Arab and Islamic levels,  including within the Organisation of Islamic 
Cooperation (OIC).  
4.318.   Lastly, Morocco wishes to echo previous speakers who have appealed to international and 
regional financial institutions to provide effective and necessary assistance to support Djibouti's 
efforts to achieve its overall goal of making Djibouti a stable, peaceful, clean and secure country 
with a healthy environment for private initiatives.  
4.319.   The Kingdom  of Morocco wishes the Republic of Djibouti a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.320.   Cambodia as sociates to the  statement delivered by the Gambia on behalf of LDC  Group . 
My delegation is pleased to participate in the third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti and warmly 
welcome s the delegation at Djibouti led by H.E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh , Minister of Trade and 
Tourism . Our special th anks also go to the discuss ant H.E. Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid  of 
Nigeria for his insightful and constructive remarks.  
4.321.   We appreciate the Report prepared b y the Secretariat and the Government of Djibouti, 
which outlined recent developments in their respective trade polic ies and practice s during a global 
economic downturn.  
4.322.   We congratulate Djibouti for its promising and resilient economic growth driven by the 
forward -looking government p olicy choice and government  investment in fundamental sector s, 
such as transport, telecommunications, water supply infrastructure, in parallel with necessary 
liberalization  and reforms to work for a favourable  business environment , as well as on 
maintaining its  past position as an open econom y. This achievement has enabled the people of 
Djibouti to enjoy some of the highest living standards and  moved  Djibouti to be one of the highest  
GDP per  capita countries among LDCs, d espite  the challenge s posed by the COVID -19 pandemic . 
4.323.   My delegation  welcome s the tireless effort made by Djibouti and recognize s the ongoing 
diversification commitments , as well as most graduation preparation s. WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 39 - 
 
  4.324.   In this regard , we commend the Government of Djibouti to continue their dynamic journey, 
including diversifying the economy , increasing competitiveness , and contributing to regional 
stability .  
4.325.   Cambodia and  Djibouti enjoy a strong and high ly complementary relationship th rough the 
LDC Group in a number of areas. We also appreciate the act ive engagement of Djibouti within the 
multilateral trading system, particularly activities under the WTO council, committees, and the 
negotiations such as chairing the CTDSS and coordinati ng the LDC  Group.  
4.326.   My delegation commits to working closely with Djibouti in both bilateral and multilateral 
levels  to strengthen our good cooperation for economic growth and development . We wish  Djibouti 
a successful conclusion of its third  Trade Policy Re view. 
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 40 - 
 
  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF DJIBOUTI  AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
5.1.  Your Excellency, Chair of the Session, Ángel Villalobos, Ambassador of the United  States  of 
Mexico; Your Excellency, Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Dr  Adamu Mohammed 
Abdulhamid, discussant at the third Trade Policy Review of Djibouti; Your Excellencies; 
distinguished participants; ladies and gentlemen.  
5.2.  Chair, I would like to t hank you for your excellent steering of the work of this third Trade 
Policy Review of Djibouti. I would like to congratulate Dr  Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid for the 
relevant and insightful remarks, which has enriched our replies.  
5.3.  I would also like to thank th e WTO Secretariat, through Mr  Degbelo and his team, for the 
significant amount of work carried out and the excellent collaboration throughout this process, 
despite the restrictions during the second phase of the COVID -19 pandemic, which stalled the 
prepara tion of the Review.  
5.4.  I would like to express our thanks and gratitude to all Members that have contributed to the 
TPR, with particular interest being demonstrated by the submission of 98 written questions as well 
as some additional ones. The statements deli vered by 32 Members on the first day reflect the 
interest in our trade policy.  
5.5.  We are pleased to hear Members' congratulations, words of encouragement and recognition 
of the significant progress that my country has made in many sectors since the last Trade  Policy 
Review, despite adverse circumstances.  
5.6.  My country thanks Members for their willingness to support the economic recovery and 
stands ready to work together on the most affected sectors that drive the creation of wealth and 
the development of trade.  
5.7.  The Republic of Djibouti is a land of exchanges and encounters, enjoying stability in a region 
often tormented by widespread conflicts.  
5.8.  Djibouti's highly capital -intensive development model is based on a general framework, 
known as "Vision Djibouti 2035". I ts implementation seeks to profoundly transform society through 
massive investment in strategic industries, such as tourism, taking advantage of the country's 
geographical location that makes it the natural gateway to East Africa.  
5.9.  This vision is gradually transforming Djibouti into a major hub for state -of-the-art services 
and logistics that is connected to the immense landlocked market of Ethiopia.  
5.10.   Between 2013 and 2019, Djibouti recorded average economic growth of 7%, driven by 
foreign direct investment ( FDI) in particular.  
5.11.   In terms of health, my country was commended by the World Health Organization (WHO) 
for its management of the COVID -19 crisis.  
5.12.   However, the impact of COVID -19 in 2020 led to a contraction in growth of 1.2%. In 
contrast, 2021 saw a natio nal economic recovery, with a growth rate of 4.8%.  
5.13.   In terms of economic prospects, our country will rely mainly on the digital, tourism, 
industry, construction and public works, and logistics sectors to bring about a return to the growth 
recorded prior to the pandemic.  
5.14.   To support this drive, in the monetary area, a currency board system has been in place in 
Djibouti since 1949, as part of which the Djibouti franc is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed parity, 
with a full guarantee and free convertibility.  
5.15.   The stability of the monetary system has enabled Djibouti to establish a reputation over 
time as a financial centre where economic operators from the subregion come to house their 
assets.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 41 - 
 
  5.16.   In response to the questions raised by Members, it should be noted tha t Djibouti has an 
interdependent relationship with the countries of the Horn of Africa region, particularly Ethiopia, 
our main economic partner in the region.  
5.17.   The Ethiopian conflict is affecting national economic performance due to the decline in 
demand fo r logistics and transport services.  
5.18.   Thanks to its geostrategic position, the Republic of Djibouti enjoys the status of a regional 
and continental hub in the fields of trade, logistics, telecommunications and finance.  
5.19.   Following the request by certain countr ies to increase trade with my country, I would like to 
assure you of our readiness to work together on the ways and means to ensure optimal 
cooperation. In addition, in line with the framework to develop South -South cooperation, my 
country is willing to sh are its expertise in, inter alia , the area of improving deep -water port 
infrastructure.  
5.20.   Djibouti considers regional, continental and international integration to be an opportunity for 
socio-economic development, honouring the commitments undertaken.  
5.21.   Djibou ti is part of the AfCFTA and several regional economic communities, in line with our 
national strategy to seek complementarity through our various partnership agreements.  
5.22.   I would also like to take this opportunity to ask for development partners to support  us in 
the implementation of our development strategy. We encourage Members to be open to supporting 
our preparation for the COMESA Customs Union, which entails the transposition of customs 
instruments and the implementation of the national AfCFTA strategy . 
5.23.   Djibouti supports the deepening of global trade liberalization. To that end, my country has 
developed a road map, the objectives and outcomes of which are aimed at the full implementation 
of trade facilitation instruments.  
5.24.   Djibouti firmly believes in Afr ican trade integration through the effective implementation of 
the AfCFTA in the areas of productive capacity building and the creation of value chains.  
5.25.   Free zones offer immense potential for value addition and the development of processing 
activities, wit h flexible rules of origin that will allow for the promotion of intra -African trade.  
5.26.   Djibouti, which benefits from various forms of preferential treatment, such as the African 
Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), will be in a position in the coming years to establish itself as 
a hub for the distribution of finished products, in line with the criteria of the AfCFTA rules of origin.  
5.27.   Djibouti deposited the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement instrument of ratification on 
5 March  2018, and an order was issued on 6  July 2014 to establish a national mechanism in the 
form of a national and multisectoral technical committee on trade facilitation.  
5.28.   Our country is therefore able to play its full part in promoting good multilateral practices 
throughout the region.  
5.29.   In 2019, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia launched the Horn of Africa Initiative 
(HoAI) on economic integration and development.  
5.30.   With strong foundations and progress already made on regional integration, Djibouti has 
naturally started to impleme nt the regional Horn of Africa initiative with Ethiopia by:  
• Improving regional infrastructure connectivity: the objective is to achieve an 
interconnected Horn of Africa by promoting connectivity in the transport, energy and 
digital sectors;  
• Promoting trade  and economic integration to stimulate trade, inclusive growth and 
decent jobs.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 42 - 
 
  5.31.   In June  2022, the HoAI Secretariat drew up a road map for trade facilitation in the Horn of 
Africa 2022 -25. This is a document that identifies the main challenges impeding trad e in the Horn 
of Africa and hindering the development of member countries.  
5.32.   The corridor initiative will enable our countries in the region to establish effective regional 
mechanisms such as a corridor authority, which will likely enhance the performance of  our 
infrastructure and boost trade.  
5.33.   Regarding the concerns raised by Members in relation to notifications, allow me to share 
with you the fact that my country has fulfilled eight obligations to:  
i. The Committee on Trade and Development, on 9  January  2017;  
ii. The Committee on Trade Facilitation, on 3  July 2019;  
iii. The Committee on Agriculture, on 4  May 2022;  
iv. The Committee on Anti -Dumping Practices, on 4  May 2022;  
v. The Committee on Trade -Related Investment Measures, on 5  May 2022;  
vi. The Committee on Safeguards, on 5  May 2022;  
vii. The Committee on Rules of Origin, on 10  May 2022.  
5.34.   Lastly, on 23  September  2022, the Committee on Agriculture received the update on 
agricultural subsidies for the period 1995 -2017.  
5.35.   With regard to this obligation, rest assured that the Republic of Djibouti will submit its other 
notifications no later than December  2023, with technical assistance from the WTO.  
5.36.   As part of "Vision Djibouti 2035", one of the five -year plans of which is Djibouti ICI  2020-24, 
several sectors, including the tou rism sector, have been identified as drivers of the socio -economic 
recovery.  
5.37.   Tourism is a priority sector and major efforts have been made both in terms of regulation 
(e.g. facilitation of visa issuance and reduction of fees) and in terms of infrastructure  (increase in 
hotel capacity and airline flight frequency), with a projection of 500,000 tourists by 2030.  
5.38.   Djibouti seeks to develop cultural and environmentally -friendly tourism.  
5.39.   The objective is to position Djibouti as a leading tourist destination by im proving the tourism 
product offering and stimulating demand for these products. Integrated tourist areas are being 
developed, focusing on growth niches in coastal tourism, ecotourism, culture, and religious and 
business sites.  
5.40.   A national tourism developmen t strategy was adopted in 2019, with a forecast that 
tourism's share of GDP should rise from 3% to 15% in the next 10 years.  
5.41.   Turning to fisheries and agriculture, my country has opted for artisanal and traditional 
approaches, bearing in mind climatic condi tions and the desire to protect the environment.  
5.42.   Djibouti is aiming to use 100% renewable and green energy by 2035. Djibouti is hoping to 
capitalize on its renewable energy, such as solar, wind and thermal power stations, in order to 
transition entirely to  green energy.  
5.43.   The Republic of Djibouti finally has access to technologies for the development and 
production of wind energy. The implementation of this wind energy infrastructure, which is part of 
the policy to harness our country's renewable energy poten tial, is structured around the 
public -private partnership (PPP) model. It is the result of the productive and efficient collaborative WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 43 - 
 
  relationship between the State and private domestic and international investors, who together 
have pooled their efforts to  ensure that this major project is a success.  
5.44.   The wind farm will provide a total generation capacity of 60  MW, with 17 wind turbines, 
each having a capacity of up to 3.4  MW. 
5.45.   In order to support and regulate the expansion of the financial sector, the Govern ment's 
actions are focused on:  
i. The integrity of the monetary system in place in Djibouti since 1949. The virtues of 
this system with its strong monetary anchor contribute to the stability and 
development of the financial sector;  
ii. The development of financial inclusion;  
iii. The continued strengthening of the anti -money laundering framework to preserve 
the integrity and reputation of our financial system.  
5.46.   In parallel to these reforms, the country has initiated a major project to modernize the 
national fina ncial architecture and infrastructure. In response to the rapid expansion of banking 
activities and the banking fabric, and in order to ensure the harmonious development of the 
sector, automating and promoting the digitalization of financial transactions t hrough the use of 
modern technology has become a priority.  
5.47.   In order to consolidate economic progress and boost Djibouti's position regionally and 
internationally, a strategy was launched with a view to enhancing the development of the 
Port-Park-City model and transforming Djibouti into both a global trade hub and regional trade 
gateway.  
5.48.   Today Djibouti offers a high -quality, diversified and comprehensive range of maritime 
services as part of a one -stop maritime centre, which is increasingly used by next -generation 
vessels and large carriers.  
5.49.   With plans for the construction of a second international airport, Djibouti will be 
complementing its multimodal transport system.  
5.50.   My country is convinced that an enabling business environment requires the establishment 
of a legal framework conducive to investment and economic transactions.  
5.51.   To ensure the protection of free competition, which is indispensable for growth and job 
creation, my country implemented competition legislation in 2008, along with structures 
responsib le for its enforcement, including the Competition, Consumption and Fraud Prevention 
Inspectorate and the Djibouti Multisectoral Regulatory Authority.  
5.52.   The Commercial Code contains provisions to ensure the proper protection of competition 
and the free market . With regard to the public monopoly, the State has begun to liberalize this 
monopoly and initiated the privatization process. To provide an example, allow me to inform you 
that the State has just opened the capital of Djibouti -Telecom to the private secto r. 
5.53.   We also concur that intellectual property protection is important for innovation and, 
therefore, for socio -economic growth. Accordingly, Djibouti is a contracting party to a number of 
regional and international intellectual property rights treaties and agreements. Moreover, Djibouti 
acceded to the Patent Cooperation Treaty in 2016. As such, the Djibouti Office of Industrial 
Property and Commerce (ODPIC), in collaboration with the World Intellectual Property 
Organization (WIPO), is opening up the business  opportunities offered by the above -mentioned 
Treaty to local creators, economic operators, researchers, independent inventors and enterprises.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 44 - 
 
  5.54.   Improving our business climate is at the heart of our "Vision 2035" development strategy 
since it concerns two o f the strategy's five pillars, namely good governance and competitiveness. 
As part of this approach, the Government of Djibouti has undertaken reforms aimed at improving 
the business environment, including in the following areas:  
• Creation of the single win dow for the establishment of businesses;  
• Simplification of procedures for obtaining construction permits;  
• Simplification of ownership transfers;  
• Facilitation of procedures for obtaining loans;  
• Protection of minority investors;  
• Strengthening of the legal fr amework for insolvency resolution.  
5.55.   In order to facilitate and promote transparency in trade, while also guaranteeing safe and 
secure products for our citizens, Djibouti has recently established a standardization agency. We 
intend to join the international standardization bodies and thus mainly adopt widely -recognized 
harmonized standards. It was a necessary and unavoidable step to consolidate Djibouti's role as a 
strategic trade hub. Given the ambition to become the gateway to Africa, Djiboutian standards 
needed to be at the same level as international standards.  
5.56.   The Republic of Djibouti has seen an institutional and legal change in the status of women, 
in accordance with the regional and international rights mechanisms and instruments ratified by 
the countr y. 
5.57.   In 2008, the delegated Ministry became a fully competent Ministry known as the Ministry for 
the Promotion of Women, Family Welfare and Social Affairs.  
5.58.   In order to better promote the integration of women into the development process, the 
Ministry for wom en and family drew up a strategic document, the National Gender Policy 
(2011 -21). 
5.59.   The following figures provide an overview of the situation regarding women in the national 
economy:  
• 28% of the adult population has a bank account, 38% of whom are women;  
• 75% of the beneficiaries of micro -finance programmes, in place since the introduction of 
micro -credits (from solidarity loans to business loans), are women, who have been 
widely considered and prioritized by the programme;  
• 22.3% of businesses are owned by women and this figure is improving thanks to the 
policy of supporting women's economic development, such as through micro -credit.  
• Almost two out of three (65.1%) informal economic unit owners are women;  
• 26% of government posts are held by women, or 6 out o f 23 ministerial jobs;  
• Women account for 25% of parliamentarians, or 16 out of 64 deputies, up from 10% 
previously.  
5.60.   In terms of employment, women accounted for 28% of civil servants in 2000 and 33% 
in 2018, an increase of 5%.  
5.61.   In addition, Djibouti applies equal pay for men and women in both the private and public 
sectors.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 45 - 
 
  5.62.   We can confirm that the Government of Djibouti, as far as its capacities allow, is trying to 
put into practice its commitments to improve the status of women by giving them the same 
chance s to access public jobs as men.  
5.63.   Nonetheless, the Government has undertaken several actions to promote the 
socio-economic development of women:  
• The creation, by decree, of the Head of State's Grand Prize in 2000;  
• The establishment of a national observatory on gender;  
• The revision of the Family Code;  
• The establishment of better framework conditions to foster banking access for women in 
urban and rural areas;  
• The creation of micro -projects to promote female self -employment in income -generating 
activities, micr o-enterprises, SMEs and female cooperative societies in the agri -food, 
agro-pastoral, poultry farming and off -season farming sectors;  
• The development of partnerships with financial institutions at the national level to 
support women;  
• The implementation of functional literacy and professionalism programmes for women.  
5.64.   My country's remarkable efforts on gender are to be improved and continued.  
5.65.   Thank you for your kind attention.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.66.   Let me begin by congratulating the Djibouti Minister of Trade and Tourism, H.E . Mohamed 
Warsama Dirieh, and the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Djibouti to the United 
Nations Office  and other international organizations including the WTO, H.E.  Kadra Ahmed Hassan 
and her Geneva based delegat ion, as well as the Djiboutian senior officials from capital for 
effective participation in this very successful third  Trade Policy Review of Djibouti. You all would 
agree with me that a lot of hard work went into the preparations for this exercise.  
5.67.   We had candid exchange of  views on Djibouti's policies. Members acknowledged the 
development challenges Djibouti is grappling with including the adverse effects of climate change 
on Djibouti, which have now been exacerbated by the challenges arising from the health, economic 
and s ocial impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic. Members also applauded Djibouti's trade and 
economic reforms towards structural transformation, and economic diversification.  
5.68.   I took note of some of the issues raised by Members in the course of this exercise which 
centred on: participation of women in Djibouti's economy; processes for obtaining an imports 
licence; TFA implementation for categories  B and C; outstanding WTO notifications especially those 
related to the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement as well as notifi cations under Article  10.6.2 of 
the TFA; investment promotion activities and regimes; as well as competition especially in energy 
and telecommunications sectors.  
5.69.   Let me seize this opportunity to thank the Djibouti team of reformers for responding to the 
questions posed to them and for their constructive interaction with WTO Members throughout this 
Trade Policy Review. It is evident from our interactions that Djibouti is committed to reforms that 
would continue to improve its institutional and regulatory fr ameworks, enhance its business 
environment, and promote competitiveness. This would no doubt further attract sustainable 
investments and unlock Djibouti's productive capacities in several sectors. I believe going forward, 
the Djibouti team of reformers wou ld take into account the trade and economic issues requiring 
more attention which were highlighted by some Members during this exercise as they continue to 
engage in the business of change and reform.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 46 - 
 
  5.70.   In conclusion, I wish to thank you for the opportunity to be a discussant in this T rade Policy 
Review . I wish the Government and people of Djibouti every success in the future.  
CABO VERDE  
5.71.   My delegation would like to congratulate H.E. Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade 
and Tourism , the distinguished delegation of Djibouti , and our colleague Ambassador Kadra Ahmed 
Hassan  on the occasion of Djibouti's third  Trade Policy Review.  
5.72.   Since Djibouti's last Trade Policy Review, notwithstanding  the severe global impact of 
COVID -19, Djibouti has mitigated sufficient ly to show some improvement in their fight against the 
challenges facing the country . As an LDC , also in the process of graduation , Djibouti continues to 
face more challenges  that t he multilateral trading system must ac knowledge and work together to 
facilitate continued participation at the WTO, including the flexibilities within the agreements and 
structures for LDCs.  
5.73.   The Reports of the Government and the Secretariat highlight how Djibouti has overcome 
some challenges i n food security, the improved development of their  port facilities , and the 
possible  solution in the digital sector . 
5.74.   Djibouti's Vision  2035, long-term strategy , is a welcome d initiative that promises to 
generate results around national peace  and unity, good governance, diversification of the economy 
and improvements in human capital and regional integration . 
5.75.   Cabo Verde , my country,  is proud to be partner with Djibouti's  throug h the AfCFTA and  
other  regional initiatives, as well as their active engagement in the WTO under the excellent 
representation of the Ambassador  Kadra Ahmed Hassan . 
5.76.   I would like to conclude  by once again congratulating the Government of Djibouti as they 
continue the journey and engagement  for a successful Trade Policy Review.  Cabo Verde also 
supports the statements of the African Group and the ACP Group.  
SOUTH  AFRICA  
5.77.   We would like to join the delegations that preceded us in congratulating the delegation of 
Djibouti led by Mr  Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, Minister of Trade  and Tourism, as well as 
Ambassador Kadra Ahmed Hassan and her team for the third Trade Policy Review. We thank the 
Government of Djibouti and the Secretariat for their detailed Reports. We also th ank 
H.E. Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid of Nigeria for his observations as a discussant.  
5.78.   The TPR of Djibouti is taking place when the world is reeling from the effects of the 
COVID -19 crisis. As highlighted by both reports, like many other countries, Djibouti 's economic 
growth was hit by the negative impacts of the pandemic resulting in slowed down economic 
activity. This led to the country 's decline in economic growth from 6% prior to the crisis to 1.2% in 
2020. However, as noted by both reports, Djibouti addressed the socio -economic impacts of the 
pandemic with several useful measures such as distribution of food and cash transfers to the 
vulnerable members of the society. In addition, it is noteworthy that a government stimulus 
package aid ed a resumption of growth in the economy to pre -pandemic years.  
5.79.   Both reports indicate that the country has made significant economic progress – poverty 
rates have declined from 40.8% in 2013 to 35.8% in 2017, the inflation rate has been noticeably 
controll ed with an average of 1% since 2017 though experiencing a rise to 2.5 % in 2021 – the 
country has maintained a low inflation rate, the country 's GDP grew by 6% on average between 
the year 2000 and 2019. The country 's structural investments in transport, tel ecommunication and 
water supply infrastructure have driven this GDP growth, and Djibouti is a major player in the 
services sector with its GDP primarily dominated by the services sector.  
5.80.   In addition, Djibouti undertook various reforms aimed at modernizing and improving the 
business climate and has carried out numerous legislative reforms to this effect. We also note with 
interest that the country aims to attain 100% renewable energy.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 47 - 
 
  5.81.   Given Djibouti's narrow production base, international trade is fundamenta l for the country. 
We therefore commend Djibouti for the dynamism of its policy reform agenda and note that since 
Djibouti's last Trade Policy Review in 2014, a strategic development plan has been launched to 
streamline the government's efforts to support the country's economic growth. The plan seeks to 
improve the business climate and attract investment with a view to promoting economic 
diversification and inclusive growth.  
5.82.   Furthermore, Vision Djibouti 2035, a trade policy strategy paper aimed at making D jibouti 
Africa's trade and logistics hub will lay the groundwork for further enhancing Africa 's regional 
integration.  
5.83.   In conclusion, we commend Djibouti for the role it plays in the WTO and its active 
participation in the work of the WTO.  
BANGLADESH  
5.84.   At the  outset, the Bangladesh delegation welcomes H .E. Mr Mohamed Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism, head of delegation, thanks for his introductive presentation  at the 
third Trade Policy Review . We also thank Ambassador, H.E. Dr Adamu Mohammed Abdul hamid of 
Nigeria for his insightful discussion . Our sincere appreciation goes to the Government of Djibouti 
and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive Reports . 
5.85.   Trade has long -being one of the important parts of Djibouti's economy and also an 
important connector.  This has been reinforced during the global COVID -19 pan demic, this 
third Trade Policy Review covers a period of great international economic instability , as an LDC, 
Djibouti has also been disproportionately hit by the adverse effect s of COVID -19 and other shocks . 
Djibouti's  macroeconomic policy has helped to overcome those adverse effects.  
5.86.   Djibouti 's trade policy and its Vision  2035 strategic long -term development documents 
submitted by the five -year development plans , Strategies for Ac celerated Growth and Employment 
Creation  for 2015 -19, and the National Development Plan for 2020 -24, which w ere adopted in  
2014 and 2019.   
5.87.   As a firm supporter of the multilateral trading system and coordinator of the LDC  Group, 
Djibouti remains actively engaged  in the  WTO. It took an active and  leadership role in various 
WTO bodies. It also supports different proposals  including  TRIPS waiver, COVID -19 vaccination as 
well as reform and other multilateral issues  to strengthen the W TO. 
5.88.   Bangladesh welcomes Djibouti's trade policy priority on multilateral and non -discriminatory 
rules, as complemented by a goal of economic  continuous expansion and deepening of trade 
relations to regional and bilateral approach . It has been working with high importance to reducing 
the gap in the level of development between nations to promoting further integration  of developing 
and least developed countries into the global economy , and to the need to make economic 
development more sustainable . 
5.89.   The trade r elationship between  Djibouti and Bangladesh is not significantly  large but there 
are opportunities to increase between the two countries , especially R&D, leather  products, 
pharmaceuticals, and other goods . Considering th is, both countries established  diplomatic relations 
on 25  September  1993.  
5.90.   In conclusion , Bangladesh appreciates Djibouti's constructive engagement with  the WTO and 
its com mitment  of the multilateral trading system.  To conclude, we wish the delegation of Djibouti 
a productiv e and successful Trade Policy Review. My delegation will continue to work closely with 
Djibouti's delegation led by Ambassador H.E. Kadra Ahmed Hassan  to strengthen the multilateral 
trading system while we strive to enhance our cooperation  for LDCs issues and bilaterally.  
EGYPT  
5.91.   On behalf of the Egyptian delegation, I would like to congratulate the distinguished 
delegation of Djibouti for conducting the third Review of the country's trade policies and practices 
and with the delegation's success in this endea vour. Our delegation also thanks the delegation of WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 48 - 
 
  Djibouti  and the WTO Secretariat for the comprehensive and detailed Report, as well as 
H.E. Ambassador Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid  of Nigeria for his insightful comments as 
discussant . 
5.92.   Egypt commends the efforts done by the Government of Djibouti to achieve sustainable 
development and economic growth despite the unstable international economic and trade 
environment the country manage d to pursue an effective trade policy guided by strategic 
long-term development Vision  2035 and a set of policy reform s and decisions . 
5.93.   The Government of Djibouti has conducted economic re forms and massive investment in 
infrastructure, which left to an econ omic growth ranging from 5.1% to 8.5% between 2014 and 
2019.  It had also undertaken legislative and administrative reform s in order to improve business 
climate, streamline customs  procedure , and facilitate administrative formalities for those involved 
in international trade.  
5.94.   Furthermore , the Government has mo dernized  its energy legislation to open up production 
to competition in order to reach its ambitio us goal to achieve 100%  renewable energy by 2035 , it 
has also strengthened  the regulation and supervision of the banking  sector , including the 
regulatory framework for Islamic ba nks, Egypt commends and welcome s all these efforts and 
encourage s the Government of Djibouti to take stock of the current discussions  to further promote 
its developmental  and trade policy . 
5.95.   Djibouti is an  original and responsible Member of the WTO,  and it participates actively. in 
different areas of work of the Organization, in th is regard, we welcome the ratifi cation by the 
country of the TFA in  2018, which is one testimony  of Djibouti's commitment  of the multilateral 
rules-based trading system . 
5.96.   Egypt has excellent relations with Djibouti on the bilateral and regional level . On the 
bilateral level , discussions a re ongoing with the Government to allocate a specific area in the 
industrial  zone of Djibouti for the Egyptian investors. We look forward to finalizing the discussions 
in order to fo ster the industrial cooperation and integration  between our two co untries.  On the 
regional level , we share with Djibouti the membership of  several organizations and agreements 
such as , COMESA , the A fCFTA , the Tripartite Free Trade Area , and the League of Arab States . 
5.97.   Egypt is of the opinion that developments is  centred t o the fu nctioning of the global trading 
system, and that trade in turn plays an important role in achieving sustainable development, 
consequently the WTO has a leading role to play in extending the necessary support and capacity 
building to Djibouti  in order to en sure that the country is fully integrated in the global trading 
system, while pursuing its sustainable development aspiration.  
5.98.   Before ending, o n behalf of my Ambassador Dr  Ahmed Ihab Gamaleldin , we would like to 
express our deep appreciation to H.E. Ambassador  Kadra Ahmed Hassan , Permanent 
Representative of Djibouti , for her active and valuable contributions in different international 
organizations in Geneva.  We very much appreciate her active engagement and leading role .  
5.99.   Finally, Egypt aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Arab  Group and the 
African  Group . 
NEPAL1  
5.100.   My delegation welcomes the delegation of Djibouti led by H.E.  Mr Mohamed Warsama 
Dirieh , Minister of Trade and Tourism , and congratulate for its Trade Policy Review. Nepal 
commends him for the insightful highlights of Djibouti 's Trade Policy Review at the beginning of 
the meeting.  
5.101.   I appreciate H.E.  Dr Adamu Mohammed A bdulhamid , Ambassador of Nigeria , for his 
comprehensive deliberation as discussant of this review meeting.  
 
1 Only written statement. This statement could not be delivered online for technical reasons.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 49 - 
 
  5.102.   My delegation commends the Government of Djibouti and the WTO Secretariat for valuable 
Reports. These reports have shed light on understanding the major initiatives and progress in 
trade and investment regimes in Djibouti.  
5.103.   My delegation commends Djibouti 's continued efforts in improving its trade and investment 
regimes. I am pleased to mention that such reforms and recent massive investments in 
infrastructure, including ports, roads , and free zones contributed to high economic growth of about 
5.1% to 8.5% between 2014 and 2019.  
5.104.   Success in maintaining high economic growth and low consumer prices over the review 
period is praiseworthy. The "Vision Djibouti 2035", aiming to make Djibou ti "Africa's trade and 
logistics hub" has served as main basis of national development process.  
5.105.   During the review period, Djibouti has also met the graduation criteria and now in the path 
to graduation. Djibouti 's contribution to smooth functioning of the  WTO and safeguard rule based, 
predictable, transparent, fair , and inclusive multilateral trading system by discharging the 
responsibilities of Chair of various WTO bodies as well as actively engaging with membership has 
been highly valued.  
5.106.   In addition, my  delegation commends Djibouti 's important role of LDC s coordination at the 
WTO functioning.  
5.107.   Let me turn to the bilateral front , Nepal enjoys excellent bilateral relation with Djibouti. I 
am pleased to mention that during this review period, Nepal and Djib outi have established 
diplomatic relation in 2017 and our bilateral relation is being further cemented.  
5.108.   As least developed countries, both have been experiencing similar challenges and obstacles 
while participating in the global trade and benefiting from it. We share similar views in various 
multilateral for a,  especially at the WTO functioning. We work together at the WTO for setting rules 
and practices with a view to provisioning some special consideration to LDCs. Nepal looks forward 
to strengthening it s relationship with Djibouti in the days ahead.  
5.109.   My delegation wishes for a successful Trade Policy Review of Djibouti.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.110.   We want to thank the delegation of Djibouti and the discussant for their participation and 
engagement throughout this Trade Policy Review.  
5.111.   The United  States  is well aware of the time and commitment necessary to undergo a trade 
policy review, and we want to express our sincere appreciation to the entire team and thank them 
for the hours and hours they undoubtedly spent pre paring for this important meeting.  
5.112.   We also want to acknowledge how inspired we are by Djibouti 's progress in implementing 
its national development plans, and its clear articulation of its goals for the future.  
5.113.   Djibouti shared with WTO Members through this  review its own national development goals 
and priorities, set out in Vision  2035. The Reports and presentations showcased a long list of 
accomplishments and an impressive record of economic growth and improvement in your citizen 's 
welfare, and a clear vis ion for continued global integration and economic diversification.  
5.114.   We also appreciated hearing about your efforts to take an active role in regional 
integration, through COMESA, the A fCFTA , and other initiatives. The engagement from your 
regional partners  also contributed to a robust review, something that we found unique among 
TPRs. We note that there were a number of extremely interesting interventions from other 
Members, one notable example being the intervention from Angola, where similar challenges we re 
expressed or solutions shared.  
5.115.   We would welcome the opportunity to use this TPR as the starting point for deeper 
engagement and partnership with Djibouti. We got the sense that many other Members are also WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 50 - 
 
  eager to continuing sharing challenges and solutions so that we can learn from the  experiences 
and successes of others.  
5.116.   We want to express our willingness to work with you here at the WTO to see if we can 
initiate some committee work that has value for you and supports your domestic and regional 
economic and trade policy goals.  
5.117.   We hav e heard from you the emphasis you have placed on developing your private sector, 
facilitating logistics, and supporting new information and communications technologies, among 
other priorities.  
5.118.   We would welcome an opportunity to work with you to see if ther e are workshops or 
regional experience sharing activities that we could initiate in the WTO that might contribute to 
your domestic efforts to implement Vision  2035 or your regional efforts within COMESA or AfCTA.  
5.119.   We would also invite Djibouti to partner wi th us and other Members in an initiative to 
strengthen WTO capacity building efforts to support improvements in notification and 
transparency.  The initiative would benefit from Djibouti 's perspectives and input, and we believe 
would also contribute to str engthening ties to your growing private sector. The United  States is 
interested in developing more targeted technical assistance aimed at strengthening institutional 
coordination mechanisms to improve transparency and we see some synergy with your domestic  
focus on institutional reform as set out in your government report.  
5.120.   Once again, we thank you for your engagement in this review, and we sincerely hope we 
do not have to wait until the next Trade Policy Review of Djibouti to continue our engagement with 
you. Our delegation stands ready to work with you to ensure that WTO committee work is 
contributing to and supporting your national development goals.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.121.   Let me first thank the delegation of Djibouti for the responses provided to the advanced 
questions we have submitted, and the very informative intervention s this morning and on 
Wednesday . We look forward to a few outstanding replies to our questions in due course.  
5.122.   The EU welcomes the useful insight that this review has provided into the many i mpressive 
reforms undertaken by Djibouti. The exchanges in these TPR showed that there is some room for 
improvement in terms of Djibouti's trade and investment environment and further regional 
integration , and we took good note of the various steps and eff orts taken or planned that  we heard 
today from the head of delegation . 
5.123.   In conclusion, we would like to thank the delegation of Djibouti for undertaking this 
important transparency exercise and demonstrating its commitment to the WTO. We are confident 
that our already good cooperation will continue.  
  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 51 - 
 
  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This third  Review of Djibouti has offered a unique framework for Members' discussion of its 
trade and related policies and practices. Comprehensive reports by the WTO Secretariat and by the 
Government of Djibouti, together with Djibouti's introductory statement, insightful comments by 
our discussant H.E.  Adamu Mohammed Abdulhamid, Ambassador of Nigeria, and valuable 
interventions by Members, have stimulated our dialogue  during this two -day session.  
6.2.  I would like to highlight the active participation by H.E.  Mr Mohammed Warsama Dirieh, 
Minister of Trade and Tourism of Djibouti, and his high -level delegation in which I recognize 
H.E. Mrs Kadra Ahmed Hassan , Ambassador and P ermanent Representative of Djibouti to the 
WTO. Such an important delegation testifies the political commitment of Djibouti to this TPR 
exercise and the seriousness with which it has prepared this meeting.  
6.3.  Members praised Djibouti's strong macro -economic performance in terms of GDP growth and 
price stability during the period up to the C OVID -19 pandemic. They took note of the ongoing 
rebound of the economy that has been fostered by large investments in infrastructure including 
railway, port, development of  free trade zones, electricity supply through the interconnection with 
the Ethiopian grid, and renewable energies expected to reach 100% of total energies supplied 
by 2035. All these investments in infrastructure aim at strengthening the role of Djibouti a s a key 
logistics hub in Eastern Africa. Nonetheless, they have aggravated Djibouti's indebtedness and the 
dualism between its modern dynamic hub of re -export on the one hand and an informal sector that 
seems to be handicapped by the small size of the econ omy, high inputs costs and unskilled 
workforce.  
6.4.  Djibouti was commended on its successive growth strategies, namely the 2015 -2019 
Accelerated Growth and Employment Strategy (SCAPE) and the new "Inclusion, Connectivity, 
Institutions (ICI)" national developme nt plan for 2020 -24, both under the aegis of its long -term 
strategy document, "Vision  2035". Members encouraged Djibouti to further focus on economic 
diversification and inclusiveness of, notably, gender and MSMEs, in its future strategies.  
6.5.  Members congrat ulated Djibouti for its active participation in the multilateral trading system 
embodied in the WTO, and for participating in the Joint  Statement Initiative on Investment 
Facilitation for Development. They noted that Djibouti was also engaged in regional a nd bilateral 
arrangements.  
6.6.  Djibouti was commended on its reform efforts that place it among the 20  fastest global 
reformist countries. In fact, during the period under review, Djibouti, inter alia, undertook 
legislative reforms; simplified its investment r egime through the establishment of a single window 
system for all investors; implemented various trade facilitation measures, including the 
modernization and digitization of its customs system and port communities; and established a 
standards and technical  regulations agency that remains to be operationalized.  
6.7.  Members encouraged Djibouti to pursue its efforts to improve its business environment, 
including governance and transparency. On its trade regime, Members noted that transparency 
could be improved through submission of overdue notifications to the WTO, in particular of 
domestic support in agriculture, State trading enterprises, TBT, and SPS measures. Djibouti was 
also encouraged to notify the dates for the implementation of its commitments on categories  B and 
C measures under the WTO  Agreement  on Trade Facilitation. Concerns were expressed about the 
use of the internal consumption tax which was viewed as a customs tariff; some customs valuation 
practices; the lack of transparency in some imp ort authorizations and charges; and the overall lack 
of trade data.  
6.8.  Members noted Djibouti's participation in several conventions related to the protection of 
intellectual property rights. They encouraged Djibouti to fully implement them with a view to 
further protecting the related rights. Some Members encouraged Djibouti to join the plurilateral 
Agreement on Government Procurement. Areas of interest to Members for further information 
include  importers' licensing procedures; adoption of a digital code; state-owned enterprises and 
their reforms; status of integration with other African countries; special economic zones; 
competitiveness and manufacturing; foreign investment and good governance in mining, port, and 
maritime activities.  WT/TPR/M/430 • Djibouti  
 
- 52 - 
 
  6.9.  Members appreciated the  oral and written responses provided by the delegation of Djibouti to 
their questions and look forward to receiving further written responses to any outstanding and 
follow -up questions within one month.  
6.10.   This successfully concludes the third  Trade Policy Re view of Djibouti. The large number of 
32 interventions by Members during the first  session of this meeting, and 5 during the second 
session testifies their keen interest in Djibouti's trade and related policies, and its participation in 
the WTO. I encourag e Djibouti to take Members' concerns and comments into account while 
considering future reforms of its trade regime. I also invite Members to consider granting special 
support to Djibouti, given its LDC status, and to assist it to address its trade and dev elopment 
challenges . 
__________