PATENTS ACT  
 
(amendments up to 31 January 2013, 2013/101)  
CHAPTER 1  
General Provisions  
Section 1  (30.6.2000/650) Anyone who has, in any field of technology, made an invention 
which is susceptible of industrial application, or his or her successor in title, is entitled, on 
application, to a patent and thereby to the exclusive right to exploit the inve ntion 
commercially, in accordance with this Act.(18.11.2005/896)  
The following, as such, shall not be regarded as inventions:  
(1) discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;  
(2) aesthetic creations:  
(3) schemes, rules and methods for perform ing mental acts, playing games or doing business, 
and programs for computers;  
(4) presentations of information.  
Methods for surgical or therapeutic treatment or diagnostic methods, practiced on humans or 
animals, shall not be regarded as inventions. This p rovision shall not, however, preclude the 
grant of patents for products, including substances and compositions, for use in any of these 
methods.  
Patents shall not be granted for plant or animal varieties. Inventions which concern plants or 
animals shall ne vertheless be patentable if the technical feasibility of the invention is not 
confined to a particular plant or animal variety. The concept of plant variety within the 
meaning of this Act is defined by Article 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 on 
Com munity plant variety rights.  
Patents shall not be granted for essentially biologial processes for the production of plants or 
animals. For the purposes of this Act a process for the production of plants or animals shall 
be considered essentially biological  if it consists entirely of natural phenomena such as 
crossing or selection. What is said above shall be without prejudice to the patentability of 
inventions which concern a microbiological or other technical process or a product obtained 
by means of such a process. For the purposes of this Act 'microbiological process' means any 
process involving or performed upon or resulting in microbiological material.  
Inventions shall be patentable even if they concern a product consisting of or containing 
biological m aterial or a process by means of which biological material is produced, processed 
or used. Biological material which is isolated from its natural environment or produced by 
means of a technical process may be the subject of an invention even if it previous ly occurred 
in nature. For the purposes of this Act 'biological material' means any material containing 
genetic information and capable of reproducing itself or being reproduced in a biological 
system.  
Section 1a (30.6.2000/650) The human body, at the various stages of its formation and 
development, and the simple discovery of one of its elements, including the sequence or 
partial sequence of a gene, cannot constitute patentable inventions.  An element isolated from the human body or otherwise produced b y means of a technical 
process, including the sequence or partial sequence of a gene, may, without prejudice to the 
provisions of subsection (1), where the requirements for patentability are fulfilled, constitute 
a patentable invention, even if the structu re of that element is identical to that of a natural 
element.  
Section 1b  (30.6.2000/650) Patents shall not be granted for inventions the commercial 
exploitation of which would be contrary to ordre public or morality.  
The commercial exploitation of an inven tion may not be considered to be contrary to ordre 
public or morality merely because it is prohibited by law or regulation.  
For the purposes of subsection (1), the following inventions, in particular, shall be considered 
unpatentable:  
1) processes for clon ing human beings;  
2) processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings;  
3) uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes;  
4) processes for modifying the genetic identity of animals which are likely to cause them 
suffering  without any substantial medical benefit to man or animal, and also animals resulting 
from such processes.  
Section 2 (6.6.1980/407) Patents may only be granted for inventions which are new in 
relation to what was known before the filing date of the patent application, and which also 
involve an inventive step with respect thereto. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
Everything made available to the public in writing, in lectures, by public use or otherwise is 
considered to be known. Also, the contents of a patent application filed in this country before 
the filing date are considered known if that application becomes available to the public under 
section 22. Similarly, the contents of a utility model application filed in this country before 
the filing date of the patent applic ation are considered known if the application becomes 
available to the public under section 18 of the Act on Utility Model Rights (800/1991). The 
requirement under subsection (1) demanding that the invention must involve an inventive 
step with respect to w hat was known before the filing date of the patent application, does not, 
however, apply to the contents of such patent or utility model applications. (18.11.2005/896)  
Applications referred to in Chapter 3 shall, for the purposes of subsection (2), in cert ain cases 
have the same effect as patent applications filed in this country, pursuant to provisions laid 
down in sections 29 and 38.  
The provision in subsection (1) above, requiring that an invention be new, shall not preclude 
the grant of patents for know n substances or compositions for use in a method referred to in 
section l (3), provided that the use of the substance or composition is not known for such 
method.  
The provision in subsection (1) above, requiring that an invention be new, shall not, either,  
preclude the grant of patents for known substances or compositions for use in a method 
referred to in section l (3), provided that the use of the substance or composition is not known 
for this particular method. (18.11.2005/896)  Patents may be granted, ho wever, for inventions made available to the public within the six 
months preceding the filing date of the application if disclosure was the result of:  
(1) an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his predecessor in title; or  
(2) the fact that the a pplicant or his predecessor in title had displayed the invention at an 
official, or officially recognized, international exhibition falling within the terms of the 
Convention on International Exhibitions signed at Paris on November 22, 1928 (Finnish 
Treaty  Series 36/37).  
Section 3  (6.6.1980/407) The exclusive right conferred by a patent shall imply, with the 
exceptions stated below, that no one may exploit an invention, without the proprietor's 
consent, by:  
(1) making, offering, putting on the market or usi ng a product protected by the patent, or 
importing or possessing such product for these purposes;  
(2) using a process protected by the patent, or offering such process for use in this country if 
he knows or if it is evident from the circumstances that the use of the process is prohibited 
without the consent of the proprietor of the patent;  
(3) offering, putting on the market or using a product obtained by a process protected by the 
patent or importing or possessing such product for these purposes.  
A patent shall also confer on its proprietor the exclusive right to prevent any person not 
having his consent from supplying or offering to supply any person not entitled to exploit the 
invention with the means of working the invention in this country in relation t o an essential 
element of the invention where such other person knows, or where it is evident from the 
circumstances, that the means are suitable and intended for working the invention. This 
provision shall not apply where the means are staple commercial p roducts, except where such 
other person attempts to induce the receiver to commit any of the acts referred to in the first 
subsection of this section. For the purposes of this subsection, any person using the invention 
in a manner referred to in subsection  (3), item (1), (2) or (4), shall not be regarded as entitled 
to exploit the invention.  
The exclusive right shall not apply to:  
(1) use which is not commercial;  
(2) use of a patented product that has been put on the market within the European Economic 
Area  by the proprietor of the patent or with his consent; (18.12.1992/1409)  
(3) use in experiments relating to the invention as such;  
(4) examinations or experiments or measures arising from practical demands which are 
needed for an application to obtain a mar keting authorisation for a medicinal product and 
which relate to the invention concerning that medicinal product (21.4.2006/295); or  
(5) preparation in a pharmacy of a medicine prescribed by a physician in individual cases or 
treatment given with the aid o f a medicine so prepared.  
Section 3a  (30.6.2000/650) The protection conferred by a patent on a biological material 
possessing specific characteristics as a result of the invention shall extend to any biological 
material derived from that biological materia l through propagation or multiplication in an 
identical or divergent form and possessing those same characteristics.  
The protection conferred by a patent on a process that enables a biological material to be 
produced possessing specific characteristics as a result of the invention shall extend to 
biological material directly obtained through that process and to any other biological material derived from the directly obtained biological material through propagation or multiplication 
in an identical or diverg ent form and possessing those same characteristics.  
The protection conferred by a patent on a product containing or consisting of genetic 
information shall extend to all material, save as provided in subsection (1) of section 1 a, in 
which the product is i ncorporated and in which the genetic information is contained and 
performs its function.  
The protection referred to above shall not extend to biological material obtained from the 
propagation or multiplication of biological material placed on the market in  the territory of 
the European Economic Area by the holder of the patent or with his consent, where the 
multiplication or propagation necessarily results from the application for which the biological 
material was marketed, provided that the material obtain ed is not subsequently used for other 
propagation or multiplication.  
Section 3b  (30.6.2000/650) By way of derogation from the provisions of section 3 a, 
subsections (1) to (3), the sale or other form of commercialisation of plant propagating 
material to a farmer by the holder of the patent or with his consent for agricultural use implies 
authorisation for the farmer to use the product of his harvest for propragation or 
multiplication by him on his own farm, the extent and conditions of this derogation 
corre sponding to those under Article 14 of Council Regulation (EC) No 2100/94 on 
Community plant variety rights.  
By way of derogation from the provisions of section 3 a, subsections (1) to (3), the sale or 
any other form of commercialisation of breeding stock o r other animal reproductive material 
to a farmer by the holder of the patent or with his consent implies authorisation for the farmer 
to use the protected livestock for an agricultural purpose. This includes making the animal or 
animal reproductive materia l available for the purposes of pursuing his agricultural activity 
but not sale within the framework or for the purpose of a commercial reproduction activity.  
More specific regulations concerning the contents and implementation of the derogation 
provided f or in subsection 2 may be decreed by the Government where necessary.  
Section 4  Any person who, at the time the patent application was filed, was commercially 
exploiting the invention in this country may continue to do so, notwithstanding the grant of a 
patent, provided that the general nature of such previous exploitation is maintained and that 
the exploitation does not constitute an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his 
predecessor in title. Such right of exploitation shall also be afforded, su bject to the same 
conditions, to any person who has made substantial preparations for commercial exploitation 
of the invention in this country.  
The right afforded under subsection (1) above can only be transferred to other parties together 
with the busines s in which it originated or in which exploitation was intended to take place.  
Section 5  Notwithstanding the patent, an invention may be exploited on foreign vessels, 
aircraft or other means of transport for their own needs when temporarily entering Finland  in 
regular traffic or otherwise.  The Government may decree that, notwithstanding the grant of a patent, spare parts and 
accessories for aircraft may be imported into the country and used here for the repair of 
aircraft belonging to a foreign State in whic h corresponding privileges are granted in respect 
of Finnish aircraft.  
Section 6  (6.6.1980/407) A patent application relating to an invention disclosed not earlier 
than 12 months before the date of filing in an application for a patent or a utility model f iled 
in Finland or in an application for a patent, an inventor's certificate or utility model protection 
filed in another state party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 
(Finnish Treaty Series 36/10 and 43/15) or to the Agreem ent Establishing the World Trade 
Organization (Finnish Treaty Series 5/95) shall be deemed, for the purposes of subsections 
(1), (2), (4) and (5) of section 2 and of section 4, to have been filed at the same time as the 
earlier application, if the applican t so requests. Such priority may also be enjoyed under an 
earlier application for protection filed in a state not party to the above agreements, if the 
corresponding priority deriving from a Finnish application is granted in such state and if the 
laws of s uch state substantially conform to the above agreements. (18.11.2005/896)  
The Government, or a patent authority appointed by the Government, shall lay down the 
manner in which priority claims shall be filed and the documents to be submitted in support 
of claims. Where such requirements are not satisfied, priority shall not be granted.  
CHAPTER 2  
The Processing of Patent Application and the Opposition Procedure (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 7  (6.6.1980/407) Applications for patents must be filed in writing with the Patent 
Authority or, in the cases referred to in Chapter 3, with the patent authority of another 
country or with an international organization. The Patent Authority keeps a record o f filed 
patent applications.  
In this Act, Patent Authority means the Finnish Patent Authority, unless otherwise provided 
by statute. The Finnish Patent Authority is the Finnish Patent and Registration Office, as 
provided in a statute. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 7a  (17.6.2011/743) For each application, in the record referred to in section 7(1) 
above is entered:  
1) the serial number of the patent application;  
2) the classes in which the application has been classified;  
3) the name of the examiner processing  the application;  
4) the name, domicile and address of the applicant;  
5) if the applicant is represented by an agent, the name, domicile and address of the agent;  
6) the name and address of the inventor;  
(7) the title of the invention;  
8) a statement as to  whether the application is a Finnish patent application, an international 
patent application or an application for a European patent which has been converted into a 
national application;  
9) if the application is a Finnish patent application, the date of r eceipt and the date of filing;  
10) if the application is an international patent application, the international filing date and 
the date on which the application was pursued under section 31 of the Patents Act or was filed under section 38 of that Act;  
11)if the application has been converted from a European patent application into a national 
application, the filing date in accordance with the European Patent Convention (Finnish 
Treaty Series 8/1996) and the date on which the application was received by the  Patent 
Authority for conversion;  
12) if the priority of an earlier application is claimed, the country where the earlier 
application given as the basis for the priority was filed, the filing date of that application and 
its serial number;  
13) if the appli cation results from division or separation, the serial number of the parent 
application;  
14) if a new application results from the division or separation of the application, the serial 
number of the application that has been divided or separated out;  
15) if the application has been made available to the public under section 22(3) of the Patents 
Act, the date on which it became available;  
16) if the application is an international application, the international application number;  
17) if the application has been converted from a European patent application into a national 
application, the application number of the European patent application;  
18) the documents filed and fees paid in respect of the application;  
19) decisions taken in respect of the application . 
An entry referred to above in subsection (1), paragraphs 2, 3, 6, 7, and 16 -18 is to be kept 
secret until the patent application which the entry refers to has become available to the public 
under section 22.  
Section 8 Subsection 1repealed 1 November 2011  (743/2011)  
The application shall contain a description of the invention, together with drawings where 
necessary, and a precise statement of the subject matter for which patent protection is sought 
(one or more claims). The fact that the invention relates to a chemical compound shall not 
mean that a specific use must be disclosed in the claim. The description shall be sufficiently 
clear to enable a person skilled in the art, with the guidance thereof, to carry out the 
invention. An invention relating to a b iological material or involving the use of biological 
material when being carried out shall be regarded, in the cases referred to in section 8a, as 
disclosed with sufficient clarity only if the requirements set out in that section are also 
satisfied. (30.6 .2000/650)  
 
An application shall also contain an abstract of the description and claims. The abstract shall 
merely serve for use as technical information and may not be taken into account for any other 
purpose.  
 
The inventor's name shall be stated in the application. If a patent is applied for by a person 
other than the inventor, the applicant shall be required to prove his title to the invention.  
 
The description, abstract and claims must be drawn up in Finnish, Swedish or English. They 
may also be drawn up in more than one of these languages. If the claims and the abstract have 
been drawn up in only one of the national languages of Finland, the Patent Authority must 
provide a translation of the claims and the abstract to the other of the national language s 
before the application under section 22 becomes available to the public. The applicant must 
pay the prescribed translation fee. If the claims and the abstract have been drawn up only in English, the applicant must submit a translation of the claims and t he abstract in Finnish or 
Swedish before the application becomes available to the public under section 22. When 
necessary, the Patent Authority must see to the translating of the claims and the abstract into 
either of these languages. (17.6.2011/743))  
 
The applicant shall pay the prescribed application fee. The prescribed renewal fee shall also 
be paid for the application in respect of each year that has begun before a final decision is 
given on the application. (10.5.1985/387)  
 
A fee year shall be computed  the first time from the day when the application was filed or is 
deemed to have been filed, and thereafter from the corresponding calendar day. 
(10.5.1985/387)  
Section 8a  (30.6.2000/650) Where an invention concerns biological material or the carrying 
out thereof involves the use of a biological material which neither is available to the public 
nor can be described in the application documents in such a manner as to enable a person 
skilled in the art to carry out the invention, a sample of the biological ma terial shall be 
deposited no later than on the date the application was filed. The biological material shall be 
continuously on deposit thereafter so that any person entitled under this Act to a sample of 
the deposited material may have the sample furnishe d in Finland. The Government shall 
decree where deposits may be made.  
If a deposited biological material ceases to be viable or if samples of the material cannot be 
furnished for other reasons, it may be replaced by a new deposit of the same biological 
material, as decreed by the Government. Once this has been done, the new deposit shall be 
deemed to have been made on the date of the previous deposit.  
Section 8b  (18.11.2005/896) The Patent Authority must accord a filing date for a patent 
application, if:  
(1) the application contains an indication that its elements are intended to be a patent 
application;  
(2) the application contains indications allowing the identity of the applicant to be established 
or allowing the applicant to be contacted by the Authority ; and  
(3) the documents submitted on filing the application contain anything that can be regarded as 
a description or a drawing, or the application contains a reference to an earlier filed patent or 
utility model application and the applicant has submitted  information on the filing date of the 
patent or utility model application, the serial number and the patent authority with which the 
application was filed.  
If the applicant has not complied with the provisions of subsection (1) for being accorded a 
filing  date for the application, the applicant is invited to correct the deficiencies within a time 
limit laid down by the Patent Authority. If the applicant fails to correct the deficiencies within 
that time limit or if the Authority has failed to contact the a pplicant within two months of the 
receipt of the application, the application is deemed not to have been filed.  
If the applicant, to be accorded a filing date, has, within the time limit provided in subsection 
(2), corrected all deficiencies contained in t he application, the date on which all deficiencies 
have been corrected will be taken to be the filing date.  Section 8c  (18.11.2005/896) If an application which has been filed in compliance with the 
provisions of section 8b is defective and the Patent Autho rity finds that an element or 
elements of the description or the drawings to which reference is made in the description or 
the patent claims are missing, the applicant is invited to supplement his or her application 
within the limit laid down by the Patent  Authority. If the missing elements are furnished 
within that time limit, the date on which all deficiencies have been corrected will be taken to 
be the filing date, unless otherwise specified in subsections (2) and (3).  
If the subsequently furnished eleme nts referred to in subsection (1) are cancelled within one 
month from the date of furnishing, the original filing date will be taken to be the filing date.  
If the missing elements are furnished in compliance with the provisions of subsection (1) and 
priori ty is claimed from an earlier application and the missing elements in their entirety 
appear from that application, the date of the initial filing will be taken to be the filing date, if 
the applicant so requests and submits a copy of the application given as the basis of priority 
within the time limit laid down in subsection (1).  
Section 8d  (17.6.2011/743) When an application has been filed in English, the patent 
applicant has the right to obtain, in English, the decisions made by the Patent Authority 
conce rning that application, provided that the applicant, when filing the application, has made 
a written request that the language of decisions be English.  
If the applicant has not requested English as the language of decisions when filing an 
application refer red to in subsection (1), the Patent Authority must issue an official action 
where the applicant is invited either to submit a translation of the patent application into 
Finnish or Swedish, or to make a written request that the language of decisions be Eng lish. If 
the applicant, when replying to the official action, requests that the language of decisions be 
English, the patent application in English will constitute the basis for further processing. If 
the applicant submits a translation of the patent appli cation into Finnish or Swedish, the 
application in Finnish or Swedish will constitute the basis for further processing.  
If the Patent Authority notices that the translation of the claims and the abstract from English 
does not correspond to the documents in  English, the applicant must be requested to correct 
the translation within a time limit.  
Section 9 (6.6.1980/407) If the applicant so requests and pays the prescribed fee, the Patent 
Authority shall, under conditions laid down by Government decree, arrang e for a novelty 
search by the International Searching Authority under Article 15(5) of the Patent Cooperation 
Treaty done at Washington on June 19, 1970.  
Section 10  A patent may not be applied for in respect of two or more inventions that are 
independent o f one another in the same application.  
Section 11  If a patent is applied for in respect of an invention disclosed by the applicant in an 
earlier application on which no final decision has been given, the later application shall, at the 
request of the appli cant and on the conditions laid down by the Government, be deemed to 
have been filed at the time the documents disclosing the invention were filed with the Patent 
Authority.  Section 12  An applicant not domiciled in the country shall be required to appoint a 
representative residing in the European Economic Area to represent him in matters 
concerning the application. (30.6.2000/650)  
If it has not been possible to notify the applicant at the address he has furnished of a decision 
taken in respect of a patent a pplication, notification can be effected by publishing an 
announcement in respect of the matter in the patent gazette published by the Finnish Patent 
and Registration Office. Such notification is deemed to have been effected once the action 
mentioned above  has been taken. (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 13  (21.3.1997/243) An application for a patent may not be amended in such a way 
that protection is claimed for matter not disclosed in the application at the time it was filed.  
Section 14  Repealed 1 April1997 (243/1 997) 
Section 15  If the applicant fails to satisfy the requirements for the application or if the Patent 
Authority has other objections to acceptance of the application, the applicant shall be notified 
thereof by official action and be invited to file his r esponse or to correct the application 
within the specified period of time. The Patent Authority may, however, make such changes 
to the abstract as it deems necessary without consulting the applicant. (6.6.1980/407)  
If the applicant fails to file observations or take steps to correct the application within the 
period of time laid down, the application shall be dismissed. The official action shall include 
a notice to that effect.  
A dismissed application may be reinstated if, within four months of th e expiration of the time 
limit, the applicant files observations or takes steps to correct the application and, within the 
same period of time, pays the prescribed reinstatement fee.  
If the applicant fails to pay the renewal fee under sections 8, 4l and 42, the application shall 
be dismissed without official notification. Applications dismissed for such reason may not be 
reinstated. (10.5.1985/387)  
Section 16  If, after the applicant has filed his observations, there still remains an obstacle to 
acceptance  of the application which the applicant has had an opportunity to comment on, the 
application shall be rejected, unless there is reason to issue a further official notification to 
the applicant.  
Section 17  If a person other than the applicant claims before  the Patent Authority that he has 
proper title to the invention and if the circumstances are held to be uncertain, the Patent 
Authority may invite such person to institute proceedings before a court of law within a 
period of time to be laid down, failing w hich the claim may be disregarded in the further 
processing of the patent application.  
If proceedings for proper title to an invention in respect of which a patent has been applied 
for are pending before a court, the patent application may be suspended unt il a final decision 
is given by the court.  Section 18  If a person proves to the Patent Authority that he and not the applicant has proper 
title to the invention, the Patent Authority shall, if such person so requests, transfer the 
application to him. The t ransferee shall pay a new application fee.  
If a request is made for transfer of a patent application, the application shall not be dismissed, 
rejected or granted until a final decision has been taken on the request.  
Section 19  (21.3.1997/243) If the applic ation satisfies the formal requirements and no 
obstacle is found to acceptance of the application, the patent authority shall notify the 
applicant that the application can be accepted.  
Once the notice referred to in subsection (1) has been given to the app licant, no request may 
be filed under section 11, nor may the patent claims be altered in such a way as to extend the 
scope of protection.  
The applicant shall pay the prescribed printing fee within two months from the date on which 
he was given the notice pursuant to subsection (1). Failing that, the application shall be 
dismissed. However, examination may be resumed if, within four months of the expiration of 
the prescribed time limit, the applicant pays the printing fee together with the prescribed 
reinst atement fee.  
If an application for a patent is filed by an inventor and if, within two months of the date on 
which he was given the notice pursuant to subsection (1), he requests exemption from 
payment of the printing fee, the Patent Authority may grant sa id exemption if the applicant is 
considered to have great difficulty in paying the fee. If the request is rejected, a fee paid 
within two months thereafter shall be deemed to have been paid on time.  
Section 20  (21.3.1997/243) Once the applicant has done wh at is required of him under 
section 19, the Patent Authority shall accept the application, provided that there is still no 
obstacle. The acceptance of the application shall be announced.  
A patent has been granted on the day the acceptance of the applicatio n is announced. A 
granted patent shall be recorded in the Patent Register kept by the Patent Authority. Letters 
patent shall be issued to the proprietor of the patent.  
Section 21  (21.3.1997/243) From the date on which the mention of the grant of a patent i s 
published, the Patent Authority must keep copies of the patent specification available, 
containing the description, claims and abstract, and giving also the names of the proprietor of 
the patent and the inventor. If, under section 8 d, the decision to ac cept the application has 
been made in English, the patent specification must contain the description in English and the 
claims and the abstract not only in English but also in either Finnish or Swedish. 
(17.6.2011/743)  
Section 22  The documents concerning a  patent shall be available to the public as from the 
date on which the patent was granted. (21.3.1997/243)  
 
Eighteen months after the filing date of the application or, if priority is claimed, the priority 
date, the documents shall be made available to the  public regardless of whether the patent has 
been granted yet. If the application has been dismissed or rejected, the documents shall be made available to the public only if the applicant requests reinstatement of his application, 
lodges an appeal or submi ts a request under sections 71a or 71 b. (21.3.1997/243)  
 
At the request of the applicant, the documents shall be made available earlier than provided in 
subsections (1) and (2) of this section.  
 
When documents are made available under subsections (2) and (3) above, an announcement 
to that effect shall be published.  
 
If a document contains a business secret and if such secret does not concern the invention for 
which a patent is sought or granted, the Patent Authority may, on request and if good reason 
is given, order that the document shall not be made available. If such request is made, the 
document shall not be made available until the request has been refused by a final decision. 
(21.3.1997/243)  
 
Where biological material has been deposited under section 8a, any person shall have the 
right to obtain a sample of the biological material once the documents have become available 
to the public under subsections (1), (2) or (3). Notwithstanding the above provision samples 
will not be issued to any person not all owed by law or other applicable regulations to handle 
the deposited biological material. It shall also not imply that samples may be issued to any 
person whose handling of the sample can be assumed to involve an obvious risk in view of 
the harmful properti es of the material. (30.6.2000/650)  
 
Notwithstanding the provision in the first sentence of subsection (6), samples of a deposit 
shall be issued to a special expert only, if the applicant so requests, until a patent has been 
granted or during a period of 2 0 years from the filing date of the application if a final decision 
not resulting in the grant of a patent has been taken on the application. The Government shall 
lay down the time limits for making such request and determine who may be called as an 
expert  by a person wishing to obtain a sample. (21.3.1997/243)  
 
A person wishing to obtain a sample shall submit a request in writing to the Patent Authority 
and give an undertaking in the terms laid down by the Government to prevent misuse of the 
sample. Where samples may be issued to a special expert only, the undertaking must be given 
by such expert. (10.5.1985/387)  
Section 23  (21.3.1997/243) If an application which has been made available to the public is 
dismissed or rejected, the decision shall be announced  once it has become final.  
Section 24  (21.3.1997/243) Anyone may file an opposition against a granted patent. The 
opposition must be filed within nine months from the grant of the patent. The opposition must 
be made in writing and the grounds for it must b e stated. The opponent must pay a fee which 
is based on the Act on Fees Charged for the Services of the Finnish Patent and Registration 
Office (1032/1992) and on other statutes issued under that Act.  
 
When the description is drawn up in English, the patent  proprietor must, if such a request is 
made during the opposition period, submit a translation of the description into the language 
of the translated claims. The translation of the description must be submitted to the Patent 
Authority within the time limit  set by the Patent Authority. If the Patent Authority notices 
that the translation of the description from English does not correspond to the description in English, the applicant must be requested to correct the translation within a time limit. 
(17.6.2011 /743)  
 
If the patent proprietor fails to submit, within the time limit, the translation referred to in 
subsection (2), the Patent Authority may request the patent proprietor to file, under threat of a 
fine, the translation, or the translation will be commi ssioned at the cost of the patent 
proprietor. Further processing is based on the documents translated into Finnish or Swedish. 
(17.6.2011/743)  
 
Where an opposition to the grant of a patent has been filed, the patent proprietor must be 
notified of it and th ey must be given an opportunity to reply. During the opposition 
proceedings, a patent proprietor who is not domiciled in Finland must have a representative 
referred to in section 12. (17.6.2011/743)  
 
When special reasons allow, the Patent Authority may tak e an opposition into account even if 
the patent has lapsed or lapses pursuant to section 51, or if the opposition is withdrawn. If the 
opponent withdraws the opposition, they may not appeal from a final decision taken by the 
Patent Authority. The Patent Au thority must take into consideration an opposition filed 
during the opposition period even if the patent has been limited by a final decision before the 
filing of the opposition. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 25 (30.6.2000/650) The Patent Authority shall revoke a patent on account of an 
opposition:  
(1) if the patent relates to an invention that does not satisfy the requirements of Sections 1, 1 
a, 1 b or 2;  
(2) if the patent relates to an invention the description of which is not sufficiently clear to 
enable a pe rson skilled in the art to carry out the invention;  
(3) if the patent contains subject matter not included in the application as filed; or  
(4) if the scope of protection was extended after the notice referred to in section 19 (1), was 
given.  
 
The Patent Au thority shall reject the opposition if there is no obstacle referred to in 
subsection (1) to maintenance of the patent.  
 
If the proprietor of the patent has during opposition proceedings amended the patent in such a 
manner that there is no obstacle referre d to in subsection (1) to maintenance of the patent as 
amended, the Patent Authority shall maintain the patent in the amended form.  
 
If the patent is maintained as amended, the Patent Authority shall keep the amended patent 
specification available to the p ublic.  
 
The Patent Authority shall announce a decision taken account of an opposition once the 
decision has become final.  
Section 26  An applicant may appeal against a final decision taken by the Patent Authority on 
a patent application if the decision is n ot in his or her favour. A patent proprietor or a person 
who lodged an opposition may appeal against a final decision taken by the Patent Authority 
on account of an opposition if the decision is not in his or her favour. (31.1.2013/101)  A decision rejectin g a request for reinstatement under section 15 (3) or section 19 (3) or a 
decision granting a request for transfer of an application under section 18 may be appealed 
against by the applicant. A decision rejecting a request for transfer of an application ma y be 
appealed against by the person who made the request. (21.3.1997/243)  
 
A decision rejecting a request for an order under section 22( 5) may be appealed against by 
the person who made the request. (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 27  (31.1.2013/101) Appeals from decisions taken by the Patent Authority as referred 
to in section 26 must be lodged with the Market Court, as provided in the Act on the Finnish 
Patent and Registration Office (575/1992).  
The provisions of the Act on the Judicial Proceedings at the Market  Court (100/2013) apply 
to the hearing of appeals referred to in subsection (1) by the Market Court.  
 
The provisions of section 22(5) on the publicity of patent documents, apply, as appropriate, 
also to documents submitted to the Market Court or the Supre me Administrative Court.  
Section 27a  (31.1.2013/101) When a patent applicant appeals from a final decision taken by 
the Patent Authority on a patent application drawn up in English, they must submit, to the 
Market Court, a translation into Finnish or Swed ish of the description, abstract and claims. If 
the applicant fails to submit the translation together with the appeal, the Market Court must 
provide the patent applicant an opportunity to submit a translation within the time limit set by 
the Market Court.  If the patent applicant fails to submit a translation within the time limit, the 
appeal is not admitted. When the Market Court requests the patent applicant to submit a 
translation, it must state the consequences of failure to comply with the request. Fur ther 
processing is based on the documents translated into Finnish or Swedish.  
 
When a patent applicant appeals from a final decision taken by the Patent Authority on a 
patent application, and the decision has been issued in English, the Market Court must 
request the Patent Authority to submit a translation into Finnish or Swedish of the decision. 
Further processing is based on the decision translated into Finnish or Swedish.  
 
When an appeal is filed on a final decision taken by the Patent Authority on accou nt of an 
opposition, and not all the patent documents are available in Finnish or in Swedish, the patent 
proprietor must submit a Finnish or Swedish translation of the description to the Market 
Court. The Market Court must, where necessary, provide the pat ent proprietor an opportunity 
to submit a translation within the time limit set by the Market Court. If the patent proprietor 
does not submit a translation within the time limit, the Market Court may request the patent 
proprietor to file it, under threat o f a fine, or the translation will be commissioned at the cost 
of the patent proprietor. When the Market Court requests the patent proprietor to submit a 
translation, it must state the consequences of failure to comply with the request. Further 
processing i s based on the documents translated into Finnish or Swedish.  
Section 27b  (17.6.2011/743) If the description and the claims are in English, and the 
language of decisions is English, the patent proprietor may submit a corrected translation to 
the Patent Authority. The patent proprietor must pay the fee for the publication of the  
translation. The Patent Authority must announce the correction without delay in Finnish and 
Swedish, and, as soon as possible, make copies of the corrected translation available to the public. After announcement, the corrected translation replaces the ori ginal translation.  
 
Anyone who in good faith, at the time when the corrected translation entered into force, has 
begun to exploit the invention commercially in this country in a way which, were the original 
translation correct, would not have caused any in fringement of the patent proprietor’s right, 
or had made substantial preparation for such exploitation, obtains the right under section 71 
c(2) and (3).  
CHAPTER 3  
International Patent Application (6.6.1980/407)  
Section 28  (6.6.1980/407) "An international application" shall mean an application made 
under the Patent Cooperation Treaty.  
International applications shall be filed with a patent authority or an international 
organization (receiving Office) authorized under the Pa tent Cooperation Treaty and its 
Regulations to receive such applications. The receiving Office in Finland shall be the Finnish 
Patent and Registration Office, as laid down by Government decree. Applicants filing an 
international application in Finland shal l pay the prescribed fee.  
Sections 29 to 38 apply to international applications in which Finland is designated.  
Section 29  (6.6.1980/407) An international application to which a receiving Office has 
assigned an international filing date has the same effect  in Finland as a Finnish application 
filed on the same date. The second sentence in section 2(2) applies only to an international 
application that has been pursued under section 31. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 30  (6.6.1980/407) An international application sh all be deemed withdrawn as far as 
the designation of Finland is concerned in the cases referred to in Article 24(1)(i) and (ii) of 
the Patent Cooperation Treaty.  
Section 31  (10.5.1985/387) If an applicant wishes to pursue an international application in 
Finland, they must file, with the Patent Authority, a translation into Finnish, Swedish or 
English of the international application within 31 months of the international filing date or, 
where priority is claimed, of the priority date, to the extent laid down  in a government decree, 
or a copy of the application if it is drawn up in Finnish, Swedish or English. The applicant 
must, within the same time limit, pay the prescribed fee to the Patent Authority.  
(17.6.2011/743)  
If the applicant has paid the prescribe d fee within the time limit laid down in subsection (1), 
the required translation or a copy of the application may be filed within a further period of 
two months, provided the prescribed additional fee is paid within that same period. 
(19.11.2004/990)  
 
If the applicant does not satisfy the requirements of this section, the application shall be 
deemed withdrawn as far as Finland is concerned. (19.11.2004/990)  
Section 32  has been repealed on 1 January 2005 (990/2004)  Section 33  (6.6.1980/407) Where an interna tional application has been pursued under section 
31, Chapter 2 shall apply in respect of the application and examination unless otherwise 
provided in this section or in sections 34 to 37. However, the application may be taken up for 
examination prior to e xpiration of the period laid down in section 3l(1) only if so requested 
by the applicant. (19.11.2004/990)  
 
The obligation under section 12 of the applicant to have a representative residing in the 
European Economic Area shall not begin until the date when  the application may be taken up 
for prosecution. (30.6.2000/650)  
 
The provisions of section 22 (2) and (3) take effect even before the application has been 
pursued, once the applicant has complied with the requirement under section 31 to file a 
translatio n of the application or, if the application is in Finnish, Swedish or English, once the 
applicant has filed a copy of the application with the Patent Authority. (17.6.2011/743)  
 
For the purposes of sections 48, 56 and 60, the international application is d eemed to have 
become available to the public once the applicant has fulfilled the obligations under 
subsection (3). (10.5.1985/387)  
 
Where the application satisfies the requirements as to form and contents laid down by the 
Patent Cooperation Treaty and its  Regulations, it shall be accepted in that respect.  
Section 34  (21.3.1997/243) A notice referred to in section 19 (1) concerning acceptance of an 
international patent application may not be given, nor may such patent application be rejected 
before expirati on of the time limit laid down by the Government, unless the applicant agrees 
to an earlier ruling on the application.  
Section 35  (21.3.1997/243) An international application may not, without the consent of the 
applicant, be published, in printed form or a nother similar way, nor may a patent be granted 
on an invention that is the subject matter of such application by the Patent Authority before 
its publication by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization or 
before the expirati on of a period of 20 months after the international filing date or, where 
priority is claimed, after the priority date. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 36  (6.6.1980/407) Where a part of an international application has not been the 
subject of an international sea rch or an international preliminary examination on the grounds 
that the application is held to include independent inventions and the applicant has not paid 
the additional fee laid down by the Patent Cooperation Treaty within the prescribed period, 
the Pat ent Authority shall ascertain whether the decision not to conduct a search or an 
examination was correct. Where the Patent Authority considers that the decision was correct, 
that part of the application that has not been the subject of a search or an exami nation shall be 
deemed withdrawn before the Patent Authority unless the applicant pays the prescribed fee 
within two months of the date on which he receives notification of the Patent Authority's 
decision. Where the Patent Authority considers the decision to have been incorrect, it shall 
proceed with examination of the application in its entirety. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
The applicant may appeal against a decision taken under subsection (1) in the cases where the 
Patent Authority has found that the application in cludes independent inventions. Section 
27(1) is to apply with the necessary changes. (18.11.2005/896)  Where the appeal authority upholds the decision of the Patent Authority, the time limit for 
payment of the fee referred to in the second sentence of subse ction (1) above shall be 
computed as from the date on which the decision of the appeal authority becomes final.  
Section 37  (6.6.1980/407) Where a part of an international application has not been the 
subject of an international preliminary examination beca use the applicant has restricted the 
claims after being invited by the International Preliminary Examining Authority either to 
restrict his claims or to pay an additional fee, that part of the application not examined shall 
be deemed withdrawn before the P atent Authority unless the applicant pays the prescribed fee 
within two months of the date he received the corresponding notification from the Patent 
Authority.  
Section 38  (6.6.1980/407) Where a receiving Office has refused to accord an international 
filing date to an international application or has stated that the application is to be deemed 
withdrawn or that designation of Finland is to be deemed withdrawn, the Patent Authority 
must review the decision if the applicant so requests. The same applies to an y decision by the 
International Bureau to the effect that an application is deemed withdrawn. (18.11.2005/896)  
A request for review under subsection (1) shall be filed with the International Bureau within 
the time limit laid down by the Government. Within that same time limit, the applicant shall 
file with the Patent Authority a translation of the application, to the extent prescribed by the 
Government, and shall pay the prescribed application fee. (10.5.1985/387)  
 
Where the Patent Authority finds that the decision by the receiving Office or by the 
International Bureau was incorrect, it must examine the application as provided in Chapter 2. 
If the receiving Office has not accorded an international filing date, the application is to be 
deemed to have been fil ed on the date that the Patent Authority considers should have been 
accorded as the international filing date. Where the application satisfies the requirements as 
to form and contents laid down by the Patent Cooperation Treaty and its Regulations, it must 
be accepted in that respect. (18.11.2005/896)  
The second sentence of the second subsection of section 2 shall apply to applications 
accepted for examination under the third subsection of this section if the application is made 
available to the public under  section 22.  
CHAPTER 4  
The Scope and Term of a Patent  
Section 39  The scope of protection conferred by a patent shall be determined by the claims. 
The description may serve as guidance for interpreting the claims.  
Section 40  (6.6.1980/407) A granted paten t may be maintained for 20 years from the date on 
which the application was filed.  
 
A prescribed renewal fee shall be payable for the patent in respect of each fee year beginning 
after the grant. If a patent is granted before renewal fees for the applicati on have become due 
under section 41, the proprietor of the patent shall also be required to pay renewal fees for the fee years beginning prior to the grant of the patent, at the time the renewal fee for the patent 
becomes due for the first time. (10.5.1985 /387)  
CHAPTER 5  
Renewal fees (10.5.1985/387)  
Section 41  (10.5.1985/387) The  renewal fee shall be payable on the last day of the calendar 
month during which the fee year begins. The renewal fees for the first two years, however, 
shall not become payable until the fee for the third fee year is due. renewal fees may not be 
paid earl ier than six months before the due date.  
 
For a later application under section 11, the renewal fees for fee years which have begun 
before the date of receipt of the later application, or which begin within two months of the 
date of receipt, become in no e vent due until the last day of the second month following the 
date of receipt. The renewal fees for an international application in respect of fee years which 
have begun before the date on which the application was pursued under section 31 or was 
taken up for processing under section 38 or which begin within two months of such date 
become in no event due until the last day of the month that falls two months after the date on 
which the application was pursued or otherwise prosecuted. (18.11.2005/896)  
Renewal  fees, together with prescribed additional fees, shall be payable within the six months 
following the due date.  
Section 42  (10.5.1985/387) Where the applicant or proprietor of the patent is the inventor and 
if he experiences serious difficulty in paying th e renewal fees, the Patent Authority may grant 
him respite in respect of payment if he makes a corresponding request no later than the date 
on which renewal fees become due for the first time. Respite may be granted for up to three 
years at a time, but at most up to the third year that has elapsed following grant of the patent. 
A request for prolongation of respite must be made before the existing respite has expired.  
If the request for respite or prolongation of respite is refused, any fee paid within two months 
of refusal shall be deemed to have been paid on time.  
 
The renewal fees for which respite of payment has been granted under subsection 1 may be 
paid together with the additional fee prescribed in section 41 (3) within the six months 
following the da te up to which respite was granted.  
CHAPTER 6  
Assignment, Licences and Compulsory licences  
Section 43 Where the proprietor of the patent has granted another person the right to exploit 
the invention commercially (a licence), the licensee shall not be ent itled to assign his right to 
a further party, except as otherwise agreed.  
Section 44  The transfer of patents and the grant of licences shall be recorded, on request, in 
the Patent Register. The same shall apply to the pledging of a patent.  On proof that a licence or a pledge recorded in the Register is no longer in force, the entry of 
that licence or pledge shall be deleted from the Register.  
 
Subsections (1) and (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis to compulsory licences and to rights 
under section 53 (2).  
 
The person last recorded in the Register as the patentee shall be deemed the proprietor for the 
purposes of law suits and for other matters concerning the patent.  
 
If a person acting in good faith has requested the Patent Authority to record in the Register 
that a patent has been assigned to him or that he has obtained a licence under a patent or a 
pledge of a patent, prior assignment of the patent or rights therein shall not be enforceable 
against him if the other party has not previously requested registrat ion as the assignee or 
proprietor of rights in the patent.  
Section 45  Where three years have elapsed since the grant of the patent and four years have 
elapsed from the filing of the application, and if the invention is not worked or brought into 
use to a r easonable extent in Finland, any person who wishes to work the invention in Finland 
may obtain a compulsory licence to do so unless legitimate grounds for failing to work the 
invention may be shown. (22.12.1995/1695)  
 
Subject to reciprocity, the Government  may decree that, for the purposes of subsection (1) of 
this section, the working of an invention in a foreign State shall be deemed equivalent to 
working in this country.  
Section 46  The proprietor of a patent for an invention whose exploitation is depende nt on a 
patent held by another person may obtain a compulsory licence to exploit the invention 
protected by such patent if deemed reasonable in view of the importance of the first -
mentioned invention or for other special reasons.  
 
The proprietor of a paten t in respect of which a compulsory licence is granted under 
subsection (1) of this section may obtain a compulsory licence to exploit the other invention 
unless there are special reasons to the contrary.  
Section 46a  (30.6.2000/650) Where a breeder cannot a cquire or exploit a plant variety right 
without infringing a prior patent, he may apply for a compulsory licence for non -exclusive 
use of the invention protected by the patent inasmuch as the licence is necessary for the 
exploitation of the plant variety t o be protected, subject to payment of an appropriate royalty. 
Where such a licence is granted, the holder of the patent will be entitled to a cross -licence on 
reasonable terms to use the protected variety.  
 
Applicants for the licence referred to in subsect ion 1 above must demonstrate that they have 
applied unsuccessfully to the holder of the patent to obtain a contractual licence and that the 
plant variety constitutes significant technical progress of considerable economic interest 
compared with the inventi on claimed in the patent.  
 
Provisions concerning the right of a patent holder to obtain a compulsory licence for the 
exploitation of a plant variety protected by plant breeder's right are laid down by the Act on 
Plant Breeders' Rights (No. 789/1992).  Secti on 47  In the event of considerable public interest, a person who wishes to exploit 
commercially an invention for which another person holds a patent may obtain a compulsory 
licence to do so.  
Section 48  Any person who was commercially exploiting in this cou ntry an invention which 
is the subject of a patent application, at the time the application documents were made 
available under section 22, shall, if the application results in a patent, be entitled to a 
compulsory licence for such exploitation, provided t here are special reasons for this and also 
provided that he had no knowledge of the application and could not reasonably have obtained 
such knowledge. Such a right shall also be enjoyed, under corresponding conditions, by any 
person who has made substantia l preparations for commercial exploitation of the invention in 
this country. Compulsory licences may also relate to the period of time preceding the grant of 
the patent.  
Section 49  (22.12.1995/1695) A compulsory licence may only be granted to a person deem ed 
to be in a position to exploit the invention in an acceptable manner and in accordance with 
the terms of the licence who, before filing a claim for a compulsory licence, has made a 
verifiable effort to obtain, on reasonable commercial terms, a licence t o the patented 
invention. A compulsory licence shall not prevent the proprietor of the patent from exploiting 
the invention himself or from granting licences under the patent. A compulsory licence may 
only be transferred to a third party together with the business in which it is exploited or was 
intended to be exploited.  
Section 50  (31.1.2013/101) Compulsory licences are granted by a court of law, which also 
decides the extent to which the invention may be exploited and determines the remuneration 
to be pai d and any other conditions under the licence. In the event of a substantial change in 
the circumstances, the court may, at the request of the party concerned, revoke the 
compulsory licence or lay down new conditions.  
 
The Market Court is the competent auth ority referred to in article 3(1) of the Regulation (EC) 
No 816/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on compulsory licensing of 
patents relating to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products for export to countries with 
public health problems . 
CHAPTER 7  
Limitation and Termination of the Patent  
Section 51  (10.5.1985/387) If the renewal fee under sections 40, 41 and 42 is not paid, the 
patent shall lapse as from the start of the fee year for which the fee has not been paid.  
Section 52  (6.6.1980/407) The court shall declare a patent invalid, in a relevant action:  
(1) if the patent relates to an invention that does not satisfy the requirements of sections 1, 1 
a, 1 b, or 2;  
(2) if the patent relates to an invention the description of whi ch is not sufficiently clear to 
enable a person skilled in the art to carry out the invention;  
(3) if the patent contains subject matter not included in the application as filed; or  
(4) if the scope of protection was extended after the notice referred to i n section 19 (1) was 
given. (30.6.2000/650)   
In connection with the invalidation process of a patent, the patent holder may request the 
Court to limit the patent in accordance with the amended patent claims. The request for 
limitation shall be presented be fore the case is transferred to the main hearing. If the request 
for limitation is presented, the issue concerning it must be solved separately before 
continuing the invalidation process. The limitation must meet the requirements under section 
53b. If the Court approves the request for limitation, the patent limited in this manner shall 
make the basis for continuation of the process. A decision regarding the request for limitation 
may only be appealed against in connection with the Court decision concerning  the action. 
(18.11.2005/896)  
 
A patent may not be declared invalid on the grounds that the patentee was entitled to a 
specified part of it only.  
 
Legal proceedings may also be instituted, with the exception laid down in subsection (5) of 
this section, by any person who suffers prejudice on account of the patent, or, where the 
common interest is considered to require it, by a public authority appointed by the 
Government for reasons of public interest. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
Proceedings instituted on the grounds that a patent has been granted to a person other than the 
person entitled to it under the provisions of section 1 may only be instituted by the person 
claiming entitlement to the patent. Such proceedings shall be brought within one year after 
the entitled person gained knowledge of the grant of the patent and of any other 
circumstances on which the proceedings are founded. Proceedings may not be instituted more 
than three years after the grant of the patent where the proprietor of the patent acted in good 
faith at the time the patent was granted or assigned to him.  
Section 53  Where a patent has been granted to a person other than the person entitled to the 
patent under section 1 and where proceedings are instituted by that entitled party, the court 
shall tra nsfer the patent to that party. Section 52 (5) shall apply with respect to the time limit 
within which proceedings shall be instituted. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
Where the person deprived of the patent had, in good faith, begun commercial exploitation of 
the inven tion in this country or had made substantial preparations for exploitation, he shall be 
entitled, against reasonable remuneration and on other reasonable terms, to continue the 
exploitation already begun or to commence the intended exploitation, provided t hat its 
general nature is maintained. Subject to the same conditions, a holder of a licence recorded in 
the Patent Register shall have the same rights.  
 
Rights under subsection (2) of this section may only be transferred to third parties together 
with the business in which they are exploited or in which exploitation was planned.  
Section 53a  (18.11.2005/896) The holder of a patent may apply for the limitation of the 
patent by filing a written request in respect of it to the Patent Authority. The request for 
limitation must contain:  
(1) the name and address of the patent holder;  
(2) the registration number of the patent;  
(3) the limited patent claims, as well as the description and drawings, if they have been 
amended;  (4) if the patent holder has appointed a r epresentative, the name, domicile and address of the 
representative: and  
(5) the handling fee.  
 
If the provisions in subsection (1) are not complied with, the Patent Authority invites the 
applicant to remedy the deficiencies within a given time limit. If t he invitation is not 
complied with within the time limit given, the request will be rejected. The applicant is 
entitled to appeal from such decision.  
 
If the opposition procedure has not been completed, or an invalidation action under section 
52 is pending  in Court, the request will not be admitted. The handling fee paid by the 
applicant is in this case returned to him or her.  
 
If an opposition is filed against a patent or an action is brought for invalidation of the patent 
after a request for limitation bu t before the decision concerning the limitation gains legal 
force, the limitation procedure is terminated.  
Section 53b  (18.11.2005/896) The condition for acceptance of a request to limit a patent 
before a Patent Authority or a Court is that the patent to be limited in accordance with the 
request meets the following conditions:  
(1) the patent refers to an invention which i s presented with sufficient clarity for a person 
skilled in the art to use the invention;  
(2) the patent does not involve anything that does not appear from the application when it was 
filed; and  
(3) the scope of protection of the patent has not been exten ded from the scope of protection of 
the patent granted or from the previously taken decision of the scope of protection.  
Section 53c  (18.11.2005/896) If a patent holder has requested from the European Patent 
Office the limitation of the patent in accordanc e with article 105 a of the European Patent 
Convention (Finnish Treaty Series 8/1996), the Patent Authority shall postpone the 
processing of the request for limitation under 53a(1) until the European Patent Convention 
has taken a final decision in the matt er. 
 
If the patent holder has requested from the European Patent Office the termination of the 
patent in accordance with Article 105 a of the European Patent Convention, the Patent 
Authority must postpone the handling of the cancellation procedure under se ction 54 until the 
European Patent Convention has taken a final decision in the matter.  
 
If the patent has been seized or a dispute is pending on the transfer of the patent, the Patent 
Authority must postpone the handling of the request under 53a(1) and th e notice under 
section 54 until the seizure has lapsed or a final decision has been taken on the dispute 
concerning the transfer of the patent.  
Section 53d  (18.11.2005/896) If the Patent Authority considers that there is an obstacle to the 
approval of the request under 53a(1), the patent holder must be provided an opportunity to 
give his statement in the matter. If the Patent Authority, notwithstanding the statement, 
considers that the request cannot be granted, the statement must be refused and the patent 
remained in force in a non -amended form. The patent holder is entitled to appeal from the 
final decision of the Patent Authority, if the decision is against him.   
If the Patent Authority considers that there is no obstacle to the grant of a request under 
53a(1), the patent shall be limited in accordance with the request. A public notice in 
accordance with section 55 must be given of the decision to approve the limitation. The 
Patent Authority must, from the date of giving public notice, keep available to th e public the 
amended patent publication, which contains the description of the limited patent, drawings, if 
any, and the limited patent claims as well as an announcement of the patent holder. The 
Patent Authority must see to it that the limited patent clai ms are, where necessary, available 
in both Finnish and Swedish. The applicant must pay an established translation fee.  
Section 53e  (18.11.2005/896) The legally valid decision under 53d(2) concerning the 
approval of the limitation taken by the Patent Author ity and the legally valid decision under 
53d(2) to limit the patent, taken by the Court, will be in force as from the filing date of the 
patent application.  
Section 53f  (18.11.2005/893) If the patent holder withdraws the request for limitation under 
sectio n 53a(1), the limitation procedure will be discontinued finally starting from the said 
date.  
 
The request for limitation may not be cancelled once the final decision to approve the 
limitation has been taken.  
Section 54  Where the proprietor of a patent sur renders his patent in writing to the Patent 
Authority, that Authority shall declare the patent to be terminated in its entirety. The patent 
will be considered to have expired as from the filing date of the patent application. The patent 
holder is entitled to appeal from the final decision taken by the Patent Authority, if the 
decision is against him. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
Where a patent is in distraint or if a litigation is pending on the transfer of a patent, the patent 
may not be declared terminated while the  distraint is effective or before a final decision is 
given in the proceedings. The same shall apply if a pledge has been recorded in the Patent 
Register.  
Section 55  (18.11.2005/896) Where a patent has lapsed, expired or been limited, or when it 
has been d eclared invalid by a final court decision, or been transferred, the Patent Authority 
shall publish an announcement of that fact.  
CHAPTER 8  
Obligation to Provide Information  
Section 56  An applicant who invokes his patent application against another person  before the 
documents in the application file have become available under section 22 shall be required, 
on request, to allow such person to have access to the documents. If the patent application 
includes the deposit of a biological material under section 8a, such consent shall also include 
the right to obtain a sample of the deposit. The second and third sentences of subsection (6) 
and subsections (7)and (8)of section 22 shall apply in the event of a person wishing to obtain 
a sample on the basis of such c onsent. (30.6.2000/650)  
 Any person who indicates in addressing himself directly to other persons or in 
announcements or by markings on goods or their packaging or in any other way that a patent 
has been applied for or granted, without at the same time ind icating the number of the 
application or the patent, shall be required, on request, to furnish such number without delay. 
Where it is not explicitly stated that a patent has been applied for or granted, but the 
circumstances are such as to create the impre ssion that this is the case, information as to 
whether a patent has been applied for or granted shall be given on request without delay.  
CHAPTER 9  
Liability, Obligation to Pay Compensation and Court Proceedings  
Section 57  The court may forbid any person who infringes the exclusive right afforded by a 
patent (patent infringement) from continuing or repeating the act.  
 
Where such person intentionally infringes a patent, he shall, unless the act is punishable as an 
industrial property right offence under sec tion 2 of Chapter 49 of the Penal Code, be liable to 
a fine for a violation of a patent right.  
 
Indictment for violation of a patent right may be brought by the prosecutor at the request only 
of the injured party. (13.5.2010/478)  
Section 57a  (22.12.1995/16 95)If a patent has been granted for a process for obtaining a 
product, any identical product produced without the consent of the proprietor of the patent 
shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been obtained by the 
patented proces s. In the adduction of proof to the contrary, the legitimate interests of 
defendants in protecting their manufacturing and business secrets shall be taken into account.  
Section 57b When hearing an action referred to in section 57(1) the court may at the pa tent 
holder’s request prohibit the keeper of a transmitter, server or other similar device or other 
service provider acting as an intermediary, under penalty of a fine, from continuing the use 
alleged to infringe the patent (injunction order) unless it can  be considered disproportionate 
in view of the rights of the alleged infringer of the patent or in view of the rights of the 
intermediary or patent holder. (21.7.2006/684)  
 
Before the bringing of an action referred to in section 57(1), the court may, at th e patent 
proprietor’s request, issue an injunction if the preconditions for it set out in subsection 1 exist 
and if it is obvious that the patent proprietor’s rights otherwise would be seriously 
endangered. The court must provide both for the party against  whom the injunction is sought 
and for the party who is claimed to infringe the patent an opportunity to be heard. 
Communications to the party against whom the injunction has been sought may be delivered 
by mail, facsimile or email. (31.1.2013/101)  
 
The co urt may, on request, issue the injunction referred to in subsection (2) as an 
interlocutory injunction without hearing the alleged infringer, if the urgency of the case of 
necessity requires that. The injunction remains in force until ordered otherwise. Af ter the 
injunction is issued, the alleged infringer must without delay be provided an opportunity to be 
heard. When the alleged infringer has been heard, the court must decide without delay 
whether to keep the injunction in force or withdraw it. (21.7.2006 /684)   
An injunction issued under this section must not endanger the right of a third party to send 
and receive messages. The injunction comes into force when the applicant lodges with the 
bailiff security referred to in Chapter 8, section 2, of the Enforc ement Code (705/2007). The 
provisions of Chapter 7, section 7, of the Code of Judicial Procedure apply to the possibility 
to be released from lodging security. An injunction issued under subsection (2) or (3) above 
lapses if the action referred to in secti on 57(1) is not brought before a court within a month 
from the issuance of the injunction. (31.1.2013/101)  
 
The party who has demanded the injunction must compensate the party against whom the 
injunction is issued as well as the alleged infringer for the d amage caused by the 
implementation of the injunction and for any other costs resulting from the case if the action 
referred to in section 57(1) is rejected or ruled inadmissible, or if the processing of the case is 
removed from the cause list because the p laintiff has abandoned his/her action or failed to 
arrive to the court. The same applies if the injunction is withdrawn under subsection (3) or 
lapses under subsection (4). When an action is brought for compensation for damage and 
costs, the provisions of Chapter 7, section 12, of the Code of Judicial Procedure apply. 
(21.7.2006/684)  
Section 58  Any person who intentionally or negligently infringes a patent shall be liable to 
pay reasonable compensation for the exploitation of the invention and damages for o ther 
injury caused by the infringement. In the case of slight negligence, the compensation may be 
adjusted accordingly.  
 
A person found guilty of patent infringement that is neither intentional nor negligent shall pay 
compensation for the exploitation of t he invention if and to the extent held reasonable.  
 
Compensation proceedings for patent infringement shall only refer to damage during the last 
five years prior to institution of proceedings. The right to compensation for damage suffered 
prior to that peri od shall lapse.  
Section 59  At the request of the party injured by patent infringement, the court may order, to 
the extent deemed reasonable for the prevention of further infringement, that patented 
products manufactured without the consent of the proprieto r of the patent, or objects whose 
use would constitute patent infringement, shall be altered in a specified manner or be 
impounded for the remainder of the term of the patent or be destroyed or, in the case of 
patented products, be surrendered against paym ent of their value to the injured party. This 
provision shall not apply to anyone who has acquired such objects of property or special 
rights in respect of such objects in good faith and who has not himself infringed the patent.  
The objects of property ref erred to in subsection (1) may be seized if it is reasonable to 
assume that the offence referred to in section 2 of chapter 49 of the Criminal Code or in 
section 57 of this act has been committed. In such case, the provisions on seizure in the 
Coercive Mea sures Act (806/2011) shall be complied with. (22.7.2011/863).  
Subsection (2) amended by act No. 863 of 22 July 2011 came into force on 1 January 2014. 
The previous wording is as follows:  
 
The objects of property referred to in subsection (1) may be seized if it is reasonable to assume that the offence referred to in section 2 of Chapter 49 of the Penal Code or in section 
57 of this Act has been committed. In such case, the provisions on sei zure in the Coercive 
Criminal Investigation Means Act shall apply. (21.4.1995/717)  
 
Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), the court may order, on request, if there are 
special reasons for this, that the holders of objects referred to in subsect ion (1) shall be able to 
dispose of the objects for the remainder of the patent term or for a part thereof, against 
reasonable compensation and on reasonable conditions.  
Section 60  (21.3.1997/243) Where any person commercially exploits an invention which i s 
the subject of a patent application after the application documents have been made available 
under section 22, the provisions on patent infringement shall apply mutatis mutandis, if the 
application results in a patent. However, until a patent has been gr anted under section 20, 
protection shall extend only to the subject matter disclosed both in the claims as worded 
when the application became available to the public and in the claims according to the patent. 
There shall be no liability to punishment, and damages arising from exploitation prior to the 
granting of the patent may be assessed only on the basis of section 58 (2).  
If the description, abstract and claims are drawn up in English, the protection under 
subsection (1) will apply only after the claims  have been submitted to the Patent Authority in 
Finnish or Swedish translation. (17.6.2011/743)  
 
The provisions of section 58(3) concerning damages do not apply if action for compensation 
is brought within one year of the period for lodging an opposition c oncerning the patent or, if 
an opposition has been lodged, within a year from the date of a final decision to maintain the 
patent. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 60a  (21.7.2006/684) In a dispute that concerns an infringement of a patent the court 
may, at the pla intiff’s request, order the defendant to compensate the plaintiff for the cost 
occurred to him/her for publishing, by taking suitable measures, information concerning the 
final decision in which the defendant is found to have infringed the patent right. Su ch an 
order may not be given if the dissemination of the information is limited elsewhere in the 
law. In considering the issuance and contents of the order, the court must pay attention to the 
general significance of the publication of the issue, the kind and scope of the infringement, 
the costs involved in the publishing process and other corresponding facts.  
 
The court lays down a maximum amount for the reasonable publishing cost to be paid by the 
defendant. The plaintiff is not entitled to the compensati on if information about the decision 
has not been published within a period laid down by the court counted from the date when the 
final decision was issued.  
Section 61  If a patent has been revoked by a final decision or declared invalid by a final 
decision , no punishment, compensation or other sanction laid down in section 57, 57 a, 57 b, 
58-60 or 60 a may be imposed. (21.7.2006/684)  
 
Subsection 2 repealed 1 September 2013 (101/2013)  
 
In a case concerning invalidation of a patent, the court may, at its disc retion, postpone the 
taking of a decision on a principal claim referred to in section 1 of Chapter 24 of the Procedural Code if the action has been brought in a competent court before the expiry of the 
time limit for lodging an opposition after the grant o f the patent or before a final decision has 
been issued on the opposition. (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 62  Any person who by intention or negligence, other than slight negligence, fails to 
comply with section 56 shall be sentenced to a fine.  
 
Any person who, in  the instances described in section 56, provides incorrect information shall 
also be sentenced to the same penalty, unless the offence is punishable under the Penal Code.  
 
Indictment for an offence referred to in this section may be brought by the prosecut or only at 
the request of the injured party. (13.5.2011/478)  
Section 63  The proprietor of a patent or any person authorized to exploit an invention under 
licence  may bring an action before the court for a declaratory judgment to establish whether 
he enjoys protection against other parties on the basis of the patent in the event of uncertainty 
that may be prejudicial to him.  
 
Any person who carries on or intends to  carry on a commercial activity may, subject to the 
same conditions, bring an action against the proprietor of the patent to obtain a declaratory 
judgment to determine whether the patent constitutes an obstacle to such activity.  
 
Subsection 3 repealed 1 Se ptember 2013 (101/2013)  
Section 64  Repealed 1 September 2013 (101/2013)  
Section 65  (31.1.2013/101) Disputes and application cases under this Act are heard by the 
Market Court.  
 
Cases concerning the right to an invention for which a European patent under th e European 
Patent Convention (Finnish Treaty Series 8/1996) has been sought, are also heard by the 
Market Court. A prerequisite for hearing such case in the Market Court is that the defendant 
is domiciled in Finland or that the plaintiff is domiciled in Fi nland and the defendant is not 
domiciled in a country which is party to the European Patent Convention. The Market Court 
also hears the case if the parties to the dispute have agreed that the Market Court is competent 
in the case.  
 
A dispute referred to in  subsection (2) above may not be heard by the Market Court if the 
same dispute between the same parties is pending before a court of another country that is 
party to the European Patent Convention. If the competence of such foreign court has been 
contested , the Market Court must postpone the hearing of the case until the question of 
competence has been finally decided upon by the foreign Court.  
 
Separate provisions are issued on the international jurisdiction of the Market Court.  
 
The provisions of the Act on the Judicial Proceedings at the Market Court apply to the 
hearing of disputes and application cases by the Market Court.  Section 65a  (22.12.1995/1695) A final decision taken by a court of a Contracting State of the 
European Patent Convention in a dispu te referred to in section 65 (2) is enforceable in 
Finland. A court decision passed on the applicant for a European patent, is not, however, 
enforceable in Finland, if the writ of summons has not been duly served to him or if he has 
not been afforded a suf ficient time for preparing himself for the court proceedings.  
Section 65b  (31.1.2013/101) In a dispute under this Act, if the whole patent specification is 
not available in Finnish or in Swedish with the Patent Authority, the court may require the 
patent p roprietor or other party authorised by the patent proprietor to exercise the right of 
action as regards the patent, to submit a translation into Finnish or Swedish of the patent 
specification. If the party required to submit the translation is the plaintif f in the case, the 
court may require the translation to be submitted or else the case will be dismissed. If the 
party required to submit the translation is the defendant in the case, the court may require the 
translation to be submitted or else the transla tion will be commissioned at the cost of the 
defendant.  
Section 65c  (17.6.2011/743) If the description and claims are drawn up in English and the 
translation of them does not correspond to the documents in English, the patent protection 
will only extend to  that which is evident from both the translation and the documents in 
English jointly.  
 
If the description and claims are drawn up in English and the language of decisions is 
English, the documents in the language of decisions are, in invalidation proceedi ngs referred 
to in section 52, the sole authentic texts.  
Section 66  (31.1.2013/101) Charges of an intellectual property offence, as referred to in 
Chapter 49, section 2, of the Criminal Code of Finland (39/1889), which breaches the 
exclusive right conferre d by a patent; and charges of violation of a patent, as referred to in 
section 57(2) of this Act, and of an offence referred to in section 62 of this Act, are heard by 
the Helsinki District Court.  
 
Claims for compensation under section 58 or claims under s ection 59, arising from an offence 
referred to in the charge, may be heard in connection with a charge referred to in subsection 
(1) above, notwithstanding the provisions of section 65.  
 
The court remains competent to examine a claim referred to in subsect ion 2 even if the 
circumstances on which its competence is based change after the claim is being made.  
Section 66 a  (31.1.2013/101) In a criminal case referred to in section 66, the court may 
require the injured party to submit a translation into Finnish or Swedish of the patent 
specification, if it is not available in whole in Finnish or in Swedish with the Patent 
Authority. When the case at hand is a criminal case brought up by the public prosecutor, 
where the injured party exercises their right of actio n, the court may require a translation to 
be submitted or else the translation will be commissioned at the cost of the injured party. 
When the case at hand is a criminal case brought up by the injured party alone, the court may 
require a translation to be submitted or else the case will be dismissed.  
Section 66 b  (31.1.2013/101) The provisions of Chapter 4, section 22, of the Act on the 
Judicial Proceedings at the Market Court, on the right of the Market Court to request a statement, apply to the right of t he court hearing a case referred to in section 66 above, to 
request a statement from the Patent Authority.  
Section 66 c  (31.1.2013/101) When hearing a case referred to in section 66, the District Court 
may be assisted by a maximum of two expert members re ferred to in section 7(2) of the 
Market Court Act (99/2013).  
 
The experts must give their statement in writing on the matters submitted to them by the 
District Court. The experts are entitled to question the parties and the witnesses. The District 
Court m ust reserve the parties an opportunity to state their views on the expert’s statement 
before decision in the case.  
 
The provisions of section 37 of the Market Court Act on the fees of expert members, apply to 
the entitlement of the experts to a fee. mark  
Section 66 d  (31.1.2013/101) The provisions of Chapter 4, section 23, of the Act on the 
Judicial Proceedings at the Market Court, on the obligation of the Market Court to notify of 
its decisions, apply to the obligation of the court hearing a case referred to in section 66 
above, to notify the Patent Authority of a decision.  
Section 67  Repealed 1 September 2013 (101/2013)  
Section 68  Repealed 1 September 2013 (101/2013)  
Section 69  Repealed 1 September 2013 (101/2013)  
Section 70  Repealed 1 September 2013 (101 /2013)  
CHAPTER 9a  
Supplementary Protection Certificates (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 70a (21.3.1997/243) Provisions on Supplementary Protection Certificates are given 
in the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No 469/2009 providing for the 
supplementary protection certificate for medicinal products and in the European Parliament 
and Council Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 concerning the adoption of a supplementary 
protection certificate for plant protection products. In addition, the provisions o f this chapter 
are applicable to supplementary protection certificates. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 70b  (28.6.1994/593) Applications for supplementary protection certificates and for 
the extension of the duration of supplementary protection certificates for me dicinal products 
are filed with the Finnish Patent and Registration Office. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 70c  (28.6.1994/593) The applicant must pay the prescribed application fee. The 
proprietor of the certificate must pay the prescribed renewal fee for the sup plementary 
protection certificate.  
 
The provisions of subsection (1) are applicable on fees for applications for the extension of the duration of supplementary protection certificates for medicinal products, and on the 
extended supplementary protection ce rtificates, extended upon application. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 70d  (28.6.1994/593) Provisions concerning infringement of patent rights apply to 
infringement of rights conferred by a supplementary protection certificate.  
Section 70e  (28.6.1994/593) More spe cific provisions concerning the implementation of the 
provisions of this Chapter and the procedure to be followed in applying for and granting 
supplementary protection certificates and extensions of them may be issued by government 
decree. (17.6.2011/743)  
CHAPTER 9b  
European Patent and Application for European Patent (22.12.1995/1695)  
Section 70f  (22.12.1995/1695) For  the purposes of this Act, a European patent is a patent 
which has been granted by the European Patent Office under the European Patent 
Convention. A European patent application is a patent application filed under said 
Convention.  
 
A European patent may be  granted as having effect in Finland.  
 
An application for a European patent shall be filed with the European Patent Office. Such 
application may also be filed with the Finnish Patent Authority to be transmitted by the 
Patent Authority to the European Paten t Office. However, European patent applications 
relating to inventions referred to in the Act on Inventions of Importance to the Defense of the 
Country (No. 551/67) shall be filed with the Finnish Patent Authority. Applications referred 
to in Article 76 of  said Convention (European divisional applications) shall always be filed 
with the European Patent Office.  
 
The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to European patents and European patent 
applications designating Finland.  
Section 70g  (22.12.1995/1695) A  European patent is granted when the European Patent 
Office has announced its decision to allow the patent application. The European patent 
having effect in Finland has the same legal effect as a patent granted by the Finnish Patent 
Authority and is also o therwise subject to the same conditions as such patent, unless 
otherwise provided for in this Chapter.  
Section 70h  (22.12.1995/1695) A European patent has effect in this country only if the patent 
proprietor has supplied, within three months from the date on which the European Patent 
Office published a mention of the grant of the European patent, to the Patent Authority a 
translation, referred to in subsection (2), of said European patent, and has paid the prescribed 
fee for publishing the translation. If t he European Patent Office has announced its decision 
that the European patent will be maintained in amended form, the provisions above apply 
also to the documents in amended form. (17.6.2011/743)  
 
A translation of the claims into Finnish must be submitted.  If the patent has been granted in 
German or French, the description and possible drawings must be submitted in Finnish or English translation. The description with possible drawings may always be submitted in 
Finnish translation. If the patent proprietor’ s own language is Swedish, the above translations 
may be in Swedish. (17.6.2011/743)  
 
The translation is public provided that the European Patent Office has published the 
application for a European patent or the mention of the grant of the European patent.  
(17.6.2011/743)  
 
If a translation has been supplied and the fee for publishing the translation has been paid 
within the time limit and if the European Patent Office has published the mention of the grant 
of the European patent or its maintenance in amende d form, the Patent Authority must 
without delay issue an announcement to that effect in Finnish and Swedish. The Patent 
Authority must make the translation available to the public as soon as possible. The Patent 
Authority must see to it that the claims of the European patent are, when necessary, available 
in Finnish and Swedish. (17.6.2011/743)  
Section 70i  (22.12.1995/1695) The provisions of section 71a(1) correspondingly apply to 
filing of a translation under section 70h(1) and payment of a fee for publish ing the 
translation. If it is decided under section 71a(1) that the act shall be deemed to have been 
completed within the prescribed time limit, the Patent Authority shall without delay make an 
announcement to that effect both in Finnish and in Swedish.  
 
If anyone, after the time limit according to section 70h(1) has expired but before the 
announcement according to subsection (1) above has been published, has in good faith begun 
to use the invention commercially in this country or has made substantial prepa rations 
therefor, he shall enjoy the right provided in section 71c( 2) and (3).  
Section 70j  (22.12.1995/1695) The provisions of section 52(1)(4), concerning extension of 
scope of patent protection, shall also apply to a European patent if the scope of pate nt 
protection has been extended after the grant of the European patent.  
Section 70k  (22.12.1995/1695) If the European Patent Office has revoked a European patent 
in its entirety or in part, this revocation shall have effect as if the patent in this country  were 
declared invalid to the corresponding extent. The Finnish Patent Authority shall without 
delay announce the revocation both in Finnish and Swedish.  
Section 70l  (22.12.1995/1695) Prescribed renewal fees shall be paid for each fee year 
beginning after the year in which the European Patent Office announced its decision to allow 
the patent application.  
 
If a renewal fee for a European patent is not paid according to the provisions in subsection (1) 
above and section 41, section 51 applies correspondingly.  The first renewal fee is not, 
however, due for payment until the last day of the third month following the month the patent 
was granted. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 70m  (22.12.1995/1695) A European patent application which has been accorded a 
filing date by the European Patent Office has the same effect in this country as a Finnish 
patent application filed on the same date. If the application under the European Patent 
Convention enjoys priority from a date earlier than the filing date, such priority also has effect in Finland. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
For the purposes of section 2(2), the publication of a European patent application pursuant to 
Article 93 of the European Patent Convention shall be equivalent to the application becoming 
available to the public pursuan t to section 22. This shall also apply to publication referred to 
in Article 153(3) of the Convention, if said publication is ruled by the European Patent Office 
to be equivalent to publication pursuant to Article 93. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 70n  (22.12.19 95/1695) If a European patent application has been published under 
Article 93 of the European Patent Convention and a translation into Finnish of the patent 
claims as worded when published has been filed with the Patent Authority, the Patent 
Authority shal l make the translation available to anyone and make an announcement in 
Finnish and Swedish to this effect. If the applicant's own language is Swedish, the translation 
may, however, be filed in Swedish. The Patent Authority shall see to it that the publishe d 
patent claims are, where necessary, available to the public in Finnish and Swedish.  
 
If anyone uses an invention commercially for which patent protection is sought by a 
European patent application after the announcement under subsection (1) has been made , the 
provisions concerning patent infringement apply correspondingly if the application results in 
a patent for Finland. In such case, however, the patent protection only extends to that 
revealed in both the patent claims as worded when published and the claims according to the 
patent. Punishment cannot be imposed in this case and damages for such use may only be 
determined under section 58(2). (18.11.2005/896)  
 
The provisions of section 58 (3) shall not apply if the action for compensation is brought 
within one year after the period for opposition against the patent has expired or, if opposition 
has been lodged, within one year after the decision by the European Patent Office to maintain 
the patent.  
Section 70o  (22.12.1995/1695) If a European patent applic ation or request that such 
application shall designate Finland has been withdrawn, this shall have the same effect as 
withdrawal of a national patent application. The same shall apply in respect of a situation 
where an application under the European Patent  Convention shall be deemed to have been 
withdrawn and where processing of the application has not been resumed pursuant to Article 
121 of the Convention.  
 
If a European patent application has been rejected, this shall have the same effect as rejection 
of a national patent application.  
Section 70p  In a dispute, under this Act, over a European patent, if the whole patent 
specification is not available in Finnish or in Swedish with the Patent Authority, the court 
may require the patent proprietor or other par ty authorised by the patent proprietor to exercise 
the right of action as regards the patent, to submit a translation into Finnish or Swedish of the 
patent specification. If the party required to submit the translation is the plaintiff in the case, 
the cou rt may require the translation to be submitted or else the case will be dismissed. If the 
party required to submit the translation is the defendant in the case, the court may require the 
translation to be submitted or else the translation will be commissio ned at the cost of the 
defendant. (31.1.2013/101)  
 In a criminal case, referred to in section 66, over a European patent, a court may require the 
injured party to submit a translation into Finnish or Swedish of the patent specification, if it is 
not availa ble in whole in Finnish or in Swedish with the Patent Authority. When the case at 
hand is a criminal case brought up by the public prosecutor, where the injured party exercises 
their right of action, the court may require a translation to be submitted or e lse the translation 
will be commissioned at the cost of the injured party. When the case at hand is a criminal 
case brought up by the injured party alone, the court may require a translation to be submitted 
or else the case will be dismissed. (31.1.2013/10 1) 
If the translation referred to in section 70h or 70n does not coincide with the wording of the 
documents in the language of the proceedings before the European Patent Office, the patent 
protection shall only extend to that which is evident from both tex ts. (22.12.1995/1695)  
 
In the revocation proceedings referred to in section 52, the text in the language of the 
proceedings shall be the sole authentic text. (22.12.1995/1695)  
Section 70q  (22.12.1995/1695) If the applicant or the proprietor of a patent files with the 
Patent Authority a correction of the translation referred to in section 70h and pays the 
prescribed fee for publishing the corrected translation, the corrected translation sha ll apply in 
place of the original translation. Once the correction has been filed and the fee paid, and if the 
original translation is available to anyone, the Patent Authority shall without delay announce 
said correction in Finnish and Swedish and, as soo n as possible, make copies of the corrected 
translation obtainable from the Patent Authority.  
 
If the applicant files a correction of the translation referred to in section 70n, the Patent 
Authority shall without delay make an announcement of the correctio n in Finnish and 
Swedish and keep the corrected translation available to anyone. After the announcement the 
corrected translation shall apply in place of the original translation.  
 
If anyone, before the corrected translation became valid, has, in good fait h, begun to use the 
invention commercially in this country in a manner which according to the earlier translation 
did not constitute infringement of the right of the applicant or of the proprietor of the patent, 
or has made substantial preparations therefo r, he shall enjoy the right specified in section 71c 
(2) and (3).  
Section 70r  (22.12.1995/1695) If the applicant or the proprietor of a patent has failed to 
observe the time limit prescribed in the European Patent Convention, but the European Patent 
Office , nevertheless, under Article 122 declares that no loss of right has ensued, this shall 
have the same effect also in Finland.  
 
If anyone, after the loss of right has ensued but prior to the announcement by the European 
Patent Office of the declaration refe rred to in subsection (1), began, in good faith, to use the 
invention commercially in this country or made substantial preparations therefor, he shall 
enjoy the right specified in section 71c (2) and (3).  
Section 70s  (22.12.1995/1695) If a European patent application which has been filed with a 
national patent authority shall be deemed to be withdrawn because the European Patent 
Office did not receive it within the prescribed time limit from the national patent authority 
that received the application, at th e request of the applicant, the Patent Authority shall take up the application as converted to a national application, provided:  
(1) that the request is filed with the authority which received the patent application within 
three months from when the applic ant was notified by the European Patent Office that the 
application was deemed withdrawn;  
(2) that the request is received by the Finnish Patent Authority within 20 months from the 
date of filing of the application or, if priority is claimed, the day from which priority is 
claimed; and  
(3) the applicant pays, within the prescribed time limit, the prescribed application fee and 
files a translation, pursuant to section 8(5), of the patent application.  
 
If a European patent application shall be deemed to be wi thdrawn because the European 
Patent Office did not receive the translation in the language of the proceedings within the 
prescribed time limit, at the request of the applicant, the Patent Authority shall take up the 
application as converted into an applica tion for a national patent, in compliance with the 
provisions of Article 135 of the European Patent Convention. The applicant shall also pay the 
prescribed application fee and file the translation of the patent application according to 
section 8 (5) within  the prescribed time limit. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
If the patent application referred to in subsections (1) and (2) above fulfills the requirements 
regarding the form of the application laid down in the European Patent Convention and its 
Implementing Regulation s, it shall be accepted in this respect.  
Section 70t  (18.11.2005/896) A request made in accordance with Article 105 a of the 
European Patent Convention to limit or revoke a European patent shall be made to the 
European Patent Office.  
 
Where the European Pa tent Office has made an announcement of the limitation of the patent, 
the patent holder shall, within a time limit to be laid down by Government decree, file a 
translation of the documents forming the basis for the limitation in the language in which the 
original patent was validated in Finland, and pay the established fee for publication of the 
translation as more specifically decreed by the Government. The Patent Authority shall 
without delay make an announcement of this in both Finnish and Swedish and ke ep copies of 
the translation available to the public. The Patent Authority shall see to that the limited patent 
claims of the European patent are, where necessary, available in both Finnish and Swedish.  
 
If the patent holder does not comply with the provis ions of subsection (2), the patent shall be 
deemed not to be valid in Finland as from the filing date of the patent application. The patent 
authority shall publish an announcement of the invalidity of the patent.  
 
Where the European Patent Office has publi shed an announcement of the cancellation of the 
patent, the Patent Authority shall publish an announcement of the cancellation in the Patent 
Gazette.  
 
A patent limited or cancelled by the European Patent Office shall in this country enjoy the 
same legal ef fect as a nationally limited or cancelled patent, unless otherwise provided for in 
this Chapter.  
Section 70u  (18.11.2005/896) If a person has in good faith began to commercially exploit an 
invention in this country or taken essential measures for that purp ose after the decision taken by the Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, but before the publication of the 
decision of the enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office, that person may, 
despite the patent, continue the use while retaini ng its general character.  
 
The right referred to in subsection (1) above may be transferred to another only together with 
the business where it has been created or where the exploitation is meant to occur.  
CHAPTER 10  
Special Provisions  
Section 71  The pro prietor of a patent who is not domiciled in Finland shall be required to 
appoint a representative residing in the European Economic Area with authority to receive 
service of writs of indictment or summonses and other documents in proceedings and matters 
concerning the patent, with the exception of writs of indictment in penal cases and of 
summonses to appear personally before a court. The name of the representative appointed 
shall be communicated for recording in the Patent Register. (30.6.2000/650)  
 
If the  proprietor of a patent has not appointed a representative pursuant to subsection 
(1)above, notification can be effected by sending the document to be served to him by 
registered mail to his address as recorded in the Patent Register. If no address is reco rded in 
the Register, notification can be effected by announcement in the patent gazette. Notification 
shall be deemed to have been effected when the procedure described herein has been 
completed. (21.3.1997/243)  
 
Subject to reciprocity, the Government may  decree that the subsections (1) and (2)above shall 
not apply to the proprietor of a patent domiciled in a specified foreign country, or to the 
proprietor of a patent having a representative domiciled in such country, provided the name 
of the representativ e is communicated for recording in the Patent Register of Finland and is 
authorized as prescribed in subsection (1) above.  
 
If it has not been possible to notify the person who has filed an opposition of a decision 
concerning the opposition at the address he has furnished, notification may be effected by 
announcement in the patent gazette. Notification shall be deemed to have been effected when 
the procedure described herein has been completed. (21.3.1997/243)  
Section 71a  (10.5.1985/387) If a patent applica nt or the proprietor of a patent, in a case other 
than the one referred to in subsection (2), has suffered loss of rights because he or she has not 
taken action before the Patent Authority within the time limit laid down in this Act or its 
Regulations, but  has taken all due care required by the circumstances to observe the time 
limit, and if that person takes such action within two months of the time at which the cause of 
his or her non -compliance ceases –and in any event not later than one year after expira tion of 
the time limit –the Patent Authority must declare that the act is to be deemed to have been 
done within the prescribed time limit. If the applicant or the proprietor of a patent wishes to 
obtain such declaration, the applicant or the proprietor must  inform the Patent Authority 
about it in writing within the time limits laid down for taking the action, and pay the 
prescribed fee. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
If a patent applicant has suffered loss of rights in the observation of the time limit under section 6(1) , the provisions of subsection (1) will apply, provided that the request is filed and 
the prescribed fee paid not later than within two months from the time limit prescribed in 
section 6(1). (18.11.2005/896)  
 
Subsections (1) and (2) of this section also ap ply to international applications which have 
been pursued in Finland as regards the time limit to be observed concerning the receiving 
Office, the International Searching Authority, the International Preliminary Examining 
Authority or the International Bur eau of WIPO. Failure to observe that time limit must then 
be remedied at the Patent Authority. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
However, a request filed in accordance with the provisions of subsection (1), (2) or (3) may 
not be refused, nor may its admittance be refused,  until the patent applicant or proprietor has 
been given an opportunity to file his or her comments in the time limit laid down by the 
Patent Authority. (18.11.2005/896)  
Section 71b  (6.6.1980/407) Where, in those cases referred to in sections 31 or 38, a 
document or a fee sent by mail has not been received by the Patent Authority within the 
prescribed time limit, but where the applicant performs the required act within two months of 
the time at which he realized or should have realized that the time limit h as been exceeded, 
but in no event later than one year after expiration of the time limit, the Patent Authority shall 
declare that the act is to be deemed to have been done within the prescribed time limit:  
(1) if the postal service was interrupted at any t ime during the 10 days preceding the time 
limit on account of war, revolution, civil disorder, strike, natural disaster or other like reason 
in the locality in which the sender was staying or carrying on business, and the document or 
fee was mailed to the Patent Authority within five days of the resumption of the postal 
service, or  
(2) if the document or fee was mailed to the Patent Authority by registered mail not later than 
five days before the expiration of the time limit, but only if it was sent by airm ail, where 
possible, or by other means if the sender could reasonably assume that the dispatch should 
reach the Patent Authority within two days of mailing.  
 
Where the applicant requests a declaration under subsection (1) above, he shall advise the 
Patent Authority in writing to that effect within the time limit for taking the action laid down 
in that subsection.  
Section 71c  (6.6.1980/407) If a request under section 71a or 71b is granted and if, as a result, 
the examination of a patent application that has been dismissed or rejected after becoming 
available to the public under section 22 is resumed or a lapsed patent is reins tated, an 
announcement to that effect shall be made.  
 
Any person who in good faith has begun to exploit an invention commercially in this country 
after expiration of the time limit for reinstating a dismissed application or after a rejection has 
become fin al or a patent has lapsed, but before such announcement is made, may nevertheless 
continue to exploit the invention provided he maintains the general nature of the exploitation. 
The right to exploit an invention shall be granted, on the same conditions, to  anyone who has 
made substantial preparations for such exploitation in this country.  
 
The right under subsection (2) above may only be transferred to another person together with 
the business in which it originated or in which exploitation of the invention  was intended.  Section 72 (31.1.2013/101) Appeals from final decisions taken by the Patent Authority under 
this Act, other than those referred to in section 26, and appeals from decisions referred to in 
sections 42, 53a(2), 53d(1), 54(1), and 71a and 71b, are lodged with the Market Court as 
provided in the Act on the Finnish Patent and Registration Office.  
 
The provisions of the Act on the Judicial Proceedings at the Market Court apply to the 
hearing of appeals referred to in subsection (1) by the Market C ourt.  
Section 73  (13.11.1992/1034) The amounts of the fees to be paid under this Act shall be laid 
down in separate provisions. In that connection it may be decreed that one or more of the 
initial fee years shall be exempt from renewal fees.  
Section 74  Further provisions concerning patent applications, announcements in respect of 
patent matters, printing of the application documents, opposition proceedings, limitation 
procedures before the Patent Authority, termination procedures, the Patent Register and i ts 
maintenance, and the Patent Authority shall be decreed by the Government. (18.11.2005/896)  
 
The Government may decree that the Patent Authority be entitled to divulge, at the request of 
the authorities of another country, details of the processing of pa tent applications in this 
country and that the authorities of another country or an international institution may, at the 
request of the Patent Authority, undertake the examination of patent applications. 
(18.11.2005/896)  
 
The Government may also decree th at an applicant seeking a patent in respect of an invention 
for which an application has been filed in another country or with an international 
organization shall disclose information given to him by the authorities of such other country 
or by the internat ional organization regarding the examination of his invention as to 
patentability. No such disclosure shall be required, however, for an application under Chapter 
3 if it has been the subject of an international preliminary examination and the report on th e 
patentability of the invention has been received by the Patent Authority. (18.11.2005/896)  
Further technical regulations may be drawn up by the Patent Authority regarding patent 
applications, oppositions, limitation of patents at the Patent Authority and  termination of 
patents; and their processing; and other similar technical matters. (31.1.2013/101)  
Section 75  If the country is at war or in danger of war, the Government may decree, where 
required by the public interest, that the right to a given inventi on shall be surrendered to the 
State or to another party designated by the Government. Reasonable compensation shall be 
paid for the right to the invention thus surrendered. If no agreement is reached on 
compensation with the party entitled to compensation , the court shall determine the 
compensation.  
Where a party other than the State has availed itself of the right to an invention pursuant to 
subsection (1) above and if such party does not fulfill its obligations with regard to 
compensation, the State shal l pay the compensation without delay on request by the party 
entitled to compensation.  
Section 76  Special regulations shall apply to inventions of importance to the defense of the 
country.  TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS  
Act 243/97  shall come into force on 1 Apri l 1997  
A patent application which has been approved for being laid open for public inspection 
before the entry into force of this Act, shall be processed and decided on in accordance with 
the provisions in force before the entry into force of this Act.  
The provisions of section 14 of the Patents Act shall apply to a patent application filed before 
the entry into force of this Act.  
Act 650/2000  shall come into force on 15 July 2000.  
The provisions of sections 3 b and 46 a shall apply to a patent applicat ion filed or deemed to 
have been filed before the entry into force of this Act and to a patent granted on the basis of 
such application.  
Act 990/2004  shall come into force on 1 January 2005.  
The Act also applies to the pursued international applications f or which the 20 -month period 
calculated from the date of priority ends on the date of entry into force of the Act or thereafter 
and in respect of which the applicant has not yet pursued his international application for 
Finland.  
Act 684/2006  comes into for ce on 1 September 2006.  
Sections 57 b and 61 of this Act also apply to disputes that have been pending before the 
entry into force of this Act. In so far as section 61 deals with applying section 60 a, the 
section is nevertheless applied in the manner laid  down in subsection 3 concerning the 
application of section 60 a.  
The provisions applicable at the entry into force of this Act apply to disputes pending before 
the entry into force of this Act, instead of the provisions of section 60 a of this Act.  
Act 8 96/2005 shall come into force on 6 March 2006  
Sections 8b and 8c apply to patent applications filed or deemed to have been filed on or after 
the entry into force of this Act.  
 
Sections 41(2) and 70 l(2) apply to a renewal fee falling due on or after the e ntry into force of 
this Act.  
 
The provisions of section 60(2) only apply to final decisions taken after the entry into force of 
this Act.  
 
If the six -month time limit for reinstatement of loss of rights has expired before the entry into 
force of this Act, the provisions of section 71a(2) effective at the entry into force of this Act 
continue to apply.  
 Section 71a(2) applies to patent applications that are pending at the entry into force of this 
Act, unless the time limit for reinstatement of loss of rights  already has expired.  
Act 743/2011   
1. This Act will enter into force on a date to be defined by government decree.  
 
2. The provisions of section 7 a of this Act apply to patent applications filed or deemed to 
have been filed on the day of entry into force  of this Act or thereafter.  
 
3. The provisions of this Act concerning applications filed in English and the issuance of 
decisions by the Patent Authority in English apply to patent applications filed or deemed to 
have been filed on the day of entry into fo rce of this Act or thereafter.  
 
4. The provisions of section 24(1) of this Act concerning a fee apply to oppositions filed 
against a patent granted on the day of entry into force of this Act or thereafter.  
 
5. The provisions of section 70 c(2) of this Act apply on applications for extension of the 
duration of a supplementary protection certificate filed on the day of entry into force of this 
Act or thereafter.  
 
6. Measures necessary for the implementation of this Act may be undertaken before the Act’s 
entry  into force.  
Act 101/2013 shall come into force on 1 September 2013  
 
Appeals from decisions taken by the Patent Authority before the entry into force of this Act, 
are lodged in accordance with the provisions of law in force at the time of the entry into 
force of this Act.  
 
Disputes or application or criminal cases which have been brought before a District Court 
before the entry into force of this Act, are heard in accordance with the provisions of law in 
force at the time of the entry into force of this Act .  
 
Measures necessary for the implementation of this Act may be undertaken before the Act’s 
entry into force.