WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
23 July 2018 
(18-4584) Page: 1/43 
Committee on Trade and Development  
Dedicated Session on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
ARAB MEDITERRANEAN F REE TRADE AGREEMENT  (AGADIR AGREEMENT) B ETWEEN   
EGYPT, JORDAN, MOROC CO AND TUNISIA  
(GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Arab Mediterranean Free Trade 
Agreement  (Agadir Agreement)  between Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia , has 
been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility and in full 
consultation with the P arties. The factual presentation reproduces as closely as 
possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the comments provided and 
does not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the Secretariat of such 
terminology. The report has been drawn up  in accordance with the rules and 
procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for Regional 
Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgement by the 
Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technic al questions arising from this report may be addressed to 
Mr. Alberto  Osnago (tel: +41 22 739 6969) . Any statistical questions arising from this 
report may be addressed to  Mr. Thakur Parajuli (tel: +41 22 739 5473) . 
 
 
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  TABLE O F CONTENTS  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 3 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ....................  11 
2.1   Background Information  ................................ ................................ .............................. 11 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ...........  12 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ .................. 12 
3.1.1    General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...12 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ......... 12 
3.1.3    Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ............................. 13 
3.1.3.1    Egypt  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 13 
3.1.3.2    Jordan  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 15 
3.1.3.3    Morocco  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 16 
3.1.3.4    Tunisia  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 19 
3.1.4    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....20 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 20 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................. 21 
3.4   Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ........ 21 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 21 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ ......21 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ..................... 22 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ............................ 22 
3.4.2.1    Special safeguards  ................................ ................................ ................................ 22 
3.4.2.2    Balance of payments safeguards  ................................ ................................ ............. 22 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ................................ .22 
3.4.4    Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ............................ 22 
3.4.5    Customs -related procedures ................................ ................................ ...................... 22 
3.4.6    Other re gulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....23 
3.5   Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ..23 
4   GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  23 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 23 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....23 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 23 
4.4   Accession and Withdrawal ................................ ................................ ............................ 23 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ............................... 23 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....24 
4.7   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 24 
4.8   Intellectual Property Rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 24 
4.9   Trade in Services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 25 
4.10   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ......... 25 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  27 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  43 
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia  
 
Date of Signature:   25 February 2004  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  27 March 2007  
 
Date of Notification:    22 February 2016  
 
Full implementation:   27 March 2007  
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  The Parties to the Agadir Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "the Agreement") are Egypt, 
Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia.  In addition to  the A greement , Egypt is member  of 10 notified RTAs, 
Jordan is member of 8 notified RTAs and Morocco and Tunisia are members of 7 notified RTAs 
each.  
1.2.  Egypt is the largest economy among  the Agadir Parties  and it is also the largest importer of 
goods with almost 0.4 % of world imports  in 2015  (Table 1.1). The largest exporter is Morocco with 
0.13% of world exports  in 2015 . Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia rank  respectively 47th, 66th, 
46th and 50th in the world in terms of exports . Their rankings in terms of imports are 26th, 48th, 
38th and 49th respectively. The trade -to-GDP ratio varies from 18 % for Egypt to 53 % for Jordan.  
Table 1.1 Agadir Members' Merchandise Trade  Profiles  
Member  Merchandise trade 
- 2015  Rank in world 
trade - 2015  GDP US$ billion 
(2015)  Population 
(million)  Trade to GDP 
ratio – 2013 -15 % world 
exports  % world 
imports  Exports  Imports  
Egypt  0.12 0.39 47 26 330.8  91.5 18.0 
Jordan  0.05 0.12 66 48 37.5 7.6 53.2 
Morocco  0.13 0.22 46 38 100.4  34.4 36.8 
Tunisia  0.09 0.12 50 49 43.0 11.1 49.1 
Note:  Trade to GDP ratio is estimated as an economy's trade in goods and commercial services (average of 
exports and imports, balance of payments basis) divided by GDP . 
Source:  WTO Secretariat Trade Profiles and World Bank.  
 
1.3.  Charts 1.1 to 1.4 summarize  the trends in global trade of Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia 
respectively. The charts also show the bilateral trade relationship among the  Parties . Egyp t's global 
merchandise imports increased from US$14  billion in 2000 to US$74 billion  in 2015 . In the long 
run, exports increased form US$5 billion in 2000 to US$22 billion in 2015. However, Egypt's 
exports have declined constantly since 2011, to a value of exports below pre -crisis levels  by 2015 . 
As a consequence, Egypt's overall trade deficit widened over time.  
1.4.  Bilateral trade with all other members of the Agreement followed the same pattern of global 
trade: imports trended upwards for the whole  period under consideration whereas exports 
increased before 2009 but tended to decline  (or remained stable)  afterwards.  Egypt is a net 
exporter to all the Parties and its trade surpluses have tended to increase after 2007.  Intra-RTA 
exports were stable ar ound 3% of total exports in the period before 2007 and they increased to WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  around 5% afterwards.1 On the other hand, the share of imports from the other Parties remained 
stable around 0.5%. Egypt's main trading partner among the Parties is Jordan.  
Chart 1.1 Egypt: Merchandise trade with world and Agadir parties, 2000 -2015  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.5.  Jordan's global merchandise trade display s an increasing trend over time  (Chart 1.2). 
Imports increased from US$4 billion in 2000 to US$20 billion in 2015 while exports increased from 
US$1billion  in 2000 to US$8 billion  in 2015. The data show that Jordan's trade (especiall y imports) 
shrank in 2015. The trade deficit with the world increased over time.  
1.6.  Bilateral imports and exports increased at a steady pace until 2008 or 2009. After 2010, 
bilateral exports to the Parties fluctuated but remained essentially at the same level . Also , bilateral 
imports fluctuated in the period after 2010 but they showed a downward trend . Jordan's largest 
trading partner among the Parties is Egypt.  The share of intra -RTA exports increased from an 
average of 1.5% before 2007 to 2.2%. The share of imports from the other Parties as a share of 
total imports increased from 1.2% in 2000 to a maximum of 6.3% in 2009 but it turned back to 
2.3% in 2015. Jordan has a trade deficit with Egypt and Morocco and a trade surplus with Tunisia .2  
                                                
1 The share of intra -RTA trade is calculated as the ratio of trade with the other Parties over total trade.  
2 The trade balance with Tunisia tended to be positive with the exception of 2008 and 2013.  
00.511.52
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  Chart 1.2 Jordan: Merchandise trade with world and Agadir parties, 2000 -2015  
 
Note:  Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.7.  Morocco's merchandise imports increased from US$12 billion in 2000 to US$38 billion in 2015  
(Chart 1.3). In th e long run, exports in creased f rom US$7 billion in 2000 to US$22 billion in 2015. 
The global trade deficit tended to increase over time but declined in 2015.  
1.8.  Bilateral exports to Egypt and Tunisia increased every year with the exception of 2011 while 
exports to Jordan tended to  decline after 2011.3 Also, imports from Egypt and Jordan increased 
constantly with the exception of some years.4 Imports from Tunisia increased until 2011 but have  
declined every year after.  Morocco's main trading partner among the Parties is Egypt.  The s hare of 
intra-RTA exports remained stable around 1.2% with some fluctuations while intra -RTA imports 
slowly increased from 0.7% in 2000 to 1.6% in 2015.5 Morocco's trade deficit with Egypt and 
Tunisia  tended to increase  over time but declined in 2015. The trade surplus with Jordan increased 
until 2010 and started to decline afterwards, becoming a deficit in 2015.   
                                                
3 Exports to Tunisia declined also in 2013.  
4 Imports fro m Egypt declined in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Imports form Jordan declined in 2010, 2012 and 
2013.  
5 The share of imports form the other Parties reached a maximum of 1.94% in 2010.  
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  Chart 1.3 Morocco : Merchandise trade with world and Agadir parties, 2000 -2015  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.9.  Tunisia's merchandise imports increased from US$9 billion in 2000 to US$20 billion in 2015  
(Chart 1.4). In the long run, exports increased fr om US$6 billion in 2000 to US$14 billion in 2015. 
Tunisia global trade deficit increased until 2014; both exports and imports have declined since 
then.  
1.10.   Bilateral exports to Egypt and Morocco increased constantly until 2008 and they  have 
fluctuated around a roughly stable level in the following period. Exports to Jordan seem to have 
been more volatile throughout the period under consideration. Bilateral i mports from all partners 
increased until 2008 or 2009 but the recovery since then has been slow.  Tunisia's main trading 
partner among the Parties is Egypt.  The share of intra -RTA exports shows a slight increase from 
1.3% before 2007 to 1.8% on average afte rwards. Intra -RTA imports as a share of total imports 
do not show any substantial increase.  Tunisia registered a n increasing trade deficit with Egypt and 
Jordan  until 2014 whereas it has a trade surplus with Morocco .6  
                                                
6 The trade balance with Morocco was negative at the beginning of the 2000s but exports increased 
faster than imports until 2011 when the trade surplus of Tunisia with Morocco reached its peak.  
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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  Chart 1.4 Tunisia : Merchandise trade with world and Agadir parties, 2000 -2015  
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database . 
 
1.11.   Chart 1.5 decomposes Egypt's bi lateral imports and global imports and exports across 
products. It also shows the evolution of the product composition of trade between the period 
before the entry into force of the Agreement ( 2004-2006) and the latest period for which data are  
available ( 2012-2014) by broad HS Section . The largest imported  products  are minerals , 
machinery, base metals  and vegetables  (mostly cereals) . The shares of these products in Egypt's 
import remained largely the same before and after the signing of the Agreemen t with the 
exception of the increase in the share of base  metals . Minerals, chemicals and textiles are the 
main exports to the World. The share of minerals declined drastically from more than 55 % to 
29%. Exports of chemicals, vegetables, textiles and prepared  foods are among the products that 
increased their share s.  
1.12.   The product composition of bilateral imports with all the Parties changed  noticeably after the 
implementation of the Agreement . The shares of chemicals, minerals  and prepared foods in 
imports from  Jordan increased substantially at the expense of vehicles, vegetables, plastic, 
machinery and base metals. Imports of vehicles from Morocco increased extremely fast while 
imports of animals and prepared food decreased sharply. The import shares of food  and minerals 
from Tunisia increased and the shares of machinery and base metals declined.7  
                                                
7 Chapter 23 (residue and waste from food industry) is the largest sector in processed foods.  
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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  Chart 1.5 Egypt : Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2004 -2006 (inner circle); 2012 -2014 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.13.   The product composition of Jordan's global imports and exports did not change significantly 
between 2004 -2006 and 2012 -2014 as shown in Chart 1.6. Jordan's  main imports are minerals, 
machinery, base metals and chemicals. The main exports are chemicals , textiles  (almost entirely  
clothing) , vegetables and machinery.  
1.14.   At the bilateral level , the structure of Jordan's imports from Egypt did not change over t he 
two periods . The main products imported from Egypt are minerals, base metals  and prepared 
foods. Imports f rom Morocco are dominated by prepared foods  and animal products in both 
periods but the shares changed significantly: more than half of the imports were animal products  
in 2004 -2006 but 64 % of imports were prepared foods in 2012 -2014.8 On the other hand, the 
product composition of imports from Tunisia changed more radically. Minerals  represent the 
largest share of imports (62 %) in 2012 -2014 followed by imports of chemicals. The largest 
reductions in shares are for imports of plastic and machinery.   
                                                
8 Animal products are essentially dairy products  and eggs (HS chapter 4) while prepared foods are 
preparations of meat or fish (chapter 17).  
15 
15 
11 
9 8 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 16 14 
17 
12 
12 9 6 6 4 2 4 5 2 2 4 Egypt's global imports37 
2 39 2 12 2 4 2 2 
13 
3 
2 
9 
4 62 3 Egypt's imports from Morocco
20 
15 
13 11 10 10 6 5 3 3 4 
34 
27 4 3 6 16 6 5 Egypt's imports from Jordan
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 62 million
2012 -14: US$ 150 million
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 17,749 million
2012 -14: US$ 69,290 millionTotal: 
2004 -06: US$ 11 million
2012 -14: US$ 96 million6 
8 
37 
11 7 3 10 16 3 2 
19 
53 12 3 5 5 Egypt's imports from Tunisia
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 16 million
2012 -14: US$ 147 million
56 
8 7 6 3 3 2 15 29 
8 
11 
10 6 12 4 6 5 3 2 2 4 Egypt's global exports
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 10,682 million
2012 -14: US$ 28,336 million
WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  Chart 1.6 Jordan : Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2004 -2006 (inner circle); 2012 -2014 (outer circle).  
 Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
Sourc e: UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.15.   The product composition of Morocco's imports remained largely unchanged with minerals  
and machinery representing the largest sectors  with shares of 28 % and 17% respectively (Chart 
1.7). Chemicals, textiles, machinery and minerals are the largest export sectors with shares above 
13%. Exports of vehicles, chemicals and, to a lesser extent, minerals were among the fastest 
growing exports to the world.9 At the same time, there was a sharp re duction in the share of 
textile s (from 29% to  16%) in Morocco's global exports .  
1.16.   Morocco's imports of base metals  (mainly aluminium, iron and steel) from Egypt  registered 
the largest drop in terms of share. The share of minerals also declined but at a lowe r rate. These 
declines were counterbalanced by an expansion  in the shares of prepared foods, chemicals and 
articles of stone , plaster and cement in Morocco's imports from Egypt.10 The shares in Morocco's 
imports of textiles and machinery  from Jordan  fell over the two periods  whereas the share  of 
chemicals  grew fast . Also , the shares of prepared foods and vegetables increased noticeably. The 
structure of imports from Tunisia changed due to  an increase in the shares of vegetables and 
machinery and a reduction in the shares of base metals, chemicals and textiles.   
                                                
9 HS chapter 25 (salt, sulphur, earths and stones, plastering materials, lime, and cement) represents 
almost half of Morocco's global exports of minerals. This is  different from other instances where the most trade 
(imported or exported) chapter in minerals is fuels (chapter 25).  
10 As in the case of imports of Egypt from Tunisia, residue and waste from food industry (chapter 23) 
represent the largest sector of pro cessed foods.  
22 
15 
10 9 8 6 6 5 3 4 2 2 2 7 29 
11 
7 5 8 7 7 6 4 4 2 3 8 Jordan's global imports52 
2 37 5 4 22 
64 2 3 3 2 4 Jordan's imports from Morocco
310
8
416235116235
7
6
9
36622514532Jordan's imports from Egypt
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 341 million
2012 -14: US$ 693 million
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 9,966 million
2012 -14: US$ 21,660 millionTotal: 
2004 -06: US$ 16 million
2012 -14: US$ 20 million24 
19 
23 11 8 5 2 4 3 20 
3 
4 
6 
62 4 Jordan's imports from Tunisia
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 4 million
2012 -14: US$ 34 million
26 
24 
9 6 5 5 4 4 4 2 3 2 2 3 16 
30 
7 2 7 9 5 2 5 4 4 3 2 3 Jordan's global exports
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 4,445 million
2012 -14: US$ 8,061 million
WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  Chart 1.7 Morocco:  Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual average: 2004 -2006 (inner circle); 2012 -2014 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
1.17.   The most important products imported by Tunisia are machinery, minerals, textiles (mainly 
cotton) and vehicles  (Chart 1.8). Their sha res did not change significantly with the exception of a 
decline in textiles and an increase in minerals. Machinery, textiles  (primarily  clothing) , minerals 
and chemicals  are Tunisia's  largest global exports. The main changes over t he two periods  are the 
expansion of machinery and minerals exports and the contraction of textiles, chemicals and 
vegetables.   
1.18.   Minerals, prepared foods and chemicals  are the largest Tunisian imports  from Egypt. 
Imports of minerals increased disproportionately after 2007  while the share of chemicals increased 
but at a slower pace. Processed foods, base metals and vegetables became less important in 
Tunisia's imports from  Egypt . Chemicals  are by far the largest import from Jordan with their share 
increasing from 55 % to 72 %. Plastic s is the second largest import but its share declined. Tunisia's 
imports from Morocco went through substantial restructuring. The sectors with the largest shares 
in imports in 2012 -2014, namely vehicles (24 %) and textiles  (cotton)  (17%), jointly represented  
only 4%  of imports in 2004 -2006. At the same time, the shares of minerals and wood pulp  
experienced a rapid decline.  
22 
20 
11 9 8 7 6 4 2 2 2 2 6 28 
17 
7 8 9 7 6 5 4 2 2 7 Morocco's global imports32 
30 24 4 2 2 2 3 
52 
8 2 2 6 3 8 8 4 3 3 Morocco's imports from Jordan
29
13
12101076442416
8
17
9 771097432Morocco's imports from Egypt
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 156 million
2012 -14: US$ 502 million
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 20,642 million
2012 -14: US$ 45,389 millionTotal: 
2004 -06: US$ 4 million
2012 -14: US$ 13 million19 
17 
14 13 11 10 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 12 
5 
26 
9 4 17 9 2 6 3 2 6 Morocco's imports from Tunisia
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 115 million
2012 -14: US$ 223 million
29 
15 
13 10 8 6 6 4 2 7 16 
16 
18 13 8 5 6 3 9 6 Morocco 's global exports
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 11,213 million
2012 -14: US$ 22,399 million
WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  Chart 1.8 Tunisia : Product composition of merchandise trade, annual average  
 
Note:  Annual  average: 2004 -2006 (inner circle); 2012 -2014 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background Information  
2.1.  The Agreement was signed by Egypt, Jordan,  Morocco and Tunisia  on 25 February 200 4 and  
entered into force on 27 March 2007. It was notified on 22 February 2016  under Paragraph 4(a) of 
the Enabling Clause  (see document WT/COMTD/N/48 ).11 The Agreement is composed of 6 
Sections . Box 2.1  below summarizes the structure of the Agreement . The Agree ment includes also 
three Annexes.  
Box 2.1 Contents of the Agreement  
Sections    Title/description  
Section  1 General Provisions  
Section  2 Arrangements for liberalizing trade  
Section  3 Accompanying arrangements for liberalization  
Section  4 Procedures  
Section  5 Institutional requirements  
Section  6 General provisions and concluding requirements  
                                                
11 The text of the Agreement is available on the website of the Technical Unit for the Agadir Agreement : 
http://www.agadiragreement.org  
23 
17 
14 9 7 7 5 4 3 2 2 7 22 
9 
19 
8 9 8 6 6 3 2 2 7 Tunisia's global imports55 
22 9 5 4 2 2 2 
72 17 4 2 2 4 Tunisia's imports from Jordan
22
17
1511995533315
6
4
3671355352Tunisia's imports from Egypt
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 79 million
2012 -14: US$ 235 million
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 13,639 million
2012 -14: US$ 24,510 millionTotal: 
2004 -06: US$ 8 million
2012 -14: US$ 22 million26 
18 
16 15 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 
13 
16 
5 
5 
2 
17 7 24 6 3 Tunisia's imports from Morocco
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 65 million
2012 -14: US$ 114 million
15 
29 
10 13 4 2 8 6 6 7 28 
19 
16 8 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 Tunisia's global exports
Total: 
2004 -06: US$ 11,213 million
2012 -14: US$ 16,943 million
WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
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  Sections    Title/description  
Annexes  Title 
Annex 1  Lists of products subject to immediate dismantling at the date of entry into 
force of the Agreement  
Annex 2  Protocol concerning the definition of the concept of originating products and 
methods of administrative cooperation  
Annex 3  Establishing Technical Unit  
Source:  The Agreement and related annexes . 
 
2.2.  The objective of the Agreement is to establish a Free Trade Area between the Arab 
Mediterranean countries  with the purpose of developing economic activity, supporting 
employment, increasing productivity, and improving living standards.  Article 34 states that the 
Agreement shall enter into force from the date in which the last ratifying Party informs the other 
Parties of the completion of the ratification process.  The ratification  process was completed in July 
2006 and the Agreement entered into force on 27 March 2007 with no transition period .12  
2.3.  The Agree ment foresees the coordination of economic policies on matters such as foreign 
trade, agriculture, industry, taxes, finance services and customs. The Agreement also aims at the 
approximation of legislation between the Parties in order to create a favourabl e climate for 
economic integration.  
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1.  Section 2 of the Agreement sets up the liberalization of trade in goods. It covers industrial 
goods ( Article  3) and agricultural goods and processed agricultural products ( Article  4). In 
addition, it includes provisions on rules of origin ( Article  6) and trade in services ( Article  5).13 
Section 3 includes general provisions and additional arrangements for liberalization on, for 
example, non -customs restrictions ( Article  8), customs valuation (Article  9), taxes ( Article  12) and 
exhibitions ( Article  14). 
3.1  Import  duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.2.  Article 10  states that the Parties agree t o accord national treatment to goods originating from 
the other Parties.  No new customs duties, nor any duties or taxes of equivalent effect, may be 
imposed on goods traded between the Parties, after the entry into effect of this Agreement 
(Article  7). 
3.3.  The Parties agree to remove immediately all non -customs restrictions, which may  specifically 
include quantitative, currency, administrative and technical restrictions on imports  (Article  8). In 
accordance with the specific rules of the WTO, the agreement for facilitation and development of 
commercial exchanges between the Arab states  and the arrangements of the Greater Arab Free 
Trade Area14, no new non -customs restrictions may be imposed.  
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.4.  Article 3 disciplines tariff reductions for industrial goods. Imports of i ndustrial goods shall be 
subject  to a process of dismantlement of customs duties and other duties and taxes of similar 
effect. The elimination of tariffs can be classified into three groups . Industrial goods subject to 
immediate and rapid elimination  of tariffs under the Association Agre ements between each 
member and the EU shall be duty free at the date of entry into force of the Agreement. The list of 
                                                
12 The full implementation of the Agreement needed a publication of circulars f rom the customs 
authorities o f the P arties , which was completed on 27 March 2007.  
13 Article 5 simply refers to commitments defined in the schedules pf the WTO Agreement on Services. 
It states that countries will seek to expand trade in services and the Foreign trade Ministers’ Committ ee will 
continuously monitor developments in trade in services between the Member Countries.  
14 The Greater Arab Free Trade Area was notified to the WTO as the Pan -Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA).  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 13 - 
 
  goods subject to this elimination schedule is found in Annex 1 of the Agreement.15 Moreover, the 
Parties continue the work on the immediat e exemptions specified in bilateral agreements  signed 
between the Parties .  
3.5.  The liberalization of agricultural goods is in accordance with the implementation program of 
the agreement for facilitation and development of commercial exchanges between Arab States, 
which aims to set up a Greater Arab Free Trade Area  (Article  4). 
3.6.  At the end of the implementation period, Egypt liberalized all tariff lines while Jordan and 
Morocco liberalized more than 90% of tariff lines. The share of duty free lines in agricult ure after 
2007 was 94% and 90% for Jordan and Morocco respectively. After the implementation period, 
99% and 92% of tariff lines in manufacturing were duty -free for Jordan and Morocco respectively.  
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.7.  The base rates of customs duty in the Parties' schedules reflect the MFN rate applied by the 
Parties on 31 December 1997  (Article  7). If any reductions in the customs duties took place  at the 
time of, or after, the entry into force of this Agreement, such reduced rates are used as base 
rates.  The Parties shall use the harmonized schedule (HS) classification of products.   
3.8.  All the Parties apply a single tariff reduction schedule to all ot her Parties. Therefore, the tariff 
elimination commitments of a Party under the Agreement are identical across all partners.  The 
analysis of tariff data below offers details at the HS section with the objective of highlighting the 
increased  market access p rovided by each Party for some of the most important products in the 
partners' export bundles.  
3.1.3.1   Egypt  
3.9.  Egypt's tariff elimination commitments  are shown in Table 3.1.16 Before the entry into force 
of the Agreement, only 8.7 % of tariff lines were duty free on an MFN basis which corresponded to 
23% of imports from Jordan, 31 % from Morocco and 10 % from Tunisia in the period 2004 -2006.  
At the entry into force  of the Agreement  in 2007, Egypt liberalized all the remaining tariff lines 
(91.3 %) for all Parties  except those  in the list of products prohibited by the Economic and Social 
Council of the League of Arab States  for security, religious, health or environmental reasons . Egypt 
pointed out that the list is under review  by the League of Arab States  and an updated list would be 
provided once the review is finalized . It was not possible for the Secretariat to include these 
products in the tariff liberalization schedule present ed below  since, in the case of Egypt,  they could 
not be identified at the tariff line level and aligned to the MFN nomenclature  in 2007 . Table A2. 1 in 
Annex 2 of the f actual presentation lists the identifiable HS Sub -Headings containing prohibited 
products.17 
Table 3.1 Egypt - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Egypt 's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Egypt's imports 
from Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006) US$ milliona % of Egypt's imports from 
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006)  
Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  
2007 (MFN)  477 8.7 14.3 3.5 1.7 23.1 31.4 10.2 
2007 5,012  91.3 47.8 7.5 14.8 76.9 68.6 89.8 
                                                
15 The lists of goods are also set out in Annex 3 of the Association Agreements of Morocco, Jordan and 
Tunisia and in the first list in the table of liberalization of goods included in the Association Agreement between 
Egypt and the EU.  
16 In 2007 Egypt's MFN  tariff had 5,489 lines at the HS eight digit level. Almost all tariffs (99.8 % of 
lines) were ad valorem . Only 11 lines were subject to specific tariffs.  
17 The list of HS Sub -Headings containing prohibited products in Table A2. 1 is not exhaustive since the 
Secretariat could not identify the corresponding HS codes of several prohibited products.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 14 - 
 
  Duty 
phase -out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Egypt 's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Egypt's imports 
from Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006) US$ milliona % of Egypt's imports from 
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006)  
Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  
Remain 
Dutiableb - - - - - - - - 
Total  5,489  100.0  62.1 11.0 16.5 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. 
b The products approved by the Economic and Social Council of the League of Arab States and 
excluded from the agreements are not included in the table since they could not be identified at the 
tariff line level and aligned to the MFN nomenclature.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Egypt and from IDB -WTO.  
3.10.   The average applied MFN rate in 2007 was 17.4 %. Table 3.2 shows  Egypt's tariff elimination 
by HS  section.18 The highest average MFN rate before the entry in to force of the Agreement was 
209% in section IV (prepared foods) where only 9 lines out of 223 were duty free  on an MFN 
basis. Important sectors in the export bund les of the other Parties are textiles, machinery, 
chemicals, minerals and  vehicles. The average MFN rates in XVII ( vehicles ) and XI ( textiles ) were 
above 15 %.19 The Agreement opened up the Egyptian market to the exporters of these goods in 
the other Parties. Also the liberalization of section VI (chemicals) is worth noting: even though the 
average MFN duty was not the highest compared to other sections (8.2%), aro und 95 % of tariff 
lines in this section were subject to duties before the Agreement entered into force . The MFN rates 
for machinery and minerals w ere already relatively low in 2007, namely 6 % and 3 % respectively.  
Table 3.2 Egypt: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the  
MFN 2007  Number of duty -free lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  2007  
I 8.3 245 67 178  
II 5.1 258 33 225  
III 6.3 72 10 62  
IV 209.1  223 9 214  
V 2.9 149 4 145  
VI 8.2 826 42 784  
VII 7.3 238 23 215  
VIII 12.3 78  78  
IX 12.1 94  94  
X 10.1 155 1 154  
XI 15.1 829 43 786  
XII 26.3 52  52  
XIII 12.5 152 1 151  
XIV 9.9 58 7 51  
XV 8.8 601 19 582  
XVI 6.2 900 177 723  
XVII 15.5 172 11 161  
XVIII 7.5 232 24 208  
XIX 16.7 23 6 17  
XX 18.5 125  125  
XXI 25.0 7  7  
Total  17.4 5,489  477 5,012  - 
Note:  For the calculation of  MFN averages, specific rates  are excluded.  
 Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data  provided by Egypt and from IDB -WTO.  
                                                
18 Eleven lines with specific rates are excluded in the analysis as no ad valorem  equivalents are 
available.  
19 Also chapters XII (footwear), XXI (works of art),  XX (miscellaneous) and XIX (arms) had an average 
MFN rate above 15%.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 15 - 
 
  3.1.3.2   Jordan  
3.11.   Jordan's tariff elimination commitments  are shown in Table  3.3.20 Before the entry into force 
of the Agreement, 49 % of tariff lines were already duty free on an MFN basis. However, trade in 
these lines represented only 19 % with Egypt, 8 % with Morocco and 30 % with Tunisia during 
2004-2006. The implementation of the Agreement red uced to zero the tariffs on an additional 
49.4% of tariff lines.  Following implementation,  98 lines remain dutiable  for imports from the other 
Parties corresponding to  less than 1% of imports from Egypt . 
Table  3.3 Jordan - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -
out period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Jordan 's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Jordan 's imports 
from Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006) US$ milliona % of Jordan  's imports from 
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006)  
Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  
2007 (MFN)  3,048  49.0 63.8 1.3 1.3 18.8 7.8 30.3 
2007 3,071  49.4 271.8  14.8 2.9 80.2 92.2 69.7 
Remain Dutiable  98 1.6 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 
Total  6,217  100.0  338.8  16.1 4.2 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature . 
 Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data  provided by Jordan and from IDB -WTO.  
3.12.   The average applied MFN rate in 2007 was 11 %. The average final tariff after the 
implementation of the Agreement is 44 % on 98 lines . Table 3.4 shows Jordan's tariff elimination 
by HS section.  The average rate in section XVII ( vehicles ), XI ( textiles ) and XVI ( machinery ) were 
11%, 9.5 % and 8.8 % respectively. All lines in these sections became duty -free under the 
Agreement. The average MFN rate in section V (minerals) was 8.8 and only one line remains 
dutiable under the Agreement with a tariff of 30 %. The MFN applied average tariff in Section IV 
(prepared foods) was among the highest (26.9 %) with only 29% of MFN duty-free lines in 2007. 
The Agreement brings to zero the rate on 146  lines but 35 lines remain dutiable with a high 
average applied rate of  almost  90%. 
Table 3.4 Jordan: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  Duty -free lines 
under the MFN 
2007  Number of duty -free 
lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  Avg. Final 
Tariff  
(Dutiable)  
2007  
I 15.5 252 16 221 15 13.0 
II 17.1 318 67 250 1 30.0 
III 12.0 66 36 30   
IV 26.9 255 74 146 35 89.6 
V 8.8 160 94 65 1 30.0 
VI 1.8 898 721 169 8 6.5 
VII 5.7 291 174 115 2 23.0 
VIII 15.6 69 19 50   
IX 11.5 133 65 68   
X 13.0 226 96 130   
XI 9.5 836 471 365   
XII 26.4 50 5 45   
XIII 17.9 178 48 116 14 20.9 
XIV 16.1 59 1 57 1 20.0 
XV 11.8 732 310 422   
XVI 8.8 1,032  643 389   
XVII 11.0 204 84 120   
                                                
20 In 2007 Jordan's MFN tariff contained 6,217 lines at the HS nine digit level. Almost all tariff ra tes 
(99.9 %of lines) were ad valorem . Only 7 lines were subject to mixed tariffs and 1 was subject to other types 
of duty.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 16 - 
 
  HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  Duty -free lines 
under the MFN 
2007  Number of duty -free 
lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  Avg. Final 
Tariff  
(Dutiable)  
2007  
XVIII 13.8 291 102 186 3 27.7 
XIX 25.8 24  7 17 24.1 
XX 24.3 135 22 112 1 30.0 
XXI 27.0 8  8   
Total  11.0 6,217  3,048  3,071  98 44.1 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  
 Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
 Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Jordan and from IDB -WTO.  
3.13.   Chart 3.1 shows the average remaining dutiable rates on agricultur al and non -agricultur al 
products by HS chapter  following implementation of the Agreement . Among agriculture chapters, 
average tariff ra tes are highest in HS  Chapters 22 (b everages, spirits and vinegar ) at 145 % 
covering 16 lines and HS 24 (tobacco) at 51 % covering 14 lines. Four non -agriculture HS Chapters 
have on average rates equal to 30 %. These chapters are 27 (mineral fuels) with 1 dut iable line, 
70 (glass and glassware) with 2 dutiable lines, 92 (musical instruments) with 1 dutiable line and 
95 (toys) with 1 dutiable line.  With preferential rates in these chapters equivalent to the MFN 
averages, there is no additional liberalization of fered for imports from the other Parties for these 
products.  
Chart 3.1 Jordan: Average of dutiable rates  on excluded lines , by HS Chapter  
 
Note: Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature  
 Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Jordan  
 
3.1.3.3   Morocco  
3.14.   Morocco's tariff elimination commitments  are shown in Table  3.5.21 Only 23 tariff lines were 
duty-free on an MFN basis in 2007. With the implementation of the Agreement, 91 % of tariff lines 
                                                
21 In 2007, Morocco's MFN tariff consisted of 17,746 tariff lines at the HS 10 -digit level. All tariff rates 
were ad valorem . 
020406080100120140160
01 02 05 07 16 21 22 24 27 36 38 40 68 70 71 90 92 93 95Average Duty Rate
HS Chapter (1 -24)Preferential MFN
HSChapter (25 -97)WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  became duty free for the Parties  representing 96.3 %, 97.8% and 97.3% respectively of imports 
from Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia during 2004 -2006. Following implementation, 1,542 tariff lines 
(8.7%) remain dutiable under the Agreement, representing shares of imports from the other 
parties between 2.2 % and 2.7 %.  
Table  3.5 Morocco - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Morocco 's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Morocco's 
imports from  
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006) US$ milliona % of Morocco's imports from 
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006)  
Egypt  Jordan  Tunisia  Egypt  Jordan  Tunisia  
2007 (MFN)  23 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 
2007 16,181  91.2 148.8  3.8 110.3  96.3 97.8 97.3 
Remain Dutiable  1,542  8.7 3.8 0.1 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.7 
Total  17,746  100.0  154.5  3.9 113.4  100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is from HS chapters 1 -97. 
Note:  Based on the HS 2002 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Morocco.  
3.15.   The average applied MFN rate in 2007 was 25 %. The average final tariff for imports from 
the other Parties after the implementation of the Agreement was 20%. Table 3.6 shows Morocco's 
tariff elimination by HS section.  The only HS  section that has been completely liberalized is 
section  XII (footwear). All other sections went through important liberalization with the exception 
of section VI (chemicals): 34 % of tariff lines in the sections remain dutiable with an average tariff 
of 12 %. Sections V (minerals), XI (textiles) and XVI (machinery) have been largely liberalized but 
there are still 24, 163 and 29 dutiable lines respectively with average tariffs of 12 %, 28% 
and 13%. 
Table 3.6 Morocco: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  Duty -free lines 
under the MFN 
2007  Number of duty -free 
lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  Avg. Final 
Tariff  
(Dutiable)  2007  
I 72.2 748  698 50 51.5 
II 37.6 807  781 26 35.8 
III 27.2 139  119 20 20.4 
IV 39.7 871  719 152 32.8 
V 13.1 309 23 262 24 12.3 
VI 14.3 2,345   1,550  795 11.9 
VII 35.2 1,125   1,037  88 38.8 
VIII 13.9 402  376 26 17.5 
IX 31.9 502  495 7 40.0 
X 36.6 668  656 12 29.0 
XI 23.4 3,410   3,247  163 28.2 
XII 33.5 238  238   
XIII 27.7 471  431 40 31.3 
XIV 9.8 146  131 15 10.0 
XV 20.5 2,025   2,010  15 14.7 
XVI 11.4 1,870   1,841  29 13.4 
XVII 20.8 668  652 16 17.5 
XVIII 6.5 469  437 32 7.9 
XIX 10.0 73  56 17 10.0 
XX 26.9 451  445 6 13.3 
XXI 10.0 9   9 10.0 
Total  24.8 17,746  23 16,181  1,542  19.9 
Note:  Based on the HS 2002 nomenclature . 
Source : WTO estimates based on data provided by Morocco.  
 
 WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 18 - 
 
  3.16.   Chart 3.2 shows the average remaining dutiable rates on agricultur al and non -agricultur al 
products by HS chapter. There is a number of dutiable lines in both agriculture and non -agriculture 
HS chapters . Panel (a) of chart 3.2 refers to agriculture chapters and it indicates that 2 lines in 
chapter 04 (dairy products) have the highest average tariff equal to 63.5 %. Also 38 lines in 
chapter 02 (meat) are still dutiable with an average rate of 52.5 %. Panel (b) of the chart shows 
that chapter s 61 and 62 (textiles) have an average tariff above 43 % on 11 and 26 lines 
respectively. The average tariff in Chapter 29 (organic chemicals) is 9.7 % on 555 tariff lines.  The 
highest average rates are found in Chapter 4 ( dairy products) at 63.5%, Chapter 2 (meat 
products) at 52.5%  and Chapters 1 (live animals), 8 (edible fruit and nuts) and 16 (meat and fish 
preparations) at 49%.  With preferential rates in these chapters equivalent to the MFN averages, 
there is no addition al liberalization offered for imports from the other Parties for these products.  
Chart 3.2 Morocco: Average of dutiable rates  on excluded lines , by HS Chapter  
(a) 
 
(b) 
Note: Based on the HS 2002 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Morocco.  
010203040506070
01 02 04 05 06 07 08 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Average Duty Rate
HS Chapter (1 -24)Preferential MFN
05101520253035404550
252627282930323438394041424344484954565860616268707181828384858790939497Average Duty Rate
HS Chapter (25 -97)Preferential MFNWT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 19 - 
 
  3.1.3.4   Tunisia  
3.17.   Tunisia 's tariff elimination commitments are shown in  Table 3.7.  Before the entry int o force 
of the Agreement, only 5 .4% of tariff lines were duty free on an MFN basis which corresponded to 
2% of imports from Egypt, 5% from Jordan and 1 % from Morocco i n the period 2004 -2006. At the 
entry into force of the Agreement in 2007, Tunisia liberalized all the remaining tariff lines ( 94.6%) 
for all Parties  except those  in the list of products prohibited by the Economic and Social Council of 
the League of Arab Stat es for security, religious, health or environmental reasons . It was not 
possible for the Secretariat to include these products in the tariff liberalization schedule presented 
below  since, in the case of Tunisia,  they could not be identified at the tariff l ine level and aligned to 
the MFN nomenclature  in 2007 . Table A2. 1 in Annex 2 of the factual presentation lists the 
identifiable HS Chapters, Headings and Sub -Headings containing prohibited products.22  
Table 3.7 Tunisia - Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement an d 
corresponding average trade  
Duty 
phase -out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Tunisia's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Tunisia's imports 
from Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006) US$ milliona % of Tunisia's imports from 
Agadir Parties  
(2004 -2006)  
Egypt  Jordan  Morocco  Egypt  Jordan  Morocco  
2007 (MFN)  627 5.4 1.5 0.4 0.7 2.0 5.1 1.1 
2007 11,052  94.6 77.4 8.1 63.8 98.0 94.9 98.9 
Remain 
Dutiableb - - - - - - - - 
Total  11,679  100.0  79.0 8.5 64.5 100.0  100.0  100.0  
a Import coverage is from HS chapters 1-97. 
b The products approved by the Economic and Social Council of the League of Arab States and 
excluded from the agreements are not included in the table since they could not be identified at the 
tariff line level and aligned to the MFN nomenclature.  
Note: Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Tunisia and from IDB -WTO.  
3.18.   The average applied MFN rate in 2007 was 36.4%. Table 3.8 shows Tunisia's tariff 
elimination by HS  section. The highest average MFN rate before the entry into force of the 
Agreement was 71.2% in section IV (prepared foods) in which all lines were subject to duties on 
an MFN basis. Important sectors in the ex port bundles of the other Parties are textiles, machinery, 
chemicals, minerals and vehicles , all of which have been liberalized under the Agreement . All lines 
in section XI (textiles) , all dutiable on an MFN basis with an average rate of 57 %, became duty 
free under the Agreement . Most of the lines in sections VI (chemicals) and XVI (machinery) were 
subject to MFN duties with an average rate of 17% and 23% respectively before the Agreement 
entered into force. In 2007, t he average MFN rates for sections V ( minerals ) and XVII (vehicles) 
were 11% and 21%  respectively.  
Table 3.8 Tunisia: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the MFN 
2007  Num ber of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2007  
I 62.4 880  880  
II 70.5 614  614  
III 63.4 141  141  
IV 71.2 884  884  
V 11.5 340 100 240  
VI 17.2 1,409  18 1,391   
VII 21.5 434 2 432  
                                                
22 The li st of HS Chapters, Headings and Sub -Headings containing prohibited products in Table A2. 1 is 
not exhaustive since the Secretariat could not identify the corresponding HS codes of several prohibited 
products.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 20 - 
 
  HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of lines  Duty -free 
lines under 
the MFN 
2007  Num ber of duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  
2007  
VIII 39.9 189  189  
IX 28.8 248  248  
X 32.6 277 13 264  
XI 56.8 1,393   1,393   
XII 40.6 125  125  
XIII 29.5 362  362  
XIV 37.7 119 1 118  
XV 20.0 1,255  206 1,049   
XVI 22.7 1,870  154 1,716   
XVII 21.2 407 90 317  
XVIII 18.7 412 43 369  
XIX 22.6 27  27  
XX 36.3 286  286  
XXI 19.0 7  7  
Total  36.4 11,679  627 11,052  - 
Note:  Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Tunisia and from IDB -WTO.  
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.19.   The Agreement does not contain any provision s on tariff rate quotas per se.  
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.20.   Article  6 refers to the Protocol concerning the definit ion of the concept of originating 
products  and methods of administrative cooperation (Annex II of the Agreement).  The 
requirements for originating goods are in conformity with the Pan -Euro-Mediterranean (PEM) 
protocol on Rules of Origin.   
3.21.   Article  6 also states that goods originating from one member country shall be accompanied 
by a certificate of origin issued and end orsed by the competent authorities in the exporting 
country . The competent authorities shall take necessary steps to verify the originating status of 
the goods,  in accordance with the Protocol on Rules of Origin specific to this Agreement.  
3.22.   As participants in the Barcelona Process , Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia adopt  the 
Pan-Euro-Mediterranean  system of cumulation.23 This implies that  goods originating  from the EU, 
EFTA, Turkey, the countries which signed the Barcelona Declaration, the Western Balk ans an d the 
Faroe Islands,  benefit from diagonal cumulation . Moreover, full cumulation is operated between 
the EU and Morocco and Tunisia.   
3.23.   According to Article  2 of Annex II , a good is considered originating when:24 
a. the produ ct is wholly obtained in the Contracting Party  of the Convention , within the 
meaning of Article  4; or 
b. the non -originating materials incorporated in a product have undergone "sufficient 
working or processing" in the Contracting Party  of the Convention , according to specific 
requirement s laid down in Article  5. 
                                                
23 The Pan -European cumulation system created in 1997 on the basis of the EEA agreement was 
enlarged to the participants in the Barcelona Process in 2005 to create a Pan -Euro-Mediterranean cumulation 
system of origin  (IP/05/1256).  
24 For the remainder of this section, all articles refer to articles in Annex II of the Agreement, unless 
otherwise stated.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  3.24.   Annex II.C of the Agreement lists the working or processing required to be carried out on 
non-originating materials in order for the product to obtain originating status. The rules are 
generally  chapter -specific with exceptions at  the tariff heading level (CTH 4 -digit).25 Origin is 
conferred according to four main criteria applied either independently or in combination with each 
other. These are: the "wholly obtained" (WO) criterion requiring that "all the materials of the 
chapter a re wholly obtained"; the "change of tariff heading" (CTH) criterion requiring non -
originating materials to fall under headings other than that of the product; the import content test 
(MC) requiring the value of the non -originating materials not to exceed a  given percentage of the 
ex-works price of the product; and the technical test rule (TR) which sets out the working 
processes that non -originating materials have to undergo. In some instances, a combination of 
different rules or choice between different ru les is given.  
3.25.   Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article  3 provide for diagonal cumulation with the other participants 
of the Pan -Euro-Med cumulation system of origin. Article  5 (sufficiently worked or processed 
products ) provides for an "absorption principle" - i.e. w hen a non -originating material acquires 
originating status by meeting the corresponding processing requirement, this material is 
considered to be 100 % originating once incorporated into a final product.  
3.26.   The de minimis  rule in Article  5.2 provides that non -originating materials which would 
otherwise not be accepted may nevertheless be used, provided that (i) their value does not exceed 
10% of the ex -works price of the product, and (ii) any of the percentages provided for in 
Annex  II.C are not exceeded  by vir tue of the de minimis  rule. This rule applies to all products 
except textiles and clothing (HS  Chapters 50 -63).26  
3.27.   Article  6 lays down an exhaustive list of insufficient working or processing operations that 
do not confer origin, even if the product met the relevant rule. Article  7 defines the unit of 
qualification for the application of the provis ions of the Protocol; Article s 8-10 deal with how 
certain materials (accessories, spare parts or tools; sets; and neutral elements) are to be 
treated/valued wh en determining the origin of the goods. Article  11 establishes that outward 
processing outside the Pan -Euro-Med area is not allowed unless certain conditions are fulfilled. The 
non-respect of those conditions will result in the loss of originating status.  
3.28.   A no-drawback rule for customs duties is applied to non -originating materials used in 
products benefiting from preferential treatment having obtained originating status in any of the 
countries part of the Pan -Euro-Med area ( Article  14). The prohibition on drawback only applies 
when products have obtained originating status on the basis of Pan -Euro-Med diagonal cumulation. 
Furthermore, the Parties are allowed partial drawback on non -originating materials used in 
non-agricultural products (HS Chapters 25 -97) subject to the payment of a fixed percentage of 
customs duties. This provision was originally applicable until 31 December 2012 but Jordan 
clarified that the EU extended the partial exemption from duty drawback prohibition in the origin 
protocols to the As sociation Agreements with Jordan, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia until 
31 December 2015  and, a ccording to Egypt, the partial drawback had been renewed until now.  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.29.   There are no provisions per se on export duties and charges in the Agreement.   
3.4  Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.30.   Article  21 states that members shall put in place sanitary and phytosanitary procedures for 
the purpose of protecting the health and life of persons, animals and plants to the extent that they 
do not contravene other provisions of the Agreement. In addition, imported goods are still subject 
                                                
25 In Annex II to Protocol 4 most Chapters are preceded by an "ex" signifying that their corresponding 
rule(s) in colum ns three and four to the Annex apply to the Chapter "except for" the tariff headings as listed 
directly below the Chapter. In the absence of an "ex" the rule applies to the Chapter without exceptions.  
26 Special "tolerance rules" apply to certain textile pr oducts made of a mixture of materials (see notes 5 
and 6 of Annex II.B).  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 22 - 
 
  to the Laws of Agricultural and Veterinary Quarantine applicable in each country. Finally, such 
procedures and rules shall not be used as a non -customs barrier to trade between the Parties, in 
accordance with the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures   
(SPS Agreement), the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade  (TBT Agreement) and other 
relevant international agreements.  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.31.   The agreement does not directly refer to or incorporate the WTO Agreement on Technical 
Barriers to Trade ( TBT Agreement ). According to Article  23, member countries wi ll work to 
co-ordinate their technical legislation, norms and standards, in accordance with international 
practices. Regarding conformity assessment, countries will give priority to working on the 
signature of agreements in the area . 
3.32.   Consultations initiate  in the event of any member country introducing measures that would 
create, or might tend to create, technical barriers to trade.  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.33.   The Parties retain their rights to apply emergency measures in accordance with the WTO 
Agreement on Safeguards  if the increase in imports of a product in its territory cause s or threaten 
to cause substantial damage to local industry or the agricultural sector  producing a similar product 
(see Article  15). The Agreement does not explicitly provide for the possible exclusion of a Party 
from global safeguards . Safegu ard procedures shall also be in accordance with laws and rules  
applicable in each Party.  
3.4.2.1   Special safeguards  
3.34.   Article  16 disciplines the action that a Party can take in order to protect its infant industries  
or sectors undergoing restructuring or facing serious difficulties . In particular, the Parties can 
increase or re -introduce customs duties and other measures having equivalent effect as an 
exception to Article s 3 and 4 of the Agreement. These me asures have a limited duration and can 
be taken only during the transition period . Each country is obliged to inform the other Parties of 
any exceptional measure it intends to take and of the timetable for the removal of such measures. 
The Committee of For eign Trade Ministers shall study and approve these measures before their 
implementation.  
3.4.2.2   Balance of payments safeguards  
3.35.   Article  18 disciplines  the application of balance of payments safeguards. If a member 
country faces dangers, difficulties or disequilibr ium in relation to its balance of payments, or the 
threat of such, it may take appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of the WTO 
agreement. The Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers shall be informed of these measures and 
the timetable for t heir removal.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.36.   The WTO Antidumping Agreement and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing 
Measures govern the rights and obligations of the Parties regarding the application of antidumping 
and countervailing  measures  in accordance with the applicable laws and rules in each Party  
(Article  17). 
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid 
3.37.   The Agreement does not include provisions on subsidies and state -aid.  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  
3.38.   The WTO Agreement regulates the procedures of customs valuation of imported goods 
(Article  9). WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  3.4.6   Other regulations  
3.39.   Article  12 disciplines value added and sales taxes on imported products. The level of VAT or 
sales taxes on goods that are subject to the elimination or reduction of customs duties and othe r 
taxes having equivalent effect shall be set taking into account the prop ortional value of the 
exemption  or reduction of such duties and taxes specified in the Agreement . 
3.40.   All goods traded between the Parties shall be subject to security and health legisla tion, laws 
related to the protection of morals, public order, national historical, archaeological and artistic 
heritage, and environmental protection in force in each country ( Article  20). 
3.5  Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  
3.41.    The Agreement does not  contain any sector -specific provisions.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  There are no specific provisions on transparency. Upon signature of the Agreement, the 
Parties shall exchange documents concerning the setting of customs duties, and duties and taxes 
having equivalent effect as of 31 December 1997 ( Article  7).  
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  Financial payments for commercial transactions between the Parties shall be made in a freely 
traded currency, in accordance with the rules  and laws in force in each country, without infringing 
any agreements or arrangements in force between the Parties.  
4.3  Exceptions  
4.3.  In accordance with Article  19, the list of products approved by the Economic and Social 
Council of the League of Arab States  are prohibited and not subject to the provisions of the 
Agreement.  
4.4  Accession and Withdrawal  
4.4.  Article  1 of the Agreement  leaves the door open for the accession of other Arab 
Mediterranean countries. Article  30 specifies that any member of the Arab League and the Greater 
Arab Free Trade area, involved in an Association Agreement  or a free trade agreement  with the 
EU, can request accession to th e Agreement. The accession must be approved by all member 
countrie s and the acceding country must agree to implement all effective obligations of the 
Agreement at the moment of accession.  
4.5.  The Agreement remains in force for an unlimited period (see Article  31). However, any 
member Country can withdraw from the Agreement b y informing the Foreign Affairs Ministers' 
Committee of this. The Agreement shall become ineffective with regard to the country 
withdrawing, after a period of three months from the date of notification . 
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.6.  The Agreement establishes a F oreign Ministers' Committee ( Article  24), a Committee of 
Foreign Trade Ministers ( Article  24 and 25) and a Technical Unit ( Article  27). The Foreign Ministers' 
Committee, which meets annually or as often as necessary, defines the policy measures needed to 
drive forward and expand the Agadir process amongst the Arab Mediterranean countries, and 
between them and the European Union.  As communicated by Egypt, the first meeting of the 
Foreign Ministers' Committee was held on 19 January 2011 in Sharm El-Sheikh,  Egypt, during 
which the Ministers expressed the need to strengthen the political support to the Agreement. 
Another meeting of the Foreign Ministers' Committee was held on the side-lines of the meetings of 
the United Nations General Assembly in New York on 26  September 2011. The meeting covered a 
number of topics focusing on the importance of achieving further progress in the support of the WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 24 - 
 
  Agreement at the political level . The Foreign Ministers' Committee  also welcom ed the request of 
Palestine to accede the A greement. On 27 March 2017 the Foreign Ministers' Committee met in 
Amman, Jordan where the accessions of Palestine and Lebanon to the Agreement were agreed 
upon provided that the protocols of accession were concluded  in accordance with the provisions of 
the Agreement.   
4.7.  The Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers, which meets annually or whenever necessary,  
inter alia , supervises the implementation of the Agreement and defines ways of deepening 
co-operation and integration between the Parties. The Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers also 
assists count ries in avoid ing disputes and it facilitates the resolution of disputes through 
consultations.  The Committee is also in charge of monitoring developments in trade in services 
between the member Countries after the entry into effect of the Agreement (see Article  5). 
4.8.  The Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers shall form a Technical Committee in charge of 
following up the implementation of the Agreement, following up on the decision taken by the 
Committee of Foreign Trad e Ministers and offering assistance to the resolution of disputes.27 The 
Technical Committee held 5 meetings on the evaluation of the implementation of the Agreement 
and discussed potential improvements in the process of economic integration between the 
Parties.28  
4.9.  Annex III establishes a Technical Unit that offers advice and technical support on all matters 
concerning the implementation of the Agreement.  
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.10.   The resolution of disputes over the interpretation and application of the Agreement is 
regulated in Article  28. 
4.11.   The concerned Parties shall make every effort to arrive at a resolution of the dispute that is 
satisfactory to all Parties through  consultation. If consultations do not re solve the issue  within 45 
days, the matter shall be referr ed to the Foreign Trade Ministers ' Committee. The Committee shall 
study the matter and make the required decisions in order to resolve the dispute.  
4.12.   The Parties concerned may request the nomination of  a special arbitration committee  in the 
event the Foreign Trade Ministers ' Committee is unable to reach a satisfactory resolution . The 
request for the constitution of a special arbitration committee is examined by the Foreign Trade 
Ministers ' Committee and, if accepted, the arbitration c ommittee shall be formed within a period 
not exceeding  30 days from the date on which the request is accepted. This duration may be 
reduced to 15 days in the case of goods having a short expir ation date . The rules and working 
procedures of the special arbi tration committee are de termined  by the Foreign Trade Ministers ' 
Committee.  
4.7  Government procurement  
4.13.   Article  11 covers Government procurement. The provisions of th e Agreement apply also in 
the context of government procurement as long as they do not conflict  with the operative laws and 
procedures  of each Party on preferential treatment .  
4.8  Intellectual Property Rights  
4.14.   According to Article  22, the WTO TRIPS Agreement and national laws regulat e the protection 
of intellectual property rights, including authors ' rights, patents, trade marks, industrial logos, 
geographical product names, names giving indication of origin , literary and artistic works and 
computer programs . The Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers  is in charge of monitoring all 
questions related to inte llectual property.  
                                                
27 Egypt clarified that t he Committee of Foreign Trade Ministers formed a S enior Official Committee 
which met on 18  March 2015 to study the protocol of accession.  
28 As communicated by Morocco, the last meeting of the Technical Committee was held in December 
2016.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 25 - 
 
  4.9  Trade in Services  
4.15.   The Agreement also includes an article related to trade in services. According to Article 5, 
the Parties undertake to respect the commitments as regards liberalization of trade in services 
defined in the ir respective GATS  Schedules. They will also seek to expand the scale of trade in 
services between them, in accordance with the applicable laws and structures existing in each 
country.  
4.10  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
4.16.   Article 32 leaves to the Parties the possibility of extending and ratifying of other agreements 
setting up customs unions or free trade areas, or instituting other arrangements concerning 
international trade, in accordance with Article XXIV and Part IV  of the GATT.  
4.17.   Table 4.1 below lists the Parties' RTAs, notified and non -notified, other than the Agreement.  
All the Parties are members of the Pan -Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA) and they have separ ate 
bilateral agreements with the EU, Turkey and EFTA. Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia are also  members 
of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP).  
Table 4.1 Egypt, Jordan, Morocco  and Tunisia: Participation in other RTAs (notified and 
non-notified in force), as of 2 1 June 2018  
RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
EGYPT  
Southern Common Market 
(MERCOSUR) - Egypt  01-Sep-17 Goods  2018 Enabling Clause  
EFTA - Egypt  01-Aug-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
Egypt - Turkey  01-Mar-07 Goods  2007 Enabling Clause  
EU - Egypt  01-Jun-04 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Market for Eastern 
and Southern Africa (COMESA) 
- Accession of Egypt  17-Feb-99 Goods  2017 Enabling Clause  
Pan-Arab Free Trade Area 
(PAFTA)a 01-Jan-98 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Market for Eastern 
and Southern Africa (COMESA)b 08-Dec-94 Goods  1995 Enabling Clause  
Global System of Trade 
Preferences among Developing 
Countries (GSTP)  19-Apr-89 Goods  1989 Enabling Clause  
Protocol on Trade Negotiations 
(PTN)  11-Feb-73 Goods  1971 Enabling Clause  
PAFTA – Accession of Algeria  01-Jan-09 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Palestine  01-Jan-98 Goods  Not notified  
COMESA - Accession of DR 
Congo, Djibouti and Madagascar  21-Dec-81 Goods  Not notified  
COMESA – Accession Libya  03-Jan-05 Goods  Not notified  
COMESA – Accession of 
Seychelles  2001 Goods  Not notified  
JORDAN  
Canada - Jordan  01-Oct-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Jordan  01-Mar-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
Jordan - Singapore  22-Aug-05 Goods & 
Services  2006 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EFTA - Jordan  01-Sep-02 Goods  2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Jordan  01-May-02 Goods  2002 GATT Art. XXIV  
United States - Jordan  17-Dec-01 Goods & 
Services  2002 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Pan-Arab Free Trade Area 
(PAFTA)a 01-Jan-98 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
Jordan - Israel  19-Apr-96 Goods  Not notified  
MERCOSUR - Jordan Framework 
Agreement  n.a. Goods  Not notified  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 26 - 
 
  RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
PAFTA – Accession of Algeria  01-Jan-09 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Palestine  01-Jan-98 Goods  Not notified  
MOROCCO  
Turkey - Morocco  01-Jan-06 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
United States - Morocco  01-Jan-06 Goods & 
Services  2005 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EU - Morocco  01-Mar-00 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Morocco  01-Dec-99 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
Pan-Arab Free Trade Area 
(PAFTA)a 01-Jan-98 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
Global System of Trade 
Preferences among Developing 
Countries (GSTP)  19-Apr-89 Goods  1989 Enabling Clause  
MERCOSUR - Morocco 
Framework Agreement  29-Apr-10 Goods  Not notified  
Morocco - United Arab Emirates  09-Jul-03 Goods  Not notified  
Tunisia - Morocco  16-Mar-99 Goods  Not notified  
Morocco - Guinea  06-Sep-00 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Algeria  01-Jan-09 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Palestine  01-Jan-98 Goods  Not notified  
TUNISIA  
Turkey - Tunisia  01-Jul-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Tunisia  01-Jun-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Tunisia  01-Mar-98 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Pan-Arab Free Trade Area 
(PAFTA)a 01-Jan-98 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  
Global System of Trade 
Preferences among Developing 
Countries (GSTP)  19-Apr-89 Goods  1989 Enabling Clause  
Protocol on Trade Negotiations 
(PTN)  11-Feb-73 Goods  1971 Enabling Clause  
Tunisia - Libya  19-Feb-02 Goods  Not notified  
Tunisia - Iraq 31-Dec-99 Goods  Not notified  
Tunisia - Morocco  16-Mar-99 Goods  Not notified  
Tunisia - Syria  2005 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Algeria  01-Jan-09 Goods  Not notified  
PAFTA – Accession of Palestine  01-Jan-98 Goods  Not notified  
a The notification made in October 2006 (WT/REG223/N/1) indicated that the parties to the  PAFTA 
were as follows: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi 
Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. The Treaties of Accessions of 
Algeria and Palestine are yet to be notified.  
b The notification made in May 1995 (WT/COMTD/N/3) indicated that the Parties to the COMESA were 
as follows: Angola; Burundi; Comoros; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Lesotho; Malawi; Ma uritius; 
Rwanda; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. The Treaty of Accession of 
Egypt was notified in 2017 (WT/COMTD/N/51). The Treaties of Accessions of Djibouti, DR Congo, 
Libya, Madagascar and Seychelles are yet to be notified.  The wi thdrawals of Angola, Lesotho and 
Tanzania are also subject to a notification.  
n.a.  not available.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
 WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 27 - 
 
  ANNEX 1  
1. Tables A1.1 to A1. 4 present average statistics regarding the Parti es' tariff elimination 
schedule. It also provides information on agricultural and non -agricultural products . 
2. The share of duty -free tariff lines applied on all products imported by Egypt  increased from 
8.7% on an MFN b asis to 100 % with the implementation of the Agreement  (see Table A1. 1) 
although some products are excluded from the Agreement (see Table 2.1 in Annex 2) . The share 
of duty-free tariff lines in agricultural products (13.3 %) was higher than the share of duty -free 
lines in non -agricultural products (8 %). The average applied tariff declined from 17.4 % to zero  
overall, and from 65% and 10%, respectively for agricultural  and non-agricultural products , to 
zero for imports from the other Parties .  
Table A1. 1 Egypt: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
Agadir parties  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural productsa Non-agricultural products  
Average  
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall  
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2007 17.4 19.0 8.7 65.2 75.4 13.3 10.0 10.9 8.0 
Agadir  2007 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Egypt and from IDB -WTO.  
3. The share of duty -free tariff lines applied on all products imported by Jordan increased from 
49% to 98 % with the implementation of the Agreement  (see Table A1. 2). The sh are of duty -free 
tariff lines in agricultural products ( 30.5%) was lower  than the share of duty -free lines in 
non-agricultural products  (52%). These share s increased to 94 % and 99 % respectively  for imports 
from the other Parties . The overall average applied tariff declined from 11% to 0.7%. The average 
tariff on agricultural products was 17.5% while that on non -agricultural products was 10%. At the 
end of liberalization, the average  applied tariff on agricultural products was 4 % and that on 
non-agricu ltural products was 0.2% . 
Table A1. 2 Jordan: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
Agadir parties  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PR ODUCTS  Agricultural productsa Non-agricultural products  
Average  
applied tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2007 11.0 21.7 49.0 17.5 25.2 30.5 10.1 20.9 51.9 
Agadir  2007 0.7 44.1 98.4 4.0 65.9 93.9 0.2 20.5 99.1 
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  Jordan's trade under subheading 271600 "Electrical energy" has been excluded  since the subheading 
is not included in the tariff schedules .  
 Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data  provided by Jordan.  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 28 - 
 
  4. The share of duty -free tariff lines applied on all products imported by Morocco increased 
from almost zero to 9 1% with the implementation of the Agreement  (see Table A1. 3). There were 
no duty -free tariff lines in agricultural products and very few (0.2 %) in non -agricultural products. 
These share s increased to 90 % and 92 % respectively. The overall average applied tariff declined 
from 25 % to 2%. The average tariff on agricultural products was 45 % while that on 
non-agricultural pr oducts was 22 %. At the end of liberalization, the average applied tariff on 
agricultural products was 4 % and that on non -agricultural products was 1.4 %. 
Table A1. 3 Morocco: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates f or imports 
from Agadir parties  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural productsa Non-agricultural 
products  
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2007 24.8 24.9 0.1 44.8 44.8 0.0 21.6 21.6 0.2 
Agadir  2007 1.7 19.9 91.3 3.6 35.4 89.8 1.4 16.8 91.6 
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2002 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Morocco.  
5. The share of duty -free tariff lines applied on all products imported by Tunisia increased from 
5.4% on an MFN basis to 100% with the implementation of the Agreement (see Table A1. 4) 
although a number of products are excluded from liberalization under the Agreement (see Table 
2.2 in Annex 2) . There were no duty -free tariff lines in agricultural products while the share of 
duty-free lines in non -agricultural products was 6.6%. The average applied tariff declined from 
36.4% to zero overall, and from 72.1% and 29.9%, respectively for agricultural and non -
agricultura l products, to zero for imports from the other Parties.  
Table A1. 4 Tunisia: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
Agadir parties.  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural productsa Non-agricultural products  
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2007 36.4 38.5 5.4 72.1 72.1 0.0 27.9 29.9 6.6 
Agadir  2007 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  Based on the HS 2007 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data  provided by Tunisia and from IDB -WTO.  
6. Tables  from A1.5 to A1.8 show market access opportunities under the Agreement for the top 
25 products exported by Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia . Table A1. 5 shows that the top 25 
products exported  by Egypt accounted for 69% of its global exports . Exports to Jordan were 
covered under 37 tariff lines at the HS 9 digit level of which 8 were already duty free on an MFN 
basis. Exports to Morocco were covered under 99 tariff lines at the HS 10 digit level of which 11 
were already duty free. Exports to Tunisia were covered under 194 tariff lines at the HS 9 digit 
level of which 65 were already duty free on an MFN basis.  The Agreement liberalized all tariff lines 
in Jordan and Tunisia while 6 lines remain subject to duties  in Morocco . These lines concern waste WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 29 - 
 
  oils (with an applied MFN tariff of 45% in 2007, and fresh or chilled pot atoes for which the average 
applied MFN tariff was 49% in 2007.   
7. Table A1. 6 shows that the top 25 products exported by Jordan accounted for 52% of its 
global exports. Exports to Egypt were covered under 30 lines at the HS 8 digit level of which 5 
were already MFN duty -free. Exports to Morocco were covered under 112 lines at the HS 10 digit 
level of which 9 were already duty free on an MFN basis.29 Exports  to Tunisia were covered under 
132 lines at the HS 9 digit level of which 25 were already MFN duty -free. The Agreement 
liberalized all of Egypt's and Tunisia's tariff lines while 7 lines remain subject to duties in Morocco.  
These concern vegetable fats and  oils which faced an average applied tariff of 26.2% in 2007, 
cigars (MFN average tariff in 2007 of 25%) and men's shirts (MFN average tariff in 2007 of 45%).   
8. Table A1. 7 shows that the top 25 products exported by Morocco accounted for 54% of its 
global exports. Exports to Egypt were covered under 27 lines at the HS 8 digit level of which 6 
were already MFN duty -free. Exports to Jordan were covered under 34 lines at th e HS 9 digit level 
of which 10 were already duty free on an MFN basis.  Exports to Tunisia were covered under 135 
lines at the HS 9 digit level of which 25 were already duty free on an MFN basis.  The Agreement 
liberalized all tariff lines in  all Parties .  
9. Table A1. 8 shows that the top 25 products exported by Tunisia accounted for 55% of its 
global exports. Exports to Egypt were covered under 35 lines at  the HS 8 digit level of which 9 
were already MFN duty -free. Exports to Jordan were covered under 39 lines at the HS 9 digit level 
of which 13 were already duty free on an MFN basis. Exports to Morocco were covered under 1 24 
lines at the HS 10 digit level of which 9 were already duty free on an MFN basis.30 The Agreement 
liberalized all tariff lines in Egypt and Jordan  while 10 lines remain subject to duties in Morocco.  
These lines concern electrical machinery and equipment ( with average applied MFN tariffs in 2007 
ranging from 2.5% to 39%).   
                                                
29 Notice that the tariff information for Morocco was reported in HS 2002 therefore the information 
relating to HS 2002 code 310410 has been merg ed into HS 2 007 code 310490.  
30 Notice that the tariff information for Morocco was reported in HS 2002 therefore the information 
relating to HS 2002 code 854441 has been merged into HS 2007 code 854442.   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 30 - Table A1. 5 Egypt: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Egypt' s top 25 exports to the world  
Egypt's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description 
of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
271111  Natural gas, liquefied  14.0 30.0 1  1  2.5 1  1  0.0  2   
271011  Light oils and 
preparations, of 
petroleum or 
bituminous minerals 
which >= 90% by 
volume "incl. losses" 
distil at 210°c "astm d 
86 method"  7.3 18.7 3  3  31.7 6 2 6  11.5 12 12 12  
271019  Medium oils and 
preparations, of 
petroleum or 
bituminous minerals, 
n.e.s.  7.3 18.7 3  3  30.3 8 9 8  13.2 27 25 27  
271091  Waste oils containing 
polychlorinated 
biphenyls [pcbs], 
polychlorinated 
terphenyls [pcts] or 
polybrominated 
biphenyls [pbbs]  7.3 23.0 1  1  45.0 1   1 7.5 1 1 1  
271099  Waste oils containing 
mainly petroleum or 
bituminous minerals  7.3 23.0 1  1  45.0 1   1 7.5 1 1 1  
270900  Petroleum oils and 
oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, 
crude  5.6 5.0 1  1  10.0 4  4  6.8 1 3 1  
100630  Semi-milled or wholly 
milled rice, whether 
or not polished or 
glazed  2.5 5.0 1  1  156.0  2  2  60.0 32  32  
520100  Cotton, neither 
carded nor combed  2.5 0.0  1   2.5 3  3  60.0 2  2   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 31 - Egypt's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description 
of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
721420  Bars and rods, of iron 
or non -alloy steel, 
with indentations, 
ribs, groves or other 
deformations 
produced during the 
rolling process  1.8 21.3 4  4  27.5 2  2  32.5 2  2  
390110  Polyethylene with a 
specific gravity of < 
0,94, in primary 
forms  1.5 0.0  1   26.7 3  3  10.0 2  2  
721911  Flat-rolled products of 
stainless steel, of a 
width of >= 600 mm, 
not further worked 
than hot -rolled, in 
coils, of a thickness of 
> 10 mm  1.4 0.0  1   10.0 1  1  0.0  1   
252310  Cement clinkers  1.3 30.0 1  1  21.3 2  2  43.0 1  1  
252329  Portland cement  1.0 10.0 1  1  32.5 1  1  0.0  1   
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated 
with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -
monetary  0.9 0.0  1   6.3 2  2  29.0 2  2  
630291  Toilet linen and 
kitchen linen of cotton  0.8 23.0 1  1  45.0 2  2  60.0 1  1  
271112  Propane, liquefied  0.8 30.0 1  1  2.5 2  2  0.0  12   
251511  Marble and travertine, 
crude or roughly 
trimmed  0.8 20.0 2  2  45.0 1  1  43.0 1  1  
760110  Aluminium, not 
alloyed, unwrought  0.7 0.0  1   10.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  
610910  T-shirts, singlets and 
other vests of cotton, 
knitted or crocheted  0.7 23.0 1  1  45.0 3  3  60.0 1  1   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 32 - Egypt's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description 
of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Jordan  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
270400  Coke and semi -coke 
of coal, of lignite or of 
peat, whether or not 
agglomerated; retort 
carbon  0.7 10.0 1  1  10.0 5  5  10.0 5  5  
070190  Fresh or chilled 
potatoes  0.7 22.5 2  2  49.0 4   4 73.0 3  3  
080510  Fresh or dried 
oranges  0.6 32.5 2  2  49.0 4  4  73.0 2  2  
732690  Articles of iron or 
steel, n.e.s.  0.6 23.0 1 2 1  33.0 19  19  37.0 24  24  
271290  Paraffin wax, 
microcrystalline 
petroleum wax, slack 
wax, ozokerite, lignite 
wax, peat wax, other 
mineral waxes, and 
similar products 
obtained by synthesis 
or by other processes, 
whether or not 
coloured  0.5 30.0 1  1  20.5 5  5  13.5 7 7 7  
170310  Cane molasses 
resulting from the 
extraction or refining 
of sugar  0.4 0.0  1   17.5 5  5  73.0 1  1  
TOTALS  69.0 15.9 29 8 29 - 30.9 88 11 82 6 29.3 129 65 129 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Agadir parties and UNSD -Comtrade .  
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 33 - Table A1. 6 Jordan: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Jordan' s top 25 exports to the world  
Jordan's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
310490  Carnallite, sylvite and 
other crude natural 
potassium salts, 
potassium magnesium 
sulphate and mixtures 
of potassic fertilisers, 
e.g. mixtures of 
potassium chloride 
and potassium 
sulphate  5.7 0.0  1   2.5 3  3  15.0 1  1  
300490  Medicaments 
consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for 
therapeutic or 
prophylactic purposes, 
put up in measured 
doses "incl. those in 
the form of 
transdermal 
administration" or in 
forms or packings for 
retail  4.1 5.0 1 1 1  5.7 14  14  22.0 8  8  
251010  Natural calcium 
phosphates and 
natural aluminium 
calcium phosphates, 
natural and 
phosphatic chalk, 
unground  3.7 2.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  15.0 1  1  
711319  Articles of jewellery 
and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other 
than silver, whether 
or not plated or clad 
with precious metal  3.7 10.0 1  1  10.0 11  11  43.0 9  9   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 34 - Jordan's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
310290  Mineral or chemical 
nitrogen fertilisers  3.7 0.0  1   2.5 2  2  15.0 1  1  
610690  Women 's or girls ' 
blouses, shirts and 
shirt-blouses of textile 
materials, knitted or 
crocheted  3.2 30.0 1  1  45.0 3  3  60.0 4  4  
611490  Special garments for 
professional, sporting 
or other purposes, 
n.e.s., of textile 
materials, knitted or 
crocheted  2.8 30.0 1  1  45.0 2  2  60.0 2  2  
611020  Jerseys, pullovers, 
cardigans, waistcoats 
and similar articles, of 
cotton, knitted or 
crocheted  2.5 30.0 1  1  45.0 3  3  60.0 3  3  
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated 
with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -
monetary purposes  2.5 0.0  1   6.3 2  2  29.0 2  2  
151620  Vegetable fats and oils 
and their fractions, 
partly or wholly 
hydrogenated, inter -
esterified, re -
esterified or 
elaidinised, whether 
or not refined, but not 
further prepared  2.2 7.5 2  2  26.2 12  10 2 73.0 5  5  
280920  Phosphoric acid; 
polyphosphoric acids, 
whether or not 
chemically defined  2.2 2.0 1  1  40.0 2  2  27.0 1  1   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 35 - Jordan's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
070200  Tomatoes, fresh or 
chilled  2.1 5.0 1  1  49.0 2  2  73.0 1  1  
300390  Medicaments 
consisting of two or 
more constituents 
mixed together for 
therapeutic or 
prophylactic uses, not 
in measured doses or 
put up for retail sale  2.0 2.0 1 1 1  21.3 8  8  19.5 4  4  
620459  Women 's or girls ' 
skirts and divided 
skirts of textile 
materials  1.7 30.0 1  1  45.0 2  2  60.0 3  3  
610990  T-shirts, singlets and 
other vests of textile 
materials, knitted or 
crocheted  1.2 30.0 1  1  45.0 5  5  60.0 4  4  
240290  Cigars, cheroots, 
cigarillos and 
cigarettes consisting 
wholly of tobacco 
substitutes  1.1 0.0 2  2  25.0 2   2 73.0 1  1  
620462  Women 's or girls ' 
trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, 
breeches and shorts 
of cotton  1.0 30.0 1  1  45.0 2  2  60.0 7  7  
761290  Casks, drums, cans, 
boxes and similar 
containers  1.0 12.5 2  2  34.6 6  6  36.0 4  4  
620439  Women 's or girls ' 
jackets and blazers of 
textile materials  1.0 30.0 1  1  45.0 2  2  60.0 4  4   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 36 - Jordan's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Morocco  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
610469  Women 's or girls ' 
trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, 
breeches and shorts 
of textile materials, 
knitted or crocheted  0.8 30.0 1  1  45.0 1  1  60.0 2  2  
070700  Cucumbers and 
gherkins, fresh or 
chilled  0.8 5.0 1  1  49.0 2  2  73.0 2  2  
620469  Women 's or girls ' 
trousers, bib and 
brace overalls, 
breeches and shorts 
of textile materials  0.7 30.0 1  1  45.0 4  4  60.0 7  7  
271019  Medium oils and 
preparations, of 
petroleum or 
bituminous minerals, 
n.e.s.  0.7 5.0 1  1  30.3 8 9 8  13.2 27 25 27  
620590  Men's or boys ' shirts 
of textile materials  0.7 30.0 1  1  45.0 3   3 60.0 3  3  
610610  Women 's or girls ' 
blouses, shirts and 
shirt-blouses of 
cotton, knitted or 
crocheted  0.6 30.0 1  1  45.0 1  1  60.0 1  1  
TOTALS  51.7 15.4 25 5 25 - 32.3 103 9 96 7 47.5 107 25 107 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Agadir parties and UNSD -Comtrade .  
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 37 - Table A1. 7 Morocco: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Morocco' s top 25 exports to the world  
Morocco's top export products in  
2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
280920  Phosphoric acid; 
polyphosphoric  acids, 
whether or not chemically 
defined  7.6 2.0 1  1  0.0  1   27.0 1  1  
854129  Transistors with a 
dissipation rate >= 1  w  5.8 0.0  1   0.0  1   10.0 1  1  
251010  Natural calcium 
phosphates and natural 
aluminium calcium 
phosphates, natural and 
phosphatic chalk, 
unground  4.4 2.0 1  1  0.0  1   15.0 1  1  
854442  Electric conductors for a 
voltage <= 1.000 v, 
insulated, fitted with 
connectors, n.e.s.  3.7 10.0 1 1 1  30.0 1 2 1  32.3 6  6  
620342  Men's or boys ' trousers, 
bib and brace overalls, 
breeches and shorts, of 
cotton  3.0 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 7  7  
620462  Women 's or girls ' 
trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and 
shorts of cotton  2.9 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 7  7  
160413  Prepared or preserved 
sardines, sardinella and 
brisling or sprats, whole 
or in pieces  2.4 5.0 1  1  10.0 1  1  43.0 3  3  
270750  Aromatic hydrocarbon 
mixtures of which >= 
65% by volume, incl. 
losses, distils at 250°c by 
the astm d 86 method  2.3 2.0 1  1  0.0  1   10.0 2  2   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 38 - Morocco's top export products in  
2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
271019  Medium oils and 
preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous 
minerals, n.e.s.  2.0 5.0 1  1  18.7 3  3  13.2 27 25 27  
030759  Octopus "octopus spp.", 
frozen, dried, salted or in 
brine, with or without 
shell 2.0 5.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  43.0 2  2  
610910  T-shirts, singlets and 
other vests of cotton, 
knitted or crocheted  1.8 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 1  1  
310530  Diammonium 
hydrogenorthophosphate 
"diammonium phosphate"  1.8 0.0  1   5.0 1  1  15.0 1  1  
080520  Fresh or dried mandarins 
incl. tangerines and 
satsumas, clementines, 
wilkings and similar citrus 
hybrids  1.6 20.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  73.0 5  5  
854449  Electric conductors, for a 
voltage <= 1.000 v, 
insulated, not fitted with 
connectors, n.e.s.  1.6 10.0 1 1 1  15.0 1 3 1  29.2 13  13  
310540  Ammonium 
dihydrogenorthophosphate 
"monoammonium 
phosphate", whether or 
not mixed with 
diammonium 
hydrogenorthophosphate 
"diammonium phosphate"  1.3 0.0  1   5.0 1  1  15.0 1  1   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 39 - Morocco's top export products in  
2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of 
the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Tunisia  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
611030  Jerseys, pullovers, 
cardigans, waistcoats and 
similar articles, of man -
made fibres, knitted or 
crocheted  1.1 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 3  3  
070200  Tomatoes, fresh or chilled  1.1 5.0 1  1  30.0 1  1  73.0 1  1  
080510  Fresh or dried oranges  1.0 20.0 1  1  32.5 2  2  73.0 2  2  
640399  Footwear with outer soles 
of rubber, plastics or 
composition leather, with 
uppers of leather  1.0 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  43.0 11  11  
310310  Superphosphates  1.0 0.0  1   5.0 1  1  15.0 2  2  
620630  Women 's or girls ' 
blouses, shirts and shirt -
blouses of cotton  0.9 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 1  1  
620520  Men's or boys ' shirts of 
cotton  0.9 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 1  1  
200570  Olives, prepared or 
preserved otherwise than 
by vinegar or acetic acid  0.9 20.0 1  1  30.0 1  1  73.0 2  2  
853890  Parts suitable for use 
solely or principally with 
the apparatus of heading 
8535, 8536 or 8537, 
n.e.s.  0.8 5.0 1  1  23.0 1 1 1  27.0 4  4  
621133  Men's or boys ' tracksuits 
and other garments, 
n.e.s. of man -made fibres  0.8 30.0 1  1  23.0 1  1  60.0 5  5  
TOTALS  53.9 14.0 21 6 21 - 17.4 24 10 24 - 42.0 110 25 110 - 
Note:  Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Agadir parties and UNSD -Comtrade .  
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 40 - Table A1. 8 Tunisia: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Tunisia' s top 25 exports  to the world  
Tunisia's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Morocco  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils 
obtained from bituminous 
minerals, crude  9.5 5 1 0 1  5.0 1 0 1  10.0 4  4  
620342  Men's or boys ' trousers, 
bib and brace overalls, 
breeches and shorts, of 
cotton  6.1 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 3  3  
150910  Virgin olive oil and its 
fractions obtained from 
the fruit of the olive tree 
solely by mechanical or 
other physical means 
under conditions that do 
not lead to deterioration 
of the oil  4.8 7.5 2 0 2  30.0 1 0 1  49.0 2  2  
621139  Men's or boys ' tracksuits 
and other garments, 
n.e.s. of textile materials  3.6 17.5 2 0 2  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 7  7  
854442  Electric conductors for a 
voltage <= 1.000 v, 
insulated, fitted with 
connectors, n.e.s.  3.0 10 1 1 1  30.0 1 2 1  2.5 1  1  
310530  Diammonium 
hydrogenorthophosphate 
"diammonium phosphate"  2.6 0 0 1 0  5.0 1 0 1  30.3 8 9 8  
271019  Medium oils and 
preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous 
minerals, n.e.s.  2.5 5 1 0 1  18.7 3 0 3  38.3 6  6  
620462  Women 's or girls ' 
trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and 
shorts of cotton  2.2 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 2  2   
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 41 - Tunisia's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Morocco  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
280920  Phosphoric acid; 
polyphosphoric acids, 
whether or not chemically 
defined  2.0 2 1 0 1  0.0 0 1 0  40.0 2  2  
853690  Electrical apparatus for 
switching electrical 
circuits, or for making 
connections to or in 
electrical circuits, for a 
voltage <= 1.000 v  1.8 5 1 2 1  23.0 1 2 1  31.8 14  14  
610910  T-shirts, singlets and 
other vests of cotton, 
knitted or crocheted  1.6 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 3  3  
621210  Brassieres of all types of 
textile materials, whether 
or not elasticated, incl. 
knitted or crocheted  1.5 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 2  2  
640610  Uppers and parts thereof   1.4 30 1 0 1  0.0 0 1 0  28.8 6  6  
310310  Superphosphates  1.4 0 0 1 0  5.0 1 0 1  2.5 3  3  
640391  Footwear with outer soles 
of rubber, plastics or 
composition leather, with 
uppers of leather, 
covering the ankle  1.3 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  40.0 6  6  
621132  Men's or boys ' tracksuits 
and other garments, 
n.e.s. of cotton  1.3 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 7  7  
853890  Parts suitable for use solely 
or principally with the 
apparatus of heading 
8535, 8536 or 8537, n.e.s.  1.2 5 1 0 1  23.0 1 1 1  39.0 10  8 2 
853650  Switches for a voltage  
<= 1.000 v  1.0 12.5 2 3 2  21.0 1 4 1  27.9 7  3 4  
  WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 42 - Tunisia's top export products in 2004 -2006  Access Conditions to Agadir parties'  import markets  
HS number and description of the 
product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Egypt  Jordan  Morocco  
MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  MFN 2007  Duty 
free 
lines 
Under 
the 
Agree -
ment  
Remain 
Dutiable  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) 
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  
Dutiable 
lines  
Duty free 
lines  
640399  Footwear with outer soles 
of rubber, plastics or 
composition leather, with 
uppers of leather  1.0 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  40.0 9  9  
080410  Fresh or dried dates  0.9 10 1 0 1  23.3 3 0 3  49.0 1  1  
854430  Ignition wiring sets and 
other wiring sets for 
vehicles, aircraft or ships  0.8 5 1 0 1  30.0 1 0 1  10.0 2   2 
620520  Men's or boys ' shirts of 
cotton  0.8 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 1  1  
610990  T-shirts, singlets and 
other vests of textile 
materials, knitted or 
crocheted  0.8 30 1 0 1  23.0 1 0 1  45.0 5  5  
854470  Optical fibre cables made 
up of individually 
sheathed fibres, whether 
or not containing electric 
conductors or fitted with 
connectors  0.8 0 0 1 0  0.0 0 1 0  2.5 2   2 
870894  Steering wheels, steering 
columns and steering 
boxes, and parts thereof, 
for tractors, motor vehicles 
for the transport of ten or 
more persons, motor cars 
and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the 
transport of persons, 
motor vehicles for the 
transport of goods and 
special purpose motor 
vehicles, n.e.s.  0.7 3.5 2 0 2  25.0 1 1 1  10.0 2  2  
TOTALS  54.7 15.5 26 9 26 - 18.8 26 13 26 - 32.5 115 9 105 10 
Note:  Based on the HS 20 07 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Agadir parties and UNSD -Comtrade . WT/COMTD/RTA/11/1  
 
- 43 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
Table A2. 1 List of HS Chapters , Headings and Sub -Headings containing prohibited 
products  
Country  HS codesa 
Egypt  010310, 010391, 010392, 010611, 010612, 010619, 010620, 010631, 010632, 010639, 010690, 
020311, 020312, 020319, 020321, 020322, 020329, 020630, 020641, 020649, 020890, 020900, 
021011, 021012, 021019, 050710, 060290, 121190, 130211, 150100, 150300, 160100, 160210, 
160220, 160231, 160232, 160239, 160241, 160242, 160249, 160250, 160290, 220300, 220410, 
220421, 220429, 220430, 220510, 220590, 220600, 220820, 220830, 220840, 220850, 220860, 
220870, 220890, 250100, 250300, 252010, 252020, 252410, 252490, 252921, 253090, 261900, 
262011, 262021, 262030, 262040, 262091, 262099, 262110, 262190, 270710, 270720, 270730, 
270740, 270750, 270791, 270799, 270810, 271011, 271019, 271091, 271099, 271390, 271500, 
280450, 280480, 280490, 280540, 281210, 281290, 281420, 281512, 281830, 282612, 282619, 
282630, 282690, 282720, 283220, 283329, 283650, 283711, 283719, 283720, 284190, 284210, 
284290, 284410, 284420, 284430, 284440, 284450, 284510, 284590, 284920, 285200, 290211, 
290220, 290243, 290244, 290250, 290260, 290270, 290290, 290311, 290312, 290313, 290314, 
290315, 290319, 290321, 290322, 290323, 290329, 290331, 290339, 290341, 290342, 290343, 
290344, 290345, 290346, 290347, 290349, 290351, 290352, 290359, 290361, 290362, 290369, 
290490, 290519, 290551, 290559, 290811, 290819, 290911, 290919, 290920, 290930, 290941, 
290943, 290944, 290949, 290950, 290960, 291040, 291619, 291910, 291990, 292011, 292019, 
292090, 292149, 292159, 292219, 292231, 292239, 292249, 292411, 292412, 292419, 292429, 
292519, 292610, 292620, 292630, 292690, 292800, 293020, 293090, 293100, 293219, 293291, 
293299, 293339, 293341, 293349, 293352, 293353, 293354, 293359, 293379, 293391, 293399, 
293491, 293499, 293911, 293919, 293949, 293951, 293959, 293991, 293999, 300670, 300692, 
310390, 310420, 340130, 340211, 340212, 340213, 340219, 340220, 340290, 360100, 360200, 
360300, 380110, 380120, 380130, 380190, 380210, 380290, 380850, 380891, 380892, 380893, 
380894, 380899, 381400, 381511, 381512, 381519, 381590, 381900, 382000, 382100, 382410, 
382430, 382440, 382450, 382460, 382471, 382472, 382473, 382474, 382475, 382476, 382477, 
382478, 382479, 382481, 382482, 382483, 382490, 382510, 382520, 382530, 382541, 382549, 
382550, 382561, 382569, 382590, 391510, 391520, 391530, 391590, 401211, 401220, 401290, 
401310, 401390, 410330, 410631, 410632, 410791, 410792, 410799, 411320, 411520, 560811, 
680610, 681140, 681181, 681182, 681183, 681189, 700100, 700711, 700721, 711230, 711291, 
711292, 711299, 720441, 780200, 810730, 811020, 811213, 811222, 811292, 850630, 851712, 
851761, 851762, 852550, 852560, 852580, 852910, 854411, 854419, 854420, 854430, 854442, 
854449, 854460, 854810, 854890, 900410, 900490, 900510, 900580, 900590, 900610, 900630, 
900640, 900651, 900652, 900653, 900659, 900661, 900669, 900691, 900699, 901310, 901910, 
920890, 930111, 930119, 930120, 930190, 930200, 930310, 930320, 930330, 930390, 930510, 
930521, 930529, 930591, 930599, 930621, 930629, 930630, 930690, 930700, 950300, 950490, 
961100  
Tunisia  0103, 0106, 020630, 020641, 020649, 020890, 020910, 021011, 021012, 021019, 050210, 
0504, 050710, 060290, 120791, 120799, 121130, 121140, 121190, 130190, 130211, 130219, 
150110, 150120, 150300, 151610, 1517, 1518, 1601, 1602, 160241, 160242, 160249, 1603, 
190220, 2104, 210410, 2203, 2204, 2205, 2206, 220720, 2208, 24, 2501, 2503, 2520, 2524, 
252922, 253090, 2619, 2620, 270799, 2710, 271390, 2715, 280610, 2807, 2811, 283311, 
283720 , 284290, 284330, 284390, 2844, 285000, 2852, 2902, 290220, 290230, 2903, 290314, 
290319, 290322, 290331, 2904, 290420, 2905, 290551, 2906, 2907, 2908, 290891, 290899, 
2909, 290911, 291010, 291040, 291090, 291411, 291412, 291431, 291470, 291524, 291539, 
291634, 291910, 291990, 292011, 292090, 2921, 292146, 292149, 292214, 292219, 292229, 
292231, 292239, 292242, 292243, 292244, 292249, 292412, 292521, 292700, 2928, 292990, 
2930, 293020, 293050, 293090, 2931, 2932, 293294, 293299, 2933, 293311, 293339, 293359 , 
293369, 293379, 293391, 293399, 293491, 293499, 293911, 293919, 293920, 293941, 293942, 
293943, 293949, 293951, 293959, 293961, 293962, 293963, 293969, 293991, 293999, 294190, 
300340, 300390, 310390, 310420, 320190, 3203, 3204, 3402, 360100, 360200, 3603 00, 3801, 
380210, 3808, 380850, 3815, 3825, 391231, 391290, 391390, 3915, 3919, 4012, 4103, 410631, 
410632, 411320, 411390, 411520, 560811, 6309, 680610, 681140, 6812, 7001, 711292, 
711299, 711510, 711590, 720441, 7802, 810730, 811020, 811213, 811222, 8112 52, 850630, 
8525, 852580, 8544, 854810, 900490, 9005, 920890, 93, 9307, 950300, 950490  
a  Approximate matching with HS 2007 subheadings.  
 
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