G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1  
G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2  
G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1  
 
8 October 2014  
(14-5710)  Page: 1/9  
Committee on Safeguards  Original: English  
 
 NOTIFICATION UNDER ARTICLE 12.1(B) OF THE  
AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS ON FINDING  
A SERIOUS INJURY OR THREAT THEREOF  
CAUSED BY INCREASED IMPORTS 
 
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 12.1(C) 
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 
 
NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 9, FOOTNOTE 2  
OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS 
TURKEY 
(Polyethylene terephthalate) 
Supplement 
The following notification, dated 7 October 2014,  is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of Turkey.  
_______________ 
 
 We enclose a notification pursuant to Article 12.1( c) and Article 9, footnote 2 of the Agreement on 
Safeguards, on taking a decision to extend a safeguard measure that is being applied against 
imports of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and non-application of the safeguard measure to developing countries. The initial safeguard measure was notified with the documents 
G/SG/N/8/TUR/13-G/SG/N/10/TUR/13-G/SG/N/11/TUR/16, dated 24 June 2011. The initiation of a 
review pursuant to article 7.2 regarding the extension of a safeguard measure was also notified with documents G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.1-G/SG/N/14/TUR/10, dated 16 July 2014.  
Consistent with Article 12.3 of the Agreement on Sa feguards, Turkey is ready to hold consultations 
with those Members having a substantial interest as exporters of the product concerned.  
1  NOTIFICATION UNDER ARTICLE 12.1(C) OF THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS UPON 
TAKING A DECISION TO EXTEND A SAFEGUARD MEASURE 
1.1  Evidence that the safeguard measure continues to be necessary to prevent or 
remedy serious injury or threat th ereof caused by increased imports 
The investigation has been conducted by Turkish Investigating Authority. The yearly figures 
between 2010 and 2013 and the semi-annual figures between 2010 and 2014 were examined. Following figures (other than consumption and market shares) on economic indicators of domestic 
producers are based on the data submitted by 2 domestic producers which produce approximately 
90% of total domestic production. Figures on co nsumption and market shares are based on the 
estimations of domestic sales of all domestic producers and imports. 
 G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 2 - 
 
  (i) Consumption 
 In calculating the size of the domestic market, estimated domestic sales figures of all domestic producers and import figures in the related period are summed up. The annual and periodical 
consumption amount of the product concerned that is calculated by taking the import figures 
(except for the import under IPR-Inward Process Regime) into consideration is shown in the following table. 
 
Consumption 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 104 91 95  100 111 91 83 142 
 
In the investigation period, semi-annual consumptio n amount varies from year to year. However, 
after the safeguard measure taken, the consumption that declined in 2012 begins to increase in 2013. Lastly, it shows an increase in the first six-month period of 2014 in comparison to the same period of the previous year. 
 
The annual and semi-annual consumption amounts of the product concerned that are calculated by taking the statistics of the import under IPR into consideration are shown in the following table. 
 
Consumption 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 96 104 116  100 101 102 109 123 
 
The consumption amount examined by taking th e statistics of the import under IPR into 
consideration constantly increases on an annual basis. It has also a similar trend on the semi-
annual basis. It shows an increase of 12% in the first six-month period of 2014 in comparison to the same period of the previous year. 
 
(ii) Market Share 
 
Market Share (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Domestic Products (Indexed=100) 100 76 107 103  100 58 97 109 121 
Imported Products 
(Indexed=100) 100 134 90 95  100 182 106 82 59 
 
According to the calculations based on statistics in cluding IPR, market share of domestic products 
shows a slight increase between 2010 and 2013. According to semi-annual data, market share of 
domestic products shows an increase between the first six-month periods of 2011 and 2014.  
 
Market Share 
(%) 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Domestic Products 
(Indexed=100) 100 84 94 86  100 62 87 83 140 
Imported Products 
(Indexed=100) 100 116 106 114  100 142 115 119 56 
 
However, according to the calculations based on statistics excluding IPR, market share of domestic 
products shows unstable trend between 2010 and 2013. As for semi-annual data comparison, market share of domestic products shows an increase between first half of 2011 and 2014, 
from 62 points to 140 points respectively.  
 G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 3 - 
 
  (iii) Production 
 
Production 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 83 92 117  100 76 77 92 213 
 
The annual production amount of the domestic producers shows an increase from 2011 onwards. The production amount has also a similar trend on the semi-annual basis. It shows a significant 
increase in the first six-month period of 2014 in comparison to the same period of the previous 
year.  
(iv) Capacity and Capacity Utilization 
 
Capacity 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 100 100 267  100 100 100 100 267 
 
Capacity 
Utilization 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Capacity 
Util. Rate 
(%) 91 75 84 40  95 72 73 88 76 
 
The capacity and capacity utilization rate concerning domestic producers are given in the tables 
above. According to these tables, particularly in 2013, there is an increase in domestic production 
capacity. With the effects of the increasing capacity, a decrease in the capacity utilization rate is observed from the year 2013 onwards. 
 
(v) Domestic Sales 
 
Domestic 
Sales 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 86 106 133  100 66 97 138 199 
 
In parallel with the production, the domestic sa les show an increasing trend from 2011 onwards. 
Lastly, they show an increase of 43% in the fi rst six-month period of 2014 in comparison to the 
same period of the previous year. 
 
(vi) Employment 
 
Employment 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 94 84 313  100 94 84 85 315 
 
The overall personnel number employed by the relate d domestic firms begins to decrease from the 
year 2010 onwards. In parallel with the increasing capacity, it begins to increase from the 
year 2013 onwards. 
 
(vii) Productivity 
 
Productivity 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 88 110 37  100 81 92 108 68 
 G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 4 - 
 
  When the productivity indicators that describe the annual production amount performed by one 
worker are examined, we can see that they show an increase of 24% in 2012, however, have a decreasing trend with the effects of low capacity utilization rates from 2013 onwards.  
(viii) End of Period Inventories 
 
Inventories 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Index 100 268 96 584  100 124 66 50 246 
 
The end of period stocks have a fluctuating course on the annual basis. When the semi-annual data is examined, we can see that they have begun to increase since the first six months of 2013. 
 
(ix) Profitability 
 
Profitability 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Profitability Rate (%) -4 -2 -20 -12  -2 0 -4 4 1 
 
The rates relating to the profitability of domestic  producers are given in the table above. According 
to these values during the investigation period, the domestic producers have a loss on the annual 
basis. When the semi-annual data is examined, we can see that the profitability has a fluctuating 
course. However, the firms recorded profits only in the rate of 1% according to the data related to the first six-month period of the year 2014. 
 
(x) Conclusion 
 Although the market share of the domestic products has always had a fluctuating course on the 
annual basis, it has begun to increase following the application of safeguard measure. Lastly, 
in 2014, this increase with a rate of 80% has reached at the highest level. However, the domestic producers have aimed to carry on their business in a low profit margin in order to compete with 
the low priced import, and therefore, have made a slight profit and increased their production 
volume and market share.  
1.2  Information on increase in imports in  absolute term or relative to domestic 
production 
The data related to the products concerned and have been imported since 2010 are shown 
annually and in six-month periods in the following tables. 
 
(i) General View of Imports 
 
Period Value 
(USD) Volume 
(Ton) U.P. 
(USD/  
Ton) Volume  
Change  
(%)  Period Value 
(USD) Volume 
(Ton) U.P. 
(USD/ Ton) Volume
 
Change  
(%) 
2010 201.828.828 156.405 1.290 -  2010 
(1-6) 95.917.992 74.924 1.280 - 
2011 305.648.500 174.682 1.750 12  2011 
(1-6) 187.669.567 106.305 1.770 42 
2012 260.630.674 173.385 1.500 -1  2012 
(1-6) 139.170.201 87.763 1.590 -17 
2013 314.099.485 208.505 1.510 20  2013 
(1-6) 149.183.945 96.348 1.550 10 
2014 
(1-6) 69.249.329 51.454 1.350 -  2014 
(1-6) 69.249.329 51.454 1.350 -47 
 
When the import volume is evaluated annually, we can see that it constantly increases, in spite of 
measures implemented since 2011. When we analyze the data related to the first six-month period, we can realize that the import has had a fluctuating course and, in the first six-month G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 5 - 
 
  period of the year 2014, has shown a remarkable decr ease in the rate of 47% due to the fact that 
one of the biggest importer company have become a new producers. After analyzing the unit prices, we can realize that they have shown an increase in 2011 in comparison to previous year, however, a drastic decrease in the timeline from 2011 to the first six-month period of 2014. 
 
Furthermore, as goods imported under the IPR have a significant share in the imports, the import statistics which do not include the goods imported under the scope of this regime can be analyzed 
in the following table. 
 
Period Value exc. 
IPR (USD) Volume 
exc. IPR (Ton) U.P. 
(USD/ Ton) Volume
 
Change  
(%)  Period  Value exc. 
IPR (USD) Volume 
exc. IPR (Ton) U.P. 
(USD/ Ton) Volume
 
Change  
(%) 
2010 134.343.670 104.436 1.286 -  2010 
(1-6) 53.981.867 42.216 1.280 - 
2011 257.315.882 147.006 1.750 41  2011 
(1-6) 149.978.159 84.786 1.770 101 
2012 127.591.409 85.733 1.490 -42  2012 
(1-6) 63.934.816 40.199 1.590 -53 
2013 140.281.639 94.547 1.480 10  2013 
(1-6) 43.069.746 27.980 1.540 -30 
2014 
(1-6) 46.101.537 34.252 1.350 -  2014 
(1-6) 46.101.537 34.252 1.350 22 
 
While analyzing the import volume annually, except for the imports under IPR, we can see that import volume shows a decrease from 2011 onwards. However, in 2013, it shows an increase 
of 10%. When we evaluate only the first six-month periods, it is seen that import volume shows an 
increase of 101% in 2011, in comparison to 2010, and begins to decrease in the following periods. In the first six-month period of 2014, the import increases in the rate of 22% in comparison to the first six-month period of previous year. Similarly,  when we evaluate unit prices, we can see that 
they show an increase in 2011 in comparison to 2010, and afterwards, begin to decrease again. 
 
(ii) Imports Relative to Domestic Production 
 
Through the overall production figures obtained based on the production figures of domestic 
producers whose data have been used in the scope of the investigation; we can calculate the 
relative import rate in proportion to the domestic production. The import data (excluding import 
under IPR) is shown in the following table.  
Imports/Production  2010 2011 2012  2013   2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Imports/Production Rate (%) 68 116 61 56  53 140 65 38 23 
 
According to the data calculated excluding import under IPR, the import rate in proportion to the 
domestic production shows a decrease from 2012 onwards. The result is also the same in the 
semi-annual investigation period.  
Imports/ 
Production 2010 2011 2012 2013  2010 
(1-6) 2011 
(1-6) 2012 
(1-6) 2013 
(1-6) 2014 
(1-6) 
Imports/Production Rate (%) 102 138 123 124  93 175 142 131 35 
 
According to the calculations made by taking into consideration the statistics related to the import 
under IPR, the import rate in proportion to the domestic production has a similar course with the 
calculations that do not include import under IPR. According to the semi-annual data, the import proportion shows an increase in the first six-mont h period of 2011, however, begins to decrease 
from the first six-month period of 2012 onwards. 
 
1.3  Precise description of the product involved 
The HS based code under the Turkish Customs Tariff Schedule and description of the product 
concerned is listed in the table below.   G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 6 - 
 
  HS Based Code Description of the Product 
3907.60.20.00.00 Having a viscosity number of 78 ml/g or higher 
 
1.4  Description of any part of  the imported product that will no longer be subject to the 
measure in the extension 
Not applicable. 
 1.5  Precise description of the proposed measure 
The safeguard measure is proposed to be extended for 3 years until 7 November 2017 
(7 November 2017 is included) in the form of variab le duty which will be implemented as shown in 
the table below. 
 
Turkish Customs 
Tariff Code Description of The 
Product 1st Period 
8/11/2014-7/11/2015) (%) 2
nd Period 
8/11/2015-7/11/2016) (%) 3
rd Period 
8/11/2016-7/11/2017) (%) 
3907.60.20.00.00 Having a viscosity number 
of 78 ml/g or higher 6,75 6,65 6,55 
 
1.6  Proposed date of introduction of the measure 
The measure will come into force in 8 November 2014 with the publication of the approval of the 
Council of Ministers after the procedures are concluded. 
 
1.7  Expected duration of the measure 
The expected duration of the proposed measure is three years. 
 
1.8  Proposed date for the review 
Not applicable. 
 
1.9  Expected timetable for progre ssive liberalization of the measure 
The measure is proposed to be liberalized annually as stated in the Section 1.5. 
 
1.10  If the notification relates only to a find ing of serious injury or threat thereof, and 
does not relate to a decision to apply or extend a safeguard measure: 
Not applicable. 
 
1.11  Information relating to the extension of a safeguard measure 
(i) Evidence that the safeguard measure continues to be necessary to prevent or remedy 
serious injury or threat thereof is provided in Section 1.1. 
 Evidence that the industry concerned is adjusting:  
In the period after the measures taken, there is no indication that initial measure has caused 
deterioration in the tough competitive environmen t of the Turkish PET resin market although a 
significant increase in capacity and increasing num ber of firms from 2 to 3. The figures related to 
consumption, domestic production and the number of producers in Turkey have shown an 
increase. It can be concluded that – during or af ter the recovery in data related to production, 
employment, sales and capacity- the competition in the industry has not caused any serious injury 
on domestic producers in Turkey. On the contrary, the measures taken have led to an increase in 
the competitive capacity and the assured supply chain security of domestic industry.  G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 7 - 
 
  I n  r e c e n t  y e a r s ,  i n  p a r a l l e l  w i t h  t h e  i n c r e a s i n g  c o n s u m p t i o n  o f  P E T - b o t t l e s  i n  b o t h  T u r k e y  a n d  
foreign countries, an increase in the demand for PET preform and PET resin is shown. As a result of that, the new capacity investments are made to produce more PET resin and PTA chemicals.  
After the safeguard measure taken in the import of PET resin in 2011, a new firm (apart from 
other two domestic producing firms) has penetrated into the market. Through this investment, the established domestic capacity has shown an in crease in the rate of 167%. In case of the 
continuation of the healthy environment acquired through the measure taken, it is estimated that 
the industry can record a growth in the rate of 60% in the forthcoming period. Due to the increasing consumption and better economies of scale, it is furthermore foreseen that capacity increase will continue by means of higher levels of domestic and foreign investments. It is also 
expected that some large-scale companies will make petro-chemical investments in this industry. 
It is estimated that all these developments in the industry will contribute to increase the variety of products and to produce specific products in the future. 
 
Although the competitive capacity of import products has been restricted during the implementation of the measure, the penetration of the new producer into the domestic market has 
enabled to keep the competition environment among the domestic fi rms alive. The effort to keep 
the profitability level sustainable has forced the firms to reduce the production costs.  In this respect, it is observed that the domestic industry intends to implement and to fulfil the 
following activities in order not to necessitate any other measure to be adapted for competition 
environment in the future.  
 At the end of 2013 a new facility with an annual production capacity of 216.000 tons came 
completely into operation. With its capacity, this new firm has become the biggest producer in the domestic market. It is foreseen that an expansion investment having a 
capacity of 216.000 tons will be made within the year 2015. 
 The R&D and P&D activities continue to produce specific products (specific PET products that 
are used for beer bottles and other kind of beverages) 
 It is expected that the domestic producers perform production in compliance with the legal 
rules, and in this respect, use recyclable packing materials (RPET) only.  
 It is intended that the production is practiced by using BioMEG (herb-based 
MonoEthylenGlycol) until the end of 2014. The firms have completed the necessary 
infrastructure investments for this production. 
 A firm has carried out a study process at the beginning of the year 2013 to produce the 
products that have high profit potential and a special intended use, and are mainly 
considered as export material, however, can be also used in domestic market. As the 
result of that, this firm has produced PET-resi n chips that provides energy saving for user 
during the preform swelling process and contains re-heat material. 
 Another firm initialized to produce Bright, De sign, Design Plus and Termio products as 
products for special conditions of use. These products are used in the applications like 
noise insulation, production of demijohns with volume of 19 litres, production of sheets in thickness of 5-10 mm, and hot filling. 
 A firm put the solid waste recycle system into use in September of 2011. Through this 
system, solid wastes that occur during the pr oduction are processed, and afterwards, can 
be used in the production process again. This  process is in progress and a saving in the 
amount of 200.000 euro per year is expected from it. 
 A firm initialized Tank Space Project. It made an important investment for Tank Space 
in 2012. After the completion of the investment, the firm has a big saving in 2013. 
 
Without extension of the safeguard measure, dome stic producers will not be able to realize 
planned investments and it can prevent domestic industry to adjust. Therefore, the safeguard 
measure continues to be necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury. 
 
(ii) Reference to the WTO document that notified the initial application of the measure: 
 
The introduction of the definitive safeguard measure was notified in the document 
numbered G/SG/N/8/TUR/13-G/SG/N/10/TUR/13-G/SG/N/11/TUR/16, dated 24 June 2011.  G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 8 - 
 
  (iii) Duration of the measure from initial application till the date at which it will be extended: 
 The safeguard measure is initiated on 8 November 2011 and will be in force till 7 November 2014. Turkey now intends to extend the safeguard measure until 7 November 2017. 
 
(iv) Precise description of the measure in place prior to the date of extension 
 
The measure in place prior to the date of extension is a variable duty, which was put into force on 
imports of PET by the Council of Ministers deci sion published in the Official Gazette dated 
9 September 2011, no. 28049. The level of duties is identified in the table below.    
Turkish Customs 
Tariff Code Description of The 
Product 1st Period 
8/11/2011-7/11/2012) 
(%) 2
nd Period 
8/11/2012-7/11/2013) 
(%) 3
rd Period 
8/11/2013-7/11/2014) 
(%) 
3907.60.20.00.00 Having a viscosity 
number of 78 ml/g or higher 8 7,5 7 
 
1.12  Information relating to exporting members 
(i) The major exporting Members of imports of the product involved: 
 The main exporter to Turkey for the product conc erned is the Pakistan. Pakistan has 58 % import 
share in the first half of 2014.  
 
(ii) There are no exporting members to which the measure does not apply for any reason 
other than the application of Article 9.1 
 
1.13  Members are encouraged to attach, in  an electronic form, publicly available 
document(s) containing the relevant decision (s) made by the competent authority.   
The official documents regarding the investigation and the final decision are available in the link 
below. http://www.tpsa.gov.tr/index.cfm?sayf a=D0D70EF8-0AFC- 1B22-4248444EAF546EF1  
 
2  NOTIFICATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 9, FOOTNOTE 2 OF THE AGREEMENT ON 
SAFEGUARDS 
2.1  The measure 
It is proposed to impose safeguard measure as described in Section 1.5. 
 2.2  The product subject to the measure 
The measure is applied to the product described in Section 1.3. 
 2.3  Developing countries to which the meas ure is not applied under article 9.1 of the 
Agreement on Safeguards. 
The developing countries which are excluded from the measure as they export in quantities less 
than 3 per cent of imports to Turkey are listed below.   
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, 
Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin,  Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, 
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, 
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic People's 
Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, 
Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-B issau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Iraq, G/SG/N/8/TUR/13/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/TUR/13/Suppl.2 • G/SG/N/11/TUR/16/Suppl.1 
 
- 9 - 
 
  Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic 
Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, 
Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Palestine, Panama, Pa pua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, 
Russian Federation, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Afri ca, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, 
St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, 
Timor Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, 
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela,  Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 
 
 
 
__________