Reference number  
DRS 366: 201 8 
© RSB 201 8 
 
 
 RWANDA 
STANDARD  DRS 
366 
 
First edition  
2018-mm-dd 
 
Fuel additives — Requirements  
 
  DRS 366: 2018  
©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved                  ii 
 In order to match with technological development and to keep continuous progress in industries, 
standards are subject to periodic review. Users shall ascertain that they are in possession of the latest 
edition  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
©RSB 2018  
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized 
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without 
prior written permission from R SB. 
Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to : 
Rwanda Standards  Board  
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KK 15 Rd, 49  
Tel. +250 788303492  
Toll Free: 3250  
E-mail: info@rsb.gov.rw  
Website: www.rsb.gov.rw   
ePortal: www.portal.rsb.gov.rw  DRS 366: 2018  
iii                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 Contents  Page 
Foreword  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  iv 
1 Scope  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  1 
2 Normative references  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  1 
3 Term s and definitions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................  1 
4 Types of fuel additives  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  3 
4.1 Main additives component families  ................................ ................................ ............................  3 
4.2 Multi -functional additives  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  4 
5 Requirements  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................  4 
5.1 General  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  4 
5.2 Approval and Registration  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  4 
5.3 Physical and chemical properties  ................................ ................................ ..............................  5 
5.4 Emission data  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  5 
5.5 Engine performance  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  5 
6 Pack aging and labelling ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  6 
6.1 Packaging  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 6 
6.2 Labelling  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  6 
7 Sampling  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 6 
Annex  A (Informative)  Fuel additive questionnaire for evaluation procedure (diesel and petrol)  ... 7 
 DRS 366: 2018  
©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved                  iv 
 Foreword  
Rwanda Standard s are prepared  by Technical Committees and approved by R wanda Standards Board (RSB) 
Board  of Directors in  accordance with the procedures of RSB, in compliance with Annex 3 of the WTO/TBT 
agreement on the preparation, adoption and application of standards.  
The main task of technical committees is to prepare national standards.  Final Draft Rwanda S tandards adopted 
by Technical committ ees are ratifie d by me mbers of RSB Board of Director s for publication and gazettment as 
Rwanda Standards.  
DRS 366 was prepared by Technical Committee RSB/TC 045, Petroleum and Petroleum Products . 
In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to the following st andard:  
TZS 1247, Fuel Additive – Specifications  
The assistance de rived from the above source is hereby acknowledged with thanks.  
Committee membership  
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee on Petroleum  and Petroleum  
Products (RSB/TC 045) in the preparation of this standard.  
Paragraph of p articipants  
University of Rwanda -College of Science and Technology (UR -CST)  
Global Oil Solutions  
Integrated Polytechnic Regional Centre -Kigali (IPRC -Kigali)  
AGROPY Ltd  
AFRICHEM Rwanda Ltd  
National Industrial Research and Development Agency (NIRDA)  
Star Construction and Consultancy Ltd  
Mount Kenya University – Rwanda  
NAREM Consult Ltd  
University of Kibungo (UNIK)  DRS 366: 2018  
v                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 Rwanda  Standards Board  (RSB) – Secretariat  DRS 366: 2018  
©RSB 2018 - All rights reserved                  vi 
 Introduction  
The petroleum additive industry is a research and development intensive industry and its products are marketed 
almost exclusively to industrial users.  
A very wide range of additives has been developed to meet the needs of an industry which converts princip ally 
hydrocarbon fuels into heat energy, either to provide transportation or to generate electricity for industrial and 
domestic consumption. The wide range of products required reflects both the range of fuel types that benefit 
from additive use and also the range of performance features that can be improved, or operational problems 
that can be overcome, through the use of additives. These may be encountered at the refinery, in distribution 
systems and storage tanks or in use, for example, in numerous diff erent transport applications. An additive may 
be used as a single stand -alone product to resolve a specific issue, for example at the refinery or, frequently, 
may be combined with other products to create a multi -functional package for use in finished fuel s for the 
automotive industry.  
Fuel additive treat levels are generally low, with some additives dosed at single figure mg/kg (ppm) levels. 
Others are employed at treat levels ranging from 50 – 3500 mg/kg (0. 005 – 0.35 %) depending on the extent 
and range of benefit desired. Additive treat levels employed do not approach those of fuel blending components 
(such as ethanol for use in gasoline, or fatty acid methyl esters – FAME – in diesel fuel), where use levels are 
typically 3 – 20% of hydrocarbon base fuel  volume.  
 
 DRS 366: 2018 
i Error! Reference source not found.  
 Fuel additives  — Requirements  
1 Scope  
This Draft Rwanda Standard gives the requirements for fuel additives  produced or sold for use in gasoline and/or 
diesel engins . 
2 Normative references  
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of  their content constitutes 
requirements of this document.  For dated references, only the edition  cited applies . For undated references, the 
latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.  
RS ISO 3170 , Petroleum liquids -- Manual sampling  
RS ISO 3171 , Petroleum liquids -- Automatic pipeline sampling  
RS EAS 177, Automotive gas oil (automotive diesel) – Specification  
RS EAS 158, Automotive gasoline (Premium motor spirit) – Specification  
ISO 3929, Road vehicles – Measurement methods for exhaust gas emissions during inspection and 
maintenance  
RS EAS 751,  Air quality — Specification   
3 Terms and definitions  
For the purposes of this standard, the follow ing terms and definitions apply.  
3.1 
fuel 
any material which is ca pable of releasing energy or power by combustion or other chemical or physical reaction   
 3.2  
fuel additives  
chemical  substances that are designed to be added to fuels for the purpose of improving engine performance; 
reducing fuel consumption and reducing emissions. They also make fuel burn more uniformly and completely. 
They are normally grouped into cleaners or catalys ts 
3.3 
reformulated fuel  
this is a fuel into which those additives have been added.  
3.4 
exhaust emission limit  
the highest permissible quantity of pollutants released into the atmosphere from a vehicle, expressed as the 
concentration of pollutants in rel ation to one unit of production or to the degree of air pollution caused by these 
sources (e.g., dark color of smoke).  
3.5 
emission  
shall mean transfer of pollutants from the source to the atmosphere.  
3.6  
baseline fuel  
fuel that conforms to the requiremen t of RS EAS 177 or RS EAS 158  
3.7 
diesel engine  
an internal combustion engine in which heat produced by the compression of air in the cylinder is used to ignite 
the diesel . 
3.8 
gasoline engine  
an internal -combustion engine having its piston driven by explosions of a mixture of air and vapor of gasoline 
ignited by an electric spark   
3                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 4 Types of fuel additives  
4.1 Main additives component families  
Additive can be sub -divided in terms of their point of appli cation as indicated below:  
a) Refinery products  
 Antioxidant and stability improver additives  
 Octane/cetane enhancing additives  
 Cold flow improver additives  
 Metal deactivator additives  
 Dyes  
b) Distribution system products  
 Corrosion inhibitors  
 Pipeline drag reducing additives  
 Anti-static additives  
c) Automotive performance enhancement products  
 Deposit control additives  
 Cetane improvers  
 Lubricity additives  
 Friction modifiers  
 Antifoam additives   
  Corrosion inhibitors  
 Demulsifiers/dehazers  
 Ant-valve seat recession a dditives  
 Fuel borne catalysts for particulate filters  
4.2 Multi -functional additives  
Combined packages of a number of selected additive components should be assembled to provide a bespoke 
performance -enhancing additive for use by fuel retailers for their produ cts 
Multifunctional gasoline additive packages will often combine a deposit control additive with a corrosion inhibitor 
and demulsifier additive. Multifunctional diesel additive packages are frequently more complex and may 
combine deposit control additive with cetane number improver, antifoam additive, corrosion inhibitor and 
demulsifier (and possibly also cold improver additives depending on seasonality).  
5 Requirements  
5.1 General  
5.1.1  The fuel additive  shall not have known harmful side -effects  to avoid deterioration of driveability and 
emissions control durability  for a baseline fuel . 
 
5.1.2 The fuel additive shall contain carbon, hydrogen, and any one or all of the  following elements: 
oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur.  
NOTE  Impurities which prod uce gaseous combustion products may be present in the fuel additive at trace levels.  
5.1.3 The fuel additive shall be at a concentration of no t more than 0. 35 % by weight  and it  shall contributes 
not more than 15 mg/kg  sulfur by weight to the fuel.  
5.1.4  Fuel a dditives permitted for use in fuels identified by independent specifications shall be sufficiently 
specified to limit the variability of additive chemical composition. The independent specification shall provide a 
means for detecting the presence of any additive permitted for use in the fuel defined by the specification.  
5.2 Approval and  Registration  
5.2.1  Each fuel additive shall be approved and registered by competent authority prior to its introduction into 
market.  The manufacturer and/or importer of d esignated fuel additive shall not sell, offer for sale, or introduce 
into commerce the product without a registration proof.  
5.2.2  For the approval of fuel additive, the showing of compliance shall address the following:   
5                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 a) that the additive does not have any adverse effects on the operation, performance, durability, or materials 
of the products intended for use;  
b) that the additive does not have any adverse effects on the performance of the baseline fuel that is intended 
for use with;  
c) that the additiv e is compatible with all other additives, or combination of all other additives, permitted for 
use in the baseline fuel that the additive is intended for use with ; and 
d) that the additive  does not  have  known harmful side -effects  on environment and human h ealth  and safety . 
5.3 Physical and chemical properties  
5.3.1  When the fuel is reformulated using the ratios specified by manufacturer of fuel additives, the physical 
and chemical properties shall conform to requirement s of RS EAS 158  in case of reformulated gasoline and RS 
EAS 177  in case of reformulated diesel or both as the claim of the additive may be.  
5.3.2  Fuel additives formulator shall  specify a very narrow range of composition and properties to minimize the 
variability of per formance of reformulated fuels.  
5.3.3  Criteria to limit trace materials, such as trace organics, non -metals, and metals, shall be established 
based on the feedstock and process characteristics. Test methods shall be specified to measure trace materials.  
5.3.4 In case of any significant degradation by candidate products as compared by both requirement of 
respective fuel specification and baseline fuel data, the additive shall not be allowed on the market . 
5.4 Emission data  
5.4.1 The exhaust gas emission test shall be performed to evaluate the effect of additive used in fuel and  test 
shall be performed according to ISO 3929  and shall conform to  the requirements of RS EAS 751.  
5.4.2 The manufacturer and/or importer of designated fuel additives shall provide the exhaust gas emission 
test report before placing its product on the market.  
5.5 Engine performance  
5.5.1 Fuel consumption for baseline and reformulated fuel shall be plotted  as a function of engine operating 
time to show benefit claim and consistency of fuel additive.  
5.5.2 The fuel additive shall maintain original engine performance. The engine performance for fuel additive 
shall be tested and manufacturer/importer shall avail records to facilitate the inspection exercise.   
 5.5.3  The questionnaire for evaluation of fuel additives on engine performance (annex B) should be filled in 
and be presented to the Inspector.  
6 Packaging and  labelling  
6.1 Packaging  
6.1.1  The condition of the containers shall be such as not to be detrimental  to the quality  of the additive 
during normal transportation and storage. The containers shall be acceptably sealed or leak proof, corrosion 
resistant, heat resistant, clean, and free from materials soluble in the product.  
6.1.2  The product shall be accompanied by the Material Safety Data (MSD) Sheet.  
6.2 Labelling  
Each container and bulk package shall bear (in prominent legible and indelible marking) the following 
information:  
a) The manufacturer's name or trad e mark or both;  
b) Word indicating that the product is a fuel additive;  
c) General instructions for use and handling that are suitable for the purpose;  
d) The batch identification;  
e) Manufacture and expiry dates  
f) The volume of the contents in metri c units  
g) storage conditions  
7 Sampling  
7.1 Representative samples for test sh ould be drawn from the market, factory or anywhere else following 
the procedure of random numbers. Samples sh ould not be stored in direct sunlight. The containers sh ould only 
be opened during testing.  
7.2 Samples sh ould be taken as described in RS ISO 3170 or RS ISO 3171 .  
7                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 Annex  A 
(Informative)  
 
Fuel additive questionnaire for evaluation procedure (diesel and petrol)  
Complete and send the questionnaire, along with existing data p ertinent to the additive’s effects, to 
CERTIFICATION or REGISTRATION AUTHORITY. The testing laboratory needs to be competent in conducting 
the appropriate tests.  
Company name or Patent name: ................................................................. .........................................................  
Address & Phone No: ......................................................................................................... ..................................  
                                    ............................................................................................................................. ..............  
Contact person (Name  & Phone No): .............................................. ............................... .................................  
                                                          .....................................................................................................................  
Additive name o r code: ..................................................................................................................... ....................  
Additive description and category (Cleaner, catalyst, etc.): ................................................. .................................  
                                     ............................................................................................................................. .............  
                                     ......... ............................................................................................................................. .... 
What are the additive’s effects on the following engine characteristics, and how long does it take to observe 
these effects?  
Performance (Fuel consumption, Exhaust Temperature, etc)  
............................................................................................................................. .....................................  
..................................... .............................................................................................................................  
............................................................................................................................. .....................................  
Exhaust emissions (including smoke and particulate emissions)  
............................................................................................................................. ....................................  
Combustion deposits (including sparking)  
............................................................................................................................. ..................................................
....................................... ..............................................................................................................  
Lube oil  
............................................................................................................................. ........... .......................................
............................................................................................................................. ..................................................
.......................................... ...............................................................................  
Wear  
............................................................................................................................. ............................................. .....
............................................................................................................................. ..................................................
............................................................................ .............................................  
Fuel system (6.1 parameters for diesel fuel and 6.2 parameters for gasoline fuel )   
 6.1 What are the effects of the additive on the following diesel fuel properties?  
6.1.1 Cetane number: ........................ ......................................................................................  
6.1.2: Viscosity............................................................................................................. ................  
6.1.3: API Gravity......... ................................................................................................................  
6.1.4 Distillation Range..................................................................................................... ..........  
6.1.5 Sulphur Content.............................................................................................................. ...... 
6.1.6 Carbon Residue........................................................................................................ .........  
6.1.7 Flash point............................................................................................................ .............  
6.1.8 Cloud point.......................................................................................... ...............................  
6.1.9 Pour Point............................................................................................................. .............  
6.1.10 Ash Content................................................................... ..................................................  
6.1.11 Corrosiveness......................................................................................................... .........  
6.1.12 Aromatics...................................................... ...................................................................  
6.1.13 Filterability......................................................................................................... ...............  
6.1.14 Water absorption........................ ......................................................................................  
6.1.15 Stability............................................................................................................. ................  
6.1.16 Foaming............. ..............................................................................................................  
6.1.17 Bacterial resistance.................................................................................................. ........  
6.1.18 Vapo r pressure.................................................................................................................  
6.1.19 Miscibility Limits.................................................................................................... ............ 
6.2 What are the effects of the additive on the following petrol fuel properties?  
6.2.1 Research octane number (RON)........................................................................................  
6.2.2 Motor octane number (MON).............. ................................................................................  
6.2.3 Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), bar at 100 ⁰C (37.8 ⁰C).......................................................  
6.2.4 Density at 20 oC kg/m3   ............................... .......................................................................  
5.2.5 Distillation point, temperature oC: 
10% (v/v) evaporated.....................................................................................................  
50% (v/v) evaporated  at..................................................................................................  
90% (v/v) evaporated at..................................................................................................  
Final boiling point ⁰C.......... ..............................................................................................  
Residual %(v/v).............................................................................................................. .. 
6.2.6 Flexible volatility index (FVI) = RVP + 0.7E70......................................................................  
6.2.7 Oxidation stability (Minutes).......................................................................................... ....... 
6.2.8 Copper strip corrosion (3h rs at 50 oC)..................................................................................  
6.2.9 Existence gum content solvent washed mg/100ml...............................................................  
6.2.10 Sulphur content %  m/m......................................................................................................  
6.2.11 Color................................................................................................................. ..................  
6.2.1 2 Oxygen content %(m/m).....................................................................................................  
6.2.13 Total aromatics, % by volume.......................................................................................... ... 
6.2.14 Total acidity, mg KOH/g................................................................................................. ..... 
6.2.15 Mercaptan Sulphur % by mass...........................................................................................  
What are the effects of the additive on polymers, filter media and other fuel system components?  
............................................................................................................................. ........................  
........ ............................................................................................................................. .................  
How is this additive used?  
...................................................................................... ................................................................  
............................................................................................................................. ..........................   
9                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
 8.1 How is it mixed with fuel?  
........ ............................................................................................................................. ..................  
................................................................................................................ .......................................  
8.2 In what proportions?  
............................................................................................................................. ..........................  
....................................... ................................................................................................................  
8.3 How stable is the mixture?  
................................................................................................................ .......................................  
............................................................................................................................. ..........................  
8.4 How long is the mixture storable?  
.......................... ...........................................................................................................................  
............................................................................................................................. ........................  
8.5 MSDS for safe handling  
............................................................................... ......................................................................  
How stable is the additive itself?  
............................................................................................................................. .......................  
Does the additive contain any zinc?  
............................................................................................................................. ......................  
Are there any chemicals, elements, or physical conditions that can neutra lize or otherwise influence the 
effectiveness of the additive? If so, describe in detail on a separate sheet.  
What are the claimed effects of the additive? (Attach any pertinent material)  
.................................................................... .............................................................................................  
............................................................................................................................. ....................................  
11.1 What tests have been conducted to substantiate these claims? (attach any pertinent material)  
............................................................................................................................. ................................. .. 
............................................................................................................................. ...................................  
11.2 What were the results of these tests? (Include formal report issued)  
.................. ............................................................................................................................. .................  
................................................................................................................. ...............................................  
11.3 Where were these tests performed?  
............................................................................................................................. ...................................  
........ ............................................................................................................................. .........................  
Depending on the information supplied above, the testing laboratory needs to be competent in conducting t he 
appropriate tests.   
 Bibliography  
[1] MIL-HDBK -510A (USAF), Department of Defence handbook aerospace fuels certification, 4 August 
2014.  
[2] BS EN 16709, Automotive fuels – High FAME diesel fuel (B20 and B30) – Requirements and test 
methods  
[3] BS EN 14214,  Liquid petroleum products – Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines 
and heating applications – Requirements and test methods   
11                ©RSB 2018- All rights reserved  
  
 
ICS 75.160.20  
 
©RSB 2018 - All right s reserved