WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
25 January 2018  
(18-0590) Page: 1/94 
    
 
EUROPEAN UNION – ANTI -DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESEL  
FROM INDONESIA  
REPORT OF THE PANEL  
Addendum  
This addendum  contains Annexes A to D  to the Report of the Panel to be found in document  
WT/DS480/R . 
 
  WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  LIST OF ANNEXES  
ANNEX A  
WORKING PROCEDURES O F THE PANEL  
Contents  Page  
Annex A -1 Working Procedures of the Panel  A-2 
Annex  A-2 Additional Working Procedures on Business Confidential Information  A-7 
ANNEX B  
ARGUMENTS OF THE PAR TIES 
Contents  Page  
Annex B -1 First executive summary of the arguments of Indonesia  B-2 
Annex  B-2 Second executive summary of the arguments of Indonesia  B-13 
Annex  B-3 First executive summary of the arguments of the European Union  B-26 
Annex  B-4 Second executive summary of the arguments of the European Union  B-36 
ANNEX C  
ARGUMENTS OF  THE THIRD PARTIES  
Contents  Page  
Annex C-1 Executive summary of the arguments of Argentina  C-2 
Annex C-2 Executive summary of the arguments of Australia  C-6 
Annex C-3 Executive summary of the arguments of Brazil  C-9 
Annex C-4 Executive summary of the arguments of China  C-12 
Annex C-5 Executive summary of the arguments of Japan  C-14 
Annex C-6 Executive summary of the arguments of Norway  C-18 
Annex C-7 Executive summary of the arguments of Russia  C-20 
Annex C-8 Executive summary of the arguments of Turkey  C-24 
Annex C-9 Executive summary of the arguments of the United States  C-27 
ANNEX D  
PROCEDURAL RULINGS O F THE PANEL  
Contents  Page  
Annex  D-1 Decision of the Panel concerning Indonesia's request to limit third party access 
to specific Business Confidential Information (BCI)  D-2 
Annex  D-2 Decision of the Panel concerning requests by Russia and the European Union 
for enhanced third party rights  D-3 
 
 WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX A  
WORKING PROCEDURES O F THE PANEL  
Contents  Page  
Annex A -1 Working Procedures of the Panel  A-2 
Annex  A-2 Additional Working Procedures on Business Confidential Information  A-7 
 WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX A -1 
WORKING PROCEDURES O F THE PANEL  
EUROPEAN UNION — ANTI -DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESE L FROM INDONESIA   
 
(DS480)  
Adopted on 13 December 2016  
 
 
1.  In its proceedings, the Panel shall follow the relevant  provisions of the Understanding on Rules 
and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU). In addition, the following Working 
Procedures shall apply.  
 
General  
 
2.  The deliberations of the Panel and the documents submitted to it shall be kept con fidential. 
Nothing in the DSU or in these Working Procedures shall preclude a party to the dispute (hereafter 
"party") from disclosing statements of its own positions to the public. Members shall treat as 
confidential information submitted to the Panel by another Member which the submitting Member 
has designated as confidential. Where a party submits a confidential version of its written 
submissions to the Panel, it shall also, upon request of a Member, provide a non -confidential 
summary of the information contained in its submissions that could be disclosed to the public.  
 
3.  The parties and third parties shall treat business confidential information in accordance with the 
procedures set forth in the Additional Working Procedures of the Panel Concerning Bu siness 
Confidential Information.  
 
4.  The Panel shall meet in closed session. The parties, and Members having notified their interest 
in the dispute to the Dispute Settlement Body in accordance with Article 10 of the DSU (hereafter 
"third parties"), shall be present at the meetings only when invited by the Panel to appear before 
it. 
 
5.  Each party and third party has the right to determine the composition of its own delegation 
when meeting with the Panel. Each party and third party shall have the responsib ility for all 
members of its own delegation and shall ensure that each member of such delegation acts in 
accordance with the DSU and these Working Procedures, particularly with regard to the 
confidentiality of the proceedings.  
 
Submissions  
 
6.  Before the first substantive meeting of the Panel with the parties, each party shall submit a 
written submission in which it presents the facts of the case and its arguments, in accordance with 
the timetable adopted by the Panel. Each party shall also submit to  the P anel, prior to the 
second  substantive meeting of the Panel, a written rebuttal, in accordance with the timetable 
adopted by the Panel.  
 
7.  A party shall submit any request for a preliminary ruling at the earliest possible opportunity 
and in any event no l ater than in its first written submission to the Panel. If Indonesia  requests 
such a ruling, the European Union  shall submit its response to the request in its first written 
submission. If the European Union  requests such a ruling, Indonesia shall submit i ts response to 
the request prior to the first substantive meeting of the Panel, at a time to be determined by the 
Panel in light of the request. Exceptions to this procedure shall be granted upon a showing of good 
cause.  
 
8.  Each party shall submit all fa ctual evidence to the Panel  no later than during the 
first substantive meeting, except with respect to evidence necessary for purposes of rebuttal, 
answers to questions or comments on answers provided by the other party. Exceptions to this WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  procedure shall be granted upon a showing of good cause. Where such exception has been 
granted, the Panel shall accord the other party a period of time for comment, as appropriate, on 
any new factual evidence submitted after the first substantive meeting.  
 
9.  Where the o riginal language of exhibits is not a WTO working language, the submitting party or 
third party shall submit a translation into the WTO working language of the submission at the 
same time. The Panel may grant reasonable extensions of time for the translati on of such exhibits 
upon a showing of good cause. Any objection as to the accuracy of a translation should be raised 
promptly in writing, no later than the next filing or meeting (whichever occurs earlier) following 
the submission which contains the transl ation in question. The Panel may grant exceptions to this 
procedure upon a showing of good cause. Any objection shall be accompanied by a detailed 
explanation of the grounds of objection and an alternative translation. Should a party become 
aware of any in accuracies in the translations of the exhibits submitted by that party, it shall inform 
the Panel and the other party promptly, and provide a new translation.  
 
10.  To facilitate the maintenance of the record of the dispute and maximize the clarity of 
subm issions, each party and third party shall sequentially number its exhibits throughout the 
course of the dispute , indicating the submitting Member and the number of each exhibit on its 
cover page. For example, exhibits submitted by Indonesia  could be number ed IDN-1, IDN-2, etc. 
If the last exhibit in connection with the first submission was numbered IDN-5, the first exhibit of 
the next submission thus would be numbered IDN-6. 
 
Questions  
 
11.  The Panel may at any time pose questions to the parties and third parties, orally or in writing, 
including prior to each substantive meeting.  
 
Substantive meetings  
 
12.  Each party shall provide to the Panel the list of members of its delegation in advance of each 
meeting with the Panel and no later than 12h00 (noon) th e previous working day.  
 
13.  The first substantive meeting of the Panel with the parties shall be conducted as follows:  
 
a. The Panel shall invite Indonesia  to make an opening statement to present its case first. 
Subsequently, the Panel shall invite the E uropean Union  to present its point of view. 
Before each party takes the floor, it shall provide the Panel and other participants at the 
meeting with a provisional written version of its statement. In the event that 
interpretation is needed, each party shal l provide additional copies for the interpreters, 
through the Panel Secretary. Each party shall make available to the Panel and the other 
party the final version of its opening statement as well as its closing statement, if any, 
preferably at the end of th e meeting, and in any event no later than 17h00 on the first 
working day following the meeting.  
 
b. After the conclusion of the statements, the Panel shall give each party the opportunity to 
ask the other party questions or make comments, through the Panel . Each party shall 
then have an opportunity to answer these questions orally. Each party shall send in 
writing, within a timeframe to be determined by the Panel, any questions to the other 
party to which it wishes to receive a response in writing. Each par ty shall be invited to 
respond in writing to the other party's written questions within a deadline to be 
determined by the Panel.  
 
c. The Panel may subsequently pose questions to the parties. Each party shall then have an 
opportunity to answer these questi ons orally. The Panel shall send in writing, within a 
timeframe to be determined by it, any questions to the parties to which it wishes to 
receive a response in writing. Each party shall be invited to respond in writing to such 
questions within a deadline to be determined by the Panel.  
 
d. Once the questioning has concluded, the Panel shall afford each party an opportunity to 
present a brief closing statement, with Indonesia  presenting its statement first.  
 
14.  The second substantive meeting of the Panel with the parties shall be conducted as follows:  WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  a. The Panel shall ask the European Union  if it wishes to avail itself of the right to present 
its case first. If so, the Panel shall invite the European Union  to present its opening 
statement, followed by Indonesia . If the European Union  chooses not to avail itself of 
that right, the Panel shall invite Indonesia  to present its opening statement first. Before 
each party takes the floor, it shall provide the Panel and other participants at the 
meeting with a provisional written version of its statement. In the event that 
interpretation is needed, each party shall provide additional copies for the interpreters, 
through the Panel Secretary. Each party shall make available to the Panel and the other 
party the fin al version of its opening statement as well as its closing statement, if any, 
preferably at the end of the meeting, and in any event no later than 17h00 of the first 
working day following the meeting.  
 
b. After the conclusion of the statements, the Panel s hall give each party the opportunity to 
ask the other party questions or make comments, through the Panel. Each party shall 
then have an opportunity to answer these questions orally. Each party shall send in 
writing, within a timeframe to be determined by the Panel, any questions to the other 
party to which it wishes to receive a response in writing. Each party shall be invited to 
respond in writing to the other party's written questions within a deadline to be 
determined by the Panel.  
 
c. The Panel may sub sequently pose questions to the parties. Each party shall then have an 
opportunity to answer these questions orally. The Panel shall send in writing, within a 
timeframe to be determined by it, any questions to the parties to which it wishes to 
receive a re sponse in writing. Each party shall be invited to respond in writing to such 
questions within a deadline to be determined by the Panel.  
 
d. Once the questioning has concluded, the Panel shall afford each party an opportunity to 
present a brief closing stat ement, with the party that presented its opening statement 
first, presenting its closing statement first.  
 
Third parties  
 
15.  The Panel shall invite each third party to transmit to the Panel a written submission prior to 
the first substantive meeting of the Panel with the parties, in accordance with the timetable 
adopted by the Panel.  
 
16.  Each third party shall also be invited to present its views orally during a session of this first 
substantive meeting, set aside for that purpose. Each third party sha ll provide to the Panel the list 
of members of its delegation in advance of this session and no later than 12h00 (noon) the 
previous working day.  
 
17.  The third -party session shall be conducted as follows:  
 
a. All third parties may be present during the e ntirety of this session.  
 
b. The Panel shall first hear the arguments of the third parties in alphabetical order. Third 
parties present at the third -party session and intending to present their views orally at 
that session, shall provide the Panel, the par ties and other third -parties with provisional 
written versions of their statements before they take the floor. Third parties shall make 
available to the Panel, the parties and other third parties the final versions of their 
statements, preferably at the en d of the session, and in any event no later than 17h00 
of the first working day following the session.  
 
c. After the third parties have made their statements, the parties may be given the 
opportunity, through the Panel, to ask the third parties questions f or clarification on any 
matter raised in the third parties' submissions or statements. Each party shall send in 
writing, within a timeframe to be determined by the Panel, any questions to a third party 
to which it wishes to receive a response in writing.  
 
d. The Panel may subsequently pose questions to the third parties. Each third party shall 
then have an opportunity to answer these questions orally. The Panel shall send in 
writing, within a timeframe to be determined by it, any questions to the third part ies to WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  which it wishes to receive a response in writing. Each third party shall be invited to 
respond in writing to such questions within a deadline to be determined by the Panel.  
 
Descriptive section  
 
18.  The description of the arguments of the parties a nd third parties in the descriptive section  of 
the Panel report shall consist of executive summaries provided by the parties and third parties, 
which shall be annexed as addenda to the report. These executive summaries shall not in any way 
serve as a subst itute for the submissions of the parties and third parties in the Panel's examination 
of the case.  
 
19.  Each party shall submit an executive summar y of the facts and arguments as presented to the 
Panel in its first written submission, first opening and cl osing oral statements and responses to 
questions following the first substantive meeting, and a separate executive summary of its written 
rebuttal, second opening and closing oral statements and responses to questions following the 
second substantive meeti ng, in accordance with the timetable adopted by the Panel. Each 
executive summary shall be limited to no more than 15 pages. The Panel will not summarize in a 
separate part of its report, or annex to its report, the parties' responses to questions.  
 
20.  Each third party shall submit an executive summary of its arguments as presented in its 
written submission and statement in accordance with the timetable adopted by the Panel. This 
executive summary may also include a summary of responses to questions, if r elevant. The 
executive summary to be provided by each third party shall not exceed six pages.  
 
21.  The Panel reserves the right to request the parties and third parties to provide executive 
summaries of facts and arguments presented by a party or a third party in any other submissions 
to the Panel for which a deadline may not be specified in the timetable.  
 
Interim review  
 
22.  Following issuance of the interim report, each party may submit a written request to review 
precise aspects of the interim report and request a further meeting with the Panel, in accordance 
with the timetable adopted by the Panel. The right to request such a meeting shall be exercised no 
later than at the time the written request for review is submitted.  
 
23.  In the event that no fu rther meeting with the Panel is requested, each party may submit 
written comments on the other party's written request for review, in accordance with the timetable 
adopted by the Panel. Such comments shall be limited to commenting on the other party's writ ten 
request for review.  
 
24.  The interim report, as well as the final report prior to its official circulation, shall be kept 
strictly confidential and shall not be disclosed.  
 
Service of documents  
 
25.  The following procedures regarding service of docum ents shall apply:  
 
a. Each party and third party shall submit all documents to the Panel by filing them with 
the DS  Registry (office No. 2047).  
 
b. Each party and third party shall file three  paper copies of all documents it submits to the 
Panel. Exhibits may be filed in two copies on CD -ROM or DVD and two paper copies. The 
DS Registrar shall stamp the documents with the date and time of the filing.  
 
c. Each party and third party shall also provide an electronic copy of all documents it 
submits to the Panel  at the same time as the paper versions, preferably in Microsoft 
Word format, either on a CD -ROM, a DVD or as an e -mail attachment. If the electronic 
copy is provided by e -mail, it should be addressed to xxx@wto.org, with a copy to  
xxx@wto.org and xxx@wto. org. If a CD -ROM or DVD is provided, it shall be filed with 
the DS Registry. The paper version of documents shall constitute the official version for 
the purposes of the record of the dispute.  WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  d. Each party shall serve any document submitted to the Panel d irectly on the other party. 
Each party shall, in addition, serve on all third parties its written submissions in advance 
of the first substantive meeting with the Panel. Each third party shall serve any 
document submitted to the Panel directly on the parti es and all other third parties. Each 
party and third party shall confirm, in writing, that copies have been served as required 
at the time it provides each document to the Panel.  
 
e. Each party and third party shall file its documents with the DS Registry and serve copies 
on the other party (and third parties where appropriate) by 17h00 (Geneva time) on the 
due dates established by the Panel. A party or third party may submit its documents to 
another party or third party in electronic format only, subject t o the recipient party or 
third party's prior written approval and provided that the Panel Secretary is notified.  
 
f. The Panel shall provide the parties with an electronic version of the descriptive section, 
the interim report and the final report, as well  as of other documents as appropriate. 
When the Panel transmits to the parties or third parties both paper and electronic 
versions of a document, the paper version shall constitute the official version for the 
purposes of the record of the dispute.  
 
26.  The Panel reserves the right to modify these procedures as necessary, after consultation with 
the parties.  
 WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX A -2 
ADDITIONAL WORKING P ROCEDURES ON BUSINESS  
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMA TION 
EUROPEAN UNION — ANTI -DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESEL FROM INDON ESIA  
(WT/DS 480) 
Adopted on 13 December 2016  
 
1. The following procedures apply to business confidential information (BCI) submitted in the 
course of the present Panel proceedings.  
 
2. For the purposes of these proceedings, BCI is defined as any information that  has been 
designated as such by a party or a third party submitting the information to the Panel. The parties 
or third parties shall only designate as BCI information that is not available in the public domain, 
the release of which would cause serious harm  to the interests of the originator(s) of the 
information. BCI may include information that was previously treated as confidential within the 
meaning of Article 6.5 of the Anti -dumping Agreement by the investigating authorities of the 
European Union in the  anti-dumping investigation, unless the person who provided the information 
in the course of those investigations agrees in writing to make the information publicly available. 
In addition, these procedures do not apply to any BCI if the person who provided  the information 
in the course of the aforementioned proceedings agrees in writing to make the information publicly 
available.  
 
3. If a party or third party considers that information submitte d by the other party or a 
third party should have been designate d as BCI and objects to its submission without such 
designation, it shall forthwith bring this objection to the attention of the Panel, the other party, 
and, where relevant, the third parties, together with the reasons for the objection. Similarly, if a 
party or third party considers that the other party or a third party designated as BCI information 
which should not be so designated, it shall forthwith bring this objection to the attention of the 
Panel, the other party, and, where relevant, the third parti es, together with the reasons for the 
objection. The Panel shall decide whether information subject to an objection will be treated as BCI 
for the purposes of these proceedings on the basis of the criteria set out in paragraph 2.  
 
4. No person may have acc ess to BCI except a member of the Secretariat or the Panel, an 
employee of a party or of a third party, or an outside advisor to a party or third party for the 
purposes of this dispute. A person having access to BCI shall not disclose that information othe r 
than to persons authorized to have access to it pursuant to these procedures. Any information 
designated as BCI shall only be used for the purposes of this dispute. Each party and third party is 
responsible for ensuring that its employees and/or outside advisors comply with these procedures.  
 
5. An outside advisor to a party or third party is not permitted access to BCI if that advisor is 
an officer or employee of an enterprise engaged in the production, sale, export, or import of the 
products that were t he subject of the investigations at issue in this dispute, or an officer or 
employee of an association of such enterprises.  
 
6. Third parties ' access to BCI shall be subject to the terms of these procedures. The Panel 
expects that all parties and third par ties to this dispute will comply w ith the requirements of 
Article  18.2 of the DSU and the Panel 's working procedures and these additional procedures 
concerning BCI. A party objecting to a third party having access to specific BCI it is submitting 
shall inf orm the Panel of its objection and the reasons therefor and the Panel will resolve the 
matter. Any request to limit third party access to BCI shall:  
 
(i) be submitted to the Panel at least 10 working days prior to filing the document 
containing such BCI;  
 
(ii) indicate the particular third party or parties concerned, and the specific BCI at issue 
with respect to each third party concerned; and  WT/DS480/R/Add.1  
 
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  (iii) set out the reason(s) demonstrating why access by a particular third party to specific 
BCI would pose a risk  of serious harm to the interests of the originator of the specific 
BCI in question.  
 
The Panel will endeavour to inform the parties of its decision no later than three working days 
before the deadline to file the document containing such BCI. If the Panel  finds the request 
justified, it will direct both parties to redact the specific BCI from documents served on that 
particular third party, and to provide a non -confidential version, sufficient to allow a reasonable 
understanding of the specific BCI, to tha t third party. The Panel 's decision to grant a request to 
limit a particular third party 's access to specific BCI shall govern treatment by both parties of that 
specific BCI with respect to that particular third party throughout the proceeding.  
 
7. Submission of BCI:  
 
(i) The party or third party submitting BCI shall indicate the presence of such information in 
any document submitted to the Panel, as follows: the first page or cover of the document 
shall state "Contains Business Confidential Informat ion on pages xxxxx ", and each page 
of the document shall contain the notice "Contains Business Confidential Information " at 
the top of the page. The specific business confidential information in question shall be 
placed between double square brackets, as f ollows: [[xx,xxx.xx]]. A party submitting BCI 
in the form of, or as part of, an Exhibit shall, in addition to the above, so indicate by 
putting "BCI" next to the exhibit number (e.g. Exhibit IDN -1 (BCI)).  
 
(ii) Where BCI is submitted in electronic format, the file name shall include the terms 
"Business Confidential Information " or "BCI". In addition, where applicable, the label of 
the storage medium shall be clearly marked with the statement "Business Confidentia l 
Information " or "BCI". 
 
(iii) In the case of an oral statement containing BCI, the party or third party making such 
a statement shall inform the Panel before making it that the statement will contain BCI, 
and the Panel will ensure that only persons autho rized to have access to BCI pursuant to 
these procedures are in the room to hear that statement. The written versions of such 
oral statements submitted to the Panel shall be marked as provided for in paragraph 7(i).  
 
8. Where a party submits a document con taining BCI to the Panel, the other party or third 
party, when referring to that BCI in its documents, including written submissions, and written 
copies of their oral statements, shall clearly identify all such information in those documents. All 
such docu ments shall be marked and treated as described in paragraph 7.  
 
9. Any person authorized to have access to BCI under the terms of these procedures shall store 
all documents or other media containing BCI in such a manner as to prevent unauthorized access 
to such information.  
 
10. The Panel will not disclose BCI, in its report or in any other way, to persons not authorized 
under these procedures to have access to BCI. The Panel may, however, make statements of 
conclusion drawn from such information. Before th e Panel circulates its final report to the 
Members, the Panel will give each party and, where BCI was submitted by a third party, that third 
party an opportunity to review the report to ensure that it does not contain any information that 
the party or thir d party has designated as BCI.  
 
11. Submissions, exhibits, and other documents or recordings containing BCI will be included in 
the record forwarded to the Appellate Body in the event of an appeal of the report of the Panel.  
 
 
 
_______________  
 
 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX B  
ARGUMENTS OF THE PAR TIES 
Contents  Page  
Annex B -1 First executive summary of the arguments of Indonesia  B-2 
Annex  B-2 Second executive summary of the arguments of Indonesia  B-13 
Annex  B-3 First executive summary of the arguments of the European Union  B-26 
Annex  B-4 Second executive summary of the arguments of the European Union  B-36 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX B -1 
FIRST EXECUTIVE SUMM ARY OF THE  
ARGUMENTS OF INDONESIA  
Executive summary of the first written submission  of Indonesia  
1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND  
 
1. On 29 August 2012, the European Commission initiated an anti -dumping investigation 
against imports of biodiesel from Indonesia and Argentina wi th the publication of the notice of 
initiation of the investigation in the European Union's Official Journal.1  
 
2. On 28 May 2013, provisional measures were imposed against Indonesian imports through 
the publication of the Provisional Regulation in the Eu ropean Union's Official Journal.2 The 
measures came into effect the following day. For the sampled Indonesian exporting producers, the 
provisional measures ranged between zero and 9.6%:  
 
Company  Provisional anti -dumping duty  
PT. Ciliandra Perkasa, Jakarta  0.0%  
PT. Musim Mas, Medan  2.8%  
PT. Pelita Agung Agrindustri, Medan  5.3%  
PT. Wilmar Bioenergi, Indonesia, Medan; PT Wilmar 
Nabati, Indonesia, Medan  9.6%  
Other cooperating companies  6.5%  
All other companies  9.6%  
 
3. At the provisional stage, the dumping margin for the four Indonesian producers was based 
on a comparison of the constructed normal value with the export price. The constructed normal 
value was based on the recorded costs of production of biodiesel of the I ndonesian exporting 
producers, their respective selling, general and administrative costs ("SG&A") plus a 15% profit 
margin.  
 
4. On 1 October 2013, the European Commission proposed the imposition of definitive 
measures.  
 
5. At this stage, while the Europe an Commission retained its finding of injurious dumping but 
drastically revised its methodology of establishing the cost of production of biodiesel. In particular, 
the European Commission rejected the recorded and verified cost of production of biodiesel o f the 
Indonesian producers and replaced it with an out -of-country/international benchmark resulting in a 
significant inflation of the dumping margins for all exporting producers.  
 
6. The European Commission justified its replacement of the cost of producti on of the 
Indonesian exporting producers and the use of an out -of-country/international benchmark for the 
adjustment on the basis of the existence of a differential export tax system in Indonesia. The 
European Commission found that, by virtue of this syste m, the export tax on PME was lower than 
that on palm oil and palm oil derivatives, thereby "distort[ing] the cost of production of biodiesel 
producers" and resulting in crude palm oil ("CPO") prices in Indonesia to be depressed.  
 
7. On this basis, the Euro pean Union definitively imposed anti -dumping duties3 ranging 
between 8.8% and 20.5% on the Indonesian exporting producers:  
                                                
1 Notice of initiation of an anti -dumping proceeding concerning imports of biodiesel originating in 
Argentina and Indonesia, OJ C 260, 29.8.2012, p. 8.  
2 Commission Regulation (EU) No 490/2013 of 27 May 2013 imposing a provisional anti -dumping duty 
on impor ts of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, OJ L 141, 28.5.2013, p. 6 ("Provisional 
Regulation").  
3 Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1194/2013 of 19 November 2013 imposing a definitive anti -
dumping duty and collecting definitively the pr ovisional duty imposed on imports of biodiesel originating in 
Argentina and Indonesia, OJ L 315, 26.11.2013, p. 2 ("Definitive Regulation").  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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Company  Anti-Dumping Duty  
PT. Ciliandra Perkasa, Jakarta  8.8%  
PT. Musim Mas, Medan  16.9%  
PT. Pelita Agung Agrindustri, Medan  16.8%  
PT Wilmar Bioenergi Indonesia, Medan; PT Wilmar Nabati 
Indonesia, Medan  20.0%  
Other cooperating companies  18.9%  
All other companies  20.5%  
 
2. CLAIMS REGARDING THE  DUMPING DETERMINATIO N 
 
2.1. The European Union failed to act consistently with the obligation laid down in the 
first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement since it did not 
calculate the costs of production of the Indonesian exporting producers on the 
basis of the records kept by these producers. As a result, in failing to calculate the 
costs of production consistently with Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, the European Union failed to properly construct the normal value and 
thus also acted inconsistent ly with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and 
with Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994.  
 
8. Indonesia submits that the second condition of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement calls for an assessment of whether the costs set out in a producer's 
records correspond – within acceptable limits – in an accurate and relia ble manner to all the costs 
incurred by the particular producer or exporter for the product under consideration, as confirmed 
by both the Panel and the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel .4 The s econd condition of the 
first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 does no t allow an investigating authority to reject the records of 
the investigated producer or exporter simply because the cost, although accurately reflected in the 
records, are "unreasonable" or "artificially low" due to state intervention in the market.  
 
9. The European Union decided to not use the recorded costs of the main raw material in the 
production of biodiesel – CPO – because "the domestic price of CPO is artificially low as compared 
with international prices [as] a result of a distortion by virtue of  the DET".5 On that basis, the 
European Union disregarded the price actually paid by Indonesian producers for CPO and replaced 
it with "the [reference] price at which those companies would have purchased the CPO in the 
absence of such a distortion". This r eference price was in turn based on published international 
prices (Rotterdam, Malaysia and Indonesia). This reference price is also referred to by the 
European Union as the "HPE".6  
 
10. In other words, the European Union found the domestic prices of the main raw material used 
by biodiesel producers in Indonesia to be "artificially lower" than international prices due to the 
distortion created by the Indonesian export tax system.   
 
11. As this justification does not constitute a legally sufficient basis for rejecting the costs of 
Indonesian biodiesel producers as recorded in their accounting records, the European Union acted 
inconsistently with Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
12. As a result, in failing to calculate the costs of production  consistently with Article 2.2.1.1 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the European Union failed to properly construct the normal value 
and thus also acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and with 
Article  VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 19 94. 
 
2.2. Indonesia submits that the European Union acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1 of the (b)(ii) GATT 1994 in failing to 
construct the normal value of biodiesel on the basis of the cost of production i n the 
country of origin.  
 
13. The European Union substituted the cost of CPO in the records of the investigated producers 
and exporters with a reference export price for CPO published by the Indonesian Authorities. This 
                                                
4 See Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.247; and Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.56.  
5 Definitiv e Regulation, op. cit. at rec. 74.  
6 Definitive Regulation, recital 70.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  reference price was in turn based on  published international prices (Rotterdam, Malaysia and 
Indonesia).  
 
14. Indonesia submits that in replacing the costs of CPO reported in the records of the exporting 
producers with the reference export price, the European Union constructed the normal val ue of 
Indonesian investigated producers on the basis other than the cost of production in the country of 
origin, i.e. Indonesia. Consequently, Indonesia submits that the European Union acted 
inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and  Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the  
GATT  1994 in failing to construct the normal value of biodiesel on the basis of the cost of 
production in the country of origin.  
 
2.3. The European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -
Dumping  Agreement by (1) failing to establish a cap for the profits when 
constructing the normal value for the Indonesian producers under investigation 
and (2) by not basing the amounts for profits established on a reasonable method  
 
2.3.1.  Factual background  
 
15. Considering the prevailing market conditions in Indonesia, the European Union concluded 
that the amount for profits could not be based on the actual data of the Indonesian producers and 
proceeded to determine the amount for profits "pursuant to Article 2 (6)(c) of the basic Regulation 
on the basis of the reasonable amount of profit that a young and innovative capital intensive 
industry of this type under normal conditions of competition in a free and open market could 
achieve, that is 15% based on turnover ".  
 
2.3.2.  Legal claims  
 
a. Under Article 2.2.2(iii) an investigating authority is obliged to establish 
a "ceiling" or "cap"  
 
16. Indonesia submits that the statements of the European Union in the Provisional Regulation, 
Definitive Disclosure and Definit ive Regulation with regard to the determination of the profit 
margin unequivocally demonstrate that the European Commission:  
 
a. Did not establish the "cap" as required under Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement;  
b. Did not demonstrate that it attempted to establish such a cap; and  
c. Did not provide any explanation as to why it would be impossible or inappropriate to 
establish such a cap.  
 
b. The European Union did not apply a reasonable method to calculate the 
profit margin  
 
17. The European Union's failure to establish the amount of the profit normally realized by other 
exporters or producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market 
of the country of origin not only in itself constitutes a violation of Article 2.2.2(iii) Anti -Dumping 
Agreement (see above) but also requires a more detailed analysis as to whether the profit amount 
established by an investigating authority is arrived at pursuant to a reasonable methodology.  
 
2.3.3.  Conclusion  
 
18. As a result of th ese violations of Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the 
European Union also acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement when 
determining the profit margin.  
 
2.4. Erroneous determination export price  
 
19. The European  Commission decided that for one of the sampled Indonesian exporting 
producers for whom an individual dumping margin and individual anti -dumping duty was 
calculated the "premium" paid for "double counting" did not form part of the export price.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  20. The Eu ropean Commission considered that "double counting" premiums did not form part of 
the export price because they "were not linked to the product concerned as such", but instead 
were linked to "provision of documents by the related importer in order to obtai n a government 
certificate which enables the related importer's client to fulfil the necessary conditions to blend 
only half the biodiesel quantity (given that this biodiesel can be counted 'double')".  
 
21. The "premium" for "double counting" was therefore  not included in the export resale price.  
 
2.4.1.  Legal claims  
 
a. Article 2.3 requires the investigating authority to use the price paid or 
payable by the first independent buyer as a starting point for the 
construction of the export price  
 
22. As is clear from the language of Article 2.3 and subsequently confirmed in WTO 
jurisprudence,  "the price charged to the first independent buyer is a starting -point for the 
construction of an export price" .7 If an investigating authority decides to construct the export 
price, it is obliged to base itself on the price at which the products are first re -sold to an 
independent buyer in the investigating country and has to work "backwards from the price at 
which the imported products are first resold to an independent  buyer".  
 
23. Indonesia notes that the only permitted deductions from the export price to arrive at the 
constructed export price are the deductions mentioned in the fourth sentence of Article 2.4, that 
is, "allowances for costs, including duties and taxes,  incurred between importation and resale, and 
for profits accruing". The "double counting premium" is not a "costs, including duties and taxes, 
incurred between importation and resale, and for profits accruing", nor was it alleged by the 
European Union tha t the "double counting premium" could be ded ucted under the fourth or 
fifth sentence of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
24. Thus, the relevant question is whether the "double counting premium" constitutes a part of 
the amount of money or "price " for which the PFAD -based biodiesel "is sold".  
 
b. The "double counting premium" constitutes part of the price of the 
PFAD -based biodiesel  
 
25. At the outset, Indonesia notes that the related importer of the Indonesian company and the 
Italian customers contractually agreed that the "premium" is payable for the biodiesel sold.  
 
26. As confirmed by the European Union itself in the Provisional Regulation, the amount of the 
"premium" was intrinsically connected to the product sold by the related importer. In deed, 
customers were willing to pay a higher price for that biodiesel because it was made from PFAD and 
thus was eligible for "double counting".  
 
c. The European Union cannot rely on rules regarding differences that 
affect price comparability in Article 2. 4 to justify the derogation from 
the rules in Article 2.3 and the fourth and fifth sentences of Article 2.4  
 
27. Indonesia notes that it has been well established in WTO jurisprudence that Article 2.3, 
along with the fourth and fifth sentences in Article 2 .4, on one hand, and the "fair comparison" 
rules and rules regarding differences that affect price comparability in Article 2.4 have a different 
subject matter.  
 
28. Article 2.3 and the fourth and fifth sentence in Article 2.4 establish the rules for the 
construction/determination of the export price. The rest of Article 2.4 is concerned, however, with 
the issue of a proper comparison between the normal value and the export price (which has been 
established pursuant to provisions of Article 2.3 and the four th and fifth sentences in Article 2.4). 
Article 2.4, except for the fourth and fifth sentences, does not contain any rules for the 
establishment of the export price.  
 
                                                
7 Panel Report, US – Stainless Steel (Korea) , para. 6.91.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  2.4.2.  Conclusion  
 
29. Indonesia submits that the European Union violated Article 2.3 and the fourth and 
fifth sentences of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by failing to properly construct the 
export price as the starting point for the construction of the export price was incorrect. The 
European Union failed to take into account and in fact artificially excluded the "double counting 
premium" from the resale prices charged by a related importer to independent customers in Italy 
for the sales of PFAD -based biodiesel. This resulted in the unreasonable rejection of the actual 
resale price  of the related importer and the use of a deflated starting point for the construction of 
the export price which, in turn, resulted in an artificial reduction of the constructed export price.  
 
3. CLAIMS REGARDING THE INJURY ASSESSMEN T: THE FINDINGS OF THE  
EUROPEAN  UNION IN RESPECT OF PRICE UNDERCUTTING IN VIOLATION OF 
ARTICLES 3.1 AND 3.2 OF THE ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
3.1. Factual background  
 
30. As determined by the European Union, biodiesel manufactured and sold by the Indonesian, 
Argentine and European  Union producers was produced from different feed stock and had a 
different CFPP:  
 
a. The Indonesian exporting producers exported PME to the European Union with a CFPP 
of +10 °C and above;  
b. The Argentine exporting producers exported SME to the European Un ion with a CFPP 
of 0°C; and  
c. European Union producers " mainly manufactured RME " with a CFPP of -10°C and 
below. At the same time, the European Commission noted that " the Union industry 
does not sell biodiesel made from one feedstock, but blends several f eedstocks 
together to produce the final biodiesel that is sold" . 
 
3.2. Claim 1: The European Union's analysis of the price effects of "dumped" biodiesel 
on the prices of the European Union industry sales of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C is 
analytically and factual ly flawed  
 
31. Indonesia recalls that, as per the European Union's findings, all imports of biodiesel from 
Indonesia were of PME with CFPP + 13°C or above. For the sake of factual completeness, Indonesia 
notes that in fact not "all imports of biodiesel from  Indonesia were of PME with CFPP + 13°C or 
above", the CFPP of PME from Indonesia in fact ranged from CFPP + 7°C to CFPP + 15°C. 
 
32. Further, as per the statement of the European Union, the Union producers either did not sell 
at all biodiesel with CFPP +13 °C or sold it in "very small volume". Indeed, the European Union 
stated that "a direct comparison" between PME export prices and the sales by the Union producers' 
of biodiesel with CFPP +13 °C "was not considered reasonable" " given the very small volume of 
sales of Union producers at this CFPP". The European Union, therefore, decided to compare export 
prices of PME with " all sales of the Union industry at CFPP 0 ". 
 
33. Indonesia understands that the European Union found the price of Union producers' sales of 
biodiesel with CFPP +13 °C unreliable  for the purpose of the price effects analysis as such price was 
not comparable to the price of PME due to the significant differences in the sales volumes . In that 
respect, Indonesia notes that, for the purpose of price  comparison, significant differences in 
quantities are indeed likely to have an impact on comparability, and thus, if there are such 
differences, they must be looked into in considering price effects.8 
 
34. Recognizing the physical differences between PME and biodiesel with CFPP 0 °C, the 
European Union made an upward adjustment to the PME price on account of physical differences. 
The mechanism for the calculation of such adjustment was as follows: the European Union 
calculated the price difference between CFPP +13 °C (albeit in small quantities) and CFPP 0 °C sales 
of the Union industry. The upward adjustment amounted to 17.35%.  
 
                                                
8 See, for example, Panel Report, China — HP-SSST (Japan), para. 7.113.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  35. Indonesia submits that by making such an adjustment to the PME price and thereafter 
comparing adjusted PME prices to the weighte d average price of " all sales of the Union industry at 
CFPP 0" , the European Union in fact did not resolve the issue of the lack of comparability due to 
different volumes  between PME prices and the sales prices of the Union industry because the 
starting po int for the adjustment is an unreliable and non -comparable  price of Union producers' 
sales of biodiesel with CFPP + 13°C. 
 
36. If the sale price of the Union produced biodiesel at CFPP +13 °C is considered by the 
European Union to be not comparable and unrel iable for the purpose of a direct comparison, such 
a price should also be considered as not comparable and unreliable  for the purpose of the 
calculation of the adjustment for physical differences. As the European Union industry (as per the 
European Union's statement in recital (96) Provisional Regulation) does not have representative 
sales of the Union produced biodiesel  at CFPP +13 °C, such prices may not serve as the basis for a 
price comparison under Articles 3.1 and 3.2 either for the purpose of a direct comparison or for the 
calculation of the amount of adjustment on account of physical differences.  
 
37. Indonesia con siders that the comparison between PME and CFPP 0 °C sales of the Union 
industry suffers from the same defect as the comparison between PME and CFPP +13 °C sales, had 
the later been made, namely a lack of price comparability in light of the differences in qu antities. 
The only difference is that in case of the PME - CFPP 0 °C biodiesel comparison this defect 
manifests itself through a defective adjustment on account of physical differences.  
 
38. For the above reasons, Indonesia submits that the European Union's  failure to properly 
account for differences in quantities when comparing the price of PME and Union industry sales of 
biodiesel at CFPP 0°C, which manifested itself through a distorted calculation of an allowance on 
account of physical differences, is inc onsistent with Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -
Dumping  Agreement.  
 
3.3. Claim 2: The European Union failed to consider the existence of "significant price 
undercutting" in respect of the domestic product  
 
39. As explained above, the European Union based i ts "significant price undercutting" finding by 
relying on a simple mathematical price difference between the export prices of PME with the 
European Union's industry sales prices of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C.  
 
40. Instead, the price comparison under Article 3. 2 contemplates "a dynamic assessment of 
price developments and trends in the relationship between the prices of the dumped imports and 
those of domestic like products over the duration of the POI."9  In that respect Indonesia notes, 
that the European Union 's "price undercutting analysis" consisted of a simple mathematical 
comparison between the export price of PME and the price of the Union industry sales of CFPP 0°C. 
The European Union did not provide any explanation as to the mechanism through which such a 
mathematical price difference could have had an impact on the price of CFPP 0°C. The lack of this 
explanation is of a particular importance in the present case because PME is not generally used in 
a pure form and, instead, blended with other types of bio diesel to produce a CFPP 0°C biodiesel.  
 
41. Second, b y comparing export prices of PME solely with the European Union's industry sales 
prices of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C, the European Union failed to analyze the impact of the prices of 
the allegedly dumped im ports on a large portion of the Union industry as the sales of biodiesel at 
CFPP 0°C constituted only around 42% of the sales of biodiesel of the sampled European Union 
producers.  
 
42. Price undercutting calculations were made based on sales representing a round 42% of total 
sales in the sample (i.e., 993,860 MT/2,342,567 MT) or 11% of all European Union industry sales. 
The majority of sales by the sampled European Union producers was therefore not taken into 
account to determine whether there was price unde rcutting.   
 
3.4. Conclusion  
 
43. In light of the foregoing, Indonesia submits that the findings of the European Union in 
respect of the price effects of allegedly dumped Indonesian and Argentine imports and in 
                                                
9 Appellate Body Report, China — HP-SSST (Japan), para. 5.180.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  particular, the findings of the European Union in respect of the price undercutting, were not based 
on an objective examination of positive evidence as mandated by Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement.  
 
4. THE EUROPEAN UNION A CTED INCONSISTENTLY WITH ARTICLE 9.3 OF THE ANTI -
DUMPING AGREEMENT AND ARTICL E VI:2 OF THE GATT 1 994 IN IMPOSING AND 
LEVYING ANTI -DUMPING DUTIES IN EX CESS OF THE MARGIN O F DUMPING THAT 
SHOULD HAVE BEEN EST ABLISHED IN ACCORDAN CE WITH ARTICLE 2 OF  THE 
ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
44. Indonesia's claims in this Section are consequential to Indonesia's claims set out in Section 
4 above. In that Section, Indonesia demonstrated that, in determining the amount of the dumping 
margin, the European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.2(iii), 2.3 and 2.4 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and with Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994.   
 
45. Indonesia submits that, through these violations, the European Union imposed on 
Indonesian producers an anti -dumping duty exceeding the margin of dumping established in 
compliance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. This constitutes a violation of Article 9.3 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994.  
 
5. INCONSISTENT APPLICA TION AND DEFINITIVE COLLECTION OF PROVIS IONAL 
ANTI -DUMPING DUTIES: ARTI CLES 7 .1, 7.2, 9.2 AND 9.3  (CHAPEAU) OF THE ANT I-
DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
5.1. The application of provisional measures for one exporter, and the definitive 
collection of the provisional anti -dumping duties are in violation of Articles 7.1 
and 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping A greement  
 
46. Indonesia submits that the European Union acted (1) inconsistently with Article 7.1 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement because it applied provisional measures for one company based on an 
inconsistent finding of dumping and (2) acted inconsistentl y with Articles 7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 
(chapeau) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement because it applied and definitively collected a 
provisional anti -dumping duty on imports from that company in excess of the provisionally 
estimated margin of dumping for this exportin g producer.  
 
47. Article 7.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement provides that provisional measures can be 
applied only if all three conditions listed in Article 7.1 are complied with. One of these conditions, 
which is of particular importance for this claim, is  that the provisional measures may be applied 
only if a "preliminary affirmative determination" of " dumping " has been made.  
 
48. It follows, that the "preliminary affirmative determination" of "dumping" should be made in 
compliance with the rules set out i n Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and, in particular, 
with reliance on a margin of dumping calculated in compliance with the disciplines in Article 2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
49. Article 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement unequivocally restr icts the extent of the 
provisional measures, if applied, to the 'margin of dumping' calculated for the investigated 
producer/exporter. A plain reading of Article 7.2 indicates that it expressly establishes a 
mandatory ceiling – as opposed to a preference – for the level of the provisional measures that 
can be imposed, i.e. the provisional duty may not exceed the provisionally estimated 'margin of 
dumping'. Moreover, as explained above "any 'margin of dumping' calculated or relied upon by an 
investigating au thority in the context of the application of the disciplines of the Agreement must be 
calculated consistently with Article 2 and its various paragraphs ". 
 
50. Therefore, as per Article 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the provisional duty may not 
exceed the provisionally estimated margin of dumping determined in compliance with the rules set 
out in Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  51. As pointed out by the Appellate Body, "Article 9.3 prohibits the amount of the anti -dumping 
duties from exceedin g a dumping margin that is determined consistently with Article 2 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement".10 
 
52. Article 7.5 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement provides that "the relevant provisions of Article 9 
shall be followed in the application of provisional measur es". Indonesia therefore considers that by 
virtue of Article 7.5, Article 9.3 (chapeau) is equally applicable to the imposition and definitive 
collection of the provisional anti -dumping duties, i.e. provisional anti -dumping duties may not 
exceed the provis ional margin of dumping.  
 
53. Indonesia demonstrated that, in violation of Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the 
provisional anti -dumping duty applied to, and definitively collected from the company in question 
was in fact higher than the provisional margin of dumping determined consistently with Article 2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
5.2. The application and definitive collection of the provisional anti -dumping duty for 
the exporter in question is in violation of Article 9.2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement  
 
54. Article 9.2, establishes a ceiling in respect of the amount of the anti -dumping duties that can 
be collected by the investigating Member. Indonesia recalls that Article 7.5 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement provides that "the relevant p rovisions of Article 9 shall be followed in the application of 
provisional measures". Indonesia submits that by virtue of Article 7.5 , the first sentence of 
Article  9.2 is equally applicable to the collection of provisional anti -dumping duties.  
 
55. Taking  into account the mechanism for the collection of the provisional duties, i.e. that such 
duties are provisionally collected or secured pending the definitive findings and definitively 
collected once the definitive findings are issued, when applied to the p rovisional measures, the 
meaning of the term "appropriate amount" is informed by the provisions of Articles  7.2, 9.3 
and 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. Thus, an "appropriate amount" under Article 9.2 may 
not exceed:  
 
a. The amount of the provisionally  estimated margin of dumping, determined 
consistently with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement – in line with Articles 7.2 
and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement; and  
b. Once the definitive findings have been made, the amount of the provisional duty 
definitively collected must comply with Article 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. 
In particular, if the definitive duty is lower than the provisional duty paid or payable, 
or the amount estimated for the purpose of the security, the difference shall be 
reimbursed or the duty recalculated, as the case may be.  
 
56. In case of the provisional anti -dumping duties collected from the exporter in question, both 
of these aspects have been violated.  
                                                
10 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.101.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  Executive summary of statement of Ind onesia at first meeting of the P anel 
I Claims concerning normal value  
 
I.1 Failure to calculate the cost of production on the basis of the records kept by the producers  
 
1. As pointed out in its First Written Submission, Indonesia submits that the EU acted 
inconsistently with the obligation laid down in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement (and therefore also with Article 2.2 and with Article VI :1(b)(ii) of the 
GATT  1994) since it did not calculate the costs of production of the Indonesian exporting producers 
on the basis of the records kept by these producers. In particular, the costs of CPO reflected in the 
records of the exporting producers we re substituted with the reference export price for CPO 
published by the Indonesian Authorities.  
 
2. Indonesia notes that the substance of this first claim – the European Union's decision to 
disregard the costs of CPO reflected in the producers' records and  the resulting violation of 
Article  2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement – is indistinguishable from the EU's decision to 
disregard Argentine exporting producers' recorded costs of soybeans found by the Panel and the 
Appellate Body to be in violation of A rticle 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement in EU – 
Biodiesel . 
 
I.2 Failure to calculate the cost of production on the basis of the cost of production in Indonesia  
 
3. As a second claim, Indonesia posits that in replacing the costs of CPO reported in the  
records of the exporting producers with the reference export price, the European Union 
constructed the normal value of Indonesian investigated producers on the basis other than the 
cost of production in the country of origin, i.e. Indonesia. Consequently,  Indonesia submits that 
the European Union acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and 
Article VI:(b)(ii) GATT 1994 in failing to construct the normal value of biodiesel on the basis of the 
cost of production in the country of o rigin. 
 
4. This second claim is similar to Indonesia's first claim under Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement and is based on a set of circumstances essentially identical to the factual 
circumstances of Argentina's claim under Article 2.2 of the A nti-Dumping Agreement with respect 
to the European Union's decision to substitute the cost of soybeans in the records of the Argentine 
exporting producers by an average of the FOB reference price. Indonesia recalls that both the 
Panel1 and the Appellate Bo dy2 found the European Union's approach in that respect to be 
inconsistent with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. Indonesia considers that the 
European Union's approach to substitute the CPO costs in the records of the Indonesian exporting 
produce rs with the reference price should be likewise found to be inconsistent with Article 2.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
I.3 Incorrect determination of the profit  
 
5. As a third claim, Indonesia has explained that the method applied by the EU to calculate 
profits for the Indonesian exporting producers was inconsiste nt with Article 2.2 and 
Article  2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
6. In particular, the EU failed to calculate the cap for profits as required by Article 2.2.2(iii) and, 
consequently, e nsure that the profit margin did not exceed such a cap. In addition, the amounts of 
profits established were not determined on the basis of a reasonable method.  
 
II Claims regarding the determination of the export price  
 
7. Indonesia submits that the EU ac ted inconsistently with Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement by failing to construct the export price for one exporter on the basis of the 
price at which the imported biodiesel was first resold to an independent buyer in the EU.  
                                                
1 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.260.  
2 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , paras. 6.81 and 6.83.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  8. The EU supported its decision to not include the "double counting" premium in the export 
price by arguing that it would in any event be deducted under as a difference that affects price 
comparability.  
 
9. The argument focuses on the question as to what properly c onstitutes the export price. The 
relevant question is whether the "double counting premium" constitutes a part of the amount of 
money or "price" for which the PFAD -based biodiesel "is sold".  
 
III Claims regarding the injury assessment  
 
10. Indonesia claims that the EU determination with respect to inju ry is inconsistent with 
Article  3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, in particular Articles 3.1 and 3.2. In the view of 
Indonesia, these determinations do not stem from an objective evaluation, based on posi tive 
evidence, and they do not satisfy all of the requirements of those provisions.  
 
11. In particular, as a first observation, the EU's analysis of the price effects of biodiesel on the 
prices of the Union sales of biodiesel at CFPP 0 °C is analytically a nd factually flawed: the EU did 
not properly ensure price comparability between the imported and domestic biodiesel in terms of 
physical characteristics and model -matching.  
 
12. Notably if the sales price and quantities of the Union produced biodiesel at C FPP +13 °C is 
considered by the EU to be not comparable and unreliable  for the purpose of a direct comparison, 
such a price should also be considered as not comparable and unreliable  for the purpose of the 
calculation of the adjustment for physical differen ces to bring the Indonesian CFPP +13 °C to 
CFPP 0°C. 
 
13. As a second observation, the EU failed to consider the existence of "significant price 
undercutting" in respect of the domestic product EU. Instead, the EU based its "significant price 
undercutting" finding on a simple mathematical price difference between the export prices of PME 
with the EU industry's sales prices of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C.  
 
14. However, the price comparison under Article 3.2 contemplates "a dynamic assessment of 
price developments and trends in the relationship between the prices of the dumped imports and 
those of domestic like products over the duration of the POI" .3 In that respect Indonesia notes, 
that the EU's "price undercutting analysis" merely consisted of a simple mathematic al comparison 
between the export price of PME and the price of the Union industry sales of CFPP 0°C.  
 
15. The EU did not provide any explanation as to the mechanism through which such a 
mathematical price difference could have had an impact on the price o f CFPP 0°C. The lack of this 
explanation is of particular importance in the present case because PME is not generally used in a 
pure form and, instead, blended with other types of biodiesel to produce a CFPP 0°C biodiesel.  
 
16. By comparing export prices o f PME solely with the EU industry's sales prices of biodiesel at 
CFPP 0°C, the EU failed to analyse the impact of the prices of the allegedly dumped imports on a 
large portion of the Union industry as the sales of biodiesel at C FPP 0°C constituted only 
around 42% of the sales of biodiesel of the sampled EU producers.  
 
17. In light of the foregoing, Indonesia submits that the findings of the EU in respect of the price 
effects of allegedly dumped Indonesian and Argentine imports and in particular, the finding s of the 
EU in respect of the price undercutting, were not based on an objective examination of positive 
evidence as mandated by Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement .  
 
IV Consequential violations  
 
18. Indonesia submits that, through these vi olations, in determining the amount of the dumping 
margin, the EU imposed on Indonesian producers an anti -dumping duty exceeding the margin of 
dumping established in compliance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. This constitutes 
a violation of A rticle 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994.  
 
                                                
3 Appellate Body Report, China — HP-SSST (Japan), para. 5.180.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  V Collection of duties that were never owed  
 
19. The EU ordered the definitive collection of the provisional duty of for one company, while the 
EU knew that the actual provisional  dumping margin was lower than % provisional duty it ordered 
to be definitively collected. Indonesia therefore submits that by definitively collecting that 
provisional duty while being aware that the provisional dumping margin was lower the EU violated 
Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 chapeau of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
VI Conclusions  
 
20. For the reasons set out above, Indonesia submits that the EU has acted inconsistently with 
Articles 2.2.1.1, 2.2, 2.2.2(iii), 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) 
of the GATT 1994 in the determination of the dumping margin as well as Article 9.3 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994 by imposing a duty above the dumping 
margin calculated in accordance with Article 2 o f the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
21. In addition, Indonesia submits that the EU acted inconsistently with Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement in its injury determination as well as with Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 
the chapeau of Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by ordering the definitive collection of a 
provisional duty that is in excess of a correctly calculated dumping margin.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  ANNEX B -2 
SECOND EXECUTIVE SUM MARY OF THE  
ARGUMENTS OF INDONES IA  
Executive summary of  the second written submission  of Indonesia  
1. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. In its Second Written Submission, Indonesia further explains why it respectfully requests the 
Panel to find that the European Union 's anti -dumping measures on biodiesel imports from 
Indonesia are manifestly inconsistent with the provisions of the Agreement on Implementation of 
Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ( "Anti-Dumping Agreement ") and 
Article VI of the GATT 1994 .  
 
2. FAILURE TO CALCULATE  THE COST OF PRODUCTI ON ON THE BASIS OF THE 
RECORDS KEPT BY THE PRODUCERS: VIOLATION  OF ARTICLES 2.2 AND 2.2.1.1 OF 
THE ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT AN D ARTICLE VI:1(B)(II ) OF THE GATT 1994  
 
2. Indonesia notes that the substance of this first claim – the European Union 's decision to 
disregard the costs of CPO reflected in the producers ' records and the  resulting violation of 
Article  2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement – is indistinguishable from the EU 's decision to 
disregard Argentine exporting producers ' recorded costs of soybeans  found by the Panel and the 
Appellate Body to be in violation of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement in EU – 
Biodiesel .1 
 
3. In response to this claim, the European Union has remained silent . Accordingly, where one 
party files a claim and meets the requirement of the working procedures and due process, 
establishing a prima facie  case, and the other party does not respond, a panel must find in favour 
of the complaining party . A failure to engage  with and be responsive to a point raised by the other 
party is conceptually equivalent to a failure to appear.  
 
3. FAILURE TO CONSTRUCT  THE NORMAL VALUE ON THE BASIS OF THE COS T OF 
PRODUCTION OF BIODIE SEL IN THE COUNTRY O F ORIGIN, I.E. INDON ESIA: 
VIOLATIO N OF ARTICLE 2.2 OF THE ANT I-DUMPING AGREEMENT AN D 
ARTICLE  VI:1(B)(II) OF THE G ATT 1994  
 
4. This second claim is based on a set of circumstances essentially identical to the factual 
circumstances of Argentina 's claim under Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping A greement with respect 
to the European Union 's decision to substitute the cost of soybeans in the records of the Argentine 
exporting producers by an average of the FOB reference price . Both the Panel2 and the Appellate 
Body3 found the European Union 's appro ach in that respect to be inconsistent with Article 2.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
5. In response to this claim, the European Union has remained silent . Accordingly, where one 
party files a claim and meets the requirement of the working procedures and  due process, 
establishing a prima facie  case, and the other party does not respond, a panel must find in favour 
of the complaining party . A failure to engage with and be responsive to a point raised by the other 
party is conceptually equivalent to a failu re to appear.  
 
                                                
1 Indonesia FWS, para. 45.  
2 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.260.  
3 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , paras. 6.81 and 6.83.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  4. THE EUROPEAN UNION A CTED INCON SISTENTLY WITH ARTIC LES 2.2 
AND 2.2.2(III) OF THE AN TI-DUMPING AGREEMENT BY  (1) FAILING TO ESTAB LISH 
A CAP FOR THE PROFIT S AND (2) BY NOT BAS ING THE AMOUNTS FOR PROFITS ON 
A REASONABLE METHOD  
 
6. Indonesia wi shes to emphasize that Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
imposes two separate obligations, namely that (1) the amount for profits is determined on the 
basis of "any other reasonable method "; and (2) that this amount for profits must not exce ed the 
ceiling defined under this subparagraph, i.e. "the profit normally realized by other exporters or 
producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country 
of origin ".4 Therefore, the failure to calculate the cap in itself con stitutes a violation of 
Article  2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement as the Panel held in EU – Footwear (China) .5 
 
4.1. Failure by the European Union to calculate the cap mandated by Article 2.2.2(iii) of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
7. The European Union claims that it was not able to calculate the cap as the sampled 
companies did not have domestic sales in the ordinary course of trade of the same general 
category6 and there "cannot be an obligation on an investigating authority to calculate the profit 
cap when the necessary information for such calculation does not exist ".7   
 
8. First, the Panel held in EU – Footwear (China)  that it not being possible to establish the 
profit cap does not excuse a WTO Member from complying w ith the requirements of 
Article  2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . In this connection, Indonesia considers that, as 
explained in Indonesia 's reply to Question 5 by the Panel, the reference to "profit normally 
realized " in Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dump ing Agreement has no bearing on the obligation to 
calculate the cap . At most, the reference to "normally " qualifies the profit realized but not the 
obligation to calculate the profit cap itself .  
 
9. Second, Indonesia notes that it was only during the pres ent Panel proceeding that the 
European Union advanced the argument that it was not possible to establish the profit cap . 
Therefore, the European Union 's justification for its failure to calculate the cap – i.e. that sampled 
companies did not have domestic sales in the ordinary course of trade of the same general 
category – needs to be rejected as a post factum  justification.  
 
10. Third, Indonesia does not consider that it was not possible to establish the profit cap in the 
present investigation . Even assuming that the sampled Indonesian exporting producers did not 
have any sales of the same general category of products, Indonesia notes that there is nothing in 
the Anti-Dumping Agreement that prevents an investigating authority to seek to obtain th e 
necessary data from other producers in the exporting country . In this regard, Indonesia explained 
in its reply to Question 68 by the Panel that even if an investigating authority is unsuccessful in 
obtaining the data necessary to calculate the cap from o ther exporters or producers, it can still 
seek to obtain this information from publicly available sources .  
 
11. In the present case, however, there is no information on the record at all that the 
European  Union even attempted to contact (other) Indonesian  companies to provide information 
that would enable the European Union to calculate the cap . Likewise, there is no information on 
the record that the European Union has otherwise made any efforts to obtain data on the profits 
obtained by producers of the s ame general category of products . As noted by Indonesia in its 
replies to Questions 64 and 68 by the Panel, there is instead evidence on the record that the 
European Union did have the necessary data to calculate the cap but opted not to use this 
informati on.  
 
12. Finally, Indonesia submits that the European Union 's claimed impossibility to calculate the 
profit cap is due to the European Union 's own unwarranted limitation of the same general category 
of products to "other fuels ". As Indonesia noted in its reply to Question 69 by the Panel, the 
                                                
4 See Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.331. See also Panel Report, EC – Bed Linen , para. 6.97; 
Panel Report, Thailand – H-Beams , para. 7.124 and ft.151 to para. 7.124; and Panel Report, EU – Footwear 
(China) , para. 6.52.  
5 Panel Report, EU – Footwear (China) , para. 7.301.  
6 See EU FWS, paras. 39 and 50 -51. See also EU Oral Statement, para. 26.  
7 See EU Oral Statement, para. 25. See also EU Reply to Panel Questions, paras. 2, 5 and 7.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  European Union is defining the same general category of products in such a way that – in the end 
– no products are left within the same general category of products . This limitation has not o nly 
resulted in the illogical result that the scope of the product concerned is broader than the scope of 
the same general category of products but also, if one were to follow the European Union 's 
interpretation that an investigating authority is not under  an obligation to calculate the profit cap 
when the necessary data are not available, in a situation where the European Union escaped its 
obligations under Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement .  
 
4.2. The European Union did not apply a reasonab le method to calculate the profit 
margin  
 
13. Indonesia submits that by not considering all the available evidence before it and by not 
taking into account the factual differences between Argentine and Indonesian producers (although 
the European Union has  now acknowledged these differences), the European Union failed to 
determine the amount of profit based on a reasonable method as mandated by Article 2.2.2(iii) of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
14. The European Union argues that using a profit margin obtain ed by the same industry in 
another country during a different period as a starting point to determine the reasonable profit 
margin pursuant to Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreem ent is allowed as the 
Appellate  Body held in EU – Biodiesel  that dat a from outside the country of origin can be used . 
However, while the profits obtained by the European Union industry during the years 2005 -2006 
may possibly constitute a relevant starting point to determine the reasonable profit margin for 
Indonesian biodi esel producers, it may also be necessary to adapt this information/evidence 
obtained from a third country to approximate the profit margin that would have been realized if 
the product under consideration had been sold in the ordinary course of trade in the  exporting 
country.8 
 
4.3. Conclusion  
 
15. The European Union did not establish "the profit normally realized by other exporters or 
producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country 
of origin " as required und er Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and, consequently, 
did not ensure that the profit margin of 15% used for the calculation of the normal value for 
Indonesian producers did not exceed this level of profit.  
 
16. As a result of these violati ons of Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the 
European Union also acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement when 
determining the profit margin.  
 
5. FAILURE TO CONSTRUCT  THE EXPORT PRICE ON THE BASIS OF THE PRI CE AT 
WHICH THE IMPORTED B IODIESEL WAS FIRST R ESOLD TO INDEPENDENT  BUYERS 
IN THE EUROPEAN UNIO N: VIOLATION OF ARTI CLES 2.3 AND 2.4 OF THE ANTI -
DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
17. The European Union did not include the premium on account of double counting for sales 
made by a  related importer of the Indonesian company in the European Union, of biodiesel 
produced from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ( "PFAD") to the first independent customer in the 
European Union .  
 
18. The European Union considered that even if the premiums were in cluded in the export price, 
they would subsequently need to be deducted as a difference that affects price comparison under 
Article 2(10)(k) Basic Regulation (i.e. Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement).9 In this 
connection, it is important to note tha t the European Union in fact did not first include the "double 
counting premium " in the export price and did not thereafter deduct it from the export price to 
ensure price comparability.  
 
                                                
8 See in this connection Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel,  para. 7.347.  
9 Definitive Regulation, Exhibit IDN -2, recital 100.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  5.1. Interplay between Article 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
19. Indonesia considers that the European Union 's treatment of the "double counting premium " 
is an issue regarding the determination of the export price and thus falls under the disciplines of 
Article 2.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement as well as  the rules set out in the fourth and fifth 
sentences of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . Therefor e, the legality of the 
European  Union 's decision to exclude the "double counting premium " from the export price cannot, 
in principle, be assessed from the perspective of the rules applicable to allowances for differences 
affecting price comparability under Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
5.2. The "double counting premium " constitut es part of the price of the PFAD -based 
biodiesel  
 
20. The European Union has focused its defense under the present  claim on the fact that 
Article  2.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement refers to the price of the product (and not the 
premium), the price of what  is imported (i.e. the product and not the premium) and the price of 
what is resold (which is the product and not the premium).10 However, the European Union ignores 
that the related importer and the Italian customers contractually agreed that the premium i s 
payable for the biodiesel sold . In addition, as the European Union itself confirmed in the 
Provisional Regulation, the amount of the premium was intrinsically connected to the physical and 
technical characteristics of the product sold by the related impo rter. As specified in its reply to 
Question 78 by the Panel, Indonesia submits that given that the "double counting premium " was 
actually paid for the concerned transactions and is intrinsically linked to what was sold, the 
premium should be included in th e price at which the product was first resold .  
 
21. The only permitted deductions from the export price to arrive at the constructed export 
price are the deductions mentioned in the fourth sentence of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, that is, "allowances for costs, including duties and taxes, incurred between 
importation and resale, and for profits accruing ". As Indonesia explained in its reply to Question 33 
by the Panel, the "double counting premium " is not "a cost, including duty and taxes, in curred 
between importation and resale ". Likewise, the "double counting premium " cannot be taken into 
consideration as an allowance for "profits accruing " as the European Union had already deducted a 
notional 5% profit margin as an allowance.11  
 
5.3. The Eu ropean Union cannot rely on rules regarding differences that affect price 
comparability in Article 2.4 to justify a derogation from the rules in Article 2.3 and 
the fourth and fifth sentences of Article 2.4  
 
22. Indonesia submits that the legality of the E uropean Union 's decision to not include the 
"double counting premium " as part of the export price cannot be assessed from the perspective of 
the rules regarding differences that affect price comparability as set out in Article 2.4 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement as the European Union did not exclude the double counting premiu m from the 
export price on this basis.  
 
23. For the sake of argument, Indonesia notes that even if the "double counting premium " 
could be deducted from the export price on the basis of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, the inclusion of the "double  counting premium " in the export price and then its 
possible subsequent deduction under Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement could still have an 
impact on the final duty . Indonesia hereby explained in response to Question 81 by the Panel that 
under th e practice of the European Union, this impact entails that the inclusion of the premium 
results in a higher export price, which will in turn result in a lower injury margin and, therefore, 
possibly in a lower duty .  
 
5.4. Conclusion  
 
24. Indonesia submits that the European Union violated Article 2.3 and the fourth and fifth 
sentences of Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by failing to properly construct the export 
price as the starting point for the construction of the export price was incorrect . The  
European  Union failed to take into account and in fact artificially excluded the "double counting 
                                                
10 EU Reply to Panel Questions, para 45.  
11 Provisional Regulation, Exhibit IDN -1, recital 68 and Definitive Regulation, Exhibit IDN -2, recital 98.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  premium " from the resale prices charged by the related importer to independent customers in Italy 
for the sales of PFAD -based biodiesel . This resulted in the  unreasonable rejection of the actual 
resale price of the related importer and the use of a deflated starting point for the construction of 
the export price for the related importer which, in turn, resulted in an artificial reduction of the 
constructed exp ort price.  
 
6. CLAIMS REGARDING THE INJURY ASSESSMEN T: THE FINDINGS OF THE 
EUROPEAN  UNION IN RESPECT OF PRICE UNDERCUTTING ARE IN VIOLATION OF 
ARTICLES 3.1 AND 3.2 OF THE ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
6.1. Price comparability  
 
6.1.1.  The European Union's two-step approach for the price effects analysis 
is internally incoherent and does not solve the problem of non -comparability of 
prices on account of physical differences and significant volume differences  
 
25. The European Union identified that the price of Indonesian PME was not comparable to the 
price of the Union sales of CFPP 13°C biodiesel because of significant differences in volumes . To 
account for differences in volumes, the European Union used a "two-step" approach:  
 
 The European Union calculated  the price difference between CFPP 13 °C and CFPP 0 °C sales 
of the Union industry . The price difference amounted to 17.35%;  
 The European Union made an upward adjustment of 17.35% to the price of the Indonesian 
PME and compared the adjusted PME price to the average prices of the Union sales of 
CFPP 0°C biodiesel .  
 
26. This methodology is in breach of Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
because (1) through the use of "two-step" approach the European Union did not mitigate the 
problem of non -comparability of PME and Union biodiesel sales prices on account of significant 
differences in volume and (2) the calculation of the adjustment on account of physical differences 
between PME and CFPP 0°C biodiesel is internally incoherent and unreasonable.  
 
6.1.2.  Prices of Union sales of CFPP 13°C biodiesel cannot serve as the basis 
for the calculation of the adjustment on account of physical differences  
 
27. A price effects analysis should have been performed in respect of all or substantively all 
sales of the sampled Union producers . Such comparison would necessitate both an adjustment on 
account of physical differences and substitutability and price correlation analysis, as explained in 
more detail below . However, the price of the Union sales of CFPP 13°C biodiesel is not an 
appropriate starting point for calculating such adjustment on account of significant differences in 
quantities . 
 
28. There are additional reasons that disqualify the pr ice of the Union sales of 13°C biodiesel 
from being used as the basis for calculating the adjustment on account of physical differences . 
First, the European Union confirmed that it did not investigate the origin of the feedstock used to 
produce Union CFPP 13°C biodiesel.12 Second, the European Union itself acknowledged that the 
production of PME and SME in the European Union is uneconomical because of the high feedstock 
prices (inclusive of additional costs) and that it is much more economical to import the products.13 
 
6.1.3.  Failure to account for different CFPP va lues of the imported 
Indonesian  PME 
 
29. Indonesia notes that the CFPP values of PME from Indonesia in fact ranged from CFPP 7°C 
to CFPP 17°C . Around 19% of PME imports from Indonesian in the IP had CFPP values, other than 
CFPP 13°C . Yet all the prices of all imports of PME from Indonesia were adjusted by the same 
amount (17.35%) without regard to the actual CFPP values of the imported product.  
 
                                                
12 See EU Reply to Indonesia Questions, para. 5.  
13 Provisional Regulation, Exhibit IDN –1, recital 134.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  6.1.4.  Availability of alternative methods for the c alculation of the adjustment 
on account of physical differences  
 
30. The European Union claims that it calculated the adjustment on account of physical 
differences based on the price of the Union sales of CFPP 13°C biodiesel because it had no other 
data o n the basis of which such adjustment could have been calculated . Indonesia maintains, 
however, that such adjustment could have been made on the basis of the feedstock prices, as was 
the case in the US – Biodiesel  investigation.  
 
6.2. Finding of "significan t price undercutting " 
 
6.2.1.  The European Union 's finding of "significant price undercutting " even in 
respect of Union sales of CFPP 0°C biodiesel is limited to a simple mathematical 
comparison  
 
31. The European Union 's "price undercutting analysis " consisted of a simple mathematical 
comparison between the export price of PME and the price of the Union industry sales of CFPP 0°C 
biodiesel . The European Union did not provide any explanation as to the mechanism through which 
such a mathematical price difference could have had an impact on the price of CFPP 0°C biodiesel 
and failed to analyze the price trends over the period of investigation .  
 
32. The argument of the European Union that it complied with the requirements of Articles 3.1 
and 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement because it analyzed the market share of the subject 
imports from Indonesia14 is off the point . Indonesia 's argument is conce rned with the lack of a 
price correlation and substitutability analysis between two different products: Indonesian PME and 
Union industry CFPP 0°C biodiesel . Without such analysis, the finding of the European Union in 
respect of the price difference betwee n PME and Union produced CFPP 0°C biodiesel is limited to a 
mathematical comparison as opposed to a determination as to whether PME prices had any effects  
on the prices of the Union produced CFPP 0°C biodiesel.  
 
33. In Indonesia 's opinion, considering that  the price comparison was made between different 
types of biodiesel, the price effects analysis should have involved at the very least the following 
aspects:  
 
a. a discussion of the substitutability (including the extent of substitutability) between PME 
and CFPP 0 °C biodiesel ; 
b. a discussion of the price correlation between these two products; and  
c. the degree of the impact that movement of prices of imported PME might have on the 
Union sales of CFPP 0 °C biodiesel .  
 
6.2.2.  The European Union 's finding of "significant price undercutting " of 
Union sales of CFPP 0°C biodiesel is contradicted by the evidence on the 
investigation record  
 
34. The Union industry imported up to 60% of all imports in the IP of biodiesel from Argentina 
and Indonesia . Considering that the vast majority of Indonesian PME is bought by the Union 
producers and that the blends produced by the Union industry are priced at the same level, 
irrespective of whether Indonesian PME is incorporated in the blend or not, the evidence on  the 
investigation record shows that there is no price undercutting by PME of the prices of the Union 
sales of CFPP 0°C biodiesel .  
 
6.2.3.  The European Union failed to perform a dynamic assessment of price 
developments and trends in the relationship betwe en the prices of imported PME 
and Union sales of CFPP 0°C biodiesel over the duration of the POI  
 
35. As confirmed by the Appellate Body in China – HP-SSST (Japan) , the investigating 
authority must undertake a dynamic assessment of price developments and t rends in the 
relationship between the prices of the dumped imports and those of domestic like products over 
                                                
14 EU Oral Statement, para. 43.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  the duration of the POI .15 Indonesia specified in its reply to Question 106 by the Panel that the 
term "period of investigation " in this finding refers to the whole period of investigation in respect of 
injury .  
 
36. In the investigation at issue the period of investigation in respect of injury covered the 
period from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2012 . Yet, the European Union 's price undercutting 
analysis only covered the period of 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 . In this regard, Indonesia 
explained in its reply to Question 107 by the Panel that the European Union 's price undercutting 
analysis refers to the price comparison between PME and  CFPP 0°C biodiesel for the period of 
1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 only and, therefore, does not constitute an analysis of price trends 
over the entire period of investigation in respect of injury.  
 
6.2.4.  The European Union "price effects " analysis was lim ited to a mere 37% 
of the sales of the sampled Union producers and did not assess the significance of 
price undercutting for the remaining 63% of the sales of the Union industry  
 
37. In its responses to the questions posed by the Panel, the European Union confirmed that its 
price effects analysis concerned only 37% of the sales of the sampled Union companies . As 
confirmed by the Appellate Body, for the purpose of the price effect analysis and the consideration 
of "significant price undercutting ", an investi gating authority is obliged to assess the significance of 
price undercutting by the dumped imports in relation also to the proportion of the domestic 
production, in respect of which no strict mathematical price comparison has been made . The 
European Union should have, therefore, assessed the "significance " of the price undercutting also 
in relation to the remaining 63% of the sales of the Union industry .  
 
6.2.5.  Conclusion  
 
38. In light of the foregoing, Indonesia submits that the findings of the European Union in 
respect of the price effects of allegedly dumped Indonesian and Argentine imports and in 
particular, the findings of the European Union in respect of the price undercutting, were not based 
on an objective examination of positive evidence as mandat ed by Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement.  
 
7. THE EUROPEAN UNION A CTED INCONSISTENTLY WITH ARTICLE 9.3 OF THE ANTI -
DUMPING AGREEMENT AN D ARTICLE VI:2 OF TH E GATT 1994 IN IMPOS ING AND 
LEVYING ANTI -DUMPING DUTIES IN EX CESS OF THE MARGIN O F DUMPING THAT 
SHOULD HAVE BEEN EST ABLISHED IN ACCORDAN CE WITH ARTICLE 2 OF  THE 
ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
39. Indonesia demonstrated that, in determining the amount of the dumping margin, the 
European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 2.2. 2(iii), 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement and with Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994 . Indonesia submits that, through 
these violations, the European Union imposed on Indonesian producers an anti -dumping duty 
exceeding the margin of dumping established in compliance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement . This constitutes a violation of Article 9.3 of the Ant i-Dumping Agreement and 
Article  VI:2 of the GATT 1994.  
 
40. The European Union did not provide any defence or explanations with respect to the se 
claims . Accordingly, where one party files a claim and meets the requirement of the working 
procedures and due process, establishing a prima facie  case, and the other party does not 
respond, a panel must find in favour of the complaining party . A failur e to engage with and be 
responsive to a point raised by the other party is conceptually equivalent to a failure to appear.  
 
                                                
15 Appellate Body Report, China – HP-SSST (Japan) , para.  5.161. In China – HP-SSST (Japan) , the 
period of  investigation (POI) for the determination of dumping was from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, and 
the POI for the determination of injury was from 1 January 2008 to 30 June 2011. See ibid., ft. 20.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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  8. INCONSISTENT APPLICA TION AND DEFINITIVE COLLECTION OF PROVIS IONAL 
ANTI -DUMPING DUTIES: ARTI CLES 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 A ND 9.3 (CHAPEAU) O F THE ANTI -
DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
41. Indonesia has explained that it does not challenge the provisionally estimated dumping 
margin and the imposition of the provisional duties as such  but rather that part of the Definitive 
Regulation that ordered the definitive collection of the provisional duties.16 In its reply to 
Question  111 by the Panel, Indonesia clarified that it does not seek any findings in respect of the 
Provisional Regulation  but instead seeks a finding that the European Union incorrectly (imposed 
and) definitively collected a provisional anti -dumping duty in excess of the actual provisional 
margin of dumping in the Definitive Regulation.  
 
42. This does not mean, however, that  Article 7 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement is irrelevant . 
Indeed, Indonesia does challenge that part of the Definitive Regulation that ordered the collection 
of the provisional duties . Those provisional duties were established pursuant to Article 7 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement and, therefore, Article 7 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement remains 
relevant.  
 
8.1. Legal claims  
 
43. As confirmed by various panels and the Appellate Body, the basic rules for all aspects of 
the determination of dumping are set out in Art icle 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.17 
Furthermore, as noted by the panel in US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) , "any 'margin of dumping ' 
calculated or relied upon by an investigating authority in the context of the application of the 
disciplines of the Agreement must be calculated consistently with Article 2 and its various 
paragraphs ".18 
 
44. It follows that, both the "preliminary affirmative determination " of "dumping " and the 
calculation of the "provisionally estimated margin of dumping " should be made in compliance  with 
the rules set out in Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . Therefore, as per Article 7.2 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement, the provisional duty may not exceed the provisionally estimated margin 
of dumping determined in compliance with the rules set o ut in Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement.  
 
8.2. Interpretation of "provisionally estimated margin of dumping " in Article 7.2  
 
45. In interpreting the terms "provisionally estimated margin of dumping " in Article 7.2 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement, the European Union solely focuses on the "provisionally estimated " part 
of that phrase.  
 
46. Indonesia acknowledges that the phrase "provisionally estimated " reflects the fact that the 
burden of proof on an investigating authority at the provisional stage may be different and less 
onerous than the burden of proof which an investigating authority should meet in order to impose 
definitive anti -dumping duties . However, the provisionally estimated margin of dumping should 
still be calculated in compliance with the disciplines set out in Article 2, albeit on the basis of the 
totality of evidence before the investigating authority at the time when the provisional mea sures 
are imposed . Had this not been the case, Article 7.1(ii) and the condition in Article 7.2 that 
"provisional measures " should not exceed "the provisionally estimated margin of dumping " would 
be rendered inutile .  
 
8.3. Relevance of Article 10.3 of the  Anti-Dumping Agreement  
 
47. The European Union has argued that the relevant provision is Article 10.3 (as well as 
Article 10.5) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement .  
 
48. Indonesia does not dispute that Article 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement is of relevance  
to the present claim . However, the fact that Indonesia did not claim a violation of Article 10.3 of 
                                                
16 See Indon esia Oral Statement, para. 59. See also Indonesia Reply to Questions, paras. 95 -96. 
17 Panel Report, Mexico – Anti-Dumping Measures on Rice , para. 7.139; Panel Report, US – Hot-Rolled 
Steel, paras. 7.115, 7.116.  
18 Panel Report, US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) , para.  7.213. (emphasis added).  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-21 - 
 
  the Anti -Dumping Agreement does not mean that the European Union did not violate Articles 7.1, 
7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
49. In this  connection, Indonesia notes that by relying on Article 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, the European Union is reading into Article 7.2 an exception that does not exist, 
namely that if the definitive anti -dumping duty is higher than the provisional duty  based on an 
inconsistent determination of the margin of dumping, such an erroneously calculated provisional 
anti-dumping duty may still be definitively collected . However, there is nothing in Article 10.3 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement to suggest that Arti cle 10.3 can serve as an exception to the 
obligations in Article 7.2, i.e. that the provisional duty cannot exceed the provisionally estimated 
margin of dumping in the first place.  
 
8.4. The relevance of an Article 2 claim for claiming a violation of Artic le 7.2  
 
50. In its replies to the Panel 's Questions, the European Union repeatedly argues that a party 
wishing to make a representation about some element of the provisional determination, would 
have to invoke Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and th at Indonesia did not do so.19 
 
51. Indonesia does not consider that it was necessary to include a violation of Article 2 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement in its request for consultations and the request for the establishment of 
the Panel, because Indonesia req uests findings that the European Union violated Articles 7.1, 7.2, 
9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
8.5. Conclusion  
 
52. In light of the foregoing, Indonesia submits that the European Union acted inconsistently 
with Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 9 .3 (chapeau) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement because it applied 
and definitively collected a provisional anti -dumping duty on imports from one exporting 
Indonesian producer in excess of the provisionally estimated margin of dumping for this exporting 
produce r.  
                                                
19 See EU Reply to Panel Questions, paras. 77, 79, 80, 84 and 86.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-22 - 
 
  Executive summary of statement of Indonesia at second  meeting of the P anel 
I Failure to calculate the cost of production on the basis of the records kept by the 
producers  
 
1. Indonesia submits that the EU acted inconsistently with the obligation laid down in the first 
sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement (and therefore also with Article 2.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement and with Article VI :1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994) since it did not 
calculate the costs of production of the Indonesian exporting producers on the basis of the records 
kept by these producers .  
 
2. As of today, the European Union has not rebutted this claim by Indonesia and has remained 
silent . The EU has neither put forward a defence nor has it contested the factual description of 
Indonesia . This claim by Indonesia must therefore succeed.  
 
II Failure to construct the normal value on the basis of the cost of production in 
Indones ia 
 
3. This second claim is similar to Indonesia 's first claim under Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement and is based on a set of circumstances essentially identical to the factual 
circumstances of Argentina 's claim under Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement with respect 
to the European Union 's decision to substitute the cost of soybeans in the records of the Argentine 
exporting producers by an average of the FOB reference price . Indonesia recalls that both the 
Panel1 and the Appellate Body2 found the European Union 's approach in that respect to be 
inconsistent with Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . Indonesia considers that the 
European Union 's approach to substitute the CPO costs in the records of the Indonesian exporting 
producers w ith the reference price should be likewise found to be inconsistent with Article 2.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
4. Again, the European Union has remained silent . Accordingly, where one party files a claim 
and meets the requirement of the working proce dures and due process, establishing a prima facie  
case, and the other party does not respond, a panel must find in favour of the complaining party.3 
A complete failure to engage with and be responsive to a point raised by the other party is 
conceptually eq uivalent to a failure to appear.  
 
III Incorrect determination of the profit  
 
5. As a third claim, Indonesia has previously explained that the method applied by the 
European Union to calculate profits for the Indonesian exporting producers was inconsistent with 
Article 2.2 and Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement in that the European Union failed 
to calculate the cap for profits and, consequently, ensure that the profit margin did not exceed 
such a cap . In addition, the amounts of profits establi shed were not determined on the basis of a 
reasonable method.  
 
6. Indonesia wishes to emphasize that Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
imposes two separate obligations, namely that (1) the amount for profits is determined on the 
basis of "any other reasonable method "; and (2) that this amount for profits must not exceed the 
ceiling defined under this subparagraph, i.e. "the profit normally realized by other exporters or 
producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domest ic market of the country 
of origin ".4 Therefore, the failure to calculate the cap in itself con stitutes a violation of 
Article  2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement as the panel held in EU – Footwear (China) .5 
 
                                                
1 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.260.  
2 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , paras. 6.81 and 6.83.  
3 See for example US – Wool Shirts and Blouses . 
4 See Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.331. See also Panel Report, EC – Bed Linen , para. 6.97; 
Panel Report, Thailand – H-Beams , para. 7.124 and ft.151 to para. 7.124; and Panel Report, EU – Footwear 
(China) , para. 6.52.  
5 Panel Report, EU – Footwear (C hina), para. 7.301.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-23 - 
 
  III.1 Failure to calculate the cap mandate d by Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
7. Indonesia notes that the European Union 's position is that it was not possible to calculate 
the cap and that, therefore, there was no obligation to comply with this obligation . Indonesia 
disagrees with the European Union 's position for the following reasons.  
 
8. First, Indonesia considers that an alleged impossibility to establish the profit cap does not 
excuse a WTO member from complying with the requirements of Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -
Dumpi ng Agreement . In EU – Footwear , the panel explicitly held that "even assuming it to be the 
case that relevant data on the basis of which the cap could be calculated was not available to the 
Commission in this case, we fail to see how this discharges the Co mmission from complying with 
the requirements of the AD Agreement".6 In this respect, Indonesia notes that the reference to 
"profit normally realized " in Article 2.2.2(iii) has no bearing at all on the obligation on an 
investigating authority to calculate the cap.  
 
9. Second, Indonesia does not agree it was not possible to calculate the profit cap in the 
present investigation and, in any event, prior to the present Panel proceeding, the European Union 
never made this argument . Even assuming that the sampled  exporting producers did not have any 
sales of the same general category of products – which Indonesia denies – there is nothing in the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement that prevents an investigating authority to seek to obtain the necessary 
data elsewhere.  
 
10. Finally, the European Union 's claimed impossibility to calculate the profit cap is due to the 
European Union 's own limitation of the same general category of products to "other fuels " and its 
disregard of data of sales of blends of biodiesel and mineral dies el. Indonesia considers that 
limiting the scope of the same general category of products to only "other fuels " was biased and 
subjective and resulted in a (intended or not) non -compliance with Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement.  
 
III.2 The Eu ropean Union did not apply a reasonable method to calculate the profit margin  
 
11. As the presence of the cap in Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement is the only 
objective criterion to measure the reasonability of the method used to determine t he profit margin 
and the European Union failed to calculate this cap, Indonesia submits that whether the method 
used by the European Union to determine the profit margin is a reasonable method warrants extra 
scrutiny.  
 
12. Indonesia hereby concludes that b y failing to consider all the available evidence before it, 
particularly taking into account the now acknowledged factual differences (and especially the lower 
short and medium term borrowing rate) between Argentine and Indonesian producers, the 
European U nion failed to determine the amount of profit based on reasonable method.  
 
IV Claims regarding the determination of the export price  
 
13. Indonesia submits that the European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreemen t by failing to construct the export price for one exporter on the basis 
of the price at which the imported biodiesel was first resold to an independent buyer in the EU.  
 
14. During the course of the present proceedings, it has become clear that although the 
European Union suggested that the "double counting premium " would have to be deducted again 
had it been included in the export price as an allowance necessary in order to t ake account for 
differences that affect price comparability, the European Union in fact did not include the "double 
counting premium " in the export price in the first place as opposed to deducting it from the export 
price to ensure price comparability.7 
 
15. Considering the different subject matter of Articles 2.3 (including the fourth and 
fifth sentences of Article 2.4) and Article 2.4, the rules regarding differences that affect price 
comparability in Article 2.4 cannot serve as a justification for a der ogation from the rules of 
Article  2.3 as held by the panels in EU – Biodiesel  and EU – Footwear . 
                                                
6 Ibid., para. 7.300.  
7 See EU 's reply to question 34 of the Panel.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-24 - 
 
  16. The European Union has now focused its defense under the present claim on the fact that 
Article 2.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement refers to (1) the price o f the product (and not the 
premium): (2) the price of what is imported (i.e. the product and not the premium) and; (3) the 
price of what is resold (which is the product and not the premium).8 Indonesia submits, however, 
that the "double counting premium " is part of the "price at which the imported products are first 
resold " and that, therefore, the European Union 's non -inclusion of the "double counting premium " 
as part of the resales price was neither proper nor reasoned and adequate and hence entirely 
inconsistent with Article 2.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
V Claims regarding the injury assessment  
 
17. Indonesia submits that the European Union 's price effects analysis falls foul of the 
requirements in Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement principally for two main 
reasons . First, the European Union did not establish significant price undercutting by the PME 
imports of the Union industry sales . Instead, the European Union 's analysis was confined to a 
mathematical comparison between the price of the imported biodiesel and the sale price of one 
type of biodiesel sold by the Union industry . Second, even this mechanical comparison was riddled 
with internal inconsistencies and errors .  
 
V.1 Price comparability  
 
18. Instead of comparing the PME pric es directly with the prices of the Union industry sales of 
biodiesel with CFPP 13°C, the European Union used its so -called two -step approach . The 
cornerstone of this approach is that the European Union compared the prices of the Union 
producer 's sales of b iodiesel of CFPP 13°C and CFPP 0°C and determined that the observed 
difference would be used as an adjustment on account of physical differences.  
 
19. Indonesia submits that the issue of price comparability also arises when comparing the price 
of Union pro ducers ' sales of CFPP 13°C biodiesel with CFPP 0°C biodiesel . If anything, the two -step 
approach taken by the European Union exacerbated the problem of price comparability . First, it did 
not solve the problem of price comparability on account of difference s in volumes . Second, it 
necessitated making an adjustment on account of physical differences.  
 
V.2 Price undercutting  
 
20. As confirmed by the Appellate Body in China – HP-SSST (Japan) , the investigating 
authority 's finding of the "significant " price undercutting is that of an effect  of the dumped imports 
on the domestic prices.9  Thus, Indonesia understands this requirement to necessitate a thoughtful 
and thorough analysis of the impact of the price of the imported product on the price of the 
domestic product taking into account the specifics of the case.  
 
21. Contrary to this requirement, the finding of the European Union in respect of the price 
difference between PME and Union produced CFPP 0°C biodiesel is limited to a mathematical 
comparison  as opposed to a determination as to whether PME prices had any effects  on the prices 
of the Union produced CFPP 0°C biodiesel or Union produced biodiesel generally.  
 
22. As explained in Indonesia 's written submission, the two products, PME and Union indus try 
biodiesel with CFPP 0 have noticeably different physical characteristics, considerable price 
differences and different modes of use . Considering that the price comparison was made between 
different types of biodiesel, the price effects analysis should have involved at the very least the 
following aspects:  
 
 a discussion of the substitutability (including the extent of substitutability) between PME 
and CFPP 0 °C biodiesel ; 
 a discussion of the price correlation between these two products; and  
 the degree of the impact that movement of prices of imported PME might have on the 
Union producers ' sales of CFPP 0°C biodiesel.  
 
                                                
8 EU Reply to Panel Questions, para 45.  
9 Appellate Body Report, China – HP-SSST (Japan) , para. 5.180.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-25 - 
 
  VI Consequential violations  
 
23. Indonesia submits that, through these violations, the European Union imposed on 
Indonesian producers an ant i-dumping duty exceeding the margin of dumping established in 
compliance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . This constitutes a violation of Article 9.3 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994 . The European Union did not 
provide any defence or explanations with respect to these claims.  
 
VII Collection of duties that were never owed  
 
24. The European Union ordered the definitive collection of the provisional duty for one company 
even though the European Union knew at that ti me that the correct provisional dumping margin 
was lower than the provisional duty it ordered to be definitively collected.  
 
25. Although Indonesia has previously explained that it does not challenge the provisionally 
estimated dumping margin and the impos ition of the provisional duties as such , that does not 
mean that Article 7 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement is irrelevant . Indeed, Indonesia does challenge 
that part of the Definitive Regulation that ordered the collection of the provisional duties, which 
were established pursuant to Article 7 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement . Therefore, Article 7 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement remains relevant.  
 
26. Article 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement states that the provisional duty cannot be higher 
than the provisionally estimated margin of dumping . By virtue of the opening phrase of Article 2.1 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and as confirmed in WTO jurisprudence, the definition of "margin 
of dumping " applies in the same manner throughout the Anti -Dumping Agreement and does  not 
vary under the various provisions of the Agreement.10 Furthermore, as noted by the panel in US – 
Shrimp (Viet Nam) , "any 'margin of dumping ' calculated or relied upon by an investigating 
authority in the context of the application of the disciplines of  the Agreement must be calculated 
consistently with Article 2 and its various paragraphs ".11 
 
27. In this connection, Indonesia also submits that, contrary to the newly raised claim by the 
European Union, it was not necessary to include a violation of Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement because Indonesia requests findings that the European Union violated Articles 7.1, 7.2, 
9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
28. Finally, in reply to the European Union 's claim that the relevant article in thi s context is 
Article 10.3 (and 10.5) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, Indonesi a does not dispute that 
Article  10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement is of relevance to the present claim . However, the fact 
that Indonesia did not claim a violation of Article 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement does not 
mean that the European Union did not violate Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement.  
 
VIII Conclusions  
 
29. For the reasons set out above, Indonesia submits that the European Union has acted 
inconsistently with Articles 2.2.1.1, 2.2, 2.2.2(iii), 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and 
Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994 in the determination of the dumping margi n as well as 
Article  9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GA TT 1994 by imposing a duty 
above the dumping margin calculated in accordance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
30. In addition, Indonesia submits that the European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 3.1 
and 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreem ent in its injury determination as well as with Articles 7.1, 
7.2, 9.2 and the chapeau of Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by ordering the definitive 
collection of a provisional duty that is in excess of a correctly calculated dumping margin.  
 
 
                                                
10 See Appellate Body Report, US – Continued Zeroing , para. 286. S ee also Appellate Body Report, US – 
Zeroing (Japan) , para.109 and Appellate Body Report, US – Stainless Steel (Mexico) , paras. 94 and 96.  
11 Panel Report, US – Shrimp (Viet Nam) , para. 7.213. (emphasis added).  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-26 - 
 
  ANNEX B -3 
FIRST EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF THE EUR OPEAN UNION  
I. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. The European Union notes that Indonesia has maintained in its first written submission only 
certain as applied claims raised in the panel request and it has completely abandoned its as such 
claims. Accordingly, the European Union considers that there is no longer any basis for the Panel 
to rule on the substance of those claims.  
 
II. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESEL  
 
1. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE CALCULATION OF TH E COST OF PRODUCTION  ON THE BASIS OF 
THE RECORDS KEPT BY THE PRODUCERS (ARTICLES 2.2 AND 2.2.1.1  OF THE ANTI-DUMPING 
AGREEMENT AND ARTICLE VI:1( B)(II) OF THE GATT  1994)  
 
2. Indonesia claims th at in the biodiesel investigation the IA incorrectly rejected, for the 
purposes of constructing the normal value, the data included in the records of the producers, 
although these records were in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles  and 
reasonably reflected the costs associated with the production and sale of biodiesel. Indonesia 
submits that this is inconsistent with Articles 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and 
with Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994 . 
 
3. However, th e European Union does not agree with Indonesia 's presentation of the legal 
assessment in EU – Biodiesel , and reminds the Panel that it has requested in EU – Biodiesel  that 
other aspects in Article 2.2.1.1 not pertaining to that case should not be subject t o a legal 
assessment. The Appellate Body took note of that request and it mentioned in EU – Biodiesel  that 
for the purpose of resolving the dispute it is the meaning of this condition that must be 
ascertained, and not whether there are other circumstances in which the obligation in 
the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 would not apply . 
 
4. For similar reasons, the European Union submits that the respective interpretative question 
is not within the scope of the present proceedings.  
 
5. The European Union rec alls that the IA decided the re -opening of the investigation also with 
respect to Indonesia through the Commission Notice of initiation regarding the anti -dumping 
measures in force on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, following t he 
recommendations and rulings adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade 
Organisation in the EU – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel  dispute (DS473). That Notice 
expressly provides that "the legal interpretations contained in the Reports ap pear to be also 
relevant for the investigation concerning Indonesia ". 
 
2. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE CONSTRUCTION OF T HE NORMAL VALUE FOR THE INDONESIAN 
PRODUCERS UNDER INVE STIGATION ON THE BAS IS OF THE COST OF PR ODUCTION OF BIODIESE L IN THE 
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (ARTICLE 2.2 OF THE ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT AND ARTICLE VI:1( B)(II) 
OF THE GATT  1994)  
 
6. Indonesia claims that the European Union constructed the normal value of the Indonesian 
investigated producers by replacing the costs of CPO inscribed in the  records of the exporting 
producers with the reference export price, which is different from the cost of production in the 
country of origin .  
 
7. With respect to the legal standard, the European Union highlights that the Appellate Body 
has found that Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the 
GATT  1994 do not contain additional words or qualifying language limiting the sources of 
evidence to only those sources inside the country of origin . The reference to "in the country 
of origin", in turn, suggests that information or evidence from outside the country of origin WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-27 - 
 
  may need to be adapted in order to ensure that it is suitable to determine a "cost of 
production " "in the country of origin ". It recalled that Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti-Dumping 
Agreement identifies the "records kept by the exporter or producer under investigation " as the 
preferred source for cost of production data to be used in such calculation.  
 
8. The European Union does not consider that the first sentence of Ar ticle 2.2.1.1 precludes 
information from other sources from being used in certain circumstances. Indeed, it is clear to us 
that, in some circumstances, the information in the records kept by the exporter or producer under 
investigation may need to be analy sed or verified using documents, information, or evidence from 
other sources, including from sources outside the country of origin. While such documents, 
information, or evidence are from outside the country of origin, they would, nonetheless, be 
relevant to the calculation of the cost of production in the country of origin . 
 
9. The European Union reiterates that the IA decided the re -opening of the investigation also 
with respect to Indonesia through the Commission Notice of initiation regarding the anti -dumping 
measures in force on imports of biodiesel originating in Argentina and Indonesia, following the 
recommendations and rulings adopted by the Dispute Set tlement Body of the 
World  Trade  Organisation in the EU – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel  dispute  (DS473). In 
these circumstances the European Union makes the same comments as are set out above with 
respect to the preceding claim.  
 
3. THE EUROPEAN UNION DID NOT ACT INC ONSISTENTLY WITH ARTICLES 2.2 AND 2.2.2( III) OF THE 
ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT WHEN REAS ONABLY ESTABLISHING PROFITS IN CONSTRUCT ING THE 
NORMAL VALUE FOR THE  INDONESIAN PRODUCERS UNDER INVESTIGATION  
 
10. Indonesia disputes the fact that the respective profit margin was not established in relation 
to a ceiling taking into account the "profit no rmally realized by other exporters or producers on 
sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin ". 
 
11. Indonesia errs. Article 2.2.2 addresses two different scenarios. In a first scenario, the 
amounts for p rofits shall be based on actual data pertaining to "the production and sales in the 
ordinary course of trade of the like product by the exporter or producer under investigation " (the 
preferred method). When there are no such sales in the ordinary course of trade, then there are 
several alternatives (the second scenario), of which the last one refers to "any other reasonable 
method ". 
 
12. There is no doubt that we are in the secon d scenario  in the present case. The 
third alternative method is different from the preferred method and from the first two alternative 
methods. The third alternative method does not mention the source of the data that may be used. 
Instead, it permits an IA  to calculate profit amounts based on "any other reasonable method. " 
 
13. The European Union agrees that Article 2.2.2 does not limit the application of "any other 
reasonable method " to data from any particular market (a particular country), but the constr ucted 
normal value must be representative of the price of the like product (biodiesel).  
 
14. The European Union will start, first, by recalling that the first two possibilities mentioned in 
Article 2.2.2 were not available in the investigation at issue.  
 
15. Second , the European Union will analyse whether the amounts for profits were determined 
on the basis of "any other reasonable method " within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii) of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement.  
 
16. Under Article 2.2.2(iii) it is not necess ary to search for a particular methodology, as it is 
sufficient to follow a reasonable approach. Indeed, Article 2.2.2(iii) does not state that only one 
single method is suitable to calculate the profit margin.  
 
17. In this respect, the IA 's findings regar ding the profit margin of the Indonesian producers are 
explained in the Definitive Regulation at recital 84.  
 
18. The European Union submits that the method on which the determination of the profit 
margin was based took into account  the following elements . 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-28 - 
 
  19. First, the figure was appropriate on the basis of the reasonable amount of profit that a 
relatively young, capital -intensive industry of this type under normal conditions of competition in a 
free and open market could achieve in Indonesia.  
 
20. Secon d, each assessment is made on a case -by-case basis and on its own merits; the 
economic situation of Indonesian palm oil producers is different from that of Argentinian soya bean 
producers.  
 
21. Third, the 15% figure was not out of line with that adopted in  other investigations.  
 
22. Fourth , the short and medium term borrowing rate in Indonesia was around 12%, and it was 
reasonable to expect biodiesel producing companies to obtain a profit margin that exceeded this 
level. The medium -term borrowing rate has not been used by the IA to construct a profit margin, 
but simply as an additional tool to verify ex post  the reasonableness of the profit margin. This is 
precisely what is required by Article 2.2.2(iii). The simple fact that the World Bank indicator for 
short and medium -term borrowing rates was lower for Indonesia (12%) than for Argentina (14%) 
cannot invalidate the reasonableness of testing the profit margin against such a benchmark and 
the reasonableness of the profit margin as such.  
 
23. The European Uni on posits that this represents a "method " for the calculation of the profits 
that is "reasonable ".  
 
24. The interested parties ' analysis of profit margins did not provide any further information that 
would have allowed the IA to reasonably reconsider its own analysis. Credit cost adjustments of an 
individual company cannot be used to establish a reasonable profit margin.  
 
25. Even if it was not explicitly mentioned in the measure at issue, the profit realized by three of 
the Indonesian producers was actual ly higher than 15%, while for the fourth producer it was only 
slightly lower.  
 
26. The European Union reiterates that the World Bank data on the short and medium -term 
borrowing rate in Indonesia was only used in order to confirm  the reasonableness of the 1 5% 
profit margin, rather than to determine  that margin. As the panel has found in EU – Biodiesel , the 
European Union used a reasonable method with respect to determining the profit margin in that 
case. Similarly, in the present case the Panel should also find that the European Union used a 
reasonable method with respect to determining the profit margin regarding the products under 
investigation from Indonesia.  
 
27. Third, with regard to Indonesia 's claim that the IA failed to calculate the cap for profits and 
ensure that the profit margin did not exceed such a cap, the Euro pean Union recalls that 
Article  2.2.2(iii) requires that the amount for profit "shall not exceed " the cap. The provision does 
not require the express explanation for calculating such a ca p, as Indonesia contends in its first 
written submission. In that respect, an IA may in fact not exceed such a cap even absent any 
express references to its calculations in the measure at issue.  
 
28. Indonesia agrees, so there is no dispute between the par ties, that there may be instances 
when it is impossible to establish a cap. Defending Members cannot be required to do something 
that is impossible. This is informed by the chapeau  to Article 2.2.2 and the phrase "cannot be 
determined on this basis ". 
 
29. "Normally " means that there may be circumstances which are not normal, in which some or 
all of the data should not and, indeed, cannot be used. One example can be a statistical outlier – 
that is, something that would be aberrational and abnormal, and there fore could not be used. The 
European Union believes that there might be other circumstances which are not normal. For 
example, all of the data might be obviously distorted by some act of the State – such as, for 
example, an act artificially deeming a parti cular profit without any basis in fact. Conceptually, 
there is little if any difference between the situation in which the data set is entirely populated with 
data that is abnormal and therefore must be rejected and the situation in which there is no data at 
all. Thus, the term "normally " confirms that, in such a situation, an IA does not have to calculate a 
profit cap – because it does not have to do something that is impossible.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-29 - 
 
  30. The same data point could be, as a matter of fact, simultaneously not in  the ordinary course 
of trade, and not "normal " within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii), a proposition with which 
Indonesia agrees. Accordingly, data which is not "normal " within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii) 
should not be taken into account by an IA when considering "the same general category of 
products ". Only this way the method can be deemed "reasonable " within the meaning of the same 
provision.  
 
31. The approach of the IA is explained in particular in recital 9 et seq. of the Provisional 
Regulatio n. The IA announced in the notice of initiation that it might limit to a reasonable number 
the exporting producers in Indonesia, by selecting a sample in accordance with Article 17 of the 
Basic Regulation.  
 
32. In accordance with Article 17(1) of the Basic Regulation, the IA selected a sample of four 
exporting producers based on the largest representative volume of exports of the product 
concerned to the European Union.  
 
33. It could be argued that the IA could have looked for data from other exporters or producers 
of the same general category of products in the domestic market of the country of origin that were 
not subject to the investigation. On the other hand, how could the IA have asked for data on profit 
margins from exporters or producers of products of the same general category in Indonesia that 
were not subject to the investigation? No producers of products of the same general category 
came forward and provided data.  
 
34. Indonesia claims that "the same general category of products " was construed too narrowly 
by the IA and that it should include other oleochemicals.  
 
35. While the text of Article 2.2.2 does not provide any elaboration as to the definition of "the 
same general category of products, " its chapeau  and overall structure provide certain guidance. 
The European Union recalls that the panel in Thailand — H-Beams  has found that the broader "the 
same general category of products ", the more products other than the like product will be 
included, and t hus there will be more potential for the constructed normal value to be 
unrepresentative of the price of the like product. Therefore, "the use even of the narrowest 
general category that includes the like product is permitted ". 
 
36. A range of factors are relevant to the determination that a product does or does not belong 
to "the same general category of products " for the purpose of Article 2.2.2. An IA is entitled to 
focus on the demand side – this is a classic approach to such issues.  
 
37. The European Union does not agree with the broad approach proposed by Indonesia. For the 
purpose of the investigation at issue, "the same general category of products " with biodiesel may 
not be other oleochemicals, irrespective of their end uses, which may  constitute a different market 
and have a different profit margin. The evidence provided by the Wilmar Group proves that the 
profit margin for those oleochemicals is much smaller than the profit margin for biodiesel and thus 
it is not relevant for biodiese l products.  
 
38. It is perfectly possible for the product scope of an investigation to include A and B (such as 
salmon and fillets) without that necessarily meaning that A and B are in the same general category 
of products.  
 
39. It is logic, as the case -law mentions, that "the same general category of products " is 
narrowly defined, as the very rationale of employing this method is to construct a representative 
profit, as close to the one achieved in normal market conditions. To the contrary, the prevention of 
circumvention requires a broader approach to the similarities of different products. The narrowest 
approach possible in this case would leave aside products which may be used so as to circumvent 
the duties imposed (Definitive Regulation, recitals 23 -24). This appro ach is similar to the 
Appellate  Body's finding that '[t]he accordion of "likeness " stretches and squeezes in different 
places as different provisions of the WTO Agreement are applied '. 
 
40. Finally, please also be mindful of the standard of rev iew under Article 17(6)(i). Indonesia 
has not demonstrated that the IA 's establishment of the facts was improper or that its evaluation 
of those facts was biased and lacked objectivity. Pursuant to th e standard of review in WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-30 - 
 
  Article  17(6)(i) the Panel must therefore reject the claim, even if the Panel considers that it might 
have reached a different conclusion. The Panel must not attempt to step into the shoes of the IA.  
 
41. Accordingly, the IA was not able to calculate a cap for profits and then ensure tha t the profit 
margin did not exceed such a cap. Thus, the reasonable profit margin of 15% fulfils the conditions 
laid down in Article 2.2.2(iii).  
 
4. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS IN RELATION  TO THE EXPORT PRICE (DOUBLE COUNTING ) 
 
42. Indonesia claims that with respec t to one Indonesian exporting producer, the IA acted 
inconsistently with Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by failing to construct the 
export price on the basis of the price at which the imported biodiesel was first resold to an 
independen t buyer in the European Union.  
 
43. Responding to comments by the Musim Mas Group, the IA explained that, adding the 
premium to the export price under Article 2.3 would then require an un -adjustment to be made 
pursuant to Article 2.4, as the European Union  will further explain.  
 
44. The European Union submits that the IA correctly did not include the double counting 
premium in the export price, as the respective amount would in any event have to be deducted as 
a difference that affects price comparability.  
 
45. First, the premium has no link to the export price, and it is not part of the price charged to 
the first independent buyer within the meaning of Article 2.3. The double counting premium is a 
separate allowance and not part of the export price. It is because of the Italian State intervention 
that the respective product is double counted and thus subj ect to a premium on the 
Italian  market. The respective premium is a consequence of state intervention and not part of the 
price within the meaning of Artic le 2.3. The existence of the premium is determined by the State, 
while the amount (that is, the price of the premium) is calibrated by the market through 
negotiation.  
 
46. Indonesia is obviously aiming for a higher number for the export price, which is why  it is 
saying that the IA should have looked not only at the first invoice, which states the price of the 
imported product being resold, but that the IA should have added in the second invoice, which 
states the price of the premium. However, Indonesia has not demonstrated that the IA 's 
establishment of the facts was improper or that its evaluation of those facts was biased and lacked 
objectivity.  
 
47. The European Union would welcome clarifications from Indonesia with respect to the Musim 
Mas Group reportin g the supposed increase in the value of the exported product to 
Italian  customs.  
 
48. Second , according to Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, due allowance shall be 
made in each case for differences which affect price comparability, including diffe rences in 
conditions and terms of sale, and any other differences which are also demonstrated to affect price 
comparability. Such adjustments may be made for cases when customers consistently pay 
different prices on the domestic market because of differenc es in factors affecting price 
comparability.  
 
49. Indonesia has a claim under Article 2.3. This centres on the phrase: "the price at which the 
imported products are first resold ". The fourth and fifth sentences of Article 2.4 refer to Article 2.3, 
so coul d in principle also be relevant to Indonesia 's claim under Article 2.3. However, they relate 
to a constructed export price, whereas the legal issue before the Panel is a live one with respect to 
any export price (even if this particular case involves a construc ted export price). The 
European  Union 's point has always been that it was correct in its interpretation and application of 
Article 2.3; and that this is confirmed by the observation that adding the second invoice with the 
price of the premium in Ar ticle 2.3 would have meant that it would have to be taken out again 
under Article 2.4, in order to ensure a fair comparison. This is confirmed by the third and fourth 
sentences, which refer to taxes – the State intervention here creating the premium being in the 
nature of a negative tax.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-31 - 
 
  50. In sum, and to put the matter in terms of a concrete example, if one starts from a situation, 
in which the normal value and export price are both 100, and then the exporting country provides 
export subsidisation of 20 (pushing the export price down to 80), all other things being equal, 
there is dumping. In this scenario, the only pertinent rule is the rule against double -counting in 
Article VI:5 of the GATT 1994. This means that it is not permissible for the importing M ember to 
impose, at the same time, a dumping duty of 20% and a countervailing duty of 20%. However, in 
referring to "the same situation of dumping  or export subsidization " Article VI:5 of the GATT 1994 
precisely confirms that the above scenario is dumping . That is why no adjustment under Article 2.4 
would be appropriate – such an adjustment would simply mask the dumping that is occurring.  
 
5. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS IN RELATION  TO THE INJURY ASSESS MENT (ARTICLES ) 3.1 AND 3.2 OF THE 
ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT ) 
 
51. Indonesia claims that the IA 's analysis of the price effects of dumped biodiesel on the prices 
of the EU industry sales of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C is analytically and factually flawed . Indonesia also 
maintains that the IA failed to consider the existence of "significant price undercutting" in respect 
of the domestic product.  
 
52. The European Union submits that both contentions must be rejected.  
 
53. In the case at hand the IA based its injury determination on "positive evidence ", as the 
European Union will e xplain in detail. It involved an "objective examination " of both (i) the volume 
of the dumped imports and the effect of the dumped imports on prices in the domestic market for 
like products, and (ii) the consequent impact of these imports on domestic produ cers of such 
products.  
 
54. First, the IA 's analysis of the price effects of dumped bi odiesel on the prices of the 
EU industry sales of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C is not analytically and factually flawed.  
 
55. The European Union confirms that the IA compared EU  industry prices with imports from 
Indonesia on the basis of the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP). Differently from the investigation in 
the US - Biodiesel case, in the present investigation it was not appropriate to do the comparison 
on the basis of the feedstock. The reason is because the feedstock from which the biodiesel was 
made was not directly relevant to the price paid, as the biodiesel sold in the European Union was a 
blend of various feedstocks . 
 
56. The Indonesian cooperating exporters did sell CFPP +13 °C to the European Union during the 
IP. The IA calculated the injury on the basis of the following two analytical steps:  
 
(i) the Indonesian import price of CFPP +13°C was not c ompared to the EU price of 
CFPP +13°C, as the EU volumes were very small.  
(ii) the IA therefore compared the Indonesian import price to the EU industry price of 
biodiesel with a CFPP of 0 °C, as this represented 993,860 MT of the sales in the sample. This 
was done by increasing the Indonesian price to the level of CFPP 0 °C by using the difference 
in price in the sampled EU data.  
 
57. The IA did not use the biodiesel with CFPP +13°C price directly because it was not 
representative (there was a very small domestic volumes of sales). However, the IA used the 
respective price i n order to calculate the difference between CFPP +13°C and CFPP +0°C, as no 
other data was available.  
 
58. Indeed, the IA has found that the biodiesel imported from Indonesia and EU -produced 
biodiesel were like products. The claim of the Wilmar Group, acco rding to which the IA should have 
compared the import price of one CFPP to the average price of all production of the sampled Union 
producers, regardless of the CFPP, was rejected. The IA took into account the sales of the Union 's 
industry at CFPP 0 becaus e that was the highest and thus the most relevant volume, which was 
analysed during the available timeframe.  
 
59. Indonesia also claims that the IA deprived interested parties of any meaningful opportunity 
to verify independently whether the European Union  industry 's sales of CFPP 0 °C biodiesel. The IA 
did not include imported biodiesel in the EU industry data. What Indonesia requires, namely an 
independent verification of the data, amounts in fact to inspecting the respective EU companies WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-32 - 
 
  and analysing the ir confidential data, which is not possible. In  addition, provided that the 
EU industry both produces and imports the same feedstock biodiesel, disclosing the content of 
their sales would not be of any help in itself.  
 
60. Contrary to what Indonesia assert s, the IA did not find the price of the EU producers ' sales 
of biodiesel with CFPP +13°C "unreliable ". Instead, it was explained that a direct comparison was 
not considered reasonable.  
 
61. Accordingly, Indonesia 's argument that the two -step approach used by the IA is not 
appropriate in ensuring price comparability must fail.  
 
62. The European Union recalls that the IA referred to "the very small volume of sales of Union 
producers at this CFPP " (sales of biodiesel with CFPP +13°C). The IA did not refer to "small 
quantities per transaction "; that was a misrepresentation on the part of one Indonesian exporting 
producer. The IA only confirmed that "a similar quantity per transaction " served as a basis for 
comparison. The IA compared the EU industry sales of bio diesel at CFPP +13°C and the 
EU industry sales of biodiesel at CFPP 0°C based on transactions of similar volumes and it did not 
find differences in prices per ton.  
 
63. At the time of the investigation of biodiesel from the United States the Union industry  did 
not sell FAME 0. The situation is very different in the investigation at issue, as the EU industry 
manufactures and sells predominantly FAME 0 (37% of the volumes sold by the sampled 
producers). As FAME 0 results in the European Union from a mix of di fferent feedstocks (including 
feedstock from Indonesia) and the proportions may be very different from one case to another, it 
was considered reasonable to apply a method based on the CFPP of the highest volume of sales of 
the EU industry. It is to be note d that regardless of the proportions of the feedstocks in the blend, 
the price was the same based on the CFPP.  
 
64. In light of the above, the European Union submits that Indonesia failed to demonstrate that 
the IA 's analysis of the price effects of dumped  biodiesel on the prices of the EU industry sales of 
biodiesel at CFPP 0°C is analytically and factually flawed. The IA based its injury determination on 
"positive evidence ", by conducting an "objective examination " within the meaning of Article 3.1 of 
the Anti-Dumping Agreement.  
 
65. The European Union also submits that the IA did not fail to consider the existence of 
"significant price undercutting " in respect of the domestic product.  
 
66. As per the Appellate Body 's guidance in China – HP-SSST , the IA ma de an assessment of 
injurious dumped imports during the investigation period not limited to an isolated instance of 
dumped imports sold at lower prices than the domestic like product.  
 
67. In China – HP-SSST  the panel found  that differences in quantities between the respective 
imports and domestic like products should be taken into account under Articles 3.1 and 3.2 when 
comparing prices of the two categories of products. Mindful of these considerations, the IA used a 
two-step approach, so as to account for the differences in quantities and to properly ensure price 
comparability.  
 
68. The Provisional Regulation provides in Table 2 an analysis of the evolution of the market 
share of the imports from Indonesia. It is subsequent ly explained in the Definitive Regulation how 
the price undercutting analysis was conducted, in recitals 121 - 129. 
 
69. Accordingly, the IA based its injury determination on "positive evidence ", involving 
an "objective examination " of both  (i) the volume of the dumped imports and the effect of the 
dumped imports on prices in the domestic market for like products, and (ii) the consequent impact 
of these imports on domestic producers of such products, as required by Article 3.1 of the Anti -
Dumpi ng Agreement.  
 
70. In addition, the IA also complied with the requirements in Article 3.2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement.  
 
71. Article 3.2 first sentence refers to the volume of the dumped imports, while Article 3.2 
second sentence makes reference to the effect of the dumped imports on prices. Thus, a WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-33 - 
 
  significant increase in volumes is relevant when the effect of the dumped imports results in a 
significant price undercutting, depresses prices or prevents price increases.  
 
72. The European Union recalls tha t the IA found that import volumes from Argentina and 
Indonesia increased significantly from 2009 to the IP, imports from Indonesia increasing at a 
faster rate than imports from Argentina.  
 
73. Indeed, as explained in Table 2 of the Provisional Regulation,  relevant imports from 
Indonesia had a market share of 1,4% in 2009, 4,3% in 2010, 9,7% in 2011 and 8,5% during the 
investigation period.  
 
74. The data on the significant increase in the dumped imports of biodiesel from Indonesia was 
confirmed in the Defi nitive Regulation.  
 
75. It follows that the IA complied with the requirements in Article 3.2 first sentence of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement.  
 
76. Similarly, the European Union has already explained that, with regard to the effect of the 
dumped  imports on pr ices, the IA considered whether there has been a significant price 
undercutting by the dumped imports as compared with the price of  a like product in the 
European  Union. That was the case in the investigation at issue, as explained in particular in 
recital s 126 -127 of the Provisional Regulation.  
 
77. It follows that the IA complied with the requirements in Article 3.2 second sentence of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement.  
 
78. Please also be mindful of the standard of review under Article 17(6)(i). Indonesia has n ot 
demonstrated that the IA 's establishment of the facts was improper or that its evaluation of those 
facts was biased and lacked objectivity.  
 
79. In light of the above, the European Union submits that the Panel should reject Indonesia 's 
claims with regar d to the injury assessment.  
 
6. INDONESIA 'S CONSEQUENTIAL CLAI MS UNDER ARTICLE 9.3 OF THE ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT AND 
ARTICLE VI:2  OF THE GATT  1994  
 
80. Indonesia 's claims under Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement are consequential to 
Indonesia 's clai ms relating to the IA 's determination of the amount of the dumping margin, 
considered inconsistent with Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 2.2.2(iii), 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement and with Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994. Thus, Indonesia alleges that the Eu ropean 
Union imposed on biodiesel from Indonesia anti -dumping duties exceeding the margin of dumping 
established in compliance with Article 2.  
 
81. The European Union recalls its observations regarding the facts and the legal assessment as 
presented in sec tions 1 and 2 above.  
 
7. ARTICLES 7.1,  7.2,  9.2 AND 9.3 OF THE ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT VIS -À-VIS CERTAIN 
ESTIMATIONS AT PROVI SIONAL STAGE  
 
82. Indonesia maintains that the European Union violated Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement because it allegedly incorrectly imposed and collected provisional  anti-
dumping duties with respect to the imports from one Indonesian produce r under investigation.  
 
83. As stated in the Provisional Regulation of 27 May 2013, the IA found that the Musim Mas 
Group 's exports were dumped with a dumping margin of 2,8%, causing injury to the EU industry, 
with an injury margin of 23,3%. The IA reviewed and revised  its calculations as set out in the 
Definitive Disclosure which was sent to the interested party on 1 October 2013.  
 
84. Indonesia argues that by taking these changes  into account and assuming that all other 
factors would have remained the same, the anti -dumping duty applied to the Musim Mas Group 
would have been lower.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-34 - 
 
  85. With regard to the second estimation adjustment, related to the hedging gains and 
losses : those were not considered part of the export price paid or payable. Howeve r, while for one 
legal entity within a group, the IA did not take into account a hedging gain, it had omitted to 
disregard a hedging loss for another legal entity within the same group. This estimation was 
adjusted.  
 
86. Finally, with regard to the third e stimation which was subsequently adjusted, concerning 
SG&A of the two related importers in the construction of the export price and the income tax, 
recital 80 of the definitive disclosure mentions that several exporting producers came also forward 
with cla ims for data changes in the calculations. Where these claims were substantiated with the 
necessary evidence, corrections were made.  
 
87. Indonesia 's claim is misconceived . This issue subject to the present proceedings is 
governed by Articles 10.3 and 10.5 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. The measure at issue is not 
inconsistent with any obligation imposed on the European Union by those provisions. That is why 
Indonesia has not even attempted to make such a claim under those governing provisions, and 
thus why such a matter is not within the Panel 's terms of reference.  
 
88. If an interested party wishes to make representations about some element of the provisional 
determination such as those made by Indonesia in this case, it would have to invoke Article 2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement. Indonesia agreed during the hearing that this would be the relevant 
provision. However, with respect to this specific issue, Indonesia has no claim under Article 2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement (as well as having no claim under Ar ticle 10.3). The fact that 
Indonesia has other claims under Article 2 is of no assistance to Indonesia. Such an issue is 
therefore not within the Panel 's terms of reference.  
 
89. Interested parties may challenge definitive measures before the EU courts in Luxembourg. If 
an interested party wishes to make representations with respect to some element of a provisional 
determination fixing a provisional duty of, for example, 5%, arguing that, in fact, it should be 4%, 
it has ample opportunity to draw that to th e attention of the IA before the adoption of definitive 
measures. If the authority agrees with such representations, such that the definitive duty is lower 
than the provisional duty paid or payable, or the amount estimated for the purpose of the security, 
it has an obligation, pursuant to Article 10.3, second sentence, of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, to 
reimburse the difference or re -calculate the duty. The measure at issue in this case is not 
inconsistent with this obligation. In particular, the definitive duty was not found to be lower than 
the provisional duty. Since the condition was not fulfilled, the obligation was not applicable and in 
any event was not breached.  
 
90. First, there is no treaty language in the Anti -Dumping Agreement that refers, in the context 
of Article 7.2, to "clerical errors ", or seeks to distinguish "clerical errors " from matters arising from 
"incomplete or unverified information ". The dispute must be determined by reference to the terms 
actually used in the treaty. Second , in this respect, the language in Article 7 
("provisional "/"preliminary "/"estimated ") (eleven references) is used with respect to the measure 
as a whole, not with respect to some particular element of the measure, as Indonesia would have 
it. Third, such language to lerates and permits a certain margin of estimation at the level of the 
measure as a whole, which Indonesia has not demonstrated was breached in this case. Fourth , 
Indonesia has confirmed that it is not challenging the provisional measure, which is what wou ld be 
governed by the provisions of Article 7, but rather a particular aspect of the definitive measure, 
which is governed by the provisions of Articles 10.3 and 10.5 (which the European Union has not 
breached). Therefore, Article 7 is irrelevant.  
 
91. In any event, the European Union notes that Article 7.2 speaks of anti -dumping duties and 
dumping margins provisionally estimated . The "calculation errors " in the Provisional Regulation to 
which Indonesia refers to are in fact provisional estimations  within t he meaning of Article 7.2 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement. The Provisional Regulation was adopted on the basis of the 
information that the IA had at its disposal at that moment in time; the dumping margin and the 
corresponding anti -dumping duties are mere es timates.  
 
92. The very definition of "provisional " is that it is temporary, existing only until permanently or 
properly replaced. After the adoption of a provisional regulation, the IA discloses its findings to 
interested parties and receives comments that  may lead – or not - to a revision of those 
provisional findings (estimates). This is inherent to all anti -dumping investigations.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-35 - 
 
  93. The European Union 's understanding of the phrase "provisionally estimated " is confirmed by 
the panel 's findings in Canada — Welded Pipe  at para 7.64, which states that Article 7.2 makes it 
clear that the preliminary determination of dumping is no more than a provisional estimate.  
 
94. Furthermore, in the present case the amount of the anti -dumping duty provisionally 
estimated is not greater than the provisionally estimated margin of dumping. The case at hand is 
different from the US — Customs Bond Directive.  
 
95. It follows that Indonesia 's arguments in this respect must be rejected.  
 
96. With respect to Indonesia 's claim under Article 7.1(ii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the 
European Union submits that Indonesia failed to meet the burden of proof with respect to the 
alleged failure by the IA to make a preliminary affirmative determination of dumping. The IA 's 
"preliminary affirmative determination " of dumping in respect of the Musim Mas Group was not 
based on a "flawed calculation " of the provisional dumping margin. In fact, the IA 's "preliminary 
affirmative determination " of dumping was based on provisional estimat es within the meaning of 
Article 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
97. Indonesia also raises consequential claims under Articles 9.3 and 9.2 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement , which apply mutatis mutandis  to provisional measures as per Article 7.5 of 
the An ti-Dumping Agreement.  
 
98. In particular, Indonesia contends that the amount of the provisional anti -dumping duties 
exceeds the dumping margin, contrary to Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. The 
European Union has already explained that in the pres ent case the amount of the anti -dumping 
duty provisionally estimated is not greater than the provisionally estimated margin of dumping.  
 
99. Indonesia then maintains that the provisional anti -dumping duties were not collected in an 
appropriate amount  within the meaning of Article 9.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
100. Article 9 does not apply to the matter at issue, and in any event is of no assistance to 
Indonesia, because at most the term "appropriate " in Article 9.2 simply re -directs the Panel to the 
terms "preliminary "/"provisional "/"estimate " in Article 7; and Indonesia has no relevant claim 
under Article 2.  
 
101. Thus, the European Union submits that the Panel should reject Indonesia 's claims in this 
section.  
 
III. CONCLUSIONS  
 
102. Indonesia has fai led to make a prima facie  case on its claims. The European Union has 
shown that the claims pursued and developed in Indonesia 's first written submission and during 
the first substantive meeting are unfounded and based on erroneous arguments. Therefore, the  
European Union respectfully requests the Panel to reject Indonesia 's claims.  
 
 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-36 - 
 
 ANNEX B -4 
SECOND  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE ARGUMENTS  
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION   
1. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. As a complainant in these proceedings, Indonesia failed to meet its burden with respect to 
several claims (e.g. profit cap), has significant difficulties in explaining its position (e.g. double -
counting premium in separate contracts during the IP), ha s silently dropped claims 
(e.g. oleochemicals in "the same gener al category of products ") or has made claims under the 
wrong legal provisions (e.g. it has no proper claim under Article 2 with respect to the definitively 
collected provisional duties). Indonesia has not demonstrated that the IA 's establishment of the 
facts with respect to injury assessment was improper or that its evaluation of those facts was 
biased and lacked objectivity.  
 
2. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES ON BIODIESEL  
 
2.1. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE CALCULATION OF TH E COST OF PRODUCTION  ON THE BASIS OF THE 
RECORDS KEPT BY THE PRODUCERS (ARTICLES 2.2 AND 2.2.1.1  OF ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT AND 
ARTICLE  VI:1( B)(II) OF GATT  1994)  
 
2. The European Union takes note of the factual descri ption by Indonesia, while not entirely 
agreeing on what Indonesia describes as the legal standard pursuant to the adoption of the panel 
and Appellate Body reports in EU – Biodiesel .  
 
3. In particular, the European Union reminds the Panel that it has speci fically requested in EU – 
Biodiesel  that other aspects in Article 2.2.1.1 not pertaining to that case should not be subject to a 
legal assessment, request of which the Appellate Body took note.  
 
2.2. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING T HE CONSTRUCTION OF T HE NOR MAL VALUE FOR THE INDONESIAN PRODUCERS 
UNDER INVESTIGATION ON THE BASIS OF THE COST OF PRODUCTION O F BIODIESEL IN THE C OUNTRY OF ORIGIN 
(ARTICLE 2.2 OF ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT AND ARTICLE VI:1( B)(II) OF GATT  1994)  
 
4. Similarly to the preceding claim, the E uropean Union takes note of the factual description by 
Indonesia, while highlighting certain aspects pertaining to the legal standard, in light of the 
Appellate Body Report in EU – Biodiesel . 
 
2.3. THE EUROPEAN UNION DID NOT ACT INC ONSISTENTLY WITH ARTICLE S 2.2 AND 2.2.2( III) OF ANTI-DUMPING 
AGREEMENT WHEN REASON ABLY ESTABLISHING PR OFITS IN CONSTRUCTIN G THE NORMAL VALUE F OR THE 
INDONESIAN PRODUCERS UNDER INVESTIGATION  
 
5. One of the essential aspects to be clarified with respect to Indonesia 's claims under 
Article  2.2.2(iii) is whether a method is necessarily not reasonable if a profit cap is not established , 
due to the objective impossibility of establishing such a cap . In fact, Indonesia repeatedly agrees 
with the proposition that there may be circumstance s when it is not possible to establish a profit 
cap. So there is no dispute among the parties with regard to the fact that there may be 
circumstances when it is impossible for the IA to establish a profit cap.  
 
6. First, the European Union recalls that Ind onesia mentioned in its first written submission 
that "the European Commission at no point alleged that such a cap was established; that it 
attempted to establish this cap; or that it was impossible to establish such a cap " (emphasis 
added).  
 
7. Second , Indonesia also agrees that "a failure to establish the profit cap does not necessarily 
mean the method is unreasonable ". 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-37 - 
 
 8. Third, the European Union highlights that Article 2.2.2(iii) is a norm of general application, 
which by definition has to be applied to a multitude of individual situations. There are instances in 
practice when a profit cap cannot be established.  
 
9. Fourth, the European Union recalls that third parties like the United States also agree with 
this proposition. If such a calculation is not possible because information does not exist, then the 
proviso is not operative.  
 
10. In light of the above, the European Uni on concludes that a method is not necessarily not 
reasonable within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii) if a cap for profits is not established, when it is 
not objectively possible to establish a profit cap.  
 
11. The term "normally " in Article 2.2.2(iii) co nfirms that, where there is no data at all, the IA 
does not have to calculate a profit cap, because it cannot be required to do something that is 
impossible.  
 
12. First, consistent with the principle of effective treaty interpretation, the term "normally " 
must be given meaning: it cannot be simply ignored. Indonesia provided as an example a 
statistical outlier – that is, something that would be aberrational and abnormal, and therefore 
could not be used. The European Union agrees with this example, but one e xample does not 
exhaust the concept. The European Union believes that there might be other circumstances which 
are not normal. For example, all of the data might be obviously distorted by some act of the 
State – such as, for example, an act artificially de eming a particular profit without any basis in 
fact. Conceptually, there is little if any difference between the situation in which the data set is 
entirely populated with data that is abnormal and therefore must be rejected (a proposition with 
which Indon esia agrees) and the situation in which there is no data at all. Second , the 
European  Union notes that the United States agrees with this interpretation.  
 
13. The data provided by Wilmar on sales of blends of biodiesel and mineral diesel could not be 
used as the related party [[]] did not provide data on blended fuel which could be used for the 
purposes of Article 2.2.2(iii). The related party [[]] sold blends of biodiesel with mineral diesel. The 
profit margin the Wilmar Group claimed should be used was no t the profit for a product in the 
same general category. In the Anti -Dumping Questionnaire reply [[]] claimed that it only sold 
diesel fuel and marine fuel oil during the years 2010, 2011 and the investigation period (IP) and it 
did not keep track of the c ontent of the biodiesel content incorporated in the sold diesel or marine 
fuels. Therefore, this company was not further investigated as it was not involved in domestic 
sales of biodiesel since 2010. Finally, in any event [[]] 's possible sales of biodiesel  would have 
been tainted by the same distortions and did not constitute a "profit normally realized " within the 
meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii).  
 
14. The European Union disagrees with Indonesia to the extent that Indonesia is arguing that 
"normally " has a me aning distinct from "in the ordinary course of trade " in all cases. The "ordinary 
course of trade " referred to in Article 2.2 is a concept capturing situations such as when a product 
is sold at a price below production costs or where transactions take plac e between parties which 
are associated or have a compensatory arrangement with each other.  
 
15. The Appellate Body in US – Hot-Rolled Steel  has offered several examples of situations 
which may fall under the category of transactions "not in the ordinary co urse of trade ". "Normally " 
in Article 2.2.2 (iii) may also cover a variety of situations and not just a statistical outlier. The 
relationship between "not in the ordinary course of trade " and "normal " in the context of 
Article 2.1 was explained by the Appe llate Body in US – Hot-Rolled Steel . 
 
16. Thus, the objective of excluding such sales in constructing the normal value is to ensure that 
normal value is the "normal " price of the like product, in the home market of the exporter. 
Similarly, the rationale of providing for a cap for profits which is used in constructing the profit is 
to ensure that the respective profit is "normal " in the domestic market of the country o f origin.  
 
17. As there was no dispute with regard to the fact that the respective sales were not in the 
ordinary course of trade, this conclusion also informs the analysis under "normally " in 
Article  2.2.2(iii) in this particular case.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-38 - 
 
 18. In particular,  the IA found that sales of biodiesel were not in the ordinary course of trade 
because the Indonesian domestic market of biodiesel is heavily regulated by the State. The fully 
State -owned oil and gas company Pertamina is by far the biggest company active o n the domestic 
market (more than 90% of the domestic biodiesel purchases from the sampled producers).  
 
19. Finally, this proposition is also consistent with the Appellate Body 's interpretation of 
Article  2.2.2(ii) in EC — Bed Linen . Indeed, in contrast to Article 2.2.2(ii), Article 2.2.2(iii) contains 
an explicit reference to "normally ", in a similar way that the chapeau  of Article 2.2.2 contains a 
reference to "in the ordinary course of trade ". The European Union is not arguing that it should be 
understood  that "ordinary course of trade " is included in Article 2.2.2(iii). The European Union 
merely observed that the same data point could be, as a matter of fact, simultaneously not in the 
ordinary course of trade, and not "normal " within the meaning of Articl e 2.2.2(iii). Accordingly, 
data which is not "normal " within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii) should not be taken into account 
by an IA when considering "the same general category of products ". Only this way can the method 
be deemed "reasonable " within th e meaning of the same provision.  
 
20. The European Union further recalls that an IA is not under an obligation to provide in an act 
like the Definitive Regulation details about the calculation of the cap, as the relevant obligation in 
Article 2.2.2(iii) is  to not exceed such a cap. Furthermore, the burden of proof is on the 
complainant ( onus probandi incumbit actori ), a principle well confirmed by the Appellate Body.  
 
21. The European Union also recalls that the panel in Thailand — H-Beams has found, in the  
context of Article 2.2.2(i) that the notion of "the same general category of products " should be 
rather narrowly construed. Against this background , Indonesia and the Indonesian producers 
under investigation did not meet their burden of proof, failing to explain why other oleochemicals, 
irrespective of their end uses and the specific markets, might nevertheless constitute the same 
category of products with biofuels within the meaning of Article 2.2.2(iii).  
 
22. Furthermore, the European Union disagrees wit h Indonesia, which considers that the 
European Union 's limitation of the same general category of products to "other fuels " is 
inconsistent with its decision in recital 24 of the Definitive Regulation. The European Union sees no 
contradiction in the narrow  approach in the case -law with respect to "the same general category of 
products ", while the prevention of circumvention requires a broader approach to the similarities of 
different products. Similarly, the Appellate Body has already found in Japan — Alcoh olic 
Beverages  II that "[t]he accordion of 'likeness ' stretches and squeezes in different places as 
different provisions of the WTO Agreement  are applied ". 
 
23. An IA is entitled to look on the demand side when determining whether a product does or 
does not belong to "the same general category " for the purpose of Article 2.2.2.  
 
24. First, in understanding the concept of "the same general category of products " one may look 
into how market definitions and like products operate. Markets are normally defined by taking into 
account the demand side, namely the substitutability of the products from a consumer 's 
perspective. It is already settled case -law in the framewor k of the GATT 1994 according to which 
the establishment of likeliness boils down to the examination of the nature and the extent of the 
competitive relationship between and among products, which will depend on the market where 
these products compete.  
 
25. Second , the demand side is even more important in a factual situation like the present case, 
when the IA seeks to establish the profits of a relatively new, innovative, capital -intensive industry 
in Indonesia. Relatively new and innovative industries usual ly have more demand for their 
products, as they are contributing to creating and developing new markets.  
 
26. Third, on the facts of the present case Wilmar itself has sales of oleochemicals with a profit 
margin initially claimed at [[]], then revised down wards to [[]],  while the very same company 
claimed a profit of [[]] for PSME (Palm Stearin Methyl Ester), referred to as "the product 
concerned ". This clearly shows that demand plays a significant role and that other oleochemicals 
are not in "the same gene ral category of products " with biodiese l within the meaning of 
Article  2.2.2(iii).  
 
27. CN codes are not necessarily relevant for the determination of "the same general category of 
products ".  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-39 - 
 
 28. First, the European Union recalls that the product concerne d is defined as "fatty-acid mono -
alkyl esters and/or paraffinic gasoils obtained from synthesis and/or hydro -treatment, of non -fossil 
origin, in pure form or as included in a blend originating in Argentina and Indonesia, currently 
falling " within the menti oned CN codes. The CN codes provided in the regulations facilitate the 
work of the customs authorities in the collection of the anti -dumping duties.  
 
29. Second , there may very well be situations when two products sharing the same CN code are 
not in "the same general category of products ", while the opposite may also be true - two products 
belonging to different CN Codes may be in "the same general category of products ". This is a case -
by-case assessment.  
 
30. Third, the European Union recalls that customs  classification is only one of the criteria 
developed in the case -law concerning likeliness of the products, while end uses, consumers tastes 
and preferences and physical and chemical characteristics have also to be taken into account. 
Again, as already ex plained, the establishment of likeliness boils down to the examination of the 
nature and the extent of the competitive relationship between and among products, which will 
depend on the market where these products compete.  
 
31. In conclusion, the fact that a method is not necessarily not reasonable within the meaning of 
Article 2.2.2(iii) if a cap for profits is not established, when it is not possible to establish a profit 
cap, is instrumental in the present case, because there were no sales of products in the same 
general category and there was no profit "normally " realized by other exporters or producers. 
Thus, Indonesia 's claims that the IA failed to calculate a profit cap and that the method is 
unreasonable as a consequence should be dismissed by the Panel.  
 
32. With regard to the reasonableness of the method used by the IA , irrespective of the profit 
cap debate, the European Union briefly recalls that recital 84 of the Definitive Regulation states 
that: "15 % profit is a reasonable amount that can be achieved by a relatively  new, capital - 
intensive industry in Indonesia " (emphasis added), reflecting in other words recital 65 of the 
Provisional Regulation, which refers to what "a young and innovative capital intensive industry of 
this type under normal conditions of competition in a free and open market could achieve ". 
 
33. The European Union has explained that the actual profits of the Indonesian companies under 
investigation were in fact higher that 15% and that the IA disclosed the respective excel pi vot 
tables to the interested parties on 28 May 2013 and on 1 October 2013. Indonesia is totally 
unreasonable (i) to claim that "normally " in Article 2.2.2(iii) refers only to a statistical outlier, 
implying that a non -normal market on which actual profits are in the range of [[]] would be just 
fine, and, at the same time, (ii) claim that the IA did not contact other producers and was in the 
end unreasonable by establishing a profit at 15%. There is clearly a contradiction in this approach!  
 
34. The Indonesi an and Argentine industries were at a similar stage of development at the time 
of the investigation. The European Union considers that the start years, the production volumes, 
the pace of increase/ stagnation of production volumes, the number of producers and the 
respective level of competition on that market, as well as the size of the country/market may be 
helpful elements in assessing the stage of development of a biodiesel industry.  
 
35. With respect to the stage of development of the Indonesian and Arg entinian biodiesel 
industries, the European Union notes that in both countries the biodiesel industry started in 
2006/2007 at small volumes, basically due to policy initiatives to promote biofuels/biodiesel as a 
source of fuel. The pace of development in b oth countries the following years was very high, 
confirming that it was a relatively new, innovative industry. So me reports in the public 
domain  indicate 50 000 MT in Indonesia and 30 000 MT in Argentina in 2006 which by 2008 was 
500 000 MT in Indonesia an d 230 000 MT in Argentina. By 2012 the ann ual production had risen 
to 2,2  million MT in Indonesia and 2,8 million MT in Argentina . Thus, there was a very similar 
development in both countries in terms of production.  
 
36. The Indonesian biodiesel industry w as not at a more advanced stage of development in the 
investigation period as the EU industry was in the 2005 -2006 period. Information in the public 
domain abundantly shows that the EU biodiesel industry started already in the 90 's. In 2004 the 
EU producti on was already almost 2 million MT, in 2005 over 3 million MT and in 2006 almost 
5 million MT. It is in this context that recital 65 of Commission Regulation No 193/2009 should be 
understood.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-40 - 
 
 37. With respect to different claims made by Indonesia concernin g the reasonableness of the 
15% profit margin, the European Union requests the Panel to be mindful of the standard of review 
under Article 17(6)(i) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. Indonesia has not demonstrated that the 
IA's establishment of the facts was i mproper or that its evaluation of those facts was biased and 
lacked objectivity. Pursuant to the standard of review in Article 17(6)(i) the Panel must therefore 
reject the claim, even if the Panel thinks that it might have reached a different conclusion. T he 
Panel must not attempt to step into the shoes of the IA . 
 
38. In light of the above, Indonesia 's claims under Articles 2.2.2(iii) and 2.2 of Anti -Dumping 
Agreement must be rejected.  
 
2.4. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS IN RELATION  TO THE EXPORT PRICE (DOUBLE COUNTING ) 
 
39. Indonesia claims that with respect to the Musim Mas Group the IA acted inconsistently with 
Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by failing to add the premium in the 
construction of the export price. This is understandable, as I ndonesia tries to obtain an export 
price as high as possible, and to mask the existence of dumping by reducing the difference 
between the normal value and the export price.  
 
40. The European Union has clarified the following aspects.  
 
41. First, while the amount of the premium is determined by market forces, a point on which the 
parties agree, the mere existence of the premium is determined by State intervention, namely by 
the fact that PFAD -based biodiesel can be double -counted for the purpose of complianc e with the 
European Union 's mandatory biodiesel blending targets. Absent any State intervention on the part 
of the Italian government, there will be no incentive for such an additional payment for this type of 
biodiesel and the premium would not exist at a ll. In countries where there is no similar State 
intervention there is simply no premium for this type of biodiesel. In its response to Panel question 
no. 38 Indonesia dismisses the importance of the fact that the double counting premium is a 
unique featur e of the Italian market, but not of the Indonesian market. This asymmetrical situation 
confirms that what the IA did in this case was in line with Article 2.4 (and that it was reasonable 
and consistent with the standard in Article 17(6)(i) of Anti -Dumping Agreement).  
 
42. Second, the European Union notes that Indonesia has difficulties in explaining why there is a 
need for a special premium provision in the contract between the importer and the first 
independent buyer in Italy, when the exporter/importer kn ows before exporting the biodiesel if it 
will be considered as double counting biodiesel. The European Union recalls that "the price charged 
to the first independent buyer is a starting -point for the construction of an export price ". The 
premium has no lin k to the export price, and it is not part of the price charged to the first 
independent buyer within the meaning of Article 2.3. The premium is a distinct element, provided 
separately in the contract and made the object of a different invoice. The product can be 
sold/resold without a premium.  
 
43. This understanding is further confirmed by the way in which separate contracts concerning 
the premium are drafted. Accordingly, the supplementary agreement submitted as an example by 
Indonesia is clearly distinct from the initial agreement, which stipulated the price at which 
biodiesel was first resold to an independent buyer in the European Union. By the time the 
supplementary agreement was signed the delivery already took place and the price was paid.  
 
44. The Eu ropean Union does not understand Indonesia 's logic according to which it was 
uncertain whether the double counting certificate would be issued and yet it was not uncertain 
whether the premium would be paid. Of course it was uncertain if the premium would b e paid, as 
the premium was linked to the issuance of the certificate by the Italian authorities, not to the 
product.  
 
45. Thus, the European Union notes that Indonesia confirms that there was a high level of 
uncertainty with respect to the premium during t he IP. The exhibit  containing a contract dated 
30 March 2012 is relevant for the present proceedings. Other exhibits refer to contracts and 
invoices well after the IP (March and October 2014). As Indonesia explains, the practice of 
charging the "double cou nting" premium through a separate invoice apparently ceased only in 
February 2014. This confirms that during all the IP, the relevant timeframe for the purpose of the 
present proceedings, the "double counting " premium was subject to a different invoice.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-41 - 
 
 46. Third, the comparison with the issuance of debit or credit notes after the invoice had been 
issued (and after delivery took place) is misplaced. Indeed, in that case the respective prices or 
currency fluctuations are normal dynamics of the markets, while  the State intervention leading to 
the existence of the premium is of a different nature. As already explained, State intervention such 
as that in the present case, that creates a limited number of special or exclusive rights (the 
ultimate price of which i s to be calibrated by the market) is specifically designed to encourage one 
type of activity and discourage another – that is, it is functionally equivalent to a decision to tax 
one element but not another.  
 
47. Fourth , Indonesia misrepresents the European  Union 's statements in paragraph 74 of its first 
written submission. The European Union has never claimed that the premium is a tax. As already 
explained several times, the premium is a form of state intervention  which is in the nature of a 
negative tax. E ven if one would take as a starting point the export price plus the premium (which 
would be a mistake) there would still be a problem, because one would have introduced an 
asymmetry rendering the normal value and the export price non -comparable – that is, one would 
simply have masked  the dumping. Therefore, in order to ensure a fair comparison between the 
normal value and the export price, that is, in order to unmask the dumping, it would be necessary 
to re -adjust under Article 2.4 of Anti -Dumping Agreement . Thus, contrary to what Indonesia 
alleges, the premium affects price comparability.  
 
48. Fifth, while Indonesia acknowledges that the double -counting premium is an indirect result 
of the general regulatory framework, it adds "as any other government measu re". This is not what 
the European Union is arguing. The European Union does not believe that any government 
measure which may have indirect effects on the export price would need to be excluded under 
Article 2.3 or otherwise deducted under Article 2.4 of Anti-Dumping Agreement.  
 
49. In this context, the European Union has explained that, although not all forms of State 
intervention that give rise to additional costs or premiums are to be excluded from the export price 
or otherwise deducted under Article 2. 4 of Anti -Dumping Agreement, the Panel should bear in 
mind the applicable standard of review in Article 17(6)(i). Indonesia has not demonstrated that the 
IA's establishment of the facts was improper or that its evaluation of those facts was biased and 
lacked objectivity. Pursuant to the standard of review in Article 17(6)(i) the Panel must therefore 
reject the claim, even if the Panel considers that it might have reached a different conclusion. The 
Panel must not attempt to step into the shoes of the IA.  
 
50. Therefore, the Panel must reject Indonesia 's allegation of a calculation error regarding the 
premium obtained as a result of State intervention on the Italian market.  
 
51. Sixth, according to Article 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, due allowance shal l be made 
in each case for   differences which affect price comparability, including differences in conditions 
and terms of sale, and any other differences which are also demonstrated to affect price 
comparability. Article 2.4 is concerned with making a fai r comparison between the normal value 
and the export price, providing for appropriate adjustments to the extent that they have not 
already been taken into account pursuant to Article 2.3 in the case of the export price.  
 
52. In light of the above, the European Union submits that the Panel should reject Indonesia 's 
claims under Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
2.5. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS IN RELATION  TO THE INJURY ASSESS MENT (ARTICLES 3.1 AND 3.2 OF ANTI-DUMPING 
AGREEMENT ) 
 
53. The European Union starts by recalling that the IA performed a cumulative assessment of 
the effects of the imports as per Article 3.3 of Anti -Dumping Agreement and Indonesia did not 
maintain that the conditions in Article 3.3 were not met.  
 
54. Biodiesel from Indonesia and biodiesel from the European Union were in competition, as 
explained in Recital 18 of Definitive Regulation: "PME produced in Indonesia is in competition with 
biodiesel produced in the Union, which is not just RME but also biodiesel made from palm oil and 
other feedstocks ". The regulation does not state that Indonesian imports of PME and blends or EU 
industry CFPP 0 biodiesel are in competition with each other.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-42 - 
 
 55. Indonesia 's arguments seem contradictory. On the one hand Indonesia claims that  
Indonesian biodiesel and EU biodiesel are not in direct competition, for the purpose of its injury 
claims, but on the other hand it considers that not only biodiesel but other oleochemicals 
(irrespective of their end uses and different markets!) and (poss ibly) any other fuel could be in 
"the same general category of products " with biodiesel for the purpose of its Article 2.2.2(iii) 
claims.  
 
56. One of Indonesia 's main arguments is that in the injury analysis the IA should have 
considered the feedstock and not the CFPP. On this basis, Indonesia alleges that the IA 's analysis 
of the price effects of dumped biodiesel on the prices of the EU industry sales  of biodiesel at 
CFPP 0°C is analytically and factually flawed. However, Indonesia is not able to explain w hether 
the outcome of the price undercutting analysis would have changed had the EU authorities 
considered price undercutting based on the feedstock.  
 
57. Indeed, the European Union has explained that the IA could not find out the percentage of 
each feedst ock in the blends sold by the EU industry, as the EU industry was blending biodiesel 
with different CFPP in order to obtain mainly CFPP 0 (the most sold blend), which is the most 
suitable to the climatic conditions in the European Union. The result of a bl end with the final CFPP 
0 could be achieved in multiple ways and by blending different quantities of biodiesel with lower 
and higher CFPP. Accordingly, the IA decided that it is reasonable and unbiased to perform the 
undercutting analysis on the basis of t he CFPP.  
 
58. The European Union briefly recalls that the IA calculated the injury on the basis of the 
following two analytical steps:  
 
(i) the Indonesian import price of CFPP +13°C was not compared to the EU price of 
CFPP +13°C, as the EU volumes were ver y small.  
(ii) the IA therefore compared the Indonesian import price to the EU industry price of biodiesel 
with a CFPP of 0 °C, as this represented 993,860 MT of the sales in the sample. This was done by 
increasing the Indonesian price to the level of CFPP 0 °C by using the difference in price in the 
sampled EU data.  
 
59. Furthermore, the European Union does not consider that using only the sales of biodiesel 
with CFPP 0 affects the reasonableness of the IA 's undercutting analysis. To the contrary, the 
Europea n Union has explained that EU industry sales of biodiesel with the CFPP 0 represent 37% of 
the total sales of the sampled producers. The IA relied on 37% of the sampled producers ' sales 
because sales of biodiesel of CFPP 0 were by far the most important sa les of the sampled EU 
industry by volume, while other sales were mainly at lower CFPP.  
 
60. The European Union notes that if adding imports from Indonesia of CFPP 12 and CFPP 14 
(the closest values to CFPP 13), then the total will represent about 94% of a ll biodiesel imports 
from Indonesia.  
 
61. Climatic conditions influence the suitable CFPP of the blend in different parts of the European 
Union. The European Union recalls that the IA calculated the in jury elimination margin over 
12 consecutive months (the  IP) and analyzed the price of imports of biodiesel from both Argentina 
and Indonesia over a period spanning from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2012. The method based on 
the CFPP is appropriate in the context of different climatic conditions in the European Un ion. 
 
62. Recital 128 of Definitive Regulation provides that "imported biodiesel and Union -produced 
biodiesel were blended together and sold at the same price as blends that did not include any 
imported biodiesel ". The fact that regardless of the proportio ns of the feedstocks in the blend, the 
price was the same based on the CFPP only means that the price for CFPP 0 was dictated by the 
CFPP itself. It does not say anything about the fact that that the EU biodiesel price was undercut 
by the dumped biodiesel imports from Indonesia and Argentina, which is the issue in the present 
case. 
 
63. The burden is on Indonesia to substantiate its claims. Similarly to the preceding claims, 
Indonesia has failed to demonstrate that the IA 's establishment of the facts was improper or that 
its evaluation of those facts was biased and lacked objectivity. Pursuant to the standard of review 
in Article 17(6)(i) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement the Panel must therefore reject this claim, even 
if the Panel considers that it might hav e reached a different conclusion.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-43 - 
 
 64. Indonesia also submits that the IA failed to consider the existence of "significant price 
undercutting " in respect of the domestic product. Contrary to what Indonesia alleges, the 
European Union complied with the oblig ations in Article 3.1 and Article 3.2 first and second 
sentences. In the case at hand the IA based its injury determination on "positive evidence ", 
involving an "objective examination " of both (i) the volume of the dumped imports and the effect 
of the dumped imports on prices in the domestic market for like products, and (ii) the consequent 
impact of these imports on domestic producers of such products.  
 
65. Article 3.2 first sentence refers to the volume of the dumped imports, while Article 3.2 
second sentence makes reference to the effect of the dumped imports on prices. A significant 
increase in volumes is relevant when the effect of the dumped imports results in a significant price 
undercutting, depresses prices or prevents price increases. That was the case in the investigation 
at issue, as explained in particular in recitals 126 -127 of the Provisional Regulation. The Definitive 
Regulation refers to the price undercutting analysis in recitals 121 -129. 
 
66. One of Indonesia 's key contentions is its re liance on the Appellate Body Report in China – 
HP-SSST (Japan)  in support of the proposition that the IA was under an obligation to make a 
"dynamic assessment of price developments and trends in the relationship between the prices of 
the dumped imports and  those of domestic like products over the duration of the POI ", whereas 
the period of investigation for the determination of injury includes the years 2009, 2010 and the 
first half of 2011.  
 
67. The European Union recalls the particular facts of China – HP-SSST . In that case, the 
domestic price in China of Grade C HP -SSST increased by 112.80% from 2009 -2010, while the 
price of the imports fell during that period. The Appellate Body thus completed the analysis.  
 
68. However, the present case is different. T he present case is not about domestic prices in the 
European Union increasing and exceeding the prices of the imports and thus leading to 
undercutting by the prices of imported biodiesel. There are no such evolutions in the present case.  
 
69. Thus, the IA took into account the period comprising the years 2009, 2010 and the first half 
of 2011 for establishing price trends but only the IP (1 July 2011 until 30 June 2012) for the 
purpose of establishing the price undercutting (recitals 93 – 94 of Provisional R egulation). Then 
the IA analysed the effect of the dumped imports on prices and market share in recitals 123 – 128 
of Provisional Regulation with respect to the period 2009 - IP. The European Union also refers in 
this respect to recitals 121 -129 and 144 -147 of Definitive Regulation.  
 
70. Finally, the European Union considers that each provision should be given effect and that 
there are differences in the analysis of injury (Article 3.2) and of t he causal relationship 
(Article  3.5). To that effect, it is inst ructive the Appellate Body 's statement in China – GOES, 
according to which  the inquiry under Article 3.2 does not duplicate the different and broader 
examination regarding the causal relationship between the dumped imports and injury to the 
domestic indust ry pursuant to Article 3.5.  
 
71. In light of the above, the European Union submits that Indonesia 's claims with regard to the 
injury assessment should be rejected by the Panel.  
 
2.6. INDONESIA 'S CONSEQUENTIAL CLAI MS UNDER ARTICLE 9.3 OF ANTI-DUMPING AGREEM ENT AND ARTICLE VI:2  
OF GATT  1994 
 
72. The European Union refers to its observations regarding the facts and the legal assessment 
as presented in sections 2.1 and 2.2 above.  
 
2.7. ARTICLES 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 AND 9.3 OF ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT VIS -À-VIS CERTAIN E STIMATES AT 
PROVISIONAL STAGE  
 
73. Indonesia has clarified during the meetings with the Panel and subsequently confirmed in its 
responses to the Panel 's questions that it does not challenge the provisional measure as such but 
only the fact that the definit ive measure ordered the definitive collection of a provisional duty that 
was in excess of the correctly calculated provisional dumping margin for the Musim Mas Group.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-44 - 
 
 74. Accordingly, the European Union considers that Indonesia 's claims under Articles 7.1 , 7.2, 
9.2 and 9.3 ( chapeau ) of Anti -Dumping Agreement are misplaced. While Article 7 concerns 
provisional measures, certain aspects of the definitive measure have to comply with the provisions 
of Articles 10.3 and 10.5 of Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
75. First, the European Union considers that there is no obligation under the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement not to definitively collect, in whole or in part, provisional security in cases where errors 
were made in calculating the provisional duty rate that resulted in the imposition of a provisional 
measure in excess of the amount that should otherwise have been collected. According to  
Article  10.3 first sentence, if the definitive anti -dumping duty is higher than the provisional duty 
paid or payable, or the amount e stimated for the purpose of the security, the difference shall not 
be collected. The European Union respected this provision and did not collect the difference 
between the definitive and the provisionally estimated duties.  
 
76. There is no need to correct demonstrated errors in the calculation of the provisionally 
estimated margin of dumping and then adjust the provisional margin of dumping in cases where 
the definitive anti -dumping duty is determined to be higher than the provisional duty, like in the 
present case.  
 
77. Thus, the European Union did not breach any obligation in Articles 10.3 and 10.5 of Anti -
Dumping Agreement and this explains why Indonesia attempted to place its claims under different 
provisions, which, however, do not govern the matter at issue. Those provisions (Articles 7.1, 7.2) 
govern only provisional measures and the Provisional Regulation is not challenged by Indonesia.  
 
78. Second , Indonesia 's claims with respect to the provisional determination in this case should 
have been made und er Article 2 of Anti -Dumping Agreement. Indonesia agreed during the 
hearings that this would be the relevant provision. However, with respect to this specific issue, 
Indonesia has no claim under Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, and it also has no c laim 
under Article 10.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. The fact that Indonesia has other claims under 
Article 2 is of no assistance to Indonesia. Such an issue is therefore not within the Panel 's terms of 
reference.  
 
79. The chapeau  of Article 9.3 provides  that "the amount of the anti -dumping duty shall not 
exceed the margin of dumping as established under Article 2 ". This means that a violation of 
Article 2 can have as a consequence a violation of Article 9.3. Thus, a claim under Article 2 is 
required in t he first place. As Indonesia has consequential claims in the present proceedings under 
Article 9.3, but with respect to a different matter, it should have followed the same path in the 
case of the definitively collected provisional duties: Indonesia should  have had a claim under 
Article 2 in the first place.  
 
80. Were the Panel to find that Indonesia 's claims are properly placed under Articles 7.1, 7.2, 
9.2 and 9.3 ( chapeau ) of Anti -Dumping Agreement, the European Union submits that the very 
conditions prov ided in those provisions are not met.  
 
81. First, the European Union recalls that Article 7.2 speaks of anti -dumping duties and dumping 
margins provisionally estimated . Article 7.2 addresses those provisional determinations which are 
in the nature of estim ates of approximate magnitudes of the dumping margin and of the 
corresponding anti -dumping duty to be imposed and collected.  
 
82. Thus, the "calculation errors " in the Provisional Regulation to which Indonesia refers to are 
in fact provisional estimates  within the meaning of Article 7.2 of Anti -Dumping Agreement. This 
interpretation is in line with the existing case law, such as the panel reports in Canada — Welded 
Pipe and in US — Customs Bond Directive . Third parties like the United States agree with the  EU's 
understanding of Articles 7.1 and 7.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
83. Indonesia fails to take into account the fact that the purpose of a provisional anti -dumping 
duty, as provided by the respective provisions of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, is to  be a 
preliminary estimate , of a provisional character.  
 
84. With regard to the contextual relevance of the detailed obligations in Article 2 of Anti -
Dumping Agreement to the interpretation of the term "provisionally estimated margin of dumping " 
the Europe an Union notes that Article 2.2 contains obligations with respect to the establishment of WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- B-45 - 
 
 the normal value, Article 2.3 refers to the export price and Article 2.4 provides that a fair 
comparison shall be made between the normal value and the export price. These obligations apply 
to both provisional estimates of the margin of dumping and definitive determinations. In other 
words, in making a provisional estimate an IA will take into account the same elements - normal 
value, export price, fair comparison - as in the case of a final determination of the margin of 
dumping.  
 
85. However, the difference is that by its very nature a provisional estimate cannot be expected 
the same degree of precision as a definitive determination. Even if in its practice the Europea n 
Commission conducts verifications at provisional stage, the provisional estimates are still 
provisional in nature and can and may suffer changes till the definitive stage.  
 
86. The European Union explained that the Provisional Regulation was adopted on t he basis of 
the information that the IA had at its disposal at that moment in time; the dumping margin and 
the corresponding anti -dumping duties are mere estimates, as required by the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement. After the adoption of a provisional regulation, the IA discloses its findings (estimates) 
to interested parties and receives comments that may lead – or not - to a revision of those 
provisional findings (estimates). This is inherent to all anti -dumping investigations.  
 
87. The European Union also notes that differences between provisional and definitive measures 
exist under other agreements. For instance, in the framework of the SPS Agreement provisional 
measures may be taken under Article 5.7, while Article 5.1 requires a "more objective " risk 
assessmen t. The category  of information or data (defined in abstract terms) to be considered in a 
risk assessment is the same under Article 5.1 and Article 5.7. In both cases, it is contextually 
informed by the language of Articles 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 and the definiti on of risk assessment in 
Annex A(4). The difference between an Article 5.1 situation and an Article 5.7 situation does not 
relate to the abstract delimitation of the category of data that might be relevant, but rather relates 
to the extent to which the cat egory is populated by data . 
 
88. Second , the European Union is not aware of any treaty language in the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement that refers, in the context of Article 7, to "clerical errors ", or seeks to distinguish 
"clerical errors " from matters arising from "incomplete or unverified information ". The dispute 
must be determined by reference to the terms actually used in the treaty and a panel cannot read 
something into the Anti -Dumping Agreement  that is not there.   
 
89. Third, the language in Article 7 ( "provisional "/"preliminary "/"estimated ") (eleven references) 
is used with respect to the measure as a whole , not with respect to some particular element of the 
measure, as alleged by Indonesia.  
 
90. Fourth, Articles 9.2 and 9.3 are o f no assistance to Indonesia, because at most the term 
"appropriate " in Article 9.2 simply re -directs the Panel to the terms 
"preliminary "/"provisional "/"estimate " in Article 7 and Article 9.3 re -directs the Panel to Article 2, 
whereas Indonesia has no res pective claims under Article 2. "Appropriate " in the context of a 
provisional measure is different from "appropriate " in the context of a definitive measure.  
 
91. With respect of the re -opening of the investigation, the European Union notes that the IA 
provided the interested parties with a general disclosure document on 3 July 2017. However, that 
is not a final determination.  
 
92. In the light of the above, the European Union submits that the Panel should reject 
Indonesia 's claims with respect to the defin itive collection of the provisional anti -dumping duties 
imposed on the products at issue from the Musim Mas Group.  
 
3. CONCLUSION  
 
93. Indonesia has failed to make a prima facie  case on its claims. The European Union has 
shown that the claims pursued and d eveloped in Indonesia 's submissions in these proceedings are 
unfounded and based on erroneous arguments. The European Union respectfully requests the 
Panel to reject Indonesia 's claims.  
 
_______________WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C  
ARGUMENTS OF THE THI RD PARTIES  
Contents  Page  
Annex C-1 Executive summary of the arguments of Argentina  C-2 
Annex C-2 Executive summary of the arguments of Australia  C-6 
Annex C-3 Executive summary of the arguments of Brazil  C-9 
Annex C-4 Executive summary of the arguments of China  C-12 
Annex C-5 Executive summary of the arguments of Japan  C-14 
Annex C-6 Executive summary of the arguments of Norway  C-18 
Annex C-7 Executive summary of the arguments of Russia  C-20 
Annex C-8 Executive summary of the arguments of Turkey  C-24 
Annex C-9 Executive summary of the arguments of the United States  C-27 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C -1 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE ARGUMENTS  
OF ARGENTINA  
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE THIRD PARTY WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF ARGENTINA  
 
Introduction  
 
1. Argentina set forth its views because of its systemic and trade interest in the correct 
interpretation of certain obligations contained in the legal provisions of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement and the GATT 1994.  
Claims under Article 2.2 and 2 .2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
2. With regard to the claims related to Articles 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994, Argentina agrees with Indonesia1 that the facts which 
constitute the basis for th e Indonesian claim are identical to the facts that formed part of the EU – 
Biodiesel  case. Consequently, Argentina considers that the Pane l should find that the 
European  Union acted inconsistently with:  
Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by having failed to calculate the normal 
value of the product under consideration in accordance with costs actually incurred by 
the investigated companies, even when the actual costs were recorded in accordance 
with generally accepted accounting principles in  the exporting country and were 
reasonably reflected in the accounting records of the companies investigated; and  
 
Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement by having failed to construct the normal 
value of biodiesel in Indonesia on the basis of the cost  of production in the country of 
origin.  
 
Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
3. With regard to Indonesia's claim relating to Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, although the use of "any other method" to determ ine the amounts for profits of the 
producers and/or exporters under investigation grants some margin of discretion to the 
investigating authority, the method chosen for calculating the amount for profits must be 
"reasonable" under the terms of Article 2.2. 2(iii) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
4. Argentina considers that the amount calculated for profits through the application of the 
reasonable method selected shall always be limited by "… the profit normally realized by other 
exporters or producers on sale s of products of the same general category in the domestic market 
of the country of origin", as provided in subparagraph (iii) of Article 2.2.2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement.2 
Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
5. Concerning the claim link ed to Articles 2.3 and 2.4 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement3, there is 
no indication in those articles that the double counting premium can be deducted from the export 
price, even where the "monetary consideration" therefor is transferred at a later time in 
accordance with the payment conditions and modalities agreed by the parties. In Argentina's view, 
the European Union's analysis of the facts and legal treatment of the "double counting premium" 
would not appear to be consistent with the obligations under th ose articles.  
                                                
1 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 45 and 100.  
2 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 143 -145. 
3 Ibid, paras. 205 to 215.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:2 of the GATT 1994  
 
6. In respect of the claims relating to Article 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and 
Article  VI:2 of the GATT 1994, the facts forming the basis of the Indonesian cl aim4 are identical to 
the facts at issue in EU – Biodiesel . Consequently, the Panel should reach the same conclusions 
and make the same recommendations as the Panel and Appellate Body in that dispute.  
Articles 7.1, 7.2, 9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agre ement  
 
7. Argentina, like Indonesia, argues that provisional measures in the form of provisional 
anti-dumping duties are conditional on a preliminary affirmative determination of dumping – in 
accordance with the provisions of Articles 7.1 and 7.2 of the An ti-Dumping Agreement – and of 
injury in accordance with Articles 9.2 and 9.3 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. Furthermore, the 
provisional anti -dumping duty determined may not exceed the margin of dumping calculated in 
accordance with Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
8. Argentina takes the view that there is no provision in the Anti -Dumping Agreement that 
permits investigating authorities to fulfil their obligation to objectively examine positive evidence 
with different levels of stringency.  
EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY OF THE THIRD PARTY ORAL STATEMENT OF ARGENTINA  
 
1. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS  
 
9. Following the EU – Biodiesel  case5, the present dispute has legal importance in relation to 
two central articles of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, Articles 2.2.1.1 and 2.2, particularly as 
regards whether these rules, when applied to the construction of normal value, authorize WTO 
Members to (1) not take into account actual costs incurred by the producer simply because the 
investigating authority disregarded them as a re sult of government intervention; (2) replace those 
costs with other costs in the country of origin that are presumably not affec ted by such distortion; 
and (3)  determine the existence of dumping and the imposition of anti -dumping duties on a basis 
other th an the individual behaviour of the producers and exporters under investigation.  
10. To begin with, Argentina would like to emphasize that the arguments set out by Indonesia in 
relation to the calculation of production costs under Article 2.2.1.1 and the co nstruction of such 
costs in the country of origin under Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement are in essence 
indistinguishable from those made by Argentina in EU – Biodiesel .6 The European Union does not 
appear to challenge Indonesia's characterization  of the facts presented, nor does it rebut the 
substantive arguments put forward by Indonesia in the light of those provisions.7 
11. Argentina agrees with Indonesia and other third parties8 in this dispute that Article 11 of the 
DSU requires the Panel to m ake an objective assessment of the matter before it. However, 
Indonesia's arguments in respect of Articles 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 merited the same findings of 
inconsistency with the Anti -Dumping Agreement as those made in the EU – Biodiesel  case.9 
2. INDONESIA'S SUBSTANTIVE CLAIMS REGARDING THE DUMPING DETERMINATION  
 
1. Indonesia's claims relating to the calculation of the cost of production on the basis 
of the records kept by the producer under investigation (Articles 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement  and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994)  
 
12. In its first written submission, Indonesia argues that the European Union acted 
inconsistently with the obligations set forth in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement because it failed to calculate the cost of production on the basis of the 
                                                
4 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 45 and 100.  
5 European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel fr om Argentina (DS473).  
6 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 45 and 100.  
7 European Union's first written submission, paras. 5 –16. 
8 United States' third party written submission, paras. 4 –5. 
9 Appellate Body Report, European Union – Anti-Dumping M easures on Biodiesel from Argentina , 
paras.  6.19, 6.20, 6.22, 6.25, footnote 130, 6.30, 6.39, 6.56, 6.81 and 6.82.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 records kept by the Indonesian producers/exporters under investigation, given that the costs 
reflected in the accounting records were distorted as a result of the application of the 
"differenti ated export tax (DET) system" .10 
 
13. Argentina recalls that in EU – Biodiesel, the Appellate Body found that the second condition 
in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 "…  relates to whether the records kept by the exporter or 
producer under investigatio n suitably and sufficiently correspond to or reproduce those costs 
incurred by the investigated exporter or producer that have a genuine relationship with the 
production and sale of the specific product under consideration" .11 
 
14. Thus, the second conditio n in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 clearly rules out any 
interpretation that might allow the investigating authority to examine the hypothetical costs that 
should have been incurred by producers/exporters in normal circumstances, that is, in the ab sence 
of the alleged distortion caused by government intervention, as opposed to an investigation of the 
costs actually incurred by the producer/exporter under investigation.12 Secondly, it also rules out 
any interpretation that might allow the investigatin g authority to conclude that the costs actually 
incurred are not reasonably reflected in the accounting records and thus to reject them in order to 
address the economic effect of the governmental intervention on the alleged distortion of costs.13 
 
2. Failur e of the European Union to construct the normal value for the Indonesian 
products under investigation on the basis of the cost of production of biodiesel in the 
country of origin, i.e. Indonesia: violation of Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
and A rticle  VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994.  
 
15. Indonesia argues that the European Union acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement by not using production costs in the country of origin to construct normal 
value and by replacing the cos ts of raw materials reported in the producers' records, i.e. the cost 
of production in the domestic market, with the reference export price, by virtue of which the 
differentiated export tax system distorts the cost of the input.14 
 
16. Argentina recalls tha t, according to the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel , in calculating the 
cost of production under Article 2.2, the investigating authority is not prohibited from resorting to 
information other than costs contained in the records of exporters or producers, including 
in-country and out -of-country evidence. However, this does not mean that an investigating 
authority may simply substitute the costs from outside the country of origin for the "cost of 
production in the country of origin".15 
 
3. The European Union acted inconsistently with Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(ii) of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement by failing to establish a cap for profits when calculating the 
normal value for the Indonesian producers under investigation  
 
17. In its first written submission, Indonesia claimed that the European Union failed to calculate 
the cap for profit normally realized for other producers. Consequently, it also failed to ensure that 
the profit margin calculated in constructing the normal value did not exceed that cap, which meant 
that the anti -dumping measures in this dispute were inconsistent with Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreement.16 
 
18. Argentina recalls that Article 2.2.2(iii) uses the term "shall not exceed"; therefore, that 
calculation is mandatory for the  investigating authorities.17 In consequence, Members are obliged 
not only to establish a cap, but also to guarantee that the profit thus determined will not exceed 
the cap, that is, the profits normally realized by other exporters or producers on sales of products 
of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin.  
 
                                                
10 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 44, 45 and 51.  
11 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.21.  
12 Japan's third party writ ten submission, paras 12 -13. 
13 Brazil's third party written submission, para. 11.  
14 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 99 -100 and 107.  
15 Appellate Body Report, para. 6.73.  
16 Indonesia's first written submission, paras. 118, 130, 131, 136 and 14 5. 
17 Panel Report, EC – Bedlinen , para. 6.97, cited in Indonesia's first written submission, para.  138.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 19. Argentina maintains that the above -mentioned obligation exists in each and every case. In 
fact, it observes that this provision does not establish any exception or  qualification.18 Earlier panel 
reports support this position.19 
 
4. Inconsistent application and final collection of provisional duties: Articles  7.1, 7.2, 
9.2 and 9.3 (chapeau) of the Anti -Dumping Agreement  
 
20. Indonesia contends, first of all, that the E uropean Union acted inconsistently with Article  7.1 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement because it applied provisional measures to Indonesian producers 
based on a finding of dumping inconsistent with Articles 7.2, 9.2 and the chapeau of Article 9.3, 
insofar as i t imposed a provisional measure on imports from one Indonesian producer in excess of 
the provisionally estimated margin of dumping for that producer.20 
 
21. Argentina agrees with the European Union that a provisional determination could be subject 
to change s in accordance with the subsequent findings reached by the investigating authority in 
the final determination.21 However, in order for a Member to apply a provisional measure 
consistent with the Anti -Dumping Agreement, it must be as a result of a provision al dumping 
determination in accordance with Article 2, otherwise the provisional anti -dumping duties will be 
collected in excess.  
 
22. Argentina considers that it would be incorrect to interpret paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 7 of 
the Anti -Dumping Agreemen t in such a way as to permit Members to apply provisional measures 
based on a provisional margin of dumping that has been established in violation of Article 2 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement, using the argument that the amount of the definitive anti -dumping  duty 
would ultimately be higher or that the "lesser duty" rule would be applicable.22 
 
23. The latter interpretation finds additional support in the text of Article 12.2 of the Anti -Dumping 
Agreement, which requires the investigating authorities to provide  sufficiently detailed 
explanations for the preliminary determinations on dumping, including "… the margins of dumping 
established and a full explanation of the reasons for the methodology used in the establishment 
and comparison of the export price and th e normal value under Article 2".  
                                                
18 United States' third party written submission, para. 18.  
19 Panel Report, EU – Footwear (China) , para. 6.52, cited in Indonesia's first written submis sion, 
para. 140. 
20 Indonesia's first written submission, para. 285.  
21 European Union's first written submission, paras. 132 -139. 
22 European Union's first written submission, paras. 126 and 142.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C -2 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF AUSTRALIA  
I. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. Australia welcomes the opportunity to present its views on the issues raised in this 
proceeding .  
 
2. In its oral submission, Australia would like to briefly comment on the interpretation and 
application of Articles 2.2, 3 and 7.2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement , in the context of the current 
dispute.  
 
II. CALCULATING NORMAL V ALUE UNDER ARTICLE 2 .2 OF THE ANTI -DUMPING 
AGREEMENT  
 
3. First, I turn to the calculation of normal value under Article 2.2 of the Anti-Dumping 
Agreement . Australia observes that many of Indonesia 's arguments in this dispute  rest on the 
findings in the EU – Biodiesel dispute.1 Yet in Australia 's view, Indonesia 's claims do not accurately 
reflect the outcomes of that dispute . In particular, Indonesia contends the findings in EU – 
Biodiesel  preclude any departure from the recor ds of the producer for the purposes of the 
calculation of normal value under Article 2.2.1.1 .2 However, in Australia 's view, the Appellate 
Body in that dispute took a more nuanced approach.3 For example, when  endorsing the Panel 's 
view regarding the applic ation of the second condition in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1, the 
Appellate Body noted:  
 
…the Panel explained that its understanding of this condition does not imply that 
"what is recorded in the records of the producer or exporter must be automa tically 
accepted. "4 
4. Thus, the Appellate Body has made clear, an Investigating Authority is free to examine other 
sources, for example to determine "whether all costs incurred are captured; whether the costs 
incurred have been over - or understated; and w hether non -arms-length transactions or other 
practices affect the reliability of the reported costs ".5  
 
5. Further, in this dispute the EU has asked, as it did in the EU – Biodiesel dispute, that the 
phrase "shall normally be calculated " in Article 2.2.1.1 not be subject to legal assessment by the 
Panel in this dispute.6 Australia regards this request as appropriate in the context of this dispute, 
as it was in the prior dispute . Australia observes that this is consistent with the view tak en by the 
Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel, which stated:   
 
Thus, for the purposes of resolving this dispute, it is the meaning of [the second 
condition in Article 2.2.1.1] that must be ascertained, and not whether there are other 
circumstances in which t he obligation in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 "normally " 
to base the calculation of costs on the records kept by the exporter or producer under 
investigation would not apply.7 
6. Thus, Australia respectfully encourages the Panel to take a similar view and to confine its 
examination of Article 2.2.1.1 to those interpretive questions which are within the scope of the 
current dispute.  
                                                
1 Indonesia' s First Written Submission, paras. 45 -46, 91 -95.   
2 Indonesia's First Written Submission, para. 78. 
3 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , paras . 6.41 and 6.56.  
4 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para . 6.41. 
5 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para . 6.41. 
6 EU's First Written Submission , para. 10. 
7 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , footnote 120.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 7. In relation to the Panel 's consideration of the EU 's calculation of profits under 
Article  2.2.2  (iii) of the Anti-Dumping Agreement , Australia observes that the Panel in EU – 
Biodiesel said: 
 
The reasonableness of the method used under Article 2.2.2(iii) for determining the 
profit margin turns on whether it is rationally directed at approximating what that 
margin would  have been if the product under consideration were sold in the ordinary 
course of trade in the domestic market of the exporting country.8 
8. Thus, it is not a question of specifying a particular methodology, but rather to assess the 
method applied by an In vestigating Authority in any given case to determine whether it is 
"rationally directed at approximating what the margin would have been ".  
 
9. In Australia 's view, the EU has demonstrated in paragraphs 25 – 38 of its first written 
submission that its appr oach was "rationally directed " at approximating a product 's profit margin 
in this particular set of circumstances . Australia further recalls that in EU – Biodiesel , the EU used 
a consistent methodology to construct a profit margin around relevant credit co sts, comparable 
industry profit rates, and local biodiesel producer profits . On that basis, the Panel in that dispute 
found the resulting 15 % profit rate attributed to Argentinean producers was reasonable.9 Similarly, 
Australia considers that the EU 's calc ulation of profits in the current dispute was determined by 
"any other reasonable method ", as provided for under Article 2.2.2 (iii) of the Anti-Dumping 
Agreement .  
 
III. CALCULATING INJURY U NDER ARTICLE 3 OF TH E ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
10. In respect of the EU 's injury assessment under Article 3  of the Anti-Dumping Agreement , 
Indonesia contends that the EU 's treatment of biodiesels with different melting points, and the 
subsequent measurement of which parts of the EU 's domestic industry suffered injury, w as 
inconsistent with the EU 's WTO obligations.  
 
11. However, in Australia 's view, the EU 's approach was appropriate and consistent with 
Article 3 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement . Under Article 3, Investigating Authorities are required to 
make an "objective e xamination " of "positive evidence " when investigating whether injury can be 
attributed to dumping.10 The Appellate Body found in US – Hot Rolled Steel  that the Investigating 
Authority must investigate the impact on domestic industry in an "unbiased manner, without 
favouring the interests of any particular party ".11 Where choices are made that require the 
exercise of discretion, the Investigating Authority "should provide a satisfactory explanation " to 
justify its approach.12 
 
12. The EU has satisfactorily expl ained its approach to considering the differences between the 
melting points of EU and Indonesian biodiesels when completing its price undercutting 
calculations.13 In Australia 's view, in doing so, the EU has met the objectivity requirements in 
Article 3 of  the Anti-Dumping Agreement as set out by the Appellate Body in US – Hot Rolled 
Steel.  
 
IV. CALCULATING PROVISIO NAL REMEDIES UNDER T HE ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
13. Finally, in the calculation of provisional remedies under the Anti-Dumping Agreement , 
Austra lia is of the view that Article 7.2 , which defines how provisional measures may be levied 
during an anti -dumping investigation, makes clear that provisional duties are to be based on the 
"provisionally estimated margin of dumping ". Therefore, Australia submits that the word 
"estimated ", unlike subsequent references in the Anti-Dumping Agreement  to "final 
determinations ", implies a degree of variation from final determinations is permitted .  
 
                                                
8 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para 7.337.  
9 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , paras . 7.349 –7.351.  
10 Anti-Dumping Agreement, Article 3.1 . 
11 Appellate Body Report, US – Hot Rolled Steel, para. 204. 
12 Appellate Body Report, US – Hot Rolled Steel, para. 204. 
13 EU's First Written Submission, paras . 81-97. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 V. CONCLUSION  
 
14. Australia thanks the Pa nel for the opportunity to address these issues at today 's meeting.  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C -3 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF BRAZIL  
I. Introduction  
 
1. Brazil welcomes the opportunity to present its views on the legal matters at issue in this 
dispute. In this Third Party Submission, Brazil will address the legal standard for constructing the 
normal value under Article 2.2.1.1 of the Antidumping Agreement (ADA), with focus on the 
Appellate Body 's jurisprudence in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) . It will also briefly address whether 
the European Union 's price undercutting analysis is in line with the requirements under Articles 3.1 
and 3.2 of the ADA .  
 
II. The legal standard under Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA  
 
2. Indonesia relied heavily on the Appellate Body jurisprudence in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  to 
argue its case. There is no question that the Appellate Body ruling in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  is 
relevant to this dispute. In both cases, the European Union ( EU) considered that export tariffs 
applied to soybeans (inputs in the production of biodiesel) resulted in domestic prices for this 
product being artificially lower than international prices. Accordingly, when calculating the normal 
value for biodiesel, th e EU found it proper to disregard the records kept by the producers and 
resort to a "surrogate price for soybeans " (an external benchmark).  
 
3. Brazil would like to recall, however, that the Appellate Body 's ruling in EU – Biodiesel 
(Argentina)  is circums cribed to the factual circumstances of that case. In this sense, if indeed the 
factual circumstances are the same (or practically the same) as in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina),  it is 
only logical that the Panel should follow the Appellate Body 's guidance in i nterpreting the 
obligation under Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA .  
 
4. Brazil, however, would caution the Panel against overstretching the boundaries of the 
Appellate Body 's ruling in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) . The way Brazil sees it, in these proceedings, 
Indonesia´s reasoning seems to be based on the same flawed premises that "no matter 
how unreasonable the production (or sale) costs in the records kept  by the investigated firm 
would  be when compared to a proxy or benchmark consistent with a normal market sit uation, 
there is nothing an investigating authority can do " as the European Union has put it in its appeal in 
EU – Biodiesel (Argentina ).1  
 
5. Yet the Appellate Body has made it clear that its reading of the legal s tandard under 
Article  2.2.1.1 of the ADA  is more nuanced than that.2  
 
6. Firstly, in paragraph 6.33 of its report on EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , the Appellate Body 
referred to several instances in which investigating authorities are authorized to depart from the 
records kept by producers when c alculating the normal value. It explained that:  
 
"[R]ecords that are GAAP -consistent may nonetheless be found not to reasonably 
reflect the costs associated with the production and sale of the product under 
consideration. This may occur, for example, if c ertain costs relate to the production 
both of the product under consideration and of other products, or where the exporter 
or producer under investigation is part of a group of companies in which the costs of 
certain inputs associated with the production a nd sale of the product under 
consideration are spread across different companies ' records, or where transactions 
involving such inputs are not at arm 's length. "3 
                                                
1 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.40.  
2 Ib., para. 6.41.  
3 Ib., para. 6.33.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 7. The Appellate Body further clarified that there may be circumstances where the obligation to 
calculate the cost on the basis of the record kept by the exporter or producer does not apply. 
Please note that the Appellate Body did not limit those circumstance s, nor established an 
exhaustive list, but merely mentioned transfer pricing as an example of such instances. In such 
cases,   
 
"an investigating authority may have recourse to alternative bases to calculate some 
or all such costs. Yet, Article 2.2 does no t specify precisely to what evidence an 
authority may resort. This suggests that, in such circumstances, the authority is not 
prohibited from relying on information other than that contained in the records kept 
by the exporter or producer, including in -country and out -of-country evidence ."4 
8. Moreover, it is important to note that the Appellate Body considered that the phrase "the 
cost of production in the country of origin " does not limit the sources of information or evidence 
that may be used in establis hing the costs of production in the country of origin to sources inside 
the country of origin ".5 This means that there may be circumstances when it would be appropriate 
for the investigating authority to rely on an external benchmark when calculating the n ormal value 
under Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA.  
 
9. Secondly, as previously pointed out, the Appellate Body 's ruling in EU – Biodiesel 
(Argentina)  is circumscribed to the specific factual circumstances of that case. One should recall 
that the EU based its determination that the producer 's records do not reasonably reflect the cost 
of soybeans on the fact that the export tariff applied to soybean was  around 20% higher than that 
applied to the exportation of biodiesel – export tariffs on soybean were 35% while export tariffs on 
biodiesel had a nominal rate of 20%, with an effective rate of 14.58% taking into account a tax 
rebate.  
 
10. For the Appellat e Body, however,  
 
"the Argentine export tax system was not, in itself, a sufficient basis  under 
Article  2.2.1.1 for concluding that the producers ' records do not reasonably reflect the 
costs of soybeans associated with the production and sale of biodiesel, or for 
disregarding those costs when constructing the normal value of biodiesel. "6 
11. Brazil understands that while the Appellate Body considere d that the mere existence of an 
export tariff difference between the export tariffs to soybeans and biodiesel may not be "sufficient 
basis" for disregarding producers ' records in calculating normal value, it did not state that the 
economic effects of expor t tariffs over the cost of inputs can never  be a sufficient basis for 
concluding that the producers ' records do not reasonably reflect the cost of production. While the 
economic effects of a 20% export tariff may not be deemed "sufficient " to modify produc tion 
conditions in the domestic market, the impact of a 200% export tariffs on the market could 
arguably be found "sufficient ". In other words, whether an export tariff or any other governmental 
measure that affect prices is a "sufficient basis " for disreg arding producers ' records needs to be 
assessed on a case -by-case basis, according to the actual effect of this restriction in the product at 
issue.  
 
12. Furthermore, Brazil would like to recall that in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , the 
Appellate  Body did no t make any findings regarding how Article 2.2.1.1 should apply to situations 
                                                
4 Ib, para 6.73. The Appellate Body has further clarified that, while the investigating authority may 
resort to alternative bases for calculating the cost of production, "[t]his, however, does not mean that an 
investigating authority may simply substitute the costs from outside the country of origin for the "cost of 
production in the country of origin". Indeed, Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) 
of the GATT 1994 make clear that the determination is of the "cost of production […] i n the country of origin". 
Thus, whatever the information that it uses, an investigating authority has to ensure that such information is 
used to arrive at the "cost of production in the country of origin". Compliance with this obligation may require 
the in vestigating authority to adapt the information that it collects. It is in this sense that we understand the 
Panel to have stated that Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994 
"require that the costs of production e stablished by the authority reflect conditions prevailing in the country of 
origin". For Brazil, this passage makes it clear that the investigating authority can resort to an external 
benchmark as long as such benchmark is an appropriate proxy for the cost  of production in the country of 
origin.  
5 Ib., para. 6.74.  
6 Ib., para. 6.55.   WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 where the prices of inputs are subject to other restrictions, such as price controls. Indeed, in 
paragraph 60 of its First Written Submission, Indonesia itself specifically distin guishes the situation 
"where the State interferes directly on the market by setting or regulating the prices at an 
artificially low level " from that where domestic prices are lower than international prices "as a side -
effect of the export tax system ". Whil e the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  has ruled 
on the latter, it made no findings whatsoever on the former.  
 
13. Brazil considers that, depending on the magnitude of the intervention, a State interfering in 
the market to set or regulate the prices of raw materials at artificially low levels could be 
considered "sufficient basis " for investigating authorities disregarding producers ' records under 
Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA .     
 
14. In sum, Brazil considers that the jurisprudence in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  offers only 
limited guidance when assessing whether investigating authorities can resort to an external 
benchmark when calculating the normal value under Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA. In deciding the 
present dispute, the Panel should be  conscious of these limitations.  
 
III. The EU 's price undercutting analysis  
 
15. Indonesia argues that the EU 's price undercutting analysis was not based on the 
examination of positive evidence as provided in Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the ADA. Indonesia not ices 
that, for the purpose of the price undercutting analysis, the EU decided to make a price 
comparison between the imported and domestic biodiesel on the basis of the "cold filter plugging 
point" (CFPP). More specifically, because of the "very small volu me" of sales of Union producers at 
CFPP +13 °C, the European Commission compared prices of Indonesian imports at CFPP +13 °C 
with the sales of Union producers of biodiesel at CFPP 0 °C.  
 
16. Although Brazil does not take a position on the factual aspects of this case, it understands 
that what is at stake in the Panel 's assessment of Articles 3.1 and 3.2 of the ADA is the internal 
coherence in the EU 's price undercutting analysis. In this regard, Brazil notices that, on the one 
hand, the EU understood that its  product with CFPP +13 °C could not be used for comparison with 
the subject product containing the same characteristics because of the "very small volume" of 
sales of this EU product. However, on the other hand, the same "very small volume" was 
considered t o be sufficient when proposing the amount of adjustment in the prices of the 
Indonesian product. It seems to Brazil that if CFPP + 13°C was disregarded from the 
first calculation because of its low volume, it should also have been disregarded from the secon d 
as well.  
 
 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C -4 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF CHINA  
I. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. China welcomes the opportunity to file this submission in the dispute European Union – Anti-
Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Indonesia (DS480) ( "EU – Biodiesel (Indonesia) "). China 
intervenes because of its systemic interest in the correct interpretation of the relevant provisions 
of the covered agreements, in particular the provisions of Article 2 .2 of the Agreement on 
Implementation of Article VI  of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the "Anti-Dumping 
Agreement "), and would like to present its view.  
 
II. ARTICLE 2.2.1.1  STIPULATES TO CALCUL ATE THE COST OF PROD UCTION ON THE BASIS OF THE 
RECORDS KEPT BY THE  PRODUCERS   
 
2. Article 2.2.1.1 governs the calculation of a producer 's costs of production for the purpose of 
constructing normal value . Specifically, an investigating authority must calculate the producer 's 
costs on the basis of the producer 's records, provided that these records: (i) are in accordance 
with the generally applicable accounting principles ( "GAAP ") of the exporting country; and (ii) 
reasonably reflect the costs associated with the production and sale of the product under 
investigation .  
 
3. The Appellate Body stress ed in EU – Biodiesel  that the term "reasonably  reflect the costs 
associated with the production and sale of the product " in Article 2.2.1.1  refers to whether "the 
records kept by the exporter or producer suitably and sufficiently correspond or reproduce those 
costs incurred by the investigated exporter  or producer that have a genuine relationship with the 
production and sale of the specific product under conside ration ".1   
 
4. Namely, Article 2.2.1.1 does not permit an authority to reject a producer 's properly recorded 
costs through a comparison with hypothetical  costs that might prevail in a hypothetical  market not 
available to the investigated producer in the c ountry of origin.  
 
5. Furthermore, t he requirement under Article 2.2 to use the costs of production "in the 
country of origin " demonstrates that the relevant production costs are not hypothetical costs 
derived from a hypothetical market . Rather, they are t he costs incurred "in the country of origin ".   
 
6. Therefore, t he ordinary meaning of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1, considered in the 
light of its context , allows an authority to reject a producer 's GAAP -compliant records if those 
records fail to reflect the "actual " costs incurred to produce the product under consideration . An 
interpretation in line with the customary rules  of interpretation does not support the assertion that  
recorded costs may be  benchmarked against the hypothetical  costs that would be borne by a 
producer in a theoretical market where the price of relevant inputs was not affected by 
governmental policy interventions.  
 
III. ARTICLE 2.2 STIPULATES  TO CONSTRUCT THE NOR MAL VALUE ON TH E BASIS OF THE COST OF 
PRODUCTION IN THE CO UNTRY OF ORIGIN  
 
7. Article 2.2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement sets forth how an investigating authority should 
establish normal value . It requires that domestic prices normally be used for the purpose of 
establishing normal value . In some circumstances, however, Article 2.2 recognizes that domestic 
prices may be unsuitable, for example, if such sales are not in the ordinary course of trade . In 
such a situation, an investigating authority has two options: it may base normal value on "a 
comparable price of the like product when exported to an appropriate third country ", or, it may 
construct normal value on the basis of the "cost of production in the country of origin " plus 
administrative, selling and general costs and profit . Each of these methods aims to achieve a proxy 
                                                
1 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.26. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-13 - 
 
 normal value as close as possible to the would -be domestic selling price:2 sales must be to an 
"appropriate " third country at  a "comparable " price and the costs of production must be the 
producer 's costs in the "country of origin ". 
 
8. Furthermore, t his is confirmed by the immediate and broader context of the term "cost of 
production " in Article 2.2 . The immediate context sets f orth that the "cost of production " is the 
"cost of production in the country of origin ". This sets forth clearly that the cost cannot  be a 
hypothetical cost that the producer "would have " incurred, if they bought the relevant input 
outside  the country of o rigin. The context provided by Article 2.2.1.1 makes clear that the 
determination of costs "for the purpose of paragraph 2 " is focused on describing the true costs of 
the producer of the product under consideration . Together, these contextual elements leave no 
doubt that the "cost of production " described in Article 2.2 is the producer 's cost and not a 
hypothetical  cost that does not reflect the true cost incurred by the producer to produce the 
product under considera tion.  
 
9. China recognizes that situations arise where a producer 's true costs to produce the product 
are not reflected in its records, meaning that the "cost of production in the country of origin " must 
be determined through evidence other than the produ cer's own accounts . This may be the case, 
for example, where the producer 's records cannot be used because the transaction is influenced by 
a non -arm's length pricing transfer with a related party, in which case the recorded cost may 
appear to be unreliabl e. To be clear, in such a case, the investigating authority may reject the 
producer 's records , but may not deny the true costs of the producer of the product under 
consideration. The authority may look for evidence other than the producer 's records, but, a t the 
end of the day, it must determine or calculate the true costs of the producer of the product under 
consideration and not a hypothetical  cost. To determine costs in such a case, the authority must 
clearly look for evidence in the country of origin  because this evidence is the best evidence of the 
true cost  to the producer "in the country of origin ".  
 
10. The Appellate Body also stress ed in EU – Biodiesel  that an investigating authority may not, 
when using out -of-country evidence, "simply substitute costs from outside the country of origin for 
the 'cost of production in the country of origin '"; rather "the investigating authority [is required] to 
adapt the information that it collects " [to the conditions of the country of origin].3  
 
11. Thus, if no in -country evidence were available and out -of-country evidence had to be used, 
the out -of-country costs would have to be adjusted to ensure that the "cost of production " 
ascertained by the authority is a reflection of the producer 's true costs to produce the product in 
the country of origin . Such necessary adjustments would include accounting for any differences in 
regulatory policies and any other factors exogenous to the producer than affect the cost of 
production . Ignoring such f actors would mean that the external costs taken into consideration 
reflect conditions outside the country of origin and therefore could not be reflective of the 
producer 's cost of production "in the country of origin ".  
 
IV. CONCLUSION  
 
12. China thinks the legal issue in this case, in particular the legal  interpretation of Article 2 .2 of 
the Anti-Dumping Agreement , is highly relevant to that contained in the EU – Biodiesel , and 
requests  the Panel to attach great importance to  the rulings in that dispute , in order to keep the 
predictability  and consist ence of the dispute settlement system.  
 
13. China  thanks the Panel for its consideration of these comments.  
 
                                                
2 Panel Report, Thailand – H-Beams , para. 7.112 .   
3 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.73. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ANNEX C -5 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF JAPAN  
1. In this proceeding, Japan addresses the interpretation of Articles 2.2, 2.2.1.1, 3.1 and 3.2 of 
the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 
1994 (the "ADA") and Article VI: 1(b) (ii) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (the 
"GATT 1994 "). 
 
I. INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLES 2.2.1.1  AND 2.2 OF THE ADA  AND ARTICLE VI:1( B)(II) OF THE 
GATT  1994  
 
i. The context for the interpretation of Articles 2.2.1.1 and 2.2 of the ADA and 
Article  VI: 1(b) (ii) of the G ATT 1994  
 
2. At the beginning , Japan would like to briefly touch on the overall structure of Article VI: 1 of 
the GATT 1994 and Article s 2.1, 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 of the ADA to the extent they pertain to the 
definition and calculation of "normal value ". The first sentence of Article VI: 1 of the GATT 1994 
provides that "dumping " is found to exist if products of one country are introduced into the 
commerce of another country at less than "the normal value " of the products. Article VI: 1 (a) of 
the GATT 1994  and Article 2 .1 of the ADA provide that a product is to be considered as being 
introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value if the export price 
of the product is less than  "the comparable price, in the ordinary course of t rade, for the like 
product when destined for consumption in the exporting country ". Article  VI:1(b) and Article 2.2  
provide that, in the absence  of the comparable  domestic price, an investigating authority may rely 
on the alternative bases  for establishing  normal value , including, inter alia , "the cost of production 
[of the product] in the country of origin " plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit . 
Further, Article 2.2.1.1  sets forth a specific guidance for determining "the cost of production  in the 
country of origin " for the purpose of Article 2.2.  
 
3. As regards the calculation of normal value pursuant to Article 2.1  of the ADA , the Appellate 
Body explained in US – Hot-Rolled Steel  that "Article 2.1 requires investigating authorities to 
exclude sales not made 'in the ordinary course of trade ', from the calculation of normal value, 
precisely to ensure that normal value is, indeed, the 'normal ' price of the like product, in the home 
market o f the exporter . Where a sales transaction is concluded on terms and conditions that are 
incompatible with 'normal ' commercial practice for sales of the like product, in the market in 
question, at the relevant time,  the transaction is not an appropriate bas is for calculating 'normal ' 
value ".1 Thus, the Appellate Body understands the "normal value " calculated pursuant to 
Article  2.1 as the "'normal ' price" of the like product "in the home market of the exporter ". In 
particular , such normal price must be calculated based on sales prices that properly reflect 
"'normal ' commercial practice " for sales of the like product "in the market in question ". As such , if 
a sales price does not properly reflect normal commercial considerations, e.g. due to a no n-arm's 
length transaction, such a price "is not an appropriate basis " for calculating normal value and must 
therefore be excluded.  
 
4. With respect to the alternative  methodologies set forth in Article 2.2, the Appellate Body in 
EU – Biodiesel has confir med the interpretation adopted by the panels in prior disputes that the 
role of this provision  is to generate an "appropriate proxy " for the price of the like product in the 
ordinary course of trade in the home market. The  Appellate Body further explained that the costs 
calculated pursuant to Article 2.2.1.1 must also be "capable of generating such a proxy ".2 
Accordingly , the proper interpretation of Article 2.2 and Article 2.2.1.1 should take into account 
the role of Article 2.2  to provide  "an appropriate proxy " for "the price of the like product in the 
ordinary course of trade in the domestic market ".  
 
                                                
1 Appellate Body Report, US – Hot Rolled Steel , para. 140 . (underline added)  
2 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.24.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 ii. Interpretation of Article 2.2.1.1 of the ADA  
 
5. As evident from the text, the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 requires an investigating 
authority to "normally " calculate costs on the basis of records kept by the exporter or producer, 
"provided that " such records (1) are in accordance with the generall y accepted accounting 
principles ( "GAAP ") of the exporting country; and (2) reasonably reflect the costs associated with 
the production and sales of the product under investigation.  
 
6. With respect to the interpretation of "reasonably reflect the costs a ssociated with the 
production and sale of the product under investigation " in the second condition (above (2)), Japan 
understands that the adverb "reasonably " modifies the verb "reflect ", and there is no express 
requirement that "the costs " themselves be "reasonabl[e] ".3 Further, as confirmed by the phrase 
"[f]or the purpose of paragraph 2 " in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 and the text of 
Article  2.2, "the costs " in Article 2.2.1.1 refers to the costs of production "in the country of origin " 
and not  the costs in some other markets.4 
 
7. Having said that, Japan would like to make three  additional observations as regards the 
interpretation of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1. First, Japan notes the Appellate Body 's 
interpretation of Article 2.2.1. 1 in EU – Biodiesel  that the GAAP -consistent records may 
nonetheless be found not to "reasonably reflect the costs associated with the production and sales 
of the product under consideration " in certain circumstances.5 The Appellate Body stated  that such 
a situation may occur, "for example , if certain costs relate to the production both of the product 
under consideration and of other products, or where the exporter or producer under investigation 
is part of a group of companies in which the cost s of certain inputs associated with the production 
and sales of the product under consideration are spread across different companies ' records, or 
where transactions involving such inputs are not at arm 's length".6 The Appellate Body further 
noted that "[t]o the Panel, an investigating authority is 'certainly free to examine the reliability and 
accuracy of the costs recorded  in the records of the producers/exporters ' to determine, in 
particular,  whether all costs incurred are captured, whether  the costs inc urred have been over - or 
understated and whether non -arms-length transactions or other  practices  affect the reliability of 
the reported costs ".7 
 
8. It is notable that there may be situations other than the instances  specifically mentioned 
above  where an investigating  authority may find that the reported costs do not "reasonably reflect 
the costs associated with the production and sales of the product under consideration ", as the 
Appellate Body referred to these instances as only "example[s] ", and there mig ht be "other 
practices " that affect the reliability of the reported costs.  
 
9. Second, Japan submits that "the costs " in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 may  not 
always be limited to  the costs actually incurred  by the exporter or producer . Japan finds support 
for this interpretation in the context of this provision . Specifically, g iven that Article 2.2.1.1 (in 
conjunction with Article 2.2) pertains to a methodology for obtaining an "appropriate proxy " for the 
price of the product under investigati on "if it were sold in the ordinary course of trade in the 
domestic market ", "the costs associated with the production and sale of the product " under 
Article  2.2.1.1 must be of the kind that is capable of serving as an appropriate basis for estimating 
the would -be market price of the final product. Accordingly, in a case where , for example,  the cost 
of an input actually incurred  by the exporter or producer does not reflect normal commercial 
behaviours in the market for th at particular input, such cost canno t be "the costs associated with 
the production and sale of the product " in the sense of Article 2.2.1.1, as the use of such a price 
would distort, rather than contribute to, the proper estimation of the market price of the final 
product.  
 
10. Japan disagre es with Indonesia 's reading of the Appellate Body report in EU – Biodiesel  that 
the Appellate Body "in no unclear terms " confirmed that "the plain meaning of the terms of 
Article  2.2.1.1 [ …] precludes any enquiry into 'reasonableness ' of the recorded costs ". In any 
event , in Japan 's view, while Article 2.2.1.1 does not contain express reference to the general 
standard of "reasonableness '', "the costs associated with the production and sale of the product " 
                                                
3 See Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.37.  
4 See Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6. 23. 
5 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.33. 
6 Ibid. (emphasis added)  
7 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.41. (emphasis added)  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-16 - 
 
 under this Article must at least be a reflection of the normal functioning of the market in the 
country of origin , i.e. a cost capable of serving as an appropriate basis for estimating the would -be 
market price of the final product.  
 
11. Third, Japan notes that the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 provides  that an investigating 
authority shall "normally " use costs calculated on the basis of records kept by the exporter or 
producer, "provided that " the two prescribed conditions are met. The term "normally " is 
interpreted to mean  "under normal or ordinary con ditions; as a rule ". Thus, the use of the term 
"normally " suggests  that even where the two conditions contemplated in the "provided " clause in 
the first sentence  are met , use of an exporter 's or producer 's records is not necessarily mandatory 
in every case , and an investigating authority may consider other available evidence in certain 
circumstances. Indeed, if the drafters of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 had intended 
otherwise, they would have had no need to insert the word "normally ", which would  appear totally 
redundant.  
 
12. Although we refrain from going into a detailed discussion on specific  circumstances under 
which an investigating authority may be  allowed not to rely on the recorded costs and instead may 
seek other evidence , we would like t o highlight, again, that the costs  calculated pursuant to 
Article  2.2.1.1 "must be capable of generating  [an appropriate] proxy " to the normal value 
calculated pursuant to Article 2.1, which in turn is characterised by the Appellate Body as the 
"'normal ' price" of the product that is compatible with "'normal ' commercial practice " in the market 
of the country of origin . In other words, calculation of  normal value under these provisions appear s 
to presume that prices and/or costs used are reflect ive of a functioning  market.  
 
iii. Interpretation of Article 2.2 of the ADA and Ar ticle VI: 1(b) (ii) of the 
GATT  1994  
 
13. With respect to the phrase "the cost of production [of the product] in the country of origin " 
in Article 2.2 of the ADA and Article VI: 1(b) (ii) of the GATT 1994, the Appellate Body  in EU – 
Biodiesel  explained that this phrase "may be understood as a reference to the price paid or to be 
paid to produce something within the country of origin ".8 While Japan agrees with this statement, 
Japan submits that , as with the interpretation  of Article 2.2.1.1,  the phrase "the cost of production 
[of the product] in the country of origin " in Article 2.2 and Article VI: 1(b) (ii) should  be 
interpreted in ligh t of the role of these provisions to provide an "appropriate proxy " for the price of 
the like product if it were sold in the ordinary course of trade in the home market. Thus, "the cost 
of production [of the product] in the country of origin " under Article  2.2 and Article VI: 1(b) (ii) 
must serve as  an appropriate basis for estimating the would -be market price of the product under 
investigation.  
 
14. In this context, Japan notes that neither Article 2.2 nor Article VI:  1(b) (ii) contains 
additional words o r qualifying language specifying the type of evidence that must be used, or 
limiting the sources of information or evidence to only those sources inside the country of origin, 
as confirmed by the Appellate Body  in EU – Biodiesel .9 As such, an investigating  authority has the 
ability to use any out -of-country information including an international price as evidence , if doing 
so is necessary to properly determine "the cost of production [of the product] in the country of 
origin ". In particular, Japan agrees wi th the Appellate Body 's finding in EU – Biodiesel  that an 
investigating authority may use international prices as evidence for establishing the cost of 
domestic production when, for example, domestic prices reflect international prices.10  
 
15. To note, Jap an is aware that an investigating authority  is required under Article 2.2 to use 
out-of-country information in order to obtain the cost of production "in the country of origin " and 
not the cost in some other places. Thus, as the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel explained, "an 
investigation  authority has to ensure that such information  is used to arrive at the 'cost of 
production in the country of origin '" and "[c]ompliance with this obligation may require the 
investigating authority  to adapt  the information that it collects ".11 In essence, Japan understands 
that out -of-country information may be used to calculate the cost of production in the country  of 
origin under Article 2.2 as long as an investigati ng authority ensures that such informatio n is used 
                                                
8 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.69. (emphasis added)  
9 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.70. 
10 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.81. 
11 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.73. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-17 - 
 
 to "arrive at " the cost of production in the country  of origin, which may require certain adaptation 
depending on the specific circumstances of each case.  
 
II. INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLES 3.1 AND 3.2 OF THE ADA 
 
16. Japan would like to make two br ief comments as regards the price effects analysis , in 
particular the analysis  of "significant price undercutting ", under Articles 3.1 and 3.2  of the ADA . 
First, as confirmed by the Appellate Body  in China – GOES , although there is no explicit 
requirement in Articles 3.1 and 3.2  of the ADA , an investigating authority must ensure price 
comparability when it compares prices for purposes of Articles 3.1 and 3.2.12 For example, as the 
panel in China – HP-SSST  found, when there are differences in quantities betwe en the subject 
imports and the domestic like products, an investigating authority is required under Articles 3.1 
and 3.2 to properly account for such differences in quantities when comparing the prices of subject 
imports and the like domestic products.13 Japan respectfully requests that the Panel carefully 
assess whether the European Union authorities ensured price comparability by properly addressing  
the purported differences in quantities of the products in question, in particular  the "very small 
volume " of sales of the European Union producers at CFPP +13°C . 
 
17. Second, as stated  by the Appellate Body in China – GOES , the paragraph s of Article 3  of the 
ADA contemplate a "logical progression " of inquiry leading to an investigating authority's ultimate  
injury and causation determination .14 As such, the outcome of the price effects inquiry under 
Article 3.2 must be one that enables the investigating authority to advance its analysis so as to 
serve as "a meaningful basis " for its determination as to whethe r subject imports, through such 
price effects, are causing  injury to the domestic industry.15 With respect to the interpretation of 
"price undercutting " contemplated in Article 3.2 , in particular, the Appellate Body  established  in 
China – HP-SSST  that a simple mathematical comparison between the prices of the dumped 
imports and the like domestic products does not suffice  for the purpose of Article 3.2 . Instead, the 
price comparison under Article 3.2 contemplates "a dynamic assessment  of price developments 
and trends in the relationship between the prices of the dumped imports and those of domestic 
like products over the entire period of investigation (POI) ".16 
 
18. Japan considers that t hese statements by the Appellate Body  mean that a n investigating 
authority must not consider the price trends of the subject import in isolation  from those of the 
like domestic products, but objectively examine any positive evidence pertaining to interaction in 
the market between the price of the subject  imports and that of the like domestic products . In 
Japan 's view, this interaction can be examined based upon the consideration of  the degree of the 
competitive relationship  between the subject imports and the domestic like products  in conjunction 
with the  dumping margin of dumped imports. For such examination, it does not suffice to examine 
separately whether there is any such competitive relationship in the abstract, detached from any 
consideration of the dumping margin.  
 
19. Furthermore, the Appellate Bo dy in China – HP-SSST  found that,  in order to assess whether 
the observed price undercutting is "significant ", an investigating authority may, depending on the 
case, be required to "rely on all positive evidence relating to the nature of the product or pro duct 
types at issue, how long the price undercutting has been taking place and to what extent, and, as 
appropriate, the relative market shares of the product types with respect to which the authority 
has made a finding of price undercutting ".17 
 
20. Thus, with respect to Indonesia 's allegation  that the European Union industry sales of 
biodiesel at CFPP 0°C (with respect to which the European Union authorities found "significant 
price undercutting ") constituted only around 42% of the sales of biodiesel  of the sampled 
European Union producers , Japan submits that the Panel should carefully evaluate the relevant 
facts in this case and apply appropriate legal interpretations as es tablished through the 
Appellate  Body jurisprudence.  
 
                                                
12 Appellate Body Report, China  – GOES , para. 200. 
13 Panel  Report, China  – HP-SSST , para. 7.111 -115. 
14 Appellate Body Report, China  – GOES , para. 128. 
15 Appellate Body Report, China  – GOES , para. 154. 
16 Appellate Body Report, China  – HP-SSST , para. 7.159. (emphasis added)  
17 Appellate Body Report, China  – HP-SSST , para. 5.161 . (emphasis added)  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-18 - 
 
 ANNEX C-6 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF NORWAY  
1. Norway welcomes this opportunity to present its views on the issues raised in these panel 
proceedings. Norway did not present a written third party submission to the Panel. Without taking 
any position on  the facts of this dispute, I will in this oral statement take the opportunity to offer 
some views on the interpretation of the first sentence of Arti cle 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumping  Agreement.  
 
2. Indonesia submits that the European Union acted inconsisten tly with the obligation laid 
down in the sentence referred to above since it did not calculate the costs on the basis of the 
records kept by the exporting producers under investigation.1 Emphasizing the Appellate Body 's 
interpretation of the first sentence  of Article 2.2.1.1 in EU – Biodiesel , Indonesia submits that the 
said Article obliges the investigating authorities to calculate the costs based on the records kept by 
the exporter or producer when the two conditions set forth in the article are met. Furt hermore, 
Indonesia submits that the test of reasonableness set forth in th e second condition in the 
first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 relates to  the quality of the records as such, and does not include a 
general standard of reasonableness  that allows investigation authorities to disregard the records in 
situations where the authorities find that the costs reflected in the records are "abnormally or 
artificially low ", in comparison with hypothetical costs that might prevail in a hypothetical  market . 
 
3. As we know, the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 provides that  
 
[f]or the purposes of paragraph 2, costs shall normally be calculated on the basis of 
records kept by the exporter or producer under investigation, provided that such 
records are  in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles of the 
exporting country and reasonably reflect the costs associated with the production and 
sale of the product under consideration.  
4. A legal analysis of a WTO provision starts, of course , with an inquiry into the ordinary 
meaning of the terms. Article 2.2.1.1 uses the word "shall", which indicates that it establishes an 
obligation of some sort. In this case, the word "shall" is qualified by the terms "normally " and 
"provided that ". We und erstand "normally " in this context to point to the existence of conditions, 
rather than to "alter the characterization of [the] obligation as constituting a 'rule".2  
 
5. The obligation on the investigating authorities, according to Article 2.2.1.1, is sub ject to two 
cumulative conditions:  
 
i) that the records kept by the exporter or producer are in accordance with the generally 
accepted accounting principles (GAAP) of the exporting country; and  
ii) that such records reasonably reflect the costs associate d with the production and sale of the 
product under consideration .  
 
6. If these two conditions are fulfilled, the investigative authorities "shall normally " calculate 
the costs on the basis of records kept by the exporter or producer under investigation.  
 
7. Regarding the meaning of the second condition in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1, 
Norway notes that the question regarding whether the test of reasonableness is related to the 
quality of the records as such was accurately clarified in the Appell ate Body Report in EU – 
Biodiesel .  
 
8. In our view the Appellate Body precisely stressed in EU - Biodiesel  that "in accordance with 
the ordinary meaning of the terms in their context and in the light of the object and purpose of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement , we understand this condition as referring to whether the records kept 
                                                
1 First Written Submission of Indonesia, para . 44. 
2 See Appellate Body Report, United States – Clove Cigarettes , para. 273.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-19 - 
 
 by the exporter or producer sustainably and sufficiently correspond to or reproduce those costs 
incurred by the investigated exporter or producer that have a genuine relationship with the 
production and sale of the specific product under consideration ".3  
 
9. Namely, the Appellate Body clearly underlines that the second condition of Article 2.2.1.1 
relates to the quality of the records. It is the records that have to pass the test of re asonableness 
in regards to the costs incurred by the exporter or producer, not the costs as such.  
 
10. Furthermore, Norway notes that the Appellate Body on this issue fully upheld the Panel 
Report in EU – Biodiesel , which clarified that "the object of the comparison is to establish whether 
the records reasonably reflect the costs actually incurred, and not whether they reasonably reflect 
some hypothetical cost that might have been incurred under different set of conditions or 
circumstances  and which the investigating authority considers more "reasonable " than the costs 
actually incurred ".4  
 
11. Norway recalls that the conclusions set forth in both the Panel Report and the Appellate 
Body Report in EU – Biodiesel  are circumscribed to the fac ts of that case. The very basis of the 
system is that reports are binding only on the parties to the dispute. The Appellate Body has 
however underlined "that adopted panel and Appellate Body reports create legitimate expectations 
among WTO Members and, the refore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any 
dispute. Following the Appellate Body 's conclusions in earlier disputes is not only appropriate, it is 
what would be expected from panels, especially where the issues are the same. This is  also in line 
with a key objective of the dispute settlement system to provide security and predictability to the 
multilateral trading system. "5 Norway would add that by following previous Appellate Body reports, 
panels also contribute to ensuring fewer di sputes and preserve both the system and the systemic 
function of the Appellate Body.  
 
12. Madam Chair, Members of the Panel,  
 
13. This concludes Norway 's statement here today. Thank you.  
 
 
                                                
3 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.26.  
4 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 7.242.  
5 Appellate Body Report , United States – Continued Zeroing , para. 362.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-20 - 
 
 ANNEX C -7 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE ARGUMENTS  
OF RUSSIA  
I. Introduction  
 
1. In this executive summary, the Russian Federation summarizes the views presented to the 
Panel in its third party written submission and its oral statement at the third party session of the 
first substantive meeting with the parties.  
 
II. Costs of production used for construction of normal value under Article 2.2 of the 
Anti-Dumping Agreement  
 
2. The Russian Federation is of a strong view that the costs under Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumpi ng Agreement are the costs incurred by the investigated exporter or producer that have a 
genuine relationship with the production and sale of the product under consideration.  
 
3. The Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  stated that "the context of Article 2.2 
suggests that the second condition in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 should not be interpreted 
in a way that would allow an investigating authority to evaluate the costs reported in the records 
kept by the ex porter or producer pursuant to a benchmark unrelated to the cost of production in 
the country of origin".1 If the investigating authority has to depart from the general obligation to 
calculate costs on the basis of records kept by the investigated producer , the costs used for the 
construction of normal value shall correspond to the price paid or to be paid to produce the 
product under consideration within the country of origin. It follows that the costs of production in 
no circumstances can be adjusted, est ablished or refuted with a reference to information that does 
not have a genuine relation with the product under consideration produced in the country of origin.  
 
4. An investigating authority should be extremely cautious with any costs data from sources 
other than the records kept by the exporter or producer under investigation to ensure that there is 
a genuine relation between such costs data, such as the input price paid, and the production of the 
product under consideration in the country of origin. It follows that, if in the construction of normal 
value an investigating authority includes an input price that has no genuine relation with the 
production of the product under consideration in the country of origin, such action will be 
inconsistent with Arti cle 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
III. Evidence and costs for calculating the costs of production  
 
5. The Russian Federation agrees with Indonesia that "there is an important distinction 
between the source of information, on the one hand, and the content of such information, on the 
other hand" .2 In this regard the Russian Federation disagrees with excessively broad interpretation 
suggested by Japan with respect to Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement that, if it "is 
necessary to properly deter mine "the cost of production [of the product] in the country of origin", 
an investigating authority can use "any out -of-country information including an international 
price".3  
 
6. It would appear that for Japan, a situation where domestic prices reflect i nternational prices 
is just one example of a situation when international prices may be used, i.e. in Japan's view the 
list of such situations is unlimited. Furthermore, Japan has stated that "an investigating authority 
is required  (emphasis added) under A rticle 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement to use out -of-
country information in order to obtain the cost of production "in the country of origin" and not the 
cost in some other places ".4 The Russian Federation cannot agree with such reading of the 
applicable  provisions.  
                                                
1 Appellate Body Report, European Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Biodiesel from Argentina , 
WT/DS473/AB/R, adopted 26 October (hereinfter – "EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) "), para. 6.23. 
2 Indonesia 's first written submission, para. 115.  
3 Japan 's written submission, para. 17.  
4 Japan 's written submission, para. 19. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-21 - 
 
 7. The records of the investigated exporters and producers are the main source of information 
for calculating the costs of production under Article 2.2.1.1 for the  purposes of Articles 2.2.1 
and 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement .5 The Appella te Body in EU-Biodiesel (Argentina ) 
indicated that an investigating authority may have recourse to alternative basis to calculate costs 
for construction of normal value under Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement in two 
circumstances: where the obligat ion in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 does not apply, or 
where relevant information from investigated exporter or producer is not available because of non -
cooperation6. At the same time, the Appellate Body stressed: "[t]his, however, does not mean t hat 
an investigating authority may simply substitute the costs from outside the country of origin for 
the 'cost of production in the country of origin'".7  
 
8. Furthermore, the Appellate Body indicated that if domestic prices in the exporting country 
happe n to be the same as world prices, in such circumstances they can be simultaneously 
characterized as both international and domestic. So, contrary to Japan's proposition, the use of 
"international prices" as "domestic prices" in the country of origin is ver y limited. In all cases, 
where an investigating authority relies on information other than the records of investigated 
exporters and producers, it "has to ensure  that such information is used to arrive at the 'cost of 
production [of the product] in the cou ntry of origin'".8  
 
9. In addition, the Russian Federation would like to stress that through the adaptation of out -
of-country information an investigating authority shall determine the producer's true costs to 
produce the like product in the country of or igin. Necessary adjustments should account for any 
differences in regulatory policies and any other factors exogenous to the producer that affect the 
cost of production. Ignoring such factors would mean that the requirements of Article 2.2 of the 
Anti-Dump ing Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994 with respect to "the costs of 
production [of the product] in the country of origin" cannot be satisfied.  
 
10. In this vein, the Russian Federation shares Indonesia's view that:   
 
[T]he HPE was specifically selected to remove the perceived distortion in the domestic 
price of CPO caused by the Indonesian export tax system. This is because the prices 
prevailing in Indonesia were considered to be artificially lower than international 
prices. The European Union selected the HPE precisely because it was not the cost of 
CPO in Indonesia.9 (emphasis original)  
11.  However, the wording of Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dump ing Agreement precludes the 
WTO Members to construct the normal value on the  basis of anything other than "the cost of 
production in the country of origin", i.e. "the price paid or to be paid to produce something within 
the country of origin".10 The phrase "to be paid" under no circumstances can be interpreted as 
entitling the inve stigating authority to determine at its sole discretion the price of inputs the 
investigated producers would have pay in order for this price to be included as the cost of 
production in constructed normal value.  
 
IV. Definition and calculation of normal va lue 
 
12. The Russian Federation expresses strong concerns regarding the concept of "normal 
commercial considerations" proposed by Japan in its third party submission as a benchmark for the 
evaluation of costs reflected in the producer's records. According to Japan, "if a sales price does 
not properly reflect normal commercial considerations, … such a price 'is not an appropriate basis' 
for calculating normal value and must therefore be excluded'".11 Similarly, Japan proposed 
estimating "the would -be market p rice" of the product under investigation for the purposes of 
calculation of costs of production under Article 2.2.1.1 and for calculating the constructed normal 
value under Article 2.2. The Russian Federation has a number of concerns with this interpretati on.  
 
                                                
5 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.46.  
6 Ibid, para. 6.73. 
7 Ibid. 
8 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.73.  
9 Indonesia 's first written submission, para. 114. 
10 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.69. 
11 Japan’s written submission, para. 5.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-22 - 
 
 13. The Russian Federation recalls that Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994 and provisions of Article 2 
of the Anti -Dumping Agreement do not contain the phrase "normal commercial considerations". 
The test suggested by Japan cannot be incorporated or read i nto the se provisions since there is 
no specific treaty language that would warrant, let alone support, such far -reaching 
interpretation.  It seems the reference to the said test is solely based on the Appellate Body's 
observations  in US – Hot-Rolled Steel mentioned in the course of its analysis regarding the "arm's 
length test" that was applied by the United States.12 
 
14. At the same time, the Appellate Body clearly stated in the same report that according to 
Article 2.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement the "no rmal value" of a product is "the comparable 
price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the 
exporting country".13 In other words, the "normal value" is the price of the like product in the 
home market of the  investigated exporter or producer.  
 
15. Moreover, in the view of the Russian Federation, the Panel should exercise caution when 
using or referring to the phrase "normal commercial considerations" in these proceedings. This 
phrase appears in Article XVII:1 (b) the GATT 1994 which is aimed at preventing certain types of 
discriminatory behaviour by state trading enterprises (STEs). Even t his provision, as the 
Appellate  Body explained in Canada – Wheat Exports and Grain Imports , "does not give panels a 
mandate to engage in a broader inquiry into whether, in the abstract, STEs are acting 
'commercially'".14 Moreover, the Appellate Body emphasized that there is "no basis for interpreting 
that provision as imposing comprehensive competition -law-type obligations on ST Es". Any spill -
over effect of Article  XVII and related case law interpretations of Article VI:1 of the GATT 1994 and 
provisions of Article 2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement should be avoided.  
 
V. Interpretation of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the  Anti-dumping 
Agreement  
 
16. The Russian Federation also disagrees with suggestion made by Japan that the word 
"normally" used in Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement implies that only prices and/or 
costs that meet "normal commercial consideration s" could be used for calculation of production 
costs.15 According to this interpretation, an investigating authority will need to examine whether 
the cost of an input actually incurred by the investigated exporter or producer "reflect normal 
commercial beha viours in the market for that particular input".16 However, there is no legal basis 
for such a test in Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. The Russian Federation fails to 
see how the "context" constructed through heavy reliance on selective extra cts from the case law 
can constitute or help to establish "the context" of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -
Dumping Agreement within the meaning of Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of 
Treaties.  
 
17. The Russian Federation rec alls the Appellate Body's explanation that the first sentence of 
Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement "identifies the records of the investigated exporter 
or producer as the preferred source for cost of production data, and directs the investigati ng 
authority to base its calculations of costs on such records when the two conditions are met".17  
 
18. In the words of the Appellate Body, the second condition i n the first sentence of 
Article  2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement calls for an assessment of "whether the records 
kept by the exporter or producer under investigation suitably and sufficiently correspond to or 
reproduce those costs incurred by the investigated exporter or producer that have a genuine 
relationship with the production and sale of  the specific product under consideration".18 This 
                                                
12 Appellate Body Report, United States – Anti Dumping Measures on Certain Hot Rolled Steel Products 
from Japan , WT/DS184/AB/R , adopted 23 August 2001, DSR 2001:X, 4697, (hereinafter – "US – Hot Rolled 
Steel") para. 140.  
13 Ibid., para. 164.  
14 Appellate Body Report, Canada – Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported 
Grain , WT/DS276/AB/R, adopted 27 September 2004, DSR 2004:VI, 2739 (hereinafter – "Canada – Wheat 
Exports and Grain Imports "), para. 145. 
15 Japan written submission, paras . 11-15. 
16 Japan written submission, para. 12.  
17 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.18.  
18 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.56.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-23 - 
 
 assessment establishes clear boundaries of what the investigating authority needs to examine 
when applying the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
19. Moreover, in the same paragraph the Appellate Body reflected its agreement with the Panel 
that the second condition in the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
does not include a general standard of "reasonableness". In particula r, there is no legal basis for 
an investigating authority to use an additional or abstract standard to assess whether the recorded 
costs are "reasonable" or "representative" through a comparison with hypothetical costs  that might 
have been incurred in a di fferent set of circumstances. While such hypothetical costs may be 
created in theory, they are not available to the investigated producers in the country of origin of 
the product under consideration.  
 
20. For the  same reasons the Russian Federation disagr ees with Japan's proposal for the 
estimation of "the would -be market price of the final product" in the c ourse of application of 
Article  2.2.1.1 as well as Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the 
GATT 1994.19 In addition, th e Russian Federation recalls that "dumpi ng is the result of the 
pricing  behaviour of individual exporters or foreign producers". On the basis o f the first sentence of 
Article  2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the Appellate Body also confirmed in EU – 
Biodiesel (Argentina)  that "this sentence is concerned with establishing the cost for the specific 
exporter or producer  under investigation".20 In the view of the Russian Federation, Japan's 
abstract concept of "would -be market price" does not correspond to  the Appellate Body's reading 
of the relevant provisions of the Anti -Dumping Agreement.  
 
21. The Russian Federation also disagrees with Brazil's suggestion for conducting the evaluation 
of the effect of a governmental measure on input prices and weighing i ts magnitude as part of the 
analysis under the second condition of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement. In 
particular, Brazil stated that "depending on the magnitude of the intervention, a State interfering 
in the market to set or regulate the pr ices of raw materials at artificially low levels could be 
considered 'sufficient basis' for investigating authorities to disregard producers' records under 
Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement".21 
 
22. First, the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel (A rgentina)  clarified that under the second 
condition of the first sentence of Article 2.2.1.1 investigating authorities need only to check 
whether the records of investigated exporters or producers "suitably and sufficiently correspond to 
or reproduce" thei r costs incurred in connection with the production and sale of the product under 
consideration.22  
 
23. Secondly, neither the text nor the context of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement 
authorizes an investigating authority to examine if a governm ental measure of the exporting 
country is capable of distorting raw material prices and, as a result, influencing the prices of the 
product under investigation. Furthermore, the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel  excluded "an 
examination of the 'reasonablene ss' of the reported costs themselves" if the second condition of 
Article 2.2.1.1 is satisfied.23  
 
VI. Conclusion  
 
24. The Russian Federation hopes that its views will be useful to the Panel.  
 
 
 
                                                
19 See Japan written submission, paras. 13,16.  
20 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.17.  
21 Brazil' s written submission, para. 13.  
22 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel (Argentina) , para. 6.56.  
23 Appellate Body Report , EU – Biodiesel (Argentina)  para. 6.37.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-24 - 
 
 ANNEX C -8 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE  
ARGUMENTS OF TURKEY  
I. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. The Republic of Turkey (hereinafter Turkey) would like to thank the Panel for the 
opportunity to share its views as a Third Party in the current proceedings. Turkey makes this oral 
submission due to its systemic inte rest in the correct and coherent interpretation of the Agreement 
on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (hereinafter Anti -Dumping Agreement) .  
 
2. Turkey will not elaborate on the particular facts presented by the Parties. Rather, Turkey 
would like t o share its views on issues addressed by the European Union  (hereinafter referred to 
as EU) and the Republic of Indonesia (hereinafter referred to as Indonesia) in their first written 
submissions pertaining to Article 2.2.2 of the AD Agreement.  
 
II. CLAIM S AND RESPONSES OF THE PARTIES CONCERNING ARTICLE 2.2.2 OF THE 
ANTI -DUMPING AGREEMENT  
 
3. In its first written submission Indonesia claims that the EU investigating authority acted 
inconsistently with the rules stipulated in Article 2.2.2 of the AD Agreem ent by using a profit 
margin calculated in line with Article 2.2.2 (iii) of the AD Agreement in which the methodology of 
calculation used by the investigating authority is claimed to have fallen short of satisfying legal 
requirements .1  
 
4. Indonesia furth er asserts that the EU investigating authority failed to establish the profit by 
using a reasonable method. Furthermore, the data used by the EU investigating authority to test 
the reasonableness of the profit was inappropriate considering the facts and re cords evaluated in 
this investigation .2   
 
5. Finally, Indonesia points out that the EU investigating authority failed to determine a profit 
"ceiling " or "cap" as required in Article 2.2.2 (iii) of the AD Agreement within profit range realized 
by other exp orters or producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic 
market of the country of origin .3   
 
6. In its first response, the EU underlines that Article 2.2.2 (iii) of the AD Agreement does not 
dictate a particular methodology to  be followed. The EU underscores that the profit can be 
calculated in numerous reasonable ways which should be subject to an evaluation depending on 
the merits of each investigation .4  
 
7. As regards to the second allegation of Indonesia, the EU submits that the sampled 
Indonesian producers/exporters constituted almost all of the Indonesia 's exports during the period 
of investigation which is claimed to have left a 1% of producer/exporters to be evaluated in the 
profit cap examination .5 Moreover, the EU s tressed that the lack of domestic sales in the ordinary 
course of trade of the same general category of products in the country of origin foreclosed the 
determination of the profit cap in light of the required data.6  
 
III. OBSERVATIONS OF TURKEY  
 
8. Turkey opines that the interpretation of rules governing the determination of administrative, 
selling and general costs (hereinafter referred to as SG&A) and profits of the product under 
investigation is one of the legally contentious issues of the AD Agre ement directly and significantly 
                                                
1 Indonesia' s First Written Submission, para.  145. 
2 Indonesia' s First Written Submission, paras . 158-176. 
3 Indonesia' s First Written Submission, paras . 136-157. 
4 EU's First Written Submission, para.  26. 
5 EU's First Written Submission, para.  45. 
6 EU's First Written Submission, para.  50. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-25 - 
 
 influencing the level of the dumping margin. Turkey will only share its approach on how 
Article  2.2.2 (iii) should be legally construed if the required data to calculate the profit cap is 
absent .  
 
9. Article 2.2.2 of the A D Agreement directs that the investigating authority is obliged to base 
the SG&A and profit margin of the investigated producer or exporter on actual data pertaining to 
production and sales of the like product in ordinary course of trade. Perceiving differ ently, the 
drafters clarify the qualitative aspect of a SG&A and/or profit margin which should be built on 
actual data deriving from the records of the producer or exporter pertaining production and sales 
in the ordinary course of trade. If, however, the i nvestigating authority cannot ascertain the level 
of profit and/or SG&A on this qualitative basis, it has the full discretion to resort to one of the 
three methods, lacking any kind of hierarchy, stipulated in Article 2.2.2.7  
 
10. Turkey notices that, on its face, the selection of the words used by the drafters of the text 
marks a gradual shift from using "actual " information, as directed in subparagraph (i) and (ii), to a 
reasonably attained profit margin not exceeding a profit ceiling established by prof it margin 
normally  realized by other exporters or producers on sales of products of the same general 
category  in the domestic market of the origin .  
 
11. Understanding that the existence of a profit ceiling is a central component of the 
subparagraph (iii) of Article 2.2.2, Turkey considers that the presence of this upper limit is one of 
the factors to probe whether the methodology used by the investigating authority was in fact 
"reasonable ".8  
 
12. From a contextual point of view, however, the structure of Article 2.2.2 (iii) provides no 
guidance on how the investigating authority may act if the profit cap cannot be established 
through the use of profit margin normally  realized by other exporters or producers on sales of 
products of the same general category in the domestic market of the origin.  As raised in some 
third party submissions9, Turkey opines that construing conceptual borders of the data, to be used 
to establish the profit cap, in such stri ct manner may profoundly limit the use of Article 2.2.2 (iii) if 
the required data practically does not exist.  
 
13. In Turkey 's understanding, however, Article 2.2.2 (iii) should not be viewed in such a 
constraining manner. Notwithstanding the case law ap proach that "Article 2.2.2 directs a 
preference for the actual data of the exporter and like product in question with an incremental 
progression away from these principles before reaching any reasonable method in Article 2.2.2 
(iii)"10, Turkey opines that t he investigating authority should, nevertheless, have the legal leeway 
to resort to Article 2.2.2 (iii) even if the profit cap is not established through the use of profit 
margin normally realized by other exporters or producers on sales of products of the  same general 
category in the domestic market of the origin.  
 
14. Keeping in mind that, that Article 2.2.2 (iii) operates to reach a reasonable approximation of 
the profit margin that would have realized if the product under consideration had been sold in  the 
ordinary course of trade11, Turkey is in the view that the investigating authority may use out -of-
country data to establish the profit cap, provided that the out -of-country information is apt to or 
capable of yielding results reflecting market conditio ns in the investigated country. Accordingly, 
the profit cap determined through the use of out -of-country data may need to be adapted to 
ensure that it is versatile to attain a profit margin to be employed together with the cost of 
production aiming to reac h a constructed normal value in the country of origin.12  
 
15. In light of the points we have addressed, it is reasonable to expect that the investigating 
authority adheres to the legal discipline concerning the profit ceiling or at least provides an 
explan ation as to why the authority was not able to determine the "cap" under the legal 
requirements of Article 2.2.2 (iii) .  
 
                                                
7 Panel Report, EC – Bed Linen , para.  6.59. 
8 Panel Report, Thailand H -Beams , para.  7.125 . 
9 US' Third Party Written Submission, para.  18. 
10 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para.  7.236 . 
11 Panel Report, EU – Biodiesel , para.  7.338 . 
12 Appellate Body Report, EU – Biodiesel , para. 6.70. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-26 - 
 
 IV. CONCLUSION  
 
16. With these comments, Turkey expects to contribute to the legal debate in this case, and 
would like to express again  its appreciation for this opportunity to share its points of views.  
 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-27 - 
 
 ANNEX C -9 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF  THE ARGUMENTS  
OF THE UNITED STATES  
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF U.S.  THIRD PARTY WRITTEN SUBMISSION  
 
I. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING ARTICLES 2.2.1.1  AND 2.2 OF THE AD AGREEMENT  
 
1. Indonesia 's claims under Article 2.2.1.1 of the AD Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the 
GATT 1994 – related to the determination of the European Union to reject reported costs of crude 
palm oil (CPO) by Indonesian exporting producers of biodiesel – rely heavily upon the recent 
findings of the Appellate Body in EU – Biodiesel . Indonesia contends that the substance of its 
claims are "indistinguishable from the European Union 's decision to disregard Argentin e exporting 
producers ' recorded costs of soybeans found by the Panel and the Appellate Body to be in violation 
of Article 2.2.1.1 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement in EU – Biodiesel ". Accordingly, "Indonesia … 
submits that given the identical fact pattern and decisions made by the European Union, this claim 
warrants the same finding of inconsistency with the [AD] Agreement ". 
 
2. The European Union does not appear to contest Indonesia 's characterization of the facts . 
Nor does the EU present a rebuttal to Indones ia's substantive legal arguments .  
 
3. Although the substantive issues do not appear to be contested, the United States notes that 
Article 11 of the DSU nonetheless requires the Panel to make an objective assessment of the 
matter before it, including an ob jective assessment of the facts, and an objective assessment of 
the applicability of and conformity of those facts with the relevant covered agreements . Indeed, 
panels consistently have made their own objective assessments in situations involving uncontest ed 
claims . For example, in US – Zeroing (Korea),  the Panel concluded that, notwithstanding 
uncontested claims, it was nevertheless obliged to "reach our own conclusion on the matter before 
us, in accordance with Article 11 of the DSU ". 
 
4. Accordingly, and  given that the EU has not presented a rebuttal to Indonesia 's substantive 
arguments, in this dispute the Panel should make an objective assessment of whether Indonesia 
has made a prima facie  case that the EU measure breaches the EU 's obligations under 
Article 2.2.1.1 of the AD Agreement and Article VI:1(b)(ii) of the GATT 1994 .  
 
5. Indonesia likewise relies upon the Appellate Body 's recent findings in EU – Biodiesel  to 
support its claim that the European Union acted inconsistently with Article 2.2 of the 
AD Agreement when it replaced the reported costs of CPO by Indonesian exporting producers of 
biodiesel with the reference export price . Indonesia specifically alleges that "the substance of the 
present claim, similar to its claim under Article 2.2.1.1 of t he Anti -Dumping Agreement, is based 
on a set of circumstances essentially identical to the factual circumstances of Argentina 's claim 
under Article 2.2 of the Anti -Dumping Agreement with respect to the European Union 's decision to 
substitute the cost of so ybeans in the records of the Argentine exporting producers by an ave rage 
of the FOB reference price".    
 
6. In these circumstances as well, the European Union does not appear to dispute the relevant 
facts, nor does the EU present a rebuttal to Indonesia 's substantive legal arguments . As noted 
above, in these circumstances the Panel should make an objective assessment of whether 
Indonesia has made a prima facie  case. This should entail an objective assessment of the facts, as 
well as an objective assessment of the applicability of and conformity of those facts with the 
relevant covered agreements .  
 
II. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING PROFIT UNDER ARTICLES 2.2 AND 2.2.2( III) OF THE 
AD AGREEMENT  
 
7. The United States would like to offer the following observations  with respect to Indonesia 's 
claims under Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of the AD Agreement . Indonesia contends that the 
European Union acted inconsistently with Article 2.2.2(iii) of the AD Agreement because (1) the WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-28 - 
 
 European Union 's method for determining p rofit in the investigation was unreasonable, and (2) the 
European Union failed to calculate a profit cap .  
 
8. First, with respect to the issue of whether the methodology for determining the constructed 
value (CV) profit is consistent with Article 2.2.2(iii) of the AD Agreement, the United States agrees 
with the European Union that Article 2.2.2(iii) does not prescribe a particular methodology and 
that the methodology used by the investigating authority must be reasonable .  
 
9. Article 2.2.2 provide s four methodologies for the calculation of CV profit – one preferred 
method and three alternative methods . It states that, "[f]or the purpose of paragraph 2, the 
amounts [to construct value] ... shall be based on actual data pertaining to production and s ales in 
the ordinary course of trade of the like product by the exporter or producer under investigation " 
(referred to below as the "preferred method "). 
 
10. Article 2.2.2 establishes no hierarchy among the three alternative methodologies . Therefore, 
if the preferred method is not available, the investigating authority may determine which of these 
alternatives is appropriate in a given investigation.  
 
11. The introductory clause of Article 2.2.2 – "[f]or the purpose of paragraph 2 " – indicates that 
the calc ulation of CV profit relates to the obligations established by Article 2.2 . In this way, each of 
the methodologies is intended to create a reasonable proxy for the profit amount from the sales of 
the like product in the ordinary course of trade in the dome stic market .  
 
12. The preferred method and alternatives (i) and (ii) specify the source of the data that can be 
used to calculate the profit amount for each method . That is, the preferred method requires the 
use of actual amounts pertaining to production and sales in the ordinary course of trade of the like 
product by the exporter or producer under investigation . Alternative (i) permits the authority to 
calculate prof it based on actual amounts in respect of production and sales of the same general 
category of products  in the domestic market . Alternative (ii) permits the authority to average the 
actual amounts of other  exporters or producers of the like product in the d omestic market . In 
contrast, alternative (iii) does not specify the source of the data that may be used . Instead, 
alternative (iii) allows the authority to calculate profit amounts based on "any other reasonable 
method ".  
 
13. In the context of Article 2.2 .2, whether a methodology is reasonable must be determined in 
light of the aim of that article, i.e., to approximate the profit from the sales of the like product in 
the domestic market . The "any other reasonable method " alternative thus permits the 
invest igating authority to calculate profit using a wide range of methods so long as the selected 
methodology is reasonable in light of evidence in the record of the relevant investigation.  
 
14. Accordingly, the Panel should examine the facts and circumstances o f this case and 
determine whether the methodology used by the European Union 's investigating authority is a 
"reasonable method, " i.e., in accordance with reason; not irrational or absurd . In the 
United  States ' view, the European Union 's methodological appr oach of using a profit margin from a 
prior investigation of biodiesel ( i.e., substantially the same product, albeit from a different 
country) and testing it against several benchmarks is reasonable.  
 
15. Second, with respect to the issue of profit cap, the  United States observes that both 
Indonesia and the European Union appear to accept the common sense proposition that an 
investigating authority is not required to calculate the profit cap when necessary information for 
calculating the profit cap is unavai lable. For example, Indonesia contends that "the 
European  Commission at no point alleged that such a cap was established; that it attempted to 
establish this cap; or that it was impossible to establish such a cap ". In turn, the European Union 
contends that  "none of the sampled Indonesian companies had sales in the ordinary course of 
trade of the same general category of products ", that "all sampled companies did not have 
domestic sales in the ordinary course of trade of the same general category of products ", and, 
therefore, "no 'cap' could be established ". 
 
16. The United States likewise considers that there cannot be an obligation on an investigating 
authority to calculate the profit cap when the necessary information for such calculation does not 
exist. The United States recalls that the so -called profit cap represents "the profit normally  realized 
by other exporters or producers on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-29 - 
 
 market of the country of origin ". The word "normally " means "in a regular manner; ... under 
normal or ordinary conditions; as a rule, ordinarily [; or] ... in a normal manner, in the usual way ". 
By linking the profit cap to "profit normally realized ", Article 2.2.2(iii) foresees situations when 
there may be no infor mation about the profits in question, because there are no other exporters or 
producers of sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market, or because 
this information simply does not appear in the record of the proceeding . Article 2. 2.2(iii) thus 
should be applied as the word "normally " suggests: If information exists to calculate the profit cap, 
the proviso is operative . If such a calculation is not possible because information does not exist, 
then the proviso is not operative . In either case, an investigating authority remains bound under 
Article 2.2 to calculate "a reasonable amount ... for profits ". 
 
17. Indonesia further contends that "the same general category of products " was construed too 
narrowly by the European Union 's invest igating authority and that it should include 
"oleochemicals " and not only "any other fuel ". The European Union argues that "Indonesia does 
not meet its burden of proof, failing to explain why other oleochemicals, irrespective of their end 
uses and the spec ific markets, may nevertheless constitute the same category of products with 
biofuels within the meaning of Article 2.2.2 (iii) ". The European Union contends that "the 'same 
general category ' of products with biodiesel are other fuels and not any oleochemi cals, irrespective 
of their end uses, which may constitute a different market and have a different profit margin ".  
 
18. In the United States ' view, Article 2.2.2 does not limit the application of "any other 
reasonable method " to data from any particular m arket ( i.e., a particular country), but the 
constructive normal value must be representative of the price of the like product (here, biodiesel) . 
In this regard, when an investigating authority constructs normal value, it is required by Article 2.2 
to inclu de "a reasonable amount for ... profits ". The panel in Thailand – H-Beams  understood that, 
under Article 2.2.2(i), "[t]he broader the [same general] category [of products], the more 
products other than the like product will be included, and thus in our vie w the more potential there 
will be for the constructed normal value to be unrepresentative of the price of the like product ". 
The European Union 's finding that biodiesel is within the same general category with any other 
fuel, but not with non -fuel chemica ls, does not appear to be unreasonable in light of the facts 
before the investigating authority, especially given the European Union 's finding that non -fuel 
products may be sold in different markets from biodiesel and other fuels and have a different profi t 
margin . From this perspective, then, the European Union 's definition of the "same general 
category of products " was reasonable and produced a more accurate proxy for profit than the 
Indonesian respondents ' more expansive definition, which included highly  dissimilar products.  
 
19. Indonesia also contends that the European Union breached Articles 2.2 and 2.2.2(iii) of the 
AD Agreement by failing to provide an explanation in its determination as to why it had not 
established a cap, and, accordingly, that any  arguments now advanced by the European Union 
would be "irrelevant " because they would be "post factum ". 
 
20. As discussed above, Article 2.2.1(iii) sets out substantive obligations regarding the 
calculation of profit . In contrast, a different AD Agreement  provision – namely, Article 12 – sets 
out the obligations pertaining to the explanation of determinations . For example, under 
Article  12.2, authorities must make available "in sufficient detail the findings and conclusions 
reached on all issues of fact an d law considered material by the investigating authorities ". And 
under Article  12.2.1(iii), the authorities must provide "a full explanation of the reasons for the 
methodology used in the establishment and comparison of the export price and the normal valu e 
under Article 2 ... ". In the view of the United States, Indonesia 's allegations regarding the 
adequacy of the European Union 's explanation should have been lodged pursuant to the 
AD Agreement provision addressed to this issue, namely, Article 12.2.1(iii) . Indonesia, however, 
chose not to present any claims under Article 12 . Accordingly, Indonesia 's claims abo ut the 
adequacy of the European  Union 's explanation appear to be outside the terms of reference of the 
dispute .  
 
21. Indonesia also errs in contendi ng that any explanation provided in these proceedings is 
irrelevant for purposes of the Panel 's assessment of the European Union 's compliance with 
Article  2. The inquiries into whether an investigating authority has complied with Article 2 and 
Article 12 a re separate . Failure to comply with Article 12 (which, as noted, is not an issue within 
the scope of this proceeding) does not ipso facto mean that an investigating authority has failed to 
comply with other provisions of the AD Agreement .  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-30 - 
 
 III. INDONESIA 'S CLAIMS REGARDING ARTICLES 7.1 AND 7.2 OF THE AD AGREEMENT  
 
22. With respect to Indonesia 's claims under Articles 7.1 and 7.2 of the AD Agreement 
concerning provisional measures, the United States takes no position concerning the specific errors 
in the Pro visional Regulation alleged by Indonesia .  
 
23. The United States would note, however that the relevant text of Article 7.2  of the 
AD Agreement, which also informs the interpretation of Article 7.1, states as follows: "Provisional 
measures may take the for m of a provision duty or, preferably, a security – by cash deposit or 
bond – equal to the amount of the anti -dumping duty provisionally estimated , being not greater 
than the provisionally estimated  margin of dumping ". As posited by the European Union, the term 
"provisionally estimated " connotes an approximate magnitude for which some imprecision is to be 
expected . In this regard, the panel in Canada – Welded Pipe  found that the concept of a 
"provisional estimate " reflects the fact that "the provisional dete rmination may be based on data 
that is incomplete, or that the investigating authority has not yet satisfied itself is accurate ". 
Accordingly, a proper interpretation of Articles 7.1 and 7.2 of the AD Agreement should give 
appropriate meaning to the term "provisionally estimated ".   
 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF U.S.  RESPONSES TO PANEL QUESTIONS TO THIRD PARTIES  
 
Question 3 regarding Article 3.2 of the AD Agreement  
 
24. Article 3.1 of the AD Agreement  provides that a determination of injury "shall be based on 
positive evidence and involve an objective examination of ", inter alia , "the effect of dumped 
imports on prices in the domestic market for like products ". In turn,  the second sentence of 
Article  3.2 provides specific considerations related to price effects, inc luding the examination of 
"whether there has been a significant price undercutting by the dumped imports as compared with 
the price of a like product of the importing Member ". In order to examine whether price 
undercutting has an effect on price, the exami nation would normally encompass price comparisons 
over the period of investigation . As the Appellate Body found in China – GOES , "an investigating 
authority is required to consider the relationship between subject imports and prices of like 
domestic produc ts, so as to understand whether subject imports provide explanatory force for the 
occurrence of significant depression or suppression of domestic prices ".   
 
25. In some investigations, undercutting trends may be significant; in other investigations, the 
sheer number of comparisons in which undercutting is present may be probative . With regard to 
the overall examination of the effects of dumped imports for the purposes of examining whether 
there has been price depression or suppression, and the role of any price undercutting in 
depressing or suppressing domestic prices, this examination should encompass a "dynamic 
assessment of price developments and trends ". In performing such an assessment, an 
investigating authority may ascertain whether subject imports d epressed or suppressed domestic 
like product prices to a significant degree, or whether subject import underselling led to a shift in 
market share from the domestic industry to subject imports . Factors other than underselling – for 
example, the existence o f a "cost-price squeeze " or evidence from purchasers confirming declines 
or foregone increases in prices offered by domestic producers in response to subject import 
competition – may also be used to demonstrate that subject imports significantly depressed or 
suppressed prices of the domestic like product .  
 
Question 4 Regarding Article 7.2 of the AD Agreement  
 
26. Article 7.2 of the AD Agreement  provides that "[p]rovisional measures may take the form of 
a provisional duty  … being not greater than the provis ionally estimated margin of dumping ". The 
term "provisionally estimated margin of dumping " in Article 7.2 is not expressly defined nor is the 
method for performing such estimation prescribed . The term "provisional " means "of the nature of 
a temporary provision or arrangement; provided or adopted for present needs or temporarily; 
supplying the place of something regular, permanent, final, or better; tentative ". The 
United  States therefore generally understands the term "provisionally estimated margin of  
dumping " in Article 7.2 to refer to the "margin of dumping " provisionally estimated as part of the 
preliminary affirmative determination of dumping and consequent injury to a domestic industry, as 
referenced in Article 7.1(ii) of the AD Agreement .  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- C-31 - 
 
 27. The United States agrees with the observations of the European Union that the term 
"provisionally estimated " as used in Article 7.2 connotes an approximate magnitude that is 
temporary, not yet final and for which some imprecision is to be expected . The text  of Article 7.1 
states that provisional measures may be applied if an investigation has been initiated and 
interested parties have been given opportunities to provide information and comments, and if a 
preliminary – but not final – determination has been m ade of dumping and consequent injury . 
Article 7.4 also indicates that provisional measures will be applied on a temporary basis, requiring 
that such measures "shall be limited to as short a period as possible ". 
 
28. However, Article 7.5 goes on to require that the duty comply with the relevant provisions of 
Article 9 of the AD Agreement, which in turn requires, in Article 9.3, that the amount of the duty 
"shall not exceed the margin of dumping as established in Article 2 ". Therefore, although 
provisionally estimated, any duties applied during the provisional period must nonetheless conform 
to Article 2 . Where the provisional duty applied is higher than it might have been due to an error, 
but is still lower than the definitive duty calculated according to Art icle 2, it would not be 
appropriate for the provisional duty to be reduced where doing so would lead to a re -estimated 
provisional duty that is not consistent with the final margin of dumping calculated under Article 2 
and Article 9 . The nature of the erro r – whether clerical or arising from incomplete or unverified 
information on the record – similarly would not appear material to an assessment of the accuracy 
of the estimate pursuant to Article 2.  
 
29. This is consistent with Article 10, which provides fu rther guidance regarding the anticipated 
difference between the amounts "provisionally estimated " and those based on a final, definitive 
dumping determination . Specifically, Article 10.3 provides that if the definitive duty is higher than 
the provisional d uty, the difference "shall not be collected "; and if the definitive duty is lower than 
the provision duty, "the duty shall be reimbursed or the duty recalculated, as the case may be ". 
That is, a provisional duty shall only be reimbursed or recalculated whe re it exceeds the definitive 
anti-dumping duty . Where the provisional duty is higher than it might have been, but lower than 
the final duty, no reimbursement or recalculation would be required or warranted .  
 
 
 
_______________  
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- D-1 - 
 
 ANNEX D  
PROCEDURAL RULINGS O F THE PANEL  
Contents  Page  
Annex  D-1 Decision of the Panel concerning Indonesia's request to limit third party access 
to specific Business Confidential Information (BCI)  D-2 
Annex  D-2 Decision of  the Panel concerning requests by Russia and the European Union 
for enhanced third party rights  D-3 
 
 
 
 WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- D-2 - 
 
 ANNEX D -1 
DECISION OF THE PANE L CONCERNING INDONES IA'S REQUEST TO LIMI T THIRD PARTY ACCESS  
TO SPECIFIC BUSINESS  CONFIDENTIAL INFORMA TION (BCI)  
The Panel adopted the Additional Working Procedures of the Panel Concerning Business 
Confidential Information (Additional BCI Procedures) on 13 December 2016 after consulting with 
the parties. Paragraph 6 of the Additional BCI Procedures provides that third pa rties' access to BCI 
shall be subject to the terms set out therein. The Additional BCI Procedures seek to balance the 
parties ' rights to due process (including the protection of BCI), the rights of the third parties 
(including the right under Article 10.3 of the DSU to "receive the submissions of the parties to the 
dispute to the first meeting of the panel "), and the rights and systemic interests of other 
WTO Members.1 As noted by the Appellate Body, it is for the requesting party to justify any 
request for  additional confidentiality, since Article 18.2 of the DSU already requires parties and 
third parties to treat submissions as confidential.2 This burden of justification will increase the 
more the proposed arrangements affect the exercise by parties and th ird parties of their rights.3  
 
In its communication dated 6 January 20174, Indonesia requested the Panel to limit third party 
access to specific BCI pursuant to paragraph 6 of the Additional BCI Procedures. In written 
comments provided on 12 January 20175, the European Union objected to the request, submitting 
that Indonesia 's request is inconsistent with the DSU and fails to comply with the terms of 
paragraph 6 of the Additional BCI Procedures.  
 
The Panel considers that Indonesia has failed to set out su fficient reasons demonstrating why 
access by any or each of the thirteen third parties participating in this proceeding to the specified 
BCI would pose a risk of serious harm to the interests of the originator of the BCI in question, as 
required by the Add itional BCI Procedures, and therefore denies Indonesia 's request.  
 
The Panel directs that all third parties to this dispute receive the submissions of the parties to the 
dispute to the first meeting of the panel, including information designated as BCI, as  submitted to 
the Panel. The Panel expects that all parties and third parties will comply with the requirements of 
Article  18.2 of the DSU and the Panel 's working procedures and Additional BCI Procedures.  
 
 
                                                
1 Appellate Body Reports, China – HP-SSST (Japan) / China – HP-SSST (E U), para. 5.311. See also 
Appellate Body Report , EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , Annex III, Procedural Ruling dated 
10 August 2010, paras. 8 -9. 
2 Appellate Body Report , EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , Annex III, Procedural 
Ruling dated 10  August 2010, paras. 8, 10, and 15.  
3 Appellate Body Report , EC and certain member States – Large Civil Aircraft , Annex III, Procedural 
Ruling dated 10  August 2010, para. 10.  
4 Communication from Indonesia dated 6 January 2017, 03 /ITN/I/2017.  
5 Communication from the European Union dated 12 January 2017.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- D-3 - 
 
 ANNEX D -2 
DECISION OF THE PANE L CONCERNING REQUEST S BY RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION  
FOR ENHANCED THIRD P ARTY RIGHTS  
Introduction  
 
In a communication dated 12 December 2016, Russia requested the Panel  to exercise its discretion 
under Article 12.1 of the DSU to modify its Working Procedures and grant enhanced third party 
rights in this proceeding. Russia requests the Panel to grant third party rights additional to those 
provided in Article 10 of the DSU , in particular: (a) to be present in all substantive meetings of the 
Panel with the parties; (b) to receive electronic copies of the Panel's written questions to the 
parties, all submissions and statements of the parties, including responses to the Panel questions, 
up to the issuance of the interim report; and (c) to respond to written questions from the Panel 
during the proceedings, up to immediately prior to the issuance of the Interim Report.1  
 
On 13 January 2017, the European Union, as the responding party, requested the Panel to rule on 
the matter raised by Russia. The European Union indicated that it does not agree with the reasons 
set out in Russia's communication, but agrees with the relief requested for different reasons than 
those contained in Ru ssia's request.2 The European Union submits that the Working Procedures 
adopted by the Panel modify Appendix 3 of the DSU in a manner that risks diminishing the rights 
of third parties. The European Union requests modifications of the Working Procedures in  order to 
allow third parties: (a) to receive all submissions by the parties to the Panel; (b) to be present 
during the entirety of the first and second substantive meetings of the Panel; and (c) to have the 
opportunity to respond to questions from the Pan el to the parties and other third parties.3 
 
On 20 January 2017, the Panel invited Indonesia and third parties to comment in relation to the 
requests by Russia and the European Union. Indonesia expressed its opposition to both Russia's 
request and the Euro pean Union's request. Brazil expressed support for granting access to all 
documents and the right to be passively present in hearings as a manner to ensure that the 
interests of all members are taken into account.4 India considers that the Panel's adopted Working 
Procedures sufficiently balance the efficiency of dispute settlement proceedings and protect third 
party rights.5 Among other reasons, the United States submits that the Panel should reject 
Russia's request, as Articles 3.2 and 19.2 of the DSU prec lude a panel from altering the balance of 
rights and obligations of parties and third parties agreed to in the DSU, in the absence of the 
consent of both parties.6 Japan did not comment on Russia's request, but asked that all third 
parties be accorded simi lar rights, should the Panel decide to grant Russia's request.7 Brazil, 
Japan, and the United States submit that the Panel should not rely upon the reasoning provided by 
the European Union. No other third party provided comments.  
 
As we explain below, the requests by Russia and the European Union are predicated on 
fundamentally different reasons. Russia has referred to its participation in a separate dispute, and 
the possibility that the outcome of the present dispute could affect the measures at issue in t hat 
dispute, as the reason to grant its request. The European Union has requested modifications to the 
Panel's Working Procedures as a manner to preserve the rights of third parties, which it argues are 
at risk of being diminished due to language appearing  in paragraph 8 of the Working Procedures. 
In light of these differences, we consider it appropriate to address the two requests separately. We 
first address Russia's request before turning to the request by the European Union.  
 
                                                
1 Communication from Russia dated 12 December 2016, p. 2.  
2 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 1.  
3 Communication from the European Union dated 13 Janu ary 2017, p. 2.  
4 Communication from Brazil dated 27 January 2017.  
5 Communication from India dated 27 January 2017.  
6 Communication from the United States dated 27 January 2017, pp. 2 -4. 
7 Communication from Japan dated 27 January 2017.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
- D-4 - 
 
 Russia's request for enhanc ed third party rights  
 
Article 10.2 of the DSU provides that Members may participate in panel proceedings as third 
parties if they have a "substantial" interest in the matter before the Panel. A panel may exercise 
its discretion to grant "enhanced" third -party rights in a dispute, provided that third party's 
interest in the proceeding extends beyond the "substantial" interest and those additional rights are 
consistent with the provisions of the DSU and the principles of due process.8 Previous panels have 
granted additional third party rights in limited circumstances for specific reasons only, including in 
situations where measures were considered to have a significant and direct economic effect on 
certain third parties9, or where prac tical considerations arise from a third party's involvement as a 
complaining party in a parallel proceeding.10  
 
Russia asserts that it has a "substantial legal and significant economic interest" in this dispute, 
given what it describes as a challenge to "s imilar" EU measures in a separate dispute11 that are 
affecting Russian exporters.12 We understand Russia's interest in this dispute relates to the Panel's 
interpretation of certain of the WTO provisions at issue and the Panel's assessment of the EU 
measures at issue, and implications this could have on the outcome in DS494. Russia asserts that 
the granting of the requested additional rights would allow Russia to attain a better understanding 
of the issues, arguments, and evidence before the Panel to ensure th at its interests can be fully 
taken into account in accordance with Article 10.1 of the DSU.13 Russia considers that the regular 
rights granted to third parties alone do not ensure that Russia will receive access to arguments 
and evidence that will be prese nted in the course of the entire panel proceeding.14 Although Russia 
has not specified which measures are at issue in DS494, we understand that Russia has requested 
a panel to review "as such" claims concerning Articles 2(3) and 2(5) of the Council Regulati on (EC) 
No. 1225/2009 of 30 November 2009 and a number of claims with respect to the extension of 
anti-dumping measures on welded tube and pipe exports and ammonium nitrate.15  
 
We do not consider the fact that there may be an overlap in respect of WTO prov isions or certain 
measures or claims at issue in this dispute and DS494 on its own provides a sufficient basis to 
justify the granting of enhanced third party rights. The similarity of legal issues between disputes, 
or the possibility that the outcome in o ne dispute could affect the measures at issue in another 
dispute, are not unusual and have not been criteria to grant enhanced third party rights to a third 
party in one case that is also complainant in a separate case. While we accept that Russia has a 
"substantial" interest in the matter at issue before the Panel, we fail to see how its interest or that 
of other third parties merits the granting of enhanced rights in this dispute. Finally, the Panel also 
notes that there is no agreement between the disput ing parties to grant Russia's request.  
 
The European Union's request for enhanced third party rights  
 
The European Union submits that the Working Procedures adopted by the Panel modify Appendix 3 
of the DSU in a manner that risks diminishing the rights of third parties. The European Union 
requests modifications of the Working Procedures to fully preserve the rights of third parties 
provided for in the DSU and DSU Appendix 3 Working Procedures.16 
 
The European Union submits that the Working Procedures set for th in Appendix 3 of the DSU 
contemplate two distinguishable stages in a panel proceeding. The first stage involves the parties 
setting out their case in chief, including a full presentation of claims, facts, evidence, and 
arguments, which should normally t ake place in the context of the submissions of the parties to 
                                                
8 Appellate Body Report, US – FSC (Article 21.5 – EC), para. 243. See also Appellate Body Reports, EC – 
Hormones , para. 154; and US – 1916 Act , para. 150.  
9 Panel Reports, EC – Bananas III , para.  7.8; EC – Tariff Preferences , Annex A, para.  7; and EC – Export 
Subsidies on Sugar , paras.  2.5-2.9. 
10 Panel Report, EC – Hormones (Canada) , para. 8.17.  
11 DS494 European Union – Cost Adjustment Methodologies II (Russia) . That panel was established on 
16 December 2016 but has not yet been composed.  
12 Communication  from Russia dated 12 December 2016, p. 1.  
13 Communication from Russia dated 12 December 2016, p. 2.  
14 Communication from Russia dated 12 December 2016, p. 1.  
15 This information is contained in the request for establishment of a panel in that dispute: see  
European  Union – Cost Adjustment Methodologies II (Russia) , request for the establishment of a panel by 
Russia, WT/DS494/4, 11 November 2016, pp. 2 -3. 
16 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 2.  WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 the dispute to the first meeting of the panel.17 The second stage involves rebuttals and refinement 
of arguments and questions for soliciting explanations. The Europ ean Union argues that 
paragrap h 6 of Appendix 3 grant third parties a right to be "fully implicated"18 in the first stage and 
Articles  10.1 and 10.2 of the DSU require that third parties have a full view of the cases presented 
by both the complainant and the responding party before fili ng their written submissions and 
exercising their right to be heard. The European Union argues that paragraph 8 of the Panel's 
Working Procedures modifies the Appendix 3 Working Procedures by "facilitating the admission of 
factual assertions and evidence ( and associated argument) filed after the first hearing, notably in 
rebuttals or responses to questions".19 The European Union submits that this modification "permits 
to some extent the shifting of fact, evidence and associated argument from the first stage to the 
second stage", which "risks to diminish" the rights of third parties.20 
 
The European Union requests the Panel to modify its Working Procedu res to allow third parties: 
(a) to receive all submissions by the parties to the Panel, including first writte n submissions, 
rebuttals, preliminary or interim ruling requests and responses thereto, responses to questions and 
comments thereon, and opening and closing statements; (b) to be present during the entirety of 
the first and second substantive meetings of t he Panel with the parties; and (c) to have the 
opportunity to respond to questions from the Panel to the parties and other third parties. The 
European Union submits that the Panel is under an obligation to ensure that the rights guaranteed 
to third parties  by the DSU are not diminished.21 The European Union supports its request by 
referring to prior WTO cases "in which appropriate steps"22 have been taken in relation to 
third party rights.  
 
We note that the European Union made a similar request in its third p arty submission in the 
previous dispute, US – Washing Machines .23 The European Union took issue with the identical 
language in the working procedures in that dispute to that contained in the first two sentences of 
paragraph 8 of the Working Procedures at is sue in this proceeding. The European Union also based 
its request in that proceeding on virtually identical reasons as to what has been argued in this 
dispute, and asked the panel to make the same modifications to the working procedures.24 We 
recall that th e first two sentences of paragraph 8 of the Panel's adopted Working Procedures 
provide:  
 
Each party shall submit all factual evidence to the Panel no later than during the first substantive 
meeting, except with respect to evidence necessary for purposes of  rebuttal, answers to questions 
or comments on answers provided by the other party. Exceptions to this procedure shall be 
granted upon a showing of good cause.  
 
We agree with the reasons set out by the panel in rejecting the European Union's request in US – 
Washing Machines  and adopt them as our own in rejecting the European Union's request in this 
dispute.25 In that dispute, the panel relied upon the observation of the Appellate Body in 
Argentina  – Textiles and Apparel  that the Working Procedures in Appendi x 3 of the DSU do not 
establish precise deadlines for the presentation of evidence by parties as the basis to reject the 
European Union's argument that third party rights should be tied to the timing of the submission of 
factual evidence by the parties. Ac cordingly, there is no basis under the DSU to allege that the 
adopted working procedures diminish the rights of third parties by allowing the submissions of 
factual evidence by the parties after the first substantive meeting.26 The panel further considered 
that there was no basis for the European Union's concern that the panel's Working Procedures 
allow for "associated argument" to be submitted in a second stage of the proceeding.27 Finally, the 
                                                
17 Communication from the European U nion dated 13 January 2017, p. 2.  
18 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 2.  
19 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 3.  
20 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 3.  
21 Communication  from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 4.  
22 Communication from the European Union dated 13 January 2017, p. 4.  
23 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.13.  
24 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.14 at quoted communication from the  panel, 
paras.  1.2-1.11. 
25 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.14 at quoted communicat ion from the panel, 
paras.  1.11-1.16. 
26 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.14 at quoted comm unication from the panel, 
para. 1.14 (referring to Appellat e Body Report, Argentina – Textiles and Apparel , paras. 79 -80). 
27 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.14 at quoted comm unication from the panel, 
para. 1.15. WT/DS 480/R/Add.1  
 
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 panel rejected the European Union's argument that third parties are "fully implicated" in the 
first stage of the panel process, owing to the fact that paragraph 6 of Appendix 3 establishes that 
third parties only attend a separate third party session of the panel's first meeting with the 
parties.28 We therefore reject t he European Union's request to modify our Working Procedures.  
 
Conclusion  
 
For the foregoing reasons, the Panel rejects Russia's request for the Panel to exercise its discretion 
under Article 12.1 of the DSU to modify its Working Procedures and grant enhanced third party 
rights in this proceeding, as well as the European Union's request to modify our working 
Procedures to provide for enhanced third party rights in this proceeding. The Panel also notes 
Indonesia's opposition to grant the requests by Rus sia and the European Union, as well as the 
European Union's opposition to the reasons set out in Russia's request.  
 
 
 
__________  
                                                
28 Panel Report, US – Washing Machines , para. 1.14 at quoted comm unication from the panel, 
para. 1.16.