WT/TPR/M/339  
9 January 2017  
(17-0109) Page: 1/36 
Trade Policy Review Body  
25 and 27 October 2016   
 
  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: Ms Irene Young (Hong Kong, China)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE O F THE DEMOCRATIC  
REPUBLIC OF THE CONG O ................................ ................................ ................................  4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ..............  10 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S ................................ ................................ ........................  15 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC OF THE 
CONGO  AND ADDITIONAL COMME NTS ................................ ................................ ...........  31 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  36 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies 
provided by the Democratic Republi c of the Congo  are reproduced in document 
WT/TPR/M/ 339/Add.1 and will be available online at 
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The second Trade Policy Review of the Democratic Republic of the C ongo (DRC) was held on 
25 and 27 October 2016. The Chairperson, Ms. Irene Young (Hong Kong, China), welcomed the 
delegation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) headed by H.E. Mr. Zénon MUKONGO 
NGAY, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the DRC to the UN and specialized 
institutions at Geneva; the delegation from Kinshasa ; and the discussant, H.E. Ambassador 
Roderick VAN SCHREVEN (Netherlands).  
1.2.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the Trade Policy Reviews and the main elements of 
the proc edures for the meeting. The report by the DRC was contained in document WT/TPR/G/339 
and that of the WTO Secretariat in WT/TPR/S/339.  
1.3.  As agreed by Members earlier, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization 
(UNIDO) was attending this meeting as  observer on an ad hoc basis.  
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations had been submitted in writing before the deadline: 
Brazil; Canada; Argentina; European Union; Chile; and the United States. The following 
delegations submitted written questions after the  deadline: China and Kenya.  
1.5.  At the previous TPR meeting in 2010, Members had commended the DRC on its 
macroeconomic and structural reforms, including trade reforms. These efforts had not only 
contributed to the country 's overall positive economic performa nce a nd its recovery from 
socio-political crises, but had also helped reduce its debt, through the Heavily Indebted Poor 
Countries initiative. However, at that time, Members had also noted a number of factors which had 
been undermining the competitiveness of the economy and its growth prospects. These included 
poor infrastructure; inaccessible and expensive financial services; inefficient state -owned 
enterprises; a large number of duties and disproportion ate fees charged by several 
non-coordinated instituti ons; and poor governance. Members had encouraged the DRC to pursue 
reforms which could strengthen the fundamentals of its economy, and create a business 
environment conducive to foreign direct investment, so that the country  could exploit its 
potentials, d iversify its economy, and alleviate poverty.  
1.6.  Members were pleased  to know that, since its last TPR, the DRC had  recorded strong 
macroeconomic performance: it had  consolidated its fiscal position, had achieved a small surplus, 
and had brought inflation down  to a record low level of around 1%. GDP growth, mainly driven by 
copper production and t he emerging services sector, had  reached around 8% per ye ar. However, 
economic growth had  been no n-inclusive, and poverty remained  pervasive. The country 's 
potentials,  in terms of land and human resources, were still largely untapped,  and its 
competitiveness remained  hampered by structural bottlenecks such as a challenging business 
climate, electricity shortages and corruption. The financial position of the Central Bank  of Congo 
was also fragile.  
1.7.  Taking the oppor tunity of this TPR, Members asked many questions about the DRC 's long 
term economic and development st rategies, including how it planned  to improve the business 
environment for traders and investors, and how it would diversify its economic activities.  
1.8.  It was encou raging to know that the TPRM had  served as a catalyst in the DRC 's reform 
process. Following the TPR in 2010 and the follow -up workshop in Ki nshasa a year later, the DRC 
had implemented various reforms t o address concerns raised by Memb ers. One example was the 
structural reform aimed at reducing state interv ention in the economy, which had  resulte d in the 
liquidation or privatiz ation of several state -owned enterprises. The country had  also taken steps to 
modernize obsolete trade -related legislation, such as that governing publi c procurement. 
Meanwhile, it had  adopted a new customs code, introduced a VAT system, and simplified the tax 
system.  
1.9.  All this was going in the right direction, but in some areas, si gnificant progress was yet to be 
seen. It was clear from Members ' advanc e questions that they still had  concerns about the 
country 's customs valuation and clearance procedures, its tax system, its SPS and technical 
regulations, etc., and they  would  appreci ate further information on the planned reforms, including 
the trade facilitation programme.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  1.10.   As in the last TPR, Members noted DRC 's overlapping membership in different trade 
agreements and the possibility of conflicting commitments. It would be  useful for the delegation of 
the DRC to share with Members how this was being managed.  
1.11.   This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of 
interest to them and to the DRC, and of importance to the multilateral trading system.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  2  OPENI NG STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC OF 
THE CONGO (H.E. MR. ZÉNON MUKONGO NGAY)  
2.1.  I would like to begin by apologizing on behalf of Her Excellency the Minister for Trade, who 
would have liked to have been here to present this report in person today, but was unable to do so 
owing to time constraints.  
2.2.  I know that many of you are still wondering why this review, which was initially planned for 
June 2016, was postponed until today. The same time constraints were the reason why we 
requeste d that our second trade policy review be postponed. Nevertheless, I would like to reassure 
each and every one of you that my country, which attaches great importance to the work of the 
WTO, remains committed to implementing an effective trade policy that t akes into account, among 
other things, the development of world trade and the competition that it creates.  
2.3.  There fore, in spite of the major pre -election challenges facing our country, we could not 
afford to miss out on such a valuable opportunity to examin e our trade policy and identify the 
challenges that it presents, in order to implement a trade strategy that meets the requirements of 
our development programme and responds to the modernization agenda driven by Head of State, 
His Excellency Joseph Kabila Kabange.  
2.4.  Before giving the floor to the Secretary General of the Ministry of Trade who is today's 
speaker, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the Chairperson for her kind words about 
my country and delegation. I also thank His Excellency Ambassa dor Roderick V an Schreven, 
Permanent Representative of the Netherlands, for agreeing to present my country's trade policy.  
2.5.  On behalf of my Government, my sincere thanks also go the WTO Secretariat and its Trade 
Policy Review Division for its genuine cooper ation during the preparatory phase of this review. 
Lastly, my country would like to extend its gratitude to WTO Members for the interest that they 
have shown in this review, as demonstrated by the number of written questions submitted and the 
large attenda nce at today's session. Thank you.  
STATEMENT  BY MS EUGÉNIE  SALEBONGO  BASOY  (SECRETARY  GENERAL  FOR  TRADE)  
2.6.  The Democratic Republic of Congo is honoured to belong to an important institution such as 
the World Trade Organization. In accordance with the rules a nd principles governing the WTO, my 
country has established guidelines on economic and trade policy, including contained liberalization 
of the domestic market, gradual opening up of the different economic sectors, freedom of 
enterprise, and promotion of a favourable economic environment.  
2.7.  In order to transform these policy choices into specific action, my country has firmly 
undertaken reforms through the implementation of a series of measures and initiatives that have 
benefited almost all sectors, with the o bjective of improving the business climate, increasing the 
effectiveness of its economic and trade policies as a driving force that will enable the DRC to 
become an emerging economy by 2030.  
2.8.  The recent economic reforms were promoted and driven by the natio nal authorities, in 
parallel with measures at the political level which have led to democratic progress, stability and 
the consolidation of social peace.  
2.9.  In practice, the economic reforms sometimes received support from international partners, 
and were bas ed on the recommendations of the first trade policy review, as well as on other 
evaluation mechanisms such as the "Doing Business" index.  
2.10.   I will therefore make a point of sharing with Members the results that bear witness to the 
progress made in terms of t he strengthening of the macroeconomic situation, the review of 
sectoral policies, and the status of trade negotiations and regional processes in which my country 
is participating. I will then turn to the economic outlook for the DRC.  
2.11.   As a result of sustain ed commitment and a package of measures, the DRC's economic 
situation has significantly improved since its first trade policy review in 2010. For example, in the 
period 2010 -2016, gross domestic product (GDP), expressed in real terms, made a strong WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  recover y, rising from US$15.67 billion to US$22.78 billion, which represents a gross increase of 
45.4%, while annual GDP growth was around 7.6%, with a peak of 9.5% in 2014. These levels are 
higher than the average in sub Saharan Africa.  
2.12.   The strengthening of the domestic economy can also be seen in the control over inflation. 
The Government succeeded in lowering the inflation rate to below 2% as from 2013, more 
specifically to 1.16% in 2013, 1.21% in 2014 and 1.81% in 2015, which represents a significant 
change co mpared with 2010 when the inflation rate was 23.5%. This was a major challenge for 
the Government, which was under great pressure to avoid the disastrous consequences of 
uncontrolled inflation on the national economic community, particularly on consumers a nd the 
general population.  
2.13.   Regarding debt, the DRC reached the completion point under the Heavily Indebted Poor 
Countries (HIPC) Initiative at the end of June 2010. The country therefore benefited from a 
significant reduction of its debts, which amounted t o around US$12.5 billion, thus lowering the 
external debt to GDP ratio from 67% in 2009 to 22.5% at end December 2011. In addition to the 
HIPC Initiative, other reductions were granted, particularly by multilateral and Paris Club creditors, 
enabling the co untry to move from a high to a moderate debt risk.  
2.14.   Furthermore, our country's foreign trade was able to recover after the major turmoil of 2009 
caused by both the financial crisis and the fall in the country's raw material export prices. Both 
exports and i mports experienced upward trends, and the total value of trade in goods between the 
DRC and the rest of the world has continued to increase, with a trade surplus during the period 
under review.  
2.15.   Regarding exchange rate policy, the DRC has adopted new exchan ge regulations, which 
were published in March 2014, replacing those issued in 2003 with the aim of better regulating 
foreign exchange transactions and adapting to changes in the economic and national, regional and 
international financial environment.  
2.16.   Gener ally speaking, the economic growth referred to above was mainly driven by the 
primary sector, with the mining sector playing a prominent role. Copper and gold production in 
particular recorded the highest growth for the period under review , with an increas e from 
497,000  tonnes to over 1 million tonnes for copper, and from 1.78 tonnes to around 23 tonnes for 
gold. 
2.17.   Nevertheless, the other production sectors did not lag behind. The agricultural, 
manufacturing, energy and services sectors also saw growth compar ed with six years ago. For 
example, the volume of communications in the telephony subsector experienced a twofold 
increase.  
2.18.   All these results were achieved thanks the measures taken by the Government to improve 
the economic environment, and by the vigorous  reforms undertaken in the different sectors.  
2.19.   The Government's actions have resulted in, among other things, the simplification of 
procedures, the elimination of certain documents, the streamlining and even the removal of some 
taxes and levies, the adoptio n of a nomenclature of taxes to be collected at central and provincial 
levels, and the limitation of the number of entities present at the borders.  
2.20.   These measures also served to lay the foundations for the establishment of an integrated 
single window for f oreign trade, which is now operational, although it has not yet been fully rolled 
out. 
2.21.   Moreover, during this period the DRC launched a process to strengthen the operational 
capacities of its control agencies, mainly the Congolese Control Office (OCC) and t he Border Health 
Services, with the objective of protecting consumers and facilitating cross border trade.  
2.22.   Legal and judicial security for businesses was also strengthened through the establishment 
of new commercial courts, the accession of the DRC to the Convention on the Recognition and 
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), and the effective implementation of the WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  Treaty on the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA Treaty), to which our country 
became party in 2010.  
2.23.   The Governme nt has also addressed the matter of busines s startup formalities, and on 
1 November 2012, established the Single Window for Business Startups in order to centralize 
these formalities. The results are now visible in the form of simplified procedures, shorte r 
deadlines and lower costs.  
2.24.   In the financial sector, the liberalization of insurance in March 2015 is regarded as the key 
reform of the review period, given that, until then, insurance was a State monopoly held by the 
National Insurance Company (SONAS).  
2.25.   Furthermore, the Government's actions in the financial sector have led to the streamlining 
of banking institutions, now reduced to 18, compared with several dozen a few years ago. 
Nevertheless, banking remains open to competition and investment. The focus i s on increasing the 
viability of banking institutions and use of the country's banking services, an objective that is 
closer to being achieved thanks to the rapid development of the mobile banking sub branch of the 
telecommunications sector.  
2.26.   The momentum o f liberalization during the period 2010 2016 has also had an impact on 
strategic sectors such as electricity, water and hydrocarbons, which have now been opened up 
through the adoption of new sectoral laws, and have thus been added to the list of liberaliz ed 
sectors that already included telecommunications, tourism, banking, construction and industry.  
2.27.   Government procurement has also been modernized through the entry into force of a new 
Government Procurement Code, which is based on international standards a nd confers autonomy 
on management, supervisory and regulatory bodies. The Directorate General for the Control of 
Government Procurement (DGCMP) was established as a result.  
2.28.   In order to sustain this momentum in the long term, the country has also adopted se veral 
policy documents and sectoral strategies. The Trade Strategy Paper, which was published in April 
2016, aims to make the DRC's economy more competitive at national, regional and international 
level, and to improve the country's integration in internat ional trade. Ultimately, this means 
creating the basic conditions needed to ensure the availability and quality of products on the 
domestic market, promoting the development of exports, and boosting economic growth and 
development.  
2.29.   Several priority actions  were identified, which include strengthening the institutional 
framework for trade and sectoral policies; enhancing supply capacity and competitiveness; 
increasing market access; improving the functioning of the domestic market; and, of course, 
pursuing e fforts to improve the business and investment climate.  
2.30.   The country also adopted the Strategic Plan for the Ref orm of Government Finances 
2010-2015, with a view to strengthening the management of State resources. This Plan has 
resulted in several measures t o increase the efficiency of the State services responsible for 
collecting revenue, programming, and implementing expenditure.  
2.31.   Value added tax (VAT) was introduced in 2012, and a nomenclature of taxes to be levied by 
central government and the provinces wa s adopted. The new Customs Code and Excise Code 
entered into force in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The Customs Code establishes rules and 
guidelines in line with the revised Kyoto Convention and takes into account, in many of its 
provisions, the customs me asures provided for in the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
2.32.   Tariffs have not varied, and the 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% bands remain in force. However, it 
should be noted that, as required under the COMESA Treaty, th e DRC adopted a law in 
December  2015 to bring its tariffs into line with those of COMESA, with a view implementing this 
subregional organization's free trade area.  
2.33.   The public finance services' technical and operational capacities have been strengthened, 
particularly through the adoption of computerized ma nagement systems for the services 
responsible for customs, taxes, authorization of expenditure, as well as payroll services.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  2.34.   The reform of State ownership continued during the period under review, leading to the 
withdrawal of the State from some economic s ectors, the restructuring of enterprises remaining in 
the hands of the State and the improvement of their management methods, and the establishment 
of public private partnerships.  
2.35.   With regard to agriculture, livestock farming, fishing and rural development , the 
Government's policy has aimed to revitalize this key sector in order to ensure food security, 
improve production, diversify exports, reduce poverty and precariousness in rural areas, and 
increase the contribution of agriculture to economic growth, in  keeping with the country's rich 
potential.  
2.36.   In this regard, the Government's first initiatives included the adoption of an agricultural law 
in 2011 and the implementation of incentives such as exemptions for imports of agricultural 
inputs, equipment and ne w materials.  
2.37.   In May 2013, the DRC adopted the National Agricult ural Investment Plan (PNIA 2013 -2020), 
the main aim of which is to gradually establish some 20 agribusiness parks throughout the national 
territory. This Plan is now the national framework for the planning of domestic and external 
resources in the agricultural and other related sectors. Its objective is to promote sustained 
growth of 6% in the sector. The PNIA takes into account not only national agricultural policy 
objectives, but also other as pects such as the development of agricultural and agro industrial 
areas, research, training, governance and climate change adaptation.  
2.38.   The financing arrangements for the PNIA involve the allocation of a substantial part of the 
national budget for agricultu re, in addition to the mobilization of private resources. These 
arrangements thus offer opportunities for national and foreign direct investment, and for the 
development of public private partnerships. In 2014, such a partnership enabled operations to 
begin at the first agro industrial park, that of Bukanga Lonzo.  
2.39.   Regarding the industrial sector, the Government intends to establish economic and industrial 
growth poles on the basis of comparative and competitive advantages in the different provinces. 
These o bjectives are also in line with those of the DRC's new industrial policy set out in the 
Industrial Policy and Strategies Paper (DPSI), which was adopted in 2011 and focuses on the 
promotion of four priority areas, namely: agro industry with an emphasis on agri food; mining and 
metallurgy; building materials; and packaging. One of the principal means of achieving these 
objectives is the implementation of a special economic zones (ZES) regime.  
2.40.   Another central element is the promotion of small and medium sized  enterprises (SMEs), for 
which accompanying measures have been implemented, including the creation of incubation 
centres, tax relief under the Investment Code, support for the identification of opportunities, and 
the enactment of a leasing law that provide s additional means of financing for SMEs/SMIs.  
2.41.   The policy option with regard to transport services remains the opening up of traffic in the 
various subsectors and the promotion of private investment with a view to expanding the delivery 
of services. In ord er to facilitate the movement of goods and individuals, which is a major 
challenge because of the size of the country, the Government has rehabilitated road, rail and air 
transport infrastructure. In 2015, it also launched a new national airline, Congo Air ways, which, for 
the moment, only operates domestic flights.  
2.42.   I would like to end this review of sectoral policies with a few encouraging words about 
tourism in the DRC. The sector is fully open and our country has a vast, rich and diverse potential 
for tou rism, owing to its biodiversity, exceptional parks and reserves, terrain, and culture, with a 
thousand different sites to visit.  
2.43.   Today, this sector, which has been seriously affected by the crises in our country, is 
undoubtedly one of the DRC's most promis ing areas for business investment and development in 
the years to come. The DRC therefore welcomes you as both tourists and investors in tourism.  
2.44.   I would now like to turn to the trade negotiations and regional integration processes in 
which our country is participating. It should be noted that the DRC is involved in the negotiations 
for the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union and Central Africa. WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  The discussions with the European Union have come to a standstill, but Central Africa , on its part, 
has completed its preparations over the course of several meetings of the Regional Ministerial 
Committee.  
2.45.   The DRC is also taking part in the work of the COMESA EAC SADC Tripartite to establish a 
free trade area comprising the States from the se three regional economic communities, and 
therefore is following with genuine interest the preparations for the creation of a continental free 
trade area within the African Union.  
2.46.   In the same context, the DRC will shortly become a participant in the impl ementation of the 
COMESA free trade area, as I mentioned earlier. The DRC is also involved in the process of 
establishing the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) free trade area, which 
was initiated in 2004.  
2.47.   Furthermore, our country is act ively participating in the negotiations on services 
liberalization in the SADC and COMESA, which aim to gradually liberalize the identified sectors in 
order to create a more integrated, more competitive and more attractive regional services market.  
2.48.   Our cou ntry is preparing to implement the Agreement on Trade Facilitation. In this regard, 
we have launched an information campaign for national stakeholders and carried out the exercise 
of categorizing the measures under the Agreement. We are making every effort  with a view to 
their notification, the creation of a national trade facilitation committee, and the ratification of the 
Agreement, and these processes have already been initiated at national level.  
2.49.   However, it should be noted that, in spite of the signifi cant progress recorded, our economy 
still faces challenges. It remains highly exposed to the external shocks that often affect economic 
indicators, as has been the case in 2016.  
2.50.   This state of affairs requires us to ensure the economic transformation of our  country by 
becoming more involved in global value chains, reducing our dependency on mining commodities, 
speeding up the industrialization of the country, strengthening export performance, bolstering the 
domestic market, and increasing the contribution of  the services sector to the creation of wealth. 
The underlying aim is to reduce poverty and precariousness among the population, create jobs and 
boost economic and social development as a whole.  
2.51.   In order to address these challenges, the Government has unde rtaken to implement the 
National Development Strategy as a new framework to guide governm ent action over the period 
2017-2021.  
2.52.   The Government thus intends to pursue and deepen its reforms. It will continue to pay 
serious attention to promoting public and p rivate investment, will encourage public private 
partnerships and will step up its action to improve the business climate. It has also planned to 
adopt a specific law on public private partnerships and a law on competition and consumer 
protection.  
2.53.   Furtherm ore, the law on intellectual property will be amended, with a view to expanding its 
scope and strengthening protection in this area, and to fostering its economic role in industrial 
promotion and entrepreneurship. The Government is also planning to adopt a  law on 
standardization and metrology in order to give the country a framework for the promotion of 
production activities, while ensuring greater protection of the population's right to health and 
security.  
2.54.   Regarding SMEs and traditional crafts, the Govern ment has approved a national SME 
strategy and is preparing to adopt a Code of Traditional Crafts and Artisanal Activities and a law on 
entrepreneurship in the DRC, with the aim of making SMEs one of the main drivers of the country's 
economy. This will requ ire enhanced resources in terms of support and finance for local business 
people, especially young people and women.  
2.55.   Concerning forestry and the environment, the Government intends to implement the 
National Programme on the Environment, Forestry, Water Res ources and Biodiversity (PNEFEB), 
which is a single strategic framework for action incorporating the commitments undertaken by the WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  DRC Government to fight climate change and promote sustainable development. For example, the 
Government plans to reduce the u se of firewood by 25 -30% and lower its greenhouse gas 
emissions by 17% by 2030.  
2.56.   It also intends to prepare and implement the Strategi c Mining Development Plan 
(2016 -2021), which aims to improve the business climate and find a lasting solution to the 
difficulties in the sector, as well as enhance its potential for our country's economic development.  
2.57.   As regards the postal and new ICTs sector, the national strategy will seek to optimize its 
contribution to growth, strengthen its role in the interconnection and  integration of production 
factors at domestic economic level, and capitalize on the opportunities available, particularly in 
terms of employment.  
2.58.   As can be observed, technical and financial assistance from partners and donors would be 
welcome, in order to  speed up the implementation of these plans, extend their scope and ensure 
maximum success.  
2.59.   Madam Chairperson, this brings me to the end of the introductory remarks that I wished to 
share with Members on the trade policy and outlook of my country.  
2.60.   My deleg ation will be most interested to hear the contributions and recommendations that 
will be made during this exercise, because the neutral and constructive opinions of Members will 
provide our country with an ideal opportunity to collect highly useful informa tion, which will make 
it easier for us to conduct our self -assessment of the policy measures described, highlight the 
areas for improvement, and help ensure that our Government's trade related activities are more 
efficient and coherent, with a maximum impa ct. Thank you.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  
3.1.  Firstly, I would like to thank you for entrusting me with the presentation of the second trade 
policy review of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  
3.2.  Before addressing the more technical aspects of the trade poli cy that is relevant for the WTO, 
I would like to begin by recalling the economic and social progress recorded by the DRC since its 
first trade policy review in 2010. The country has experienced a period of mainly robust economic 
growth, as well as growth p er capita. These two rates are well in line with the average growth 
rates for sub Saharan Africa. Until the beginning of this year, this macroeconomic performance 
benefited from a relatively stable political situation, the undertaking of structural and eco nomic 
reforms, and mining exports. This also enabled the DRC to improve its ranking on the Human 
Development Index, despite the weak position from which it started. However, it is uncertain 
whether it will be possible to maintain such a trend. The DRC rema ins one of the least developed 
countries.  
3.3.  It is clear that we must take into account the social and political instability recently 
experienced by the DRC, and its adverse impact on the business and investment climate, the 
development and implementation of policies, and consequently on human development. While it is 
not yet possible to accurately determine the economic impact of these persistent disturbances, a 
rapid return to stability is undoubtedly essential for the DRC to pursue its development.  
3.4.  Ultimate ly, and as the DRC's report rightly points out, the country needs stable, sustainable 
and very high economic growth in order to increase its per capita GDP and particularly to offset 
population growth. Such economic growth would enable it to graduate from its status as a low 
income country and improve the living standards of its population. Nevertheless, only inclusive 
growth could enable the country to effectively respond to the needs of the most disadvantaged, 
and would result in improved human developmen t indicators. As pointed out by the World 
Economic Forum, the unequal distribution of wealth in the DRC seriously weakens its economic 
potential.  
3.5.  The main aim of the DRC's trade policy is to reduce poverty by: (1) pursuing trade 
liberalization; (2) increas ing privatization; (3) implementing sectoral reforms, particularly in the 
areas of agriculture, mining, industry and services; and (4) promoting export diversification. The 
National Trade Strategy Paper that the DRC is to publish shortly will focus on part icipation in world 
trade. It is paramount for this strategy, which is part of a major development plan to be 
implemented by 2035, to focus on the possibilities offered by globalization, such as participation in 
value chains and integration in a regional ec onomy. Access to markets, in particular that of the 
European Union, is only one part of this solution. The country particularly needs to have products 
that can compete on the international market, and therefore reforms must be carried out. While 
WTO Member s can provide market access, it is up to the DRC to ensure the production of goods 
for export.  
3.6.  The DRC has identified the key areas for reform, which incl ude: (1) industrialization; 
(2) increased productivity in the mining sector; and (3) the development o f its agricultural 
potential. The achievement of these objectives and the strengthening of the DRC's position in 
global value chains represent a major challenge. While the Government and Parliament have 
drafted a number of clear laws and strategic document s, issues remain concerning their 
implementation, which requires particular attention.  
3.7.  The DRC has not escaped unscathed from the recent fall in global commodity prices, and the 
ensuing deterioration of market conditions, which threaten to undo much of the  macroeconomic 
progress made since its last review. The DRC's dependency on mining exports, which represented 
90% of total exports in 2014, remains very high and has increased significantly since 2008. The 
decline in export revenue has affected foreign exc hange reserves, which were already low, and has 
had repercussions for public finances and the financial sector. Foreign exchange reserves are 
currently equivalent to around four and a half weeks' worth of imports of goods and services, 
which is very little , and which has visibly weakened the national currency. The deterioration in the 
terms of trade has led to a significant devaluation of the Congolese franc.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  3.8.  The rate of growth expected for 2016 appears to reflect the consequences of recent 
developments in the DRC. In its latest World Economic Outlook, the IMF predicts that GDP growth 
will amount to 3.9% in 2016 instead of the 5.1% forecast in June, and compared with the 6.9% 
recorded in 2015. The outlook for 2016 is therefore not very encouraging. Net forei gn direct 
investment flows were expected to remain at 4.9% of GDP, but this forecast must be revised in 
light of the current situation. On the other hand, while the fiscal balance appears to be under 
greater threat than in most sub Saharan African countrie s, it should remain positive thanks to 
subsidies.  
3.9.  The economic vulnerability resulting from the current decrease in revenue from the mining 
industry, which clearly demonstrates the need for diversification, is mainly a structural issue. 
Diversification pro vides economies with a more stable foundation and protects them from domestic 
and external vectors of instability. When reserves are low and are insufficient to withstand market 
fluctuations, a diversified export basket may mitigate the effects of a slowdo wn in international 
trade.  
3.10.   I know that I am not the first discussant this year to encourage a delegation to diversify its 
economy, but I cannot ignore this economic rationale, particularly given that the DRC's natural and 
human resources offer a number of possibilities in this regard. The DRC is holding all of the cards.  
3.11.   In addition to the country's abundant mineral reserves (cobalt, copper, diamonds and gold), 
agriculture is also of great interest. There are multiple opportunities for improvement in this 
sector, starting with an increase in yields, that is to say an increase in productivity and acreage. 
Given the population growth of around 3%, the National Agricultural Investment Plan for the 
period 2013 2020 is based on 6% agricultural growth, which would  allow for imports of agricultural 
products to be reduced and which may contribute to expanding the country's range of exports. As 
80% of the population makes a living from agriculture, the development of this sector, which is 
crucial for inclusive growth,  should be the number one priority for the country, and will have a 
positive impact on employment.  
3.12.   Population growth is both a threat and an asset for economic growth. Our national hero, 
footballer Johan Cruijff, said that every disadvantage has its advant age. Population growth is a 
challenge, but the DRC's population is particularly young, as it is composed of 43% of individuals 
under the age of 15 years, who will therefore soon be of prime working age. The DRC's population 
is expected to increase from 70 million at present to 195 million by 2050. It will be an enormous 
challenge to keep up with such growth. Addressing the needs of this large and young population 
will first of all require the creation of jobs, and increased investment in sectors such as mob ile 
telephony and financial services. Rapid population growth also means that efforts in the area of 
education need to be stepped up. Although the challenge may create difficulties, it could help 
unlock the DRC's true potential.  
3.13.   The DRC has a number of ass ets that may be of interest to investors. To improve the 
business climate, structural issues that hinder foreign investment must be addressed. Such issues 
include: poor infrastructure, endemic corruption at all levels of the Government, the 
ineffectiveness  of institutions, limited access to financing, the lack of skilled labour, an 
unpredictable political and security climate, and constant tensions, particularly in the eastern part 
of the country. Foreign investors, and also domestic investors, often face r ed tape, bribery and a 
subjective interpretation of regulations, particularly with regard to fiscal matters. For years, the 
World Economic Forum has stressed that revenue inequality poses the greatest danger to stability. 
In other words, to ensure stabilit y and economic growth, the public needs to be reassured that 
wealth is distributed equally and that everyone can benefit from development, and, in particular, 
that their children will have a better future. Combatting inequality and corruption are key to 
achieving this objective. The fact that the DRC does not benefit from the IMF Extended Credit 
Facility discourages foreign lenders, which is understandable. It is the Government's responsibility 
to make the DRC more attractive to investors and the IMF.  
3.14.   Telecommunications is one of the sectors in which market liberalization has been successful. 
The extensive pan African telecommunications network attracts foreign investment, provides the 
Government with revenue, and enables the public to communicate. It establ ishes contact between 
farmers and their markets, which is a considerable advantage to a country such as the DRC, which 
is the size of Europe. Development of the services industry, in particular telecommunications, 
transport  and trade, has enabled the non -mining private sector to post higher growth than the WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  mining sector. The economy in that sector has therefore already entered into a phase of 
diversification.  
3.15.   Furthermore, the financial and banking sector remains underdeveloped and, so far, has 
focused on th e provision of basic services. It could be both a source and a catalyst of growth. 
However, if it is not sufficiently developed, it could halt economic development due to a lack of 
resources. This is also the case for manufacturing industry, which is still  in its infancy. The 
development of manufacturing should improve the current account, lead to an increase in foreign 
exchange reserves, and ensure protection against exchange rate fluctuations.  
3.16.   The DRC's trade balance is in deficit, and this imbalance is m uch more pronounced in trade 
in services than in trade in goods, which is not uncommon in a developing country. The share of 
imports of goods and services in terms of percentage of GDP fell from 42.3% in 2008 to 30.9% in 
2013. It is likely that imports wil l increase when international oil and food prices rise again, which 
could to a certain extent outweigh the increase in revenue created by the upward trend in mineral 
prices. On the one hand, an increase in mineral prices is advantageous to the DRC, but on the 
other hand, if there is an increase in import prices, a balance will need to be found. A rise in 
imports is not necessarily negative if it is linked to the purchase of capital goods such as machine 
tools. Capital goods, unlike consumer goods, contribut e to growth in economic potential and the 
diversification of industry.  
3.17.   Regarding trade policy, the effectiveness and efficiency of government action could be 
considerably improved. Efforts might therefore be made to ensure better coordination and 
harmoniza tion between the central government and decentralized administrative entities.  
3.18.   More specifically, I have noted that customs tariffs in the DRC have increased in several 
sectors, such as food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothing, paper, printing items an d chemical 
products. High tariff barriers for manufactured products generally reduce the competitiveness of 
domestic producers. The tariffs applied on raw materials used by industry are also relatively high. 
The temporary ban on imports of sugar and cement  in the west of the DRC, which was decided 
upon recently, is a good example of this. This form of protectionism is not conducive to enhancing 
the investment climate in the DRC. Instead of protecting domestic producers, it would be better to 
open up the cou ntry to foreign stakeholders, as competition could boost innovation and exports.  
3.19.   With regard to customs duties, the DRC still levies high taxes and charges on imports for the 
inspection and control of goods. VAT refunds are significantly delayed on a regul ar basis. A 
national identity number is needed in order to engage in trade. This practice should be 
reconsidered. In general, border procedures are very long and the average cost of transporting 
containerized goods is high compared with other sub Saharan A frican countries, which hampers 
regional trade. Thanks to the creation of a single window in Kinshasa, the processing period has 
been reduced from five months to three days, which is clear proof of success.  
3.20.   It is unfortunate that the DRC is one of the leas t active WTO Members in terms of 
notifications, and even more so since this attitude has changed little since the last review. LDC 
status is not a justification for this shortcoming. I therefore ask the DRC to be more disciplined in 
this regard. This would  show its trade policy review in a more favourable light, and enhanced 
transparency could foster the country's integration in world trade and respect among other WTO 
Members.  
3.21.   The DRC shares a border with nine countries and is a major stakeholder in the reg ion. Its 
exports to other African countries have increased significantly since 2008, and in 2014 accounted 
for almost 24% of total exports, which is an extremely positive development. Strengthening its 
regional integration would be beneficial for the count ry. It should be noted that, in August 2016, 
the DRC adopted 98 new COMESA harmonized standards, bringing the total number of adopted 
standards to 370, in line with the objective established in 2008. Nevertheless, it is important to 
further improve cross b order infrastructure, by drawing on examples such as the one stop border 
posts that have been established in the eastern part of the country.  
3.22.   Consequently, the DRC is encouraged to ratify the Agreement on Trade Facilitation and to 
notify its Category A com mitments. This will no doubt be of considerable benefit to the country in WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  terms of trade facilitation, and it would be interesting for the DRC to be a part of the process 
undertaken to that end.  
3.23.   Concerning the protection of intellectual property rights, th e DRC could move forward with 
the implementation of agreements in this area.  
3.24.   As regards monetary policy, the limited presence of financial institutions, the high level of 
dollarization and the importance of the informal sector have contributed to reducing the influence 
of the Central Bank. The authorities have announced the launch of a de dollarization process. 
However, to foster the deepening of the financial sector and economic growth, the reforms to 
strengthen the financial system must be moved forward m ore rapidly. The financial sector is 
essential for development.  
3.25.   The DRC's fiscal policy aims to rationalize tax exemptions, better organize the duty and tax 
system, expand the tax base, improve VAT performance, modernize the administration of tax and 
custo ms revenue, and increase the contribution of the mining sector. However, the tax reform is 
facing obstacles, particularly in terms of capacity constraints and the opposition of those directly 
affected by a reform.  
3.26.   In terms of business climate, the DRC is r anked in 184th place out of 189 countries in the 
World Bank's Doing Business 2016 report, which means that it is more competitive than only five 
other countries, and that it lags behind another 183. Despite this ranking, considerable 
improvements have been  noted. The simplification of registration processes and the reduction of 
the minimum capital requirement have made it easier to start up a business. The price of building 
permits has also been halved. Moreover, the Treaty of the Organization for the Harmo nization of 
Business Law in Africa (OHADA) entered into force in the DRC in September 2014. However, the 
business climate is suffering as a result of the introduction of a new employers' social security 
contribution, which has complicated the taxation of b usinesses. Visas for foreign workers are 
granted for a maximum of three months and their salaries are taxed at a higher rate than that in 
force for local salaries.  
3.27.   Corruption is an immense challenge which requires the full attention of the Government. 
The DRC is ranked 147th out of 168 countries in Transparency International's Corruption 
Perceptions Index 2015. The weakness of the judicial system and the absence of efficient 
accountability and control mechanisms foster corruption.  
3.28.   The new Government Procure ment Code aims to encourage transparency, the use of 
invitations to tender, and application of the criterion of national and regional preference. These 
new rules ensure the equal treatment of bidders and the ethical and transparent implementation of 
proced ures. I congratulate the DRC on this Code.  
3.29.   Since the last review in 2010, the DRC has converted 21 State owned enterprises into public 
institutions, which has increased transparency in the industries concerned and may have a positive 
effect on the business  climate. Despite the delays experienced in the privatizatio n programme for 
the period 2010 -2015, the DRC should continue along this path of reform.  
3.30.   The overriding challenge for the DRC, which is a least developed country, is to guarantee 
the country's sta bility and development. The DRC clearly has enormous potential, given its 
geographical location, natural resources and the opportunities open to it, particularly in terms of 
hydropower. It has made encouraging progress in the past few years and, to date, h as been 
moving steadily forward according to the Human Development Index.  
3.31.   However, much work remains to be done to ensure stable and inclusive economic growth. In 
addition to the need to rapidly restore a climate of stability, the diversification of export s and an 
improved agricultural sector are also major priorities, in order to feed a young and increasingly 
growing population, and to ensure, through the development of trade in agricultural products, 
decent living standards for 80% of the population. The DRC also needs to industrialize, which 
requires several billion dollars' worth of investment but would improve domestic and cross border 
trade. This is why it is essential to enhance the business climate and to attract sustainable 
investment, for example i n the telecommunications sector and other infrastructure. In sum, a WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  sound and coherent trade policy, together with better governance and greater institutional 
capacity, would enable the country to take a step forward.  
3.32.   It has been a great pleasure to take a  close look at the DRC's economic and trade policies. 
The DRC, in a certain way, is blessed by the gods. It possesses an enormous wealth of raw 
materials, which in the distant future, will be needed at global level. It also has an impressive 
agricultural p otential, sustainable energy resources thanks to its river, breath taking nature and a 
young and dynamic population which aspires to a better future. In short, the DRC Government has 
an excellent hand of cards and the country has enormous assets. It is up to the Government to 
play its cards right for the well -being of the whole population. To conclude, I would like to thank 
the Secretariat for preparing the report and I hope that this review will be fruitful.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
BRAZIL  
4.1.  It is a matter of great satisfaction for Brazil to take part in the second Trade Policy Review of 
the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In recent years, the government of the DRC has adopted 
important measures to achieve macroeconomic stabilization, attract foreign investme nt and 
expand economic activities, especially in the agricultural and industrial sectors. Moreover, key 
developments were observed in the country 's infrastructure, as well as in the health and education 
systems.  
4.2.  Brazil commends the G overnment of the DRC f or the promotion of economic diversification 
and industrialization, through the adoption of the Strategic National Development Plan. The plan, 
which sets the goal of modernizing and industrializing the country by 2035, is a fundamental 
initiative to reduce  poverty and promote sustainable development. Investment in the agricultural 
and energy sectors envisaged in the plan will certainly contribute to the strengthening of the 
Congolese economy.  
4.3.  The DRC, however, still faces important challenges, including une ven income distribution and 
high unemploymen t rate. The DRC remains a least -developed country, with a low GDP per capita. 
The heavy reliance on mining hinders development in other economic sectors, especially in 
agriculture, which accounts only for 3% of e xport revenue but employs approximately 75% of the 
active population.  
4.4.  In spite of those challenges, Brazil highlights the immense economic potential of the DRC. 
The country has the largest energy potential of the continent, significant mineral reserves and  a 
rich environmental diversity, including the second largest area  of forest cover in the world. 
Furthermore, the DRC is home to the fourth largest population in Africa, estimated at over 
71 million people. Brazil is confident that by promoting initiatives  such as the aforementioned 
Strategic National Development Plan, the DRC will have the opportunity to fully realize its 
potential, allowing the country to promote economic development and to ensure a better future for 
the Congolese population.  
4.5.  Brazil and t he DRC share similarities in several areas, such as the size of our population, the 
tropical climate, territorial vastness, the extent of our respective forest cover, abundance of 
natural resources and two of the world`s largest river basins. The challenge s of the international 
agenda provide the two countries with unprecedented opportunities of joint action for promoting 
common interests in many issues. We identify potential for cooperation and partnership in areas 
such as health, agriculture, conservation  and sustainable use of forests and integration of the 
territory. In terms of educational cooperation, the DRC is already the fourth largest recipient of 
Brazilian scholarships under the PEC -G program me, benefiting more than 400 Congolese students.  
4.6.  Likewis e, trade and investment relations between Brazil and the DRC have also a huge 
potential for growth. In 2007, bilateral trade flows reached the modest sum of US$209 million. 
Two-way trade unfortunately suffered a decline as a result of the global crisis in 2008, and is still 
struggling to recover. Trade between Brazil and DRC in 2015, for example, reached 
US$82.6  million, a growth of 46.9% when compared with 2014.  
4.7.  The basket of Brazilian exports to the DRC is highly concentrated on commodities, mainly 
beef and sugar, and our imports are basically made up of copper. There are certainly opportunities 
for the diversification of our bilateral trade flows. In this regard, I would like to highlight that, in 
2015, chemical products entered for the first time the li st of Brazilian exports to the DRC, 
accounting for 7.3% of total exports.  
4.8.  Brazil continues to follow with interest domestic developments in the DRC regarding its trade 
policy. We have submitted questions on the National Agricultural Investment Plan and we  are 
thankful for the replies provided.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  CANADA  
4.9.  Canada and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have a good relationship. As a 
development partner and the largest private investor in the DRC, Canada is proud to contribute to 
the rapid growth of your  economy and is pleased to take part in the second trade policy review of 
the DRC.  
4.10.   As stated in the Secretariat report, during the review period the DRC undertook structural 
and economic stabilization reforms that contributed to sustained economic growth a t an average 
annual rate of 7%, with inflation falling from 7.1% in 2010 to 2.45% in 2016. The DRC should be 
gratified by these achievements.  
4.11.   And yet the country is still far from reaching its full potential.  
4.12.   In 2015, the DRC was Canada's ninth largest tra ding partner in Sub Saharan Africa, with 
total bilateral trade of Can$98.3 million, imports into Canada (71.2 million dollars) accounting for 
the bulk of this amount. Overall, mining assets of Canadian firm s in the DRC amount to over 
3.4 million dollars a relatively substantial figure. Nonetheless, Canadian enterprises continue to 
report that it is particularly difficult to operate in the DRC's business environment. I would 
therefore like to highlight a few of the obstacles to trade and investment in the DR C. There are two 
primary obstacles arising from the basic conditions prevailing in the country, that is, the political 
and security situation.  
4.13.   First of all, mention has to be made of the negative impact of the political uncertainty on the 
DRC's business cl imate. Despite the agreement postponing presidential elections, the current 
unpredictability concerning the presidential and legislative elections, scheduled for 2016 under the 
Constitution, is a serious disincentive to investment.  
4.14.   The second obstacle is t he uncertainty in terms of security. Despite one of the UN's largest 
peace operations in close to 20 years, there is still fighting in the east of the country.  
4.15.   The DRC is known for its vast natural and especially mineral resources. Unfortunately, this 
has proved a mixed blessing for the country's population. Redistribution remains inadequate and 
corruption is rife across the economy. It is important to recall that as long as enterprises are not 
treated in accordance with recognized international standards, the DRC will have trouble attracting 
investors willing to settle in the country. We note the reforms undertaken to facilitate business, 
but these will have to be implemented without delay, accompanied by legal safeguards.  
4.16.   Lastly, at a time of declining raw  material prices, the Government's intention to revise its 
Mining Code and increase royalties gives cause for some concern. This would discourage 
investment and lead to job losses in a sector that accounts for one quarter of the DRC economy. A 
balance need s to be found between revenue generation for economic and social development and 
the establishment of a framework conducive to investment over time.  
4.17.   That being said, Canada believes in the future of the DRC, which is a partner targeted for 
development aid.  The Canadian Government has provided assis tance amounting to more than 
92 million dollars over the past year, much of it going to women and children and the provision of 
humanitarian aid.  
4.18.   Together, we will encourage respect for and the use of internationa l institutions to 
strengthen sound management and transparency in the world of business and international trade.  
ARGENTINA  
4.19.   Argentina is interested to note the economic development of the Democratic Republic of the 
Congo, and is paying special attention to the effects that this might have on development for the 
country's population. It should be emphasized that the DRC has moved up 12 places in the Human 
Development Index since 2010, despite the difficult economic environment that has affected all 
countries since 2009 and the recent decline in oil and raw material prices.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.20.   Argentina highlights the importance of stepping up efforts to diversify the country's 
economy. The DRC has great agricultural potential, and boosting this sector, with the help of 
innovation  and making use of the country's vast forest and lake resources as well as its favourable 
climate and soil conditions, would have a positive impact on its inhabitants. This would be 
consistent with the DRC Government's objective of inclusive growth and bet ter distribution of 
wealth.  
4.21.   Moreover, we hope that the strong performance of the DRC since its first trade policy review 
in controlling inflation and reducing the public deficit will contribute to the country's endeavours to 
consolidate peace and drive eco nomic development forward. These are, and always will be, goals 
supported by Argentina.  
4.22.   As stated in its written questions, Argentina takes an interest in the policies laid down by 
the Government in its Strategic National Development Plan and in the steps the Government 
intends to take in order to modernize and industrialize the country. We have also submitted 
questions about the DRC's trade and investment regime, especially concerning the measures 
planned with a view to improving the business environment; and we would be interested to know 
what are the objectives of the law on genetically modified organisms.  
4.23.   We have already mentioned the importance of the agricultural sector and would emphasize 
that this sector could become one of the cornerstones of bilate ral cooperation with Argentina. We 
reiterate our willingness to work in support of developing agricultural production in the DRC 
through potential exchanges with research centres in Argentina. We would also like to expand 
trade relations between the two co untries.  
4.24.   Lastly, we reiterate our appreciation of this renewed opportunity to share views and 
observations on trade policies and practices, and draw attention once again to the importance of 
this exercise in transparency from every point of view. We wish t he authorities of the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo a successful conclusion to this review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION   
4.25.   This is the second trade policy review of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In recent 
years, the DRC has experienced relatively strong growth  averaging 7%, but there have been 
reports of a potential downturn. The country remains one of the poorest in the world. Strong 
democratic growth compels the authorities to do better and to do more in order to alleviate 
poverty and reduce unemployment part icularly among young people which stands at around 60%.  
4.26.   In 2014, mining and quarrying provided 90% of exports compared to only 70% in 2008. 
Predominance of the mining sector shows how important it is for the country to start diversifying 
its economy. The c ountry has enormous potential in terms of water (50% of all of Africa's 
reserves) and forest resources, and opportunities for developing its agriculture. Diversification of 
economic activities is therefore one of the priorities of the EU's aid programmes f or the DRC. The 
authorities seem to expect a great deal from investment in agriculture. In that connection, the EU 
would like to know more about how the authorities intend to implement the plan, especially as 
regards the land tenure regime and the regime g overning the acquisition of agricultural land.  
4.27.   Despite a difficult environment, the authorities have undertaken a number of reforms 
regarding customs procedures, government procurement, taxation, and streamlining of procedures 
for starting a business and t rading. However, a huge amount of work remains to be done before 
the country can achieve the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations at its 
General Assembly in 2015.  
4.28.   The overall lack of infrastructure (in the areas of transport and energy i n particular) is a 
serious impediment. The EU would welcome further details on the way in which the authorities 
intend to regulate public private partnerships following recent experiences in that respect. On a 
more general note, the EU believes that the co untry's current political impasse can only be 
resolved through a substantive, inclusive and transparent dialogue in line with United Nations 
Security Council Resolution 2277.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.29.   As regards trade relations between the EU and the DRC, the latter is eligible und er the 
"Everything But Arms" initiative, which allows it to export free of duty to the EU. The 11th EDF 
(2014 -2020) has earmarked €620 million for technical assistance. Technical assistance has 
encompassed a large number of areas to facilitate economic dev elopment and trade. By way of 
illustration, it includes in particular customs procedures (a programme in cooperation with 
UNCTAD), training in OHADA law for judges, enhancement of product quality (especially 
agricultural products) and training in SPS matte rs. 
4.30.   The questions submitted by the EU largely reflect the analysis of the economic situation to 
which I have briefly referred. It is essential for the DRC to be in a position to attract investors. 
Appropriate measures need to be taken as a matter of urgenc y to improve the business climate, 
combat corruption, and develop infrastructure essential for trade. These factors are key to the 
success of the DRC's trade strategy plan and beyond, and to ensuring the country's development 
and stability.  
4.31.   Turning to the DRC's replies to our questions and the Trade Facilitation Agreement, the EU 
notes that the internal ratification process is under way and that a study to identify needs for 
assistance with Category C measures is under review. We encourage the DRC to ratify  the 
Agreement as soon as possible.  
4.32.   Lastly, the EU would also be interested to learn once this exercise is over and in the light of 
our current work relating to the sixth appraisal of the trade policy review mechanism – about the 
experience that the DRC wi ll have gained from this two day review, which we hope will prove as 
beneficial as possible.  
CHILE  
4.33.   For this second review, Chile submitted 16 questions concerning the following topics, among 
others: safeguard measures; State trading, State -owned enterprise s and privatization, strategic 
sectors; reforms of the DRC economy (business environment, trade environment, customs, 
agriculture, fishing and forestry); and the country's regional integration processes.  
4.34.   We congratulate the Democratic Republic of the Congo  for its demonstration of transparency 
in putting itself forward for scrutiny by its peers, a decision that will undoubtedly contribute to 
strengthening the system.  
4.35.   Before turning to the report, I would like to mention that in recent times Chile's foreign 
policy has moved increasingly closer to the African continent. A number of different measures have 
contributed to this, such as our accreditation to the African Union, our participation in the South 
America Africa Forum (ASA), the visit by President Michel le Bachelet in August 2014, the opening 
of trade offices, the dispatch of public private trade missions to various African countries, and the 
provision of more extensive resources to promote cooperation, technical assistance and the 
building of human capit al. 
4.36.   Chile's strong desire to make a contribution to the objectives of the multilateral trading 
system and improve trade links with the African countries most in need is also evidenced by Chile's 
Law of 28 September 2013 eliminating tariffs for the 48 least  developed countries. This unilateral, 
non-reciprocal tariff preference regime for LDCs provides for a zero rate on imports of originating 
goods from this group of countries. The regime is in force and fully operational.  
4.37.   Although trade between Chile and th e DRC is limited, we are sure that there will be 
opportunities for it to grow in the coming years, and are therefore interested in this exercise.  
4.38.   We are most interested to note the economic and trade developments and the structural 
and economic stabilizati on reforms that have taken place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
since 2010. The successful strategies used by the DRC have led to 7% average growth over the 
review period. The DRC has also performed well in terms of its macroeconomic policies, bri nging 
inflation down to its lowest level in 50 years in 2014 (1.03%), reducing the public deficit, recording 
balance of payments surpluses, and building up reserves.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.39.   It is essential to diversify the production matrix, since the economy relies heavily on it s 
mining sector, which accounts for 24% of GDP and 85% of export revenues. We accordingly urge 
the DRC authorities to continue to push forward reforms to that end.  
4.40.   We also think it is appropriate to mention that the country should forge ahead on the road 
to development by improving infrastructure, transport and governance, by ensuring sound public 
finance management, and by achieving inclusive growth and a better distribution of wealth. We 
hope that by the time of its next trade policy review Kinshasa will have secured a better ranking in 
the Human Development Index and will have made progress in achieving the new Sustainable 
Development Goals.  
4.41.   Chile hopes, moreover, that the new Strategic National Development Plan for the 
Democratic Republic of the Congo wi ll boost the modernization and industrialization of the country 
and that the DRC will have reduced poverty and become a continental power by 2035. The 
Secretariat report clearly states that the country has potential for growth in various fields, 
including agriculture.  
4.42.   Rapid expansion of the services sector in general is noteworthy. Although growth in some 
areas such as mobile telephony has been strong, further efforts should be made to modernize and 
expand the banking system and thus facilitate the integrat ion of more small and medium -sized 
enterprises in the economy.  
4.43.   The report indicates that the DRC is a net importer of services, but since this is a buoyant 
sector, the trend could well be reversed in the future, and taking full advantage of the regional an d 
bilateral preferential agreements signed by the country can contribute to this end. The creation of 
an export promotion mechanism or the provision of export assistance will also have a positive 
impact.  
4.44.   The fact that the Democratic Republic of the Congo h as simplified trade related procedures 
and documentation is a welcome development. The same should be done with the tax system, 
which involves a multitude of levies.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.45.   We thank the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the help ful 
background report it submitted for this review, and look forward to a constructive exchange of 
information regarding the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's trade policies and practices.  We also 
thank the Secretaria t for its comprehensive report.  It is our hope that this review will serve to 
recognize and reinforce the trade policy advances that the Government of the Democratic Republic 
of the Congo has made, as well as to identify areas in which further attention and action are 
required.  
4.46.   We appreciate the special circumstances affecting the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's 
trade policy environment, including the vastness of the  country, its status as a least -developed 
country, and the enormous post -conflict de velopment challenges it faces. We recogniz e that more 
can be done to help d iversify the economy.  Much of the growth in the Democratic Republic of the 
Congo in recent years can be attributed to rapid expansion in the country 's mining sector, which 
accounts for about 85 % of export revenues. In spite  of the huge potential for growth in the 
agriculture sector, it remains underdeveloped; the manufacturing sector is in its infancy.   
4.47.   We also recognize that the Democratic Republic of the Congo, an original Member of the 
WTO, has demonstrated a commitment to open markets, and to implementing structural reforms 
that have enabled the country to begin to recover from the economic stagnation brought on by 
years of ar med conflict and civil strife. However, the Secretariat 's report notes that there has been 
no significant change in the regulatory environment for investm ent since the last TPR in 2010.  We 
would especially urge the Democratic Republic of the Congo to ratify and accept the WTO Trade 
Facilitation Agreement as soon as possible.   
4.48.   The United States has s ubmitted a number of questions seeking clarification and elaboration 
on some of the points made in both the Government and Secretariat reports and we look forward 
to reviewi ng the government 's responses.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.49.   To conclude, the United States stands ready to work with the Democratic Republic of the 
Congo, and appreciates the opportunity to participate in this re view of Congolese trade policy.  We 
look fo rward to our dialogue with the G overnment, both within the WTO and on a bilateral basis.  
CHINA  
4.50.   China is very pleas ed to witness the rapid development of the D.R. Congo since its last 
review, with its average annual GDP growth reaching about 7%. We also appreciate the fruitful 
endeavor of the D.R. Congo to suppress high inflation and budget deficit. That being said, th e 
heavy dependence on certain sectors such as mining, the lack of infrastructure and the weakness 
of its human development indicators still constitute barriers for the future development of the D.R. 
Congo.  
4.51.   In this regard, China encourages the D.R. Congo t o continue its structural reforms, including 
promoting industrialization, perfecting governance, improving infrastructure, as well as facilitating 
trade and investment.  
4.52.   China is the largest trade partner of the D.R. Congo, with our bilateral trade reaching  
US$4.06 billion last year. Our cooperation in investment also enjoyed rapid development, as our 
non-financial investment in the D.R. Congo accumulated to US$1.06 billion by April 2016, making 
China the largest source of FDI of the D.R. Congo. During the m eeting between President XI 
Jinping and President Kabila last September, China has express ed its strong commitments to 
further expand our bilateral cooperation, especially cooperation in infrastructure, industrial 
capacity, and agriculture.  
4.53.   Meanwhile, we urge the D.R. Congo to take concrete measures solve some of our specific 
concerns, including facilitating work visa application, streamlining customs clearance procedures, 
and improving the payment of certain contracting project.  
4.54.   The Doha Ministerial Decla ration, as well as the Nairobi Ministerial Declaration clearly stated 
that we shall "continue to make positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and 
especially the least -developed among them, secure a share in the growth of world trade 
commensurate with the need s of their economic development ". The TPR of the D.R. Congo shed a 
light on the specific difficulties of LDCs during the slow and uneven recovery, which deserve our 
special attention. China  is ready to work closely with M embers, t aking effective measures to fulfill 
the mandate of the Ministerial Decisions, and keep the centrality of development in the WTO 's 
work.  
KENYA  
4.55.   Kenya and DRC have long -standing warm and cordial relation, which has deepened over the 
many years to diplomatic a nd economic engagement. Bilateral relation has further been 
strengthened through regular high level visits from both countries.  
4.56.   We note from the Secretariat report that during the period under review, DRC introduced a 
number of structural and economic stab ilization reforms, enabling it to achieve sustained economic 
growth during the review period at an average annual rate of 7%, being one of the highest growth 
on the continent. We therefore encourage DRC to sustain the process of implementation of reforms 
in order to realize its full economic growth potential.  
4.57.   The economy of the DRC is heavily dependent on the mining sector, which accounts, on 
average, for approximately 24% of GDP and about 85% of export revenue. Excessive dependency 
on commodities has left the country exposed to external shocks particularly due to volatility of 
world commodity prices.  
4.58.   There is no doubt that addressing development challenges such as reducing reliance on the 
mining sector, diversifying the economy, upgrading infrastructure, im proving management of 
public finance among others will inject more dynamism into the economy consolidate the rate of 
growth above the current rate of 7%.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.59.   We commend the DRC for the steps it has taken in simplifying its procedures and 
documentation in relat ion to trade as well as undertaking other reforms aimed at improving 
business environment. The DRC should be supported in this regard including provision of financial 
and technical assistance to implement its commitments under the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement.  
4.60.   On the bilateral front, the DRC is a strategic partner of Kenya in many areas, particularly 
trade and security. Trade between the countries has grown steadily over the review period. The 
DRC is Kenya 's top ten export market in the world.  
4.61.   Total tra de between Kenya and the DRC has been rising  from US$162 million in 2010 to 
US$210 million in 2015. Kenya 's value of export in 2015 amounted to US$209 million while 
imports amounted US$1.4 million. Key exports to DRC comprise of tobacco, iron and steel 
products, plastics, soaps, footwear, sugar confectionery, tubes and pipes. While key imports 
comprise of crude vegetable materials, medicinal and pharmaceutical products and wood.  
4.62.   Strong economic relations have been c emented by key factors such as t rade agree ments. 
The DRC is a member of COMESA as well as  of EAC-COMESA -SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area. It is 
also closely connected to Kenya and to a larger extent East Africa through road network. Eastern 
Congo partially relies on the port of Mombasa and Kenyan i nfrastructure for imports and exports.  
4.63.   In conclusion, Kenya welcomes the efforts by  the DRC in enhancing its overall economic 
growth and development through multilateral, regional and bilateral initiatives.  
INDIA  
4.64.   As per the Secretariat 's report, since the last trade review in 2010 , the Democratic Republic 
of the Congo has achieved sustainable economic growth at an average annual rate of around 7%. 
The report mentions that the Democratic Republic of the Congo still faces development challenges 
including heav y dependence on the mining sector, need s to upgrade its infrastructure, Governance 
problems and weakness of Human Development Indicators. We commend the Government of the 
Democratic Republic of the Congo for taking measures to address these challenges incl uding a 
number of structural and economic stabilization reforms, controlling the overall inflation and 
increasing the transparency and effectiveness of its trade policy. As a result, the growth during the 
period has averaged 7.8%. Congo is blessed with abu ndant natural resources including favourable 
climate and fertile soil, and mineral and petroleum resources. Given these resources, the country 
has tremendous potential for economic growth and development.  
4.65.   India has always enjoyed cordial and friendly relat ionship with the Democratic Republic of 
the Congo. India 's contribution in the decolonisation process and its participation in the peace 
keeping operations in the 1960s in the newly independent Congo are recalled with fond memories. 
India is amongst the la rgest contributors of peace keepers in Congo with large contingent of Indian 
troops, military observers and police personnel currently deployed under UN Peace Keeping 
Operation in the country (MONUSCO).  
4.66.   Several bilateral exchanges have taken place between both countries in recent years 
including in the spheres of economic and commercial cooperation.  
4.67.   The trade between India and Congo though modest has been growing steadily and stood at 
US$415.39 million in 2015 -16. India has extended the following lines of c redit to the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo:  
 US$33.5 million for setting up a cement plant and acquisition of buses for transport sector 
(2005 -06). 
 US$25 million Rural Water Supply Project was completed in 2011.  
 US$42 million Kakobola 9.3 MW Hydro -Electr ic Power Project, Bandundu Province (2010).  
 US$168 million Katende Hydro -Electric Power Project (64 MW), Kasai Occidental Province.  
 Agreement for another LOC of US$34.50 million for Development of Power Distribution 
Project for power generated at Kakobola Hydro -Electric Project (signed in May 2015).  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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   Agreement for another LOC of US$109.942 million for Transmission Line and Distribution 
System Project in Kasai provinces for evacuation of electricity from Katende Hydro -Electric 
Project (signed in May 2015).  
 
4.68.   Under the ongoing development partnership co -operation, India is in the process of setting 
up of an IT Centre of Excellence in Kinshasa. Tele -education and Tele -medicine projects have also 
been implemented by India under the Pan -African e -network project fo r capacity building, more 
than 350 slots have been offered to professionals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo 
under the India Technical Economic Co operation Programme from 2007 to 2016.  
4.69.   Indian companies Bharti Airtel has invested in the communicati on network in Congo. Tata 
Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra have also set up distribution centres. There is consider able 
potential to strengthen co operation between both countries in the areas of railways, agriculture, 
mining, SMES, and auto -mobiles. We are a lso looking forward to conclude the revised Bilateral 
Investment Promotion and Protection agreement with Congo at an early date which will give a 
further fillip to investment between the both countries.  
4.70.   To conclude, we look forward to working with the auth orities of the Democratic Republic of 
the Congo in further expanding our trade and investment ties for mutual benefit.  
BURUNDI   
4.71.   Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are two neighbouring countries linked by 
their geographical proximity and thei r history. They enjoy friendly neighbourly relations and 
cooperative ties in several fields. These relations were formalized by the signing of a trade 
agreement between Burundi and the DRC in Kinshasa on 29 June 1966, a general agreement on 
economic, techn ical, scientific, social and cultural cooperation between the Government of the 
Republic of Burundi and the Executive Council of the Republic of Zaire, signed in Kinshasa on 
26 June 1980, and many other events, including exchanges of high -level visits.  
4.72.   The delegation of Burundi welcomes the rebound experienced by the DRC economy after the 
country's first trade policy review (despite the 2008 -2009 global financial and economic crisis) and 
as a result of the Government's sustained commitment to pursuing its p rogramme of structural 
and sectoral reforms, implemented between 2009 and 2012 under the second IMF supported 
Economic Programme, and above all the ongoing independent Government economic programme.  
4.73.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo has introduced a num ber of structural and economic 
stabilization reforms which have enabled it to achieve sustained growth at an average annual rate 
of 7% since 2010, and its generally restrictive monetary policy brought inflation down from 7.1% 
in 2010 to 1.03% in 2014, its lowest level in 50 years.  
4.74.   Over the period 2010 2015, some important initiatives and reforms aimed at increasing the 
transparency and effectiveness of its trade policy, improving the business climate and spurring 
domestic performance in private sector inves tment and competitiveness led the DRC to launch the 
single window for foreign trade, which serves as an electronic platform for the completion of 
formalities relating to foreign trade operations, and above to ensure the smooth running of newly 
established enterprises.  
4.75.   Burundi is pleased to note that in spite of external shocks, in particular the fall in the DRC's 
raw material export prices, strong performance by the capital and financial account have enabled 
the country to achieve balance of payments surplu ses and to build up reserves.  
4.76.   My delegation also notes the implementation of the recommendations put forward at the 
DRC's first WTO trade policy review, with the introduction of a number of initiatives and reforms 
aimed at increasing the transparency and e fficiency of the country's trade policy, at improving the 
business climate and at spurring domestic performance in private sector investment and 
competitiveness.  
4.77.   Those same recommendations have helped the DRC Government to focus more keenly on 
matters of i nterest to national stakeholders and foreign trading partners alike in order to enable WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  the country to participate more effectively in international trade and the multilateral trading 
system, and to increase its attractiveness to investors.  
4.78.   Burundi notes th at agriculture in the DRC is poorly developed in relation to the country's 
potential (on average contributing 18% of GDP and just 3% of export earnings). The 
manufacturing sector is embryonic (10% of GDP) owing to supply side constraints such as the poor 
state of transport infrastructure, unreliable availability of inputs such as electricity, and a financial 
system that is mainly focused on import/export activities.  
4.79.   In view of the foregoing, my delegation encourages the DRC to overcome all the challenges 
before it, in particular those of safeguarding public debt sustainability and of consolidating its 
Strategic National Development Plan, so as be in a position to graduate from emerging economy 
status in 2030 to industrial economy status by 2050.  
4.80.   The delegati on of Burundi also encourages the DRC in its process of notifying the WTO of 
the measures in the categories provided for under the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIW AN, PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU  
4.81.   It is clear from their repor t that the DRC Government has been making substantial efforts to 
stabilize the business climate. Certainly, inflation has been contained and economic growth has 
been sustained in the period under review. We note, as well, that it has been making active eff orts 
to improve the bu siness environment, for example  by providing greater legal certainty, 
establishing a Single Window for starting up a business, and by introducing reforms to ease 
formalities and financial burdens for business operators. It seems, howe ver, that there is still some 
way to go with further reforms, and some industries still await liberalization.  
4.82.   The Secretariat 's report also mentions that the DRC has been entering into public -private 
partnership (PPP) contracts, but no regulatory framework  or specific laws yet exists to govern 
these types of partnership. We would encourage the DRC to strengthen this mechanism in order to 
accelerate infrastructure development.  
4.83.   And this leads me to a more general point concerning future development. As the 
Democratic Republic of the Congo proceeds to create a more prosperous and stable economy, 
which offers more job opportunities as well, the more imperative it will be for it to establish a 
policy of reducing its reliance on the mining sector, and to diversify  the economy.  
4.84.   In the same way, while we applaud the DRC 's continued progress with integrating into the 
global economy, its base of trading partners remains very limited. We would like to see the DRC 
continue to develop its regional and bilateral trade co operation, while at the same time actively 
participating in the regular work of the  WTO, expanding its economic co operation with other 
Members, and continuing to diversify its market.  
4.85.   The total value of two -way trade between the DRC and the Separate Customs Territory of 
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu in 2015 amounts US$41 million. Nevertheless, even though 
our bilateral trade may have been limited so far, possibly due to the geographical distance that 
separates us, the world trade mechanism still binds us f irmly together, and we are sure there are 
abundant opportunities fo r further trade and economic co operation between us in the future, 
especially as the DRC looks to further diversify its economy. Indeed, we look forward to the 
possibility of working more c losely with the DRC in the near future, particularly in the area of 
applications, tourism and construction.  
4.86.   We certainly expect this review to stimulate some very interesting and productive 
discussion.  
MADAGASCAR  
4.87.   Madagascar welcomes the structural, sector al and economic stabilization reforms 
implemented by the DRC despite the 2008 international financial and economic crisis and other 
challenges facing the country, which enabled it to achieve economic growth of 7.7% in 2015 and 
9.5% the previous year.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.88.   Madag ascar is pleased to note the country's efforts to reduce the deficit and contain 
inflation, which has stood at around 1% over the last three years and was brought down to 
0.815% in 2015.  
4.89.   My delegation also welcomes the tax reforms undertaken by the DRC and  the streamlining 
of its tax system. It is reassuring for Madagascar to see all these measures being introduced by 
the DRC at national level.  
4.90.   We are attending this review as a friend, fellow country and partner of the DRC that shares 
the use of the French language and forms part of the same continental bloc, both countries being 
members of the same regional organizations, i.e. COMESA and the SADC. Our two countries would 
gain by strengthening their bilateral cooperation, improving the flow of trade between them, and 
making the most of investment opportunities that may arise.  
4.91.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country with vast economic potential, if only 
because of its mining and mineral resources. My delegation commends the country for its strong 
commitment to driving forward the reforms undertaken to boost its economic, social and 
sustainable development with a view to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.  
4.92.   My delegation also encourages the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pursue its  trade 
policy objectives, which are to use trade to help reduce poverty through, inter alia, trade 
liberalization and commitment to the multilateral trading system, diversification of exports, 
sectoral reforms and trade facilitation.  
4.93.   Madagascar urges the t echnical and financial partners to support the Democratic Republic of 
the Congo in its continuing efforts to foster economic growth.  
SINGAPORE  
4.94.   We congratulate the DRC for the measures put in place to improve its economy in recent 
years, and its achievement  of an average annual rate of 7% GDP growth during the review period. 
We applaud the DRC for the significant improvements made to its Human Development Index 
ranking. Efforts to reduce inflation have also paid off, with inflation figures reducing drastical ly 
from 7% in 2010 to just over 1% in 2014.  We note also that the DRC has put in place some 
measures to better facilitate the flow of trade and investments, including the establishment of a 
Single Window for Starting a Business, as well as the Single Wind ow for Foreign Trade.  
4.95.   We note that both the Secretariat and the national reports have highlighted the tremendous 
growth potential the DRC holds, with its natural resources, favourable climate and fertile soil and 
vast territory. We hope that the DRC can c ontinue to make reform efforts to diversify its economy, 
eradicate trade and investment barriers and integrate into the multilateral trading system and 
global value chains.  
4.96.   We are confident that as the DRC integrates deeper into the global economy, our bi lateral 
economic relations will also grow in tandem. Last year, total bilateral trade was S$14 million. We 
hope that bilateral negotiations on an Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement can soon 
commence, and are awaiting the DRC 's positive response on this  matter. This will help to foster 
even stronger bilateral links.   
4.97.   We encourage the DRC to better tap on the WTO and relevant technical assistance as part of 
its reform efforts. This especially in the case of the implementation of the WTO Agreements and 
the fulfilment of its notification and transparency obligations. We also strongly encourage the DRC 
to ratify the TFA and to submit its Category B and C notifications as soon as possible. The TFA will 
be an important tool to help DRC achieve its objectives o f allowing domestic and foreign trade to 
develop unhindered, and integrating the DRC market with regional and international ones. We also 
encourage the DRC to accept the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement as soon as practicable.  
KINGDOM OF MOROCCO  ON BEHALF  OF THE AFRICAN  GROUP  
4.98.   It is a great pleasure for the African Group to take part today in this trade policy review of 
an African country, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. I am convinced that this is an WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  opportunity for Members of our Organization to  take stock of the economic and trade reforms 
carried out by our friend and fellow nation.  
4.99.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country in Africa and the 
continent's fourth most populated country. It has great potential, a favourable climate, and 
abundant forest, petroleum and mining resources. The DRC also has a genuine energy advantage 
in the Congo River, which is the second largest river in the world.  
4.100.   At the economic level, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has introduced a numbe r of 
structural and economic stabilization reforms that have enabled it to post sustained growth at an 
average annual rate of 7% since 2010. A generally restrictive monetary policy brought inflation 
down from 7.1% in 2010 to 1.03% in 2014, its lowest level  in 50 years.  
4.101.   The resilience of the economy in spite of external shocks, in particular the fall in the 
country's raw material export prices, is the result of strenuous efforts which now translate into 
improved economic indicators.  
4.102.   Over the period 2010 -2015, the Democratic Republic of the Congo implemented some 
important initiatives and reforms with a view to increasing the transparency and effectiveness of 
its trade policy, improving the business climate and spurring domestic performance in private 
sector i nvestment and competitiveness.  
4.103.   Among these initiatives were the creation of the Single Window for Starting a Business to 
centralize the formalities involved in setting up a business in the DRC, the introduction of the 
Single Window for Foreign Trade, which  will very soon become fully operational, and the DRC's 
resolve to implement the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) in conformity with its 
categorization of measures under the Agreement.  
4.104.   The Government intends to drive forward an economic diversific ation and local industry 
promotion policy in order to improve the economy's resilience and enable sustained growth. This 
policy is based on promoting specific priority industrial sectors, such as timber and textiles. Pride 
of place will be given to growth sectors, including agriculture.  
4.105.   The African Group welcomes the DRC's vision of free trade as a necessary condition for 
strengthening competitiveness and productivity over the long term.  
4.106.   In order to facilitate its insertion into the global economy and regio nal integration 
processes, the DRC is involved in several trade negotiation rounds at international and regional 
levels. In particular, these include the negotiations for the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) 
with the EU and regional trade liberalizatio n negotiations.  
4.107.   The DRC is a member of several regional organizations, such as the Economic Community 
of Central African States (ECCAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 
(COMESA), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).  
4.108.   The country is also engaged in the negotiations under the COMESA SADC East African 
Community (EAC) tripartite initiative, which led to the launching of the Tripartite Free Trade Area 
in June 2015, as well as in the negotiations to establish the Continental Fre e Trade Area under the 
African Union by 2017.  
4.109.   The DRC has been a WTO Member since January 1997. Like those of the African Group, its 
main interests lie within the scope of the DDA. It is among the few African countries to have 
ratified the WTO Trade Facili tation Agreement.  
4.110.   The DRC also took part in the work of the LDC Group that led to the Group's collective 
request on the waiver concerning preferential treatment for services and service suppliers of LDCs.  
4.111.   The country has considerable long -term economic pot ential, with enormous assets and 
natural resources in the soil and subsoil that make it an extraordinary land of opportunities for 
business and domestic or foreign investment in a plethora of areas.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.112.   However, reforms and the creation of an investment friend ly environment will be necessary 
if the DRC is to make the most of these opportunities. There have been improvements and 
advances thanks to the policy and economic reforms adopted so far, but relative to the country's 
potential, further progress will have to be made in order to achieve greater integration in global 
value chains and in African regional markets.  
4.113.   Lastly, I wish to congratulate the Government of the DRC for its efforts over the past few 
years to create conditions conducive to the development of  trade and investment.  
GABON   
4.114.   We endorse the statement made by Morocco on behalf of the African Group.  
4.115.   The reports produced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the WTO Secretariat 
show that the country under review today has posted more than 7% ann ual growth since 2010 as 
a result of structural reforms.  
4.116.   Gabon welcomes these reforms, which have led, among other things, to the creation of an 
Investment Code aimed at facilitating and encouraging domestic and foreign investment in various 
spheres such a s infrastructure improvement, economic utilization of natural resources and the 
establishment of a sound industrial base, as well as a Government Procurement Code whose 
objective is to encourage transparency and the use of tendering.  
4.117.   My country also welcom es the changes made to the tax system, with the introduction of 
value added tax (VAT) to replace the previous turnover tax (ICA), and the streamlining of 
procedures.  
4.118.   Gabon is pleased to underscore its excellent political, economic, trade and cultural relat ions 
with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cooperative ties between the two countries are 
developed within the framework of the high joint commission and the Economic Community of 
Central African States (ECCAS).  
4.119.   Our countries are linked by several agr eements, includin g a cultural agreement of 
3 May 1972, a customs agreement, and an agreement on technical, scientific and sociocultural 
cooperation.  
CONGO  
4.120.   Both the history and the geography of the Republic of the Congo and the DRC compel our 
populations to  live together and to engage in many different forms of exchange. Hence the need to 
further increase trade cooperation has led to determined efforts on the part of our respective 
governments in recent years to create conditions conducive to our populations ' wellbeing and to 
achieve acceptable levels of economic and social development.  
4.121.   My delegation is pleased that in its report the DRC reaffirmed its commitment to regional 
integration within the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), to which  both our 
countries belong and whose strategic vision is to build and foster an economic area of peace, 
solidarity and prosperity.  
4.122.   These endeavours by our States form part of the dynamics of intra African trade, which is 
one of the major challenges of inte rnational trade today.  
4.123.   In this connection, I would emphasize that the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with its 
manifold potential, including a market of more than 75 million consumers, can turn the country 
into a driver of economic growth in the Central African sub region.  
4.124.   My delegation is pleased to note that the DRC economy recorded average annual growth of 
7% between 2010 and 2016, despite the fall in raw material prices. The country's monetary policy 
brought inflation down from 7.1% in 2010 to 1.03% i n 2014, its lowest level in 50 years.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
- 27 - 
 
  4.125.   Nonetheless, we encourage the Government of the DRC to diversify the economy, whose 
growth depends on the mining sector, with an average contribution to GDP of over 24%, and to 
address the challenge of upgrading infras tructure.  
4.126.   The Congo welcomes the tax and trade reforms introduced by the Government of the DRC, 
with, inter alia, the introduction of value added tax, the enactment of the new Customs Code in 
2012, the streamlining of procedures for business startups, and the adoption of the 2012 version 
of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.  
4.127.   To conclude, my delegation commends the Government of the DRC for its determination to 
improve the country's investment climate and to consolidate the peace and sec urity achieved so 
far. 
MOZAMBIQUE  
4.128.   The second  Trade Policy Review  of DRC takes place at a moment when  the Intern ational 
Community is committed to the  implementation of the various internationally adopted Policy 
instruments, since 2015, which requi re a lot o f work from all of us . 
4.129.   We notice that the macroeconomic situation of DRC since its first trade  Policy revision has 
stabilized  though some slowdowns were evident in the indicators of the macroeconomic trends. We 
hope that the Government efforts that led to significant good achievements in the trade in goods 
will continue fostering exports, as well as the economic development in general.  
4.130.   We are pleased to see that the DRC liberalized several areas of trade in services and we 
appreciate the reforms carried out , which led the c ountry to be among the top 10  in the World 
Bank Doing Business Rank in 2015.  
4.131.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo, our sister c ountry, has been involved in various 
regional economic efforts and arrangements. To focus some, we can refer to the current 
negotiations in view of establ ishment of the Tripartite SADC -COMESA -East African Community  Free 
Trade Area.  
4.132.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is also enga ged in the ongoing negotiations  for the 
establishment of the Continental Free Trade Zon e of Africa.  
4.133.   We very much hope to see investment to flow in DRC, thus, to enable the country to 
benefit from the existing opportuniti es, as well as from more public -private partnerships in view to 
a more diversification of the economy.  
4.134.   The adoption by the Government of the Medium Term Macroeconomic Approa ch and the 
Development Strategy  aims at fostering development to meet economic and social needs.  
4.135.   Despite the fact that the country is blessed with diversified natural resou rces and 
potentialities in differ ent domains , my delegation recognizes that challenges are enormous.  
4.136.   Therefore, we would like to stress that DRC deserves to be assisted. We call upon partners, 
developed countries and oth ers, to direct their resources through investing in different economi c 
sectors already identified by the Government.  
4.137.   We als o call upon WTO and WTO Members  to allocate and direct financial and other useful 
resources for technical assistance to help the DRC in fostering and developing the necessary 
capabilities for developmen t to flourish, and thus, helping in the job creation and poverty 
reduction.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.138.   Since the last Trade Policy Review of the Democratic Republic of the Congo which was held 
in 2010, we are pleased to note that the DRC introduced structural and economic s tabiliz ation 
reforms which have enabled the country to achieve a robust and sustained economic growth 
averaging an annual rate of 7%, and is well above the population growth rate of 3%. The DRC has WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  also managed to substantially rein in inflation from 7.1% in 2010 to 1.03% in 2014. This 
achievement is highly commendable.  
4.139.   We note , however , that in spite of this remarkable achievement, the DRC still faces 
challenges as a result of heavy reliance on the mining sector, which accounts for 24% of GDP and 
85% of ex port revenue. This lack of diversification of the economy has made the country 's exports 
vulnerable to external shocks due to price volatility on global markets. The agriculture sector 
remains underdeveloped whilst the industrial base is still weak due to constraints such as 
infrastructure and erratic electricity supply, amongst others.  
4.140.   It is, however , encouraging to note that the DRC has developed a Strategic Mining 
Development Plan to further develop the mining sector and has also crafted a strategy for the 
expansion of the hydro -electricity plant. The Governme nt of the DRC has also liberaliz ed the 
electricity sector in order to attract investment in hydro -generation, cross -border transmission, 
distribution, and marketing. We encourage the DRC to diversif y their economy in order to derive 
greater economic benefits and call upon the donor members and development partners to provide 
technical assistance and funding towards implementation of the economic reforms.  
4.141.   At bilateral level , Zimbabwe and the DRC enjoy  cordial political and economic relations. 
Trade between the two countries is based on the Most Favoured Nation principle. The DRC is yet to 
ratify the Bilateral Trade Agreement signed with Zimbabwe in August 2002 and in this regard, we 
encourage the DRC t o ratify this Agreement.  
4.142.   Total trade between the t wo countries stood at about US$ 24 million in 2010, however  this 
declined to just over US$ 3.5 million in 2015. Trade continues to be hampered by cumbersome 
customs procedures and other non - tariff barriers a t the DRC border post. Zimbabwe and the DRC 
are both members of COMESA and SADC.  
JAPAN  
4.143.   It is a pleasure for Japan to take part in the TPR meeting for the Democratic Republic of 
the Congo (DRC). We, the DRC and Japan, have been important partners for years.  Japan will 
make continuous efforts to maintain and further develop the strong ties between us.  
4.144.   Let me begin by touching on the general economic situation.  
4.145.   According to the Secretariat report, thanks to a number of structural and economic 
stabilization ref orms, the Congolese economy has been achieving sustained economic growth since 
the last review.  
4.146.   The country 's average annual economic growth rate during the review period was 7% and 
its position on the Human Development Index improved to 176th, both of whi ch are commendable 
achievements. Moreover, Japan commends the Government of the DRC on its achievement of 
balance -of-payment surpluses in some years, resulting in its successfully reducing the public 
deficit.  
4.147.   As is often the case with natural -resource abun dant countries, the Congolese economy has 
had a problem with high dependency on the mining sector, which has made its economy 
vulnerable to exogenous shocks. Japan believes that a well -diversif ied economy is key to 
unleashing the country 's potential. In th is sense, Japan positively evaluates the Government of the 
DRC for its efforts aimed at economic diversification, such as establishment of the Single Window 
for Business Startups and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Japan hopes that 
those efforts by the Government will have fruitful outcomes.  
4.148.   Now let me briefly touch upon the DRC 's trade policies at the WTO.  
4.149.   The DRC has been engaged in activities at the WTO, as one of its original Members. Lately, 
Japan believes that the DRC had actively  participated in the TFA negotiations, but unfortunately 
the DRC has not yet ratified this agreement. Japan urges the DRC to continue making efforts 
toward ratification.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.150.   One more thing Japan would like to point out is concerning the country 's fulfillment o f its 
notification obligation. With just one notification since its previous review in 2010 and a total of ten 
since its accession to the WTO, the DRC has one of the lowest numbers of notifications among all 
Members. Consequently, the country 's trade polic y remains something of an unknown quantity to 
the WTO Membership. Japan expects the DRC to make efforts to maintain the transparency of its 
trade policies.  
4.151.   Finally, let me make a couple of comments on specific concerns that we have.  
4.152.   First, I will speak bri efly about the investment environment in the country.  Japan believes 
that the DRC has serious problems with its environment for trade and investment, which are 
reflected on the recent "Doing Business " survey by the World Bank.  
4.153.   Japan understands that the DR C has launched other reforms to facilitate doing business, 
including reducing the cost of obtaining a construction permit and the cost of registering a new 
building; abolishing or reducing the various costs associated with registering a new business; and 
abolishing a long list of "nuisance taxes ". However, in reality, foreign exporters and investors are 
still required to undergo cumbersome procedures and there have been cases of unclear payments. 
Japan encourages the DRC to make continuous efforts to improv e this situation.  
4.154.   Secondly, Japan is concerned with the country 's lack of statistics, which has been pointed 
out from various sectors. Statistics are a basis and essential indicator for foreign investors when 
they make decisions. Japan was glad to read new s that the National Institute of Statistics reached 
an agreement to establish statistical data with the World Bank last year, and encourages the DRC 
to make continuous efforts in this area.  
4.155.   Finally, Japan is concerned that the DRC has maintained its restri ctions on certain 
agricultural products since the Fukushima accident. At a time when many Members have already 
withdrawn their restrictions, Japan hopes that the DRC will take appropriate measures based on 
scientific evidence as early as possible.  
4.156.   Allow me  to add that our comments in regard to these concerns are made as a friend to 
the DRC. Keeping this in mind, we hope that the DRC will seriously take our comments into 
account, and address possible problems.  
4.157.   In conclusion, I would like to express  our stron g wish to continue co operation between the 
Democratic Republic of the Congo and Japan.  
ANGOLA  
4.158.   Angola and the DRC not only share a discontinuous, 2,511 km long international land 
border but also various common historical linguistic communities. Political re lations between the 
two countries are strong and are only just beginning to address the matter of formal bilateral 
trade. However, it goes without saying that official trade figures do not reflect the full breadth of 
bilateral trade relations, since the bu lk of our trade is informal. Thus, thousands of people trade 
along the border between the two countries every day.  
4.159.   As indicated in the Government and WTO Secretariat reports, the DRC has huge economic 
potential. It has vast assets and natural resources in the soil and subsoil that make it an 
extraordinary land of opportunities for business and investment in a plethora of areas.  
4.160.   The DRC is the second largest country in Africa in terms of area and has 80 million 
hectares of arable land, of which only 10% are currently under cultivation.  
4.161.   Moreover, its mining potential is unique. The DRC has substantial geological reserves, 
including the world's second largest reserves of copper, 25% of world diamond reserves and 25% 
of global gold reserves, not to mention other  substantial mineral reserves.  
4.162.   Despite this potential, the DRC faces enormous challenges. Wars and conflicts, among 
other factors, have prevented the population from benefiting from the country's natural resource 
endowment.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  4.163.   Thus, the DRC still has progress  to make in the areas of health and primary education, in 
spite of its efforts in these spheres. The informal sector still represents a sizeable share of 
economic activity, acco unting for about 80% of all non -farming jobs. Agriculture, which employs 
roughl y 75% of the active population, is primarily focused on subsistence farming.  
4.164.   We are convinced that the Government and people of the DRC will succeed in overcoming 
these challenges. We commend the DRC for all the reforms that are being introduced, mainly wi th 
a view to consolidating peace, security and stability and achieving macroeconomic stabilization.  
4.165.   We hope that the new Strategic National Development Plan for the DRC, put forward by 
the Office of the President of the Republic on 22 February 2016, will a chieve the goal of 
modernizing and industrializing the country.  
4.166.   Africa and the world need a strong Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country is 
centrally located in geographical terms, sharing borders with no less than nine countries – a 
strategic geog raphical position conducive to large scale trading activity. It also belongs to three of 
the eight Regional Economic Communities recognized by the African Union, namely ECCAS, 
COMESA and the SADC. The DRC will therefore be able to play a major role in Afri can economic 
integration.  
UGANDA  
4.167.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is potentially the wealthiest country in the continent 
of Africa but yet still remains amongst the least -developed countries. Despite all efforts to carry 
out economic reforms, there are  still some challenges, some of which are ingrained in the history 
of the country. For example, lack of developed technical and human resource capacity -building is a 
big challenge to the country.  Market access for DRC 's goods and services is yet another  challenge . 
The latter is more compounded by the absence of efficient and effective infrastructural 
development such as having good roads, railways, or even motorways.  
4.168.   Above all, we do realize that the wealth of the country is generally and largely unexploite d 
and needs to be diversified. We really appreciate the efforts by the Government of the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo to uplift the economy of the country.  
4.169.   The Democratic Republic of the Congo 's role in regional economic fora like COMESA, SADC 
and othe rs, and its role in the multilateral trading system like the WTO, will enable it to achieve 
the desired objectives for socio -economic development of the people of that country.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC OF THE CONGO  
AND ADDI TIONAL COMMENTS  
5.1.  I am delighted to be taking the floor once again, by way of response, on the occasion of the 
second trade policy review of my country, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. My delegation 
has replied to a number of written questions relating  to concerns expressed on the first day and 
undertakes to respond to any pending or insufficiently answered questions within the coming 
month.  
5.2.  My delegation reiterates its congratulations to the WTO Secretariat for the quality of its report 
and for its out standing cooperation. I would also like to congratulate you, Madam Chair, on your 
leadership and the excellent way in which you conducted the first day of our proceedings. The 
same goes for the Ambassador of the Netherlan ds, His Excellency Mr Roderick V an Schreven. The 
quality and pertinence of his statement bear witness to his perfect knowledge of my country's 
economic situation, its potential, its performance and the challenges of its socio economic 
development.  
5.3.  Special thanks are due to those WTO Members  whose statements bore witness to the 
friendship towards my country and interest in the DRC. I can assure you that the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo greatly welcomes these congratulations and words of encouragement, which 
not only confirm that my countr y is on the right path, but also, and above all, come as a source of 
further motivation and energy to pursue our efforts and deepen our reforms.  
5.4.  In this connection, the comments and recommendations made on the first day aptly provided 
important insights th at awaken our attention to specific issues. And here I am thinking of 
enhancement of the business climate, trade policies and practices, and sectoral policies, which I 
would now like to address in further detail.  
5.5.  As a preliminary point, however, I would li ke to emphasize that the DRC is a post conflict 
country. Although the security situation has greatly improved, the Government, with the help of 
the United Nations, is making every effort to eliminate the pockets of insecurity in the east of the 
country.  
5.6.  At the political level, the Government, with the help of the country's driving forces and 
support from the international community, has found a compromise with a view to organizing 
elections as soon as possible.  
5.7.  To return to the three issues mentioned earlie r, and specifically to the question of 
enhancement of the business climate, I would emphasize that this is a process in which the 
Government is firmly engaged. In my previous statement, I spoke of the reforms already 
implemented. I can reassure our partner s that matters such as the issuing of work permits will 
receive the closest attention.  
5.8.  As regards the fight against corruption and good governance, the Government is making 
these a number one priority. Measures have been taken to bolster the structures res ponsible for 
these issues. They include:  
 the establishment within the Government of an Observatory of the Code of Professional 
Ethics, which is tasked with promoting ethics and combating anti values;  
 the establishment of a unit, attached to the Head of Sta te, that deals with good governance, 
the fight against corruption, money laundering, and the financing of terrorism;  
 the launching of the Anti -Corruption Project under the UK DFID funded ESSOR programme, 
to support DRC institutions in creating an environme nt conducive to investment;  
 the DRC's accession to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).  
5.9.  To simplify the tax system and in addition to the measures already adopted, the DRC is 
considering further reforms to streamline the system by esta blishing two types of tax, i.e. WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
- 32 - 
 
  corporation tax and personal income tax, and further eliminating a number of redundant taxes 
provided for in the 2013 laws on the nomenclature of duties, taxes and fees.  
5.10.   As regards foreign trade formalities, the automation o f customs procedures, the introduction 
of a risk management system, supplemented by the integrated single window for foreign trade, 
which is now fully operational, will answer the concerns expressed, especially those relating to 
transaction costs, timefram es and streamlining of procedures.  
5.11.   With respect to trade policies and practices, due note has been taken of the questions raised 
by various speakers regarding the notification requirement, the ratification of the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement, the identific ation of technical assistance needs, statistics, the DRC's membership in 
several Regional Economic Communities, the broader range of trading partners, and informal 
trade.  
5.12.   In this connection, I would like to inform you of the following:  
 In order to improve its level of notification commitment, the Government recently set up a 
national multi sectoral notification commission, tasked with coordinating and strengthening 
synergy in this respect. Priority areas, i.e. SPS measures, TBTs, trade statistics and 
agricu lture, have also been identified.  
5.13.   The DRC intends to make more extensive use of existing mechanisms so as to receive 
appropriate technical assistance in addressing the notification challenge.  
 The DRC reiterates its support for the Trade Facilitation Agreem ent and is in the process of 
ratifying it. An ad hoc unit has been set up to monitor the process and establish the National 
Trade Facilitation Committee. However, technical assistance is already considered necessary 
for the needs self -assessment in order t o ensure optimum implementation.  
 The predictability and transparency of trade is a subject of concern to the Government. 
Qualitative improvement of our statistics is one of the goals pursued through the integrated 
single window for foreign trade, introduce d in order to bolster existing structures, such as 
the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, the Centre for Research and Analysis of 
Trade Statistics, the Central Bank of the Congo, and the National Institute of Statistics. This 
new setup called for t he establishment of a committee bringing together the various 
institutions that issue statistics, so as to ensure better coordination and the adoption of a 
framework document on the harmonization and standardization of national statistics.  
 As regards the D RC's membership in several Regional Economic Communities, it should be 
noted that the country is sufficiently engaged in the rationalization and harmoniza tion 
process through the COMESA –EAC–SADC Tripartite, on the one hand, and the ECCAS 
CEMAC Bipartite, o n the other, as part of the establishment of the Continental Free Trade 
Area.  
 The DRC has also implemented initiatives with a view to intensifying trade with other 
partners. Building on the results achieved, the trade policy paper adopted at national level  
contains a significant trade expansion and diversification component, aimed at effectively 
meeting the challenges of the DRC's extended range of trading partners.  
 As part of the small scale trade formalization process, the DRC has taken advantage of 
international and regional cooperation. Worthy of mention in this connection are 
developments such as the official launch in the DRC this past October of the information 
campaign on the COMESA Simplified Trade Regime for cross border trade, and the 
implementati on of the first phase of the Great Lakes Trade Facilitation Project, financed by 
the World Bank.  
5.14.   With regard to sectoral policies, the Government has undertaken and is pursuing several 
reforms in sectors identified as high priority for the diversification of the national economy.  
5.15.   As to agriculture, the National Agricultural Investment Plan provides for modernization of 
the sector in order to increase its productivity and contribution to growth, and thus strengthen the WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  foundations of our economy. The DRC is willing to cooperate in agricultural research with other 
partners in order to improve yields and increase crop resistance to diseases.  
5.16.   The Industrial Policy and Strategy Paper focuses on the following four priority segments: 
agri-food, mining industry, pac kaging, and construction materials, in order to develop local 
resources and broaden the industrial base. It also lays emphasis on the establishment of Special 
Economic Zones and the development of small and medium -sized enterprise incubators.  
5.17.   Diversificati on will also extend to the services sector, in particular the tourism segment, 
where the DRC intends to make the most of its huge potential in order to turn the country into a 
prime tourist destination and make tourism one of the pillars of the new nationa l economic 
strategy.  
5.18.   This determination to diversify was also reaffirmed by the adoption in January 2016 of 
emergency measures to stabilize and revive the economy following the fall in raw material prices.  
5.19.   As regards basic economic infrastructure relating to transport and energy, the various sector 
specific policies for trade, agriculture and industry rightly include infrastructure components in 
support of developing these sectors.  
5.20.   As to the issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), a draft law has be en drawn up 
with a view to regulating the matter.  
5.21.   The draft revision of the Mining Code pursues a whole number of objectives that are not 
limited to the tax regime, such as the following:  
 adjustment to the provisions of the Constitution of February 2006;  
 incorporation of principles, criteria and requirements drawn from several regional and 
international initiatives concerning the traceability of minerals in conflict or high -risk areas;  
 strengthening of environmental management measures;  
 the issue of corpora te social accountability; and  
 the situation of local communities affected by mining projects.  
5.22.   It should be emphasized that this process is taking place in a tripartite (government 
industry civil society) framework where consensus is highly important. The d raft law revising the 
Mining Code is already before the National Assembly. In any event, everyone's interests will be 
taken into account.  
5.23.   As regards the land tenure regime and the acquisition of land, the Government is 
considering introducing reforms, and a commission has been set up for the purpose.  
5.24.   I cannot  conclude my remarks without re -emphasizing that, as an LDC and a post conflict 
country, the DRC has managed to revitalize its economy and has achieved results that have been 
acknowledged during this re view, such as maintaining macroeconomic stability, posting growth 
rates above the average for Sub Saharan Africa, and controlling inflation.  
5.25.   Nonetheless, a number of challenges have also been identified, and major efforts will 
continue to be made in the co ntext of both ongoing and future reforms.  
5.26.   This two -day review has been a highly rewarding experience, providing input and 
contributions that are essential for evaluating and setting the direction of reforms and their 
implementation. The DRC takes this oppo rtunity to highlight the relevance and benefits of the 
trade policy review mechanism, which in every respect remains a tool for promoting good trading 
practices within the Membership.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
- 34 - 
 
  5.27.   It would be desirable for this mechanism to be accompanied by technical assistance 
programmes to help implement the recommendations made. The Democratic Republic of the 
Congo calls on international partners and donors alike to accompany the country on the path to 
reform and to bolster the effectiveness of its trade policy, so that the latter becomes a driver of 
poverty reduction and a lever for economic growth, in tune with the DRC's vision of becoming an 
emerging economy by 2030. Thank you.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.28.   Two days ago, we began the review of the trade policy of the Democratic Repu blic of the 
Congo. Twenty one delegations took the floor, bearing witness to the importance of and the 
interest shown by the international community in the DRC's economic development.  
5.29.   Both neighbouring and far flung countries expressed interest in seeing f urther sustained 
progress in the DRC. Statements focused on the need for : (1) sustainable trade; 
(2) diversification;  and (3) economic growth. All the statements by WTO Members on Tuesday 
were, I think, positive and in favour of strengthening bilateral tra de relations with the DRC. Some 
mentioned specific sectors or sectors of industry in which they envisioned opportunities for future 
cooperation, while others laid emphasis on cooperation in the regional context or at global market 
level.  
5.30.   Thank you, Madam S ecretary General, for your comments and dedication to the sustainable 
development of your country's economy. It is encouraging to hear you renew your commitment to 
implement the reforms necessary to further stabilize the national economy, a process that ha s 
been under way since the DRC's first trade policy review in 2010.  
5.31.   I would like to highlight two common denominators that struck me as I listened to 
delegates' statements.  
5.32.   First, looking back, there has been recognition of a number of favourable developme nts 
since the previous review, such as sustained GDP growth and the very low level of inflation in your 
country, which is a significant achievement. Members clearly welcomed the reforms undertaken by 
your Government that have contributed to this positive t rend. 
5.33.   Second, looking ahead, there is the positive view taken by Members regarding the DRC's 
economic potential. In the words of one of the delegates: "The DRC is the richest country in Africa; 
what needs to be done is to discover its wealth". Now, to disc over that wealth, there is still work to 
be done. This also clearly emerged from our discussion on Tuesday.  
5.34.   To emphasize my point, I would once again like to quote Johan Cruijff, the world famous 
football player, who is not only a national hero in the Neth erlands but also a very shrewd 
manager: "Sometimes something's got to happen before something is going to happen". I shall try 
and apply the wise words of a football player to the realm of trade policy.  
5.35.   First, sustainable, inclusive and stable growth can o nly be achieved through diversification. 
Dependence on the mining industry makes the DRC vulnerable to external shocks. As mentioned in 
the 2010 review, using the potential offered by agriculture, forestry and services is essential for 
the future and for s ustainable development. I believe that the Government of the DRC can do 
more to promote diversification, and you have undertaken to do so.  
5.36.   Second, enhancement of the business climate in the DRC is not only an end in itself but also 
a prerequisite for diver sification. Domestic entrepreneurs need better access to financing and the 
Government can do more to facilitate and regulate public private partnerships, thus creating a 
stable business environment for international investors. Maintaining stability is crit ical in this 
respect.  
5.37.   Third, the country's wealth should not lie in the hands of a small group but should benefit 
the population as a whole. Only then will we be able to speak of sustainable economic 
development. Eliminating corruption, ensuring transparen t customs procedures and establishing 
sound legal frameworks to prevent abuse of power are all essential, not only to attract foreign 
direct investment but also to provide proper incentives for entrepreneurs and support efforts to WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  formalize the informal ec onomy. Madam Secretary General, you have put forward several 
measures that are being introduced by the Government, for which I congratulate you.  
5.38.   Receptiveness is necessary in order to derive full benefit from the strong recommendations 
made this week. I co ngratulate the Government of the DRC for the way in which this trade policy 
review has been tackled, with willingness to provide additional information and respond to the 
various questions from WTO Members.  
5.39.   I am confident that you will provide Members with  the information needed to follow up on 
their additional questions. I also hope that the transparent and constructive attitude shown by the 
Government of the DRC and WTO Members over the past few days will continue both on a bilateral 
basis and within the WTO. I have taken due note that the DRC will be making significant efforts as 
regards notifications.  
5.40.   As far as I am concerned, the end of this review is a new first step towards more extensive 
engagement between the DRC and its trading partners. Reports, n otifications and ratification of 
the Trade Facilitation Agreement are essential to the process. I unreservedly encourage the 
Government of the DRC to follow up on and make the most of the recommendations put forward 
during this review. Your ongoing reforms  will require a rigorous approach, in which your bilateral 
partners and international organizations are ready to help.  
5.41.   To conclude, I thank the delegation of the DRC for its efforts during this review, and my 
thanks to you all for your active contribution.  An enormous number of statements were delivered 
on the Tuesday, all worded in fairly strong terms and important. I sincerely hope that the 2022 
review will conclude that economic growth in the DRC will indeed have been sustained, that wealth 
will have bee n more equitably shared and poverty reduced, and that the DRC will be playing a 
more active role in international trade. I also sincerely hope that we will be able to conclude that 
further trade policy reforms have contributed to achieving this objective, and that the WTO played 
a part in the process.  
5.42.   I wish you a safe journey home.  WT/TPR/M/339 • Democratic Republic of the Congo  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This second Trade Policy Review of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has provided 
a good opportunity for Members to better unders tand recent developments in the country 's trade 
policies and practices, as well as  the challenges it faces. We owe this to the informative 
documentation prepared for the meeting, and the active participation of the DRC delegation led by 
Mr. Zenon Mukongo N gay, Ambassador of the DRC to the UN in Geneva, the discussant, 
Ambassador Roderick VAN SCHREVEN (Netherlands), as well as the 21 delegations which had 
taken the floor.  
6.2.  It is encouraging to know that following the recommendations made by Members in the DRC 's 
last TPR, there had been positive developments on various fronts. In its introductory statement, 
the DRC delegation informed Members that its authorities had streamlined the country 's tax 
system; introduced a VAT; and enacted a new customs act, a new ex cise act, and a new 
procurement code. The business environment had improved as a result of the progressive 
establishment of single windows for conducting international trade and setting up enterprises. New 
sectoral policies had been adopted, such that seve ral economic activities, including insurance 
services and hydrocarbon trade, were now open to competition. The delegation also reported the 
accession of the DRC to the Organization for Business Law in Africa (OHADA); and the 
establishment of new trade trib unals. In 2015, the DRC also adopted a new law aimed at aligning 
its national tariff with the common external tariff of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern 
Africa (COMESA).  
6.3.  At this  meeting, Members commended the DRC on its strong economic performan ce over the 
review period, noting also the marked improvement in the country 's Human Developm ent Index 
ranking. They recogniz ed the DRC 's efforts in implementing macroeconomic and structural 
reforms, and expressed an interest in the new Strategic National Development Pla n which set the 
goal of modernizing and industrializ ing the country by 2035.  
6.4.  However, Members also commented that the DRC 's economy needed diversification; its 
growth was not inclusive enough, and that much of its abundant natural resources and economic 
potentials remained untapped. They were of the view that the business environment could be 
further improved by enhancing legal certainty and addressing infrastructural constraints such as 
electricity supply, and structural bottlenecks in the b ureaucracy. They hoped that trade barriers 
could be removed, and cumbersome procedures streamlined, to make the DRC a more attractive 
place for foreign investment.  
6.5.  Members also noted that the DRC was still maintaining a long list of taxes on trade. Some 
sought clarification about the DRC 's Public -Private Partnership initiative, its land tenure system, 
and its plan to achieve the U nited Nations  Sustainable Development Goals.  
6.6.  Regarding the DRC 's participation in the WTO, Members urged the country to accelerat e the 
ratification of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation, and to fully meet the notification requirements 
and other commitments such as those related to trade procedures, technical requirements, and 
intellectual property protection.  
6.7.  Before the end of this  session, the DRC has responded to most of the 88 advanced written 
questions posed by Members. The review will be successfully concluded when all the outstanding 
questions are answered.  
6.8.  This TPR has she d light on areas requiring the G overnment 's attention , which may help the 
DRC further develop its economy and liberalize its trade regime. In her responding statement, the 
Head of the DRC delegation said the country welcomed with enthusiasm Members ' 
encouragement, which would inject additional motivation and  energy to the DRC 's reform efforts. I 
hope fellow WTO Members can also help by opening their markets to the goods and services of 
interest to the DRC, and by being more responsive to its technical assistance needs.  
__________