WT/TPR/M/425  
1 August 2022 
(22-5751) Page: 1/74 
Trade Policy Review Body   
18 and 20 May 2022  
  
TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
SWITZERLAND AND LIECHTENSTEIN  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson:  H.E. Mr Ángel Villalobos Rodríguez (Mexico)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .....................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF SWITZERLAND (H.E. MR 
MARKUS SCHLAGENHOF) AND LIECHTENSTEIN (H.E. MR K URT JÄGER)  .........................  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ............  11 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  ................................ ................................ ......................  14 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF SWITZERLAND AND LIECHTENSTEIN AND 
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  ................................ ................................ .............................  64 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  (H.E. DR ATHALIAH LESIBA 
MOLOKOMME OF BOTSWANA, ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE CURRENT CHAIRPERSON OF 
THE TRADE POLICY REVIEW BODY, H.E. MR ÁNGEL VILLALOBOS RODRÍGUEZ OF 
MEXICO)  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by Switzerland and Liechtenstein  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 425/Add.1  and will be 
available online at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_re p_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The sixth joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein  was held on 18 and 
20 May 2022. The Chairperson, H.E.  Mr Ángel  Villalobos  Rodríguez (Mexico) welcomed the 
delegation of Switzerland heade d by H.E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof , Ambassador and Federal Council 
Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland ; the del egation of Liechtenstein headed by 
H.E. Mr Kurt Jäger, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein; and the 
discussant, H.E.  Mr Hung Seng Tan (Singapore).  
1.2.  The Chairperson informed Members that, due to other unavoidable obligations he would be 
unable to chair the second day of the meeting. Consequently, following the Rules of Procedure s of 
the TPRB regarding repl acement of the Chairperson, H.E.  Dr Athaliah Lesiba Molokomme  (Botswana) 
in her capacity as Chair of the DSB  would chair the meeting during its second day.  
1.3.  The Chairperson was pleased that, in addition to physical presence, the meeting also benefited 
from the Interprefy online connection, allowing for a wider participation of the Membership . 
1.4.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of TPRs and the main elements of procedures for the 
meeting. The report by Switzerland and Liechtenstein is containe d in document WT/TPR/G/ 425, and 
that of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/ 425. 
1.5.  Questions by the following delegations were submitted in writing before the deadline: Kingdom 
of Saudi  Arabia; Brazil; Colombia; Hong  Kong, China; Canada; Singapore; Unit ed States; Norway; 
Chile; Israel; Australia; Thailand; China; European  Union; Costa  Rica; Japan; Philippines; Republic 
of Korea; Argentina; New  Zealand; and Mexico . The following delegations submitted written 
questions after the deadline: Russian  Federatio n, United  Kingdom, Malaysia, Oman, Ukraine, 
Türkiye , Iceland, Uruguay, Viet  Nam, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, India, and 
Indonesia . 
1.6.  The Chairperson briefly referred  to some key issues for th e current Review. At the time of the 
previous Review in 2017, both Switzerland and Liechtenstein were praised by Members for the 
resilience of their economies despite strong economic headwinds , and t he same c ould be said for 
the current Review . While both economies contracted due to the COVID -19 pande mic, strong 
financial buffers and a prompt response by Governments have helped mitigate negative effects on 
long-term economic prospects. In th at regard, questions raised by Members for t he current  Review 
referred  to the impact of COVID -19-related support measures and steps taken to boost the 
economies in the aftermath of the pandemic. The Chairperson  thought  it would be interesting to 
hear an update from Switzerland and Liechtenstein on their latest economic forecasts given the new 
wave of turbulence batte ring the global economy.  
1.7.  For the previous Review c oncerns were raised related to the unique tariff regime, entirely based 
on specific duties; high domestic support and border protection afforded to the agriculture sector; 
investment restrictions in certain  services sectors; and services sectors where competition could be 
enhanced. For th e current  Review, several of these same issues were present in Members' advance 
questions, with questions posed about plans to increase competition, economic openness, and 
productivity. Members seem ed keenly interested in knowing more about agricultural reforms being 
pursued or planned, including with respect to reducing trade distorting support, lowering tariffs, 
reforming the quota system, and abolishing export subsidies.  
1.8.  Other issues were raised by Members in the context of t he current  Review include d various 
questions related to climate change, sustainable development and energy security; latest 
developments in regional trade agreements including with respect to Switzerland's trade agreements 
with the EU; customs reforms; tariff liberalization initiat ives; implementation of the Cassis de Dijon 
principle; labelling requirements; localization requirements for value -added telecommunications 
services; and legislative changes in the areas of foreign investment, competition policy, government 
procurement, in tellectual property rights and financial services.  
1.9.  In total, Switzerland and Liechtenstein received 449 advance written questions from 
35 delegations for this Review, out of which 285 were sent within the established deadline, covering 
a broad range of top ics. Some of t he questions  arrived th e morning  of the first day of the meeting . WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  1.10.  The questions, together with the reports prepared for this meeting, gave an excellent basis 
for a very substantial and interesting discussion on the evolution of Switzerland an d Liechtenstein's 
trade policies and practices over the past five years.  
1.11.  The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing Switzerland and Liechtenstein a 
very successful sixth joint Trade Policy Review.  
  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE S OF SWITZERLAND ( H.E. MR MARKUS 
SCHLAGENHOF ) AND LIECHTENSTEIN ( H.E. MR KURT JÄGER ) 
H.E. MR MARKUS SCHLAGENHOF  (SWITZERLAND)  
2.1.  We are very grateful for your introductory remarks. We are pleased to participate in the eight 
Trade Policy Review of Switzerland a nd the sixth joint TPR together with Liechtenstein.  It is an 
honour to speak today before such a large audience. We are also pleased to be able to conduct this 
exercise jointly with our friends and neighbours from Liechtenstein. Thank you for taking the ti me 
to participate in this process that is dear to us.  
2.2.  Our special thanks go to H.E. Ambassador  Hung  Seng Tan, Singapore's Permanent 
Representative to the WTO, who has kindly accepted the role of discussant in this exercise. 
Ambassador  Tan, we are looking forward to your insightful remarks.  
2.3.  Allow me to note the excellence of the WTO Secretariat's report, which presents the economic 
and trade policy of Switzerland in a clear and comprehensive manner. The Secretariat has shown 
exemplary professionalis m throughout the whole drafting process of this report. The exchanges 
between Swiss officials and our colleagues in the Trade Polic ies Review Division were constructive 
and enriching. We express our gratitude to the Secretariat.  
2.4.  Switzerland appreciates the  trade policy review mechanism as an indispensable pillar of the 
WTO. From the outset, the reviews have fostered a better understanding of Members' trade policies 
and practices. By enhancing transparency, the reviews contribute to building trust amongst 
Members. In this way, the exercise is not only beneficial to the Member under review, but for the 
Organization as a whole. From this perspective, Switzerland welcomes the seven th appraisal of the 
trade policy review mechanism that should be initiated after M C12. 
2.5.  For this exercise, not counting the many sub -questions, we received around 350 questions 
from 31  Members. We are thankful to the Members that sent their questions in due course. We have 
endeavoured to answer all questions according to the schedule. Fo r those that were received after 
the official deadline, we will provide our answers in due course. We will try to clarify on Friday the 
additional points that may be raised today.  
2.6.  As has been mentioned by the Chair, we have received many questions, even so me of them 
this morning. We are very thankful to those Members that sent that question in time, we have 
endeavoured to answer all questions according to the schedule and for those coming in later we will 
do so at a later stage.  For those that were received  after that deadline, we will provide our answers 
within the time frame of  30 days, we will try to clarify on Friday, the additional points that may be 
raised today  
Trade Policy and strengthening competitiveness  
2.7.  Since the last Trade Policy Review in 2017, the Swiss economy has continued to perform well, 
in spite of adverse circumstances. Since 2020, the international economic environment has been 
characterized by a severe global economic and health cris is, triggered by the emergence of the 
COVID -19 pa ndemic. This has been followed by a strong economic recovery, albeit one that has 
been uneven across countries. At the end of 2021, a new wave of COVID -19 combined with global 
bottlenecks in the supply of raw materials and intermediate goods and a sharp in crease in inflation 
created a challenging environment. The military aggression by the Russia n Federation  against 
Ukraine, which Switzerland condemns in the strongest possible way, has numerous consequences, 
affecting also world trade in general and the fun ctioning of the WTO.  
2.8.  The Swiss economy and foreign trade proved to be relatively resilient by international standards 
during the COVID -19 crisis. This strong performance is due to a number of factors, such as: a 
diversified economic structure, a high degre e of international openness, a high -quality education 
system with vocational training as a key elements, a flexible labour market, a moderate fiscal policy, 
sound public finances, well -established cooperation between social partners, and political stabilit y.  
2.9.  Switzerland is an open economy. In 2020 and 2021, 82% of our imports were duty -free. In 
2020, the average tariff rate applied to industrial goods was just 1.3%. That same year, Switzerland 
was the 12th largest exporter and importer of goods. When it co mes to trade in services, that ranking WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  rose to seven . With trade accounting for around 60% of its GDP, Switzerland is one of the most 
integrated countries in the world economy. Switzerland 's prosperity is based on the international 
competitiveness of its e nterprises, their ability to innovate and their specialization in the production 
of high value -added goods and services.  
2.10.  The Federal Council is expected to adopt the report on the future agricultural policy in 
mid-June 2022. Goals of the current agricultur al policy framework such as enhanced 
competitiveness, ensuring food security and providing positive externalities, will remain central in 
the new framework. Given the geographical constraints characterizing the agrarian sector and taking 
into account the o pinion of the civil society, border protection measures and domestic support remain 
important elements of our agricultural policy. Furthermore, a recently adopted constitutional article 
underlines the importance of trade relations, which not only provide t he basis for the food security 
of Switzerland, but also contribute to sustainable development.  
2.11.  In order to maintain its prosperity, ensure the long -term recovery of the economy and 
increase sustainable growth, Switzerland pursues a trade policy that is part of a broader, long -term 
approach inherent to our growth policy and our new foreign economic policy strategy. Increasing 
labour productivity and strengthening competitiveness and innovation in the domestic market are 
at the heart of this policy.  
2.12.  To ach ieve these objectives, our trade policy aims to promote and secure open markets while 
contributing to sustainable development. We work towards liberalizing international trade and 
investment. In doing so, we pay close attention to sustainability and the co herence between the 
different relevant international policies.  
2.13.  In parallel to enhancing market access, facilitating imports by removing trade barriers is 
increasingly important for our stakeholders. With the increased interconnectedness of the global 
econo my, goods - most of which are intermediate products - cross borders more often than ever 
before. Tariff and non -tariff barriers therefore accumulate more frequently and generate additional 
trade costs that reduce the international competitiveness of domest ic producers.  
2.14.  Import facilitation lowers trade costs and increases competition in the domestic market. 
Ultimately, it benefits consumers as well as exporting firms purchasing intermediate goods. The 
latter can optimize their production processes and better  integrate into global value chains.  
2.15.  For Switzerland, import facilitation translates into lower tariffs and simplified and shorter 
customs procedures. Thus, Switzerland will remove applied tariffs on industrial products as of 
1 January  2024. The removal o f tariffs will benefit the whole Swiss economy by making trade 
relations more efficient and by strengthening competition.  
2.16.  In addition, on 1  January  2018, Switzerland embarked on the DaziT programme: a large -scale 
programme to transform its customs procedur es. In order to facilitate trade and ease the burden on 
the economy, the DaziT programme provides for the systematic simplification and full digitalization 
of all customs procedures by the end of 2026. Indeed, discussions with neighbouring countries' 
custo ms administrations are under way to simplify and speed up border crossings.  
Multilateral Trading System  
2.17.  For Switzerland's economy, a strong, transparent, inclusive and predictable rules -based 
multilateral trading system remains central. We are fully committed to maintaining and improving 
the system and the functioning of the WTO that guarantees open markets and inclusive solutions. 
Accordingly, Switzerland supports the necessary reform of the WTO in order to address relevant 
developments in the global  economy and the needs of business and society. Our efforts are 
consistent with all our international commitments, in particular the United Nations 2030  Agenda.  
2.18.  The WTO reform should enhance all the Organization's three functions: negotiations, dispute 
settlement and monitoring. As regards the negotiating function, the WTO must demonstrate its 
ability to conclude agreements that respond to current challenges, such as the digitalization of the 
economy and environmental sustainability.  
2.19.  Multilateral solutions  continue to be the best way to avoid discrimination between countries 
and regions. Where agreement among all WTO Members is not achievable, open plurilateral WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  initiatives are a valuable alternative, since they can ultimately support and contribute to the 
multilateral trading system. The good work on the joint statement initiatives must continue. The aim 
is to improve conditions for e -commerce, investment facilitation for development, MSMEs, trade and 
environmental sustainability, and trade and gender. All t hese topics are relevant to the 
modernization of the WTO.  
2.20.  The restoration of a functioning dispute settlement system is a top priority. All Members must 
engage in constructive dialogue to find concrete solutions.  
2.21.  Switzerland attaches great importance to the WTO's regular work, in particular the monitoring 
of developments in the trading environment and of the respect of WTO rules. However, the proper 
conduct of the WTO's regular work depends crucially on transparency in trade policies and practices. 
It is therefore essential that Members, including Switzerland, rigorously observe their notification 
obligations.  
2.22.  Switzerland's engagement in the WTO includes an active role in a range of groups of Members 
sharing common interests, such as the G10 in agriculture , the Friends of the System and the Ottawa 
Group. During the period under review, Switzerland continued to host a yearly informal WTO 
ministerial gathering traditionally on the fringes of the World Economic Forum in Davos.  
Preferential Trade  
2.23.  The conclusion  of preferential trade agreements is complementary to Switzerland's WTO 
commitments. In our view, this policy stream strengthens the multilateral trading system. In fact, 
free trade agreements contribute to the global opening of markets and allow to develo p and test 
new rules and solutions to trade issues. We hope that in the long run these bilateral and regional 
liberalization efforts can gradually be consolidated and multilateralized in the WTO.  
2.24.  Switzerland's network of free trade agreements is a central instrument of its foreign economic 
policy. Among our preferential partners, the European Union continues to be Switzerland's most 
important economic partner by far. In 2020, 48% of our merchandise exports went to the EU, and 
66% of our imports came from th e EU. During the period under review, Switzerland and the EU 
continued to conduct negotiations on an institutional agreement. On 26  May 2021, due to substantial 
differences between the parties on key aspects, the Federal Council decided not to sign this 
agreement. However, safeguarding and developing well -established bilateral cooperation with the 
EU remains a priority for the Government.  
2.25.  Of course, the EU is not Switzerland's only free trade partner. Deepening and extending 
Switzerland's preferential trade  relations beyond the EU and the European Free Trade Association 
(EFTA) remain major objectives of the Swiss Government.  
2.26.  During the period under review, new free trade agreements together with our EFTA partners 
were concluded with Ecuador and Indonesia. It  is worth mentioning that our FTA with Indonesia got 
the backing from the Swiss population in a public vote. An agreement in principle was reached with 
the MERCOSUR  States and the existing agreement with Türkiye  was modernized. Switzerland also 
concluded a  bilateral agreement with the United  Kingdom in order to roll over existing rights and 
obligations as a former member of the EU. Switzerland currently has 33  FTAs with 43  partner 
countries and territories outside the EU and EFTA. Together with its EFTA par tners, Switzerland is 
currently pursuing negotiations with India, Malaysia, the Republic of Moldova and Viet  Nam and is 
about to start negotiations with Thailand and Kosovo.  
Trade and Development  
2.27.  Supporting the integration of developing countries into the global economy, a pillar of Swiss 
foreign policy, remains an objective of Switzerland's new foreign economic strategy. In that context, 
trade promotion is a key objective of Switzerland's development cooperation for the period 
2021-2024, as it has been in previous periods. We wish to emphasize that international trade is a 
key part of the solution to accelerate recovery from the COVID -19 crisis, especially for developing 
countries.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  2.28.  During the review period, Switzerland continued its commitment to the Enhanc ed Integrated 
Framework, which aims at promoting the integration of the least developed countries (LDCs) into 
world trade.  
2.29.  At the same time, Switzerland's trade promotion work focused on strengthening export 
capabilities of MSMEs in designated partner coun tries and on facilitating imports from target 
markets. Several initiatives aiming to improve institutional capacity to participate in international 
trade and value chains have been carried out in this framework. Similarly, climate change mitigation 
and ada ptation as well as gender equality are important cross -cutting objectives.  
Trade and Sustainability  
2.30.  In Switzerland's view, trade must contribute to achieving the goals of sustainable 
development, as reflected in the United Nations 2030  Agenda, and the challenge of climate change 
in particular. In the WTO and other international organizations, Switzerland therefore actively 
advocates policies and rules that promote sustainable development and coherence between trade 
rules and relevant environmental, labo ur and social commitments and standards.  
2.31.  Within the WTO, besides its active participation in the Committee on Trade and Environment, 
in November  2020 Switzerland joined two  initiatives that complement multilateral efforts: the trade 
and environmental susta inability structured discussions (TESSD) and the informal dialogue on 
plastics pollution (IDP). Switzerland also participates actively in the negotiations on ACCTS the 
Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability.  
2.32.  During the review period, all FT As concluded by Switzerland and its EFTA partners include a 
legally binding chapter on trade and sustainable development. The EFTA States also seek to include 
such a chapter when reviewing previously concluded FTAs. Dialogue is taking place with a number 
of partner countries on the implementation of the related commitments. In October  2017, 
Switzerland ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, which promotes, inter alia, the phasing 
out of fossil fuel subsidies. As such, Switzerland supports fossil fu el subsidy reform.  
2.33.  In January  2020, the Government adopted a revised Plan on Corporate Social and 
Environmental Responsibility and a revised National Action Plan on the Implementation of the 
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. These plans a im to increase coherence 
between Switzerland's economic policy and the country's obligations to promote responsible 
business conduct and human rights.  
Next steps  
2.34.  Switzerland will continue to engage in favour of sustainable development and to strengthen a 
strong, transparent, inclusive and predictable rules -based multilateral trading system.  
2.35.  The WTO is currently going through a difficult period. There are many uncertainties regarding 
the outcome of the ongoing work. These circumstances should not discourage us. In no more than 
four weeks, we, WTO Members, will have the opportunity to demonstrate the relevance and the 
credibility of this Organization.  
2.36.  At MC12, we will have the chance to step up international cooperation and bring responses to 
the challenges we face since a couple of years. While pragmatism and realism should prevail to run 
the last kilometre until mid -June there are a number of areas where we can collectively deliver 
meaningful results. It is high time for the WTO to provide a c omprehensive and balanced response 
to the COVID -19 pandemic. This means that we need to address the actual challenges in a holistic 
and calibrated way.  
2.37.  While many parts of the world are still struggling with the impact of COVID -19, another crisis 
is emerg ing – a crisis that puts millions of people in danger of hunger and malnutrition. We the WTO 
Members have a collective responsibility to respond to this crisis now, at MC12. A decision to exempt 
World Food Programme purchases from export restrictions is an  obvious and unavoidable step to 
contribute to food security.  
2.38.  The conclusion of the negotiations on fisheries subsidies remains a priority as a fundamental 
sustainable development goal. Another potential for results lies in the area of electronic commerce.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Switzerland calls for the extension of both the Work Programme and the moratorium on customs 
duties until MC13. We therefore call on all Members to join the draft ministerial decision in this sense.  
2.39.  Convening Ministers for MC12 is also an opportunity for  showing renewed commitment to the 
multilateral trading system addressing important systemic issues, including WTO reform and dispute 
settlement. Switzerland believes that reform is necessary and urgent. We are therefore ready to 
start work without delay a nd to do so in an open -minded manner.  
2.40.  Furthermore, the conference is also an opportunity to refer to major challenges of our time, 
including environmental challenges, and to take stock of the concrete progress made within the 
initiatives emanating from joi nt statements. This will send a positive signal to the various WTO 
stakeholders.  
2.41.  To conclude, I would like to join my colleague from Liechtenstein in contributing to a frank 
and open dialogue on this joint Trade Policy Review between our two countries. Thi s frankness and 
openness is necessary to address complex issues to which we must find common answers in the 
interest of the multilateral system.  
H.E. MR KURT JÄGER  (LIECHTENSTEIN)  
2.42.  Let me start by thanking you, Ambassador Villalobos, as well as Ambassador Schlagenhof for 
your introductory statements. We are pleased to participate in this Trade Policy Review together 
with Switzerland. I would like to use this opportunity to thank our Swiss colleagues in particular for 
their valuable support and excellent cooperation throughout the whole TPR process.  
2.43.  My thanks also go to His Excellency Ambassador Tan  Hung Seng of Singapore, who has 
accepted to act as discussant for this joint review. La st but not least, I also wish to thank the WTO 
Secretariat for the good cooperation and the excellent Report it has produced. It has succeeded in 
describing the particularities of Liechtenstein in a precise and comprehensive manner.  
2.44.  In principle, I would n ot have much to add to the Secretariat 's Report, complemented by our 
policy statement. Nevertheless, I would like to highlight and add some information.  
2.45.  Liechtenstein is fully committed to the multilateral trading system, to strengthen its rules, and 
to further liberalize trade. A strong, rules -based system provides stability, security, transparency, 
and predictability for economic operators. Liechtenstein depends heavily on international trade and 
open markets. We are convinced that a strong and fair multi lateral trading system is of benefit to 
all WTO Members, irrespective of their size or levels of development.  
2.46.  At this point I would also like to reiterate t hat Liechtenstein  strongly condemns  the illegal 
invasion to  Ukraine by the Russia n Federation , whic h amounts to a flagrant violation of international 
law and is a serious threat to the multilateral trading system and the international rules -based orde r. 
2.47.  Liechtenstein is a very small country that participates in two  internal markets, in the 
European  Union 's Single Market through the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) and 
in the Swiss internal market on the basis of the Customs and the Currency Treaty with Switzerland. 
Next year we will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Customs  Treaty. By virtue of the Customs 
Treaty, trade policy measures affecting imports and exports formulated by Switzerland as well as 
goods trade agreements concluded by Switzerland also apply to Liechtenstein. Imports and exports 
into and from Liechtenstein are thus subject to the Swiss goods trade regime. Liechtenstein acts 
independently on other issues, however, such as services and public procurement.  
2.48.  For its accession to the EEA agreement in 1995, Liechtenstein had to establish a specific 
market control and surveillance mechanism as a consequence of taking part in two  integrated 
markets. This mechanism allows for the principle of dual or parallel marketability of goods. It implies 
that goods from outside of Liechtenstein are certified according to the res pective market to which 
they are exported, either the EEA or Switzerland. Therefore, goods which are covered by Swiss 
import rules and allowed to enter the Swiss market can also freely circulate in Liechtenstein, even if 
they do not, at the same time, also  satisfy EU rules, but in such instances they may not enter the 
EU's internal market. On the other hand, goods which are covered by the EU 's import rules and WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  allowed to enter the EU can also be brought to market in Liechtenstein provided they do not enter 
the Swiss market, unless they also satisfy Swiss rules.  
2.49.  The EEA agreement does not include the EU common agricultural policy, and the EEA 
agreement Annex  I on veterinary issues therefore does not apply to Liechtenstein. Hence trade in 
agricultural goods is  governed by the customs union with Switzerland, also in relation to the EEA.  
2.50.  In the last 30  years the resident population of Liechtenstein has grown from about 30 ,000 to 
nearly 40 ,000 persons at the end of last year, an increase by a third. Over the same  period, the 
number of persons employed in Liechtenstein doubled from slightly over 20 ,000 to more than 
41,000. Employment has tended to increase even during the global financial crisis, the euro debt 
crisis as well as during the C OVID -19 pandemic, and it was almost unaffected by the sharp GDP 
drops in certain years. This is less due to the labour force participation of the resident population, 
but rather primarily due to the sharp increase in cross -border commuters to Liechtenstein. At the 
end of 2020, mor e than 22 ,000 persons commuted to Liechtenstein on a daily basis, constituting a 
share of 55.8 % of the total labour force. 70.6 % of the entire labour force, resident and commuting, 
were non -Liechtenstein nationals.  
2.51.  Liechtenstein is highly dependent on exte rnal relations. Virtually all raw materials and input 
parts in manufacturing and products have to be bought abroad, and almost all goods produced are 
exported. The broad diversification of businesses and products, and the specialization of enterprises 
on niche and other high -technology products have helped Liechtenstein to match international 
economic developments and cope with competition in international trade.  
2.52.  In contrast to most developed countries, no strong "tertiarization " has been observed in 
Liechtenstein so far: Although the share of employment in the industrial and manufacturing sector 
tends to decline, there was still a high annual average of 36 % of this sector in 2020. In absolute 
terms, employment in the industrial sector rose from about 12 ,000 in 2001 to almost 15 ,000 by the 
end of 2020. The increase was not as steep as in the services sector, though.  
2.53.  Liechtenstein companies create jobs not only in Liechtenstein, but also in significant numbers 
abroad. The number of employees working abroad for industrial companies which are members of 
the Liechtenstein Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) increased strongly in recent years to 
58,200 in 2019. This corresponds to a foreign share of 80 % of the total workforce of these 
companies. In th e same year, the Liechtenstein banks had, in terms of full -time equivalents, 
approximately 4 ,000 employees working abroad (compared to 2 ,129 in Liechtenstein).  
2.54.  Liechtenstein 's national economy is heavily shaped by small and medium -sized enterprises, 
and their number increased even during the C OVID -19 pandemic: At the end of 2020, Liechtenstein 
had 5 ,179 enterprises, a number that had increased by 2.6 % compared to the end of 2019. 
About  89% of those enterprises in Liechtenstein had fewer than te n employees,  and 98 % had fewer 
than 50. The number of companies in Liechtenstein is very large compared to the country 's 
population: There is about one company for every eight  inhabitants. The number of economically 
active enterprises in Liechtenstein has nearly doubl ed in the last two  decades . 
2.55.  Structural characteristics of Liechtenstein 's economy have crucially contributed to its strength 
during the C OVID -19 pandemic. Liechtenstein 's resilience to global macroeconomic shocks, as 
observed over the last decades, results  from important structural specifics of the economy. 
Liechtenstein 's industrial and manufacturing sector is remarkably innovative, also in light of 
extremely large private spending on research and development, and includes highly successful niche 
players i n global markets. Given the small domestic market, companies are used to competing with 
global market leaders and have to remain flexible to adjust to new structural circumstances, also to 
keep step with the strong appreciation of the Swiss franc. Moreover , high equity ratios among 
non-financial corporations as well as zero debt and high financial reserves in the public sector 
contribute to a high level of resilience of the economy.  
2.56.  Indeed, sound public finances have become an important structural characte ristic of 
Liechtenstein's economy. Following the financial crisis of 2008, the government enacted structural 
reforms which significantly lowered public spending, with the public spending ratio standing at 20.9 % 
of GDP in 2019, the lowest level among all Eu ropean countries.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  2.57.  Last but not least, the highly specialized economy benefits from its strong integration in the 
Swiss economic area, the European Single Market and the global value chains through a high number 
of free trade agreements as well as Liechten stein's WTO Membership.  
2.58.  For decades, Liechtenstein has been adopting a liberal economic policy relying on 
self-dependent economic actors and confining state interventions to the establishment of framework 
conditions which are favourable to entrepreneurshi p. At the same time Liechtenstein has 
continuously incorporated newly adopted European "Acquis Communautaire " into domestic law: 
More than 11 ,300 EEA -relevant legal acts of the European  Union are now applicable in Liechtenstein.  
2.59.  The level of State intervention in economic processes has also been kept low for most of the 
reporting period. However, in order to mitigate the economic consequences of business closures and 
other health -related counter -measures ordered by the authorities to address the impact of the 
COVID -19 pandemic, Government and Parliament as well as local authorities adopted a number of 
temporary support measures, including in particular a comprehensive fiscal suppor t package. The 
support measures included interest -free transitional loans for MSMEs, a provisional deferral of the 
payment of social insurance contributions and taxes, financial support for self -employed persons 
affected directly or indirectly by administr ative lockdown measures, and the granting of short -time 
work allowances. The short -time work allowances, in particular, helped avoid temporary layoffs and 
keep the unemployment rate low.  
2.60.  The fast development of new technologies, such as blockchain and dig ital ledger technology, 
that continued during the review period led the Liechtenstein Government to elaborate a 
Blockchain  Act in close cooperation with the private sector. There had been widespread legal 
uncertainty regarding business models on blockchain  systems which were not covered by financial 
market legislation but nonetheless involved carrying out activities that are very close to the financial 
sector. With the Blockchain Act, Liechtenstein now defines the minimum requirements for these 
activities i n blockchain systems and requires all of them to be registered with the Financial Market 
Authority. The new law also contains a legal classification of elements on blockchain systems. The 
Blockchain Act defines the term "token" as a new construct to enable  the transformation of the "real" 
world to blockchain systems while ensuring legal certainty and thereby opening up the full potential 
for application of the so -called token economy.  
2.61.  We have received a number of written questions on this new act in advanc e and are pleased 
to have an exchange on this and all other issues of interest to delegates. The Trade Policy Review 
mechanism continues to provide an excellent opportunity for such dialogue on Members' trade 
policies. We are looking forward to our dialogu e today.  
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT  
3.1.  Let me begin by extending a very warm welcome to the Swiss and Liechtenstein delegations 
led by Ambassadors Markus  Schlagenho f and Kurt  Jäger respectively. Singapore shares many 
similarities with Switzerland and Liech tenstein – we are all small, trade -dependent countries with 
outward facing trade policies. Hence, I am pleased to act as the discussant for the sixth joint Trade 
Policy Review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein.  
3.2.  In preparation for today 's review, I have found the detailed reports prepared by Switzerland, 
Liechtenstein and the Secretariat to be insightful and invaluable in helping me to gain a deeper 
under standing your respective trade policies. I must also thank Ambassadors Schlagenhof and Jäger 
for providing comprehensive overviews of the trade and economic policies of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein during the period under review.  
3.3.  I would like to structure  my comments around three  broad questions, which I hope will help to 
facilitate our discussion by providing a connection between the last TPR in 2017 and today 's TPR.  
3.4.  First, how has Switzerland and Liechtenstein performed since the last TPR in 2017? Durin g the 
review period, the COVID -19 pandemic was the pre -eminent economic challenge that gripped the 
world. Every WTO Member, bar none, have continued to grapple with the challenges and disruptions 
caused by the pandemic. Naturally, Switzerland and Liechtens tein were no exception. Prior to the 
pandemic, both Members enjoyed positive real GDP growth, ranging from 1.2% in 2019 to 2.9% in 
2018 in Switzerland, and 6.7% in 2019 to 6.8% in 2018 in Liechtenstein. Due to the impact of the 
pandemic, Switzerland 's GDP fell by 2.4% in 2020; while Liechtenstein 's GDP declined even more 
by 5.5%.  
3.5.  Against the challenging backdrop, I must commend both Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their 
resilience and for turning adversity into opportunities. It is evident that both Governments had 
adopted swift and nimble policies that have allowed them to weather the economic impact of the 
pandemic. For example, the OECD 's latest economic survey of Switzerland praised its good economic 
framework, internationally competitive industries a nd relatively low economic dependence on the 
tourism and entertainment sectors as factors that have enabled Switzerland to weather the adverse 
impact of the pandemic. Since the relaxation of pandemic -related health measures in the summer 
of 2021, Switzerla nd has experienced strong recovery in economic activity in the second and 
third quarters, driven mainly by private consumption and recovery of the service sector.  
3.6.  In particular, the Swiss Government has swiftly re -calibrated its measures in response to the  
Omicron wave, which has allowed it to strike the fine balance between maintaining economic growth 
and managing public health. As a result, the OECD has estimated that Switzerland 's GDP would 
rebound to 3% in 2022. In Liechtenstein, the value and volume of  direct good exports have 
recovered quickly, having increased by close to 40% in 2021 compared to the preceding year. The 
labour market has also remained resilient despite the initial sharp decline of external demand during 
the initial waves of the pandemi c, with unemployment rate falling to 1.5% from 1.9% in 2021.  
3.7.  More importantly, both Governments have made use of the crisis to plant the seeds for future 
growth. The Swiss Federal Council 's updated foreign policy economy strategy of November  2021 has 
identified nine priority areas including nurturing SMEs, promoting digitali zation, diversification, 
economic and social sustainability, as well as actively shaping multilateralism, as key drivers for the 
next stage of growth. With clear vision and sound econom ic management policies, Switzerland has 
been consistently ranked first in the Global Competitiveness Index compiled by the World Economic 
Forum (WEF), the Global Innovation Index (GII) by the World Intellectual Property Organi zation 
(WIPO) and UNCTAD 's Bus iness-to-Consumer E -Commerce Index.  
3.8.  In a similar vein, the Liechtenstein Government has introduced the innovative "Token and 
Trusted Technology Service Provider Act " or simply known as the Blockchain Act, which makes it the 
first country to introduce a co mprehensive package of rules to regulate the token economy and 
provide greater legal predictability for businesses. These include comprehensive measures in 
different areas such as supervision of service providers, anti -money laundering and client protectio n.   
3.9.  Second, how has Switzerland and Liechtenstein responded to issues raised at the 2017  TPR? 
During the last TPR, Members had raised several issues for the attention of Switzerland and WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Liechtenstein. Many of them were in relation to longstanding aspects of their trade and investment 
regimes including (a)  the number of exceptions to the Cassis  de Djion principle; (b)  further 
liberalization in investment in sectors such as in ethanol; and the (c)  high-level of protection in 
agriculture markets, among others . Overall, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have provided 
substantive responses to the questions posed by Members. As these are important issues, let me 
briefly address each of them.  
3.10.  One, some Members highlighted in 2017 that the numerous exceptions in the Cassis  de Dijon 
principle may undermine its effectiveness. Members noted that while the intention of the principle 
was to remove technical barriers to imports from the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) into 
Switzerland, some of these products were still subjected to specific requirements and approvals. 
While certain products have been removed from the list, new ones have been added. Nonetheless, 
the Swiss Government  has always emphasi zed that the objective of such review exercises was to 
remove unnecessar y technical regulations. Exceptions under this principle are also reviewed for 
proportionality every five years, with the second such review taking place currently.  
3.11.  Two, some Members called for further investment liberali zation in some sectors such as 
ethanol, which were under monopoly or controlled by government -owned corporations in both 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In 2019, both Switzerland and Liechtenstein took the decisive and 
positive step of ending years of monopoly by company Alcosuisse and noti fied the WTO Working 
Party on State Trading Enterprises  that the private sector would be allowed to import ethanol and 
spirits without restriction and without the requirement for any permit.  
3.12.  Three, other Members highlighted the high -level of protection of the agriculture markets. 
Members noted that there was a vast difference of nearly 30% between average MFN  tariffs on 
agriculture products and non -agriculture products in 2016. Members asked the respective 
Governments to consider the elimination of agricult ure export subsidies and the simplification of the 
tariff quota management system. In 2017, the Swiss Government adopted a new article in the 
Federal Constitution that called for a long -term plan to guarantee sufficient food supplies for the 
Swiss populati on. A complex and comprehensive set of trade instruments, including domestic 
support and border measures, continue to be implemented with the view to ensure the viability of 
Swiss agriculture. Nonetheless, during the period under review, Switzerland has de monstrated its 
commitment by eliminating export subsidies on agricultural products such as milk and grains, in 
accordance with the decision adopted at MC10.  
3.13.  Let us now move on to my last question – what are the key issues that have been highlighted 
at thi s year 's TPR? On the basis of the more than 4 49 questions that have been received from 
31 Members, it is clear that Members continue to be interested in largely similar issues. Nonetheless, 
given the global upheavals since the last Review, it is inevitable  that many questions have been 
raised about how Switzerland and Liechtenstein have responded to the COVID -19 pandemic as well 
as the future direction of their economies. Essentially, three broad areas can be identified based on 
the questions that Members h ave raised.   
3.14.  One, given the current spotlight on food security, it is unsurprising that many Members have 
continued to seek more information about Switzerland 's and Liechtenstein 's agriculture policies, 
particularly, with regard to their plans to undertake reform in areas such as domestic support, tariff 
liberali zation and abolition of export subsidies. In particular, some Members have raised questions 
concerning Switzerland 's support measures for its agriculture sector during COVID -19, and whether  
there are plans to stop these measures. As all Members will be well aware, the issue of agriculture 
reform is one of the central themes for the upcoming MC12, and I am certain that the responses 
from Switzerland and Liechtenstein will be closely scrutinis ed by Members.   
3.15.  Two, Members are interested in the trade and investment regimes of both Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein. Members have sought more information on issues related to policies regarding the 
Cassis de Dijon principle, foreign direct investment (F DI) and the business environment, draft law 
on foreign investments and FDI barriers, as well as Liechtenstein 's experience in the implementation, 
consumer protection and implications of their Blockchain Act. In particular, Members have 
encouraged Switzerla nd to dismantle the remaining exceptions under the Cassis  de Dijon principle 
and to ensure that its implementation do not result in higher prices for imports such as medical 
products or foodstuff. Questions have also been raised on whether there were futur e plans for 
Switzerland to further align its legislation on anti -money laundering with international standards as WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  recommended by the G7 's Financial Action Task Force (FATF), as well as participation by foreign 
companies in Switzerland 's public procurement contracts.  
3.16.  Three, Members are also interested in finding out more about the future priorities of both 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Apart from questions over their post -pandemic economic policies, 
there are also questions related to 21st century issues s uch as (a)  the role of SMEs in climate change 
and sustainable development ; (b) participation of women in the economy ; (c) development of 
digitali zation strategies ; as well as (d)how they plan to deal with anticipated supply chain 
disruptions. For example , Members have requested Switzerland to share more information on their 
enforcement measures in the digital environment, such as how the "notice and take -down 
procedure " has been implemented . 
3.17.  In conclusion, the short answers to the three questions that I hav e posed can be summarised 
as follows:  
• first, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have performed very well since the last Joint TPR in 
2017, especially against the backdrop of the economic challenges arising from the COVID -19 
pandemic;  
• second, both Switzerland a nd Liechtenstein have taken concrete steps to respond to many 
key issues that Members raised in 2017; and  
• third, Members continue to be interested in the following areas, namely, (a)  agriculture 
policies; (b)  trade and investment regimes ; and (c)  future priorities, while also seeking more 
information on how Switzerland and Liechtenstein will handle post -pandemic economic 
recovery.  
3.18.  Before closing, I must  commend Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their multi -faceted 
contributions to the WTO and rules -based multilateral trading system. Not only is Geneva the host 
city of the WTO Secretariat, many generations of Swiss and Liechtenstein diplomats have contrib uted 
to upholding, strengthening , and updating the multilateral trading system, including my good friend 
and incumbent General Council Chair, Ambassador Didier  Chambovey.  
3.19.  I wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success in their sixth joint T rade Policy Review .  
  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS  
THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI  ARABIA ON BEHALF OF THE GCC  
4.1.  On behalf of the Gulf Cooperation Council, (GCC) I would like to extend a very warm welcome 
to the delegation of Switzerland headed by H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Ambassador  and Federal 
Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland and to the delegation of Liechtenstein headed 
by H.E.  Mr Kurt Jäger, Ambassador  and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the WTO in 
Geneva. We appreciate the active role of H.E.  Ambassador Didier  Chambovey  and his team in WTO 
work and pay tribute for his able leadership as the Chair of the General Council.  
4.2.  The GCC member States wish to thank the Government of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and 
the Trade Policies Review Division of the WTO for their comprehensive reports. We also thank the 
discussant H.E.  Mr Hung Seng Tan, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Singapore to the 
WTO for his insightful remarks.  
4.3.  The Trade Policy Review Reports highlight that real GDP growth fell by 2.4% in 2020 in 
Switzerland, and further in Liechtenstein. Due to the strong financial buffers and a prompt response 
by both Governments, the pandemic is not expected to have negative effects on long -term economic 
prospects.  
4.4.  We would like to commend both S witzerland and Liechtenstein for their openness to 
investment. With a positive overall investment climate. Switzerland 's 26 cantons and largest 
municipalities have significant independence to shape investment policies locally, including 
incentives to attra ct investment. Liechtenstein 's investment conditions are identical in most key 
aspects to those in Switzerland, due to its integration into the Swiss economy.  
4.5.  We congratulate both countries for launching strategies to digitally transform government 
servic es and render them more efficient and cost -effective. We also welcome the new reforms 
implemented by both Governments to comply with international standards on corporate income tax.  
4.6.   In order to respond to emergency situations, Switzerland and Liechtenstei n granted reductions 
in temporary tariff granted on certain feed items and medical goods as well as textiles and 
intermediate materials .  
4.7.  Switzerland is to be commended for having mature and sophisticated financial services sector, 
for being one of the wor ld's most innovative economies and a net exporter of intellectual property, 
and for its Energy 2050 Strategy to progressively phase out nuclear energy and to promote energy 
efficiency and the production of renewable energy.  
4.8.  We also congratulate Liechtenste in for adopting some measures to increase energy efficiency 
and increase use of renewable energy as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions and for becoming 
the first country to adopt comprehensive legislation on trustworthy technology service providers in  
2019.  
4.9.  The GCC member States commend both Governments for their ambitious reforms and for their 
active engagement to reinforce their economic integration through preferential trade agreements 
with their major trading partners. The GCC -EFTA Free Trade Agreement is a milestone agreement 
in strengthening ties between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and the GCC member States.  
4.10.  Before I conclude, I would like to say a few words on behalf of the Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia . 
Saudi  Arabia  enjoys frie ndly and substantive relationship with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. The 
Swiss Business Hub Middle East supports SMEs from Switzerland and Liechtenstein in their business 
development in the Middle  East and provides Middle  Eastern companies with informatio n on 
Switzerland as a business location. Saudi -Swiss Business Council were established to enhance trade 
and investment relations between the two business sectors and investment opportunities available 
in both countries.  
4.11.  From bilateral front, trade exchang e between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Switzerland 
reached about SAR 8 billion in 2020. Switzerland and Saudi  Arabia are jointly striving to improve WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  their trade and investment relations in pharmaceuticals, finance, sustainable technologies, 
Education, R esearch and Innovation.  
4.12.  In closing, The Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia looks forward to continuing the very close working 
relationship with Switzerland and Liechtenstein.  I wish the delegation of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein a very successful Trade Policy Review . 
BRAZIL  
4.13.  Let me welcome the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein on the occasion of their 
sixth joint Trade Policy Review. I thank both the Governments and the WTO Secretariat for their 
reports, as well as the discussant, Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan, for his introductory remarks.  
4.14.  Switzerland and Liechtenstein stand out as examples of WTO Members whose development 
was largely base d on their integration into the world economy through trade and investment. Both 
have contributed to strengthen the WTO and the multilateral trading system.  
4.15.  Switzerland not only houses this Organization but, through its international credibility and 
leade rship, plays an important role in the process of consensus -building which is – or at least should 
be – predicated on the accommodation of national interests for the sake of preserving and advancing 
the rules -based multilateral system. In that context, we w ould like to express our appreciation for 
Ambassador Didier  Chambovey 's work as Chair of the General Council, in particular at the present 
juncture.  
4.16.  Since their last TPR, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have faced – like virtually every WTO 
Member – challenges posed by the COVID -19 pandemic. Even though extraordinary circumstances 
have required specific governmental responses, inter alia interventions in the foreign exchange 
market, we note with satisfaction that both countries ' staunch support for a n open and non -
discriminatory multilateral trading system has not dwindled.  
4.17.  Bilateral relations with Switzerland and Liechtenstein have always been close and 
constructive.  Brazil and Switzerland established in 2007 a Commission on Trade and Economic 
Relations whose latest meeting took place on 19  April 2021. Bilateral trade amounted, in 2021, to 
USD 4.08 billion, a 6.57% growth in comparison to 2020, following two  consecutive years of decline 
(-11.12% in 2020 and -9.4% in 2019). The Swiss Confederation enj oyed a significant surplus 
(USD  648 million), exporting USD  2.36 billion and importing USD  1.72 billion. The main Brazilian 
exports were gold (62%) and aircraft (9,7%). Chapters  30 (pharmaceutical products) and 
29 (organic products) of the Harmonized System answered, respectively, for 32% and 25% of Swiss 
exports.  
4.18.  At the multilateral level, Brazil and Switzerland maintain close dialogue and cooperation in 
economic, trade, tax and fiscal matters. Several points of convergence are reflected in  initiatives 
sponsored by the OECD and by the G20, including the promotion of good governance practices and 
business transparency, as well as measures to fight tax evasion and corruption. Brazil notes with 
appreciation Switzerland’s support to Brazil’s acc ession to the OECD.  
4.19.  We would like to highlight another important achievement in recent years, which was the 
conclusion of a free trade agreement between the  MERCOSUR  and EFTA, once in force, this 
agreement will further increase access for goods and services in both directions benefiting our 
societies with a more variety universe of goods with  quality and competitive prices  
4.20.  Switzerlan d's complex mix of tariff protection and domestic support for its agricultural sector 
remain a source of concern for the Brazilian Government. As an example of the distorting effect of 
the measures currently in place, agricultural products, in which Brazil i s highly competitive, still 
represent less than 10% of Brazilian exports to Switzerland.  
4.21.  Average tariffs exceed 25% and tariff peaks reach up to 671% on several agricultural goods. 
The Report by the Secretariat confirms that a comprehensive set of trade i nstruments, including 
direct payments and border measures, continues to be implemented.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.22.  Protectionism in agriculture hinders the overall competitiveness of the Swiss industry and 
harms the interests of farmers in the developing world, which is particularly  harmful in the current 
context of food insecurity. A more market -driven approach towards agriculture would certainly 
benefit not only businesses but also consumers in Switzerland and would help promote development 
in other parts of the world, especially i n the least developed countries.  
4.23.  As noted in the Secretariat's report, the two countries' limited domestic markets and export 
orientation led to a trade policy focused on promoting and guaranteeing open markets. Extending 
this orientation to their agricult ural policy would not only show consistency but, more importantly, 
would signal Switzerland's and Liechtenstein's support to the principles enshrined by WTO 
Agreements at a time where the organization needs to demonstrate its capacity to produce results 
in all areas, and agriculture is certainly not an exception  
4.24.  Let me conclude by wishing the delegation of Switzerland and  Liechtenstein a very successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
COLOMBIA  
4.25.  We extend our greetings to the distinguished delegation of Switzerland joining us today, 
headed by Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Ambassador and Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements, 
and Ambassador Didier  Chambovey. We also welcome the distinguished delegation of Liechtenstein, 
led by their Ambassador in Geneva, Mr Kurt  Jäger. Furthermore, we wish to thank the Secretariat 
for its report and Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan (Singapore) for his relevant comments.  
4.26.  The strong economic and trade performance historically enjoyed by Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein is clear to us a ll. Their GDP grew steadily over the period under review, with the 
exception of the worst part of the pandemic, when it temporarily declined.  
4.27.  The Secretariat report highlights that it was specifically the strong and decisive action by the 
Federal Governmen t and the Central Bank that ensured that the right steps were taken to deal with 
the global financial crisis stemming from the pandemic. Their fiscal policy priority was redefined, 
transitioning from the "debt brake" rule to increased intervention by the a uthorities, which led to a 
change from a fiscal surplus of 1.3% in 2019 to a fiscal deficit of 2.8% in 2020. The Bank also 
intervened more in the economy, including through a negative interest rate and actions geared 
towards keeping the exchange rate stabl e on the foreign exchange market. However, the upward 
trends continue and maintaining price stability remains a challenge.  
4.28.  One aspect of great interest is the two countries' trade structure, since their small size means 
that they are highly dependent on in ternational trade. Switzerland is increasingly focusing on the 
exportation of high -value products, on which exchange rate volatility has almost no impact. In 2020, 
chemical and pharmaceutical products accounted for over 51% of its exports, followed by prec ision 
instruments, clocks and watches and jewellery. Machines, appliances and electronics came in third 
place, although it should be noted that there are significant differences in the shares of the sectors 
in total exports.  
4.29.  As a customs union, the trade p olicies of Switzerland and Liechtenstein are aligned in a 
common direction. Their main focus is promoting and guaranteeing open markets, with sustainable 
development being a current priority. Both countries' largest trading partner is the European  Union, 
which, in 2020, was the destination for over 50% of Swiss exports and more than 61% of those 
from Liechtenstein (disregarding trade with Switzerland). The European  Union was also the source 
of over 70% of Swiss imports and more than 78% of Liechtenstein's ( disregarding trade with 
Switzerland).  
4.30.   Another matter that we would like to highlight from the Secretariat report is the services 
trade balance. In 2020, Switzerland's two main services exports were licence fees and financial 
services, while the main impor ts were also licence fees and research and development services. This 
situation is consistent with its goods trade structure, and there is clear coordination in the Swiss 
productive sector.  
4.31.  In this same vein, it is important to highlight the development of  trade-related intellectual 
property rights. The Secretariat report highlights how WIPO ranks Switzerland as the world's most WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  innovative country in 2021, as this is an area of special interest for the Government and the country's 
productive sector. Switzer land is a net exporter of intellectual property and, during the period under 
review, the income from royalties has been surprising, with a particularly positive period from 
2015-19, when these royalties grew by 35% to reach USD  31,000  million. In 2019 and 2020, the 
income from royalties continued to be staggering, although there was a slight decline due to the 
economic effects of the pandemic. We are sure that the latest figures will show a new surge, given 
the important role that Swiss companies have had i n relation to COVID -19 vaccines.  
4.32.  The development that Switzerland has seen in intellectual property rights is therefore of great 
interest to Colombia. As part of this Review, we submitted a number of questions regarding the 
recent changes made to the copyr ight law in Switzerland, and we hope that they will be answered 
shortly.  
4.33.  Agriculture is another area of major interest. According to the Secretariat report, the main 
agriculture -related issue in Switzerland is its high production costs, and high labour cos ts in 
particular, which means it is uncompetitive internationally. However, agricultural policy is of 
structural importance for Switzerland, since its legal basis is the Swiss Constitution, and an 
agriculture -related addition was made to the Constitution f ollowing a referendum in 2017, with a 
view to strengthening the country's food security.  
4.34.  Swiss agricultural policy is thus under constant review and four -year plans are developed to 
manage the sector. It should be noted that the reduction in the level of g overnment support planned 
for the 2022 -25 period will not take place, and it will instead be maintained at the same level as for 
the 2018 -21 period. Moreover, as a result of the pandemic, the Swiss Government introduced a 
series of financial support measur es aimed at ensuring the supply of food and preventing a fall in 
the prices of agricultural products, particularly for the wine sector.  
4.35.  We consider that all the agricultural measures are particularly relevant in this Review of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein . We are interested in the implementation of the announced food 
security measures and the COVID -19-related financial support. This is a matter that warrants further 
discussion in the future.  
4.36.  Lastly, we would like to highlight the constructive role of Switz erland and Liechtenstein in the 
WTO. These two countries are founding Members of the Organization and grant most -favoured -
nation treatment to all Members. They are part of a large number of agreements such as the 
Agreement on Government Procurement (and it s revision) and the Information Technology 
Agreement. Switzerland is also part of other agreements such as the Agreement on Trade in Civil 
Aircraft and the Agreement on Trade in Pharmaceutical Products. Both countries ratified the 
Trade  Facilitation Agreem ent in 2015, and participate in the Joint Statement Initiatives on 
E-commerce, MSMEs and Services Domestic Regulation. They also signed the Buenos  Aires 
Declaration on Women and Trade. Moreover, Switzerland is an active participant in the Investment 
Facilitation for Development Initiative. We hope that they shall continue to support and participate 
in all these discussions, and continue their strong leadership in matters of systemic relevance such 
as the renewal of the e -commerce moratorium.  
4.37.  To conclude, we wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success in their Trade Policy Review 
and encourage Ambassador Chambovey, Ambassador Jäger and their respective Missions to continue 
playing an active role in the WTO, with a view to improving the functi oning of the multilateral trading 
system.  
HONG  KONG, CHINA  
4.38.  I would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegation of Switzerland  led by Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof , and the delegation of Liechtenstein  led by Ambassador Kurt  Jäger . I would also 
like to t hank the discussant Ambassador Tan Hung Seng of Singapore for his insightful remarks, and 
the Secretariat for the comprehensive reports they have prepared for this Review.  
4.39.  Hong Kong, China maintains cordial economic and trade relations with Switzerland and  
Liechtenstein, as demonstrated by the free trade agreement (FTA) between Hong Kong,  China  and 
the member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The FTA entered into force in WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  2012, providing favourable market access for goods and services, and facilitat ing closer trade and 
investment ties between Hong Kong,  China  and Switzerland and Liechtenstein.   
4.40.  Switzerland was Hong Kong, China 's 16th largest partner in  merchandise trad e in 2021, while 
Hong Kong,  China  was Switzerland's 7th largest trading partner in  merchandise  trade in  the world 
and the  2nd largest in Asia in 2020. In 2021, the bilateral merchandise trade between 
Hong Kong,  China  and Switzerland amounted to USD  11.5 billion, and that between 
Hong Kong,  China  and Liechtenstein amounted to USD  20.9 million. In terms of services trade, 
Switzerland was Hong Kong,  China 's 14th largest trading partner in 2020 and our bilateral services 
trade amounted to USD  1.3 billion.  
4.41.  We have the following observations on the trade policies of Switzerland and Lichtenstein.  
4.42.  First, trade facilitation,  we commend Switzerland's and Liechtenstein's efforts in continuously 
upgrading their trade facilitation measures. During the review period, Switzerland launched a major 
customs reform initiative "DaziT " to transform its customs procedures to better facilitate trade, and 
this initiative will also be applied by Liechtenstein. We note that this initiative will result in a 
full-fledged electronic single window system, with simplified and fully digitali zed customs 
procedures, which will reduce regulatory costs and further improve the efficiency and security of the 
system.  
4.43.  Second,  tariff. The tariff structure of Switzerland and Liechtenstein remains the same as in 
the last Review in 2017, and consist exclusively of specific rates that are generally based on gross 
weight. While these specific rates may be easier to administer, they are not as  transparent and 
predictable as ad valorem rates. We would encourage both Members to consider additional measures 
to enhance the transparency of their tariff regime.  
4.44.  On the other hand, we are pleased to note that Switzerland and Liechtenstein have 
bound  99% of its tariff lines, with an increase in the proportion of duty -free tariff lines, a decrease 
in the estimated average applied tariff rate and a drop in the tariff peak during the review period. 
We note further that Switzerland will abolish industrial ta riffs (with certain exceptions) and simplify 
the tariff structure with effect from 2024. We highly commend such efforts in promoting open 
markets and believe the reduction of compliance costs brought about by these initiatives will benefit 
exporters as wel l as local consumers.  
4.45.  Turning to technical regulations , we commend Switzerland's efforts in reducing barriers to 
trade through measures including aligning national standards with international or European 
standards, concluding mutual recognition agreement s with a number of economies to recogni ze 
conformity assessments of export markets and reduce technical barriers, and harmoni zing the Swiss 
law with the European  Union law on sanitary and phytosanitary measures (on the marketing of food 
products and plant health).  
4.46.  Further, Switzerland notified the WTO Working Party on State Trading  Enterprises in 
December  2020 that imports of ethanol and spirits are allowed without permit or restrictions. Plans 
have also been announced for the privatisation of a wholly -owne d subsidiary of the state -owned 
Swiss Post. We are pleased to note these liberali zation actions and plans, which help promote market 
competition.  
4.47.  Lastly, on services trade . The s ervices sectors account ed for 73% of Switzerland's GDP in 
2020 and 54% of Lie chtenstein's GDP in 2019. We are pleased to note that d uring the review period, 
both Members have introduced regulatory changes in several services sectors, in particular the 
telecommunications and financial services sectors.  
4.48.  Switzerland and Liechtenstein  are staunch supporters of the WTO and rules -based multilateral 
trading system. Hong Kong,  China  shares their common goals in keeping markets open, minimising 
export restrictions, maintaining non -discriminatory market access and ensuring transparency on 
trade measures. We look forward to further fostering our bilateral trade and economic relations with 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and  will work with them and other Members to pursue further global 
trade liberali zation under the WTO framework  under the leadership of Ambassador 
Didier  Chambovey, Switzerland's Ambassador to the WTO, who is serving as the  Chair of WTO 
General Council . We wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a very successful Trade Policy Review.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  CANADA  
4.49.  We too wish to welcome the members of the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. 
We thank the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtens tein and the Secretariat for their reports 
and for their responses to most of our questions.  
4.50.  I must stress that Canada condemns in the strongest terms the unjustifiable attack by the 
Russian  Federation on Ukraine. On this issue, we thank Switzerland and Li echtenstein for applying 
sanctions consistent with those adopted by the European  Union.  
4.51.  Turning back to this Trade Policy Review, Canada wishes to highlight the significant 
contribution made by Switzerland and Liechtenstein to an open and transparent inter national trading 
system, as well as their constant efforts to support and actively participate in the multilateral trading 
system. Canadian companies have had very positive experiences with the two countries.  
4.52.  Even though these two Members already have open  and rules -based trade policies, I would 
like to highlight three positive initiatives undertaken during the period under review. Firstly, 
Switzerland announced that all duties on industrial goods would be eliminated on 1  January  2024, 
demonstrating the cou ntry's strong support for open and barrier -free trade. We also wish to 
commend Switzerland for implementing the revised Agreement on Government Procurement in its 
territory on 1  January  2021. Like Switzerland, Canada is a firm supporter of this Agreement a nd 
would like to improve access to government procurement markets worldwide. Lastly, I would like to 
mention the adoption by Switzerland of the DaziT programme, which seeks to simplify customs 
procedures so that they may be fully digitalized by the end of 2026.  
4.53.  As a medium -sized and trade -oriented economy, Canada shares a number of challenges and 
priorities with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. For example, while the effects of the COVID -19 
pandemic are still being felt, it appears more important than ever to diversify our trade in order to 
ensure economic stability and the resilience of supply chains. One of the main spheres of action of 
Switzerland's foreign economic policy strategy therefore seeks to foster resilience through 
diversification. Switzer land's strategy is also geared towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development 
Goals, which is another priority that it shares with Canada. We therefore commend Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein for their participation in the Joint Initiatives and the WTO Trade  and Environmental 
Sustainability Structured Discussions, as well as for their support of the Buenos Aires Declaration on 
Women and Trade. We strongly support these initiatives. Canada also hails Switzerland's positive 
notification record.  
4.54.  More generally, we are grateful to Switzerland for its commitment to the WTO and the work 
on its reform, and we thank the country for its support for our partnership within the Ottawa Group 
and other initiatives aimed at updating the rules that underpin the multilateral t rading system and 
finding solutions to the pressures upon it.  
4.55.  Canada encourages Switzerland to continue its efforts to liberalize trade in the agricultural 
sector. The reduction of domestic support measures and the improvement of market access for 
agricult ural products would benefit Switzerland and its trading partners alike.  
4.56.  We acknowledge the efforts undertaken by Switzerland to eliminate all export subsidies and 
look forward to the forthcoming reforms of its agricultural policy.  
4.57.  To conclude, we thank you  and the discussant, Ambassador Hung Seng Tan, and send our 
best wishes to Switzerland and Liechtenstein on the occasion of their Trade Policy Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.58.  Let me begin by warmly welcoming the Swiss and Liechtenstein delegations led by 
Ambassadors Markus Schlagenhof  and Kurt  Jäger. Let me also express our appreciation to both 
Members for their comprehensive Government Report and statement. Our appreciation also goes to 
you, Chair, discussant Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan as well as the Secretariat for your valuable 
insights. Allow me to make three points.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.59.  First, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Singapore share excellent bilateral and economic 
relations. Being small countries surrounded by much larger neighbours, and having limited natural 
resources, we have de veloped vibrant economies and financial services sectors by creating 
pro-business  environments. We are hence natural partners on many issues, including being open 
economies and staunch supporters of the rules based multilateral trading system.  
4.60.  In 2021, Switzerland was Singapore's fourth and second largest European trading partner for 
goods and services respectively, and was also Singapore's second largest European investor. In turn, 
Singapore is Switzerland's largest trading and investment partner from ASEAN. Singapore's 
economic ties with Liechtenstein have also been growing steadily, with Liechtenstein being 
Singapore's seventh  largest European investor, and our trade in goods have grown over 20% to 
more than USD  27 million in 2021.  
4.61.  Our bilateral economic relationship is also underpinned by the European Free Trade 
Association (EFTA) – Singapore Free Trade Agreement. It was the first FTA signed between EFTA 
and an Asian country in 2003. Since its entry into force almost two decades ago, there has be en 
close to a four -fold increase in goods traded between Singapore and the EFTA countries. Our 
Governments meet regularly to review the ESFTA and did so most recently in 2020, during which 
we agreed to do further stock -taking and consider areas for improve ment. We will keep up these 
efforts to enhance the ESFTA  
4.62.  Second, we look forward to expand and deepen collaboration on a wide -range of issues 
including financial services and digitali zation. Since 2014, Switzerland and Singapore regularly hold 
a financial Dialogue to deepen cooperation and exchange views on both domestic and international 
financial market developments and policies. The latest initiative arising from our strong bilateral 
collaboration in the financial services sector is to jointly organize t he international fintech conference 
Point Zero Forum, which will be held in Zurich from 21 to 23  June 2022. Singapore's Deputy Prime 
Minister and Coordinating Minister for Economic Policies, Mr  Heng Swee  Keat and Switzerland's 
Federal Councillor and Head o f the Federal Department of Finance, Mr  Ueli Maurer will jointly open 
this conference, which will bring together international financial market and supervisory authorities 
together with new players from the fintech industry to drive innovation in digital t echnology.  
4.63.  We note that in 2016, Switzerland unveiled the Digital Switzerland Strategy to promote 
digitalization by, among other things, creating favourable conditions for digital innovation and 
helping Swiss companies to become leaders in ICT adoption. T he Secretariat has also cited a recent 
report by UNCTAD, which shows that Switzerland has already leveraged digitalization and 
connectivity to develop frontier technologies, ranging from artificial intelligence, the Internet of 
Things, blockchain, nanotech nology, and gene editing. Similarly, Liechtenstein has developed itself 
as a leading digital business location. It has set up a Digital Liechtenstein Initiative in 2017 and 
followed -up with a Digital Roadmap and a Cyber Security Campaign. On 1  January  2020, the 
"Blockchain Act" was passed, which made Liechtenstein the first  country to introduce comprehensive 
regulation of the "token" economy built on blockchain technology. In our collective transition to the 
digital economy, Singapore looks forward to learn ing from and collaborating with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein.   
4.64.  Lastly, we commend the important contributions of the Swiss and Liechtenstein delegations 
to the work of the WTO. We very much appreciate the facilitative, problem solving, and consensus 
building role which generations of Swiss diplomats, including General Council Chair Ambassador 
Didier  Chambovey and his very able team, have played in upholding the multilateral trading system.  
4.65.  In conclusion, Singapore looks forward to working with Switzerland and Liechtenstein to 
further strengthen the WTO. I wish both a fruitful joint sixth  TPR.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.66.  I would like to welcome Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of the Federal Council for 
Trade Agreements, Switzerland 's Ambassador to the  WTO, Didier  Chambovey, and Ambassador 
Kurt Jäger , Liechtenstein 's Ambassador to the WTO, to today 's Trade Policy Review.   
4.67.  The United  States enjoys a close and constructive relationship with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein, with cooperation spanning a range  of issues, including initiatives in the WTO. The WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  United  States would like to acknowledge Switzerland and Liechtenstein 's strong support of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement, including the proposal on the need to eliminate consularization requirements,  
as well as support for the proposal for a General Council Decision to Enhance Transparency and 
Improve Compliance with Notification Requirements under WTO Agreements.  
4.68.  We invite Switzerland, Liechtenstein and all WTO Members, to support our efforts to have 
focused discussions in the Trade Facilitation Committee based on Members ' experiences and 
lessons -learned during C OVID -19, with a view to identifying best practices and making 
recommendations for implementation.  
4.69.  The United  States also enjoys a robust trade and investment relationship with Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein. Two -way goods trade between the United  States and Switzerland totalled  
USD 87.0 billion  in 2021, and two -way services trade between the United  States and Switzerland 
totalled almost USD  67 billion in 2020. The US stock of foreign direct investment in Switzerland was 
almost USD  212 billion in 2020. Swiss FDI in the United  States was more than USD  300 billion 
in 2020. With regard to Liechtenstein, total two -way goods trade between the Unite d States and 
Liechtenstein was more than USD  320 million in 2021. The US stock of foreign direct investment in 
Liechtenstein was USD  506 million in 2020.  
4.70.  The United  States has submitted a number of questions, and we thank both Governments in 
advance for th eir efforts to respond.  
4.71.  For example, given that Switzerland will abolish industrial tariffs on imports effective 
January  2024, the United  States is interested in Switzerland's strategy for negotiating new free trade 
agreements. We are also interested to k now if future negotiations will focus on access in agriculture, 
where barriers remain high, given that there will be no industrial tariffs. The United  States is also 
interested in how Switzerland will work for the creation of international rules for digita l trade and 
the free flow of data, taking into account regulatory differences between key trading partners such 
as the United  States, the EU, and others. Noting that Liechtenstein is in a customs union with 
Switzerland, but is also a member of the European  Economic Area, while Switzerland is not, the 
United  States is interested in how conflicts are managed between the two systems with regard to 
trade and economic policy.  
4.72.  In addition, the United  States submitted questions regarding Swiss regulations for agri cultural 
products derived through biotechnology; the lack of competition in the Swiss domestic market, 
particularly in retail chains; and clarifications on the laws and regulations for intellectual property in 
both countries, including on geographical indi cations and copyright protections.  
4.73.  We wish both Governments a successful Review and  look forward to reviewing responses to 
our questions . 
NORWAY  
4.74.  Let me join others in welcoming Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof and Ambassador Kurt  Jäger 
and their delegations to this Trade Policy Review. Let me also thank the discussant  Ambassador 
Hung  Seng Tan for his contribution to our deliberations.  
4.75.  I am delighted to have this opportunity to contribute to the Trade Policy Review of 
two countries with whom Norway  has a long -lasting and particularly close trading relationship. We 
might have varying sectoral and business interests, but we come together in a shared belief in the 
value of a rules -based, predictable, transparent, fair , and open multilateral trading sys tem. 
4.76.  Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein are, together with Iceland, longstanding partners as 
members of the European Free Trade Association. Since 1960 EFTA has provided a framework for 
the promotion of free trade and economic integration between its m embers.  
4.77.  Furthermore, EFTA is a platform for one of the world 's largest networks of preferential trade 
relations, currently covering 40  countries. We work closely together, firmly based on WTO rules, to 
widen this network and to extend commitments, and neg otiations with new partners are ongoing.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.78.  Norway and Liechtenstein are also partners in the Agreement on the European Economic Area, 
which extends the internal market of the European  Union to the three EFTA States Iceland, 
Liechtenstein and Norway.  
4.79.  The Sec retariat's Report confirms the strong commitments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
to the rules -based multilateral trading system. This is of particular importance in a time when the 
rules-based world order is being challenged at its core.  
4.80.  We commend Swit zerland for its leadership of the Friends of the System. We would also like 
to highlight the willingness of Switzerland 's delegates to not only take on responsibilities as chairs 
of various WTO bodies, but also to involve themselves constructively in areas  that may be of limited 
interest to Switzerland, but for the sake of the system, such as the negotiations on fisheries 
subsidies.  
4.81.  The fact that Ambassador Chambovey is currently chairing the General Council is not only an 
expression of Members ' trust in h is personal capabilities, but also a reflection of the standing and 
reputation of Switzerland as a reliable and true friend of the multilateral trading system.  
4.82.  Norway appreciates our close cooperation with Switzerland and Liechtenstein across the board 
within the WTO framework, both in regular bodies, ongoing negotiations, as well as in various 
member -driven initiatives.  
4.83.  Both Switzerland and Liechtenstein attach importance to non -trade concerns in agriculture, 
which are shared by Norway. We appreciate the  close cooperation in the G10 and are grateful to 
Switzerland for all your efforts through the years in coordinating the group.   
4.84.  We also share the importance attached to trade and environmental sustainability, and 
appreciate in particular the close cooper ation with Switzerland in TESSD as well as in the ongoing 
ACCTS negotiations.  
4.85.  As a leading maritime nation, Norway has a particular interest in the maritime policies of other 
members. In this regard, we note with interest that the Swiss Government has comm issioned a 
maritime strategy and that draft legislation on international shipping under the Swiss flag is to be 
drawn up in order to enhance the long -term effectiveness of Swiss legislation in this area and make 
Swiss shipping more competitive and sustaina ble. Norway would like to thank Switzerland for their 
response to our written question and will follow with interest the further development of 
Switzerland 's maritime policies.  
4.86.  In conclusion, Norway is looking forward to continuing our close cooperation w ith Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein in order to protect and strengthen the rules -based multilateral trading system 
anchored in the WTO, to the benefit of current and future generations.  
4.87.  Finally, let me wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful Trade Policy Review.  
CHILE  
4.88.  I would like to welcome the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, led by H.E.  Markus 
Schlagenhof, Ambassador and Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland, and 
H.E. Ambassador Jäger in his ca pacity as head of the delegation of Liechtenstein.  
4.89.  We extend our greetings to the Swiss Mission, headed by Ambassador Chambovey, and to 
the delegates from the Mission of Liechtenstein joining us today. We thank the Secretariat for the 
report prepared for t his exercise, as well as Ambassador Hung Seng Tan for his presentation.  
4.90.  In the late 19th century, over 8,000 Swiss citizens settled in the area of Araucanía in southern 
Chile. Swiss culture and heritage have always been present in our country. In fact, two  important 
Presidents of my country had Swiss roots: Eduardo Frei Montalva and his son 
Eduardo  Frei Ruiz-Tagle.  
4.91.  Turning to trade, our relations are governed by the Free Trade Agreement signed in 2003 
between Chile and the European Free Trade Association (E FTA). This Agreement covers all the main WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  areas of economic relations, including trade in goods, services and investment. It has led to a steady 
increase in our bilateral trade and almost all trade in goods is exempt from tariffs. As a corollary to 
this FTA , Chile and Switzerland have launched a bilateral economic dialogue.  
4.92.  Since the previous joint Trade Policy Review in 2017, our trade with Switzerland has grown 
by an average of 10% per year, while with Liechtenstein average growth has been 3%, even during 
the pandemic (growth of 16% and 96% respectively between 2020 and 2021). In the first three 
months of this year, trade with Switzerland amounted to over USD  300 million, with a balance in 
favour of Chile.  
4.93.  We highly appreciate the current process to deepen market liberalization and update the 
standards governing trade under the TLC so that it can be branded a 21st century agreement, 
through which Chile hopes to achieve improved access conditions for Chilean agricultural products 
and to bring about eff ective technology transfer.  
4.94.  At the multilateral level, Chile, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are open economies with a high 
degree of dependence on international trade. As a result, collaboration within the WTO is essential 
to maintain the rules -based multi lateral system and to continue making progress in trade 
liberalization, particularly in agricultural reform, given that, in times of food crisis, it is crucial to 
maintain open markets, as stated in the joint statement on open and predictable trade in agri cultural 
and food products that we have sponsored together with Switzerland and other Members. We also 
share values and principles in relation to the role of multilateralism, and are active members of the 
Joint Initiatives on E -commerce, MSMEs, Services Do mestic Regulation and Investment Facilitation.  
4.95.  Turning to the economic and trade characteristics of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, we are 
pleased to see their strong fiscal situation, which has enabled them to minimize the medium - and 
long-term impacts of the pandemic. The fact that they have ample financial reserves and that over 
50% of their exports are concentrated in the chemical and pharmaceutical products sector 
undoubtedly has prepared them better for the post -pandemic effects.  
4.96.  We also commend both c ountries' free trade agreement agenda and encourage the prompt 
notification of such agreements to the WTO, thereby allowing for an analysis of the way in which 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein incorporate their commitments at the domestic level, as well as ho w 
they determine when there is a need to make changes to tariffs or impose non -tariff measures in 
emergencies.  
4.97.  We note with interest the strategies for the digitalization of State services, including in 
customs, and welcome the efforts to improve customs s ecurity measures and introduce Passar as a 
single window system to facilitate cross -border trade in goods.  
4.98.  Other matters important to highlight are the regulatory changes in financial services and, in 
particular, the strengthening of anti -money laundering legislation.  
4.99.  Despite all these positive aspects, Chile, like other Members, remains concerned by the 
excessive protection in the agricultural sector through various tariff and non -tariff measures. The 
Secretariat report reveals that efforts in this area ha ve not necessarily produced changes and that 
the carbon footprint of this sector is considerable. We therefore reiterate the call to increase the 
market orientation of agricultural sector production and trade policies, and to attempt to reduce this 
sector' s carbon footprint.  
4.100.   To conclude, Chair, I would like to mention that, for this sixth joint Trade Policy Review, 
Chile submitted questions on areas such as regional agreements, anti -dumping, telecommunications 
and financial services. We appreciate the respo nses. 
4.101.   We wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein success in this review of their trade policy.  
ISRAEL  
4.102.   Israel is pleased to participate in Switzerland and Liechtenstein's sixth joint Trade Policy 
Review at the WTO. We want to extend our warm welcome to the Swiss delegation headed by 
H.E. Ambassador  Markus  Schlagenhof and Liechtenstein's delegation led by H .E. Ambassador  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Kurt Jäger. We would like to take this opportunity to extend our appreciation to the distinguished 
Ambassador of Switzerland to the WTO, H.E . Mr Didier  Chambovey. And last but not least, we would 
like to thank H.E. Mr  Hung Seng Tan (Singapore) for his insightful initial remarks.  
4.103.   At the outset, Israel would like to note that international trade plays a dominant role in these 
economies, primaril y maintaining an open trade regime. Moreover, since the last review in 2018, 
these two  WTO Members have pursued liberal trade and investment policies and have remained 
strong advocates of the multilateral trading system (MTS).  
4.104.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein  are diversified developed economies that have adapted to and 
resisted macroeconomic shocks. They are also amongst the top high -per capita income countries 
globally and are very well integrated in international trade. Therefore, although the COVID -19 
pande mic was a primary reason for the real GDP growth falling by 2.4% in 2020 in Switzerland and 
even more in Liechtenstein, thanks to the solid financial buffers and prompt response by both 
Governments, the pandemic is not expected to have adverse effects on l ong-term economic 
prospects.  
4.105.   Both countries also face similar challenges, including the ag eing population, low productivity 
growth, adaptation to digitalization, climate change, and risks posed by high levels of household 
debt. How they tackle these issue s is something Israel is following closely.  
4.106.   Due to the two countries' relatively small domestic markets, something Israel also has in 
common, there has been a strong orientation towards export; therefore, trade policy in both 
countries is focused on promot ing and guaranteeing open markets, similarly to Israel.  
4.107.   Switzerland is Israel's leading trading partner among the four  countries which make up the 
European Free Trade Association (EFTA). A notable development in this regard was the upgrade of 
mutual conces sions in agriculture, as part of the Israel – EFTA Free Trade Agreement, which was 
ratified and entered into force in 2021. Also, in more general terms, in recent years, there has been 
an intensification in bilateral economic and financial relations, which  is reflected in promoting 
bilateral trade and collaborations between Swiss and Israeli companies and start -ups. This 
intensification has also led to scientific cooperation in various sectors, including fintech, cyber 
security, space, Medtech, cleantech, t o name a few. As a result, we expect to continue to deliver 
solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges.  
4.108.   The bilateral trade volume amounted to USD  1.75 billion in 2020. Israel imports 
pharmaceutical products, machinery, mineral fuels, iron and steel, and watches. On the other hand, 
Israeli exports to Switzerland consists mainly of precious stones and precious metals, optical and 
medical apparatus, electrical equipment, and organic chemicals.  
4.109.   Israel is pleased to note the recent announcement  by Switzerland on the unilateral 
abolishment of import duties on almost all industrial goods and simplifying the Swiss customs tariff 
to reduce costs for consumers and companies alike. Besides tariff elimination, the Swiss tariff code 
will be downsized fr om its currently 6 ,172 tariff lines to 4 ,592 tariff lines to simplify the classification 
of products. Israel looks forward to learning more about the implementation of this reform.  
4.110.   Turning to trade in services, Israel shares a similar ambition with Switzer land, which is to 
work towards a liberalized services regime underpinned by robust disciplines that provide 
transparency and predictability, enabling the free exchange of services. We look forward to 
continuing to cooperate closely towards achieving our co mmon goal.  
4.111.   Israel shares Switzerland and Liechtenstein's views regarding multilateral trade liberalization 
and we work alongside on many issues in the WTO, plurilaterally, and in other platforms. For 
example, we are parties to the Government Procurement Ag reement, the Information Technology 
Agreement, and its revised Agreement. Currently, both countries and Israel participate in the JSIs 
on E-commerce, MSMEs, and Domestic Trade Regulation in Services. In addition, we co -sponsor the 
transparency proposal with a wide range of ideas to improve compliance with notifications across 
the WTO. We are also part of the G10 group on Agriculture, and we collaborate and exchange views 
through the Friends of the System, ably led by Swi tzerland. Outside the WTO, we are Members of 
the OECD and we exchange views on trade issues also in the framework of the Small Advanced 
Economies Initiative.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.112.   During this exercise, Israel submitted questions to Switzerland, and we are reviewing the 
replies  carefully. The areas of interest for Israel include elimination of tariffs, agriculture and imports.  
4.113.   We would like to take this opportunity to extend our sincere appreciation to the hard -working 
teams in the Missions of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, whic h, as mentioned earlier, work closely 
with us on a wide range of initiatives at the WTO.  
4.114.   To conclude, allow me to wish these two countries every success in this Trade Policy Review.  
AUSTRALIA  
4.115.   Ambassadors Schlagenhof, Chambovey and Jäger. First of all, a bi g thank you to my friend 
Hung  Seng Tan for his speech opening our meeting today. It is not really fitting for me, an Australian, 
to welcome you here to Geneva. It is better to thank you for having received us here, in your 
beautiful city, multilateral Gene va. 
4.116.   This is a house of rules . I am sitting here next to my friend Mr Vyacheslav  Tsymbal f rom 
Ukraine whose  country is currently subject to a brutal illegal invasion as our colleagues from Canada 
have said earlier . So, we have got to protect those rules.  This house is founded on those same rules , 
founded on a system of international law and it is a system that we cherish, it is a system we cherish 
because it protects us all  and it supports all and you , Switzerland and Liechtenstein , you are system 
players .  
4.117.   Australia  commends you for your  commitment to this system , you invest in it , you are driving 
rule-marking ; it is what you are doing in your active participation on our new rule -making efforts, 
whether in services,  domestic regulation,  or e-commerce i t evidence s of your commitment to 
protecting this system.  You have also been driving on trade liberalization and expanding trade and 
investment and  working to support the digital economy as you are doing in respect of the protection 
of the import ant moratorium  on e-commerce.  
4.118.   There are  hard few weeks we have ahead,  and you are helping us to lead that effort in all 
areas, trade and health, pandemic response,  agricultural reform , and fisheries . And we look forward 
to continuing our work with you in each of these areas , of course there are some areas that we 
would like to see  improved  and areas such as Brazil has listed earlier on agriculture,  on notifications , 
and on  transparency . 
4.119.   I wanted to talk  just briefly about the common commitment we have with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein  all across the multilateral system not just here at the World Trade Organization . It is 
a relationship that we value very highly, and it is a relationship that is founded on our commitment 
to democracy to good governance a nd to human rights and a s a testament to that relationship I 
know some in this room know that we will be opening a new Embassy  a few  hundred  kilometres  
away up the road in Berne, after 60 years of our dipl omatic relations .  
4.120.   On agriculture, there is room for improvement as Brazil has noted earlier . We note tha t the 
high form of direct payments to farms in Switzerland accounts for around 50%  of support provided 
to Swiss farmers, which is three times the OECD average.  We notice as Brazil has done the 
prevalence tariff rate  quotas, including some that are high and restrictive, we also note that  some 
have rates, well above 100 %, so that does sugg est a sc ope for further opening.  
4.121.   I will conclude  with one observation, that is that most of us here we like to say we are  system 
plays but Switzerland and Liechtenstein walked the talk  very clearly and Ambassador  Cham bovey's  
leadership here after several y ears in this house has been an impressive contribution to the system . 
Didier, w e could not be in safer hands  than with your custodianship of the General Council in the 
next few weeks ahead of MC12. So, thank you for your leadership, thanks to Switzerland a nd 
Liechtenstein for your role  as system players.  
THAILAND  
4.122.   Thailand is delighted to participate in the sixth joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein and joins others in welcoming the Swiss delegation headed by Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of the Federal Council for Trade Agreements of State Secretariat for WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Economic Affairs and the Liechtenstein delegation headed by Ambassador Kurt  Jäger from the 
Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein in Geneva.  
4.123.   We would like to thank you, Chair, for your introductory remarks, and the discussant, 
Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore, for sharing with us his detailed insights on Switzerland 's 
and Liechtenstein 's trade policies. We also would like to express appreciation to the WTO Secretaria t 
and the Swiss and Liechtenstein Governments for the comprehensive reports.  
4.124.   Ranked among the world 's most advanced and innovative economies, Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein have shown their resilience against the backdrop of severe global economic crises, 
including that triggered by the emergence of C OVID -19 pandemic, thanks to not only the swift and 
targeted responsive measures taken by the Governments but also their pre -existing economic 
structure characterized by diversified economic sectors, growing spec ialization in high value -added 
production, sound public finances and political stability.  
4.125.   Thailand has long cherished close and friendly relations with both Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein. Last year, Thailand and Switzerland commemorated the 90th Anniversa ry of the official 
diplomatic relations since the conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the 
Kingdom of Siam (the former name of Thailand)  and the Swiss Confederation in 1931. Over the 
past 90 years, our trust and friendship have devel oped out of long -term cooperation between the 
two countries and will only continue to grow into the future.  
4.126.   In terms of economic and trade relations, with trade patterns complementing each other, 
our average two -way trades amounted to USD 9,147.6  million w ith Switzerland and 
USD 109.6  million with Liechtenstein during 2017 -2021. Last year, Switzerland is Thailand 's 
20th largest trading partner in the world and 1st largest among the European Free Trade Association 
(EFTA) Members with USD 6,562.4  million of t otal trade. Major items of trade with Switzerland are 
gems and jewelleries , clock and watches, electrical machinery and parts thereof, and pharmaceutical 
products. Liechtenstein is our 109th largest trading partner globally and 3rd largest in the EFTA with 
USD 82.55  million of total trade. Major items of trade are gems and jewelleries , glass and glassware, 
electrical machinery and parts thereof, vehicles and parts thereof, pharmaceutical products.   
4.127.   Thailand appreciates Switzerland 's and Liechtenstein's long -standing advocacy and 
sustained efforts to promote trade openness. In this connection, we welcome Switzerland 's 
elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products in line with the MC10 decision and look 
forward to the countr y's abolition of all industrial tariffs and the tariff structure as of 1  January  2024. 
We encourage both countries to continue improving the conditions towards the open market, notably 
with respect to the agricultural products which, as noted in the WTO Secretariat report, remain 
highly protected with high applied tariff rates and complex administration of tariff regime.  
4.128.   Recognizing the ample potential of further growth in a number of areas of mutual interest, 
Thailand is pleased to note that a constructive  discussion on the possible resumption of the Free 
Trade Agreement negotiations between Thailand and the EFTA have recently been underway and 
have made good progress after being interrupted in 2006. Thailand truly believes that the 
Thailand -EFTA FTA will c ontribute to further expand trade and commercial opportunities of both Thai 
and Swiss -Liechtenstein companies and businesses.  
4.129.   As staunch supporters of the rule -based multilateral trading system, Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein have been actively and construc tively engaging in many areas of the WTO 's ongoing 
negotiations, including the pandemic response, the WTO reform, the agriculture with Switzerland as 
G10 coordinator. Both countries also participate in the several Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs): 
e-comm erce; MSMEs; domestic regulation of trade in services; and the trade and environmental 
sustainability structured discussions (TESSD). In addition, Switzerland has joined the JSI on 
Investment Facilitat ion for Development and the Informal Dialogue on Plasti c Pollution and 
Environmentally Sustainable Plastics Trade.  
4.130.   In this Review, Thailand submitted a number of questions on certain aspects of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein 's trade and economic policies. We would like to extend our gratitude for the 
responses , which we will examine with great interest.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.131.   In closing, Thailand would like to take this opportunity to extend our appreciation to 
Ambassador Didier  Chambovey for his outstanding leadership as the current Chair of General Council 
and the former Chair of D ispute Settlement Body last year. Ambassador Chambovey 's dedication to 
facilitating our discussions has played an indispensable  role in our strive to achieve possible 
convergences amongst Members. Our thanks also go to the teams of the Permanent Mission of  both 
countries to the WTO in Geneva for their kind cooperation and support on a wide range of WTO 
issues as well as on the preparation for the MC12. Thailand is looking forward to enhancing our 
cooperation with the Permanent Missions of both countries in Geneva in order to advance our mutual 
interest in many WTO -related areas and beyond.  
4.132.   Thailand wishes Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success in the sixth joint Trade Policy 
Review.  
CHINA  
4.133.   China warmly welcomes the delegation of Switzerland, led by H.E. Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof and the delegation of Liechtenstein, led by H.E.  Ambassador Kurt  Jäger to the 
sixth joint Trade Policy Review and would like to thank the discussant, Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan 
for his insightful comments and guiding questi ons. Many thanks also go to you, Chair and the 
Secretariat for the efforts to make this Review happen.  
4.134.   It is highly commendable that Switzerland and Liechtenstein, characterized by high living 
standards and a highly skilled labour force, maintain the world 's top high GDP per  capita countries. 
Their fiscal status  is sound and unemployment rate is traditionally low. China is pleased to notice in 
the Secretariat Report that the long -term economic prospects are not expected to be negatively 
affected by the pand emic.   
4.135.   China welcomes the continued efforts by both Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
in trade and investment liberalization. It is worth noting that the Swiss Government has announced 
all duties on industrial goods would be eliminated by 1 January 2024.  
4.136.   On the multilateral side, like many other Members, we appreciate the firm commitments of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the multilateral trading system. Both countries are active Members 
of the WTO and maintain a solid record of notifications.  We commend them for playing an active role 
both in the regular work of WTO and the negotiations. Annual WTO  ministerial meeting held in  the 
margin s of the World Economic Forum in  Davos  has become an important platform for advancing 
the discussion in WTO. Especially , we would like to thank Switzerland f or hosting MC12  in the coming 
month . 
4.137.   Taking this opportunity, China  would like to pay special tribute  to Ambassador Chambovey 
for his personal contribution to the WTO as Chair of General Council and previousl y as Chair of DSB, 
and his able team for their hard work in Geneva.  
4.138.   China and Switzerland enjoy close bilateral trade relations , with China being the third  largest 
trading partner of Switzerland . Switzerland is  the first  European country signing free trade  
agreement (FTA) with China . Bilateral trade doubled within 10 years, and a major part of the growth 
happened after the FTA came into effect in 2014. In 2021 , bilateral trade between China and 
Switzerland stands at USD  44.1 billion, among which 86% is Chin a's import from Switzerland. 
Switzerland is the largest source of investment to China among non -EU countries in Europe and is a 
popular destination for China's outward investment.  
4.139.   China and Switzerland both recogni ze the importance of intellectual propert y rights and have 
enhanced bilateral cooperation in this field. We are pleased to share that China -Switzerland Joint 
Commission on Commerce and Trade had its 11th Working Group Meeting on Intellectual Property 
Rights in March  2022. The two sides exchanged views on the latest developments in intellectual 
property legislation and enforcement. Both Governments responded to industry concerns with a view 
to improving IPR protection.   
4.140.   For the purpose of this Review, we have submitted written questions on environment -related 
import prohibitions and CO 2 Law. We appreciate the timely response and would conduct further 
review.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.141.   China wishes Switzerland and Liechtenstein  a successful Trade Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.142.   The European  Union wishes to welcome H.E. Mr  Markus  Schlagenhof and the entire Swiss 
delegation, as well as H.E. Mr  Kurt Jäger and all the delegation of Liechtenstein for their sixth trade 
policy review. I  would also like to thank the Ambassador of Singapore, H.E.  Mr Hung Seng Tan, and 
the WTO  Secretariat for their reports made available to us for our discussion today.  
4.143.   The world today is undergoing rapid change. In recent years we have, among other things, 
witnessed a global recession caused by the health crisis, and, more recently, the return of war to 
Europe.  
4.144.   Today, we are sadly all witnesses to the Russian  Federation's unjustified and unprovoked 
aggression against Ukraine. The European  Union would like to  take this opportunity to thank 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein for having expressed their solidarity with the Ukrainian people by 
aligning themselves with the EU's sanctions against the Russian  Federation and Belarus. Indeed, 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein a re playing an important role in the success of the EU's economic 
sanctions against the Russian  Federation and Belarus. This is why we will continue to show unity of 
purpose in the face of these acts of violence, there is strength in unity.  
4.145.   With these intro ductory remarks, let us now turn to the subject of today's meeting, the trade 
policy review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein.  
4.146.   As illustrated in the Secretariat report, Switzerland and Liechtenstein enjoy favourable 
economic conditions, however, they also f ace similar challenges, including an ageing population, low 
productivity growth, adaptation to digitization, climate change and high prices. The latter led the 
Swiss authorities to announce the elimination of tariffs on industrial products. The EU will fol low with 
interest the implementation of this reform and its impact on the Swiss economy.  
4.147.   I would like to point out that Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the EU's closest 
neighbours. The European  Union is, by far, the main trading partner of both cou ntries, ahead of the 
United  States, China and the United  Kingdom. This is not only because of our geographical proximity, 
but also historical, cultural and economic ties.  
4.148.   Today, Switzerland remains the EU's fourth largest trading partner in goods, a trade valued 
at more than EUR  280 billion. With regard to trade in services, Switzerland is our third largest trading 
partner.  
4.149.   In the case of Liechtenstein, bilateral trade flows in goods and services reached more than 
EUR 3.5 billion in 2020.  
4.150.   Moreover, during t he health crisis, the proximity of our markets and the close integration of 
our value chains have, to a large extent, protected our bilateral trade flows.  
4.151.   That being said, there is room for improvement in terms of access to the Swiss market. 
I would like t o mention some of our economic operators' immediate concerns, for instance:  
• Excessively high and complex tariffs on imports of agricultural products into Switzerland 
remain a significant barrier to trade. This high tariff protection could, furthermore, be an 
obstacle to the Swiss objective of ensuring sufficient food supplies for its population.  
• With regard to the certification of organic food, the European  Union encourages 
Switzerland to adopt clear and non -discriminatory rules or to create a uniform Swiss 
organic label.  
• On the issue of government procurement, the EU congratulates Switzerland on its revision 
of the federal law, in particular its criteria for awarding contracts in an ecologically and 
socially sustainable manner; however, it reca lls that these criteria should in no way 
unjustifiably rule out European and international actors.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  • With respect to the "accompanying measures", this is the biggest problem encountered by 
service providers from the EU looking to do business in Switzerland.  
• To conclude this non -exhaustive list, the lack of openness to competition in certain sectors, 
such as telecoms, remains an important barrier to access to the Swiss market.  
4.152.   We hope that our Swiss partners will be open to finding solutions to these issues.  
4.153.   As mentioned in the Secretariat report, in 2021, Switzerland decided to withdraw from the 
negotiations with the EU on the institutional framework agreement, which formed the basis of a 
strong bilateral relationship. The EU can only lament this decision. It could, among other things, 
affect our future trade relations as the modernization of our free trade agreement, which was one 
of the objectives of the framework agreement, has not come to pass. However, the European  Union 
stands ready to resume its dialogue  with the Swiss authorities in an effort to find lasting and mutually 
beneficial solutions to the issues in response to which the institutional framework agreement was 
floated, including an update of the free trade agreement which dates back to 1972. For t his, we 
await a clear and unambiguous political commitment from the Swiss Federal Council on this and 
other key issues of our bilateral relationship.  
4.154.   Beyond that, the pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining global cooperation 
and multilatera lism. We welcome our joint efforts and thank Switzerland for its good cooperation in 
finding sustainable solutions to the many challenges of the multilateral trading system. I am thinking 
of the responses to the health crisis and to WTO reform. That reform  reflects a shared commitment 
to ensure that the WTO remains relevant to the challenges of the 21st century. At the same time, 
we appreciate the engagement in the negotiations on, among other topics, agriculture, food security 
and fisheries, which are some  of the key objectives of the Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference.  
4.155.   In conclusion, we hope that our bilateral relationships will be commensurate with the very 
deep integration of our economies. The European  Union looks forward to a constructive review and 
two days of rich exchanges with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Thank you for your attention . 
COSTA  RICA 
4.156.   Like others, Costa  Rica would like to extend a warm welcome to the delegations of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and to thank them for their report and the  presentation this morning. 
I would also like to extend my thanks to the discussant, Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan, for his 
comments and to the WTO Secretariat for the report.  
4.157.   Costa  Rica is pleased to be participating in the sixth  joint trade policy review of S witzerland 
and Liechtenstein. Costa  Rica has had a free trade agreement with both countries since 2014, as 
part of the trade agreement negotiated with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States. 
Over the last decade, trade with this bloc grew at an average annual rate of 7.8%.  
4.158.   Costa  Rica would like to emphasize the importance that both Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
attach to the WTO, as well as their firm support for the multilateral trading system, as reflected by 
Switzerland's leadership as coordinator of the Friends of the System group. We welcome the 
participation of both countries in the joint initiatives such as on e -commerce; services domestic 
regulation; investment facilitation; plastics pollution and environmentally susta inable plastics trade; 
micro, small and medium -sized enterprises (MSMEs); and trade and environmental sustainability.  
4.159.   In connection with this review, we note the economic stability and resilience shown by both 
countries in the face of the health crisis cau sed by COVID -19. Despite the pandemic's significant 
economic impact, by implementing appropriate and timely public policies, they have managed to 
reduce the negative effects on their economies, while at the same time adequately protecting the 
health of the ir populations In particular, both countries implemented policies geared towards 
international trade integration which had a positive impact thereon.  
4.160.   We have noted with interest Switzerland's ambitious reform of its customs procedures, which 
provides for t he systematic simplification and full digitalization of all of its customs procedures by 
the end of 2026, and for the introduction of a fully -fledged single window system that will properly 
address the challenges associated with the increase in goods traff ic. WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.161.   In the area of intellectual property and innovation, Switzerland remains a global leader, 
retaining its first -place ranking in both the Global Competitiveness Index, compiled by the 
World  Economic  Forum, and the Global Innovation Index of the World Int ellectual Property 
Organization (WIPO). Changes to its intellectual property legislation during this period will help 
Switzerland to hold on to those top spots and to preserve the competitiveness of emblematic 
products in sectors such as watch and clockmak ing, precision instruments, and the chemical and 
pharmaceutical industry.  
4.162.   We also note the efforts made by both countries to promote energy efficiency and the use 
of renewable energies. We welcome the ambitious commitments to reduce greenhouse gas 
emission s that both countries made in the framework of the Paris Agreement. Switzerland and 
Costa  Rica are participating actively in the negotiations for the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade 
and Sustainability (ACCTS), one of the main objectives of which is to s how that trade and 
environment policies can complement and support each other on a reciprocal basis.  
4.163.   Lastly, on agriculture, that is room for improvement. Switzerland continues to offer a broad 
and complex system of support to its agricultural sector, with  domestic support and border 
measures. We will closely follow the steps that Switzerland is taking towards market -oriented 
agricultural trade and to increase the sector's competitiveness and productivity in the long term.  
4.164.   Costa  Rica submitted questions rel ating to the implementation of the customs procedures' 
programmes. I would like to thank you for addressing these questions and wish you every success 
in this review.  
JAPAN  
4.165.   Japan welcomes the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, hea ded by Ambassad or 
Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of the Federal Council for Trade Agreements , and Ambassador 
Kurt Jäger , Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein  in Geneva . 
4.166.   Japan would also like to thank the WTO Secretariat and the Government s of Switzerland and 
Liechtens tein f or their reports submitted for this Review process  and the discuss ant Ambassador 
Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for his insightful remarks . 
4.167.   We would like to express our  gratitude to Ambassador Didier  Chambovey  for his efforts as 
the Chair of the General Council, as there is Switzerland's tremendous contribution as the host 
country of the WTO and this  time hosting MC12.  
4.168.   Turning to the trade aspect s of Switzerland  and Liechtenstein . First of all, we would like to 
welcome the recovery of  the Swiss economy with its trade volume in 2021, both in imports and in 
exports, increasing by more than 10% from the previous year . Exports especially , according to some 
reports , have reached the record high since statistics began to be recorded in 1985 . 
4.169.   Taking this opportunity  Japan would like to highlight  the following two issues . 
4.170.   First, our bilateral economic relationship with Switzerland and Liechtenstein , Japan has been 
traditionally enjoyi ng trendy relations based  on economic cooperation, trade continues to be an 
important part of th at cooperation . This was being affirmed  during the visit of the President and 
Foreign Minister of Switzerland, Mr  Cassis to Japan  in a meeting with our Prime Minister  
Fumio  Kishida in Tokyo.  
4.171.   Second, we would like to highlight the importance through the important role of Switzerland 
in the multilateral trading system . Japan would like to extend its appreciation to Switzerland for the 
significant role it plays in maintaining  and enhancing the system in all areas. We are especially 
grateful to Switzerland for the leading role it has played in the agricultural negotiation as a 
coordinator of the G 10, a group of net food to import ing Members. We are also working with other 
like-minded Members on joint proposals to improve transparency and to clarify rules in export 
controls of agricultural products.  
4.172.   The serious impact on global food supply, including the disruption of food supply chains, and 
soaring agricultural commodity prices, caused by the Russian  Federation 's aggression against WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Ukraine has made the export restrictive measures  agenda more important than ever, maintaining 
open trade and ensuring transparent and predictable agricultural trade are crucial for the food 
security of importing Members and  we hope to continue to work together to achieve concrete results . 
4.173.    Japan believes that the GSI approach is vital to improving and enhancing the functioning of 
the WTO.  We value the active p articipation of Switzerland in the Joint Statement Initiati ves, including 
those on e -commerce, investment facilitation for development , and MSMEs . Japan also appreciates 
Switzerland's active engagement in  other WTO discussions or broader agenda. We would like to 
continue cooperation with Switzerland and Liechtenstein  in a wide range of areas.  
4.174.   In conclusion, Japan appreciates the active participation of th ese two  countries  on their TPR 
and contribute to the WTO agenda as a whole . We wish the delegation of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein a successful and fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
PHILIPPINES  
4.175.   At the outset, the Philippines warmly welcomes and congratulates the delegations led by 
Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof and Ambassador Didier  Chambovey of Switzerland, and 
Ambassador Kurt  Jäger of Liechtenstein on their sixth joint Trade Policy Review. We also thank 
Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for his insightful comments as discussant, and the WTO 
Secretariat for a comprehensive report.  
4.176.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the top high -per capita income countries in the 
world that are very well integrated into international trade. They are both strong advocates of 
economic integration and trade liberalization. T he close economic cooperation between the 
two countries is reflected in more than 100  bilateral treaties, the most important of them being the 
Customs Union Treaty and the Currency Union Treaty, which will have its 100th anniversary next 
year.  
4.177.   The two  countries form a customs union, and their policies are aligned in many areas. Over 
the years, both countries continue to negotiate and conclude bilateral and regional preferential 
agreements that complement and support the multilateral trading system. Both ec onomies are 
members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) under the auspices of which they have 
concluded an extensive range of RTAs with 39  economies, including the Philippines. Most of these 
free trade agreements are negotiated, concluded, and administered in association with the other 
EFTA member States, namely Norway and Iceland.  
4.178.   The Philippines successfully concluded the Free Trade Agreem ent with the EFTA in April  2016 
and it entered into force in June  2018. This FTA provided greater market access and increased trade 
between the Philippines and the EFTA member States. It particularly eliminates customs duties on 
all imports of non -agricult ural products and some imports of agricultural products from the 
Philippines into Switzerland and Liechtenstein.  
4.179.   This year marks the 65th anniversary of the establishment of Philippines -Switzerland 
diplomatic relations. Switzerland ranked as the Philippine s' 26th trading partner in 2021 with total 
bilateral trade amounting to US D 848.15  million. Philippine exports to Switzerland increased by 
17.28% from US D 450.40  million in 2020 to US D 528.22  million in 2021. Major exports of the 
Philippines to Switzerland  are medical instruments, mineral compounds, electrical machines, and 
other machinery. Meanwhile, despite the pandemic, Philippine imports from Switzerland only 
marginally decreased by 0.30% from US D 320.89  million in 2020 to US D 319.92  million in 2021. 
Major Swiss exports to the Philippines include wristwatches, pharmaceuticals, parts of semiconductor 
devices, tobacco, and agricultural products like cheese and chocolate.  
4.180.   A Joint Economic Commission (JEC) was established between the Philippines and Switzerl and 
in June  2013 to further invigorate the Philippine -Swiss bilateral trade relations and pave the way for 
closer economic cooperation in various areas of mutual interest. Presently, there are over 60  Swiss 
companies present in the Philippines employing ar ound 15,000 Filipinos. About one -third or 28% of 
these Swiss companies belong to the industrial sector, while 72% are in the service sector.  
4.181.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are both active Members of the WTO. The two countries attach 
high importance to a strong, transparent, and predictable rules based multilateral trading system. WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  They believe in the crucial role of the WTO in responding to the realities and needs of the globalized 
economy. T hey are committed to further strengthening the multilateral trading system and support 
the various joint initiatives on MSMEs ; electronic commerce ; services domestic regulation ; trade and 
gender ; and trade and environmental sustainability. In addition, Switzerland participates in the JSI 
on investment facilitation for development.  
4.182.   The Philippines commends both countries ' support in the integration of developing countries 
into the global economy, particularly by strengthening the export capabilities of MSMEs of designated 
partner countries to be able to participate in international trade.  
4.183.   The Philippines notes the significant developments in the economic policies of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein, and we appreciate the opportun ity to learn more about these policies through 
this Trade Policy Review. Our delegation has submitted advance written questions and we thank the 
delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their timely responses.  
4.184.   In closing, the Philippines looks for ward to further enhancing the mutually beneficial 
economic relations with Switzerland and Liechtenstein in the bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
REPUBLIC OF KOREA  
4.185.   I would like to join others in extending a warm welcome to the delegations of Switz erland 
and Liechtenstein for their sixth Trade Policy Review. I would especially like to thank Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof, Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements , and Ambassador Kurt Jäger 
of Liechtenstein in Geneva for their comprehensive presen tations. My appreciation also goes to 
Ambassador Hung Seng Tan of Singapore for his insightful comments as discuss ant, and to the 
Secretariat for its informative Report . In addition , I take this opportunity to express my special 
thanks to Ambassador Didier  Chambovey  of Switzerland for the contribution he is making. to the 
work of the WTO including as the Chair of the General Council . 
4.186.   The economic relations between Korea and Switzerland have continued to deepen since the 
FTA between Korea and the EFTA came into force in 2006, despite COVID -19 and ensuing global 
supply chains disruptions, the valuable bilateral trade reached a record leve l in 2021, amounting to 
approximately USD 4.2 billion. Korea is Switzerland's seventh  largest export market in Asia as 
over 2020. 
4.187.   Bilateral investment  has also increased substantially with Korean enterprises investment in 
electric products and R&D and Swis s companies' investment in pharmaceutical and finance.  In 
particular , Switzerland's cumulative investment in Korea reached almost USD 3.3 billion in 2021.  
4.188.   With regard to Liechtenstein,  I am pleased to note that , while modest , our bilateral trade 
volume is steadily increasing reaching USD 30 million in 2021. My Government looks forward to 
continuing to work together with EFTA members  so as to improve our business  environment under 
the FTA . 
4.189.   From a trade policy perspective, as the Secretariat's Report noted Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein are both well integrated in to international trade and are open to foreign investment.  
In recent years, the GDP growth of both countries has increased to some extent due to the hesitant  
decline to some extent due to  COVID -19 pandemic . However, the prompt response from the 
Governments prevented the academic from having long -term negative impacts on the economy.  
Along with such responses both countries adopted policies aimed at promoting a substantial 
sustainable and c ircular economy including strategies to promote energy efficiencies  and 
implemented new reforms on the corporate in come tax. Switzerland also amended its laws on 
competition and public procurement.  
4.190.   I appreciate the strong support Switzerland and Liechtens tein have rendered to the 
multilateral trading system, furthermore, both countries are participating in the JSIs for domestic 
regulations, e -commerce and MSMEs, and supporte d gender and trade initiative . Switzerland is also 
taking part in the GSI on invest ment facilitation.  
4.191.   I commend Switzerland for playing a constructive role in many different areas of the  WTO 
negotiations, Ambassador Chambovey  has successfully presided over the Disp ute Settlement Body WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  and is now leading us in the General Council as we ar e making our final preparations for the 
upcoming  MC12. Switzerland has contributed to facilitating discussions on global trade issues by 
hosting the World Economic Forum annual meetings in Davos which we will resume next week after 
two years of lapse . Switzerland continues to make approach to facilitate agricultural negotiations as 
coordinator of the G10 . Korea appreciates the role Switzerland has played  in highlighting the 
importance of taking into account sustainability and non -trade concerns in the WTO's  agricultural 
negotiations .  
4.192.   Recently, Switzerland has decided not to sign on  Institutional Framework Agreement with 
the European  Union, following the decision, transitional provisions have been adopted for certain 
products, including medical devices, replacing the existing mutual recognition arrangement.  We look 
forward to possible updates in the recent regulations, as some of our companies, medical devices, 
manufacturers in particular have raised the concerns over new requirements in such tra nsitional 
provisions that impose additional burden on foreign companies in terms of cost and time . 
4.193.    My delegation has submitted written questions  and I thank Switzerland for the answers 
provided and  will study them carefully .  
4.194.   Korea appreciates  the support  of Switzerland and Liechtenstein for robust multilateral trading 
system and appreciates both WTO Members' active participation and contribution in our collective 
efforts to respond to challenges posed on this system.  
4.195.   My delegation looks forward to working  closely with Switzerland and Liechtenstein  for the 
success of MC 12 and beyond . I would like to express my deep appreciation to the Swiss and 
Liechtenstein d elegations  for their hard work and wish them every success in this TPR . 
ARGENTINA  
4.196.   We would like to join the Members who have welcomed the delegation of Switzerland, led 
by Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof, and the delegation of Liechtenstein, led by 
Ambassador  Kurt Jäger.  
4.197.   We thank Switzerland and Liechtenstein and the Secretariat for their reports, which have 
provided us with a comprehensive overview of these Members' trade policies. We also thank 
Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan for his observations and comments, which have enabled us to deepen 
our understanding of the trade practices of Switzerland and Lie chtenstein and of the economic 
environment in which they operate.  
4.198.   Bilateral trade between Argentina and Switzerland amounted to USD  1.486  billion in 2021, 
representing year -on-year growth of 3%. Argentina typically runs a surplus in its trade in goods with  
Switzerland. Our country exports mainly agricultural products, such as wine, meat and dairy 
products. Switzerland's exports to our country, meanwhile, are concentrated in pharmaceuticals, 
chemical products and machinery.  
4.199.   Switzerland is a major investor in  Argentina, ranked as the seventh top foreign investor in 
our country. More than 70  Swiss companies are present in Argentina, mainly in the oilseeds and 
grains, plastic and oil sectors. My delegation wishes to highlight the potential for investment to be 
expanded to other sectors that may be of mutual interest, such as clean energy.  
4.200.   Trade flows between Argentina and Liechtenstein are still far from reaching their potential. 
In 2017, they totalled some USD  1.5 million. We believe that there are considerable opportunities 
for trade diversification between our countries. Specifically, we see opportunities for trade in bottled 
fine wine.  
4.201.   As an economy largely dependent on international trade, we note the impact of the 
COVID -19 pandemic on the Swiss economy. Howe ver, we salute the strength of its macroeconomy, 
which allowed it to recover quickly and substantially compared to other developed countries.  
4.202.   We also note the measures implemented by Switzerland to tackle imbalances resulting from 
the COVID -19 pandemic and  to maintain its position as one of the most competitive economies in 
the world. Like Argentina, Switzerland attaches great importance to SMEs, which are a central pillar WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  of the economy and one of the main sources of employment. That is why we highlight th e measures 
adopted to curb the impact of the health crisis on SMEs, which are part of Switzerland's economic 
strategy, together with the promotion of innovation and respect for the environment.  
4.203.   After three years of real GDP growth, Liechtenstein was, like Switzerland, affected by the 
global economic crisis caused by the pandemic. We trust that the Government of Liechtenstein will 
take the necessary steps to return to the path of growth.  
4.204.   Furthermore, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are countries that work responsibly and 
constructively to strengthen the rules -based multilateral trading system and that, at the same time, 
are seeking to complement this system with a wide network of trade agreements that project their 
economies around the globe.  
4.205.   Likewise, Arge ntina wishes to highlight Switzerland's contributions to the ongoing 
negotiations within the framework of this Organization, as well as its valuable participation in the 
Council for TRIPS.  
4.206.   We also take this opportunity to stress Argentina's desire to conti nue to expand its trade 
relations with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In this regard, we note that our countries are in the 
process of negotiating a free trade agreement in their capacity as members of EFTA and MERCOSUR, 
in which work is under way on certa in outstanding technical issues and the legal review.  
4.207.   Lastly, and in the context of this trade policy review, we have submitted questions to 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein on customs regulations, agricultural tariffs and support for the 
agricultural sector,  non-tariff measures and intellectual property rights, among other topics. We 
appreciate the replies received, which are being analysed in detail in our capital.  
4.208.   In addition to reiterating our appreciation of this renewed opportunity to exchange reflection s 
on the trade practices of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, we would like to draw attention once again 
to the importance of all aspects of this exercise in transparency. We wish the authorities of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful conclusion to thi s review.  
NEW ZEALAND  
4.209.   New Zealand welcomes this opportunity to comment of the sixth Trade Policy Review of both 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein. We would like to thank both the WTO Secretariat and the 
Governments of both Switzerland and Liechtenstein for the ir work in preparing this Review.  
4.210.   While New  Zealand and Switzerland have by and large a modest trading relationship, we 
share a positive foundation of shared interests and bilateral cooperation.  
4.211.   We commend both Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their continued support of the WTO, 
and by extension rules -based, transparent, and free trade. In trying times such as these, where 
reliable access to food is threatened by pandemics, conflict and the impacts of climate change , it is 
all the more important that we continue to defend and strengthen the multilateral system. Trade 
has a vital role to play in contributing to global food security and economic development. We 
appreciate your continued commitment in this regard.  
4.212.   New Zealand further acknowledges both Swi tzerland and Liechtenstein for their resilience in 
the wake of the COVID -19 pandemic. New  Zealand shares the sentiment of Switzerland, that 
multilateral and open trade played a key role in the global economic recovery from the effects of the 
pandemic.  
4.213.   We commend Switzerland on its efforts to promote open markets for industrial products. We 
note at this point that agriculture remains the most protected sector globally, and that all countries 
stand to benefit from reforms to agriculture trade rules, to decrea se distortions and provide for 
greater food security. For this reason, we encourage Switzerland and Liechtenstein to continue to 
engage constructively in agriculture negotiations at the WTO, and to undertake similar 
market -oriented reforms in its agricultu re sector.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.214.   New Zealand also commends Switzerland for its efforts regarding sustainable trade and the 
environment, where we have shared interests. We appreciate Switzerland 's continued engagement 
on this issue in a number of fora, including  through plurilat eral avenues such as the Agreement on 
Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS) and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. 
Climate change is a global challenge, and we hope that these shared ambitions can be further 
discussed in the WTO context in f uture.  
4.215.   In conclusion, the reports by both the WTO Secretariat and the Governments of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein demonstrate their continuing support for free trade, the environment, and the 
WTO. New  Zealand is looking forward to continuing to collaborat e with both in the future through 
the WTO and other fora. 
MEXICO 
4.216.   It is an honour for the Mexican delegation to participate in the sixth joint trade policy review 
of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. We warmly welcome both delegations, led respectively by the 
distinguished Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof and Ambassador Kurt  Jäger.  
4.217.   Switzerland has a strong, highly efficient and market -oriented economy, which has given it 
a stable and secure business environment.  
4.218.   We congratulate Switzerland and Liechtenstein on the ir favourable economic conditions and 
on the fact that, thanks to strong financial buffers and a prompt response by the Governments, the 
pandemic is not expected to have negative effects on medium - or long -term economic prospects. 
They have also kept econo mic variables such as inflation and unemployment at favourable levels, 
ranking among the top countries in the OECD.  
4.219.   This, coupled with policies aimed at fostering the knowledge economy, has led to societies 
with a high quality of life, along with high levels of industrial productivity, education and health.  
4.220.   Their market economies are modern, with a highly skilled labour force and a GDP per  capita 
among the highest in the world.  
4.221.   Their economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financ ial services, and 
a manufacturing industry specialized in knowledge -based high -tech production.  
4.222.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are also among the most competitive economies in the world, 
owing to, among other factors, their economic and political stability,  a transparent legal system, 
exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets and low corporate tax rates.  
4.223.   We wish to underline the constructive spirit that Switzerland has always had in this 
Organization and its support for strengthening the multilat eral trading system. It has been able to 
convey this spirit through its leadership of the "Friends of the System" group and its active and 
committed participation in the Ottawa Group.  
4.224.   Switzerland and Mexico agree on the need to seek alternatives to deepen certain disciplines 
among those Members that are in a position to do so. Accordingly, we both participate in the 
Joint Initiatives on Investment Facilitation for Development, Services Domestic Regulation, and 
E-Commerce.  
4.225.   Mexico looks forward to continuing to work closely with Switzerland in the various activities 
that bring us together to strengthen the multilateral trading system.  
4.226.   We applaud Switzerland's efforts to adopt strategies to digitally transform government 
services and render them more efficient and cost -effective, and to introduce a single window system 
as part of its customs reform process, which will, inter alia, enable importers and exporters to apply 
for permits through the platform.  
4.227.   However, despite these important and outstanding efforts, S witzerland faces a number of 
challenges associated with, among other matters, the following:  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  • a limited pool of skilled IT workers, especially in the engineering and cybersecurity sectors, 
which could affect the digital transformation of companies;  
• demographic changes, mainly the ageing of its population, which affect productivity and 
the Government's fiscal balance;  
• Switzerland ranks high in a number of indices, but was below average in the OECD 
indicator on market regulation and State in tervention;  
• in agriculture, according to the Secretariat report, the level of protection afforded through 
tariffs and subsidies is among the highest in the Membership; together with a trade regime 
with high trade barriers and complex tariffs.  
4.228.   In closing, w e would like to thank the Swiss delegation for its work on this sixth trade policy 
review and for its efforts to respond to our questions. We wish them every success in the outcome 
of this process.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.229.   The Russia n Federation  welcomes the sixth joint T rade Policy Review  of Switzerland and 
Lichtenstein, as well as the opportunity to engage in a frank discussion on their trade policy.  
4.230.   We note that Switzerland has always demonstrated unwavering support for the multilateral 
trading system. The  Swiss delegation engaged constructively in negotiations, helped to build 
consensus on several key issues, participated in important initiatives. We praise the role of 
Switzerland as the host country of the WTO, and in particular, the efforts of the Swiss Government 
to convene MC12 in Geneva, in spite of many regulatory, organizational and logistical hurdles.  
4.231.   Personal contribution of Ambassador Chambovey, including in his current position of the 
General Council  Chair, is commendable. Switzerland was one of the systemically -thinking Members 
that in October last year launched in the GC a joint communication "seeking to protect and 
strengthen the WTO " (WT/GC/W/827/Rev.2). The Russia n Federation  believed in this inspiring 
statement and co -sponsored the initiativ e. To our dismay, it took less than half a year for Switzerland 
to go back on its word and let itself be persuaded to put political considerations above its faith in 
multilateral rules -based principles.  
4.232.   Until recently, we were quite satisfied with the deve lopment of bilateral trade and economic 
affairs with Switzerland. In 2021, the overall trade turnover between our States increased by 10.2% 
compared to the previous year and amounted to USD  6.16 billion. This was a promising figure that, 
along with success ful investment cooperation and close ties between our business communities, 
could have contributed significantly to the well -being of our peoples. Unfortunately, Switzerland has 
chosen economic confrontation and introduced a number of unilateral trade rest rictions, abandoning 
its neutrality policy and engaging itself in a political conflict for the first time since 1815.  
4.233.   Both Switzerland and Lichtenstein have introduced a large number of restrictive measures 
against the Russia n Federation , which include ba ns on goods and services related to maritime and 
avia navigation, as well as closure of their airspace for Russian  Federation's  planes. Bans were also 
applied to exports and imports of a wide range of goods, including fertilizers. Although both countries 
under review could try to excuse their actions through national security considerations, it is evident 
for all that their measures are incompatible with the WTO book and spirit.  
4.234.   Switzerland and Lichtenstein, along with other western States, profess that the ir sanctions 
are aimed exclusively at the Russian "elites " and do not inflict any collateral damage. In reality, 
unilateral restrictive measures triggered a massive scale back of operation of Swiss companies on 
the Russian market, including in the food and  pharma sectors, that led to loss of jobs and suspension 
of production of important goods. All of this has a disproportionate effect on common people, 
violating fundamental human rights and amounting to collective punishment.  
4.235.   In light of the recent economi c measures introduced against my country, we hope that 
Switzerland will continue to diligently honour its obligations as the host country of the WTO, which 
is especially important in relation to the upcoming MC12.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.236.   To conclude. The relations between our cou ntries are at a historical low point. The good thing 
is that the only direction from this is upwards. I hope that in time we will be able to overcome the 
current difficulties and get back on track of mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation.  
UNITED KINGDOM  
4.237.   On behalf of Her Majesty 's Government, I am pleased to welcome the joint delegation of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein, represented by their Excellenc ies Mr  Markus  Schlagenhof and 
Mr Kurt Jäger , respectively.  
4.238.   I am also grateful to the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and to colleagues 
from the WTO Secretariat for their respective reports, and to the Chair and our discussant, 
H.E. Mr. Hung Seng Tan, Ambassador of Singapore, for facilitating this sixt h joint Trade Policy 
Review. The United  Kingdom wishes to reiterate our ongoing support for trade policy reviews, and 
the continued value of, this important transparency exercise to ask questions and learn more about 
the trade policy of other WTO Members.  
4.239.   The United  Kingdom, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein enjoy a close and historic relationship. 
Notably, predating our past Membership of the European  Union, the United  Kingdom was, along with 
Switzerland, one of the founding members of EFTA, to which Liechten stein consequently acceded 
in 1991.  We continue to enjoy thriving bilateral trading relationships with both countries, which 
currently stands at GBP 38.4 billion (Switzerland) and GBP 122 million (Liechtenstein)  annually 
according to data from the United  Kingdom Office of National Statistics.  
4.240.   The United  Kingdom has always been impressed with Switzerland's internationally 
competitive business environment and its effective regulatory and innovation ecosystem. 
Switzerland's resilience to weather the COVID -19 crisis was due in part to a high degree of 
international openness, well established cooperation with partners, and a diversified economic 
structure.  
4.241.   The United  Kingdom and Switzerland are aligned in a number of areas including our support 
for the WTO. Th e United  Kingdom commends Switzerland's ongoing support to strengthen the role 
and relevance of the WTO.  
4.242.   The United  Kingdom also wishes to align itself to comments made in Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein's Report on the importance of reducing gaps in the lev el of development between 
nations, promoting the further integration of developing countries into the global economy, and 
prioritising sustainable economic development. The United  Kingdom therefore appreciates 
Switzerland 's involvement in the Aid for Trade  Initiative since its inception in 2005. Addressing the 
unintended negative consequences of globali zation will be an existential challenge for all Members 
of the WTO, however it  is important that we do not allow the successes of globali zation to be undone 
by the challenges in the current global trading system, particularly exacerbated by COVID -19 and 
Russia n Federation 's invasion of Ukraine.  
4.243.   In addressing the similarities between our nations, it would be remiss to overlook our shared 
commitment to supportin g innovative industries, with the UK and Switzerland forming part of the 
top five innovative members according to the World Intellectual Property Office Global Innovation 
Index. Many pharmaceutical and biomedical companies are centred in both Switzerland a nd the 
United  Kingdom, utilising our strong business environments, competitive workforces, and innovative 
sectors which characteri ze our trade in high value -added products and services, and which 
demonstrates the exceptional competitiveness of our universi ties and highly skilled workforces.  
4.244.   Considering our shared priorities, the United  Kingdom welcomes the constructive approach 
that Switzerland took in ensuring continuity for our trading relations through the signing of our Trade 
Continuity Agreement (whic h also includes trade in goods with Liechtenstein) and Services Mobility 
Agreement, both of which entered into force on 1  January  2021. Our FTA with Norway, Iceland and 
Liechtenstein, which also entered into force on 1  January  2021, covers our trade in ser vices 
relationship with Liechtenstein. This has ensured stability for businesses.  
4.245.   Switzerland have also been constructive partners in our Joint Committee, including on 
Decision No . 2/2021 amending the Appendix to Annex  1 of the Trade Agreement, signed on WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  16 July 2021, that provides certainty for businesses in regard to the bilateral cumulation of EU 
content in goods. There has also been constructive engagement between the UK and Switzerland 
through our Agriculture Joint Committee.  
4.246.   The United  Kingdom is loo king forward to building on the bilateral trading relationship with 
Switzerland through a comprehensive and modernised FTA, on which the United  Kingdom launched 
a public consultation on 28  April 2022 that will last until 22  June 2022.  
4.247.   However, the United  Kingdom is concerned to note issues relating to high Swiss household 
debt, which the Secretariat report places at 130% of GDP, among the highest in the world. Concerns 
of overheating and heightened risk to the real estate and mortgage market, and th e potential 
knock -on effect to Swiss financial stability, will be a significant domestic challenge in following years.  
4.248.   The United  Kingdom will watch with interest how Switzerland moves to redress its fall in the 
World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index. Further to this, the United  Kingdom notes the slight 
improvement in Switzerland's position in the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. However, 
the United  Kingdom will be interested to see how Switzerland addresses reported issues in regard 
to standardising complex and differing requirements to do business across the cantons. In particular, 
the United  Kingdom is keen to understand how Switzerland sees the possibility of liberali zing cross 
border service supply as a means to mitigate possible reduced  business mobility post COVID -19.  
4.249.   Additionally, gender imbalances within the Swiss job market (higher in the private sector)  
continue to be of issue, though the United  Kingdom has been pleased to note changes to Federal 
Law in this space. Switzerland has supported important multilateral progress towards increased 
gender equality, and this would be an excellent area to address domestically. Additionally, both 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein report an ongoing lack of dynamism in productivity.  
4.250.   The United  Kingdom is careful to note that, comparatively, Liechtenstein, despite its strong 
economic position, is more sensitive to international shocks due to the small size of its ec onomy and 
thus lessened ability to mitigate these shocks with domestic demand.  
4.251.   The United  Kingdom remains among Switzerland's main origins of imports as well as a 
significant destination for exports. Furthermore, the United  Kingdom continues to be among t he 
principle individual country markets for Swiss services exports and a major source of Swiss services 
imports.  
4.252.   The United  Kingdom would like to acknowledge importance that Switzerland draws attention 
to of simple procedures and legal certainty in market access for MSMEs, as well as the reduction of 
technical barriers to trade. Simple regulations that are easy to apply and which are transparent are 
necessary to the success of MSMEs and the United  Kingdom is pleased to see Switzerland's progress 
in this spa ce.  
4.253.   In closing, the United  Kingdom thanks our counterparts from Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
for their continued engagement in this review body. The United  Kingdom looks forward to building 
on this momentum and developing our strong relationships even fu rther, and we wish them a 
successful sixth Trade Policy Review.  
MALAYSIA  
4.254.   Malaysia is pleased to take part in the sixth Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein and would like to extend a warm welcome to:  Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof, 
Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland and his delegation;  Ambassador 
Didier  Chambovey, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the WTO;  
Ambassador Kurt  Jäger, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein.  I would also 
like to thank the discussant, H .E. Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore, for providing an 
insightful analysis.  
4.255.   Malaysia takes note of both Switzerland and Liechtenstein's updated policies and initiatives 
implemented, despite th e many economic challenges faced during the review period. We have taken 
the opportunity to go through both the Secretariat and Government Reports prepared by Switzerland WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  and Liechtenstein and would greatly appreciate some clarifications about some of the trade policies 
and government initiatives.  
4.256.   Malaysia and Switzerland have long shared trade relations, going back to the 1980s. Bilateral 
trade figures in 2021 shows that Switzerland is Malaysia's largest trading partner, export destination 
and import sourc e among the four European Free Trade Area (EFTA) countries. Malaysia 's total trade 
with Switzerland increased by 9.9% to USD  2.33 billion compared to USD  2 billion in 2020. While 
total imports also registered an increase of 26.5% to USD  1.86 billion compar ed to USD  1.46 billion, 
total exports decreased by 27.5% to USD  471 million.  
4.257.   On the investment front, as of December  2021, a total of 181  manufacturing projects with 
Switzerland's participation had been implemented. The estimated value of the investments i s worth 
USD 2.58 billion and have created 17,205  potential employments domestically.  
4.258.   For this current review, Malaysia had submitted written questions on areas such as FDI, tariff 
exemptions and excise, government procurement and IPR, environmental policies and mining.  
4.259.   We would like to take this opportunity to thank the delegation of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein for responding to our questions and we shall examine the responses with great 
interest.  
4.260.   We wish the delegations of both Memb ers a productive and successful sixth Trade Policy 
Review.  
OMAN  
4.261.   It is a great pleasure for the delegation of the Sultanate of Oman to participate in the 
sixth Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. We join other WTO Members in 
welcoming H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of the Federal Council for Trade Agreements and 
head of the delegation of Switzerland. I also welcome H.E.  Mr Kurt Jäger, Ambassado r and 
Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein and head of the delegation of Liechtenstein and their 
distinguished delegations.  
4.262.   I would like to take this opportunity to thank the WTO Secretariat and the Governments of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their detailed and comprehensive Trade Policy Review Reports. I 
also thank the discussant  H.E. Mr Hung Seng Tan, Ambassador of Singapore for his pertinent 
remarks.  
4.263.   The Sultanate of Oman together with Switzerland and Liechtenstein enjoy a friendly 
relationship, which have been strengthened in recent years. Swiss –Omani relations focus on peace 
and se curity policy, economic affairs and sustainable development. A special emphasis is placed on 
promoting stability in both regions.  
4.264.   Oman has concentrated on improving the general conditions for trade in recent years with 
both countries. With Switzerland, Oman has a bilateral agreement on the promotion and reciprocal 
protection of investments entered into force in 2005, followed by an a greement on the avoidance of 
double taxation of income derived from international air transport in 2009.  
4.265.   On the commercial front, bilateral trade continues to expand, and as the implemented free 
trade agreement between EFTA and Gulf Cooperation Council (G CC) member States, we look forward 
to continued engagement on trade issues. The total volume of commercial bilateral trade between 
Switzerland and Sultanate of Oman in 2021 was USD 69.13 million , the total import was 
USD 44.70 million and the total exports  was USD 24.42 million . 
4.266.   Oman congratulates efforts made by Switzerland and Liechtenstein since previous Trade 
Policy Review in 2017, as noted in the previous Review, foreign exchange interventions undertaken 
by the Swiss National Bank (SNB) to prevent appr eciation of the Swiss franc from undermining price 
stability have resulted in a large increase in currency reserves since the financial crisis. This trend 
continued during the review period. The total level of currency reserves increased from 
CHF 603 billion at the end of 2015 to CHF  962 billion at the end of 2020, principally owing to 
purchases of foreign currencies.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.267.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the top high -per capita income countries in the 
world and are very well integrated into international  trade. They both benefit from strong democratic 
institutions, educated populations, and a specialization in value -added production. Their fiscal 
situation is sound and their unemployment is traditionally low. Services account for about 
three  quarters of t he Swiss economy.  
4.268.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are original Members of the World Trade Organization and are 
actively participating in the Organization activities in general and on different negotiations issues 
under DDA.  
4.269.   In the end, we would like to than k the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein in 
advance for their replies to our questions on specific aspects of their trade policies.  
4.270.   To conclude, the delegation of Oman wishes the delegation of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
a very successful sixth Trade Policy Review.  
UKRAINE  
4.271.   On behalf of Ukraine, I would like to warmly welcome the distinguished delegations of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and express our appreciation for the comprehensive Report.  
4.272.    The sixth join Trade Policy Review of Switzerland  and Liechtenstein offers a good opportunity 
to gain a better understanding of trade, economic and investment policies of these WTO Members, 
including the impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on their economies.  
4.273.   Ukraine is very grateful to Switzerland and Liechtenstein for standing with Ukraine in these 
terrifying times and not remaining indifferent in the face of the unprecedented and illegal aggression 
of the Russian  Federation, for all support and assistance provided during the war that c ontinues to 
cause huge human suffering, to destroy infrastructure and to block Ukrainian seaports, threatening 
international trade and food security.  
4.274.   Russian  Federation's open military aggression against Ukraine could rewrite the world's 
geopolitical lands cape. Our country has proved over and over again that it is ready to stand up for 
a democratic world, to defend its principles by all possible means and tools as well as to fulfil its 
international obligations, including taken in the framework of the WTO.  
4.275.   The active position of the countries on the imposition of sanctions and condemnation of 
Russian  Federation's war against Ukraine is a crucial signal of support for us, as well as a 
manifestation of solidarity and confirmation of the common commitment to th e ideals of peace and 
humanism.  
4.276.   Supporting the improvement of the humanitarian situation of the civilian population, 
establishing and intensifying Ukraine's receipt of international technical and financial assistance will 
contribute to the recovery of Ukra ine's economy and traditional value chains with European 
countries.  
4.277.   Increased financial support by all democracies, including Switzerland and Liechtenstein, 
should create a proper basis for ensuring stable economic development of Ukraine in the face of 
Russian Federation's military aggression.  
4.278.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are the most -innovative economies in the world. Ukraine is 
looking forward to engage constructively with Switzerland and Liechtenstein during the rebuilding of 
our economy and the reno vation of our IP  system in the aftermath of Russian  Federation's 
aggression based on the experience and good practices available in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, 
with good use of their technical assistance and in full compliance with international standar ds.  
4.279.   In 2021, Ukrainian – Swiss trade increased almost twice compared to 2020 and amounted 
to USD  3.6 billion. Our trade with Liechtenstein also renewed its growth trend last year with increase 
by 7.4% (to USD  1.9 million) after contraction in 2020 because  of the pandemic.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.280.   Swiss direct investments to economy of Ukraine amounted to USD  3.9 billion (as of 
31 December  2021) and were heavily concentrated in Ukrainian industry (more than 80%). 
Liechtenstein invested USD  51.9 million and most of the investment al so occurred in the Ukraine's 
manufacturing sector (48%) followed by construction (8%).  
4.281.   We are convinced that regardless the disaster in Ukraine made by Russian Federation's 
aggression and available challenges, we can continue developing our trade and econo mic 
relationships. We consider that the Ukraine – EFTA FTA is an important tool in this regard.  
4.282.   Given the extreme situation in Ukraine and importance of our agricultural sector for providing 
food security, we raised questions concerning possibilities of de epening our collaboration in areas 
such as agriculture; IP; sharing of know -how and technology; support of MSMEs and start -ups; etc. 
4.283.   I would like to express our gratitude for the responses to our questions.  Ukraine wishes the 
delegations of Switzerland and  Liechtenstein very successful Trade Policy Review and look forward 
to further strengthening our bilateral relations and cooperation.  
TÜRKIYE   
4.284.   We extend a very warm welcome to the delegation of Switzerland headed by Ambassador 
Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of Federal Council for Trade  Agreements and delegation of 
Liechtenstein headed by Ambassador Kurt  Jäger.  
4.285.   We would like to thank the Secretariat and the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
for their detailed Reports as well a s discussant Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for his 
invaluable remarks.  We also would like to thank the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
for their answers to our questions.  
4.286.   Since previous review in 2017, the Swiss economy has continued to perform well despite the 
emergence of the COVID -19 pandemic. The p andemic created challenges for monetary policy 
because of the economic downturn, negative inflation, and the strong upward pressure on the Swiss 
franc.  However, the Swiss economy and trad e proved to be relatively resilient through state support 
measures during the COVID -19 crisis.  
4.287.   Furthermore, updated foreign economic policy strategy on 24  November  2021 aims to 
strengthen the economy's long -term recovery and address shortcomings in the Sw iss economy.  
Liechtenstein 's economy has been also stable and resilient to the effects of global crisis due to the 
pandemic.  
4.288.   Switzerland provides a relatively supportive environment for investors. We hope that 
remaining operation of state monopolies and do micile requirements in some areas will be eliminated 
in near future.  
4.289.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are active Members of WTO. They have pursued their 
engagement across the WTO agenda in support of the multilateral trading system. We are pleased 
to work wi th them in joint statement initiatives (JSI) of e -commerce, MSMEs and services domestic 
regulation. Switzerland also participates in the JSI on IFD.  
4.290.   We attach importance to the further development of our economic and trade relations with 
Switzerland and mu tual investments. We believe there is a big potential for economic cooperation.  
4.291.   In 2021, our bilateral trade volume was over USD 4.3 billion.  We hope that Swiss investment 
would increase in Türkiye . With Liechtenstein, due to the pandemic, our already lim ited bilateral 
trade volume has decreased in 2020. Our trade volume was USD 6.35 million in 2021. We hope to 
bring it to the level it deserves. We believe that there are vast trade and investment opportunities 
to explore between our countries. We are ready  to work on them.  
4.292.   However, we would like to state that, Turkish construction firms face various difficulties in 
operating in Switzerland. These difficulties are linked to employing workers from non -EU and 
non-EFTA countries, visa issuance, high cost of domestic labour and issues related to letters of bank 
guarantee.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.293.   The updated EFTA -Free Trade Agreement which came into force on 1  October  2021 and 
bilateral agricultural agreement with Switzerland will further b enefit trade and economic relations 
between Türkiye , Switzerland , and Liechtenstein.  
4.294.   In conclusion, we would like to take this opportunity to thank the delegations of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein and for the excellent preparation for this Review, as well  as their constructive 
contribution to WTO activities. We wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
ICELAND  
4.295.   It is with pleasure that Iceland welcomes the distinguished delegation s of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein  to the ir Trade Policy Review today. We also express appreciation to the WTO 
Secretariat, as well as L iechtenstein  and Switzerland  for the reports prepared, as well as a discuss ant 
H.E. Mr Hung  Seng Tan, for the excellent framing of the issue for our discussion . 
4.296.   Iceland, Switzerland , Liechtenstein, along with Norway  are all members of the European Free 
Trade Association, we share a successful partnership and cooperation and help together develop a 
wide net of free agreements with partners all over the world.  Iceland along with Norway, enjoys 
fruitful cooperation with Liechtenstein within the European Economic Area which extends the internal 
market of the European  Union to our countries  
4.297.   Since the last Trade Policy Review, both countries have felt the economic blow of the 
COVID -19 pan demic.  However , due to prompt  response to counter it, the negative effects are not 
expected to have long -term ramification of the economy.   
4.298.   It is widely recognized that the repercussions of the pandemic  hit women much harder than 
men, including when it comes to trade -related issues, the same applies to the disproportional effect  
that other crisis have on women, such as the consequences of the military aggression of the 
Russia n Federation  against Ukraine, which Iceland con demns  in strongest possible terms, including 
the looming food security crisis that we are now confronted with . 
4.299.   Therefore, it is all the more important to address women's economic empowerment which 
benefits economies in many concrete ways, such as having positive effects on trade as well as  
contributing to increase in economic growth.  
4.300.   Iceland  welcome s the gender -based measures that L iechtenstein and  Switzerland have 
applied and are described in tra de policy Reports , as well as the answers to the written questions 
that Iceland  submitted regarding the participation of women in the economy of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein.  The sharing of best practices of respective  experiences relating to policies and  
rule-making  on advancing women's economic empowerment is an important tool and a valuable 
contribution to the work of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender . As one of the co -chairs 
of that Working Group , Iceland welcomes the constructive particip ation and good cooperation that 
our countries have on trade and gender.  
4.301.   Finally, I celand appreciate s Switzerland 's and Liecht enstein 's active engagement in WTO a nd 
the strong commitment and support for the multilateral trading system . We wish the delegation of 
Liechtenstein and Switzerland  every success for the ir Trade Policy Review.  
URUGUAY  
4.302.   Uruguay would like to extend a warm welcome, on the occasion of their sixth  joint trade 
policy review, to the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, led  by Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof and Ambassador Kurt  Jäger, whom we thank for their presentation. We also 
thank the Secretariat for its comprehensive report.  
4.303.   Our countries have had healthy trade relations for decades. In recent years, in terms of trade 
in goods, Switzerland has been an increasingly important customer for high -quality beef and soya 
beans. Meanwhile, the two largest sectors in terms of our imports from this country are 
pharmaceuticals and its famous watches.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.304.   For trade in services, cooperatio n in the financial sector has proved to be very useful for my 
country. In this sector of the economy, thanks to the Agreement on Encouragement and Reciprocal 
Protection of Investments, we have been receiving numerous Swiss investments for several years.  
4.305.   Uruguay, as a member of MERCOSUR, is a fervent promoter of the Free Trade Agreement 
with EFTA and advocates its early signing. The two economic blocs are fully complementary and our 
peoples would quickly benefit from more affordable goods and services on mor e advantageous 
terms.  
4.306.   Switzerland is part of the informal group on MSMEs, and we see in this sixth  review that it 
has incorporated all the recommendations agreed upon by the group, with a detailed description in 
the Government's report. I would like to con gratulate Switzerland for its commitment to supporting 
the development of proactive public policies to benefit these types of companies, and I would like to 
say that it is an example to the rest of the Membership in terms of transparency and the adoption 
of recommendations. In this regard, we have asked a question about the functioning of the 
SME Forum, a regulatory and monitoring body and a sounding board for businesses, which I 
understand can serve as an inspiration for other Members.  
4.307.   On other issues pres ent in the reports, this time we have asked questions on the objective 
of eliminating customs duties for industrial goods in 2024, non -trade concerns in agricultural trade, 
the guarantee fund system in this sector, and the application of direct payments in  the framework 
of global support measures, with special emphasis on the dairy sector.  
4.308.   Uruguay and Switzerland agree on the high value attached to the WTO and its central role 
in the rules -based multilateral trading system, and on the need to ensure that it  remains relevant in 
the future and can rise to any occasion.  
4.309.   To conclude, we would like to reiterate our appreciation for this renewed opportunity to 
exchange views on Switzerland and Liechtenstein's trade policies, and look forward to continued 
cooperati on on all fronts: bilateral, biregional and here at the WTO.  
4.310.   Thank you, and my best wishes for a successful review.  
VIET NAM 
4.311.   On behalf of Viet  Nam's delegation, I would like to express our warm welcome to the 
distinguished delegation from Switzerland led by H.E.  Ambassador  Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate of 
the Federal Council for Trade Agreements, Head of the Word Trade Division of the State Secretariat 
for Economic Affairs – SECO and the distinguished delegation from Liechtenstein led 
H.E. Ambassador Kurt Jäger  and the delegation  of Liechtenstein to their sixth  joint Trade Policy 
Review. We appreciate the efforts of the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and the WTO 
Secretariat for the excellent and comprehensive reports prepared fo r this Review. We would also 
like to express our gratitude to the discussant, H.E.  Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan, Permanent 
Representative  of Singapore for his insightful remarks that guide today productive discussion.  
4.312.   Since their accession to the WTO in 1995 a nd as a Member of GATT since 1973, both 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein have been active Members of the WTO and have greatly contributed 
to the growth of the WTO.  
4.313.   We are happy to note that during the review period in question, the economies of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein have been resilient in spite of adverse circumstances.  
4.314.   Allow me to provide some impressive highlights about trade and investment relationship 
between Switzerland, Liechtenstein , and Viet  Nam:  
4.315.   Regarding the bilateral trade, we are pleased that Switzerland and Liechtenstein have been 
long-standing economic partners of Viet  Nam. Currently, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are 
Viet Nam's largest trading partners in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The 
two countries in particular and th e EFTA in general are among Viet  Nam's important partners in the 
European continent. Trade volume between Viet  Nam and the two  countries reached over WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  USD 1 billion a year in the period from 2017 to 2021. This number is a clear demonstration of our 
strength ening economic cooperation even during the pandemic.  
4.316.   In terms of investment, the total accumulated investment of Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
in Viet  Nam until 2021 accounted for nearly USD  2 billion.  
4.317.   The trade and investment relationship between Switzer land, Liechtenstein , and Viet  Nam is 
now in the period of healthy and comprehensive development. We strongly believe that our countries 
have many potential opportunities to advance. Therefore, to further enhance bilateral trade, we 
would continue promoting and facilitating the connecti on of our economies to make economic 
cooperation more effective and commensurate with the potentials.  
4.318.   Before closing my statement, I would like to express my appreciation to H.E.  Ambassador 
Didier  Chambovey , Permanent Representative of Switzerland and his  team for their active 
engagement, especially Ambassador C hambovey  for his able leadership at the General Council in his 
capacity as Chair of the General Council and active contribution to the WTO discussion and activities. 
I wish Switzerland and Liechtens tein continued success in their economic and social development 
and wish the two delegations a fruitful Trade Policy Review.  
ECUADOR  
4.319.   First of all, Ecuador would like to welcome the Head of the Delegation of Switzerland, 
Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof, Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements; the Head of the 
Delegation of Liechtenstein, Ambassador Kurt  Jäger, Permanent Representative in Geneva, and the 
other members of both delegations and officials of the respective Permanent Missions  to the WTO. 
A special mention goes to Ambassador Didier  Chambovey for all his dedication and contributions to 
the work of this Organization.  
4.320.   I would also like to echo the appreciation expressed by those who spoke before me for the 
solid reports produced b y both the Secretariat and the Members participating in this review.  
4.321.   In addition, we would like to commend the discussant, Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan, 
Permanent Representative of Singapore, for his comments and remarks.  
4.322.   Switzerland is a major player in inter national trade and is among the world's largest 
economies, with an outstanding performance in trade in both goods and services.  
4.323.   It should be pointed out that more than 70% of Swiss GDP and around 60% of Liechtenstein's 
GDP come from the generation of servi ces. Given their geographical location and supply of natural 
resources, they are highly integrated economies in global value chains.  
4.324.   Moreover, thanks to the implementation of adequate State policies, both Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein coped effectively wit h the impacts of the COVID -19 pandemic, particularly in the labour 
market, by protecting household income levels. This has allowed them to achieve a sustained 
economic recovery over the past year.  
4.325.   On 25  June 2018, Ecuador signed a Comprehensive Economic Pa rtnership Agreement with 
the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – to which Switzerland and Liechtenstein are parties – 
which entered into force on 1  November  2020.  
4.326.   In this context, since the signing of the Agreement, Switzerland has become the leading 
export destination among EFTA members. The main products exported to Switzerland are gold, 
bananas and flowers, while medicines, vaccines, oxygen compounds and machinery stand out as the 
main Swiss imports to Ecuador.  
4.327.   At the multilateral level, we agree wi th Switzerland and Liechtenstein that there is a need 
for a strong, transparent and predictable multilateral system. We recognize their proactive 
engagement on a number of issues of common interest, including plastic pollution, investment 
facilitation, e -commerce, MSMEs, gender issues, trade and health, and environmental sustainability, 
to name a few.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
- 45 - 
 
  4.328.   Furthermore, and in an invariably constructive spirit, my delegation looks forward to 
receiving answers from the Swiss delegation to the questions raised in t his exercise, in particular on 
technical regulations – their harmonization or equivalence, tariff structure – including the application 
of specific duties, combined tariff rates and suspensions, and the treatment of agricultural products.  
4.329.   In conclusion, Ec uador wishes Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success in conducting 
and concluding their sixth joint Trade Policy Review.  
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA  
4.330.   Let me start by joining others in welcoming H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, head of the Swiss 
delegation for this TPR and his delegation from Bern, as well as Mr  Chambovey and his Geneva 
based team, Ambassador Kurt  Jäger , and colleagues of the Liechtenstein delegation  at this 
sixth joint trade policy transparency exercise.  
4.331.   I would also like to thank the discussa nt, Ambassador Mr  Hung Seng Tan (Singapore) for the 
insightful introductory remarks as well as to acknowledge my delegation 's appreciation to the 
Secretariat for their efforts in drafting a comprehensive and informative Report.  
4.332.   As stated in the Secretariat 's Report and observed by other Members, Moldova is pleased to 
note that Swiss and Liechtenstein economies are among the most internationally integrated 
worldwide, and that both countries are deeply committed to the multilateral trading system, with 
one of  them being the host for all of us here in Geneva. Moreover, I would like to commend 
Switzerland particular dedication to WTO, not only by having Ambassador Chambovey as Chair of 
the General Council, but also for actively supporting discussions and the wor k of so many key tracks 
of the Organization, being a "friend of the system ". Also, we are commending the participation in all 
JSIs, particularly noticing the active participation in discussions on international rules for digital trade 
and the free flow of data and challenges of regulatory differences.  
4.333.   Both countries are active and major providers of development assistance, in various trade 
related sectors. It is equally so not only for the multilateral dimension, but as well for countries 
individually, via bilateral programs, like in case of Republic of Moldova, where Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein are major development partners – working closely with local authorities through 
technical assistance programs and projects in various fields.  
4.334.   Furthermore, Moldova  notes with appreciation Switzerland's and Liechtenstein's efforts to 
support MSMEs focused on strengthening export capabilities of MSMEs sector and their 
internationalization, as well as new policies to cope with climate change, improve ecological 
environ ment protection and promote sustainable development.  
4.335.   We also welcome Switzerland's successful completion of the process of revising national law 
on government procurement as to transpose the requirements of the revised WTO plurilateral 
Agreement on Govern ment Procurement (GPA). We note that since 1  January  2021, the revised 
federal legislation on government procurement provides a modernized regulatory framework that 
improves legal certainty and simplifies the application of the law, while offering new oppo rtunities 
to SMEs.  
4.336.   On a more concrete note, we would like to point out that agriculture is among the sectors of 
particular interest for Moldova. In that sense, we would like to commend both countries, that despite 
considerable challenges during the period under review, and well known sensitivities, they continue 
to liberalize their trade, and here I am referring to the abolition of the industrial tariffs on imports.  
4.337.   At the same time, we note that agriculture is sheltered from import competition through high 
tariffs (trade weighted average of 22.9% in 2019 year, with tariffs ranging from 0% to 
902% -1000%) on sensitive agricultural products and with direct payments – thus Moldova would 
welcome the consideration of adoption by Switzerland of more tr ansparent, ad valorem  tariffs and 
any tariffs reduction in agricultural products.  
4.338.   Moldova mentions with appreciation significant developments in our bilateral agenda, since 
the last TPR, referring namely to the initiation of negotiations on a Free Trade A greement within the 
EFTA platform, which we are hoping to finalize in the coming months.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.339.   We are pleased to see the confirmation that our efforts in strengthening our trade 
cooperation during the recent years shows important results. Currently, Switzerland is ranked on 
the sixth place among Moldova's top export partner countries, registering a share of 3.3%. The trade 
between the Republic of Moldova and Switzerland improved, registering a positively increasing trend 
since the latest review since 2017 (Moldov a mainly exports agricultural products, textile articles and 
electric equipment, while imports comprise pharmaceutical and electrical products).  
4.340.   Also, we see a positive trend on the investment side, the number of companies with Swiss 
capital raising compar ing to 2017, agreements on mutual protection of investments being in place.  
4.341.   On a different note, I would like to take this opportunity and address an important message 
from my Government to the Swiss and Liechtenstein authorities in the context of their fu ture Trade 
Policy Reviews.  
4.342.   The challenges caused by the war started by the Russia n Federation  in Ukraine cause 
enormous pressure on the Republic of Moldova 's political, economic, and social sphere. The regional 
crisis is having a huge impact on our econom y, arising from the adverse supply shock triggered by 
the inflow of refugees, rise in oil and gas prices and changes in the architecture of the foreign trade 
due to a complete halt of exports to the eastern markets, suspension of transit of goods etc. Ther e 
are other connected factors, that have led for inflation to reach almost 20% and estimated to be as 
high as 30% in the next months.  
4.343.   Most of economic sectors have been affected, which leads to significant additional costs while 
identifying alternative pro ducts from other countries. Therefore, the negotiation and signing of free 
trade agreements, and in particular of the one with EFTA countries is set as an utmost priority of 
our Government for 2022.  
4.344.   In particular we are looking for a deeper trade liberaliz ation, expanding the range of 
duty-free products in our bilateral trade, again bearing in mind of the importance of the sector and 
the number of those affected, Moldova is looking for a higher degree of trade liberalization for some 
of agricultural product s.  
4.345.   To conclude, on behalf of the delegation of the Republic of Moldova I would like to reiterate 
that Moldova is committed to work closely to boost our economic bilateral relations and to strengthen 
our cooperation on bilateral and multilateral level and I wish Swiss and Liechtenstein delegation s all 
success in this transparency exercise.  
KAZAKHSTAN  
4.346.   Kazakhstan warmly welcomes t he delegation of Switzerland led by Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof , Director of the World Trade Division in the Foreign Economic Affairs , and the 
delegation of Liechtenstein  headed by Ambassador Kurt Jäger , Permanent  Representative of 
Liechtenstein in Geneva . We express our gratitude to the Government s of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein  for the informative Report and  statemen ts. We also thank Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan 
of Singapore for his insightful comments as a discuss ant, and the WTO Secretariat for its 
comprehensive Report. 
4.347.   Kazakhstan enjoys solid  and m utually beneficial cooperation with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein  and at taches high importance to further deepening bilateral, economic , and trade 
relations . Switzerland is one of the 10  largest trading partners of Kazakhstan in Europe . Despite  the 
reduction of the bilateral trade turnover by 26% at the end of 2021, January -March this yea r bilateral 
merchandise trade between Kazakhstan and Switzerland has inc reased by almost  40%. If the current 
positive dynamics are maintained, the trade volume between Kazakhstan and Switzerland this year 
may reach USD 2 billion . 
4.348.   Aside from trade, Switzerland is the third largest  investor in the economy of Kazakhstan 
accounting for almost USD 30 billion over the past 15  years, more than 330  enterprises with a Swiss 
and Liechtenstein capital are successfully  working in Kazakhstan's economy, including leading 
companies such as G lencore , Roch e, Novartis , Philip  Morris , and S yngenta.   WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.349.   We commend S witzerland and Liechtenstein for their sound and resilient economic 
performance despite  of the difficult circumstances and for implementing an ambitio us reform agenda 
over the period under review . Particularly , we note our strong focus on Switzerland's for eign 
economic policy strategy, an important compass providing  meet to a long -term orientation to 
maintain and increase Switzerland's prosperity in line with the Sustainable Development Goals . 
4.350.   We also welcome the o ngoing  comprehensive reforms initiated by S witzerland under the 
Economic Transition Strategy COVID -19 focused on strengthening the economy's long -term 
recovery, improving growth in the gross domestic product, as well as enhancing competition in the 
domestic market . 
4.351.   From the multilateral trading perspective , we applaud Switzerland's hard work on the 
initiation of a large -scale DaziT programme aim ed to facilitate trade through full digitalization of all 
customs procedures by the end of 2026 , including simplification of customs clearance of goods in 
traffic and enabling mobile payment of the f reight  rate fee for heavy -goods traffic . 
4.352.   In this regard, we are pleased to see that Switzerland , thanks to the continued efforts  in 
maintaining a stable and supportive businesses  climate , ranked 1st place out of 15 2 economies in 
UNCTAD's Business -to-Consumer E -Commerce Index , and 1st place out of 64  countries  in the  
International Institute for Management Development's 2021 World Competitiveness Rankin g. 
4.353.   The continued adherence of Lie chtenstein  Government to long -standing liberal economic 
policy which is favourable to its  entrepreneurship is admirable . We recognize Switzerland 's and 
Liechtenstein's commitment to the rules -based multilateral trading system and constructive 
involvement in the work  of the W TO in preparation for MC12 . 
4.354.   Particularly, w e commend Switzerland's contributions to the discussions on agriculture, 
WTO's response to the pandemic , and its active participation in the major joint statement initiatives 
on e-commerce, services trade  domestic regulation , investment facilitation for development, MSMEs,  
and trade and environmental sustainability structured discussions . Keeping a solid record in fulfilling 
its notification obligations is also  commendable.  
4.355.   I would also like to use this op portunity to thank  the Governments of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein  for their full cooperation and support which has been provided to the Government of 
Kazakhstan during its  WTO accession negotiations, as well as in preparation of our chairmanship for 
the MC12  in Geneva this June . 
4.356.   I also would like to note the success ful visit of President  Tokaev last November to Switzerland 
and the fruitful discussions he had with the leadership of Switzerland as well as with the business 
groups of Switzerland which are interested in  investing into Kazakhstan's economy , and the 
documents which have been signed during this visit will be further serving as a solid ground for 
enhancement of bilateral trade and economic relations, and I would like to note that  we have signed 
with Switzerland first before concluding the agreement on domestic services regulation as an annex 
to our bilateral trade and economic cooperation agreement in  November last year . 
4.357.   In conclusion , We would like to congratulate the delegations of Switzerland and L iechtenstein  
and the WTO Secretariat for the hard work and efforts that went int o pre paration of this TPR. We 
also would like to express our appreciation. to Ambassador Didier  Chambovey  and his team in 
Geneva . 
4.358.   We wish the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success for the ir sixth  joint 
Trade Policy Review . 
INDIA  
4.359.   Let me begin by extending a warm welcome to the delegation of Switzerland led by 
H.E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland and to 
the delegation of Liechtenstein led by H.E . Mr Kurt Jäger, Ambassador and Permanent 
Representative of Liechtenstein in Geneva.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.360.   India is plea sed to be a part of this sixth Trade Policy Review today. My delegation 
appreciates the efforts of the delegation of Switzerland in Geneva led by H.E.  Mr Didier  Chambovey , 
Ambassador and Permanent Representative , and the delegation of Liechtenstein in Gene va and also 
commend the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive reports. I would also thank the discussant 
H.E. Mr Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for steering the process and for his insightful remarks.  
4.361.   India shares warm and friendly relations with both Switze rland and Liechtenstein, built  upon 
the Treaty of Friendship signed on 14 August  1948; one of the first such treaties to be signed by 
independent India and an important milestone in Indo -Swiss relations. The relations between India 
and Switzerland have ach ieved new heights following the high -level visits of our Hon ourab le 
President to Switzerland in September  2019, and Hon ourable Prime  Minister to Switzerland in 2016 
and 2018 and the visit of the Swiss President to India in 2017 marking the India -Switzerland 
relations as "A Long -Standing Dynamic Partnership ". 
4.362.   We have a broad institutional framework in place for strengthening commercial relations 
between our two  countries. The bilateral merchandise trade between India and Switzerland stands 
at aroun d USD  25 billion for the FY 2021 -22 and the total services trade with Switzerland stands at 
USD 4.58 billion for the FY 2020 -21, registering a trade surplus of USD  1.18 billion. In the area of 
investments Switzerland is the 12th largest investor in India w ith invested FDI equity worth 
approximately USD  9.2 billion from April  2000 to December  2021. Overseas direct investment from 
India to Switzerland from April  2017-May 2020 stands at USD  1.61 billion that is 3.74% of our total 
overseas direct investment pla cing Switzerland at fifth position among all ODIs destinations.  
4.363.   More than 350  Swiss companies have a presence in India through their own subsidiaries and 
joint ventures while Indian companies are also investing in Switzerland in the area of information 
technology, construction, chemicals , and pharmaceuticals. Recognizing the immense potential of our 
relations, India and EFTA are working on a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement as well as a 
Bilateral Investment Treaty.  
4.364.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are both developed countries, that are well integrated into the 
world trade. During the period under review, as per the Secretariat Report, we note that, while the 
challenges posed by the COVID -19 pandemic resulted in the fall  in real GDP growth by 2.4% in 2020, 
the strong financial buffers and prompt response by the Governments has ensured that the 
long-term economic prospects remain unaffected.  
4.365.   Despite the favourable outlook we note the key challenges for the Swiss economy i nclude an 
ageing population, low productivity growth, adaptation to digitalization, climate change, and risks 
posed by high levels of household debt. We commend the initiatives of the Government, as part of 
the growth agenda, are focus ed on quality of the labour force, improving competitive dynamics of 
the internal market and strengthening entrepreneurship and innovation. In these areas, both our 
countries share complementarities and, in this regard, we would request the Swiss authorities to 
look at simplif ying visa rules for skilled labour force as the first step towards utilising these 
complementarities for our mutual benefits.   
4.366.   During the period under review, the real  GDP of Liechtenstein after three  years of growth, 
contracted by 2.3% in 2019 and furthe r in 2020; as due to the small size of its economy Liechtenstein 
remains more sensitive to international shocks. Nonetheless, despite its small size, Liechtenstein is 
a highly industrialized country with competitive strengths in high -tech niche products, f inancial and 
insurance services. While the challenges of Liechtenstein are also similar to the Swiss economy, we 
commend the Government of Liechtenstein for their measures to overcome these challenges as laid 
out in the Government Plan 2021 -2025.  
4.367.   We have submitted written questions to both Switzerland and Liechtenstein on issues 
pertaining to agriculture, goods tariffs, subsidies, SPS measures, policies and measures with respect 
to taxation, SMEs, and economic recovery from the pandemic to name a few.  We look forward to 
receiving responses for the same which will be transmitted to the capital for their review.  
4.368.   Before I conclude , I take this opportunity to compliment Switzerland for its steadfast support 
to the multilateral trading system and for hostin g the WTO in Geneva. We look forward to working 
with GC  Chair Ambassador  Chambovey and the delegation of Switzerland to ensure a successful 
MC12.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.369.   Finally, we are committed to work closely with Switzerland and Liechtenstein for further 
expanding and harnes sing the vast potential of our trade and investment ties for mutual benefit. We 
wish the delegations of Switzerland and Liechtenstein a productive and successful Trade Policy 
Review.  
INDONESIA  
4.370.   Indonesia  would like to welcome the delegation of Switzerland and L iechtenstein led by 
Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof  of Switzerland  and Ambassador Kurt  Jäger  of Liechtenstein . 
Indonesia would also like to thank the WTO  Secretariat and the delegation of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein for their comprehensive Report,  which provide s a useful context  for exploring their 
trade, trade -related , and investment policies . We also extend our appreciation  to Ambassador 
Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for his contribution to  this Trade  Policy Review as a discussant.  
4.371.   We are pleased to be  here today to  participat e in the  Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein. F or many years, Indonesia and the two countries  share a good relationship, especially 
with the entry in to the force of the Indonesia -EFTA Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement  
on 1 November  2021. Overall,  between 2017 and  2021, our bilateral trade showed a dynamic trend. 
In 2021 , it reached  USD 1.99 billion , a 35.5% decline from the previous  year's total of 
USD 3.09 billion.   
4.372.   Despite the fact that, during the review  period and prior to the COVID -19 pande mic, real 
GDP growth in  Switzerland fell  by 2.4% in 2020 and even more in Liechtenstein , Indonesia applauds 
both countries for the ir success in dealing with the C OVID -19 pan demic , with its  unprecedented 
negative impact on long -term economic  prospects. This achievement is largely due to the support 
of strong  financial buffers and a prompt  response by the Governments .  
4.373.   Furthermore, both countries are active WTO Members , supporting the B uenos  Aires 
Declaration  on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment and engaging in joint statement 
initiatives on e -commerce, MSMEs, services domestic regulation, as well as the JSI on investment 
facilitat ion for development. These are issues that we closely follow , as either proponent or observer  
4.374.   Given that both the countries ' trade policies are centred on promoting and ensuring open 
markets with greater emphasis on sustainable development , Indonesia notes that, in order to 
implement its Energy 2050 Strategy, Switzerland revised  its Federal Energy Law  which establish ed 
targets for energy production and consumption , defines energy efficiency standards, and provides 
incentives for investment in renewable energy production. Furthermore, Liechtenstein  enacted  a 
new Energy Strategy 2030 and Energy Vision 2050 , both of which aim to boost the us age of 
renewable energy. On that note, Indonesia is interested in learning more about the se associated  
implementation strategies , notably the European  Union and Swi tzerland 's greenhouse gas emission 
allowance trading program s. 
4.375.   Indonesia believes that through this T rade Policy Review  our interest  can be positively 
addressed by the Switzerland and L iechtenstein  delegations . In this regard , we look forward to a 
follow -up communication with the delegation of Switzerland and Liechtenstein f or further  written 
clarificatio ns on our interest s, as well as continued cooperation for the implementation of the 
Comprehensive Economic Partners hip Agreement between Indonesia and EFTA.  
4.376.   Finally, we would like to conclude our remarks by expressing once again, our profound 
appreciation to the delegation of the Switzerland and Liechtenstein  for the ir hard work . Indonesia 
wishes  both countries every success in their sixth joint Trade Policy Review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.377.   Mauritius would like to congratulate Switzerland and Liechtenstein for the conduct  of their 
sixth joint Trade Policy Review. We welcome H .E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Ambassador and Federal 
Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland , leading the Swiss delegation and 
H.E. Mr Kurt Jäger, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein in Geneva leading 
the delegation from Liechtenstein.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.378.   We thank both  Governments for their reports as well as the Secretariat. We also express our 
appreciation to the discussant H.E.  Mr Hung  Seng Tan, Permanent Representative of Singapore, for 
his analysis of the reports and his insightful comments.  
4.379.   Mauritius has always shared good relations with both Switzerland and Liechtenstein even 
though we believe that there is scope to further expand these relations.  
4.380.   Our three countries share in common our commitment to the multilateral trading system. 
We have all subscribed to the Buenos  Aires Declaration on Women and Trade and participate in a 
number of initiatives including Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs) on E -Commerce, MSMEs, 
Investment Facilitation for Development , and Services D omestic Regulation.  
4.381.   Mauritius, like Switzerland and Liechtenstein, are services -oriented economies. Switzerland 
has a relatively open economy in terms of tariffs and Mauritius would like to commend Switzerl and 
for decreasing the simple average applied tariff from 9% in 2016 to 7.2% in 2021.  
4.382.   Switzerland remains a role model as an efficient economy with robust Intellectual Property 
Laws. This is not surprising given the instrumental role played by Switzerland in bringing IP rules to 
the WTO including geographical indications. Allow me for a moment to recall late Ambassador 
Lucius  Wasecha 's and the contribution he, as well as Madame Thu  Lang, made to this process. We 
have since witnessed the continuous efforts o f Switzerland to implement the "Swiss made" brand.  
4.383.   We commend Switzerland for retaining its overall first place ranking in both the Global 
Competitiveness Index in the years 2013 -2018 and the Global Innovation Index in the years 
2011-2021. Mauritius is cur rently developing a National Masterplan for technology, research and 
innovation and would like to benefit from the experience of the Swiss authorities to identify and 
introduce strategies to drive leadership in emerging technologies and sectors.  
4.384.   At the bilateral level, Mauritius, through its Minister for Financial Services, held fruitful 
discussions with H.E.  Mr Ueli Maurer, Federal Councillor and Head of the Federal Department of 
Finance of the Swiss Confederation earlier this year. A number of issues a nd collaboration avenues 
were discussed in the field of fintech and financial services. We look forward for the implementation 
of a number of sectoral initiatives. We seize this opportunity to acknowledge the pioneering work of 
Switzerland on Sustainable F inance. We also recogni ze that Liechtenstein has become the first 
country to adopt comprehensive legislation on trustworthy technology service providers.  
4.385.   Over the review period, we note the new wide -ranging RTAs that entered into force between 
EFTA and sev eral countries. Mauritius has signed a Joint Declaration on Cooperation with EFTA to 
serve as a steppingstone  for the conclusion of a Comprehensive EPA with EFTA that mirrors the EPA 
we signed with the EU.  
4.386.   As we are nearing MC12, we look forward to contin ue engaging with Switzerland in the 
negotiations towards the promotion of a balanced and equitable multilateral trading system. We 
salute in this regard the leadership role of Ambassador Didier  Chambovey, in his capacity as Chair 
of the General Council, an d assure him our support.  
4.387.   We wish both Switzerland and Liechtenstein a very successful review.  
THE SEPARATE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF TAIWAN, PENGHU, KINMEN AND MATSU  
4.388.   I would first like to join colleagues in extending a warm welcome to Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof from SECO Switzerland and Ambassador Kurt  Jäger from Liechtenstein Mission, 
as well as their respective delegations, at today 's sixth  Trade Policy Review. We would also like to 
thank the discussant, Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan (Singapore) for his comprehensive and very 
useful comments. And very importantly, we very much appreciate the high quality of the Report 
produced by the Secretariat in this exercise.  
4.389.   Since its last review in 2017, Switzerland 's economy has continued to perform well and 
manage d to remain in good shape up to the emergence of the COVID -19 pandemic in early  2020. 
Liechtenstein, being a smaller economy, has some volatile economic data. There is no doubt that 
the years of 2020 and 2021 had been challenging for the majority of Members, including both WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Worldwide lockdowns and the nec essary protective measures taken 
to ensure the health of the public have inevitably caused severe economic consequences. 
Nevertheless, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are blessed with a particularly strong resilience that has 
helped them weather the crisis a nd recover well as soon as restrictive health measures were relaxed 
significantly from the middle of 2021.  
4.390.   It might be useful to list the most critical factors that enabled the economies of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein to persevere during the pandemic. I t should include their particularly high degree 
of international openness, the high quality of their human resources and sound public finances, and 
their long -term social and political stability. Together with the Swiss Government 's prompt and 
sustained po licy support, which aimed at avoiding job losses and maintaining employees ' wages and 
companies ' liquidity, it should also be noted that its GDP in the third quarter of 2021 surpassed the 
pre-COVID -19 GDP levels, and its GDP growth now looks set to reach 3 % in 2022.   
4.391.   In terms of trade policy, both countries have consistently pursued a position of open trade 
through multilateral, plurilateral or bilateral economic instruments in order to reap the benefits of 
being integrated in the international and global supply chains. In this regard, we welcome the 
announcement by the Swiss Government to remove tariffs on all its industrial products from 
January  2024, with a view to increasing its consumers ' welfare and inviting more dynamic 
competition.  
4.392.   We also acknowle dge the fact that both countries attach great emphasis to the development 
of sustainable trade, taking special account of the worsening situations of climate change. We 
commend both Governments on their genuine efforts at contributing to the Sustainable De velopment 
Goals and their ambitious commitments to achieving climate neutrality by 2050.  
4.393.   On the bilateral front, trade turnover between us and Switzerland was valued at USD  3 billion 
in 2021, registering an 8.3% rise compared with the previous year. Switze rland has always enjoyed 
a significant trade surplus in our two-way trade. Its main exports to us are precious metals, watches, 
pharmaceuticals, medical appliances and machinery, while our exports to Switzerland focus mainly 
on electronics, semi conductors , and auto parts.  
4.394.   With regard to Liechtenstein, though our two -way trade volume is relatively moderate, we 
are pleased to note that our bilateral trade increased significantly by 18% in 2020 and 19% in 2021. 
Two-way trade was valued at USD  26 million in 2 021, of which our imports from Liechtenstein 
amounted to USD  21 million. Our bilateral trade pattern again highlights Liechtenstein's unique 
competitiveness in the high -value -added manufacturing sectors.  
4.395.   We believe there is still great potential for furth er expansion of our trade and investment 
partnerships across all sectors through closer exchanges and cooperation . 
4.396.   Last, but not least, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have always been staunch supporters of a 
rules-based multilateral trading system. At the W TO, we have shared common values and interests 
across many issues and initiatives, such as trade and health, e -commerce, investment facilitation 
for development, MSMEs , and environmental sustainability matters. In particular, we appreciate 
Switzerland 's leadership in the agricultural G10 group and the Friends of the System, and we look 
forward to further strengthening our engagement and cooperation on areas of common interest at 
the MC12 and beyond.  
4.397.   I would like to conclude, by wishing Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and Lichtenstein 
great success.  
JAMAICA  
4.398.   Jamaica extends a warm welcome to the delegations of the Switzerland and Liechtenstein to 
their sixth joint Trade Policy Review. We thank the delegations led by H .E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, 
Feder al Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland , and H .E. Mr Kurt Jäger, Permanent 
Representative of Liechtenstein, for their comprehensive Report.  
4.399.   We also appreciate the efforts made by you Chair, our discussant, Ambassador 
Hung  Seng Tan of Singa pore, and the Secretariat to facilitate today 's discussions.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.400.   Jamaica, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein enjoy good relations. In fact, 2022 marks 60  years 
of diplomatic relations with Switzerland. This has been characteri zed by cooperation in intellectual 
property rights related issues, trade, and technical assistance. The Agreement between Jamaica and 
Switzerland on the Mutual Recognition and Protection of Geographical Indications entered into force 
in September  2014 and protects G Is in both countries. We app reciate the significant assistance 
provided by the Swiss Government through the 2008 Geographical Indicators Project  to strengthen 
our capacity in this area and enable Jamaica to take advantage of the provisions of this Agreement 
in this regard.  
4.401.   Jamaica al so has in place a bilateral Air Services Agreement with Switzerland as well as a 
bilateral investment treaty (BIT) and a double taxation agreement, which entered into force in 
November  1991 and December  1995 respectively. The bilateral ASA has facilitated greater contacts 
between our countries and peoples; discussions continue between the Jamaica Tourist Board and 
Edelweiss regarding increased flights between our two  countries.  
4.402.   We are interested in strengthening our engagement with Switzerland, including i n the areas 
of trade and investment, and welcome the presence of Swiss investments through companies, such 
as Nestlé, Swiss  Stores and SGS and for their contribution to the country's national growth and 
development. We look forward to our continued collabo ration at the bilateral and multilateral levels 
on issues of mutual interest, particularly in the areas of cyber security and exchanges on 
cryptocurrency; climate change and disaster risk management, neutraceuticals; and research and 
innovation, including block chain technology in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals.  
4.403.   Jamaica commends the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenstein on their robust 
economic performance over the review period. The implementation of sound fiscal, monetary, and 
trade policy measures by their respective authorities has allowed both countries to enjoy robust 
macroeconomic stability and positive economic growth. These included: updating of the foreign 
economic policy strategy, structural reforms, swift implementation of f iscal stimulus measures and 
other social security measures in response to various crises. Consequently, both countries were able 
to weather the effects of the financial and economic crises of 2008 as well as the 2020 COVID -19 
pandemic relatively well. The positive outlook on economic growth for 2022 in both countries is 
noted, and the ongoing efforts of the respective authorities should be supported in this regard.  
4.404.   Despite their lack of traditional natural resources, Switzerland and Liechtenstein's economies 
have remained resilient due to a focus on export led growth in core sectors; in the case of the 
former, its niche products and higher end products such as pharmaceuticals and precision 
instruments, and in the latter, the strong in dustrial and manufacturing base. Nonetheless, we 
applaud both countries ' strong emphasis on education, innovation, and social protection. We note 
positively that serious consideration is being given to the impact that changing demographics will 
have on the  economy, and that relevant reforms are being pursued to alleviate future burdens, as 
well as safeguard the livelihoods of the ageing population. This is one area in which future exchanges 
on best practices among Members should be pursued.  
4.405.   We also view po sitively the authorities' efforts support small and medium -sized enterprises 
(SMEs) through the SME Forum and Investor Summit, strengthen the taxation regime, and promote 
investor -friendly environments.  
4.406.   Home to the World Trade Organi zation, Jamaica commen ds the Government of Switzerland 
for its continued commitment to the preservation and enhancement of the rules -based multilateral 
trading system. As reflected in the reports on both countries, the openness of both economies, and 
their heavy reliance on the  international trade in goods and services as well as cross -border 
investment activities, underscore the need to ensure that the WTO is fit -for-purpose, remains 
relevant and responsive to the needs of all its Members. We welcome the countries ' active 
participation in work of the WTO, as well as its efforts to fulfil their various WTO obligations.  
4.407.   Notably, Switzerland has served as "Friend to the Chair " during the pre Bali negotiations on 
Trade facilitation. It has been among the top donors of trade related  technical assistance 
programmes in the WTO. In addition, Switzerland has been advancing work on critical issues such 
as e-commerce, WTO dispute settlement, investment facilitation, and reform of the WTO. We 
commend H .E. Mr Didier  Chambovey, Switzerland's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to 
the WTO and in his capacity as Chair of the General Council, for the important work being undertaken WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  to arrive at common points among which Members can coalesce to achieve positive outcomes for all 
ahead of the 12th Ministerial Conference scheduled for June  2022.  
4.408.   In conclusion, Chair, Jamaica appreciates the opportunity provided by this meeting to discuss 
the trade policies of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. We extend to the delegations our best wishes 
for a succes sful Trade Policy Review.  
TUNISI A 
4.409.   My delegation is pleased to participate in the sixth joint trade policy review of Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein and welcomes the two delegations, led respectively by H.E. Ambassadors Markus 
Schlagenhof and Kurt Jäger, to whom we express our appreciation for their comprehensive 
presentations on the economic situations and trade policies of their countries.  
4.410.   My thanks also go to H.E. Ambassador Hung Seng Tan (Singapore) for the insightful 
comments made in his presen tation, and I would like to congratulate the Secretariat for the 
comprehensive report it has submitted for this review.  
4.411.   With strong and stable institutional systems and participatory and responsive governance, 
the Swiss and Liechtenstein economies have tra ditionally been regarded as models of integration in 
international trade.  
4.412.   With sound fiscal positions and strong financial and manufacturing sectors, both economies 
responded effectively during the review period to the various challenges of growth, employa bility, 
climate change and particularly the COVID -19 crisis, enabling them to maintain positive GDP growth 
rates and surplus budgets, and to begin a rapid economic recovery with an optimistic medium -term 
outlook.  
4.413.   The two countries' limited domestic markets have encouraged their high -value -added 
economies to develop their export orientation and further open their markets. In this regard, under 
the auspices of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), both countries have concluded a wide 
range of reg ional trade agreements (29 RTAs with 39 economies), including with Tunisia.  
4.414.   Both countries are also active Members of the WTO, honouring their notification obligations 
and playing an active role in various areas of multilateral and plurilateral negotiation s. In this 
respect, we commend Switzerland for its leadership in trade initiatives focusing on sustainable 
development and women's empowerment.  
4.415.   Furthermore, and bearing in mind Switzerland's commitment to the success of MC12, as 
co-host and as a Member wit h the honour of co -chairing the Conference under the aegis of 
Ambassador Chambovey, we urge it to show the necessary flexibility to achieve a successful 
outcome, particularly in the discussions on intellectual property aspects, which are now text -based, 
and the results of which would drive a much -needed global WTO response to the pandemic.  
4.416.   While we aspire to further develop relations with Liechtenstein at both the political and 
economic levels, Tunisian -Swiss relations date back to the early years of Tunisi a's independence, 
and were given new impetus in the wake of the 2011 Revolution. The most recent high -level event 
was a visit by the late President of the Republic, Beji Kaïed Sebsi, in February 2016. On that occasion, 
six bilateral agreements were signed.  
4.417.   Since the signing of the free trade agreement between Tunisia and EFTA on 
17 December  2004, Switzerland has been Tunisia's main trading partner among EFTA countries, 
ranking 15th among export partners and 17th among import partners. Switzerland is also th e 
eighth  largest European investor in Tunisia, with a hundred or so wholly or partially export -oriented 
companies employing almost 13,500 people as at 31 December 2020.  
4.418.   The bilateral trade balance remains in deficit to the detriment of Tunisia, but trade b etween 
the two countries, approaching CHF 450 million in 2021, is growing steadily, with a 62% increase in 
Tunisian exports in 2021, thus contributing to a strong improvement in the coverage ratio, which 
stands at around 83%.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.419.   Moreover, in order to better m eet the objectives of the free trade agreement concluded with 
the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which are, in particular, to stimulate economic activities 
in the respective territories, increase the standard of living, improve employment conditio ns and 
contribute to Euro -Mediterranean economic integration, the Tunisian authorities, adopting a policy 
of openness and economic diversification, are working to revise the framework of this agreement in 
its entirety.  
4.420.   In this regard, the Tunisian side is working to expedite the bilateral consultations under way 
with partners from the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs and ensure that they result in an 
improvement of the tariff concessions granted by the two countries, particularly on agricultural 
proto cols, especially the easing of the conditions of access to the Swiss market for Tunisian olive oil, 
which would allow the full exploitation of the quota granted in return.  
4.421.   It is important to stress that our two countries are determined to further strengthe n their 
traditional cooperation in all areas, such as tourism, agriculture and new technologies, and capitalize 
on political achievements and economic accomplishments to enhance them.  
4.422.   I cannot miss this opportunity to thank Switzerland for its support to T unisia during the 
pandemic, providing health equipment, including oxygen concentrators and multipurpose 
ventilators, during the difficult moments of the COVID crisis.  
4.423.   Lastly, I would like to congratulate H.E. Ambassador Jäger and Ambassador Chambovey and 
their teams and wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a very successful trade policy review.  
JORDAN  
4.424.   We would like to join other delegations in thanking and congratulating the delegations of 
Switzerland and Lichtenstein for the efforts in preparing the joint si xth Trade Policy Review and 
report.  
4.425.   Our appreciation is also extended to the discussant for his insightful remarks, and the 
Secretariat for the comprehensive report.  
4.426.   We would like to thank the heads of the delegations for the statements made, which highlig ht 
the continuous positive economic developments and the resilience of both economies in spite of the 
economic challenges. It is a proof of productive trade policies providing a solid base for a predictable, 
fair and comprehensive trade for all based on th e rules of the multilateral trading system.  
4.427.   Out of this inclusive vision, Jordan along with Switzerland and Lichtenstein worked on 
expanding and deepening relations within the multilateral trading system, and beyond, to a free 
trade area agreement between Jordan and EFTA States, signed in 2001 and entered into force in 
2002.  
4.428.   This FTA provides a comprehensive trade framework that plays an important role in 
increasing bilateral trade and reinforcing global economic integration for all partners. Exchanged 
trade between Jordan and EFTA Countries has witnessed a remarkable growth by 70 % in 2021 
comparing to 2020 almost USD 685 million, where Switzerland is a major trading partner and we 
look forward to reinforce our bilateral trade with Lichtenstein . We believe that much potential are 
still ahead of us, on bilateral and multilateral levels.  
4.429.   Jordan appreciates its longstanding relations with both countries and looks always forward 
to advancing cooperation in different areas of mutual interest. And wo uld like to congratulate the 
business society for their efforts and valuable contribution in the world trade hand in hand with other 
trading partners.  
4.430.   Finally, we wish Switzerland and Lichtenstein a successful Trade Policy Review.  
SRI LANKA  
4.431.   My delegation w elcomes delegations of Switzerland  and Liechtenstein led by 
H.E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof , Delegate of the Federal Council for Trade Agreements , Head of the WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  Swiss Delegation , and H.E.  Mr Kurt Jäger, Head of Delegation , Ambassador, Permanent 
Representative , Permanent Mission  of Liechtenstein in Geneva , the Heads of the Swiss and 
Liechtenstein Delegations respectively . We thank the WTO Secretariat and Governments of both 
countries for their comprehensive Reports made available to the delegation s and appreciate 
Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore on his insightful information and analysis as the 
discussant.  
4.432.   My delegation acknowledges that Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the top 
high-per capita income countries in the world and are very  well integrated into international trade, 
investment and enjoy favourable economic conditions with an increased emphasis on sustainable 
development. Switzerland is also one of the world's most innovative economies and a net exporter 
of intellectual proper ty. Nevertheless, they also face similar challenges, including the ageing of the 
population, low productivity growth, adaptation to digitalization, climate change, and risks posed by 
high levels of household debt. Further, the COVID -19 pandemic has decline d real GDP growth in 
both countries in 2020. However, strong financial buffers and prompt responses by Governments to 
the pandemic have declined negative effects on long term economic prospects.  
4.433.   It is also significant to note that both countries remain co mmitted to the rules -based 
multilateral trading system and actively participate in WTO activities. Both countries are supporting 
the Buenos  Aires Declaration on Women and Trade and participating in the JSIs on E -Commerce, 
MSMEs, and Services D omestic Regulation. In addition, Switzerland participates in the JSI on 
Investment Facilitation for Development. We wish to recognize all those initiatives and participation, 
which both delegations have pursued as leading to intensify the multilateral trading system.  
4.434.   Also, we have noted that both countries have entered into several RTAs under the auspicious 
of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which indicates their economic integration with other 
countries in different regions. It is also noteworthy to mention that over the review period, 
Switzerland has taken steps to reform legal and regulatory processes and customs procedures and 
Liechtenstein has introduced simplified registration procedures for certain types of business activity. 
Both countries launched str ategies to digitally transform government services, implemented new 
reforms to comply with international standards on corporate income tax and introduced laws and 
measures to promote energy efficiency and the production of renewable energy. My delegation 
acknowledges the announcement made by the Swiss Government to eliminate all duties on industrial 
goods with effect on 1  January  2024.  
4.435.   We have also noted that during the time of the previous review, both countries have applied 
import and export prohibitions and restrictions, but no export taxes or duties and no trade remedial 
measures have been imposed. Further, Switzerland has implemented new food legislation in 2017 
to harmonize the Swiss law with EU law. Switzerland places a great importance on agriculture  sector 
in terms of food security, environmental protection and in 2018, the Swiss authorities decided to 
abolish export subsidies for agricultural products. Both countries have a strong manufacturing and 
services base and they have taken several regulator y and policy measures to expand the contribution 
of these sectors to their economies while identifying research and innovations as priority strategies.  
4.436.   When considers the bilateral cooperation between Switzerland and Sri  Lanka, two countries 
have engaged i n regular political dialogue since 2013 whereas last session was held in 2021. 
Sri Lanka and Switzerland signed a migration agreement in 2018 and Sri  Lanka is the only Asian 
country with which Switzerland has entered into such an agreement. A MoU was signe d between 
Ceylon Chamber of Commerce of Sri  Lanka and Swiss – Asian Chamber of Commerce in 2016 with 
the objective of developing stronger business relations between the two countries.  
4.437.   The trade relations between Sri  Lanka and Switzerland stand at a moderat e level. Total trade 
between the two countries was USD  225 million in 2021. Sri  Lanka's exports to Switzerland was 
USD 126 million in 2021 mainly comprising precious stones, fish, apparel and electrical parts for 
switching. Sri  Lanka's imports from Switzer land was USD  98 million in 2021 comprising clocks and 
watches and their parts, medical and surgical instruments, electronic integrated circuits and micro 
assemblies.  
4.438.   Sri Lanka is a beneficiary country under the Swiss GSP scheme which is in operation 
since 1972. The Swiss GSP Scheme grants duty free market access on most of agricultural and 
industrial products and 50% MOP for textiles and clothing products. The utilization rate of Swiss GSP WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  scheme by Sri  Lankan exports was around 30% in 2021.  Since 2005, Sri  Lanka has received 
USD 105 million worth FDIs from Switzerland. A Bilateral Investment Treaty and a Double Tax 
Avoidance Agreement between the two countries are in force. Sri  Lanka received a substantial 
number of tourists from Switzerland  in past few years.  
4.439.   Furthermore, Sri  Lanka believes that there are many areas to be discovered to strengthen 
the bilateral relations between Switzerland and Sri  Lanka and we look forward to exploring those 
opportunities mainly in sectors, such as trade in apparel, tea, coconut -based  products and services 
such as ICT and further, collaboration in the hospitality education and management is also feasible.  
4.440.   Joining with other delegations, we wish to thank Ambassador Didier  Chambovey, Permanent 
Representative of S witzerland to the WTO for his commendable work as the Chair of General Council . 
My delegation has bee n profited w hile working with his team in Geneva as it is always a pleasure  
and a privilege to have worked with such  a dedicated , capable , and dynamic team . 
4.441.   In concluding, Sri  Lanka wishes the delegation of Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful 
deliberation and productive outcomes on their Trade Policy Review.  
HONDURAS  
4.442.   Honduras warmly welcomes the entire delegation of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, led by 
their Heads of Delegation, and thanks them for their statement and report.  
4.443.   We extend our thanks to you, Chair, for your leadership and guidance, to the  discussant for 
his valuable contribution, and to the WTO Secretariat for the excellent work carried out.  
4.444.   Honduras maintains excellent relations with the Members under review. In 2020, the 
Swiss  Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) allocated around  CHF 20 million to Honduras, 
supporting areas such as the promotion of MSMEs, governance and the improvement of the 
infrastructure of local public services, to name a few.  
4.445.   In this connection, we would like to take this opportunity to highlight with gratitu de that the 
implementation of the SDC's programmes and projects has contributed to strengthening the rule of 
law and enhancing the coordinated participation of civil society organizations, particularly in the 
processes of social audit and accountability.  
4.446.   Moreover, certain programmes and projects financed by the SDC have strengthened the 
integrated management of water resources, with a focus on watersheds, and boosted the 
participation of civil society in development, having an impact on poverty reduction an d inclusive 
sustainable development.  
4.447.   The implementation of the Strategy 2018 -2021 by the SDC has enabled around 
460,000  people in the region to gain access to water and sanitation, over 569,000  people to benefit 
from rehabilitated roads and bridges, and th ousands of inhabitants to live in conditions that are more 
resilient to the constant risk of natural disasters.  
4.448.   In addition, the public -private partnerships established with financing from the SDC for cocoa 
and fisheries value chains enabled 11,600  familie s to access credit, fair prices and technical 
assistance so that they may boost their income.  
4.449.   Specifically, in the cocoa sector, it helped create 14,650  jobs. 
4.450.   Trade between Switzerland and Honduras is limited in scope, but has potential. In 2021, 
Honduras imported USD 30 million worth of mostly pharmaceutical products and machinery, and 
exported around USD 45 million worth of agricultural products, among others.  
4.451.   We are pleased to see from the reports presented that, during the COVID -19 crisis, 
Switzerland's  trade and economy showed relative resilience due to the diversified economic 
structure, a high degree of international openness, a high -quality education system, a flexible labour 
market, a moderate tax burden, sound public finances, well -established coop eration between social 
partners, and solid political stability.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.452.   Switzerland is one of the most innovative and competitive economies in the world, and it 
was one of the first countries to engage in sectors such as FinTech and cryptocurrency. We cannot 
fail to mention Switzerland's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% by 
2030, and to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.  
4.453.   In the case of Liechtenstein, the reports indicate that its public finances are characterized by 
virtually zero debt and that it has never registered a negative trade balance. We also observe that 
it has strengthened its legal rules to prevent and combat money laundering and the financing of 
terrorism.  
4.454.   We note that both Switzerland and Liechtenstein have strong democrati c institutions, high 
levels of specialization in value -added production, robust fiscal situations, low unemployment rates 
and highly -educated populations. They have both implemented strategies to digitally transform 
government services and render them more  efficient and cost -effective.  
4.455.   Lastly, Honduras acknowledges the contributions, achievements and active participation of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein in the WTO and we wish them every success in the presentation of 
their Trade Policy Review . 
PARAGUAY  
4.456.   The Republic of Paraguay would like to extend warm greetings to the delegations of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein participating in this sixth Trade Policy Review. We would also like to 
thank you for conducting this Review, as well as the Secretariat for the com prehensive report.  
4.457.   We particularly commend the excellent management of the economic repercussions of the 
pandemic, as well as the post -pandemic recovery. We see that, despite recording the biggest fall in 
GDP in decades, the contraction in real GDP was much smaller than that seen in other countries in 
a similar position and growth of around 3% is predicted for 2021 and 2022.  
4.458.   As highlighted by the Secretariat in its report, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the 
countries with the highest per capita income in the world and they play an important role in world 
trade.  
4.459.   Despite this, we regretfully disagree with the assessment contained in both the Secretariat 
and Government reports regarding the open -market orientation, which can only be seen for 
industr ial products, on which Switzerland will eliminate tariffs from 1 January 2024.  
4.460.   In contrast, in the case of agricultural products, we note that the average tariff is notoriously 
higher, even reaching peaks of up to 671.3%. It features tariff escalation, adj ustable tariffs, seasonal 
tariffs and in -quota tariffs and the sector is highly distorted due to the high level of subsidies that it 
receives.  
4.461.   Not only are the specific tariffs of Switzerland and Liechtenstein high, but they also lack 
transparency. This ma kes it difficult to analyse them, as is demonstrated by the Secretariat's 
technical notes on the calculation of ad valorem  equivalents and the reservations about this 
methodology that were raised by the Swiss authorities.  
4.462.   With regard to tariff quotas, Para guay is particularly interested in the CHQ5 tariff quota for 
meat, which is our second largest export to Switzerland. Here, we see a fill rate of over 100% each 
year: 193% in 2017, 114% in 2018, 116% in 2019 and 220% in 2020.  
4.463.   This shows that, despite the f act that local production cannot meet the demand for meat, 
particularly beef, and that per capita meat consumption in Switzerland is gradually declining 
due perhaps to its high price on the local market, the quota is not being increased or the applied 
out-of-quota tariff reduced, which would create greater certainty for producers interested in 
exporting to Switzerland.  
4.464.   In 2019, improvements in market access and of a regulatory nature were agreed in principle 
between the countries of MERCOSUR and EFTA, and we hope that the legal review can be completed WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  and the entry into force of the agreement secured at the earliest poss ible opportunity in order to 
deepen our highly complementary trading relationship.  
4.465.   Within the WTO, we value Switzerland's support for the multilateral trading system, in 
particular the work of our colleagues and friends from the Permanent Mission of Switze rland to the 
WTO and its current head Ambassador Chambovey, under whose leadership the WTO's highest 
decision -making body is making progress. We also wish to highlight the joint work we are carrying 
out at various levels with colleagues and friends from th e Mission, most notably the honest 
partnership and joint efforts being undertaken in the Committee on Agriculture, despite the 
sensitivities and differing positions in this area, and the work on Joint Initiatives such as 
E-commerce, Trade and Gender and MS MEs. 
4.466.   On behalf of my country, I reiterate my congratulations to those responsible for conducting 
this Review and to the delegates from the Permanent Missions of Switzerland and Liechtenstein in 
Geneva for their active participation in, and contribution to,  this Organization's work.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.467.   The Kyrgyz  Republic is very pleased to take part in the sixth  Trade Policy Review of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and wishes to extend a very warm welcome to the delegations led by 
H.E. Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland  and H.E. Mr  Kurt Jäger , 
Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein in Geneva.  
4.468.   We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the WTO Secretariat and 
the Governments of Switzerland and Liechtenst ein for providing such comprehensive reports on the 
trade policies and practices. We would also like to thank the discussant, H.E.  Mr Hung Seng Tan, 
Permanent Representative of Singapore to the WTO, for his insightful comments.  
4.469.   I would like to take this moment to congratulate our countries on the 30th anniversary of the 
establishment of diplomatic relations between the Kyrgyz  Republic and Switzerland. Since then, the 
two countries have cultivated a reliable partnership. Switzerland continues to be on e of the strategic 
partners of the Kyrgyz  Republic  both bilaterally and within the framework of international 
organizations and institutions. Sharing a voting group in the Bretton Woods Institutions is a key 
element of our partnership and we value the long -standing relations between our two countries  
4.470.   The areas of cooperation differ from trade capacity building and fostering economic 
development of the Kyrgyz  Republic  to strengthening governmental institutions and promoting rule 
of law. It is worth mentioni ng that Switzerland is one of the main donors and assistance partners of 
the Kyrgyz  Republic and it participates in the implementation of several national programs and 
development strategies in our country. For that, we would like to express our appreciati on and 
gratitude to our Swiss colleagues.  
4.471.   Switzerland has a large development program in the Kyrgyz  Republic  with more than 
USD 20 million per year. Since 1994, Switzerland has granted more than CHF  450 million in the form 
of technical, financial, and huma nitarian support to help improve the well -being of the population. 
The new Swiss Cooperation Programme for the period of 2022 -2025 allocates more than 
USD 80 million to the Kyrgyz  Republic.   
4.472.   The Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperatio n existing between 
the Kyrgyz  Republic and Switzerland serves as another tool to deepen cooperation between the 
two countries. The primary purpose of establishing this Commission was precisely to establish and 
strengthen ties between business communities o f both sides, development of business links, and 
foster trade and investment cooperation between the two  countries . We would like to express our 
interest in the continuation of work in this direction as we have  not held a meeting since 2016.  
4.473.   According to our statistics, in 2021 the trade turnover between the Kyrgyz  Republic and 
Switzerland amounted to USD 65,459  million (exports – USD 54,567 million, USD 7,401 million  
imports – USD 10,892 million). Compared to the same period in 2020, trade increased by 77.91%.  
4.474.   Meanwhile, the economic and trade relations between Kyrgyzstan and Liechtenstein 
unfortunately are not of a satisfactory level so far and we do hope for further expansion and WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  deepening of our relationship in this direction. We are part icularly interested in attracting 
Liechtenstein 's direct investments to the economy of the Kyrgyz  Republic and would also like the 
resumption of project activities of the Liechtenstein Development Service in the Kyrgyz  Republic . 
4.475.   Switzerland and Liechtenste in are the most stable and resilient trading Members of the WTO. 
They continue to be strong supporters of a rules -based multilateral trading system, making 
successful steps on the WTO platform by accepting and acceding to numerous agreements on trade 
facilitation and promotion. The two countries have a worldwide trade network and vividly 
demonstrate the promotion of high -quality and high -technology production all over the countries.  
4.476.   Taking this opportunity, the Kyrgyz  Republic would like to thank Switzerlan d and 
Liechtenstein for their active and constructive participation in multilateral discussions through the 
WTO and wish a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.477.   Cambodia is pleased to participate in the sixth joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerlan d and 
Liechtenstein and warmly welcome s the delegation of Switzerland, led by H .E. Ambassador 
Markus  Schlagenhof, (Delegate of the Federal Council for Trade Agreements and head of the World 
Trade of State Secretariat for Economic Affairs – SECO) and delegation of Liechtenstein led by 
H.E. Ambassador Kurt  Jäger, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein in 
Geneva.  
4.478.   Our special thanks also go to Chairperson and the discussant, H .E. Ambassador 
Hung  Seng Tan (Singapore), for his insight ful and constructive remarks. We appreciate the reports 
prepared by the Government of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and the Secretariat, which outline 
recent developments in their respective trade policies and practices.  
4.479.   At the outset, Cambodia applauds Sw itzerland and Liechtenstein for the sound economic 
prosperity and stability since the previous Trade Policy Review in 2017.  
4.480.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the most integrated countries in the world, due 
both to their strategic geographical locatio n and to their economic policy choices.  
4.481.   It is also noted that Switzerland remains committed to the rules -based multilateral trading 
system and actively participates in WTO activities, for instance, ratifying the Agreement on Trade 
Facilitation (TFA) and c ompleting a large part of its implementation.  
4.482.   Switzerland and Cambodia established diplomatic relations in 1963. The two countries enjoy 
good bilateral relations. Switzerland is supporting the transition process and economic development 
efforts in Cambodia . However, economic exchanges between the two countries are minimal. Trade 
relations between the two countries are limited but growing, and exchanges also exist in the private 
sector. Switzerland's leading exports to Cambodia are pharmaceuticals, machinery , and gold. Its 
main imports are precious stones, textiles, shoes , and agricultural products.  
4.483.   In terms of trade, the two -way trade between Cambodia and Switzerland was 
USD 31.72  million in 2020 and USD  875.48  million in 2021. Cambodia exported about 
USD 15.41 million and USD  10.37  million to Switzerland in 2020 and 2021, respectively. While, at 
the same period, Cambodia imported USD  16.31  million and USD  865.12  million from Switzerland. 
However, with regard to Liechtenstein two -way trade between Cambodia an d Liechtenstein was 
relatively low.  
4.484.   In terms of investment, the FDI inflow from Switzerland and Liechtenstein to Cambodia has 
remained minimal. Seeing this, Cambodia would suggest Switzerland and Liechtenstein to increase 
imports from and as well as to inc rease investment to Cambodia.  
4.485.   We thank and appreciate the delegation of the Switzerland in Geneva led by 
H.E. Ambassador Didier  Chambovey for his personal contribution to the WTO as Chair of the General 
Council, and his able team for their hard work in Gen eva. We also extend our appreciation to 
H.E. Ambassador Kurt  Jäger of the delegation of Liechtenstein.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.486.   We commend Switzerland and Liechtenstein for taking an active part to support the 
integration of LDCs into the multilateral trading system.  
4.487.    To this end, we commit to working closely with the delegation of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein and all Members in both bilateral and multilateral levels to strengthen our good 
cooperation for economic growth and development and to uphold multilateral trad ing system in a 
rules-based, fair, s ustainable , and inclusive environment.  
4.488.   We wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful conclusion of its sixth joint Trade Policy 
Review.  
TAJIKISTAN  
4.489.   Tajikistan is pleased to participate in the eighth  TPR of Switzerland and sixth joint TPR of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and would like to warmly welcome the entire delegation of Switzerland 
led by H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Ambassador, Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of 
Switzerland and H.E.  Ambassador Mr  Didier  Chambovey and delegation of the Lichtenstein led by 
H.E. Ambassador Mr  Kurt Jäger and would also like to congratulate Swiss and Liechtenstein 
delegations, Secretariat team for the r eports prepared for this meeting and the discussant 
H.E. Ambassador Mr  Hung  Seng Tan of Singapore for his remarks.  
4.490.   The Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation, President of the Republic of 
Tajikistan H.E.  Mr Emomali  Rahmon paid an official visit to Switzerland in November  2019 and held 
a number of top level meetings.  
4.491.   These meetings were considered as an important step towards establishing mutually 
beneficial trade and economic cooperation between Tajikistan and Switzerland. During these 
meetings, in order to strengthen the ties between two sides, multiple cooperation documents were 
signed. As a result of mutually beneficial collaboration the trade turnover between Tajikistan and 
Switzerland increased significantly.  
4.492.   The Government of  Switzerland was one of the first governments who expressed its 
willingness to support the process of accession of the Republic of Tajikistan to the WTO. The first 
memorandum of implementation of Swiss aid program for Tajikistan to join the WTO was signed 
in 2001. The program was aimed at practical capacity building through assistance from the 
specialized institutions which dealt with international trade, including WTO.  
4.493.   With support of Switzerland and other development partners a number of  trade-related 
assistance projects have been implemented in Tajikistan. The projects in Tajikistan are designed to 
strengthen the sustainable expansion and diversification of SMEs exports from Tajikistan. The 
project 's activities also aim to help minimi se the negative impa cts of the COVID -19 pandemic on 
Tajikistan 's economy.  
4.494.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the top high -per capita income countries in the 
world and are well integrated into international trade.  
4.495.   Services account for about three  quarters of the Swiss e conomy. One particularity of the 
Liechtenstein economy is the importance of manufacturing, representing 40% of GDP in 2019. 
During the review period, and prior to the COVID -19 pandemic, real GDP growth in Switzerland was 
positive, ranging from 1.2% in 2019  to 2.9% in 2018. GDP growth in Liechtenstein tends to be more 
volatile because of the small size of the economy. Liechtenstein's GDP contracted by 2.3% in 2019. 
Due to the COVID -19 pandemic, real GDP growth fell by 2.4% in 2020 in Switzerland, and further  
in Liechtenstein.  
4.496.   Switzerland and Liechtenstein are original Members of the WTO. Both countries are 
signatories to the GPA, as well as the ITA. Switzerland and Liechtenstein accepted the TFA in 
September  2015. Both countries support the Buenos  Aires Decl aration on Women and Trade and 
participate in the joint statement initiatives (JSIs) on: e -commerce; micro, small, and medium -sized 
enterprises (MSMEs); and services domestic regulation. Switzerland participates in the JSI on 
investment facilitation for de velopment.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.497.   My delegation acknowledges Switzerland and Liechtenstein 's continued pursuit of trade 
liberalization and their contribution to and constructive involvement in the WTO negotiations. We 
are confident that Switzerland and Liechtenstein will continu e to undertake further trade and 
structural reforms to maintain an open WTO consistent trade regime.  
4.498.   In conclusion, I wish Switzerland and Liechtenstein a very productive and successful Trade 
Policy Review.  
NEPAL  
4.499.   My delegation welcomes the delegation of Switzerland led by H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, 
and delegation of Liechtenstein led by H.E.  Mr Kurt Jäger. I commend both the delegations for their 
insightful highlights of their respective Trade Policy Reviews this morning.   
4.500.   I appreciate H.E . Mr Hung Seng Tan, Ambassador of Singapore for his comprehensive 
deliberation as discussant of this review meeting.  
4.501.   My delegation commends the Government of Switzerland, Government of Liechtenstein, and 
the WTO Secretariat for valuable reports.  
4.502.   Diversif ied economic structure, a high degree of international openness, a high -quality 
education system, a flexible labour market, a moderate tax burden, sound public finances, 
well-established cooperation between social partners, and political stability among ot hers remained 
highly commendable causing their resilient economies even during the COVID -19 crisis.  
4.503.   The COVID -19 transition strategy aiming to strengthen the economy's long -term recovery 
and increase growth potential remained a key policy objective Switze rland.  
4.504.   Nepal appreciates the entire efforts and contribution of Switzerland and Liechtenstein for 
strengthening rules -based, predictable, fair and inclusive multilateral trading system within the 
framework of the WTO.  
4.505.   Nepal as an LDC and LLDC Member of t he WTO, appreciates Switzerland 's continued support 
and favourable action in reducing gaps in the level of development between nations, promoting 
further integration of developing and least developed countries into the global economy, and making 
economic d evelopment more sustainable.  
4.506.    My delegation extends sincere appreciation to the Government of Switzerland for its support 
in access to COVID -19 vaccines and medical goods in various LDCs including Nepal during the 
pandemic.  
4.507.   Furthermore, I take good note o f entire health facilities especially in the period of COVID -19 
pandemic being extended to all foreigners especially diplomats residing in Geneva.  
4.508.   Similarly, it is praiseworthy that Switzerland is one of the most innovative and competitive 
economies in th e world. Consistent ranking of first in the Global Competitiveness Index and the 
Global Innovation Index is exemplary.  
4.509.   It is noteworthy to mention that Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the top 
high-per capita income countries in the world and are very well integrated into international trade.  
4.510.   Their strong democratic institutions, educated populations, and a specialization in 
value -added production can be lesson learned especially for developing and leas t developed 
countries.  
4.511.   My delegation takes good note of strong financial buffers and a prompt response by the 
Governments while fighting the COVID -19 pandemic.  
4.512.   Launching strategies to digitally transform government services and render them more 
efficient  and cost -effective, implementation of new reforms to comply with international standards 
on corporate income tax by both Governments remained important.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.513.   Let me turn to the bilateral front , Nepal enjoys excellent bilateral relation with Switzerland 
and Liechtenstein. Having similar geo -political situation as landlocked countries, Nepal attaches 
great importance to her relations with Switzerland and Liechtenstein, which are based on mutual 
respect, friendship, and cooperation.  
4.514.   Switzerland  has been a consistent supporter of Nepal and has extended her support to 
Nepal 's development process since 1950s in different sectors. Regular exchange of visits at various 
levels has contributed to further consolidating the relations between Nepal and Sw itzerland.  
4.515.   Nepal -Switzerland Bilateral Consultation Mechanism (BCM) has contributed to exploring and 
exploiting the areas of mutual benefits through its regular meetings and follow up.  
4.516.   Nepal, Switzerland , and Liechtenstein share similar views on many inte rnational issues. We 
uphold the primacy of multilateralism and multilateral decision -making process.  
4.517.   Trade, investment, tourism, energy, health, education, telecom , and ICT among others are 
some of the major areas where we have potential of mutual benefit s. 
4.518.   Every year a significant number of Swiss tourists arrive to Nepal for a lot of leisure activities.  
4.519.   Nepal -Switzerland trade relation has witnessed growth over the years. Based on the primary 
data Nepal imported goods worth of N PR 7 billion in the year 2 020 while it exported to Switzerland 
worth of just NPR 321 million in the same year.  
4.520.   The trade data reveals huge trade imbalance for Nepal. This demands additional collaboration 
and cooperation focusing on reducing this trade gap.  
4.521.   Nepal looks forward to strengthening its relation with Switzerland and Liechtenstein in the 
days ahead.  
4.522.   My delegation wishes for a successful joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein.  
BANGLADESH  
4.523.   At the outset, the Bangladesh i delegation welcomes Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof , 
Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland and head of delegation, and 
Ambassador Kurt  Jäger , Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein, thank you for your introductory 
remarks . We also thank Ambassador Hung Seng Tan of Singapore for his ins ightful  remark s. Our 
sincere appreciation  goes to the W TO Secretariat  for the comprehensive reports . 
4.524.   The e conomies of Switzerland and Liechtenstein are closely integrated  thanks to their  
deliberate  policy choices and geographical reality . As you know, Switzerland is a small -landed and 
not endowed with significant natural resources ; yet it has emerged as an important economic power . 
Switzerland  is also one of the most innovative and competitive economies in the world as reported 
it has consistently ranked first in the Global Competitiveness Index  compiled by the World Economic 
Forum  and partner institutions. Switzerland  is also ranked first in the Global Innovation  Index . 
4.525.   In recent years , it has reportedly  fallen a few places in the World  Bank's Ease of Doing 
Business Ranking , but still ranked very high. We note a combination of factors underpinning  these 
results has contributed to the resilience of the Swiss econom y in recent years, for example , during 
the financial crisis and the COVID -19 crisis. Is encouraging to see that prudent macroeconomic 
measures adopted by the country have resulted in impressive economic growth and remark able 
improvement in almost all index es. 
4.526.   Since the las t TPR  in 2017, relatively strong economic fundamentals and solid b uffers to 
external  shocks have helped the country  to maintain macro economic stability . We commend 
Switzerland for this success. As it is well known, the strong outward -orientation of the Swiss 
economy has been on e of the pillars of Swiss growth for many years . It is highly dependent on 
foreign trade . WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  4.527.   The Swiss economy has been successful at productive submission  and generation of a sizable 
share of domestic value -added on export products.  Switzerland's trade policy priority on multilateral 
non-discriminatory rules is complemented by a goal of continuous expansion and deepening of trade 
relations through regional and bilateral approaches.  
4.528.   It attaches high importanc e to reducing gaps in the level of development between nations 
to promoting the further integration of developing and the least developed countries into the global 
economy and to the need  make economic development more sustainable . It is not a surprise tha t 
Switzerland  strongly supports the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and measures that 
promote socially and environmentally sustainable economic  growth.  
4.529.   Switzerland  remains more susceptible than other larger economies to changing 
circumstances in the external environment, and important determinant for the Swiss economy, 
generally is the economic performance of the European  Union making it by far Switzerland's  most 
important tra ding partner . 
4.530.    Earlier this year, Bangladesh and Switzerland celebrated 50  years of bilateral relations . Our 
two countries enjoy excellent trade and economic rel ations , though bilateral trade is largely tilted 
towards Switzerland . Broad -based in stitutional mechanisms of dialogue exist and  have contributed 
to the deepening of our relations. Major ex port items  from Bangladesh are re ady-made g arments , 
textiles , and leather, while chemicals and machinery  are the main export items from Switzerland to 
Bangladesh . 
4.531.   Surely, there is  scope to further strengthen the tr ade relations  between our two  countries, 
and both sides are seriously working through existing framework of bilateral cooperation as well as 
through non -traditional means.  
4.532.   Bangladesh appreciates Switzerland's  constructive engagement with the WTO, and its 
commitment  to a multilateral t rading system . We look forward to a decisive and proactive role  of 
the delegation of  Switzerland  as the current Chair of the WTO General Council in the forthcoming 
Ministerial Conference . 
4.533.   We wish the delegation of Switzerland  and the delegation of Lie chten stein a productive and 
successful TPR.  My delegation will continue to work closely to Switzerland and Liechtenstein led  by 
Ambassador Didier  Chambovey and Ambassador Kurt Jäger  to strengthen the  multilateral tra ding 
system as we strive to enhance our bilat eral ties. 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE S OF SWITZERLAND AND LIECHTENSTEIN  AND 
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS  
H.E. MR MARKUS SCHLAGENHOF (SWITZERLAND)  
5.1.  First of all, on behalf of the Swiss delegation I would like to thank all the Members who 
participated and contributed to this Trade Policy Review. At Wednesday 's meeting, no less than 
49 Members took the floor. The vast majority of speakers noted many positive aspects of Switzerland 
trade policy. Our commitment to the rules -based, inclusive, transparent and pr edictable multilateral 
trading system was widely praised. I was particularly touched by the expressions of gratitude for 
the constructive role that Switzerland plays in the WTO and the role of the current Chair of the 
General Council. All these positive st atements encourage us to continue on this path. I also 
appreciate the recognition of our support to the least developed countries and our development 
policy in general.  
5.2.  There were frequent references to Switzerland's resilience during the C OVID -19 pandemi c, its 
good governance, competitiveness and diversity of its economy. Members welcomed Switzerland's 
open trade regime, which greatly contributes to its integration into the global economy. Our policy 
of facilitating imports in a context of uncertainty was  highlighted.  
5.3.  In that regard, Members welcomed in particular our decision to eliminate customs duties on 
industrial goods as of 1 January  2024, as well as the so -called DaziT program that will provide for 
the systematic simplification and full digitalizati on of all customs procedures by the end of 2026.  
5.4.  Let me now get back to some of the important points that Members and the discussant, 
Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan, have raised.  
Economic environment and trade and investment regimes  
5.5.  As regards the institutional framework  of our trade policy, several Members raised the issue of 
our participation in various free trade agreements. Our priority remains the strengthening of the 
multilateral trading system, inter alia through the necessary reform of the WTO. In our view, the 
conclusion of bilateral and regional free trade free trade agreements is  a complementary avenue of 
opening up to the global market. And they have proven in the past to stimulate discussions also at 
the multilateral level . Likewise, participation to open plurilateral initiatives support and contribute to 
the multilateral trading system. On that point, many Members positively noted Switzerland 's 
participation in all Joint Statement Initiatives as well as in other plurilater al agreements, including 
the ITA and the GPA.  
5.6.  In the area of investment , several Members asked whether Switzerland intended to further 
liberali ze sectors under monopoly or controlled by state enterprises. Switzerland is very open to 
foreign investment and restrictions may apply to only a few sectors. This is the case for some 
passenger transport companies, some specific postal services, and compulsory insurance against 
fire and natural damage. These state monopolies are clearly defined in the Swiss constitu tion. In 
this regard, Members noted with satisfaction the liberalization of the ethanol market in 2019.  
Trade policy instruments  
5.7.  Let me now address a few points in relation to our trade policy instruments. Firstly, I would 
like to address the issue of maintaining our specific tariffs . Switzerland does, for the time being, not 
envisage changing its tariff system. In our view, this syste m is simple, transparent and predictable, 
since it is invariant to a number of factors including exchange rates fluctuations and raising prices 
of agricultural products.  
5.8.  Several Members referred to the "Cassis de Dijon" principle – an autonomous measure ta ken 
by Switzerland. According to this principle, products that comply with EU technical regulations can 
be freely marketed in Switzerland without any further controls. Exceptions to this principle are 
justified by public interests, such as the protection o f health, humans, animals and the environment. 
Exceptions are periodically reviewed to reassess their justification. The Cassis de Dijon principle 
applies exclusively to products from the European  Union and the European Economic Area. However, 
it also bene fits non -European producers, if they meet the technical requirements of the 
European  Union.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  5.9.  We receive a number of questions on our regime of guarantee fund contributions . Switzerland 
is aware that guarantee fund contributions together with applied customs duties may exceed the 
bound rates for certain tariff lines. In 2019, Switzerland launched a project to modify the compulsory 
reserve regime for rice and coffee. This project has not been finali zed, yet. Reflections on National 
Economic Supply are o n-going and a revision of the legal basis is in preparation, following the 
COVID -19 crisis and a planned reorganization of the Federal Office for National Economic Supply.  
5.10.  At our last TPR in 2017, several Members noted that we had not ratified the revised 
Government Procurement Agreement. This issue has been solved given that Switzerland ratified the 
revised GPA in 2021 and with this also has harmonized its respective legislation at federal and 
sub-federal level.  
Sectoral policies  
Agriculture  
5.11.  We received ma ny questions in relation to agriculture. I will limit myself to answering those 
of a more political nature, as technical questions were answered in detail in writing.  
5.12.  Since the early 1990s, Switzerland agricultural policy has undergone multiple developments 
aimed at strengthening the role of the market. The constant evolution of the global economy and of 
national and international market conditions requires a continuous  analysis of existing policies and 
adjustments to them where necessary. In order to contribute to transforming current global food 
systems into resilient  and sustainable global food systems, the objective of the Swiss Government 
is to enhance the competiti veness not only of its agriculture but also of our farms on national and 
international markets, manage natural resources sustainably and ensure food security.  
5.13.  Several speakers asked us what steps Switzerland envisages to further liberalize our 
agriculture . Agricultural policy is conducted according to a long -term strategy and built upon stable, 
foreseeable and coherent conditions for farming which permits mid and long -term improvements 
along our overall objectives. Thus, the Swiss Government takes into acco unt factors of a 
non-commercial nature such as contributing to the sustainable development, the particular 
topography of the Swiss landscape and the distribution of the Swiss population on its territory.  
5.14.  At the multilateral level, Switzerland will pursue its constructive engagement in negotiations, 
underlining the need to adequately take into account non -trade concerns like food security according 
to our constitution. During the period under review, Switzerland has demonstrated its commitment 
by eliminatin g export subsidies on agricultural products, in accordance with the decision adopted at 
the Tenth Ministerial Conference (MC10) in Nairobi, which required the national legislation to be 
amended.  
5.15.  Many Members have emphasized the high level of tariffs  for ag ricultural products. It should 
be recalled that trade is mainly conducted within TRQs at reduced rates. In this sense, the finding 
of high average tariffs (including out of quota rates) does not reflect an economically correct picture 
of market access into  Switzerland, as a net food importing country.  
5.16.  Several Members referred to our system of quota administration, which is often seen as 
complex. The tariff quota instrument guarantees access to the Swiss market at reduced tariff rates. 
Switzerland regularly and significantly increases its tariff quotas to meet domestic demand. In 
addition, some tariff quotas are no longer administered and products subject to quota conditions 
can be imported in unlimited quantities. The use of this instrument is in line with W TO rules.  
5.17.  I hope that with these explanations I have been able to address many of the questions and 
remarks that have been addressed to us. I am grateful for the opportunity to present our views.  
H.E. MR KURT JÄGER (LIECHTENSTEIN)  
5.18.  Let me start by thanking all delegations, our discussant, Ambassador Tan  Hung Seng and you, 
Mr Chairman, for the interest shown in the Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and  Liechtenstein and 
for all the questions and comments received.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  5.19.  During our meeting on Wednesday, ma ny delegations welcomed the positive development of 
their trade and investment relations with Liechtenstein during the review period despite the heavy 
impact of the global pandemic. The absolute numbers of that trade may appear to be rather modest 
in some cases, but when put  in relation to the size of my country 's economy they are still an 
indication of the high degree of integration of Liechtenstein into global trade and investment flows. 
For this very reason, Liechtenstein has repeatedly expressed, in wor ds and in deeds, its strong 
support for the multilateral, rules -based trading system which is at the core of the activities of this 
organization. This system has been shattered in its foundations by the Russia n Federation' s military 
aggression against Ukra ine and Russia n Federation' s flagrant violation of international law. Economic 
measures implemented by Liechtenstein against the Russia n Federation  - in coordination with our 
partners - are aimed at restoring peace and security. We consider them necessary to protect our 
essential security interests and to be fully consistent with relevant exceptions of the 
WTO Agreement.  
5.20.  We are pleased that the information on the new Liechtenstein Law on Tokens and Trusted 
Technology Service Providers, also called Blockchai n Act, has awakened quite some interest among 
delegations. Although the practical experience with that act is still somewhat limited because of its 
entry into force only two years ago, we see a lot of potential in this legal framework for the token 
economy  and its application in Liechtenstein’s trade and investment relations. The Blockchain Act is 
an important element of Liechtenstein 's digital roadmap to address the digitali zation of its economy. 
This roadmap also includes an e -government strategy with the  goal to provide all public services 
digitally. Citizens and companies (which we both refer to as customers) will be able to access their 
data and use it in administrative and business processes with public authorities, relying on the 
"once-only" principle . All services of the National Administration are progressively going to be 
provided in a digital way, which increases efficiency and transparency. Regardless of opening hours, 
many services will be available 24/7. The aim is that, from 2023 onwards, all c ommunication 
between companies and public authorities must be conducted electronically.  
5.21.  The increasing use of new technologies and IT systems is accompanied by numerous 
advantages, but also dangers. Due to global networking and the great density of data th at technical 
progress brings with it, every user can become a potential target of cybercrime. For that reason, a 
central element of the digital roadmap is the prevention of and fight against cybercrime. In this area, 
Liechtenstein has established a very cl ose cooperation with Switzerland in order to reduce its 
vulnerabilities.  
5.22.  As to vulnerabilities that are linked to Liechtenstein 's size and its high dependence on 
international trade, a point raised by several delegations, the strategy of the Liechtenstein  
Government aims at further extending the network of preferential trade agreements, thereby 
diversifying the pool of potential partners for economic operators. Besides free trade agreement and 
tax information exchange arrangements, comprehensive trade and investment relations nowadays 
also need to include rules governing the topic of double taxation. Accordingly, Liechtenstein will 
continue to extend its network of Double Taxation Agreements as an important element of the 
framework conditions offered to eco nomic operators – both local and foreign.  
5.23.  Today 's trade policies cannot be elaborated and implemented without rooting them firmly in 
an overall strategy for sustainable development. In this context, Liechtenstein is pleased to be part 
of the Trade and Envi ronmental Sustainability Structured Discussion (TESSD) at the WTO and 
considers that the related initiative on fossil fuel subsidies has gained increased attention in view of 
the looming energy crisis.  
5.24.  Sustainability has become the guiding principle of th e Liechtenstein Government in its 
program me for the years 2021 to 2025. Sustainability in all of its dimensions – economic, ecologic 
and social – will be a key consideration for future projects. In that sense, the Government has 
adopted or is currently pre paring a considerable number of initiatives. Let me mention a few . 
5.25.  By 2050, Liechtenstein shall become climate neutral. To this end, the Energy Strategy  2030 
as well as the Energy Vision  2050 include clear targets to phase out fossil fuels and gradually replace 
them by renewable energies. This will further reduce Liechtenstein 's dependency on energy imports 
and therefore also increase the resilience of the economy against external shocks. For instance, the 
Government has recently published a dra ft legislation to introduce an obligation to install 
photovoltaics on all buildings in Liechtenstein. By consistently promoting solar energy, Liechtenstein 
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  capacity. In addition, the Government currently aims at introducing a prohibition of the installation 
of heating system that are based on fossil fuels. The legislation is currently under public consultation. 
Another initiative relates to a new Agricultural S trategy, which is currently also under public 
consultation. The focus of this strategy lies on agroecology, regionality, health and nutrition.  
5.26.  Regarding the agricultural sector, which attracted quite some comments and questions in our 
review, Liechtenstein  fully shares Switzerland 's policy of recognizing the multifunctional role of 
agriculture, a role that goes well beyond the mere calculation of the contribution of that sector to 
the GDP. About two thirds of the territory of Liechtenstein are hilly and mou ntainous areas. The 
general maintenance of its rural character is one the overarching goals of Liechtenstein 's internal 
development policy. Agricultural use of the mountainous areas ensures their ecological and economic 
sustainability, which in turn is als o an important factor for Liechtenstein 's positioning as an attractive 
tourism destination. Such use and maintenance of these mountainous areas is, however, associated 
with high costs. Green box measures are therefore necessary and enjoy widespread public support 
in Liechtenstein despite their high price.  
5.27.  We are convinced that sustainability, digitali zation,  and diversification are key in order to 
ensure a stable and resilient economy for the future. The diversification of the economy, 
strengthening entrepr eneurship and creating an enabling environment for MSMEs will therefore 
remain a key priority of the Liechtenstein Government. For small companies with no overseas 
presence and limited resources, which make up the bulk of our businesses, an open trade poli cy is 
crucial. Simple procedures and legal certainty regarding market access are essential. Similarly, 
connecting start -ups and growth -oriented MSMEs seeking capital with investors and decision -makers 
will continue to be an important policy tool to promote  the further diversification of the Liechtenstein 
economy.  
5.28.   This brings me to the end of my statement. Let me express again our appreciation for the 
comments and questions of delegations which provided very valuable input.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.29.  The sixth joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, which attracted close to 
500 questions and more than 50  national statements, has  been a constructive and fruitful exercise. 
This TPR has allowed us to deepen our understanding of both Members ' trade and investment 
policies, as well as take stock of significant developments since the last review in 2017. This morning, 
I would like to s hare my observations by addressing three questions.  
5.30.  First, what are some of the key areas in which Switzerland and Liechtenstein have done well 
in this year 's TPR?  Based on the statements delivered, there are four key areas.  
• One, Members have commended bo th Switzerland and Liechtenstein for successfully 
responding to the challenges of the pandemic. As noted by many Members, the structural 
strengths of their economies have made Switzerland and Liechtenstein more resilient to 
global macroeconomic shocks.  
• Two, many Members have also commended Switzerland 's decision to remove applied tariffs 
on industrial products and streamline their tariff structure from 1  January  2024. Members 
noted that the removal of tariffs will benefit the Swiss economy by lowering barr iers to trade 
and strengthening competition.  
• Three, Members have also applauded the clear vision and sound economic management 
policies of both Switzerland and Liechtenstein, and noted Switzerland 's consistent top 
ranking in numerous surveys such as the G lobal Competitiveness Index and the Global 
Innovation Index.  
• Four, Members applaud the commitment of Switzerland and Liechtenstein to support and 
strengthen the WTO. In his opening statements on Wednesday, Ambassador Schlagenhof 
rightly pointed out, "multilateral solutions continue to be the best way to avoid discrimination 
between countries and regions ". Similarly, Ambassador Jäger  said that Liechtenstein is 
"convinced that a strong and fair multilateral trading system is of benefit to all WTO 
Members, ir respective of their size or levels of development ". WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  5.31.  Second, what are some of the areas in which Switzerland and Liechtenstein can do better, as 
highlighted by Members? Let me focus on three key areas.  
• One, despite the open nature of its economy, many Membe rs have encouraged Switzerland 
to liberali ze its heavily -protected agriculture market. Members have pointed to high tariffs 
rates, with some tariff -lines exceeding 600%. Members have also pointed to the high -level 
of domestic subsidies that the agriculture  sector receives, with direct payment to farmers 
almost three times the OECD -average. Members also urged Switzerland to submit 
outstanding notifications, including on agriculture domestic support and tariff quotas as soon 
as possible, so as to comply with WTO transparency obligations which underpin the operation 
of the rules -based global trading system.   
• Two, Members have also expressed concerns with Switzerland 's decision to reject the 
framework agreement with the European  Union and its implications on mu tual recognition 
agreements on products such as medical devices. Some Members noted that the Swiss 
authorities ' new requirements have imposed additional costs on their manufacturers and 
urged Switzerland to provide more clarity to its new rules.  
• Three, many developing Members expressed their appreciation for the technical assistance 
and capacity -building that Swit zerland and Liechtenstein have provided, in areas such as 
intellectual property, trade facilitation and dispute settlement. Moving forward, these 
Members have requested both Switzerland and Liechtenstein to provide more technical 
assistance and capacity in  areas such as e-commerce, sustainability and climate change, in 
particular to their MSMEs to enable them to better cope with 21st century issues.  
5.32.  Finally, what can Switzerland and Liechtenstein do to be more prepared for the future? There 
are at least two  important elements for future -proofing.  
• One, Switzerland and Liechtenstein could continue to focus on creating a conducive 
environment for innovation. In this regard, we have heard many Members commend 
Liechtenstein for the innovative Blockchain Act, whic h will not only provide a more 
predictable legal environment, but also preserve the incentives for innovation. Many 
Members have also commended the Swiss Government 's constant emphasis on innovation 
policy, including the role of innovation agency InnoSuiss e and its vital role in promoting 
innovating projects and start -ups. This includes Switzerland 's efforts in the DaziT digital 
transformation programme and the Customs Single Window project. In this context, I 
welcome the active participation of Switzerland  and Liechtenstein in the Joint Statement 
Initiative (JSI) on E -Commerce.  
• Two, Switzerland and Liechtenstein could address new and emerging issues such as trade 
and sustainability. Switzerland have joined two initiatives, namely, the trade and 
environmental sustainability structured discussions (TESSD) and the Informal Dialogue on 
Plastics (IDP) pollution and environmentally sustainable plastics trade. While Members have 
commended Liechtenstein 's participation in the TESSD, they have also called  for 
Liechtenstein to join the informal dialogue on plastics pollution. I would join encourage 
Liechtenstein to do so as well.  
5.33.  Let me end by congratulating Switzerland and Liechtenstein on a successful sixth joint TPR. I 
look forward to both Members conti nuing to play an active and constructive role in the WTO.  
EGYPT  
5.34.  At the outset, allow me to join previous speakers in extending a very warm welcome to the 
delegations of Switzerland and Li echtenstein, headed by H .E. Ambassador Markus  Schlagenhof and 
H.E. Ambassador  Kurt Jäger , respectively.  
5.35.  We express our appreciation to the Governments of both Switzerland and Li echtenstein, as 
well as the WTO Secretariat for their comprehensive reports, and thank Ambassador Hung  Seng Tan 
of Singapore for his insightful comments as discussant.  WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  5.36.  Egypt seizes this opportunity to express its appreciation to the Swiss Government for its 
marked hospitality, as well as its efforts in hosting MC12, which we share the endeavour to make a 
great success. We commend Ambass ador Chambovey of Switzerland for his concerted efforts in the 
several roles His Excellency assumes to this effect.  
5.37.  The unprecedented challenges facing the multilateral trading system and the slowdown of 
trade growth rates in recent years, require the col laboration of all Members to restore faith in the 
WTO and ensure that development remains an integral component of all negotiating outcomes.  
5.38.  We acknowledge the leading role Switzerland and Li echtenstein play in strengthening the  
multilateral trading system , and their active engagement in all negotiations, as well as their dynamic 
contribution in discussions on reforming the WTO to be more responsive to today 's global challenges. 
Such reform should preserve development in its core and consider the flexibilit ies, capacity building 
and technical cooperation needed by developing countries.  
5.39.  We applaud both Switzerland and Li echtenstein for their stable economic performance during 
the challenging review period, able responses to weather the impact of C OVID -19 pand emic and the 
significant progress they achieved in recent years to keep unemployment levels low and maintain 
robust fiscal situation.  
5.40.  We also commend both Members for their generally solid notification record, and welcome 
their coordinated efforts to impro ve customs procedures, digitally transform government services, 
and implement trade and economic reforms to further increase efficiency. We note however, the 
high average applied tariff rates on agricultural products, which constitute a challenge for relat ed 
exports from its trade partners.  
5.41.  Egypt is pleased to take part in this Trade Policy Review, as it enjoys warm relations with both 
Switzerland and Li echtenstein, including on the economic front. In this regard, we highlight that 
Switzerland is an importa nt investor in Egypt, reaching USD 1.4 billion, after a huge rise in recent 
years, especially in food and pharmaceutical sectors. Nonetheless, Egypt believes that there is room 
for enhancing economic relations with Switzerland, especially with regards to t rade, as Egyptian 
exports have seen negative trends in recent years, mostly due to the C OVID -19 pandemic.  
5.42.  Egypt actively engages with Switzerland and Li echtenstein on both bilateral spheres as well 
as in the European Free Trade Association, which we regard  as a significant trade block, where 
Egyptian exports receive preferential treatment. Yet, we encourage our EFTA partners to increase 
the free tariff quota of agricultural and agri -processed products to their markets.  
5.43.  Egypt shares common challenges with Sw itzerland and Li echtenstein being highly dependent 
on trade to achieve food security. We look forward to work together on finding common solutions to 
the current global food crisis.  
5.44.  Finally, Egypt would like to wish the both delegations of Switzerland and Lichtenstein a fruitful 
Trade Policy Review.  
PANAM A 
5.45.  I would like first of all to warmly welcome and congratulate H.E.  Markus  Schlagenhof, 
Ambassador, Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements and head of the Swiss delegation; 
H.E. Didier  Chambovey, Per manent Representative of Switzerland to the WTO; H.E.  Kurt Jäger, 
Ambassador, head of the delegation of Liechtenstein and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein 
in Geneva; and all their delegations for their outstanding preparatory work. I also extend my 
greetings to H.E. Hung  Seng Tan, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Singapore, who is 
discussant at this sixth Review. I thank the Secretariat for preparing the respective reports.  
5.46.  Panama has traditionally maintained friendly and construc tive relations with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein in the various spheres covered by our bilateral relations, not only in policy, the 
economy and trade, but also in cooperation and culture. These relations have been strengthened by 
the Free Trade Agreement with the countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which 
was a natural step in our process of consolidating the international trade platform that we have been 
building for a long time. Moreover, Switzerland is a significant source of FDI for  Panama, especially WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  in the pharmaceutical sector, and we see great potential in other fields such as biotechnology, clean 
energies and value -added services.  
5.47.  As we saw in past reviews, the economies of Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the 
most advanc ed and prosperous in the world. Both are characterized by high standards of living and 
the existence of a highly -qualified labour force. Their trade regimes are among the most liberal 
within the WTO. However, as we also saw in previous reviews, the agricul tural sector continues to 
be highly protected.  
5.48.  These Members were also unable to escape the adverse effects of the COVID -19 pandemic, 
with real GDP growth falling by 2.4% in 2020 in Switzerland, and by more in Liechtenstein. Thanks 
to strong financial buff ers and prompt government responses, the pandemic is not expected to have 
negative effects on long -term economic prospects.  
5.49.  We commend Switzerland for its customs reform initiative, aimed at meeting future challenges 
of increased traffic and trade, which w ill result in enhanced customs security measures and the 
introduction of a fully -fledged single window system to replace the existing systems.  
5.50.  Switzerland has also undertaken initiatives to apply the Energy Strategy 2050, which seeks 
to progressively phase  out nuclear energy and to promote energy efficiency and the production of 
renewable energy. Moreover, in 2020, Switzerland updated its Nationally Determined Contribution 
under the Paris Agreement to commit to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 % by 2030 
and to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Liechtenstein has also adopted measures to increase 
energy efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as 
part of its Energy Strategy 2020.  
5.51.  Switzerland and Liech tenstein are strong supporters of the rules -based multilateral trading 
system as embodied in the WTO. We would like to highlight Switzerland's active participation in the 
ongoing negotiations within this Organization, as well as its contribution to initiat ives that may lead 
to greater liberalization of trade and development. We congratulate Switzerland for its recent 
appointment as Chair of the General Council.  
5.52.  We remain attentive to the development of the discussion during this Review and 
I reiterate  that Panama stands ready to strengthen our cooperation with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein, with a view to promoting trade and investment. We wish you every success in this 
sixth Trade  Policy  Review . 
MOROCCO  
5.53.  My delegation thanks the Governments of Switzerland an d Liechtenstein and the Secretariat 
for the detailed reports, as well as H.E. Ambassador Hung Seng Tan, Representative of Singapore, 
for his comments as discussant.  
5.54.  I would like to take this opportunity to commend the Governments of Switzerland and 
Liechte nstein for their commitment to the multilateral trading system since they acceded to the 
WTO. I also congratulate them on their sixth Trade Policy Review and for the progress made since 
the previous review in 2017.  
5.55.  This is despite the multiple emerging cha llenges that will have unprecedented repercussions 
on world trade generally and on the functioning of the WTO in particular.  
5.56.  The Kingdom of Morocco also welcomes the positive bilateral relations maintained by the two 
countries. Switzerland is one of the few countries showing itself to have a resilient economy and 
foreign trade compared to most other countries during the COVID -19 crisis. This strong performance 
is due to a number of factors such as a diversified economic structure, a high degree of interna tional 
openness, a high -quality education system (with professional training being a key element), a 
flexible labour market, a moderate fiscal policy, sound public finances, well -established cooperation 
between social partners and political stability.  
5.57.  Moreover, the future agricultural policy, the adoption of which is planned for mid -June 2022, 
is drawing attention since it seeks, inter alia , to enhance competitiveness, ensure food security and WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  provide political externalities. Although this policy is constra ined by the geographical size of the 
agrarian sector, civil society life, border protection measures and domestic support, it also highlights 
the importance of trade relations that not only form the basis of Switzerland's food security, but also 
contribute  to sustainable development.  
5.58.  Morocco appreciates the approach adopted by Switzerland to maintain its prosperity, ensure 
the long -term recovery of the economy and increase sustainable growth by boosting labour 
productivity and enhancing competitiveness and innovation on the domestic market, with an 
emphasis on the sustainability dimension and consistency between the various relevant international 
policies.  
5.59.  Morocco attaches particular importance to environmental issues and is an initiator of the 
informal dial ogue on plastics pollution within the WTO. We therefore welcome Switzerland's efforts 
in this area, particularly within the IDP and the Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured 
Discussions, which seek to identify areas of future action to help the  WTO to more effectively 
overcome sustainable development -related challenges and work on potential measures and 
deliverables in environmental sustainability.  
5.60.  To give fresh impetus to bilateral relations, Morocco reiterates its readiness to further enhance 
the level of cooperation with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. All areas of shared interest, especially 
economic and commercial interests, should be strengthened to consolidate trade levels and improve 
investment opportunities.  
5.61.  Before I conclude, allow me to  recall the importance of the forthcoming meeting of the 
World  Economic Forum, which will be the most important in its history given the multiple crises 
affecting the global economy and the security of our planet.  
5.62.  We hope that these discussions will lead t o global solutions to global issues such as climate 
change, epidemics, the food crisis and inflation. In this connection, we wish the Governments of 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein every success in holding this major global meeting and other forums 
to come.  
5.63.  Lastly, the Kingdom of Morocco wishes Switzerland and Liechtenstein a successful 
Trade  Policy  Review.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.64.  The United  States would like to thank Ambassador Schlagenhof, Ambassador Schlagenhof , 
and Ambassador Jäger for your Government's dedication and effort in carrying out the successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
5.65.  The United States also values the guidance of the Chair and discussant and the hard work of 
the Secretariat in preparing the reports which  made this review possible . The United States enjoys 
a close and constructive relationship with Switzerland and Liechtenstein w ith cooperation spanning 
a range of issues, including initiatives in the WTO .  
5.66.  We thank both Governments for their responses to o ur questions and will follow up bilaterally 
if needed, congratulations on a successful Trade Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.67.  The European Union would like to thank Switzerland and Liechtenstein for the well -structured 
and detailed presentation of the significant developments in their respective trade and economic 
policies. The European Union also wishes to thank Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their replies to 
the questions raised by the European Union. On a number of limited subjects, we have sent 
additional questions to Switzerland for further clarifications.  
5.68.  It is apparent from the first day of discussions that many Members share our positive 
assessment of the constructive role played by Switzerland and Liechtenstein within the WTO. We 
will continu e to work together in order to ensure a successful Twelfth Ministerial Conference. We 
look forward to our continued cooperation in multilateral and plurilateral fora. We also hope to WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  resume efforts to relaunch dialogue with the Swiss authorities in order t o deepen our bilateral 
relations, particularly as part of the modernization of our free trade agreement.  
5.69.  To conclude, we would like to thank Switzerland and Liechtenstein for completing this 
successful Review.  
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON  (H.E. DR ATHALIAH LESIBA 
MOLOKOMME OF BOTSWANA, ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE CURRENT CHAIRPERSON OF 
THE TRADE POLICY REVIEW BODY, H.E. MR ÁNGEL VILLALOBOS RODRÍGUEZ OF MEXICO ) 
6.1.  The sixth joint Trade Policy Review of Switzerland and Liechtenstein (the eight review of 
Switzerland and the sixth review of Liechtenstein) has enabled Members to understand the main 
developments that have occurred in the trade, economic and investment policies of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein since the review conducted in 2017. The strong inte rest in Switzerland's and 
Liechtenstein's trade policies is evident from the written questions posed and the large number of 
delegations that made statements, 48 delegations took the floor during the first day. This reflects 
the importance of individual Me mbers' trade and investment relationships with Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein as well as a generally shared recognition and appreciation of the significant role of 
these Members in supporting the multilateral trading system.  
6.2.  I would like to thank the two  delegations, led by H.E.  Mr Markus  Schlagenhof, Ambassador and 
Federal Council Delegate for Trade Agreements of Switzerland, and by H.E.  Mr Kurt Jäger, 
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein, for their active participation in this 
exercise . I would also like to express my appreciation to our discussant, H.E.  Mr Hung Seng Tan, 
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Singapore, for his insightful remarks, to all the 
delegations that took the floor for their valuable contributions, and to t he delegations that prepared 
advance written questions.  
6.3.  Many Members emphasized Switzerland's and Liechtenstein's favourable economic conditions 
and positive recent economic performance. Switzerland and Liechtenstein are among the world's 
higher per  capita income countries and the most competitive and innovative economies. In view of 
the small size of their domestic markets, their economic development has been based on integration 
into the world economy through the pursuit of open trade and investment poli cies. Members 
commended Switzerland and Liechtenstein for the resilience of their economies in the context of the 
COVID -19 pandemic, although it was noted that because of the small size of its economy 
Liechtenstein's economic performance has been more vola tile. This resilience was viewed as resulting 
from fundamental factors such as the existence of a diversified economic structure, emphasis on 
innovation, sound public finances, long -term social and political stability, a high degree of openness 
to internat ional markets, a flexible labour market, and the highly skilled labour force.  
6.4.  Members also drew attention to various structural challenges faced by Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein, particularly, the ageing of the population, low productivity growth, adaptat ion to the 
digital economy, climate change, gender equality, high level of household debt, and high prices and 
lack of competition in certain sectors. Both countries recently adopted or revised long term strategies 
that aim to address some of these challen ges. Thus, for example Switzerland adopted a Digital 
Switzerland Strategy in 2016 and Liechtenstein adopted a Digital Liechtenstein Initiative in 2017.  
6.5.  Members welcomed recent measures taken by Switzerland and Liechtenstein in various areas 
towards a more open and modern framework for the conduct of trade and investment. These include: 
the simplification and digitalization of customs procedures under the "DaziT" customs reform 
initiative; the elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products; th e elimination of industrial 
tariffs with effect from 1  January  2024; the application of the revised Agreement on Government 
Procurement; the elimination of certain import restrictions applied through state -trading enterprises; 
amendments to intellectual pr operty legislation; steps taken to comply with international standards 
on corporate taxation; and the adoption by Liechtenstein of a new Blockchain Act, becoming the first 
country in the world to introduce a comprehensive set of rules to regulate the "toke n economy".  
6.6.  On the other hand, Members also reiterated long -standing concerns regarding the application 
of specific tariffs based on gross weight, the existence of high levels of domestic support and tariff 
protection in the field of agriculture, and the l imited extent of competition in the retail sector. Several 
Members encouraged the implementation of measures aimed at enhancing the transparency of the 
tariff regime.  
6.7.  Members praised Switzerland and Liechtenstein for their firm commitment to the WTO and the 
rules based multilateral trading system. Apart from their active participation in the regular work of 
WTO bodies, Members appreciated Switzerland's and Liechtenstein 's participation in the various Joint 
Statement Initiatives and in ongoing discussions on a wide range of topics, including WTO reform, WT/TPR/M/425 • Switzerland and Liechtenstein  
 
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  the WTO's response to the pandemic, and improvement of compliance with notification 
requirements. Members underlined the  importance of Switzerland's traditional role in the process of 
consensus building; in this connection they commended Ambassador Chambovey for his leadership 
as Chair of the General Council in the preparation of the 12th Ministerial Conference.  
6.8.  Many Membe rs highlighted key aspects of their bilateral trade and economic relationships with 
Switzerland and Liechtenstein and underlined the potential for further development of these 
relationships. Several Members mentioned developments related to their existing free trade 
agreements with Switzerland and Liechtenstein or to the possible launch of negotiations on such 
agreements.  
6.9.  Regarding sustainability, Members welcomed the ambitious greenhouse gas reduction 
commitments undertaken by Switzerland and Liechtenstei n under the Paris Agreement and the 
measures adopted under their related national strategies to promote the production of renewable 
energies and, in the case of Switzerland, to phase out nuclear energy.  
6.10.  Members expressed appreciation for various measures and programmes of Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein to support the integration of developing countries into the global economy.  
6.11.  The above points are some of the key issues that emerged from our discussion during this 
Review. I hope that the delegations of Swi tzerland and Liechtenstein will consider and reflect further 
on these issues and on the many constructive comments made during this review. Switzerland and 
Liechtenstein have received over 450  written questions as of 18  May 2022, out of which 285 were 
subm itted within the established deadline. It is my understanding that Switzerland and Liechtenstein 
have responded to almost all the questions submitted before the deadline. Regarding all outstanding 
and follow -up questions, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are expected to provide their responses 
within one month, when this Review will conclude.  
 
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