WT/TPR/M/279  
4 September 2013  
(13-4656)  Page: 1/51  
Trade Policy Review Body 
17 and 19 April 2013   
 
  TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
MEXICO 
MINUTES OF MEETING 
Chairperson: H.E. Ms. Elin Johansen (Norway) 
Page 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAI RPERSON ....................................................... 2  
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF MEXICO....................................... 3  
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT ................................................................................ 7  
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS ........................................................................................ 11  
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF  MEXICO AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS .......... 42  
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAI RPERSON ......................................................... 50  
  
Note: Advance written questions by WTO Member s and the replies provided by Mexico are 
reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/279/Add.1 and will be available online at 
http://www.wto.org/english/tr atop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm. 
 
 WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
1.1.  The fifth Trade Policy Review of Mexico was held on 17 and 19 April 2013. 
The Chairperson, H.E. Ms Elin Johansen (Norway), welcomed the delegation of Mexico, headed by H.E. Mr Francisco de Rosenzweig, Under-Secr etary for Foreign Trade, the other members 
of the Mexican delegation, and the discussant, H.E. Mr François Riegert (France). 
1.2.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of trad e policy reviews and the main elements of the 
procedures for the meeting. The report by Mexico is contained in document WT/TPR/G/279, 
and that of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/279. 
1.3.  Mexico opted for the "alternative" time-frame for the meeting to review its trade policy. 
Questions by the following delegations had been  submitted in writing at least four weeks 
in advance and had been transmitted to the delegation of Mexico: Pakistan; Australia; Norway; 
European Union; China; Canada; Singapore; Colombia; United States; Chile; New Zealand; 
Chinese Taipei; Japan; Costa Rica; Republic of Korea; Argentina; Thailand; and India. The following delegations had submitted wri tten questions after the four-week deadline: 
South Africa; Hong Kong, China; Peru; Turkey; Brazil; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; 
and Indonesia. 
1.4.  During the fourth TPR of Mexico in 2008, Members had congratulated Mexico on its sustained 
economic growth and its deeper integration into the world economy. However, Members had 
expressed concern about Mexico's ability to implement overdue structural reforms to increase its productivity, and thus enhance competitiveness and ensure economic growth. Members had also referred to restrictions on foreign investme nt in key services sectors, including energy, 
telecommunications and transports. 
1.5.  Regarding trade policy measures, in 2008, Members had commended Mexico on unilaterally 
reducing its tariffs but had expressed concern regarding customs procedures and fees; the use 
of an estimated price mechanism; certification requirements; export incentive schemes; 
anti-dumping; SPS and TBT measures. In additi on, Members had expressed their concern about 
the effectiveness of the support given to agriculture, as well as about the transparency 
of tariff-quota allocation. 
1.6.  In the context of the review, Mexico had emphasized that the foundation of its trade 
liberalization policy had been and would continue to be the multilateral trading system; its bilateral and regional liberalization efforts were a complement to the multilateral system. Mexico was 
committed to enhancing the country's competitiveness and to that end was working on improving 
the business environment and the regulatory framewor k. To this end, Mexico had decided to focus 
on transforming its industries and increasing the scale of value-added production by restructuring 
traditional industries, developing sectors with greater technological content, and strengthening the 
services sector. Mexico would also seek to implement fiscal, pension and labour market reforms. Customs modernization was a key component of its reform efforts. It clarified that none 
of its incentive schemes was contingent upon exportation. It also responded in detail to questions 
concerning its intellectual property regime. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF MEXICO 
(H.E. MR FRANCISCO DE ROSENZWEIG) 
2 . 1 .   F o r  m e ,  i t  i s  b o t h  a n  h o n o u r  a n d  a  p l e a s u r e  t o  j o i n  w i t h  y o u  i n  t h i s  f i f t h  r e v i e w  
of Mexico's trade policies. My gratitude goes to the WTO Secretariat for its exhaustive report, 
for the fact that we have such a notable discussant as the Permanent Representative of France, 
François Riegert, and to Members for the inte rest shown in my country's trade policies, 
as reflected in more than 450 questions received. 
2.2.  The period covered by this fifth Trade Po licy Review of Mexico was marked by the worst 
global financial crisis of the past 80 years. All our countries saw a dramatic decline in demand on major export markets, which inevitably led to a sharp contraction in global trade and, as a consequence, a drop in global GDP on a scale that had not been seen since 
the Great Depression. 
2.3.  Mexico was one of the countries worst affected by the crisis. The countercyclical economic 
policies implemented, however, permitted a rapid recovery. The forecast for 2013 and 2014 is that 
our economy will grow by around 3.5%. With the economic reforms undertaken 
by President Enrique Peña Nieto in relation to la bour and education, together with the proposed 
reforms in the telecommunications, energy and fisca l sectors, the growth of Mexico's economy will 
be considerably reinforced. 
2.4.  In 2009, the crisis caused the most drastic reduction in our exports for the past 60 years, 
when they fell by 21%. The export sector was the worst affected both in terms of lower value added and jobs. Unlike previous economic crises, inflation remained under control 
and unemployment levels were fairly limited, although many families felt the negative impact. 
Mexico was the only country which, at the peak of the global crisis, liberalized its trade, a key factor in its prompt economic recovery. 
2.5.  Public finance indicators have recently become more positive. The Bank of Mexico forecasts a 
return to a financial balance during the current fiscal year, with a zero deficit approved by the Chamber of Deputies for the Federation's Expenditure Budget for 2013. Public debt has 
remained at around 35% of GDP and internationa l reserves reached their historical maximum of 
just over US$166.3 billion on 12 April this year. 
2.6.  Our economy's solid foundations and appropri ate conduct of fiscal and monetary policy have 
enabled inflation to continue along the path towards its permanent target of 3% annually, 
despite the financial upheaval in the world. 
2.7.  The foregoing has meant that there has been  much more confidence in Mexico's economy, 
as can be seen from the increase in government securities held by foreigners, even though their 
interest rates are close to their historical minimum. 
2.8.  Although the worst of the international financial crisis has passed, the economic outlook 
remains uncertain for our leading trading partners; as pointed out in a recent report by the WTO, 
growth in global trade will remain below pre-crisis levels so our export sector still has concerns. 
2.9.  Our country, aware of the challenges wh ich the scenario described above poses to our 
domestic production sector, has embarked upon a series of structural reforms, as indicated at the beginning of my statement, with the aim of raisin g productivity and strengthening internal sources 
of economic growth. 
Labour reform 2.10.  Last November, the Mexican Government, recognizing that the legal framework lagged 
behind the new demographic, economic and social situation, approved a reform amending the 
regulations governing employer-employee relations in Mexico. 
2.11.  It is hoped that this reform will raise productivity, lessen barriers to procurement and make 
the labour market more flexible. Studies recently conducted by the Central Bank indicate that, 
with a redistribution of current workers towards the formal sector as a result of the reform, WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 4 - 
  the effect on the GDP's rate of growth could be 0.15 to 0.25 additional percentage points and that, 
on average, in each of the next five years, around 370,000 more formal jobs could be created. 
Energy reform 2.12.  The Government of the Republic, headed by President Enrique Peña Nieto, has undertaken 
to adopt a reform to build up Mexico's production capacity in the field of energy, focusing on 
productivity, more investment in the sector and the generation of wealth for all Mexicans, based on one fundamental premise: maximization of the economic value. 
Telecommunications reform 
2.13.  On 11 March last, the Federal Executive forwarded to Congress an initiative to reform 
various provisions on telecommunications and broadcasting contained in the Constitution. This initiative provides that the Mexican State shall ensure that services in these sectors are 
supplied on competitive terms, with guarantees of quality, plurality, universal coverage, 
interconnection, convergence, free access and continuity. 
2.14.  This initiative also provides for the creation of an autonomous body called the Federal 
Telecommunications Institute, whose role is to regulate, promote and oversee the use, 
development and exploitation of the radio spec trum, telecommunications networks and the supply 
of broadcasting and telecommunications services. 
2.15.  Adoption of this initiative will greatly reduce the barriers to entry, promote competition 
and allow up to 100% foreign investment in telecommunications and satellite communications, and up to 49% in broadcasting. 
Trade policy 
2.16.  In the area of trade, our country has fi rmly supported the objective of keeping markets 
open, withstanding protectionist pressures and advancing towards the successful conclusion of the Doha Round as a key factor for global economic recovery and for dealing satisfactorily with 
the current climate of uncertainty in the international economy. 
2.17.  Mexico has been one of the most active participants in the Doha Round negotiations 
and one of the main sponsors of proposals to overcome the deadlock. We have on several 
occasions and in several forums reiterated the need to reach an agreement on a package for Bali 
so as to make progress in our discussions and outline a programme for the remaining issues. It is clear to Mexico that the "single undertaking" in the Doha Declaration remains relevant and that Bali is simply a first step towards its conclusion. Bali cannot fail because this would mean 
denying the WTO its negotiating role, resulting in a heavier burden on the dispute settlement 
mechanism and even its potential implosion if Members ceased to comply with the rulings of panels and the Appellate Body. To paraphrase one of the candidates for Director-General, 
Mexico cannot accept that the WTO becomes irrelevant. 
2.18.  We are convinced of the benefits offe red by a strong multilateral trading system, 
able to eliminate distortions and protectionist measures which prevent the benefits from being 
distributed more equitably. However important they may be, regional agreements represent 
a complement not an alternative to the multilateral trading system. 
Tariffs 2.19.  In 2009, in an international climate marked by strong protectionist pressures, a unilateral 
tariff reduction programme was launched. Mexico is the only country that has embarked upon 
a reduction programme of such scale and ambition since the financial crisis occurred and, consequently, since the beginning of this century. We are firmly convinced that the process 
of opening up trade is a fundamental element that has to be backed up by other economic reforms 
such as those described above in order to increa se the potential for the Mexican economy's growth 
and productivity. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  2.20.  This measure called for tariff reductions covering 69% of Mexico's tariff schedule 
over five years, with the result that the averag e  t a r i f f  o n  i n d u s t r i a l  p r o d u c t s  f e l l  f r o m  1 0 . 4 %  
in 2008 to 4.3% in 2013. 
2.21.  To complement this programme, in November 2012 tariffs were lowered on 
around 500 headings, including agricultural products , which had not been included in the previous 
programme. 
Trade facilitation 
2.22.  The Mexican Government has taken several me asures since the previous review to facilitate 
trade and customs procedures, designed to make companies more competitive and to boost their share of international markets. These have led to the elimination of a number of import requirements, such as certificates of origin for non-preferential imports, and the computerization 
of customs and foreign trade procedures, inter alia. It should be noted that, since 1 January 2012, 
the Mexican digital window for foreign trade has b een operating, grouping together several of the 
procedures imposed by different Ministries for the purpose of foreign trade operations, 
including non-tariff measures and payments for such procedures. 
Foreign investment 2.23.  The promotion and protection of foreign investment is an important catalyst for 
development inasmuch as it has the potential to generate jobs, increase savings and attract 
foreign currency, boost competition, encourage the transfer of new technologies and promote exports. During the review period, four new agreements on reciprocal promotion and protection of investment came into force, making a total of 28 in all. With the exception of one free trade 
treaty, all our trade agreements include chapte rs or provisions on investment. In Mexico, 
foreign investment continues to expand notably and, with the reforms being introduced, it is expected that it will increase even more. 
Services 
2.24.  The services sector is of key importance to Mexico's economy. It generates around 70% 
of GDP and employs some 60% of the labour force.  Moreover, in recent years its growth has been 
even more marked than that of the economy as a whole. As part of our policy to make 
the economy even more competitive, several regu latory amendments have been introduced with 
the aim of liberalizing the supply of services, prot ecting consumers and establishing the conditions 
for fair competition. The sectors subject to important regulatory reforms are the financial 
and telecommunications sectors. 
2.25.  The following amendments to financial services, inter alia, should be highlighted: 
 Changes to the Law on Credit Unions in order to regulate their organization and functioning 
and the operations they may undertake. 
 Giving the National Commission for the Protec tion and Defence of Financial Services Users 
new responsibilities in relation to transparency and monitoring of competition. The latter 
responsibility is exercised together with the Federal Competition Commission. 
 The Bank of Mexico's introduction of modifica tions and reductions of the commissions paid 
by consumers for various operations. 
2.26.  The following should be noted with regard to telecommunications: 
 Since July 2008, the introduction of number portability, which gives users the freedom 
to change their mobile or fixed telephony operator without losing their telephone number. 
 Approval of the programme on granting concessions for radio frequencies for television 
services, under which the first public tender for te levision in Mexico's hi story will take place. 
 In May 2012, the digital terrestrial television policy was amended, determining that 
analogue transmissions will end on 26 November 2015. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 6 - 
  Intellectual property 
2.27.  As regards intellectual property, Mexico has a sound legal and institutional system. 
During the period under review, notable progress continued to be made in protecting intellectual property rights through amendments to the Indu strial Property Law, the Federal Copyright Law 
and the Federal Criminal Code, in order to harmonize domestic legislation with the international 
rules in this respect. Mexico also acceded to several international commitments such as the Nagoya and Madrid Protocols and signed the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) 
ad referendum . 
Trade agreements 2.28.  Bilateral and regional trade agreements have been a key element of Mexico's trade policy. 
During the review period, Mexico sought to derive greater benefits from its existing network 
of trade agreements by administering, d eepening and extending them, notably through 
the protocols amending the agreements with Colombia, Japan and Israel. 
2.29.  Furthermore, in response to the moment um in the international economy, Mexico has 
sought to promote the negotiation of new trade agreements with strategic markets, 
especially in Asia and Latin America. Mexico recently implemented a free trade agreement (FTA) with Peru and takes an active part in the negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Association Agreement 
and the Pacific Alliance Framework Agreement. 
2.30.  Our country has also sought to harmonize the applicable rules in the current trade 
agreements for the benefit of production sectors. Of particular importance in this connection was the so-called "Single FTA" under which Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras 
and Nicaragua managed to converge the three exis ting treaties among the parties into a single 
instrument, which will facilitate trade and reinforce trade integration in the region. 
Conclusion 
2.31.  In concluding my statement, I should like to explain that our Government is aware 
that Mexico is still facing challenges and that the action undertaken is putting us on the right path to making our economy more competitive. 
2.32.  Recognizing that international trade is the essential motor driving economic growth, 
Mexico intends to keep its markets open and to withstand the temptations of protectionism. In addition, it will continue actively striving to build bridges so as to reach a consensus in the Doha Round negotiations. Their successful conclusion is vital for the lowering of trade barriers, 
giving developing countries greater opportunities and making the rules governing the multilateral 
trading system stronger. A successful Ministerial Conference at Bali is essential for this purpose. Mexico urges all Members to show the flexibility needed to achieve this over the next few days 
and months. Mexico is prepared to do this. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT (H.E. MR FRANÇOIS RIEGERT (FRANCE)) 
3.1.  First of all, I should like to welcom e the Mexican delegation and the Under-Secretary 
Mr Francisco de Rosenzweig. 
3.2.  I feel particularly happy and honoured to  participate in this fifth Trade Policy Review 
of Mexico. 
3.3.  Mexico is a fascinating country because of its long history and its rich civilization and culture, 
as can been from the 31 sites declared to be UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 
3.4.  The review of Mexico 's trade policy is also a fascinating exercise because Mexico has 
undergone such far-reaching changes. When I firs t started to be interested in multilateral trade 
questions professionally, Mexico was not yet a member of the GATT, which it only joined in 1986, and its market was one of the most closed. 
3.5.  Today, it is one of the most open amon g the larger countries, one of the most closely 
integrated into global chains of value and one of the rare ones which, far from giving in to the siren call of protectionism, has resolutely pursued its policy of openness, convinced like 
Octavio Paz that " Las civilizaciones mueren del aislamiento " (civilizations die of isolation). 
3.6.  Since early this century, Mexico has had two democratic rotations of power and a new team 
has been at the helm since the end of 2012, head ed by the new President Enrique Peña Nieto, 
whose Institutional Revolutionary Party has returned to power after 12 years in opposition 
following 70 years of uninterrupted exercise of power. 
3.7.  For Mexico 's trade policy, what will be the elements of continuity, of rupture or the shifts 
in trend to be introduced by the new team? Do the first four months in office already provide some 
useful indications? This will be one of the issues in the many questions to be put to 
the Mexican delegation. 
3.8.  I should like to begin my statement by recalling that it is one of the heavyweights 
in the global economy that is appearing befo re us and one of the most active Members 
of our Organization.  
3.9.  I shall then turn to the way in which Mexico confronted the financial crisis, withstanding the 
siren call of protectionism and pursuing its policy of openness and trade facilitation. 
3.10.  Lastly, to start off the debate, I shall address the challenges which the new team will 
have to face, suggesting some initial responses in order to receive comments from the Mexican delegation. 
A heavyweight in the global economy and an active Member of the WTO 
3.11.  Mexico is a country with 111 million inhabitants and belongs to the select club 
of 15 countries whose GDP exceeds US$1 trillion. The oracles of the modern world, namely the 
economic forecasters, place Mexico among the ten leading global economic powers by the end 
of the decade. 
3.12.  It is the world's 11
th largest exporter of goods, the 10th importer, the 26th exporter and 
the 24th importer of services. 
3.13.  Manufactures account for 73% of its exports and 78% of its imports. 3.14.  It should also be noted that Mexico is the second largest exporter of beer, to the great joy 
of one of our former Presidents of the Republic, whose favourite drink it is. 
3.15.  Foreign trade represents over 60% of Mexico's GDP, making it probably the most open 
of the larger countries. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 8 - 
  3.16.  Mexico is a member of the G-20, which it chaired last year, marking a keen interest 
in governance of the multilateral trading system. 
3.17.  It is a founding Member of the WTO and takes an active part in our Organization's work. 
It belongs to the agricultural G-20, is an advocate of anti-dumping negotiations, one of the 
protagonists of the W/10 proposal on geographical  indications, as well as being one of the very 
strong supporters of services and an active me mber of the group of Friends of the System. 
3.18.  On the other hand, Mexico is neither a member nor an observer of the Agreement 
on Government Procurement (GPA) or the Agreemen t on Information Technology (ITA). It would 
be interesting if the Mexican delegation could inform us of its intentions regarding these two Agreements, currently th e subject of intensive activity. 
3.19.  Mexico is an active participant in the dispute settlement mechanism and was not the subject 
of any complaint during the review period, a fact worthy of note. It did, however, submit 
five complaints, of which three led to the establishment of a panel, an appeals procedure and a ruling by the Appellate Body. It also took  part in 17 disputes as a third party. 
3.20.  Mexico is one of the Latin American countries that has signed the largest number of 
trade agreements. By September 2012, it had concluded 12 FTAs, to which must be added eight agreements within the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) framework. 
These agreements cover 51 countries, of which 44 concern the FTAs. 
Although it was badly affected by the financia l crisis, it was able to return to growth 
by maintaining and reinforcing its open trade policy 
3.21.  Mexico was badly affected by the 2008 financial crisis, with a 6% decrease in its GDP 
in 2009. 
3.22.  As noted in the report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) hailed the speed with 
which Mexico recovered from the aftermath of the global crisis. 
3.23.  Growth took off once again in 2010 at a rate of 5.6%, followed by 3.9% in 2011, and 
over 4% in 2012, figures which my own country may view with envy. 
3.24.  Although inflation remains under control, the unemployment rate is unfortunately higher 
than the pre-crisis level. 
3.25.  The fiscal situation remains relatively under control: -2.5% of GDP in 2011, with some 
medium-term vulnerability however, as noted in the report, because of the predictable decline in the share of petroleum resources and the ageing population. 
3.26.  One element of particular note among the recent developments was the launching 
of an ambitious unilateral trade liberalization programme in 2009. Mexico is in fact one of the very few countries that did not only resist the siren call of protectionism in accordance with the 
commitment made within the G-20, but also in tensified the opening up and liberalization 
of its foreign trade. This needs to be underlined and it is to be hoped that Mexico will become a model rather than an exception. 
3.27.  As part of the 2007-2012 plan to modern ize the customs and on the basis of a 2008 decree 
on trade facilitation, from 2010 onwards a coherent programme started to be implemented featuring large reductions in customs duty, with the elimination of duty on 3,852 tariff lines and extensive streamlining of tariffs and customs procedures, including the creation of a single 
window introduced in 2008 and now fully operational since September 2012, together with liberal 
changes to the customs valuation system. 
3.28.  Mexico has likewise made modest use of trade defence tools, considerably less than during 
the previous period. The levels of protection still appear to be relatively high, with a tariff peak 
of 254%, and a number of barriers to market access are identified in the Secretariat report. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 9 - 
  3.29.  The foreign investment regime also deserves a mention; although it is transparent 
and predictable, which is noteworthy, it is still complex and restrictive and the OECD ranks Mexico as the eighth most restrictive of 55 countries for foreign investment. 
3.30.  The team that has just taken office will fa ce daunting challenges, of which it appears to be 
fully cognizant. These are defined in detail in the Secretariat report and I will just mention three to 
which the Mexican authorities have started to respond and on which it would be interesting to have some further details: 
The competitiveness of Mexico's economy 
3.31.  Throughout the 2000s, Mexico had to confront competition from Asia on the American 
market, which is its main export outlet. Because of rising wages and higher freight costs, Mexico has been able to build up its comparative advantage in recent years, but this upturn 
remains fragile. 
3.32.  The 2012/2013 report of the World Economic Forum, mentioned by the Secretariat, 
ranked Mexico 53
rd out of 144 countries and highlighted the challenges to be met. 
3.33.  The main challenges (an efficient labour  market, operation of the market for goods, 
higher education and technological preparedness) are among the new Mexican Government's priorities and it has started to tackle them by putting in place the political means for 
dealing with them by associating all political parties in its efforts under the " Pacto para México " 
(Pact for Mexico) signed on 2 December last: 
 Ambitious reform of labour legislation; 
 constitutional reform of education; 
 a stronger legal framework for competition, begun in 2010, making restrictive trade 
practices an offence, and increasing the competition authority's powers and penalties. 
3.34.  The authorities are also trying to develop competition in some key sectors, including the 
telecommunications sector. A report by the OECD mentioned this sector as particularly closed 
to competition. The new team recently launched an ambitious reform of telecommunications and television and this should increase competition in these two sectors. It would be interesting 
to hear further details about this reform and the results in terms of opening up competition. 
3.35.  Reform of the highly sensitive hydrocarbons sector is also being prepared; it is an extremely 
strategic sector because it is regulated by the Constitution. It would also be interesting if the Mexican delegation could bring us up to date on the discussions under way. 
Concentration of exports on a major client, the cause of a high degree of dependence 
3.36.  Mexico's trade is still highly concentrated inasmuch as 80% of its exports go to 
the United States. One remembers the famous plaint of President Porfioro Diaz: " Pobre México, tan 
lejos de Diós, tan cerca de los Estados unidos! " (Poor Mexico, so far from God and so near 
to the United States!). 
3.37.  It would appear, however, that the authorities have moved beyond this lament 
and embarked upon a decisive diversification strategy, which is one reason for their active 
participation in FTAs. Mexico has pursued its active policy of negotiating FTAs, with three being concluded during the review period. 
Conclusion 
3.38.  Mexico's trade policy is still firmly entrenched in a strategy to reinforce the competitiveness 
of its economy through closer integration into commercial trade channels. This takes the form of a decisive and coherent policy of unilateral op ening, the negotiation of bilateral and regional 
trade agreements and active and constructive participation in multilateral efforts. 
3.39.  Pascal Lamy often describes the trade restriction measures taken since the onset of the 
crisis by using the metaphor of cholesterol, which is deposited in the arteries. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 10 - 
  3.40.  In my country, the best remedy against chol esterol is a good glass of wine from Bordeaux 
every day. I am therefore tempted to term Mexico 's trade policy as the glass of Bordeaux needed 
to lower the cholesterol deposited in the arteries of global trade. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 11 - 
  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS 
PAKISTAN 4.1.  Before starting my substantive statement, I would like to quote a few lines from an article 
by Thomas Friedman, which appeared in the New York Times . He said: "In India, people ask you 
about China, and, in China, people ask you ab out India. Which country will become the more 
dominant economic power in the 21
st century? I now have the answer: Mexico. Mexico has 
signed 44 FTAs, more than any country in the world, which is more than twice as many as China 
and four times more than Brazil. Mexico has also greatly increased the number of engineers and 
skilled labourers graduating from its schools. Put all that together with massive cheap natural gas finds, and rising wage and transportation costs in China, and it is no surprise that Mexico now is taking manufacturing market share back from Asia and attracting more global investment than 
ever in autos, aerospace and household goods." 
4.2.  Among the various successes achieved by Me xico, four are noteworthy: first, it rebounded 
early from the 2008-2009 crisis despite being hit very hard; second, Mexico was able to leverage 
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), being the only developing country, at that 
time, to join a developed-country trading bloc; third, a successful policy blend of manufacturing exports based on the growth of the maquila in dustry, FDI inflows, and a rather high number 
of FTAs, as already pointed out; and fourth, it was one of the few countries to carry out, 
immediately on the heels of the crisis, a liberaliza tion programme in the shape of substantial tariff 
reductions in 2010. 
4.3.  Mexico suffered an economic contraction of 6.5% in 2009, which was mainly due 
to a slackening of demand in the United States, to which 80% of Mexico's exports are destined. 
But Mexico achieved positive growth rates in su bsequent years, on the back of improvements 
in productivity and a recovery of competitiven ess. The IMF World Economic Outlook of April 2013 
projects that in Mexico growth is expected to be close to potential, at 3.5% in both 2013 
and 2014, with domestic demand underpinned by  sustained business and consumer confidence 
and resilient exports. 
4.4.  In 2010, Mexico eliminated tariffs on 3,852 lines and reduced average tariffs for 
manufactured goods from 9.9% in 2007 to 4.6% in 2012. It also simplified its tariff structure by reducing the number of tariff levels from 88 to 28 and has adopted measures to simplify customs procedures and reduce import costs. However, tariff escalation remains biased. 
Tariffs on agricultural products are substantially higher at an average of 20.9%. A few tariff peaks 
also exist; and tariff levels range between 3% and 254%. 
4.5.  Mexico's exports are highly concentrated in one market. Imports are, however, more 
diversified. There are competition problems in some sectors. In services, the degree of financial 
intermediation is relatively low. The development banking delinquency index doubled to 4.4% in 2012. There are also persistent bottlenecks like limited credit availability for SMEs besides low 
tax collection. 
4.6.  A recent EIU advises Mexico to make progress on political and economic reforms, 
including labour market, security, tax, energy and education bills. President Nieto has said he will prioritize structural economic reforms and competitiveness and signed the Pact for Mexico, 
an agreement that lists 95 priority comm itments, along with the leaders of the 
country's three main political parties: PRI, PAN and PRD. 
4.7.  The OECD has stressed the need to promote greater competition in the products market 
and to persevere with market liberalization, both through multilateral channels and through 
preferential and free-trade agreements, as a way of making domestic industries more competitive. 
4.8.  There is a visibly low level of trade between Mexico and Pakistan, which is well below the 
potential. Both countries established a Joint Commission on Trade, Commerce and Investment 
in December 2004. Meetings of this Commission would help augment trade and economic ties between the two friendly countries. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 12 - 
  AUSTRALIA 
4.9.  Australia and Mexico enjoy a strong and growing bilateral relationship, underpinned by 
increasing two-way trade and investment, cooperative engagement in multilateral and regional forums (for example on climate change and small arms trade) and increasing people-to-people 
links. Importantly, we also have shared views on the importance of trade liberalization and the 
benefits it can deliver. Since its previous Trade Policy Review in 2008, Mexico has become Australia's largest trading partner in Latin America and our bilateral investment relationship has 
blossomed. Our links in the mining, energy an d services sectors are increasing, and there 
is significant scope for this to broaden into other areas. 
4.10.  Australia notes that Mexico has implemented several domestic and unilateral measures 
to further liberalize its economy and expedite trade and investment flows over the past few years. 
Mexico was one of only a few countries to make unilateral tariff reductions on a range 
of manufactured goods after the global financial crisis. Mexico has also introduced a single digital customs window to streamline customs procedures, taken measures to strengthen competition law 
and its enforcement and made some progress in improving productivity in the agricultural sector. 
4.11.  It is clear to Australia that, despite the challenges posed by the economic crisis, Mexico has 
maintained its commitment to trade liberalization and is continuing its efforts to open its economy 
and increase competitiveness. These efforts will benefit WTO Members, and are welcome. They will 
also inevitably improve Mexico's economy and pave the way for continued economic growth in the future. Australia welcomes the new Mexican Gove rnment's ambitious agenda to further improve 
competition, innovation and efficiency in important industry sectors (such as energy, 
telecommunications, labour and education) through far-reaching structural and regulatory reforms. 
4.12.  Australia encourages Mexico to continue to explore the potential for further trade-related 
measures which could sustain and accelerate economic growth. Such measures might include: 
further reducing tariffs on agricultural goods, fu rther reforming the agricultural sector in order 
to reduce the need for Government assistance schemes and lifting caps on foreign investment in certain sectors (e.g. telecommunications). Australia will be a close observer of the proposed 
reform process in Mexico, as no doubt othe r participants in this review will be. 
4.13.  Mexico has made notable progress in implementing its commitment to the global trade 
liberalization agenda since its previous trade policy review. Australia commends Mexico on its ongoing commitment to the WTO and the successful conclusion of the Doha Round. 
Australia also welcomes Mexico's efforts to promote freer global trade in other forums, 
including through its participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, and its decision to join the Pacific Alliance. Australia commends Mexico on its hosting of the G-20 
in 2012, including taking the initiative of convening a meeting of G-20 Trade Ministers. 
Australia has been working closely with Mexico in G-20 troika discussions. 
4.14.  Finally, Australia looks to Mexico to continue to play a leadership role in the Doha Round 
negotiations in the lead-up to the Ninth Ministerial Conference and beyond. Mexico, as a country 
which has prospered through trade liberalization and open trade rules, can draw on its experience in areas such as trade facilitation and agriculture to add real value to Members' negotiations in these areas. Australia knows Mexico is committed to doing what it can to ensure Members can 
achieve a successful outcome in Bali this year. Australia would like to work in close cooperation 
with Mexico as our work proceeds in the coming vital period leading up to Bali. 
4.15.  Australia wishes Mexico well in its Trade Policy Review and looks forward to the continuing 
growth in our bilateral relations. 
NORWAY 4.16.  The relationship between Mexico and Norway, both politically and economically, is excellent. 
We believe this relationship to hold even greater potential, to the benefit of both our countries. 
4.17.  We congratulate Mexico on turning its economic policy around quickly and effectively 
to ensure macroeconomic stability and trust in foreign markets, and on its quick recovery from WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 13 - 
  the global financial crisis. Foreign companies operating in Mexico benefit greatly from Mexico's 
openness towards trade and its free trade attitude. 
4.18.  Mexico's monetary policy has been solid over the past decade, ensuring macroeconomic 
stability. We observe, however, that financial se ctor regulations may in some cases be too strict, 
limiting the banks' ability and willingness to give loans both to households and businesses. 
We believe it will be important to secure financing for business start-ups, and especially so in a country with a large informal sector. 
4.19.  Norwegian companies have encountered some difficulties in interacting with the Mexican 
bureaucracy. Although Mexico is a very open economy, some issues arise once 
the company/product has entered the country. This is particularly the case in the energy sector, where companies offering global expertise encounter troubles manoeuvring through the different 
rules and regulations, and particularly in the interaction with the State-owned oil company, 
PEMEX. One of the main issues is reported extensive "red tape", where instructions are not sufficiently clear and new requirements seem to arise at every turn. It is furthermore not always 
clear which companies are permitted to participate in what activities related to the 
petroleum sector. 
4.20.  This has also been the case in other industries, where importers of Norwegian goods 
to Mexico are suddenly faced with new requirements that are not always clear. Customs clearance 
and other processes often require a legal expert to  be expedient. This bureaucratic "red tape" 
and lack of productivity might to a certain degree discourage Norwegian companies from expanding to Mexico, which is an otherwise very attractive market. 
4.21.  Norway warmly welcomes Mexico's constructive role in the WTO. Mexico has 
proven itself as a true friend of the system, and let me pass on through you, Chair, from the Norwegian Ambassador, our highest appr eciation for the work of the evergreen 
Mexican Ambassador Fernando de Mateo and his team in Geneva. 
4.22.  Mexico has huge potential for growth and development. We believe that, in order to fulfil 
its potential, Mexico should continue to strive for a more stable and long-term regulatory 
framework which subsequently will spark increased trade and investments. 
EUROPEAN UNION 4.23.  The previous review of Mexico was in 2008. During the period under review, the Mexican 
economy has successfully overcome the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Through the 
successful implementation of countercyclical fi scal and monetary policies, Mexico came out 
of recession in 2010 and has since then shown solid growth rates. 
4.24.  Let me recall that, back in 2008, the Chair's conclusions on the Mexico TPR stressed 
the necessity of further actions towards the removal of some barriers to trade and investment. 
Furthermore, Mexico was called on to undertake structural reforms to increase competition in the domestic market in areas such as energy, telecommunications and transport. 
4.25.  The Secretariat notes the progress made by Mexico in certain areas. Since its previous 
review, Mexico has launched a unilateral liberalization programme, lowering tariffs on a wide range of manufactured goods, that is going to be completed later this year. This is most noteworthy as Mexico is one of the few countries to have carried out substantial tariff reductions in the 
aftermath of the global financial crisis. 
4.26.  The EU welcomes the efforts undertaken to create a favourable investment climate; 
furthermore, the EU notes that these commitments  for a gradual and unilateral liberalization 
of its trade regime go hand-in-hand with Mexico's active participation, at a multilateral level, 
in the Doha Round negotiations. The EU shares Mexico's hope that WTO Members will eventually manage to break the current deadlock. We therefore appreciate the efforts made by Mexico in the 
context of trade facilitation negotiations. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 14 - 
  4.27.  Needless to say, Mexico is an important trading partner for the EU and we are pleased with 
the positive development of our bilateral relation ship. The EU-Mexico Agreement entered into force 
in 2000 and, since then, trade in goods between the parties increased to €47.2 billion in 2012. The EU is Mexico's second largest export destination and Mexico the 30
th largest source of imports 
into the EU. The EU is an important investor in Mexico with around €80 billion of EU FDI stocks 
in the country (35% of its total stock). Mexican FDI in Europe has also grown to more than €8 billion since the entry into force of th e FTA. The EU recognizes the importance of 
deepening further its bilateral relations with Mexi co and thinks that this could be done notably 
through an upgrade of the EU-Mexico Agreement. 
4.28.  The EU recognizes as well the central role played by Mexico in the Americas. 
Due to its increasing activism and strategic location, with ports on both the Atlantic and Pacific, 
Mexico is acting as a bridge between North and South America. During the period under review, 
Mexico has continued to expand its network of pr eferential trade agreements by signing new trade 
agreements, conducting 85% of its trade with preferential partners and becoming the 7
th largest 
investor in the United States. Its participation under the framework of the LAIA and its recent 
signature of the Pacific Alliance are also import ant. The EU welcomes the aim of this Alliance, 
oriented towards achieving concrete advances in political dialogue, cooperation and 
regional integration. 
4.29.  Despite all these positive developments, I would now like to address some trade policy 
measures which are also reflected in the questions the EU tabled in advance and that are perceived as a source of concern for EU operators. 
4.30.  The EU is particularly concerned by the restrictive policy applied by Mexico to FDI in certain 
sectors. Even though some reforms have been undertaken, certain activities are still reserved for the State, for Mexican nationals or subject to some form of capital restriction. The EU considers 
that the opening up of these sectors, as well as the elimination of thresholds for capital 
participation, would benefit both Mexico and its economic partners. In this respect, the EU is looking forward to better understanding the precise scope of the "Pact for Mexico", 
which includes a number of proposals for far-reachi ng reforms to be carried out in key economic 
sectors such as energy and telecommunications. 
4.31.  The EU also recognizes the efforts made by Mexico to streamline customs procedures, 
in particular with reference to the project for th e single window. However, EU operators consider 
that there is room for manoeuvre for further simplification and improvement. 
Therefore, even though the EU understands that more time is necessary to complete the ongoing 
customs reform, I would like to encourage Mexico to pursue its efforts towards simplification 
of its customs procedures. 
4.32.  The EU has also presented a number of advanc e questions relating to the protection of IPRs 
and would like to receive more details on the changes introduced by the Industrial Property Law. 
Furthermore, let me add that, while the EU welcomes several positive recent and upcoming 
developments in this area, such as accession to the Madrid Protocol, the provision of ex-officio powers to the Attorney General to detect and detain IPR infringing goods and the planned introduction in 2012 of a customs trademark database for right-holders, the EU still has some 
concerns with respect to Mexican legislation on geographical indications (GIs). 
4.33.  Before concluding, I would also like to mention that the EU is convinced that Mexico's 
signature of both the ITA and the GPA would strengthen further its position in the multilateral 
trading system. 
CHINA 4.34.  China notes with pleasure that Mexico has overcome the global financial crisis through 
the implementation of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. It is particularly commendable 
that Mexico has launched a unilateral liberalization programme since 2008, making it one of the few countries to apply substantial tariff reductions in the aftermath of the financial crisis, and brought down its average tariff for manufactured goods from 9.9% in 2007 to 4.6% in 2012. 
In addition, Mexico has also taken a series of measures to streamline customs procedures 
and reduce import costs, including full operation of a single window for foreign trade operations. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 15 - 
  Such actions resulted in a 28.6% increase in its exports between 2007 and 2011, making Mexico 
a leading exporter in Latin America. 
4.35.  We commend Mexico on its firm commitment to the multilateral trading system, as well 
as to the successful conclusion of the Doha Round. I would also like to take this opportunity 
to express our sincere appreciation for the hard work undertaken by the Mexican Mission, 
led by Ambassador de Mateo. The pivotal role Ambassador de Mateo has played in service negotiations is widely recognized here in Geneva. We enjoy very much our close 
cooperation and will continue to make joint efforts to achieve credible deliverables at the 
upcoming Ninth Ministerial Conference. 
4.36.  We note that Mexico is one of the countries in Latin America with the largest number 
of trade agreements. According to the Secretariat report, as of September 2012, it had 12 FTAs 
and eight partial scope agreements. Mexico is also an active participant in the TPP 
and Trade in Services Agreement negotiations. While recognizing each Member's right to negotiate FTAs, we hope that Mexico continues to prioritize multilateralism in its trade policies. 
4.37.  It is noted that Mexico reduced the use of  anti-dumping measures during the review period. 
However, it should be pointed out that two thirds of its anti-dumping initiations were targeted at Chinese products. We will continue to consult with Mexico, bilaterally and multilaterally, to make 
sure that Mexico applies its trade remedy measures in a manner that conforms to WTO rules. 
4.38.  Furthermore, as the Secretariat report stated, there is scope for Mexico to reduce 
the incidence of non-tariff border measures , particularly SPS measures, and to enhance 
competition in sectors like hydrocarbons, electricity and telecommunications. We encourage 
Mexico to conduct relevant adjustments in order to  make its policies more open and transparent. 
4.39.  On the bilateral side, China and Mexico are important trading partners for each other, 
with Mexico being China's second largest trading partner in Latin America and China being 
Mexico's second trading partner globally. During the review period, we continue to witness sound 
performance of our bilateral trade despite the impa ct of global recession. Our statistics show that 
bilateral trade amounted to US$36.7 billion in 2012,  with an increase of 10% over the previous 
year. On investment, China's direct investment in Mexico was only about US$83 million in 2012, 
accounting for 0.1% of our total outbound investment. We will continue to work with our Mexican colleagues to realize the potential in this area. 
CANADA 
4.40.  The NAFTA came into force almost 20 years ago and Canada and Mexico are now among 
each other's most important trading partners. This shows the impressive advantages of eliminating barriers to trade. 
4.41.  More generally, we enjoy excellent bilatera l relations with Mexico, underpinned by dynamic 
and expanding commercial ties, and there are common threads in our foreign and domestic agendas. We both have an overarching focu s on economic growth, jobs and prosperity, 
and we both believe in increased competitiveness at home and an economic-oriented foreign 
agenda that promotes greater commercial engagement with the world through expanded trade links. 
4.42.  Canada and Mexico, along with our other NA FTA partner, the United States, understand that 
trade and investment are the engines of growth for the global economy, and that our secure 
supply chains, efficient borders and more integrated regulatory frameworks solidify our ability t o  c o m p e t e  i n  a  m o r e  g l o b a l i z e d  w o r l d .  W e  l o o k  f o r w a r d  t o  c o n t i n u i n g  t o  e x p a n d  o u r  s t r o n g  
relationship with Mexico and reinforce our collective integration in the Asia Pacific region through 
the pursuit of an ambitious TPP agreement. 
4.43.  Mexico's solid management of its macroeconomic policy and financial sector protected 
it from the worst of the financial crisis. With low public debt, large foreign reserves (up 15% 
in 2012 to US$164 billion) and a flexible credit line with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Mexico continues to enjoy sound macroeconomic fundamentals. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 16 - 
  4.44.  Since its previous Trade Policy Review, Mexico has maintained its commitment to trade 
liberalization. The Government has committed to bolster economic competition and to end monopolistic practices through more competitiveness in all sectors of the Mexican economy, while resisting protectionist measures. For example, Mexico has made progress in recent years 
in upgrading its financial regulatory and supervisory framework to bring it into line with 
international standards and best practices. Also, progress has been made in expanding access to financial services. We comme nd Mexico on these efforts. 
4.45.  We also applaud Mexico for its ongoing efforts to undertake substantive reforms 
in its telecommunications and energy sectors to allow for greater participation by foreign companies. Canada understands that Mexico intends to further build upon previous reforms and we encourage it to do so in a timely manner. President Peña Nieto has noted that Mexico 
welcomes new technologies, partnerships and investments and wishes to cultivate a closer 
relationship in these areas. We endorse these important steps to allow Mexico's economy to flourish in partnership with others and look forward to further opportunities for collaboration 
in the energy and other sectors. 
4.46.  As we continue to strengthen our trade relationship, and as we rapidly increase our levels 
of trade, it is important to note that there are relatively few trade irritants between Canada 
and Mexico. In recognition of this overall positive trading relationship, it is our hope that current 
trade irritants – including a long-standing request to normalize Canada's beef access to Mexico based on World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standards – can be resolved in a timely manner, and we are confident that this will be  the case as Mexico demonstrates a strong 
commitment to its bilateral and multilateral obligations. 
4.47.  We commend Mexico's firm commitment to the multilateral trading system and the active 
and constructive role it continues to play at the WTO in trying to define a path forward, 
including on trade facilitation and the Trade in Services Agreement. While Mexico has relatively low 
tariffs on information and communication technology products, we note that it is not currently a participant in the WTO ITA. We therefore encourage Mexico to join this Agreement as we believe 
the continued liberalization of tariffs on information technology products globally can contribute 
to further strengthen the development of this sector. 
4.48.  As we move forward and engage new partners to promote free and more open trade, 
we are confident that, together, Canada and Mexico can continue to maximize 
our NAFTA partnership for our mutual competitiveness, both regionally and globally. 
SINGAPORE 4.49.  Singapore and Mexico share strong econom ic ties. Total bilateral trade between Singapore 
and Mexico in 2012 amounted to US$2.87 billion, making Mexico our fourth largest trading partner 
in Latin America and 30
th largest trading partner worldwide. Two-way investments are also 
at a healthy level. In 2011, Singapore's stock of investment in Mexico amounted to US$915 million 
while FDI from Mexico was US$228 million. In Mexico, Singaporean companies, both large 
and small, are participating in sectors such as electronics and precision engineering, tourism, 
logistics, info-communications and infrastructure. Mexican companies in turn use Singapore to serve the regional Asian market. We believe this trend is one which will continue for 
mutual benefit. 
4.50.  Our relationship is further augmented by  our partnership through APEC, and our bilateral 
Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. In October last year, we welcomed Mexico into 
the TPP negotiations, which aim to further deepen economic integration and trade liberalization 
in the Asia-Pacific region. Mexico's participation in the TPP will certainly reinforce our common vision to spur greater trade and investment growth. 
4.51.  We highly commend Mexico's steadfast commitment to trade liberalization and the 
multilateral trading system. As pointed out by th e discussant this morning, aside from undertaking 
an ambitious unilateral tariff reduction which brought the average tariff for industrial products down from 10.4% to 4.3%, Mexico also simplified its tariff structure and customs procedures, 
including through the creation of a single window for trade. The role of the Federal Competition 
Commission was also strengthened. Mexico's solid trac k record in the period under review is all the WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 17 - 
  more praiseworthy given the backdrop of the 2008 global financial crisis, its adverse impact 
on Mexico's economy, and the growing protecti onist pressures around the world. The sound 
policies pursued by Mexico have resulted in a quick rebound of its economy, which has registered steady growth since 2010. Mexico's experience is proof that more openness to trade, coupled with 
sound macroeconomic policies, is the key to improving competitiveness, integrating into global 
production chains and spurring economic growth. 
4.52.  Amidst an increasingly complex global economy, it is important for Mexico to remain 
outward-looking, and to continue pursuing policies that facilitate trade. In this context, we hope 
that Mexico will consider reviewing its tax regime to make it clearer, more transparent, and more 
predictable for foreign companies. This will help them avoid multiple tax penalties when they fail to comply due to a lack of understanding of the regime. Like others who have spoken this 
morning, we hope that Mexico can also consider participating in the ITA, which will further deepen 
Mexico's integration into global production chains and bring benefits to its consumers. We also encourage Mexico to further diversify its trade, and look to South-East Asia as another source 
of growth. 
4.53.  I would like, in closing, to acknowledge the very active and constructive role played 
by Ambassador Fernando de Mateo and his team in Geneva in our collective work. We share 
Mexico's emphasis on the importance of conc luding the DDA, and of improving the WTO's 
disciplines to ensure the credibility and effectiveness of the multilateral trading system. We look forward to Mexico's continued contributions in the months ahead en route to the Ninth Ministerial Conference. 
COLOMBIA 
4.54.  The words pronounced by President Enrique Peña Nieto in his first address to the nation 
on 1 December last reflect well what happened du ring this period and the future challenges: 
"After successive financial crises that have affected the country, Mexicans have learned hard 
lessons and know how to impose order. It now depends on us to take advantage of this platform to accelerate growth and achieve the most impo rtant economic goal: to improve the household 
economy of Mexicans". 
4.55.  The Secretariat report indicates how, during the review period, Mexico managed to emerge 
satisfactorily from the global financial crisis and return to the path of growth, underpinned by a series of countercyclical fiscal and monetary po licies, and by the recovery of domestic demand, 
private investment and the positive performance of its exports. 
4.56.  These measures enabled growth rates of 5. 5% and 3.9% to be achieved in 2010 and 2011, 
respectively, after a drop of almost 6% in 2009 , with projected growth of 4% for this year. 
These figures have been accompanied by controll ed inflation, around 4%, and an unemployment 
rate around the same figure. Per capita GDP has also recovered and is some US$10,000. 
4.57.  Despite the pressures experienced during the financial crisis, it is worthy of note that Mexico 
decided to lower its applied tariffs, accompanied by a series of reforms to streamline its customs 
procedures and by active participation in trade liberalization processes. Even in times of crisis, Mexico's trade policy still encourages the country to participate more in global trade. 
4.58.  New structural reforms have been implemented in order to make companies more 
competitive, raise productivity and reinforce ec onomic growth; and these are the main economic 
c h a l l e n g e s  t o  b e  f a c e d  b y  M e x i c o  o v e r  t h e  n e x t  f e w  y e a r s .  L a b o u r  r e f o r m  a n d  c h a n g e s  in the hydrocarbons sectors are two important el ements. Other possible fields of action include 
more open investment opportunities, especially in the telecommunications and transport sectors. 
4.59.  The Secretariat report shows that during the review period Mexico's foreign trade slowed 
down. Between 2007 and 2011, exports rose by 28.6% and imports by 24.4%, compared 
to 55.8% and 51.8%, respectively, between 2002 and 2006. Nevertheless, the decline in 2009, 
when exports and imports fell by 21% and 24%, has to be taken into account. Total trade in goods still accounts for some 60% of Mexico's GDP and manufactures remain an important component of exports, with over 70% of the total. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 18 - 
  4.60.  The report shows that, despite Mexico's impressive trade agenda, most of its exports still 
go to a single trading partner, even though some progress has been made in diversification. Efforts such as those made within the Pacific Alliance framework will undoubtedly help in making further progress although the United States still takes 80% of Mexico's exports and provides 
some 50% of its imports. 
4.61.  According to the Secretariat report, the unilateral tariff reduction programme implemented 
by Mexico since 2009 has brought about a reduction in the average tariff from 11.2% in 2007 
to 6.2%. We note that the reduction has b een particularly marked for manufactures, 
whose average tariff fell from 9.9% to 4.6%, whereas the average for agricultural products only fell from 23% to 20.9%. The streamlining of the tariff structure also stands out, bringing tariff levels down from 88 to 28, although tariff peaks remain. 
4.62.  As an appropriate complement to these efforts, we welcome the adjustments Mexico made 
to its customs procedures from 2008 onwards. In addition to eliminating various import 
requirements, simplifying formalities for obtaining certificates of origin and increasing customs 
security, we note the introduction of a sing le digital window in 2012, which undoubtedly 
constitutes a very important trade facilitation tool. 
4.63.  I should like to conclude by citi ng some words pronounced by the former 
President Felipe Calderón in April 2012: "What I consider to be the path to future growth 
for Latin America and other countries is precisely trade and investment. In such difficult times as these in the world today, what is needed is mu ch more trade, not less, so the great temptation 
of turning to protectionism must be eschewed as it  is the major threat to trade and, in my view, 
to growth." This has certainly been the path followed by Mexico during the review period 
and it provides a clear lesson: it is a path that yields positive results. 
UNITED STATES 
4.64.  As a neighbour and important FTA partner, Mexico's trade regime continues to be of deep 
interest to the United States. Last November when President Obama met with President Peña Nieto, our leaders discussed how to deepen our cooperation across a range 
of issues, including our economic and trading relationship. The foundation of that long-standing 
trading relationship has been the NAFTA. Since the United States, Mexico, and Canada began to implement the Agreement in 1994, our trade wi th our NAFTA partners has soared. Since the 
entry into force of the NAFTA, United States g oods exports to Mexico have more than tripled 
and United States goods imports from Mexi co have grown by more than six times, 
from US$39.9 billion in 1993, to US$277.7 billion in 2012. Two-way trade between the United States and Mexico totalled US$494 billion in 2012. Mexico is currently our third largest 
trading partner, and our second largest market for goods. Today, according to the Secretariat 
report, 80% of all Mexican exports go to the United States, and 49% of Mexican imports come from the United States. 
4.65.  We are pleased to note that since Mexico's previous Trade Policy Review in 2008, 
the United States and Mexico have not only worked together to advance the multilateral trading system, but we have worked closely to address a number of noteworthy bilateral trade issues. The latest scheduled NAFTA tariff reductions were implemented in 2008. Since then, we have 
continued work with Mexico to reduce administrative and other transaction costs in order 
to boost competitiveness. 
4.66.  For example, in 2010, the United States and Mexico launched the 21
st Century Border 
Initiative, an effort designed to promote economic competitiveness and enhance security through 
the secure, efficient, rapid, and la wful movement of goods and people. 
4.67.  As Mexico mentioned in its report, in May 2010, the United States and Mexico created 
the High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Council. The initiative is designed to increase regulatory 
transparency; provide early warning of regulations with potential bilateral effects; strengthen the analytical basis of regulations; and help make regulations more compatible. 
4.68.  In May 2011, the United States and Mexico signed a mutual recognition agreement for 
conformity assessment of telecommunications equi pment. The agreement provides for recognized WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 19 - 
  United States testing laboratories to test equipment for compliance with Mexican technical 
requirements, and vice-versa. 
4.69.  And most recently, in October 2012, Mexico and Canada joined the negotiations for the TPP. 
The TPP is an opportunity to bring two of our la rgest trading partners into a new, high-standard 
agreement for the 21st century, and it represents the next step in the evolution of our trading 
relationship with our North American partners. 
4.70.  Despite these positive achievements, there are some areas in which we would encourage 
the Government of Mexico to make further improv ements. We hope this Trade Policy Review will 
help draw Mexico's attention to those areas where we believe additional reforms would enhance its competitiveness. 
4.71.  First, we commend Mexico on its policy of unilateral liberalization efforts, which sets 
a helpful example within the Latin American regi on, particularly given the state of the global 
economy. We would also note that Mexico is currently ranked among the top 10 traders of ITA goods. In light of this, we would urge Mexico to take the steps necessary to join the WTO ITA. 
Given Mexico's extensive participation in FTAs and generally open trade regime, joining the ITA 
would be a natural step and would further demonstrate Mexico's commitment to strengthening the WTO multilateral trading system. 
4.72.  The Secretariat's report notes the highly concentrated nature of certain telecommunications 
subsectors. The dominant carrier holds 72% of the fixed line telephony market, and one company controls 68% of the free-to-air television market. In  light of our concerns on this issue, we would 
be interested in an update from Mexico on its recent efforts to liberalize the telecommunications 
sector. We take note of Mexico's comments on this issue this morning, and we look forward to 
learning more about potential reforms in this area. 
4.73.  Also of concern is our view that, given the shared border between the United States 
and Mexico, it remains important that Mexican customs officials have the authority to seize 
counterfeit trademark and pirated copyright goods, on their own authority, without the need for a 
right holder complaint. We urge Mexico to amend its customs law to enable Mexican Customs to 
seize shipments where they have reason to believe or  suspect that a good is counterfeit or pirated. 
4.74.  While Mexico has already undertaken efforts to simplify customs procedures and reduce 
import costs, we take note of the Secretariat' s statement that that there is scope to reduce 
the incidence of non-tariff border measures. In our view, one such area is Mexico's continued use 
of reference prices for used cars. We also have concerns about the use of such prices on certain 
types of yarn and apparel products. As it is uncle ar how such prices are determined and applied, 
we would appreciate clarification from Mexico. 
4.75.  Finally, as the Secretariat highlighted, Mexi co has already included chapters on government 
procurement in ten of its FTAs. Given that Mexico has already opened its procurement market to a large number of GPA Parties, we encourag e Mexico to become an observer at the WTO 
Committee on Government Procurement. 
4.76.  In conclusion, I would like to praise Mexico's strong leadership role in many regional 
and multilateral fora, including in the WTO. We commend Mexico for its commitment to open markets and to a trade policy that focuses on creating a favourable investment climate and trading 
regime. We look forward to continued work with Mexico, and other WTO Members, to support 
and strengthen the multilateral trading system. 
CHILE 
4.77.  The close historical ties between Chile and Mexico commenced virtually at the time the two 
countries became independent. The first contacts between the two nations were at consular level in 1825, when José Antonio Reira was appointed Chile's Consul in Mexico. A few years later, 
the Mexican Government appointed Pedro Vermendia as Consul in Valparaiso. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 20 - 
  4.78.  The first treaty between the two countries was signed in 1831, called 
the Trade and Friendship Treaty, Article 1 of which declares that the friendship between Chile and Mexico is perpetual. Although this agreem ent has subsequently been replaced by various 
others, Article 1 still remains in effect. 
4.79.  In almost 200 years, a solid foundation of agreements in all spheres has been built, 
underlining shared views. This has been demonstrated by frequent visits by Heads of State, the Free Trade Treaty in force since 1999, the adoption of a Strategic Association Agreement 
in 2006, and of course the recent creation of the Pacific Alliance together with Peru and Colombia. 
4.80.  Mexican culture has had a profound influenc e in Chile in all spheres and, as the treaty 
states, it is perpetual. To take one example, one of my first disappointments as a child was to find 
out that the famous Mexican rancheras were not Chilean, but Mexican. The bilateral FTA signed 
in the late 1990s created a free trade zone which,  in 2011, allowed approximately 99% of Chilean 
exports to enter duty free. 
4.81.  Since 2003, annual average growth in trade has been 14%, making Mexico Chile's seventh 
most important trading partner in the world in 2012. From 2010 onwards, however, following the 
financial crisis, the trade balance has shown a deficit for Chile. 
4.82.  As far as investment is concerned, Mexico has become a foreign investor in Chile, 
investing mainly in communications and trade. 
4.83.  Despite the global economic crisis, Mexico has pursued its economic growth in a relatively 
stable macroeconomic situation with a fiscal deficit and a current account under control, as well as low levels of inflation and unemployment. 
4.84.  We share with Mexico several multilateral and plurilateral initiatives in the Asia-Pacific 
region, in addition to participating actively in APEC. A few months ago, Mexico joined the TPP negotiations. 
4.85.  At the WTO, we share the same position  on virtually everythi ng: trade facilitation, 
deeper liberalization of goods and services, and the commitment against protectionism. In the margins of the WTO as well, we have the same interest in a services agreement that should 
help to liberalize services at the multilateral level. 
4.86.  Not everything is satisfactory, however. Th ere are aspects that could be improved and some 
of these have already been mentioned this morning. The first concerns the rules on competition. This is an area in which Mexico should make progress. We hope that the plans announced 
by the new Government will become a reality, particularly in relation to telecommunications 
and, of course, measures in the energy sector. 
4.87.  Secondly, despite Mexico's numerous FTAs, the concentration of exports on a single country 
is excessive (around 80%), running the risk of becoming closely associated with the ups 
and downs of the Latin American economy. 
4.88.  Likewise, increasing labour productivity and making the economy more competitive are 
issues that should receive particular attention. 
4.89.  Lastly, the large number of agreements and the products excluded from tariff reductions 
in some FTAs are not consistent with the pro-trade policies Mexico proclaims. 
4.90.  Mexico's commitment to free trade as the way to economic growth and development 
of peoples is beyond doubt. Likewise, its commi tment to the multilateral system and to the WTO 
in particular has been amply demonstrated, one example being its current candidature to guide this Organization's future for the next few years. 
4.91.  In conclusion, I should like to recall the words of the great Mexican statesman 
Benito Juárez, who once said: " Los hombres no son nada, los principios lo son todo" (Men 
are nothing, principles are everything). This exercise has shown that Mexico has certainly 
embraced the principles of multilateralism and free trade. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 21 - 
  NEW ZEALAND 
4.92.  Mexico is one of New Zealand's most important trading partners in Latin America, 
and as such New Zealand takes a close interest in its trade policy and reform agenda. 
4.93.  We welcome Mexico's active role in WTO processes and its support of a strong multilateral 
trading system. We encourage Mexico to continue its work towards further progress on and an 
eventual successful conclusion of the Doha Round negotiations. 
4.94.  New Zealand congratulates Mexico on the steps taken to open its economy since 
its previous trade review in 2008 and on successfully overcoming the global financial crisis 
of 2008-2009 whilst continuing a programme of unilaterally removing or reducing a range of tariffs. 
4.95.  New Zealand also welcomes Mexico as a partner in the TPP negotiations. We share Mexico's 
commitment to concluding a high quality TPP in 2013. The TPP provides a valuable building block 
for future multilateral and regional trade liberalization. We will be following with interest Mexico's proposed reforms to sectors such as energy and telecommunications, with increased opportunities 
for foreign investment and participation. 
4.96.  We appreciate the responses Mexico has provided to New Zealand's advance questions, 
and would like to offer the following observations. 
 Mexico's previous steps to reduce a range of tariffs unilaterally are to be commended, 
but we would observe that further unilateral removal of tariffs would contribute to enhanced competitiveness in Mexico's economy. We also note that some tariffs on sensitive products remain high. For example, while previously 200%, the tariffs on some agricultural goods 
remain at high levels of 75%. We would be interested in any planned steps to remove 
or reduce further these tariffs. 
 It will come as no surprise that New Zealand appreciates Mexico's objective of turning 
agriculture into a growth sector that will co ntribute to the wider economy and raise incomes 
in the rural sector. However, we note that actual agricultural support now stands at over US$6 billion, and that the agricultural Producer Support Estimates (PSE) as a 
percentage of farm income indicate that the New PROGAN programme (of direct payments 
to producers) has resulted in a 60% increase in previous payments. We would be interested in further information from Mexico on its plans to manage this increase in support. 
 We welcome the increased transparency in Mexico's government procurement processes 
and steps to facilitate increased participation by micro, small, and medium enterprises 
in procurement processes. New Zealand look s forward to working with Mexico's new 
Institute for Entrepreneurs on the promotion of interests of SMEs under a recently signed 
bilateral arrangement. 
 Like others, we commend Mexico's steps to date to modernize its customs procedures, 
and we welcome the leadership role Mexico has played in the ongoing trade facilitation 
negotiations. We note the reforms made to the Ports Laws in June 2012 to enhance 
the productivity and competitiveness of Mexican ports, and we would welcome comment on how Mexico will assess the improvement,  implementation of quality procedures 
and service provision as a result of these reforms, in particular to ensure standardization 
in procedures and improved coordination in transport services at ports. 
 We note the US$200.2 million granted to CONAPESCA to be used, inter alia , for the 
modernization of smaller inshore fishing boats and the modernization or replacement of the 
main fishing fleet. We would welcome further detail as to what steps Mexico is taking 
to ensure that aid for the modernization or replacement of its fishing vessels does not contribute to over-capacity in its fleet. We would also be interested in further information 
on specific measures Mexico is taking to ensure compliance with Illegal, Unreported 
and Unregulated fishing measures (both domestic and international) so that such products do not enter the international fish trade, and will be submitting follow up questions. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 22 - 
  4.97.  We commend the contribution Mexico has ma de to the multilateral trading system to date 
and its ambitions for increased economic growth . Although ongoing reform and opening of the 
market will inevitably require short-term adjustment s, the longer term return is that Mexico will 
be an even more competitive global trade and investment partner. 
4.98.  New Zealand thanks Mexico for its engagement and looks forward to further discussion 
of the issues we have raised du ring the course of this review. 
CHINESE TAIPEI 
4.99.  Since its previous review in 2008, despite having had to face the effects of the worst 
financial crisis in recent decades, Mexico's GDP grew in the years 2010 to 2012 at an average annual rate of more than 4%, and is forecast to grow by another 4% in 2013. Inflation has remained under control, with the CPI increasing by just 4.8% in the 12 months 
to September 2012. The major driving forces behind Mexico's positive economic performance are 
said to be the surge in exports and the recovery in the level of private consumption. Also, while there was some deterioration from 2007 to 2011, Mexico's Government has still managed 
to stabilize its finances and return to  the path of fiscal consolidation. 
4.100.  In terms of its trade policy regime, it is important to recognize that trade and investment 
play a really crucial role in Mexico's economy. It is seeking to expand its trading opportunities 
through the negotiation of trade agreements. We co mmend Mexico on its efforts over the past few 
years to unilaterally lower tariffs on a wide range of manufactured goods, and to promote investment, simplify customs procedures, reduce import costs and facilitate trade. We are also pleased to see that its trade policy is formulated in compliance with international commitments, 
including those associated with the WTO. 
4.101.  A few aspects of Mexico's trade practices, however, do remain a source of some concern 
for us. For example, import permits continue to be  required for certain products and anti-dumping 
measures are still in use, although the incidence ha s diminished in recent years. Some of Mexico's 
non-tariff border measures, especially SPS me asures, are somewhat complex and the level 
of competition in sectors such as hydrocarbons, electricity and telecommunications could 
be enhanced, as noted in the Secretariat's repo rt. We look forward to seeing further progress 
on these aspects in due course. 
4.102.  It is also interesting to note that Mexico has included a chapter on government 
procurement in its FTAs with several countries, which together make up the majority of the 
members of the WTO GPA. We would really like to see Mexico become a party to the Agreement 
in the not-too-distant future. 
4.103.  In the context of the WTO here in Geneva, we enjoy a particularly close 
working relationship with the Permanent Mission of Mexico, under the leadership 
of Ambassador Fernando de Mateo. We are both members of the Friends of the System (FoS) and the Friends of Anti-Dumping Negotiations (FANs) groups, and we are both strong supporters of all 
the efforts to bring the negotiations to an early and balanced conclusion. 
4.104.  Bilaterally, I am pleased to say that th e volume of two-way trade between us has been 
increasing steadily since 2009, and in fact Mexico is our second largest trading partner in Central and South America, after Brazil. Ho wever investment in Mexico stands at only 
US$462 million. Most of our investments are in the IT sector. We believe that if Mexico joins 
the ITA it might help our investors to increase their investment in Mexico. In this regard, we encourage Mexico to join the ITA. 
JAPAN 
4.105.  To start off, let me commend Mexico on adopting the alternative timelines for distribution 
and receipt of documents, and for providing us with their written answers in advance. 
4.106.  I would like to begin with Mexico's macroeconomic environment and policies. 
According to the report by the Secretariat, th e Mexican economy has successfully overcome the 
global financial crisis of 2008-2009, and has shown solid growth rates, through the implementation WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 23 - 
  of appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. Mexico is also a medium-income country, with GDP 
per capita of just over US$10,000. However, inco me distribution is skewed, and poverty reduction 
remains a challenge. Japan hopes Mexico will also be successful in its endeavour to address redistribution of income for the poorest segment of the population. 
4.107.  Now let me move to trade and trade-related policies. 
4.108.  First, the WTO. Mexico has contributed to maintaining and strengthening the multilateral 
trading system represented by the WTO including its anti-protectionist position, as well as further 
liberalization efforts in the Doha Round. At a critical juncture for the Ninth Ministerial Conference 
in Bali towards the end of the year, Japan appreciates Mexico's continued efforts and contributions. In addition, Japan hopes that Mexico will participate in the ITA, which is an important initiative within WTO. By participating in the ITA, Mexico will bring itself to a higher level of trade 
liberalization on an MFN basis that is free from the burdensome requirement to obtain a certificate 
of origin in the case of FTAs, and, thereby, can deliver a strong message to the IT-related business 
community that Mexico is a priority destination for future IT investment to be further integrated 
into the global value chain of IT industry. 
4.109.  Second, FTAs. The report by the Secretariat mentioned that Mexico has FTAs 
with 44 countries. More than 80% of its trade is with the countries with which it has a trade 
agreement. Mexico is also conducting negotiations  on new FTAs through joining in the negotiations 
on the TPP and also the Pacific Alliance. Japan appreciates those endeavours reflecting Mexico's positive attitude to trade liberalization. It is  expected that FTAs between Mexico and other 
countries will operate so that they will complement the multilateral trading system. 
4.110.  Third, tariff reduction. On the one hand, according to the report by the Secretariat, 
Mexico has launched a unilateral liberalization programme, to be implemented between 2009 and 2013, lowering tariffs. As a result of this  programme, approximately 58% of Mexico's tariff 
lines became duty-free by January 2012. Also, th e average MFN tariff is about 6%, as of 2012, 
reduced from about 11% in 2007. Japan commends these tariff reductions as a policy to promote Mexico's trade. 
4.111.  On the other hand, we have concerns regarding some fair and efficient implementation 
of regulations, including customs operations in imposing tariffs despite various efforts at reform. Mexico apparently has changed its applied tariffs  from time to time and often without advance 
notice. Examples of such changes include tariffs on steel and iron products. Those changes could 
give a negative impression to the business community and could undermine the predictability 
and confidence of the system of the Mexican Government. It appears that the problems lie in implementation of the rules. Japan reques ts Mexico to address the problems quickly 
by enhancing administrative capacities before they become more serious. 
COSTA RICA 4.112.  Costa Rica is taking part with great intere st in this review of the trade policies of Mexico, 
with which we have important historical, cultural and commercial ties. The first bilateral free trade 
treaty signed by Costa Rica was in fact with Mexico, and it came into force on 1 January 1995. A process of convergence, which concluded in November 2011, allowed the free trade treaties already existing between Central American countries and Mexico to be transformed into a single 
treaty to regulate trade relations among our countries. In Costa Rica's case, the domestic 
legislative approval procedure for this new agreement has been concluded and we hope it will enter into force very soon. 
4.113.  At the multilateral level, my delegation would also like to acknowledge the role played 
by Mexico at the WTO and its support fo r the multilateral trading system, as well 
as its commitment to a successful conclusion of the Doha Round. Costa Rica shares Mexico's 
interest in achieving results on trade facilitati on, strengthening the WTO' s rules, review of the 
dispute settlement understanding, and joint work on services. 
4.114.  I should like to highlight some aspects in the Secretariat and Government reports that 
have caught our attention. Mexico has enjoye d stable economic growth above the average 
for OECD countries thanks to the countercyclical action and the monetary and financial policies it WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 24 - 
  has implemented, managing to overcome the economic crisis and emerge from the recession 
from 2010 onwards. 
4.115.  At the trade level, Mexico has pursued its unilateral liberalization programme, lowering 
or lifting tariffs on manufactures, introducing trade facilitation measures to streamline customs 
procedures and reduce export costs; it has also eliminated some export requirements and created 
a single window for foreign trade. 
4.116.  We note, nonetheless, the over-riding impo rtance of oil revenue in government finance, 
on the one hand, and on the other the strong concentration of Mexican exports on a single market, 
the United States, which takes just over 80% of Mexico's exports. This contrasts with the large 
number of trade agreements signed by Mexico. We should therefore like to know more about the 
measures adopted, or which Mexico proposes to ad opt, to reinforce its export platform and achieve 
greater diversification of its export markets and products; to make its production sector more 
competitive and to become better integrated into value chains; which was pinpointed as one of Mexico's trade policy objectives in the Governme nt report for this review. We have taken note 
of Under-Secretary Rosenzweig's opening remarks in this respect. 
4.117.  For this trade policy review, Costa Rica submitted several questions to Mexico concerning 
some elements of its macroeconomic and trade po licy. We should like to thank Mexico for the 
replies given before this meeting, which have been forwarded to our capital. We would, however, 
like additional clarification concerning our question 5 on the base compensation for contract farming given by the State when there are adve rse conditions. In particular, the difference 
between this risk management policy and what would be a producer price support programme 
is not clear to us so we should appreciate it if Mexico could expand on this information. 
KOREA 4.118.  First of all, we are pleased to note that  the bilateral economic relationship between Korea 
and Mexico has seen a substantial increase. Since we went beyond the US$10 billion milestone 
in 2010, we are encouraged by the fact that our bilateral trade has continued to grow to US$11.6 billion in 2012. As of 2012, Korea stands as Mexico's fourth largest importing country 
and 15
th largest exporting destination, while Mexico is positioned as Korea's 14th largest exporting 
country. On the investment front, Korean in vestment in Mexico reached US$1.5 billion 
and Mexico's investment in Korea amounts to US$4.8 million. What is encouraging is the reality of the growing trends in each other's investments as both Korean and Mexican firms move forward 
to forge strategic economic ties. Thus, we are confident that this strong and vibrant economic 
partnership will continue to deepen in the years to come. 
4.119.  As the Secretariat's report notes, we would like to highlight Mexico's success 
in overcoming the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Mexico has achieved this through the 
implementation of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. In addition, since Mexico came out of the recession in 2010, it has shown solid gr owth rates of 5.6% in 2010, 3.9% in 2011, 
and, again, 4.2% in the first three quarters of 2012. Acknowledging the gravity of lingering 
economic challenges both regionally and globally, we cannot but commend Mexico's efforts and performance in this regard. 
4.120.  It is against this backdrop that we would like to underline that Mexico has adopted several 
effective trade polices during the period under review in order to enhance its competitiveness. 
To name a few, Mexico streamlined custom procedures under the Trade Facilitation Decree of 2008 and the Custom Modernization Programme 2007-2012, and established a single window for foreign 
trade operations. Importantly, in 2009 Mexico redu ced its tariff rates to the extent that 58.3% 
of Mexico's tariff lines became duty free. Me xico has also reduced the use of anti-dumping 
measures during the period under review. While appreciating the positive developments, we also 
find it noteworthy that Mexico continues to be an active user of anti-dumping measures. 
By June 2012, Mexico had 38 anti-dumping measures in force. 
4.121.  Turning to the area of regional trade ag reements, Mexico continued to expand its network 
of preferential trade agreements during the period under review. As of September 2012, 
Mexico had 12 FTAs, including NAFTA and agreements with the EU and EFTA. Also, 
since October 2012, Mexico has been formally involved in the TPP negotiations. As the Secretariat WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 25 - 
  indicated, it is noteworthy that most of Mexico's  trade, more specifically 81.3% of its total trade 
in 2011, is with countries with which it has a pref erential trade agreement. Considering all of this, 
we hope that our two countries will take forward the stalled FTA negotiations in due course, thereby further strengthening our close economic and trade ties. 
4.122.  We would like to take this opportunity to mention that Mexico has actively participated 
in the DDA negotiations as well as the refining of the WTO's disciplines to ensure the overall effectiveness and usefulness of the multilateral trading system. As the Secretariat pointed out, 
Mexico has submitted a number of proposals individually or jointly with other WTO Members. 
We welcome Mexico's efforts as well as its achievements as a responsible and competent partner of the international trading system. 
ARGENTINA 
4.123.  I should like to congratulate Mexico on the occasion of the fifth review of its trade policy 
at a time when the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Argentina and Mexico, Héctor Timerman and José Antonio Meade Kuribreña, are holding a working meeting in Mexico City D.F., to define 
the bilateral programme of work for this year within the framework of the Strategic Association 
Agreement in effect between the two countries. 
4.124.  First of all, I should like to congratulate Mexico on having successfully overcome 
the 2008-2009 global financial crisis by implementi ng countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies, 
like Argentina, and providing support for the recovery in domestic demand, leading to high rates of growth since then. 
4.125.  In 2009, Mexico introduced a unilateral liberalization programme, thanks to which 
almost 60% of its tariff lines have been duty free since January 2012 and the average MFN tariff 
fell to 6.2% compared to 11.2% in 2007. 
4.126.  Mexico has also managed to lower trade barriers in the agricultural sector through a series 
of reforms, reducing the amount of transfers to producers and making those still existing 
less distortive. 
4.127.  We ask ourselves, however, why the unilateral liberalization programme only applies 
to manufactures. Whereas the average tariff on manufactures fell to 4.6% in 2012, the average 
tariff on agricultural products was almost 21%. The highest tariffs apply to agricultural products. Mexico also applies quotas to 62 tariff lines, all in the agricultural sector, and the only tariff line for which Mexico exceeds the bound tariff also applies to agriculture, according to the WTO definition. 
4.128.  We also see that Mexico still has several incentive programmes for agriculture 
and fisheries. Market-price support and output-based payments still account for over half the support given to producers, which increased by  26.6% over the period 2006-2011. It should 
be recalled in this connection that agriculture only accounts for 3.6% of Mexico's GDP. We wonder 
why Mexico does not provide a larger percentage of support under the green box, in other words, the least distortive support. As the Secretariat report mentions, more reform is still needed in the 
agricultural sector in order to achieve greater productivity. 
4.129.  Bilateral trade between Argentina and Mexico tripled over the past decade and is now 
over US$3 billion. 
4.130.  There is nevertheless enormous potential to be exploited. While Mexico is the fifth largest 
exporter to Argentina, our country is the 24
th exporter to Mexico. In addition, Argentina currently 
has a deficit in bilateral trade. Although Argentina is Mexico's eighth most important trading partner, its exports only represent 0.3% of Mexico's total imports. This is within a context in 
which Mexico's trade shows marked geographical concentration. 
4.131.  Despite the foregoing, 90% of bilateral trade is composed of manufactures, underlining the 
high level of export-oriented industrial development in both countries. The main products traded 
are automobiles and spare parts, aluminium, tubing, mobile telephones and medicines. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 26 - 
  4.132.  Cross-border investment is also highly dynamic. Argentine companies established 
in Mexico account for one quarter of FDI by South American countries. They are also visibly present in the Mexican metalworking and food industries. Mexico is also a large investor in Argentina in sectors such as beverages, telecommunications, maintenance, food, construction, 
hotels, household electrical appliances, and the automobile sector. 
4.133.  Mexico is one of the founding Members of the WTO and a leading participant in the 
multilateral trading system and this Organizati on. Since 1986, Mexico and Argentina have been 
members of the Cairns Group and together we support a fair and market-oriented system for 
agricultural trade in which agricultural good s receive the same treatment as other goods, 
including the dismantling of distortive subsidies, lower tariffs and the lifting of non-tariff barriers. 
4.134.  Mexico and Argentina have worked together on many issues in this Organization, 
including joint proposals and documents for the negotiations on intellectual property 
and geographical indications, fisheries subsid ies, dispute settlement, trade facilitation, 
trade in services, NAMA and agriculture, just to mention a few. 
4.135.  We will continue working together with  Mexico on these and other issues in favour 
of an open, transparent, rules-based and development-oriented multilateral system and wish it success in this new review of its trade policy. 
THAILAND 
4.136.  Mexico is Thailand's second trading partner in Latin America and our trade value has 
increased for the past three years. In 2012, Thailand's total trade with Mexico was approximately US$2.32 billion, increasing by 23.3% since 2011. The statistics show that both imports 
and exports between the two countries have grown more than 20% each year, and we hope that 
our promising trade relationship will maintain this upward trend. 
4.137.  Thailand commends Mexico on its strong commitment to the multilateral trading system, 
particularly the universal liberalization programme, with impressive tariff reductions even after the 
time of crisis, and simplification of customs procedures, which helps facilitate and reduce costs in commerce. The record of decreasing use of  anti-dumping measures is also recognized. 
Thailand appreciates not only all of these positive directions in Mexico's trade policy, but also 
Mexico's active role in the WTO in the Doha negotiations and as a constructive and contributing user of this rules-based system. 
4.138.  We would also like to congratulate Mexi co on its strongly overcoming the 2008-2009 global 
financial crisis; however, the Secretariat report indicates several challenges the Mexican economy 
is still facing, such as the high unemployment ra te, labour productivity, and income distribution. 
Thailand would like to support Mexico's efforts to overcome all of these challenges and wish 
the Mexican Government all the best in its endeavour. 
4.139.  Thailand also appreciates Mexico's use of the "alternative timeline" which shows Mexico's 
willingness and readiness to be reviewed and to answer Members' questions one week in advance 
of the meeting. 
INDIA 4.140.  We congratulate Mexico on its positive performance during the period under review 
and on successfully overcoming the global financial crisis which led to a substantial contraction 
in its GDP in 2009. Through a prudent mix of fiscal and monetary policies, Mexico was able 
to emerge from the recession in 2010 and post  encouraging growth rates of 5.6% in 2010, 
3.9% in 2011, and 4.2% in the first three quarters of 2012. Growth in domestic demand 
and a recovery in exports were important contributors to this positive turnaround. 
4.141.  Though an upper middle income country  with a per capita GDP of over US$10,000, 
Mexico continues to face its set of challenges with nearly half its population living in poverty 
and huge income inequalities. Increasing labo ur productivity, improving overall economic 
competitiveness and ensuring sustained growth remain a challenge. Levels of competition remain low in hydrocarbons and telecommunications, calling for greater openness in these sectors. In this WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 27 - 
  context, we have taken note of the proposed reforms in the telecom sector outlined 
by Under-Secretary Rosenzweig. We have also no ted the steps proposed to enhance productivity 
and investment in the energy sector in view of  concerns over the potential reduction in oil 
revenues, which could impact Mexico's long-term fiscal sustainability. We wish Mexico success 
in overcoming the various challenges facing its economy and in achieving its desired objectives 
of growth and development. 
4.142.  With total merchandise trade of over US$700 billion representing more than 60% 
of its GDP, Mexico is among the top trading nations of the world. However, its trade remains 
heavily concentrated in manufactured products. The United States remains its main trading partner, accounting for 80% of Mexico's exports, making Mexico particularly sensitive to developments in the United States econ omy, and emphasizing the need for greater 
diversification. Mexico is pursuing this objective through a strategy of optimizing its existing 
network of preferential trade agreements an d negotiating new agreements. We hope that 
multilateralism will continue to receive priority at the same time. In the WTO, Mexico has been 
an active participant working towards an early conclusion of the DDA. 
4.143.   On the bilateral front, trade and commercial ties between India and Mexico have 
witnessed steady growth during the period under review. From US$1.8 billion in 2007-2008, 
bilateral trade doubled to US$3.95 billion in 2011-2012. While India is a major importer of crude 
oil and petroleum products from Mexico, we export transport equipment, drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, machinery, ready-made garments and man-made yarn and fabrics to Mexico. Many leading Indian companies in the IT and pharmaceuticals sectors have 
operations in Mexico. Joint ventures have also been set up by Indian companies in engineering, 
auto parts, tyres, packaging and electrical equipm ent. India looks forward to working with Mexico 
to exploit the full potential of our trade and economic relationship. 
4.144.  The Indian delegation has posed several ques tions to Mexico and is thankful for the replies 
received. I would briefly mention a few specific concerns here: 
 While Mexico's tariffs on manufactured products have been cut substantially, lowering the 
average MFN tariff to 6.2% in 2012, a few tariff peaks remain with tariff levels ranging 
between 3% and 254%. Besides tariffs, imports are subject to a customs processing fee, 
a storage fee, value added tax and tax on production and services. Concessions built into FTAs further increase the complexity of the tariff regime. Many products of export 
interest to India like man-made fabrics, ready-made garments, carpets, precious metal 
jewellery, footwear and leather products attract high import duties ranging between 15%-30%, lowering their competitiveness. We encourage Mexico to continue its 
policy of tariff liberalization. 
 Furthermore, while Mexico has taken several steps to simplify customs procedures, 
exporters still face stringent documentation and clearance procedures, and inspection 
and testing requirements for certain products. We hope that Mexico will continue 
streamlining its customs procedures. 
 Exports of Indian pharmaceuticals to Mexico are affected by the categorization of India 
as a tier 3 supplier, which attracts substantially higher rates of duty than tier 1 products 
manufactured locally and tier 2 manufactured in countries with which Mexico has FTAs. 
Lowering import duties for tier 3 products would help in enhancing mutually beneficial trade in pharmaceuticals. 
 Moreover, Mexico's insistence on local bio-equivalence studies restricts exports of Indian 
pharmaceuticals. We encourage Mexico to review its policy in this regard. 
 Finally, Mexico continues to be an active user of anti-dumping measures 
with 15 anti-dumping investigations initiated during the period under review 
and five definitive measures implemented. Recently, it has imposed a countervailing duty of 64.9% on imports of sodium dicloxacillin an d 72.9% on amoxicillin trihydrate from India. 
India has expressed serious concern on the manner of investigation, which has impacted the 
trade interests of India. We urge Mexico to take corrective steps to withdraw these 
measures. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  HONG KONG, CHINA 
4.145.  Mexico is one of Hong Kong, China's valu ed trading partners and is our second largest 
in Latin America. We are very pleased with our cordial bilateral trade relations. Bilateral merchandise trade has been growing at  an average annual rate  of 6.2% since 2008 
and the outlook is positive, with good potential for further development. 
4.146.  We commend Mexico on being a firm advocate of open markets and its resistance 
to protectionist pressures. Despite suffering significantly in 2009 due to the global financial crisis, 
followed by a sharp recovery, Mexico has set an ex cellent example by substantially reducing tariffs 
further to facilitate trade. 
4.147.  On Mexico's trade policies, while the Foreign Investment Law of Mexico allows up to 100% 
foreign shareholding of Mexican companies and fixed assets, there are certain restrictions, 
including activities that are the preserve of th e State such as those in petroleum, electricity 
and telegraphy, and activities reserved for Mexican nationals or companies such as those in land transport, gasoline retail trade and broadcasting. Mexico ranks as the eighth most restrictive of 
the 55 countries considered in the OECD Foreign Direct Investment Restrictiveness Index (2012). 
We thus see room for Mexico to review its regu latory regime to enhance its attractiveness for 
foreign investment. 
4.148.  Since the previous review, Mexico has adopted various measures to simplify customs 
procedures and reduce import costs. Notably, a single window became fully operational in September 2012. We fully appreciate Mexico's efforts in this regard. 
4.149.  Nonetheless, imports of goods into Mexico are still subject to a customs processing fee 
(DTA), a storage fee, the value added tax (VAT) and a tax on production and services (IEPS). 
Exports are also generally subject to a DTA, exce pt when goods are exported under certain trade 
agreements. Some products are subject to export taxes, while others require registration. 
We consider that there is scope to reduce the incidence of non-tariff documentation requirements 
and fees. We encourage Mexico to continue streamlining its import and export requirements and processes. 
4.150.  On agriculture, we are pleased to note that Mexico has lowered its trade barriers 
successfully. Between 1993 and 2011, the quantity  of transfers to producers was halved, 
and existing transfers reorganized to reduce distortion. 
4.151.  However, we consider there still are areas that call for greater efforts in reducing trade 
distortion. Mexico has increased input-related payments for electricity and price hedging contracts, 
and extended the Direct Support to Farmers Programme without properly defining its objectives. In addition, the average MFN tariff for agricultural products was 20.9% in 2012. We hope that 
Mexico will further liberalize its agricultural sector. 
4.152.  We commend Mexico on introducing a numbe r of regulatory changes in certain services 
sectors to liberalize the provision of services and to protect consumers. We note, however, 
that some key services sectors such as telecommunications remain highly concentrated. We thank 
Mexico for its detailed reply to our written question on its latest policy programme to overhaul the telecommunications sector. We think the establis hment of an independent authority to tackle 
anti-competitive behaviour by dominant operators and relaxation of foreign investment 
participation in the sector is the right way to go to foster competition, boost investment in the 
sector and reduce the relevant service costs. We hope the reform will bear fruit and be deepened 
in due course. 
4.153.  We appreciate that Mexico has bound all its tariff lines and maintained ad valorem  rates 
for 99.3% of its tariff headings. Moreover, following a unilateral tariff reduction programme, the simple average of Mexico's applied MFN tariff fell from 11.2% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2012. We are 
also pleased to note that over half of Mexico's tariff headings are now duty-free. However, 
the average applied tariffs for clothing and fish and fish products remain high (21.6% and 16.8% 
respectively in 2012). We would encourage Mexico fu rther to reduce the tariffs on these products. 
We also note that the last stage in the tariff reduction process, which should have been completed 
by January 2013, has been postponed by one year. We hope Mexico will not further delay its tariff WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 29 - 
  reductions, and continue with further liberalizing tr ade. We would also join others in observing that 
it would be in Mexico's interest to join the ITA II, in view of its strength and interest in the area. 
4.154.  We are glad to note from the Secretariat report that during the review period Mexico made 
less use of anti-dumping measures. Notably, Mexico initiated and applied much fewer 
anti-dumping investigations and measures as compared to those taken between 2002 and 2006. 
We are also glad that the anti-dumping duty against denim of 85% cotton or more from Hong Kong, China was finally removed, after being in place for almost two decades. 
PERU 
4.155.  Our delegation welcomes the fact that Mexico, with an open economy and integrated into 
global value chains, even though it was greatly affected by the international financial crisis in 2008, has managed to recover thanks to its countercyclical policies and the structural reforms to 
improve competitiveness. It has also recently adopted important measures to deal with vulnerable 
areas such as the 80% concentration of its ex ports in one single market. It is therefore 
implementing a decisive diversification strategy based on the conclusion of numerous FTAs. 
We congratulate Mexico on the unilateral tariff reductions, the introduction of trade 
facilitation measures such as the single window, its labour reform and the efforts to make it more competitive. 
4.156.  Peru and Mexico have long-standing historical ties, as heirs to some of the oldest 
civilizations in the Americas. Bilateral economic relations are extremely important so my delegation is particularly interested in this review. Bilateral relations have been enriched by growing trade, increased Mexican investment in Peru, tourism, academic, technological 
and cultural exchanges. 
4.157.  We have many elements in common with Mexico as medium-income countries 
and Members of the WTO; we agree on the n eed to keep markets open, the commitment to 
the WTO's multilateral trading system, and a successful conclusion to the Doha Round. We also 
belong to organizations such as APEC, the Pa cific Alliance Framework Agreement, and we 
participate in the TPP negotiations. 
4.158.  Bilateral trade relations have been stronger since the conclusion of the bilateral 
Trade Integration Agreement, which came into force in February 2012, to replace the Economic Complementarity Agreement (ECA No. 8), signed within the LAIA framework in 1987. The new Trade Integration Agreement is ve ry broad and includes disciplines on market 
access, rules of origin, recognition of appellations of origin, safeguards, unfair trade practices, 
technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, mutual recognition of professional qualifications, investment, services, institutional matters and dispute settlement. 
4.159.  Mexico is one of our leading trading partners in the Latin American region and bilateral 
trade is on the increase. Between 2007 and 201 2, trade between our two countries doubled, 
from US$1,026 million in 2007 to US$2,089 million in 2010. Peru's exports increased 
to US$415 million in 2012 and imports were around US$1,674. 
4.160.  Mexican investment in Peru amounted to US$14 billion, making it the second most 
important market in Latin America for Mexico, according to the records of the Mexican Embassy in Peru. 
4.161.  We expect that the level of trade and investment will increase, particularly exports 
from Peru, given that the trade balance currently shows a surplus for Mexico. 
TURKEY 
4.162.  The Secretariat report underlines that the Mexican economy was severely affected by the 
recession in the United States, its main trading partner, and by the consequent reduction in remittances from abroad. The financial crisis also hit Mexico, even though its banks were highly 
capitalized and displayed no signs of systemic risk. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 30 - 
  4.163.  By implementing timely fiscal and moneta ry policies, Mexico has successfully overcome 
the 2009 global financial crisis. Since then, it has posted solid growth rates, driven by stronger 
demand domestically and a recovery of demand in the United States. Real GDP expanded by 5.3% in 2010, and this was followed by 3.9% growth the following year. As a result, the output lost 
during the global crisis was recovered, and the Government was even able to embark upon a fiscal 
consolidation process 
4.164.  Obviously, the 2009 financial crisis has also had parallel repercussions on the trade side 
of the economy. Indeed, in 2009, Mexican exports suffered their worst decline in 60 years, 
falling 21% from US$291 billion to US$230 billion, while imports dropped 24%. 
4.165.  In parallel with its macroeconomic recovery, we are happy to observe that both Mexican 
exports and imports started to rise considerably  during 2010 and 2011, exports increasing by 30% 
and 17% and imports by 28% and 16%, respectively. 
4.166.  On the trade policy measures front, we appreciate the fact that, since its previous review 
in 2008, Mexico has launched a unilateral liberalization programme, to be implemented 
between 2009 and 2013, lowering tariffs on a wide range of manufactured goods. 
4.167.  The Secretariat report emphasizes that this is most noteworthy as Mexico was one of the 
few countries to carry out substantial tariff reductions in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, 
which hit the Mexican economy relatively hard. 
4.168.  Additionally, in 2010, Mexico eliminated 3,852 lines and drastically simplified its tariff 
structure by reducing the number of tariff levels from 88 to 28. Mexico has also adopted measures to simplify customs procedures and reduce import costs, including the elimination of certain import 
requirements in 2008 and the creation of a single window for trade, which became fully operational 
in September 2012. 
4.169.  On the other hand, the Secretariat report mentions that, despite these efforts, 
there is scope to reduce the incidence of non-tariff border measures, particularly sanitary 
and phytosanitary measures. In the area of customs valuation, Mexico eliminated "estimated prices" for glass, iron, toys and textiles, but maintained those on used cars. It also continues 
to require import permits for certain products, including oil products, used tyres, and used cars. 
4.170.  Coming to our bilateral trade relations, since the previous TPR, I would like to mention that 
total trade volume between Turkey and Me xico increased from US$534 million in 2008 
to US$1,073 billion in 2012, largely in favour of Mexico. 
4.171.  In 2012, we exported US$206 million of goods to Mexico and in return we imported 
US$867 million of goods, recording a trade defici t of around US$661 million. In both countries' 
exports, industrial products such as machinery, vehicles, chemical products, textiles, engines, iron 
and steel products predominate. 
4.172.  Unfortunately, we believe that the curre nt level of US$1 billion trade volume neither 
reflects excellent political relations nor provides sufficient leverage for deeper cooperation between 
the two countries. 
4.173.  We believe that we have strong potentia l for further cooperation, not only in bilateral 
goods and services trade but also in bilateral investment and services sectors, including energy, telecommunications, finance, tourism, transportation, science and technology. 
BRAZIL  
4.174.  Brazil and Mexico are the two largest markets in Latin America. And the two countries 
maintain very positive political and economic relations. We are both large democracies that are 
faced with similar challenges, in particular those of fighting poverty and inequality, of extending 
the benefits of development across all segments and layers of our societies. 
4.175.  Mexico has also played a major role in the regional integration process, particularly in 
the LAIA and, more recently, in the Communi ty of Latin American and Caribbean States. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  4.176.  Both Mexico and Brazil value the systematic importance of a multilateral rules-based 
trading system and wish to increase its effectiveness. We also share common interests in pursuing DDA negotiations. Together with Brazil, Mexico is  a member of the G-20 that advocates the need 
to continue the reform process in agriculture. 
4.177.  Benefiting from sound macroeconomic policies, Mexico is one of the countries that has 
emerged stronger from the global economic cris is. Its economy is growing rapidly, above 4% 
a year, and all relevant economic indicators, from inflation to public debt, have been kept 
under control. As far as trade policy is co ncerned, Mexico has never deviated from 
its outward-looking orientation. 
4.178.  Also noteworthy are the reforms implemented under the new Administration in competition 
policy and in the energy sectors, which will help install dynamism into the economy. We also 
commend the new Administration for its willingness to carry on a reform agenda and improve 
competitiveness through the "Pacto para México" programme. 
4.179.  Bilateral trade has never ceased to increase over the past few years. It multiplied by 244% 
in the past decade. In 2012, it amounted to US$10 billion, increasing 11% over the previous year. 
4.180.  Mexico is currently Brazil's tenth largest trading partner. Brazil is the eighth most 
important market for Mexican exports and, together with Canada and China, has ranked among 
the top three destinations in which Mexican trade grew the most under the review period. 
4.181.  Brazil values highly the quality of its bi lateral trade with Mexico; 82% of Brazilian exports 
and 92% of Mexican exports are manufactured goods. This is a sign of the relatively high level of integration in the supply chains across both countries. 
4.182.  Mexico is an important source of foreign direct investment into Brazil, 
largely in telecommunications, construction, food processing, entertainment and hospitality industries. Mexican companies invested over US$5 billion in Brazil last year alone. Brazil is the 
main destination for Mexican foreign investment in Latin America. The stock of Mexican FDI 
in Brazil amounts to US$26 billion at present. 
4.183.  Brazil is committed to further strengthening economic integration and ties with Mexico. 
The recently signed bilateral visa agreement will further boost investment and trade in services 
in our markets, particularly in the tourism industry, as Brazil will host the World Cup, next year, and the Olympic Games in 2016. 
4.184.  Turning now briefly to Mexico's trade-related policies and measures, my first remark 
is that, despite Mexico's outward-looking orientation, its foreign trade remains geographically 
concentrated. About 80% of its exports are sent to the United States market. Canada comes next with just 3% of total exports. 
4.185.  Being a large food exporter, Brazil is concerned over the high tariffs applied by Mexico 
to agricultural products (20.9% on average). This is a level much higher than that for 
manufactured products, which average 4.6% only. 
4.186.  Brazil's exports to Mexico continue to face market access barriers resulting from undue 
SPS measures, especially regarding the non-impl ementation of the regionalization principle 
enshrined in Article 6 of the SPS Agreement. We hope we can find common ground on this issue promptly. 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
4.187.  Mexico is an important trading partner for the Dominican Republic. The flow of FDI 
from Mexico into the Dominican Republic reached a figure of US$1,615 million over the 
period 2007-2012, going to various sectors of the national economy, mainly transport, tourism, 
trade, telecommunications, real estate and free zones. Mexico's investment amounted to some 11.2% of total investment in the Dominican Republic during this period, and trade 
between the two countries amounted to US$1 billio n last year, with more than 80% of imports  
coming from Mexico. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 32 - 
  4.188.  The previous review of Mexico's trade policy was in 2008 at the start of the deep global 
financial crisis that caused a sharp contraction in demand from developed countries. Some 80% of Mexico's exports go to the North American ma rket, the area where the crisis began, and total 
exports fell by 21% in 2009, with a negative impact on the Mexican economy's growth; 
from an annual average rate of +4.2% for the two years preceding the crisis, it fell to an annual 
average of -2.4% for the period 2008-2009. From 2010 onwards, however, Mexico's economy responded strongly to the slow recovery in the North American economy and, underpinned 
by countercyclical monetary and fiscal policies. it  enjoyed robust average growth of 4.4% annually 
over the past three years. International organizations have forecast that growth will slow down slightly this year, to 3.5%, as a result of the financial problems which continue to affect demand by the European and United States economies. 
4.189.  Productivity has declined in all Mexico's production factors, however, falling by 0.7% last 
year, thereby preventing the achievement of high er figures for the economy's growth. With the 
entry of the new Government, however, the po litical establishment, by signing the Pact, 
has embarked upon a package of structural reforms with the aim of achieving a noticeable 
improvement in the performance of this indicator and accelerating investment, employment and growth. The sectors which have been affected by these reforms are labour, making the labour 
market more flexible, education, improving its management, telecommunications, giving it a legal 
tool to boost competition, and the protection ( amparo ) law, which weakened supervisory bodies. 
4.190.  The new measures have led to increased flows of investment to the economy with the 
creation of new jobs, bringing the unemployment rate down from 5.3% in December 2012 to 4.8% 
in February last. In addition, monetary policy has managed to keep prices stable with rates 
of around 4% in recent years and, together with the Government's social programmes, this has enabled poverty levels to be reduced, even though they are still high and concern 46.2% 
of the population. 
4.191.  Fiscal policy and the hydrocarbons sector n eed to be reformed in order to increase fiscal 
pressure, making the economy less dependent on oil revenue, which accounts for one third of all 
income, and to raise social spending and public investment. Mexico's fiscal pressure, excluding oil 
revenue, has hovered around 11%, one of the lowest figures in Latin America. Moreover, 
the petroleum sector needs to invest more and reverse its declining level of output. 
4.192.  As to the trade regime, we note with inte rest that Mexico is one of the Latin American 
countries with the largest number of trade agreements and the majority of its trade is with 
countries with which it has an FTA. During the re view period, several provisions were introduced 
to improve competitiveness and lower the cost of trade for companies. For this purpose, 
measures have been taken to streamline customs procedures and lower import costs in application 
of the 2008 Decree on trade facilitation and the Customs Modernization Plan for 2007-2012. In 2008, Mexico lifted certain import requirements and set up a single window for foreign 
trade operations. 
4.193.  In 2009 - the year of the crisis - Mexico also launched a unilateral liberalization 
programme that only covers manufactures and will end this year. Under this programme, 
in January 2012, 58.3% of Mexico's tariff lines were duty free and the average MFN tariff 
was 6.2%, compared to 11.2% in 2007. The average tariff on manufactures (WTO definition) fell 
from 9.9% in 2007 to 4.6% in 2012, and the tariff structure was streamlined by reducing the number of tariff levels from 88 to 28. With these tariff reductions, the gap between MFN rates 
and preferential rates was narrowed. Followi ng the implementation of these measures, 
foreign trade as a percentage of GDP rose by 10 percentage points, reaching a figure of 67%. The Secretariat report, however, indicates that the average tariff on agricultural products 
(WTO definition) only fell from 23% to 20.9%, and some tariff peaks persist, where the tariff level 
ranges from 3% to 254%. 
4.194.  We note with satisfaction that, as far as customs valuation is concerned, Mexico no longer 
applies "estimated prices" (reference prices), except in the case of used vehicles. Mexico also 
made less use of anti-dumping measures during the review period. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 33 - 
  4.195.  We see from the report that there are still a num ber of support programmes in the 
agricultural sector and how they operate is determ ined each year. Although the interventions that 
caused the most distortion have decreased, market-price support and output-based payments still account for over half of the support given to producers. Like the report, we urge the Mexican 
authorities to undertake the necessary reforms in the agricultural sector so as to 
boost productivity. 
4.196.  Mexico's services sector is fairly liberalized, but as the Secretariat report notes, 
this liberalization has not always been bound under the General Agreement on Trade in Services. 
Mexico's market access in practice is much more favourable than its commitments under the Agreement. We therefore urge Mexico to bind this liberalization at the WTO so as to provide 
investors in this sector with more legal security. It is also indicated that further efforts are needed 
to enhance competition, especially foreign participation, in key sectors such as telecommunications 
and air transport. As we have pointed out, the telecommunications sector has already been 
reformed in order to give better access to this market, whose major operator controls 80% of the 
market in fixed telephony and 70% of the mobile telephony market. 
ECUADOR 4.197.  We acknowledge the economic growth ac hieved by Mexico since the fourth review 
of its trade policy in 2008, despite the serious economic impact of the global economic 
and financial crisis of 2008-2009. This positive performance was the result of implementing countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies and the recovery in domestic demand and exports. As mentioned by the Secretariat in its report, over the period 2010-2011, Mexico achieved growth 
rates of around 5.6%. Since 2010, per capita income has also recovered and by the end of 2012 
had reached US$10,000. 
4.198.  Nevertheless, in spite of the aforementioned economic recovery, some economic effects 
of the crisis persist, for example, the unemployment rate, which was around 5% up until 2012, 
a rate much higher than the pre-crisis level. Like many other countries in the region, including Ecuador, Mexico continues to struggle against unequal income distribution and in favour 
of poverty reduction. We welcome the policies wh ich the new Mexican Government has introduced 
in order to deal with these important social goals. 
4.199.  With regard to its trade policy, Mexico lays emphasis on trade liberalization as a means 
of increasing its participation in global trade, particularly through preferential trade agreements 
and the multilateral trading system. In this connection, it considers the successful conclusion 
of the Doha Round and improvements to the existing multilateral disciplines to be essential for the system. Mexico is one of the Latin American countries that has signed the largest number 
of preferential trade agreements and within the region has negotiated 12 FTAs and eight partial 
scope agreements so far within the LAIA framework. 
4.200.  In relation to trade policies by measure, it can be seen that Mexico's measures are 
generally consistent with multilateral trade disciplines. As far as sanitary and phytosanitary 
measures are concerned, however, the granting of a certificate and consultation of the requirements needed for import vary from one product to another and from one measure 
to another. This could affect the export of products of interest to its trading partners to 
the Mexican market. 
4.201.  Furthermore, Ecuador has noted the policies to promote Mexico's export sectors through 
programmes providing financial support, tax incentives and training programmes, for example the 
"IMMEX Programme" and others. Their positive impact is obvious inasmuch as 66.2% of Mexico's 
exports and 47.2% of its imports received su pport under the IMMEX Programme during the 
period 2007-2011. Ecuador would be interested to learn more and to exchange information 
with Mexico on the operation of this and other programmes, particularly concerning the creation 
of value added in the increase in the exportable offer and in the generation of production chains under these programmes. 
4.202.  Ecuador and Mexico have long-standing trade relations, reinforced by our participation 
in the LAIA. Under this regional economic integrat ion process, there is a limited scope agreement, 
AAP.R No. 29, and under the 1980 Treaty of Montevideo Mexico and Ecuador reciprocally grant WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 34 - 
  each other a "regional tariff preference" applicable to the majority of tariff lines; there is also 
a preferential quota under AAP.R No. 4. In addition, a cooperation agreement and/or memorandum of understanding on phytosanitary matters has been signed by our sanitary authorities, together with a technical cooperation agreement with Mexico's Federal Competition 
Commission, and we have an agreement on reciprocal promotion and protection of investment. 
4.203.  Despite the trade agreements in effect and the agreements on cooperation and reciprocal 
protection of investment, bilateral trade relations continue to disadvantage Ecuador. For example, 
during the period 2008-2013, Ecuador's exports to Mexico amounted to around US$456 million, 
mostly agricultural products with no value a dded, whereas over the same period Mexico's 
exports to Ecuador amounted to around US $3,710 million, consisting of industrialized 
or semi-industrialized products. More recently, according to foreign trade information from 
the Central Bank of Ecuador, in the first mo nth of 2013, 4.1% of Ecuador's non-petroleum 
purchases abroad came from Mexico and Ecuador's trade balance deficit with Mexico was US$62 million. Over the same period, Ecuador only exported goods worth 
around US$9.1 million to Mexico but imported so me US$72 million of goods from Mexico. It is 
clear that since the previous trade policy review, there has been no marked change in the situation as Ecuador still has a very large and growing deficit in its trade balance with Mexico. 
4.204.  We reiterate our interest in expanding, diversifying and deepening still further our trade 
participation in Mexico's markets and we therefore call on Mexico to give positive consideration to launching trade negotiations on a "trade agreement for development" that recognizes the imbalances existing between our two countries. Such  an agreement should also clarify and define 
the trade aspects of issues such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures, conformity and trade 
defence. Regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures, we would be grateful if Mexico could reply to the question posed on this issue in our communication. 
INDONESIA 
4.205.  Indonesia lauds Mexico's success in overcoming the negative impacts of the financial crisis 
in 2009 by implementing countercyclical as well as sound fiscal and financial measures, and thus 
maintaining Mexico's position as the leading exporter and importer in Latin America. It is even 
more heartening to see how Mexico eluded the temptation towards protectionism during the recovery process. Indonesia also wishes to convey its high appreciation of Mexico's continuous support for the multilateral trading system, and urges Mexico to play a more significant 
role to build convergence among WTO Members to achieve positive outcomes at 
the Ninth Ministerial Conference in Bali. 
4.206.  Mexico has always been among Indonesia's most important trading partners 
in Latin America. Total trade growth between  the two countries in 2008-2012 expanded to 
almost 25%. Indonesia's exports to Mexico have grown at an average of 15% annually and Indonesia's imports from Mexico even further at 45.6% per year. 
4.207.  In light of the foregoing, Indonesia considers that the ease of trade flows between 
the two countries should be enhanced. There are still some policy adjustments expected from the Mexican Government in simplifying its import and customs policy in this matter, especially the requirement for importers to use customs brokers in releasing goods from the port of entry. 
Indonesia also has some concerns on the implementation of the rather excessive 
Norma Oficial Mexicana  standardization for the importation of food products from Indonesia, even 
though such products have met the international standards, as well as standards set up 
by Mexico's trading partners in NAFTA,  namely Canada and the United States. 
VENEZUELA 4.208.  For Venezuela, Mexico is a key actor, as it is for our region and at the global level. 
This is not only because of the growing importance of its economy and the potential it represents, 
but also because of the economic, political, trade and historical ties that unite us to this country. 
4.209.  Trade relations between our two countries are currently governed by the LAIA's regional 
tariff preference. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 35 - 
  4.210.  It is with considerable satisfaction that we can state that our bilateral relations have 
received renewed impetus since 2011, which has enabled us to boost trade relations between the two countries, fostering economic complementarity relations of considerable importance. 
4.211.  Since then, the possibility of moving  towards permanent economic complementarity 
and investment promotion and protection agreements has been evaluated. As part of this renewed 
constructive dialogue, progress has been made towards resolving certain pending issues and their prompt satisfactory settlement is of the utmost interest to both countries. 
4.212.  As an immediate step in support of this new favourable context, it  should be noted that 
after several years and since late 2011, daily flights between our two capitals have resumed. 
4.213.  Moreover, taking advantage of both count ries' strengths in energy, at the end of 2011 
it was agreed to set up an energy affairs committee as part of the permanent binational 
commission Mexico-Venezuela. 
4.214.  During the review period, trade relations between Mexico and Venezuela have been 
in Mexico's favour. Mexico's principal exports to Venezuela included mobile telephones, medicines, 
cosmetics, some household electrical appliances, casing pipe and automobiles, while it mainly 
imported fuels, raw aluminium, ferro-alloys  and mineral fertilizers from Venezuela. 
4.215.  As regards investment, to give one example, during the first half of 2012, 
Venezuelan firms invested US$4.9 million in Mexico , an increase of 39% in comparison with the 
same period the previous year. In 2011, Venezuela ranked 24
th among Mexico's trading partners 
at the global level. 
4.216.  Between 2001 and 2011, trade between  the two countries expanded by 69%, 
from US$1,201 million to US$2,035 million, corresp onding to an annual average increase of 5%. 
At the end of 2011, Mexico had a US$1,288 million surplus in trade with Venezuela. 
4.217.  We recognize that the review period was not necessarily an easy one for Mexico, just like 
many other Members of this Organization, as it had to confront the negative impact of the current 
global economic and financial crisis, endeavouring on the one hand to maintain the dynamism of its production structures and, on the other, complying with its trade commitments. 
4.218.  Lastly, we acknowledge the efforts made by this Member in relation to multilateral 
and regional trade, particularly in this forum,  where it remains an active and constructive 
participant at all levels and shows impressive leadership in almost all the topics under discussion a t  t h e  W T O .  W e  t h e r e f o r e  u r g e  M e x i c o  t o  c o n t i n u e  p l a y i n g  a n  a c t i v e  r o l e  i n  f a v o u r  o f  f a i r e r  
and more equitable trade that takes into account  the real needs of all developing and least 
developed countries. 
EL SALVADOR 
4.219.  We note that Mexico's trade policy has remained committed to the multilateral trading 
system since the previous review in 2008. A climate conducive to foreign investment has been created by liberalizing tariffs and implementing meas ures to facilitate trade. The business climate 
has been given a boost, with noticeable improvements in the protection of intellectual property 
rights, some of the most relevant being in areas such as registration systems, together with accession to treaties on international registrati on and enforcement, respectively, and increased 
technical assistance to third countries through a south-south cooperation programme 
on intellectual property. 
4.220.  Nonetheless, as indicated in the Secretariat report, Mexico has the opportunity to lessen 
the impact of non-tariff measures at the border, especially those aspects of sanitary 
and phytosanitary measures related to registration, information and enquiries regarding the 
requirements for the import and marketing of such products. These vary from one product 
to another and one measure to another, so on the occasion of this review we would ask Mexico 
to take advantage of this exercise and the re commendations made here to make improvements. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 36 - 
  4.221.  We also concur with the OECD's economic studies and recommendations on Mexico's 
economy concerning the need to boost competition in the market for goods and to pursue the process of liberalizing the market and the agricu ltural sector, for example, redirecting support 
towards investment in areas such as infrastructure and innovation, eschewing variable input 
subsidies (economic, environmental, social) and price-related measures so as to improve the 
sector's output and competitiveness. With rega rd to investment and the supply of services, 
consideration should be given to lowering the barriers to foreign participation in the 
telecommunications and transport sectors and reducing the restrictions on competition. 
4.222.  At the bilateral level, Mexico has continued to reinforce its network of trade agreements, 
which provide preferential access to markets that, as a whole, account for over three-quarters of the global gross domestic product, overcoming the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. With the 
new Government's entry into office, efforts to  strengthen trade relations between Mexico 
and El Salvador have redoubled, with a bilateral programme on cooperation, initiatives on the regional security strategy, migration, human rights, inter alia. Moreover, as Mexico is 
the third largest investor in El Salvador, with a total of US$820 million in 2012, 
a Mexico-El Salvador Chamber of Commerce (CAMEXSAL) has been created, with the main objective of strengthening economic relations, giving a new impetus to trade and investment 
between the two countries. In this connection, it is important to point out that bilateral trade 
between Mexico and El Salvador was over US$775 million last year. 
4.223.  The trade treaty we have in force with other Central American Members creates 
an extended economic and legal area which will help to facilitate trade, encourage regional 
integration and lower the cost of trade transactions. This treaty also harmonizes the rules 
applicable in areas such as trade in goods, investment, services, intellectual property and dispute settlement, incorporating tariff elimination commitments from the original treaties. Under this 
treaty, we may accede to the Committee on Regional Integration of Inputs so as to obtain supplies 
of raw materials for the textiles sector, retain the origin of products and export to Mexico under the treaty's preferences. The treaty also contains a new chapter on trade facilitation so as to 
streamline, simplify and computerize customs procedures. 
4.224.  For El Salvador, this treaty will provide greater benefits and build on those already 
existing, improving the present trade balances and exchanges in goods which Mexico exports to El Salvador such as iron and steel articles, medicines, television sets, paper and paperboard, 
hygiene and cosmetic products, inter alia.  
4.225.  At the multilateral level, we agree with Mexico that the Doha Development Round 
(and its successful conclusion) offers a way of diminishing barriers to trade, increasing 
opportunities for developing countries and strengthening the multilateral system. In this regard, 
Mexico demonstrated its commitment to a stronger multilateral trading system by offering to host the fifth WTO Ministerial Conference in 2003, the Conference of Ministers of Trade of the G-20 
in April 2012, and by presenting a candidate for the post of Director-General of this Organization, 
in addition to chairing important negotiations such as those on services. 
4.226.  Attention should also be drawn to Mexico's dynamic activities in this multilateral forum, 
notably the role it has played in the present negotiating round, promoting conciliatory positions 
that foster agreement in various areas of negotiation, as well as to its active participation 
and commitment to this Organization's regular work. 
4.227.  Lastly, I should like to conclude our statement by recalling here one historical event that 
reflects the union, friendly ties and empathy be tween our peoples and Governments (which date 
back to pre-Colombian times), when during  the building of democracy in my country 
the Mexican Republic was the site for the si gnature of our memorable peace agreements, 
in Castillo de Chapultepec, in January 1992. 
BENIN 4.228.   The delegation of Benin wishes to ex press its high esteem for the efforts made by 
the Mexican authorities to promote a healthy and vigorous economy, as well as conditions 
conducive to trade. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 37 - 
  4.229.  Despite the difficult global economic situ ation that has existed since the crisis in 2008, 
the Mexican authorities have managed to promote an effective policy to stabilize public finance and at the same time control inflation and achieve stable economic growth. 
4.230.  Concerning the performance achieved, we wish to highlight the Mexican Government's 
reforms in the banking system and the conclusion  of trade agreements whose effects have made 
a sizeable contribution to the GDP. 
4.231.  These reforms, combined with the increase in exports and the upturn in private 
consumption and investment, allowed the GDP to recover to 5.5% in 2010 and 3.9% in 2011, 
with 4% forecast for this year, according to estimates. 
4.232.  Despite the Mexican economy's resilience vis-à-vis  the effects of the global crisis, 
the authorities have also been far-sighted, launc hing and implementing a series of structural 
reforms during the review period that have enabled productivity to rise and so achieve higher rates 
of growth in aggregate demand without exerting  pressure on prices, strengthening internal 
sources of growth and boosting economic growth. 
4.233.  Among these reforms, the energy re form and the enactment of a reform of 
the Federal Labour Law in 2012 were particularly important. The latter's main aims were to promote the creation of more and better jobs while at the same time strengthening the 
mechanisms introduced to ensure effective compliance with labour rights. 
4.234.  Mexico was a Party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT) and is 
a founding Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and has always given proof of its commitment to the multilateral trading system, making an active contribution to 
the Organization's work and activities as a whole. 
MOROCCO 4.235.  Mexico's economy was affe cted by the financial crisis in 2009 (-6.1% of GDP), but in 2010 
it had clearly recovered (+5.5%). Growth was 3.9% in 2011, 3.5% in 2012 and is expected to be 
around 3.3% in 2013. 
4.236.  The basis of the economy is agriculture, which employs 13% of the labour force. In 2010, 
imports rose to US$21.6 billion and exports to US$18.3 billion. 
4.237.  In this respect, Morocco views positively the impressive role played by 
the Mexican Government in its economic recovery, notably its efforts in relation to structural reform policy, including budgetary reform with the aim of increasing the State's income and 
making tax collection more efficient. 
4.238.  Another notable aspect is the opening of key sectors of the economy to competition, 
especially telecommunications, and the creation of a universal social security scheme. 
4.239.  Morocco also welcomes the fact that in 2011 Mexico was the 14
th largest economy in the 
world, with 1.7% of the global gross domestic product. 
4.240.  Mexico is a member of the OECD and has signed FTAs with a number of major countries 
such as the United States and Canada (NAFTA), as well as with the European Union. 
4.241.  The second most important economic power in Latin America receives a large amount 
of FDI and has concluded several agreements on the reciprocal promotion and protection of investment. 
4.242.  Mexico has stable political institutions and a relatively independent Central Bank, as well 
as a prudent macroeconomic policy. 
4.243.  Morocco takes this opportunity to congratulate Mexico on the active role played in 
the Doha Round negotiations and its full commitment to their conclusion. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  4.244.  Mexico considers that the success of the Ro und will enable barriers to trade to be reduced, 
will give developing countries new opportunities and will strengthen the multilateral trading system. 
4.245.  Morocco also views positively the key role played by Mexico in the G-20, especially when 
it held the chair in 2012 and focused on food security, as well as increased agricultural production 
and productivity. 
4.246.  Mexico is a strong supporter of the mult ilateral trading system and the liberalization 
of trade within the WTO. 
4.247.  Commitment to the multilateral trading syst em remains the cornerstone of its trade policy 
so as to create an investment-friendly climate, particularly through the unilateral tariff liberalization process, trade facilitation and better protection of intellectual property rights. 
4.248.  Morocco congratulates the Government of Mexico on its achievements in recent years, 
and on its striking dynamism in the realm of multilateral trade. 
NIGERIA 
4.249.  Nigeria wishes to note at the outset that, based on the Secretariat report, the Mexican 
economy has successfully overcome the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, through the implementation of countercyclical fiscal and mo netary policies, supported both by a recovery 
in domestic demand and exports. We also note that, since its previous review in 2008, Mexico has 
launched a unilateral liberalization programme, to be implemented between 2009 and 2013, with the lowering of tariffs on a wide range of manufactured goods. In addition, Mexico has also 
adopted measures to simplify customs procedures and reduce import costs, in response to the 
concerns expressed during the previous review re garding the complexity of its customs' regime 
and the perception of customs that is beset by red tape and complex operations. In this regard, 
we note with commendation the advancement in Mexico's global competitiveness ranking, 
as it now ranks 53
rd in the 2012-2013 report, from 58th place in 2011 and 66th place in 2010. 
This positive trend in Mexico's competitiveness is remarkable, given the context of the global 
economic crisis and uncertainty, as is its active participation in the trade facilitation negotiations 
in particular. 
4.250.  Nigeria further notes that, during the period under review, there was no substantial 
change to Mexico's trade policy or its underlying legal framework, while the objective of Mexico's trade policy remains to strengthen and increase its participation in world trade through the 
multilateral trading system and preferential trad e agreements. As pointed out in the Secretariat 
report, Mexico is one of the countries in La tin America with the largest number of trade 
arrangements and continued to expand its networ k of preferential trade agreements by signing 
three additional trade agreements, although the bulk of Mexico's trade is conducted with FTA 
partner countries and mainly with the United States, a member of the NAFTA. We believe Mexico's pursuit of FTAs with other countries would not only provide economic benefits, but could also 
potentially reduce its economic dependence on the United States, while recognizing that 
the United States is, by far, Mexico's most significant trading partner. In this regard, we note that the large number of trade agreements involving Mexico has not yet been successful in significantly decreasing Mexico's dependence on trade with the United States, particularly as the reliance 
of Mexico on the United States as an export market makes the country more susceptible 
to economic conditions in the United States. We recall that the global financial crisis, which resulted in a downturn in the United States economy, resulted in the deepest recession 
in the Mexican economy, although the economy has since rebounded in the past three years. 
However, the slow progress in multilateral trade negotiations may also contribute to the increasing interest throughout the world in bilateral and regional FTAs, which is not peculiar to Mexico alone. 
4.251.  Again, we note from the Secretariat report that Mexico maintains several incentive 
programmes for agriculture and fisheries, although the rules for the operation of the various programmes are determined annually. We encourage further reforms in order to achieve greater productivity and resource allocation. While there has been reduction in the most distorting 
interventions, we note that market-price support and output-based payments still account for over 
half of the support given to producers, as highli ghted in the Secretariat report. Furthermore, while WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  services have undergone substantial liberalization, we note that this has not been consolidated 
in the GATS. Although increased competition and foreign participation have led to major market structure adjustments in some sectors, we encourage the Government to continue its efforts towards enhancing competition, including foreign participation, in key areas such 
as telecommunications and air transport. 
4.252.  Nigeria would like to acknowledge that Mexico is an important founding Member of 
the WTO, and plays an active role in the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) negotiations. As noted 
in the Secretariat report, Mexico is active in all aspects of WTO work and has submitted a number 
of proposals either individually or jointly with other WTO Members as part of the "Middle Ground" Group, the G-20 or Friends of Anti-Dumping Negotiations. Mexico is also a co-sponsor of a database of geographical indications for wines and spirits. Mexico contributes to improving the 
transparency of the WTO, its trade rules, and cr eating a clear and effective system by providing 
information through the WTO notification proce ss. We also commend Mexico on its renewed 
commitment to the multilateral trading system, with a trade policy that focuses on creating 
a favourable investment climate. We appreciate Mexico's unflinching support for an open market 
and its resistance against protectionist pressures, including the concrete action taken by the Government in this regard. While we commend the tremendous efforts 
of Ambassador Fernando de Mateo and his team, it would be useful to hear what steps Mexico 
is taking to address concerns relating to its defensive interests in the build-up to Bali. 
4.253.  At the bilateral level, Nigeria enjoys excellent relations with Mexico and has stepped up 
efforts towards the establishment of a bilateral joint economic commission with Mexico. 
Both countries have recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment 
of a consultative mechanism of common interest. However, both countries face similar development challenges with great potential for growth and economic prosperity. 
4.254.  In conclusion, Nigeria believes that Mexico has a strong opportunity and incentives 
to continue to expand productivity and economic growth. 
URUGUAY 
4.255.  Our country has friendly and constructive relations with Mexico that date back many years, 
based on solidarity and mutual respect. Accordingly, Uruguay's authorities draw attention to the fruitful results of these bilateral relations. With a fluid exchange of high-l evel visits and meetings, 
the past six months have been marked by the visit of the Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto 
to Uruguay. 
4.256.  Other aspects worthy of note have been the tangible progress made in the bilateral 
agenda, increased trade flows, Mexican investment in Uruguay and the very high level of dialogue 
and coordination between the two countries at the regional and international levels. 
4.257.  As regards bilateral relations, Mexico is a market of growing importance for Uruguay's 
trade. Following the entry into force of Free Trade Agreement ECA No. 60 between Mexico 
and Uruguay on 15 July 2004, trade between the two countries has increased by 15% annually. 
With regard to Uruguay's exports, Mexico ranked 12
th in 2012, accounting for 2% of Uruguay's 
total exports. Exports to Mexico grew at an annual average rate of 5%  between 20 04 and 2011, 
while imports increased by 35%. 
4.258.  The major exports to Mexico were: dairy produce, cereals, and hides and skins, while most 
of the goods imported in 2012 consisted of automobiles, sound recorders and mechanical articles. 
4.259.  There are trade opportunities for Uruguayan firms in the manufacture of food 
and beverages, the manufacture of substances, chemicals and plastics, as well as in wood 
processing and articles of wood. In addition, Mexico has invested in various sectors in Uruguay, for example, in passenger transport, hotels and restaurants, communications, bread 
products, cosmetics. 
4.260.  In May last, Uruguay and Mexico deepened the FTA, providing better market access for 
dairy produce. Uruguay hopes that these measures agreed by the parties will come into effect as soon as possible, thereby contributing to increased and stronger bilateral trade. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
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  HONDURAS 
4.261.  The Secretariat report shows that, in 2010,  Mexico's economy successfully recovered from 
the global financial crisis, which had caused a sharp contraction in its GDP in 2009, by timely implementation of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies, combined with a rebound 
in domestic demand and in exports. Since then, Mexico has shown its considerable potential 
through sustained growth, with exceptional ra tes of 5.6% in 2010, 3.9% in 2011, and 4.2% 
in 2012. 
4.262.  Even though production has returned to pre-crisis levels and inflation has been brought 
under control, the unemployment rate of around 5% at the end of 2012 continues to be higher than the pre-crisis level. As Mexico's labour legislation had failed to keep up with demographic, economic and social developments, the Government enacted a bill reforming 
the Federal Labour Law to promote more and be tter jobs by stimulating company productivity 
and to strengthen the mechanisms to ensure effective compliance with labour rights, inter alia.  
4.263.  We also note with satisfaction that, in  November 2008, the energy sector was reformed 
so as to strengthen and modernize Mexico's oil industry. This reform was intended to strengthen 
certain control and surveillance mechanisms and so foster transparency and accountability, in line with best corporate governance practices at the international level. 
4.264.  With regard to its trade policy, Mexico remains committed to the multilateral trading 
system, as can be seen from the introduction of a unilateral liberalization programme which lowers tariffs on a wide range of manufactures. It should also be noted that Mexico is one of the few countries that substantially reduced tariffs following the global financial crisis. In 2010, 
tariffs on 3,852 lines were lifted and the number of tariff levels reduced from 88 to 28. 
4.265.  Bearing in mind the strength of its econ omy's fundamental variables and Mexico's active 
participation at the multilateral level, there can be no doubt of the key role it currently plays in the 
global economy. It is now the 12
th largest economy in the world and the second largest 
in Latin America. 
4.266.  Mexico is one of the Latin American countries with the greatest number of trade 
agreements. As regards the Central American region, the Single Free Trade Agreement signed 
between Mexico, Honduras and other Central Amer ican countries on 22 November 2011 came into 
force for Honduras on 1 January this year. This Agreement offers a new window of opportunity to facilitate commercial exchanges and reinforce trade integration in the region, as well 
as to integrate production chains and boost direct investment among the countries 
4.267.  Mexico is undoubtedly an important trading partner for Honduras; over the past decade 
bilateral trade grew by 421%, from US$162 million in 2000 to US$844 million in 2011. 
Although the trade balance shows a deficit for Honduras, Mexico remains our third most important 
trading partner, the fifth destination for ex ports and the second supplier in the region. 
Honduras ranks 13
th for Mexican direct investment, amounting to around US$875 million at the 
end of 2011. We are confident that our trade ties will become even stronger with the entry into 
force of the FTA. 
BARBADOS 4.268.  The 2008 financial and economic crisis has not been kind to economies the world over. 
Some five years after the onset of the crisis, there are still some economies which have not yet 
realized economic or social recovery from its ravages. It is indeed encouraging to see that Mexico is not one of these countries. 
4.269.  As a result of the crisis, Mexico's GDP growth contracted by 6% in 2009, per capita income 
declined and unemployment increased from 4% in 2009 to 5% in 2012. In an effort to curb the downturn, Mexico implemented countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. These policies, 
supported by the rebalancing of domestic demand and exports, have served the Mexican economy 
well as the economy is now on a solid growth track. Barbados commends Mexico in this regard. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
- 41 - 
  4.270.  In an effort to increase competitiveness, Mexico embarked on substantial tariff reductions 
after the financial crisis through the implementation of its unilateral liberalization programme on manufactured goods. By January 2012, 58% of Mexico's tariff lines were duty free and the average tariff was down to 6.6% from 11.2% in 2007. Mexico should be commended 
on this initiative. 
4.271.  Barbados recognizes, however, that Mexico still has some challenges with regard to low 
labour productivity and a lack of competition in some key economic sectors and is cognizant of the 
efforts that Mexico has taken to date to overcome these. There is however room for more work 
to be done. We observe a need to diversify export  markets as there is high dependence on the one 
main market. This can lead to susceptibility to external shocks as 80% of Mexican exports are destined for the United States market. With the US market still in the process of recovery from 
recession, the demand for Mexican exports, though increasing in great proportions, 
continues to be below pre-crisis growth rates. 
4.272.  Further reforms, in some areas are still necessary. These include reforms in the energy 
and telecommunications sectors and changes in the labour market legislation. These can 
contribute to enhanced competitiveness and support sustained growth. 
4.273.  We are mindful that the objective of Mexico's trade policy is to strengthen 
Mexico's participation in world trade through the multilateral trading system, as well as through 
forging preferential trade agreements. This is evidenced in Mexico's active participation in the various areas of the WTO's work, as well as in  plurilateral and preferential trade agreements. 
4.274.  We therefore stress the importance that developing countries be allowed the flexibility 
to formulate and implement trade policies in accordance with our developmental needs. 
GUATEMALA 4.275.  As good neighbours and partners of Mexico, the delegation of Guatemala could not miss 
the opportunity to greet and welcome the Mexican delegation. I should like to congratulate 
the Government of Mexico on its economic performance, which has been achieved in spite of the negative impact of the economic crisis. 
4.276.  The countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies implemented by Mexico could serve 
as an example to Members of this Organization. I should also just like to mention that we welcome the changes and improvements made by Mexi co since the previous Trade Policy Review, 
which underline the Mexican Government's determination to take into account the 
recommendations made by other WTO Members. 
4.277.  We hope that this Trade Policy Review will lead to the continued implementation 
of measures to improve Mexico's performance in this Organization. 
4.278.  Mexico is Guatemala's foremost trading partner, as well as its leading supplier and 
the third destination for our country's exports. This is why we support the unilateral trade liberalization programme introduced by the Mexica n Government as we already know it will have 
an indirect positive impact on our trade relations. 
4.279.  We also support the streamlining of cust oms procedures and urge that the progress made 
continue in order to lower import costs and so promote trade between our countries still further. 
4.280.  I shall conclude with a quotation from John F. Kennedy: "Geography has made 
us neighbours. History has made us friends. Ec onomics has made us partners, and necessity has 
made us allies. Those whom God hath so joined together, let no man put asunder.". 
 WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF  MEXICO AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 
5.1.  I should like to take this opportunity to thank all the delegations to the WTO that have taken 
part in this process of reviewing Mexico's trade policies for their valuable views and for the 500 or so questions on our trade policy. 
5.2.  I should also like once again to express our gratitude for the work carried out by 
the WTO Secretariat and for the words of our discussant, Mr François Riegert, France's representative at the WTO. 
5.3.  Your views will be key in strengthening ou r government policy action in relation to trade 
and continuing to make Mexico a responsible actor in the international community. 
5.4.  Taking the very interesting discussion held on Wednesday last as a basis, I shall divide my 
statement into three sections. Firstly, the Mexican Government's vision concerning the action 
being taken to boost competitiveness. Secondly, some further details on your comments 
or questions. Thirdly, I shall conclude my statement with a few considerations. 
The Government's vision 
5.5.  The global economy is currently facing a series of challenges that directly affect the pace 
of its growth. It is forecast that in 2013 gr owth in developing countries will be 3.6%, 
whereas it is expected to be 1.5% in the advanced economies. 
5.6.  These rates of growth, although they diffe r by country, are insufficient in the face of the 
challenges faced by the vast majority of economies and also constitute a call to step up economic and trade cooperation in the international community. 
5.7.  For Mexico, the challenge is to raise prod uctivity and transform growth into generalized, 
regional and sectoral prosperity, taking advantage of a robust and favourable macroeconomic 
context for business and investment. 
5.8.  The current Government, headed by Presiden t Enrique Peña Nieto, has therefore introduced 
the Pact for Mexico, the political agreement sign ed by the President of the Republic and the 
national leaders of Mexico's major political parties, to promote the changes that are priorities and essential if the nation is to achieve high er rates of growth and generate prosperity. 
5.9.  This Pact recognizes five essential elements for the life of the nation: 
 Firstly: to transform Mexico into a society in which all Mexicans can fully exercise the rights 
enshrined in our Constitution. 
 Secondly: to promote economic growth, employment and competition, so that Mexico 
develops in line with its true potential. 
 Thirdly: to guarantee security and justice, so that Mexicans can live in peace and harmony. 
 Fourthly: to enhance transparency and make civil servants accountable. 
 Lastly: to provide better conditions for democratic governance. 
5.10.  In his campaign and during the transitional period, President Enrique Peña Nieto made 
it abundantly clear that the ultimate aim of making Mexico a stronger presence with global 
responsibility must be the well-being of Mexicans. 
5.11.  The Pact for Mexico will enable several proposals by Members of this Organization on the 
telecommunications and energy sectors to be accommodated. 
Telecommunications reform 
5.12.  On 12 March last, a proposal for constitutional reform of telecommunications was put before 
the Chamber of Deputies, then approved and forwarded to the Senate; it is expected 
to be approved within the next few weeks. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  5.13.  The reform proposes: 
 The right of access to information and communications technologies, and to broadcasting 
and telecommunications services, including broadband. 
 Creation of the Federal Telecommunications Institute, with constitutional status, to regulate, 
promote and oversee development of the telecommunications and broadcasting sector. 
The Institute will also grant and annul concessions in this sector. It will be given economic competence for this sector, for which the following proposals are made inter alia : 
o Declaration of preponderant and dominant operators in the relevant markets to be 
determined. 
o Limits set on national or regional concentration of concessions and frequencies, and 
limits on cross-ownership. 
o Asymmetrical regulation of participants in the sector. 
o Ordering disposal of assets and the unbundling of local networks. 
 The reform also includes various measures such as: 
o Allowing 100% FDI in telecommunications and 49% in broadcasting. 
o Establishing "Must carry" and "Must offer". 
o Determining the terms and the invitations to bid for tenders for two new open 
television channels. 
5.14.  The reform will take the form of regula tions to promote and facilitate the efficient use 
of public telecommunications networks, increa se investment, encourage the entry of new 
competitors into the market, incorporate new technologies and services, and promote a climate 
of healthy competition among participants in the market. 
Energy reform 5.15.  As far as energy is concerned, the Pact for Mexico seeks to make the sector one of the 
engines of national economic growth by attracting more investment, through technological 
development and the creation of chains of value. 
5.16.  Several reforms are proposed in the hydrocarbons sector, both as regards the semi-public 
companies and the energy and fiscal sectors, in order to make PEMEX into a production-oriented 
public company, still owned by the State but with the capacity to compete in the industry so that it becomes a company at the global level. To achieve this, it is proposed to create a climate of competition in refining, petrochemicals and transport of hydrocarbons. 
5.17.  The goal of the 2013-2027 National Energy Strategy recently approved is to complete the 
energy transition, promoting the sector's sustaina bility and generating energy and environmental 
efficiency. The aim is to attract investment - both from Mexico and abroad - particularly for 
long-term projects that exploit clean sources of energy. 
5.18.  The energy reform proposed by Presiden t Enrique Peña Nieto is an ongoing process. 
The initiative will be submitted to the Mexican Congress this year and is currently being examined 
and prepared, its outcome will depend on what is discussed and approved in due course by 
the Mexican Legislature. 
Labour reform 5.19.  In order to increase and democratize produc tivity, Mexico has recently introduced important 
structural reforms. The new labour legislation makes the market more flexible, in particular with 
the recruitment of young people and persons who sometimes lack experience. The reform promotes equity and formal jobs, providing that in any labour relations workers have the benefit 
of social security. Raising productivity has a twofold objective: making companies more 
competitive in markets for Mexican products and being able to compete, not only among Mexican companies but also with companies all over the world. 
Comments on the main topics raised by WTO Members 
5.20.  I should now like to turn to the main points raised by delegations last Wednesday.  WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  Concentration of Mexico's exports 
5.21.  With regard to the concentration of Mexico's trade with the United States, this is a natural 
consequence of our geographical situation and th e profound economic and trade integration with 
the largest economy in the world. It is not a recent phenomenon and in fact the degree 
of concentration has been lessening. Mexico will continue to promote its international trade 
by making the best possible use of its existi ng network of trade agreements, the negotiation 
of new instruments, the convergence of agreemen ts and strengthening of the multilateral trading 
system, which will undoubtedly help in diversifying our exports. 
Anti-dumping measures 5.22.  During the period under review, one notable feature in Mexico was the sharp fall in the 
number of anti-dumping investigations initiated, as well as in the number of definitive measures 
imposed and in force on 30 June 2012 in comparison with the previous review. 
5.23.  We reaffirm our commitment that all investigations and (provisional and definitive) 
measures will be conducted and determined consis tently with the WTO's Anti-Dumping Agreement. 
Mexico's accession to the ITA 
5.24.  Regarding the interest shown and the recommendations made by some Members to the 
effect that Mexico accede to th e ITA, it should be noted that: 
 Mexico gives priority to supply chains and attracting investment, and recognizes the benefits 
for the business community and for consumers of eliminating tariffs on information technology products. Accordingly, since 2002  we have had what we call the ITA Plus 
in Mexico, which eliminates tariffs on computer goods (computers, monitors, printers, 
scanners), telecommunications goods (modems, mobile telephones, office switchboards 
telephone exchanges, radio and television broadcasting equipment) and other electronic goods (calculators, photocopiers, cash registers) for imports into Mexico from anywhere 
in the world. This scheme has evolved over th e years according to the sector's needs for 
such products. 
 Some of the unilateral tariff reductions in 2009 complement the ITA Plus. This is an ongoing 
and permanent exercise for the purpose of boosting competition in this important sector 
in Mexico. 
 As a result of the trade liberalization policy, Mexico has become one of the world's leading 
exporters of mobile telephones, computers, screens, and other final goods. 
 Mexico is also committed to the multilateral trading system. The fact that we have not 
acceded to any given plurilateral agreement does not detract from our vision or our commitment to the WTO. 
Mexico's accession to the Agreemen t on Government Procurement (GPA) 
5.25.  As regards the GPA, Mexico has so far negotiated various agreements which incorporate 
provisions on government procurement with 35 of the 41 countries belonging to the GPA, 
including the 27 members of the European Union. 
5.26.  Traditionally, as is the case for the ITA, Mexico has made commitments on government 
procurement as a result of broader negotiations which allow for concessions in other disciplines or areas of negotiation and thus achieve a balanced outcome. This is why we have decided not 
to accede to the WTO's GPA. 
5.27.  Mexico is reviewing and evaluating the adoption of any new measures to deepen trade 
liberalization and which present business opportunities for Mexican firms, including the 
government procurement market. The ultimate objective is to continue developing competitive 
markets and promoting competition in every sector. This can be seen from the structural reforms which Mexico is implementing. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
- 45 - 
 
  Customs provisions 
5.28.  I shall now refer to the questions relating to customs matters. Estimated prices 5.29.  Estimated prices only apply to used automobiles. They are exclusively used as a reference 
and cannot serve to determine the taxable base for the general import tax. The value declared 
by the importer is not rejected and the customs does not prevent the entry of the goods imported. 
A guarantee has to be provided, however, to cover the difference between the value declared 
and the estimated price while the investigation is going on, which is consistent with WTO rules 
on customs valuation. 
Import charges 5.30.  With regard to import charges, as mentioned in the WTO Secretariat report, in addition 
to tariffs, depending on the product or the customs regime, imports are subject to payment 
of value added tax (VAT), the special tax on production and services (IEPS) and the tax on new automobiles (ISAN). These are consumption-related and apply to both imports 
and Mexican products. 
5.31.  The charges for customs procedures and storage concern, respectively, payment for the 
supply of customs services and the daily charge for storage but only in those cases where the 
importer keeps the goods in facilities that belong to the Federation. 
Measures to streamline customs procedures 
Tariffs 
5.32.  Mexico implemented a unilateral import tariff reduction programme, the most ambitious 
of the past 20 years. Average MFN tariffs applied fell from 11.2% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2012. 
For industrial goods, the average tariff declined from 10.4% in 2008 to 4.3% in 2012. 
5.33.  Although there are still tariff peaks in th e agricultural sector and protection is higher 
compared to manufactures, I should like to stress that in November last a unilateral tariff 
reduction programme for this sector was published. This measure concerns tariff peaks and a large number of products. It will lower the average tariff in this sector from 21.4% to 12.8% by 2017. 
This is consistent with our commitment to liberalizing trade. 
5.34.  The WTO Secretariat report indicates that the applied tariff on sweetened or flavoured water 
is above the bound rate. The WTO Secretariat's calculation is based on the specific tariff on the total volume of the goods and not only the sugar content, so it is imprecise. Mexico does not apply 
a tariff above its WTO commitments to any product. 
5.35.  Likewise, in every case, Mexico's tariff quotas for agricultural goods are within the 
commitments bound by Mexico at the WTO. 
Agriculture 
5.36.  In response to the concern expressed by some Members concerning an increase in distortive 
domestic support, according to figures from the OECD, estimated producer support in Mexico 
in real terms, using the producer price index for June 2012 as a deflator, dropped by 1.14% during 
the review period. At present, production-based subsidies account for only 21% of estimated producer support in Mexico. 
5.37.  Moreover, according to information transmitted to the OECD by Mexico, between 2000 
and 2011 production-based subsidies such as market-price support plus financial transfers based 
on the volume produced, fell at a rate of 12.18% annually, a much more marked decrease than the 3.82% indicated as the average for the OECD group of countries. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  Non-tariff measures 
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures 
5.38.  Sanitary and phytosanitary measures are governed by Federal legislation, which 
incorporates the disciplines in the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary 
and Phytosanitary Measures. Consequently, they ar e all based on scientific principles and risk 
analysis. They are also based on the international guidelines, standards and recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the International 
Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), unless a higher level of protection is required, in which case 
the measures are based on available technical or scientific information. 
5.39.  The Mexican Government has initiated a process to reform the relevant Federal legislation, 
the most recent measure being the publication of the Regulations implementing the Federal Law 
on Animal Health in May 2012. Moreover, in order to make requirements more transparent 
and predictable and to encourage improvements to  the regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary 
consultation modules are available on the Internet for public consultation. 
5.40.  These requirements were notified beforehand and agreed with the sanitary 
and phytosanitary authorities in the countries of origin. They may be revised or updated in the light of information available on pests and diseases worldwide, new outbreaks or new ones 
detected, as part of the scientific information available. 
5.41.  As to regionalization, Mexico bases itself strictly on the OIE guidelines and on the principles 
in Article 6 of the SPS Agreement. 
Technical barriers to trade 
5.42.  Mexico applies a strict regulatory improvement process whose purpose is prior analysis 
of any regulation it is intended to issue and this procedure is backed up by a public consultation process. 
5.43.  In this connection and in compliance with the commitments in the 
WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, all Mexico's technical regulations and technical standards – including those applicable to foodstuffs – have to be based on international standards 
such as those in the Codex Alimentarius. 
Fisheries 5.44.  I thank the delegation of New Zealand, which has sent in its questions in writing, 
and we are sending the replies to the WTO Secretariat for circulation. 
Intellectual property 
5.45.  During the review period, intellectual property legislation was amended for the fundamental 
purpose of reinforcing the system for the protecti on of intellectual property rights in Mexico. 
5.46.  Recent amendments to Mexico's legal framework have been notified to Members of the 
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and can be found in document IP/N/1/MEX/3 of 19 December 2012. 
5.47.  Following its participation in recent international trade negotiations, the Mexican 
Government embarked upon an internal consultation process in order to decide on reforms to the national legal framework for copyright and rela ted rights, patents, trademarks, geographical 
indications and enforcement of industrial proper ty rights, including the viability of giving 
the Mexican customs authorities ex officio powers. 
Services 5.48.  With regard to services, Mexico is able to offer all WTO Members the same treatment as our 
partners in FTAs. It is therefore important for the other Members to support Mexico with WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  an equivalent level of ambition, which would ensure a successful outcome for the Doha Round 
negotiations in this sphere. 
5.49.  Concerning financial intermediation, in re cent years Mexico has taken a number of steps 
to update its regulatory framework so as to foster competition and transparency and boost 
the granting of loans designed to increase fi nancial penetration among various sectors of the 
population and in the economy as a whole. The following are some of the principal measures: 
(a) Entry of new banking intermediaries, called "Niche banks", which only have to provide 40% 
of the minimum capital required for other institutions. 
(b) Creation of non-banking intermediaries, for example, multipurpose finance companies, 
in order to facilitate access to loans for certain industrial sectors. 
(c) Rules to promote transparency in the gran ting of loans, for example, the obligation 
to disclose the total annual cost (CAT), which includes the direct and indirect costs of loans. 
A regulation has also been issued to determine the total annual profit (GAT), which enables parties wishing to engage in any operation to compare the return on the various financial 
products on the market. 
(d) Operation of credit information companies. (e) Rules on transparency and information for users of financial services. The Bank of Mexico 
issued regulations on reducing or prohibiting the commission paid by users of financial 
services for the various operations undertaken. 
(f) Obligation on credit institutions to offer a basic credit card to eligible clients, and to open 
basic deposit accounts. 
5.50.  The Mexican Government is also preparing financial reform to boost the development bank 
and use all its potential to expand credit, with special emphasis on areas that are priorities for Mexico's development such as the infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, 
and innovation and the granting of patents. 
5.51.  These measures are intended to provide better structural conditions for recovering 
guarantees and a regulatory environment for public policy conducive to expansion of credit. 
In addition, they should help to maintain the stability of the financial system, build regulatory 
capacity and strengthen the relevant institutions. 
Closing remarks 5.52.  As past experience has shown time and time again, free trade is one of the most powerful 
tools for boosting general prosperity and equitable relations among nations. The example we have 
in the WTO as the universal promoter of opening up global trade has been the cornerstone of Mexico's strategies to liberalize its international trade policy and conduct its trade relations 
and negotiations, as well as to protect its interests abroad. 
5.53.  There can be no doubt that the same is true for other Members. This is why we will 
overcome our divergences and we firmly su pport the conclusion of the Doha Round. 
5.54.  Mexico actively promotes the multilate ral trading system. Without it, flows of goods 
and services would stagnate and the appropriate forums that allow our respective countries to settle their trade disputes would be lackin g, to the detriment of economic development 
and prosperity. 
5.55.  For Mexico, the negotiation, administration and monitoring of its bilateral and multilateral 
trade treaties and agreements form part of a harmonious whole with the system under the auspices of the WTO. Regional trade agreements  complement but do not replace the multilateral 
trading system. 
5.56.  I once more emphasize the importance of Members avoiding the adoption of trade 
restrictive measures. 
5.57.  As pointed out by President Enrique Peña Nieto, for Mexico no country should be too far 
away and he called on Mexico to become a glob ally responsible actor. He acknowledged the need 
to trace out a path consonant with the new global realities, one that renews the spirit of fraternity WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  and solidarity, allows the country to retain its leadership, to play its role as mediator 
and conciliator once more, and reaffirms the commitment to free trade, capital movement and integration of production. 
5.58.  In this respect, Mexico's policies build upon the WTO's review of trade policies in order 
to improve the performance of the Mexican economy and its competitiveness. 
5.59.  Bearing in mind these premises, the agreements in the Pact for Mexico are underpinned 
and supported by the WTO's mission to reduce barriers to international trade, ensure equality 
among Members and contribute towards economic growth and their development. 
DISCUSSANT 5.60.   I thank the Mexican delegation for its replies. On Wednesday we had an extremely 
interesting discussion and I would like to highlight the following aspects: 
5.61.  In the first place, the considerable interest shown in Mexico's trade policy, with a large 
number of questions and over 30 delegations taking the floor on Wednesday. This interest was confirmed by the large numbers who attended the "Tequila Party" on Wednesday evening. 
5.62.  Second point, the highly positive global  evaluation of Mexico's economic performance 
and its efforts to liberalize trade, at the unilateral, regional and multilateral levels, as well as its exemplary conduct within our Organization. 
5.63.  Third point, the very positive appreciation of the quality and detail of the replies by 
the Mexican authorities. There are 291 pages of extremely precise and detailed replies which are of the utmost interest and very clear. 
5.64.  Fourth point, the keen interest and sympathy for the reforms introduced by the Mexican 
authorities and the encouragement to pursue them. 
5.65.  Fifth point, an invitation to accede to the ITA and the GPA, several delegations considering 
that, because of the liberalization efforts already made by Mexico both unilaterally and under 
regional trade agreements, the step to be taken, if there is a step, should be not be a very 
large one. 
5.66.  This is the summary of our discussions, bu t there is also one point that was not discussed 
but obtained the unanimity of all Members which wished to express warmly their very great 
appreciation of the high quality of the work carried out by officials from the Mexican Mission in Geneva and to congratulate its Ambassador Fernando de Mateo, whose commitment and devotion to multilateral cooperation deserve to be underlined, as does Mexico's excellent 
image in the WTO. 
EUROPEAN UNION 5.67.  The EU would like to express our apprec iation for the answers given by the delegation 
of Mexico to our advance questions. We have care fully studied the replies, which provided us with 
valuable information that is necessary in order to understand the situation in Mexico on issues raised in our first submission. 
5.68.  In general, we are very satisfied with th e clarifications received. However, with respect 
to SPS measures, we would like to receive some additional clarifications and in this context take note of the statement made this morning. 
5.69.  I will refer to the issues briefly, we have already submitted them in writing to the 
WTO Secretariat. 
5.70.  First, regarding the procedure for approval of establishments, we would like to know what 
the implementing regulations for the Federal Animal Health Law have changed compared to the 
previous system. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  5.71.  Secondly, regarding the sanitary control required for the importation of products which are 
posing a risk to human health, we would like to ask Mexico to consider the EU request, reflected in the question, considering that impo rts into the EU from Mexico are marketed in 
all Member States. 
5.72.  Finally, regarding the risk analysis for import s, we would like to know whether this analysis 
includes an assessment of the prevalence and inci dence of the disease within Mexico based on the 
quality and the scope of its surveillance systems. 
5.73.  We are looking forward to the replies in due course in order to complete our better 
understanding of Mexico's trade policy. We reiterate our appreciation for the answers 
already provided. 
UNITED STATES 
5.74.  The United States wants to thank Mexico for its responses to our questions, 
which we received well in advance of this week's meetings. We have a small number of follow-up questions, largely in the area of agriculture and related to Mexico's implementation of the Berne 
"rule of the shorter term". 
5.75.  The United States would like to emphasize the importance of timely domestic support 
and export subsidy notifications to the WTO to ensure greater transparency and understanding 
between Members. Without these notification s and the opportunity for discussion between 
Members it would be difficult for Members to follow policy changes that are only briefly outlined in reports such as this. 
5.76.  The United States appreciates Mexico's commitment and the awareness of the importance 
of openness and trade liberalization as outlined in its responses and its report and we look forward 
to Mexico's updated notifications. 
CANADA 
5.77.  We would like to thank Mexico for the de tailed replies to our questions. We have some 
additional questions which we shall forward to the WTO Secretariat. 
MEXICO 
5.78.  Regarding the comments by the European  Union and the United States, we are aware 
of these, which they transmitted to us. We shall provide the pertinent replies in the next few days. 
We understand the importance attached by the European Union to sanitary and phytosanitary measures and to aspects regulating the relevant Law so we shall shortly give a reply that covers 
all the considerations and we shall be careful to ensure that there are no further doubts. 
5.79.  As to the comment by the representative of the United States, our country is undoubtedly 
committed to free trade, as can be seen from the NAFTA, which will soon have been in force 
for 20 years and has enabled us to export seven times more. We understand the importance 
of notifications to the WTO concerning amendments to regulations and, hence, also the importance 
of transparency for these purposes. We shall also provide specific responses to its questions. 
5.80.  I thank Canada for the additional questions it has sent in. As a fellow NAFTA member 
it is very important for us, as for other countries, to know each of the concerns, questions or recommendations concerning the trade policy of my country. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
6.1.  This fifth Trade Policy Review of Mexico has provided a welcome opportunity to achieve 
a better understanding of its trade and investment policies. The Government and Secretariat reports have provided a good basis for this analysis. I would like to thank 
H.E. Mr Francisco Rosenzweig, Under-Secretary for Foreign Trade in the Ministry of Economy, 
head of the delegation of Mexico, the rest of the delegation from Mexico City and colleagues from the Mission in Geneva for their constructive engagement in this meeting and their strong 
commitment to this trade policy review exercise. I would also like to thank 
Ambassador François Riegert, Permanent Representati ve of France to the WTO, for his insightful 
intervention as discussant. Mexico's written answers to the large number of advance written questions have been well appreciated by Members. 
6.2.  Mexico was congratulated by Members for having overcome the global economic crisis 
in an efficient manner. Despite being severely hit by the crisis in 2009, the Mexican economy had managed to recover through the implementation of  countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. 
Solid economic growth and trade performance had followed since 2010, although unemployment 
remained slightly higher than before the crisis. 
6.3.  Members highlighted Mexico's active and constructive role in the multilateral trading system 
and in the DDA, particularly in the areas of trade facilitation and services. Mexico was also 
commended on its strong commitment in the negotiations to finalize the DDA and was encouraged to join the ITA and the GPA. 
6.4.  Members also noted Mexico's active participation in preferential trade agreements, a total 
of 12 FTAs and eight partial scope agreements as of late 2012. Mexico indicated that it considered 
these agreements to be a complement to the multilateral trading system. 
6.5.  Members congratulated Mexico on its unilateral trade liberalization programme, which had 
lowered the average tariff from 11.2% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2012, and on the simplification 
of its tariff structure. They also commended Mexi co on being one of the few WTO Members to have 
lowered tariffs during the economic crisis. In addition, Mexico was praised for the simplification 
of its customs procedures and for the implementation of a single window. 
6.6.  Amidst this overall positive assessm ent, Members highlighted some areas where 
improvements could be made: 
 Geographical concentration of trade: Members noted that Mexico's trade remains highly 
concentrated on a single market, the United States, and encouraged Mexico to continue 
seeking market diversification. 
 Investment regime: Members highlighted that restrictions on foreign capital participation 
remained important. A number of activities were reserved to the State or to Mexican 
nationals or companies. They encouraged Mexico to review the current investment regime, in particular as regards investments in sectors such as petroleum, electricity 
and telecommunications. Mexico indicated that a reform process in the area of services 
had already started. 
 Tariffs: Members noted that, despite the implementation of its unilateral trade liberalization 
programme, which had focused mainly on industrial products, tariffs on agricultural products 
remained relatively high (20.9% in 2012) and in some cases there were tariff peaks. 
Mexico was thus encouraged to lo wer its tariffs on these products. 
 Non-tariff barriers: Members noted the persistence of some non-tariff barriers to trade 
and encouraged Mexico to remove reference pric es and simplify its system of SPS measures. 
Mexico replied that these reference prices were only applied to used cars and were compatible with WTO rules. WT/TPR/M/279 • Mexico 
 
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   Competition: Members welcomed efforts made to strengthen the role of the competition 
regulatory body and improve competition enforcement, but exhorted Mexico to undertake further reforms to improve competition in the energy and telecommunications sectors, among others. 
 Support programmes in agriculture: Members questioned the efficiency and the need for 
the large number of Mexico's support progra mmes in agriculture, and requested further 
information regarding such programmes. Mexico replied that support had been reduced 
in the last few years. 
6.7.  In conclusion, Members commended Mexico on its economic performance during this review 
period, while cautioning it against geographical concentration of its trade. Members welcomed the new initiatives announced by Under-Secretary Rosenzweig to improve labour productivity 
and reform the energy sector, as well as to promote competition and foreign investment in the 
telecommunications and broadcasting sectors. 
6.8.  The participation of a large number of delegations in this meeting and the 
almost 500 questions posed during this Trade Poli cy Review indicated the clear importance of 
Mexico as a trading partner for WTO Members and of its active role in the multilateral trading system. In closing, I would like to thank the Mexican delegation, all the other delegations, the 
discussant and the Secretariat for this successful review of the trade policies of Mexico. 
 
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