RESTRICTED  
  
WT/TPR/G/342  
15 June 2016  
(16-3265)  Page: 1/26  
Trade Policy Review Body  Original: English  
 
TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
REPORT BY 
CHINA 
Pursuant to the Agreement Establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the 
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), the policy statement by China is 
attached. 
 
 
Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first 
session of the meeting of the Trad e Policy Review Body on China. WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  CONTENTS 
1   INTROD UCTION  .......................................................................................................... 4  
2   ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT AND MACROECONOMIC POLICY 
DIRECTION ..................................................................................................................... . 4 
2.1   ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRO NMENT ........................................................................ 4  
2.1.1   International economic environment .......................................................................... 4  
2.1.2   Domestic ec onomic situation .................................................................................... 5  
2.2   MACROECONO MIC POLICY .......................................................................................... 5  
2.2.1   New thinking on  macroeconomi c policy ...................................................................... 5  
2.2.2   Fiscal policy ......................................................................................................... .. 5 
2.2.3   Moneta ry policy ...................................................................................................... 6 
2.3   ADJUSTING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AN D TRANSFORMING DEVELOPMENT PATTERN ........... 6  
2.3.1   Modestly expanding domestic demand and doing a good job in supply-side 
structural reform s ............................................................................................................ . 6 
2.3.2   Accelerating the develo pment of the serv ice sector ...................................................... 7  
2.3.3   Strengthening the protection of intellectual pr operty rights ........................................... 8  
2.3.4   Pursuing innovati on-driven deve lopment .................................................................... 8  
2.3.5   Advancing transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and energy 
conservation and emi ssion redu ction ................................................................................... 9  
2.3.6   Consolidating and strengthen ing the foundation fo r agriculture ...................................... 9  
2.4   CONTINUING TO DEEPEN  THE REFORMS STEADFASTLY ................................................. 10 
2.4.1   Further promoting reform of the administrative examin ation and a pproval ..................... 10 
2.4.2   Pushing forward business syst em reform in an  all-round  way ....................................... 11 
2.4.3   Accelerating reform of in vestment examinatio n and approval ....................................... 11 
2.4.4   Reform of state-owned enterprise s and development of the private economy ................. 12 
2.4.5   Pushing forward reform of  fiscal and taxa tion system .................................................. 13 
2.4.6   Deepening reform  of financia l system ....................................................................... 13 
2.4.7   Effectively pushing forw ard reforms in other respects .................................................. 15 
3   TRADE AND INVESTMENT DEVELO PMENT AND RELATE D POLICIES ........................... 15  
3.1   TRADE AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................... 16 
3.1.1   Trade Development ................................................................................................ 16 
3.1.2   Inward and outbou nd direct in vestment .................................................................... 17 
3.2   PROMOTING FOREIGN TRAD E INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT ..................................... 18 
3.2.1   Implementing pr oactive import policy ....................................................................... 18 
3.2.2   Pushing forward transformati on and upgrading of  foreign trade .................................... 18 
3.2.3   Improving trade faci litation ..................................................................................... 19 
3.3   PAYING EQUAL ATTENTION TO THE STRATEGIES OF FDI ATTRACTION AND GOING 
GLOBAL .......................................................................................................................... 20 
3.3.1   Optimizing the utilization of foreign investment while opening wider to the outside 
world ......................................................................................................................... .... 20 
3.3.2   Improving competitiv eness through go ing global ........................................................ 22 WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  3.4   CONSTRUCTING ECONOMIC AND TR ADE PARTNERSHIPS BASED ON MUTUAL 
BENEFIT AND WIN-WI N .................................................................................................... 22 
3.4.1   Committed to advancing the Doha Development Agenda ............................................. 22 
3.4.2   Safeguarding the multilateral trading system with concrete actions ............................... 23 
3.4.3   Promoting regional and bilateral economic and trade cooperation and other 
arrangements .................................................................................................................. 24 
3.4.4   Enhancing South-South Cooperation ......................................................................... 25 
4   THE WAY FORWARD .................................................................................................. 25  
 
 WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  1  INTRODUCTION 
1.1.  Since the last trade policy review in 2014,  in the face of complex and changing external 
environment as well as new circumstances and de velopments in domestic economy, the Chinese 
government has taken the initiative to adapt to, grasp the direction of and guide the new normal in 
economic development and adhered to its over all policy keynote of making progress while 
maintaining stability. It has brought forth new approaches in the adjustment of its macro economy, taken into its policy-making consideration all the factors of stabilizing growth, promoting reform, 
adjusting structure, benefiting the people's li velihood and preventing risks, and thoroughly 
implemented a development strategy driven by innovation. While comprehensively deepening its 
domestic reform, actively pushing forward a new round of opening up and pressing ahead with 
supply-side structural reform in good time, China has managed to secure stable development of its 
national economy, and made important contribution s to the recovery and development of the world 
economy. China's economy contributed to over  25% of global economic growth in 2015. 
1.2.  The Chinese government has driven and expa nded its opening up to new degree of depth, 
while comprehensively deepening its domestic reform. It has committed itself to building a new 
system of open economy and accelerated its steps in building new advantages in international competition. It has promoted innovative development in foreign trade, facilitated balanced 
investment development from a strategic perspective, and actively explored the cultivation of a 
new system of rules and regulatory patterns for cross-border trade and investment through popularizing the mature experiences and practi ces of the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone and 
establishing three new pilot free trade zones in Guangdong, Tianjin and Fujian. While continuing to 
implement the Going Global strategy, China has focused on pushing forward the Belt and Road 
initiative, opened inland and border areas wider to  the outside world, with a view to forming a new 
pattern of all-round opening up and realizing the modernization in the system and capacity of 
governing the open economy. 
1.3.  The Chinese government has continued to develop its foreign economic and trade relations in 
an all-round way. China insists that the multilateral trading system should serve as the main 
channel for trade and investment liberalization, and supports the mutually reinforced development 
through bilateral, regional, sub-regional and multilateral cooperation. China's proposal on Solidarity Work Program in promoting the mult ilateral trade talks has built consensus over 
multilateral negotiations on topics including the remaining issues of the Doha Round. China has 
continued to be a staunch player in promoting economic globalization, undertaking trade and 
investment liberalization and facilitation, participating and formulating international rules, guarding common interests, and building a harmonious world,  and played a positive role in responding to 
various challenges to global economy and trad e, and promoting more balanced and sustained 
development across the world. 
2  ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT AND MACROECONOMIC POLICY DIRECTION 
2.1  ECONOMIC AND TRADE ENVIRONMENT 
2.1.1  International economic environment 2.1.  Since the last review in 2014, China's economic and trade development has continued to face 
severe and complicated international environment. The world economy still lingers in the in-depth 
adjustment period after the crisis and features sluggish overall recovery. Slow growth remains 
during adjustments and divisions, and uncertainty and destabilizing factors have increased. Globally, we witnessed slow growth in industrial production, weak trade, declining bulk commodity 
prices and picked-up fluctuations in the international financial market. The growth rate of the 
world economy in 2015 was the slowest in the past six years. 
2.2.  The complexity and correlation between various economies have increased obviously. With 
insufficient aggregate demand, developed countries have seen remarkably reduced demand for 
importing from developing countries, which caused significant impact on the latter's economy. The uncertainty of the macroeconomic policies of major economies has risen. WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  2.1.2  Domestic economic situation 
2.3.  In the past two years, China's economic development has progressed and improved steadily 
at a medium to high speed. The economy has been operating within a proper range, positive progress was made in structural adjustment, an d the growth of new momentum for development 
accelerated. Bumper harvests were reaped again. The contribution rate of the service sector to 
economic growth exceeded 50% for the first time . Industrial upgrading showed an obvious trend 
and market sales saw fast increase. Consumer prices maintained a relatively low increase rate, 
employment secured overall stability, personal income steadily increased and fiscal and financial 
sectors maintained stable generally. 
2.4.  China's economy still confronts many difficulties and problems while maintaining a general 
trend of stable development. China was still simultaneously dealing with the shifting of its 
economic growth speed, structural adjustments and absorbing the effects of previous economic 
stimulus policies. Economic growth was still under considerable downward pressure, acute structural contradictions and challenges in the smooth transition in growth impetus. 
2.5.  During 2014 and 2015, China's gross domestic product (GDP) achieved stable growth while 
its growth rate slowed down. GDP in 2014 was 63. 59 trillion yuan. Calculated at comparable 
prices, it showed a year-on-year growth of 7.3% , and an increase of 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.1% and 7.2% 
quarter by quarter. GDP in 2015 was 67.6708 trillion yuan, calculated at comparable prices, 
showing a year-on-year growth of 6.9%, and an increase of 7.0%, 7.0%, 6.9% and 6.8% quarter 
by quarter. 
2.6.  The consumer price index (CPI) in 2014 rose  by 2.0% over the previous year, and that 
for 2015 rose by 1.4% year on year. Per capita disposable income of the whole country in 2014 
was 20,167 yuan, showing a nominal growth of 10.1% , and 8.0% in real terms over the previous 
year. Per capita disposable income of the whole country in 2015 was 21,966 yuan, showing a 
nominal growth of 8.9%, and 7.4% in real terms year on year.  
2.7.  In terms of labour cost, 19 provincial au thorities nationwide adjusted their minimum wage 
standards in 2014, with an average increase ra te of 14.1%. In 2015, 27 provincial authorities 
adjusted their minimum wage standards, with an average increase rate of 14.9%. Currently, 
Shanghai has the highest standards for both the minimum monthly wage and the minimum hourly wage nationwide, standing at 2,190 yuan and 19 yuan respectively. The average monthly income of migrant workers was 2,864 and 3,072 yuan re spectively in 2014 and 2015, showing a year-on-
year increase of 9.8% and 7.2% respectively. 
2.2  MACROECONOMIC POLICY 2.2.1  New thinking on macroeconomic policy 
2.8.  In face of the complex internal and ex ternal environment, the Chinese government has 
maintained its strategic focus in stabilizing the macroeconomic policy, viewing domestic and international situations as a whole and taken the initiative in adapting to and guiding the new 
normal. Instead of adopting short-term strong stimulation measures, it has continued to innovate 
thoughts and ways of macroeconomic adjustment  and applied range-based, targeted, and well-
timed regulation so as to activate vitality, bolster areas of weakness and make entities stronger. 
2.9.  The Chinese government has continued to adhere to its overall policy keynote of making 
progress while maintaining stability, taken into consideration all the factors of stabilizing growth, 
promoting reform, adjusting structure, benefiting the people's livelihood and preventing risks, and 
implemented proactive fiscal policy and prudent mo netary policy. It exerted all efforts to deepen 
reform and opening up, stimulate market vitality and cultivate innovation impetus and effectively 
supported economic operation through the new twin engines of popular entrepreneurship and innovation, and expanded supply of public goods and services. 
2.2.2  Fiscal policy 
2.10.  The Chinese government has continued to implement the proactive fiscal policy and with 
stepped-up efforts. In 2014 and 2015, fiscal deficits accounted for 2.1% and 2.4% of GDP WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  respectively. The outstanding balance on central government debts was 9.5655 trillion yuan at the 
end of 2014, and 10.6599 trillion yuan at the end of 2015, accounting for 15.04% and 15.75% of 
GDP respectively.  
2.11.  Fiscal expenditure has continued to favour weakly funded areas that would help promote 
people's livelihood, energy conservation, emission  reduction, and ecological environment and so 
forth. In 2014, the central government spent 706.611 billion yuan in social security and 
employment, an increase of 8.5%; 293.126 billio n yuan in health care, a surge of 11%; and 
410.159 billion yuan in education, a rise of 8.2%. It expanded the scope of structural tax 
reductions, cut fees across the board, comprehens ively popularized the pilots in collecting value-
added tax (VAT) instead of business tax, and widene d the scope of preferential taxation policy for 
small and micro enterprises. 
2.2.3  Monetary policy 
2.12.  In 2014 and 2015, the Chinese government continued to adhere to the prudent monetary 
policy, and maintained its continuity and stability. It made the regulation more targeted and 
effective and in a measured way, carried out ti mely and moderate pre-emptive adjustments and 
fine tuning of its monetary policy and constantly  supplemented and improved its policy tool set. 
Financial reform was broadened along new horizons and structural adjustment, economic 
transformation and upgrading were provided with  a neutral and moderate monetary and financial 
environment, to promote the scientific an d sustainable development of economy. 
2.13.  In 2014, the People's Bank of China employed comprehensively multiple monetary policy 
instruments such as open market operation, shor t-term liquidity adjustment tools and standing 
lending facility to ensure reasonable and ample liquidity. It implemented targeted cut of reserve 
requirement ratio (RRR) twice and cut RMB loan  and deposit base rates once. In 2015, the 
People's Bank of China employed comprehensively multiple instruments such as open market 
operation, medium-term lending facility, and the universal cut of deposit reserve ratio to 
reasonably adjust the liquidity in the banking syst em. It cut RMB loan and deposit base rates five 
times, guided the reduction of reverse repo rates in open market nine times, and implemented 
targeted RRR cut. Monetary loan and public financing have grown steadily, loan structure 
continued to improve and the problem of high financing costs of enterprises alleviated to a certain extent. 
2.3  ADJUSTING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMING DEVELOPMENT PATTERN 
2.14.  Adhering to the concepts of innovative, coordinated, green, open and sharing development, 
the Chinese government has continued to focus on improving the quality and benefits of economic 
development and further intensified its efforts in stabilizing growth and adjusting structure. While 
moderately expanding aggregate demand, it has fo cused on strengthening supply-side structural 
reform and completing the tasks in addressing overcapacity, reducing inventory, deleveraging, 
lowering costs, and bolstering areas of weakness. While deepening reform in an all-round way, the 
Chinese government implemented the innovation -driven development strategy and endeavoured 
to fully tap the potential of economic growth. On  the one hand, the market was enabled to play a 
decisive role in resource allocation so as to cultivate a new engine; on the other hand, the government's role was brought into better play to transform and upgrade the traditional engine. 
2.3.1  Modestly expanding domestic demand and doing a good job in supply-side 
structural reforms 
2.15.  Efforts were made to exploit the pote ntial of domestic demand, moderately expand 
aggregate demand, actively adjust and reform the demand structure, promote the effective 
connection between supply and demand and organically combine investment with consumption so as to provide steady and persistent support to economic development from internal demand. The 
Chinese government has continued to be committed to enhancing the fundamental role of 
consumption in stimulating economic development and giving play to the crucial role of effective investment in stabilizing growth and structural adjustment. 
2.16.  China's domestic consumer market has grow n rapidly over the past two years. Total retail 
sales of consumer goods reached 27.19 trillion yu an and 30.09 trillion yuan respectively in 2014 WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  and 2015, realizing nominal year-on-year growth of 12.0% and 10.7%. After adjustment for price 
changes, the increases in real terms were 10. 9% and 10.6% respectively. Upgrading of the 
consumption pattern of Chinese residents also accelerated. A number of new forms and areas of consumption were very vigorous, and the trade vo lume of e-commerce exceeded 20.8 trillion yuan 
in 2015, which had doubled that of 2013. In 2014, 6 consumption projects were conducted in 
information consumption, green consumption, stab ilization of housing consumption, improvement 
of cultural, educational and sports consumption, upgrading of tourism and leisure consumption, 
and elderly care, housekeeping and health consumption. 2.8 trillion yuan of relevant consumptions 
were driven by 3 trillion yuan of investment in the above areas. 
2.17.  The Chinese government has sped up reform in the circulation system of domestic trade. On 
25 August 2015, comprehensive pilots on the circulation system reform in domestic trade were 
launched in 9 cities including Shanghai and Nanjing to explore effective experiences in the 
establishment of business environment under the rule of law. In 2015, the State Council printed 
and issued the Opinions on Promoting the Modernization of Domestic Trade Circulation and 
Building the Business Environment under the Rule of Law , and the General Office of the State 
Council issued the Opinions on Promoting Online and Offline Interactions and Accelerating the 
Innovation, Development, Transformation and Upgrading of Business Circulation  to promote the 
transformation, innovation and development of domestic trade circulation. Efforts were made to 
explore the establishment of traceability systems for important products. Currently, 13,500 enterprises have establishe d traceability systems for meat and vege tables, covering over 
200,000 business units. A traceability network across the country that connects urban and rural 
areas has initially taken shape. 
2.18.  The Chinese government has continued to pay attention to playing the crucial role of 
investment and has increased effective investment to bolster areas of weakness and adjust 
structure. Investment arranged in the central budget mainly went to low-income housing, 
infrastructure in the areas of agriculture, water conservancy, and railway, people's livelihood projects such as those in social services, as well as energy conservation, emission reduction, and 
ecological environment. In 2014, China's total social fixed assets investment amounted to 
51.2 trillion yuan with an increase of 15.2%. In 2015, fixed assets investment (excluding rural households) reached 55.16 trillion yuan with an increase of 10.0%. Private investment increased 
by 10.1% and its proportion to fixed assets investment (excluding rural households) grew to 
64.2%. 
2.19.  In 2014 and 2015, China's GDP grew by 7.3% and 6.9% respectively on a year-on-year 
basis. In 2014, final consumption expenditure, gro ss capital formation and net export of goods and 
services contributed to 49.6%, 45.9% and 4.5% of  GDP growth respectively, and stimulated GDP 
to grow by 3.6, 3.4 and 0.3 percentage points respectively. In 2015, consumption contributed to 60.9% of social economic growth, a rise of  11.3 percentage points over 2014. China has 
successfully realized the major transition from an economy driven mainly by investment and 
foreign trade to one mainly driven by domestic demand, especially consumption. 
2.3.2  Accelerating the develo pment of the service sector 
2.20.  Since the last review, the service sector has enjoyed comprehensive and fast development 
as well as a constantly expanded scale, and accounts for half of the national economy. With the 
structure further optimized, it has played a positive and important role in promoting employment, stimulating consumption and improving people's livelihoods and become a major impetus and a 
new engine that fuels national economic growth. The Chinese government has continued to 
encourage non-government players to increase their investment in the service sector, deepen various reforms in the service sector, and released the guiding opinions on promoting the 
development of information services, culture, touris m, sports, elderly care, health, life service and 
other service industries. The Chinese government  has focused on promoting the development of 
emerging industries such as energy conservation  and environment protection, and endeavoured to 
cultivate a sound policy and institutional environment for the development of the service sector.  
2.21.  Since the last review, the number of prac titioners in the service sector has steadily 
increased, reduced costs like tax and fees have  stimulated the market vitality, fixed assets 
investment has grown fast, and the ability to attract foreign capital has improved. Trade structure 
has been constantly optimized, emerging industries have grown rapidly and traditional industries 
have quickened their steps of transformation an d upgrading. The Internet economy has enjoyed WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  explosive growth, information consumption has surged, and the scales of railway, road, water 
transportation and civil aviation networks have constantly expanded. Postal and express delivery industries have developed by strides, tourism has maintained fast growth, and public service has enjoyed marked development achievements. 
2.3.3   Strengthening the protection  of intellectual property rights 
2.22.  Since its last review, the Chinese government has continued to strengthen its law 
enforcement in the IPR protection and reinforced  the long-term mechanism. The National Leading 
Group on the Fight Against IPR Infringement and Counterfeiting headed by a vice premier of the 
State Council has been expanded to include 30 members. Leading groups and working mechanisms have been correspondingly established by the members of the Group and the people's governments at provincial, municipal and county levels to ensure implementation at all levels. 
A working pattern characterized by joint acti ons between central and local governments, 
coordination between various departments, close collaboration from administrative and judicial bodies and full participation by all sectors of the society has initially taken shape. IPR 
infringements and the manufacturing or selling of counterfeiting commodities have been effectively 
suppressed. 
2.23.  On 1 May 2014, the Judicial Interpretation on Jurisdiction of Trademark Cases and 
Application of Laws after Implementation of  the Amendment Decisions of Trademark Law  
promulgated by the Supreme People's Court bega n to be implemented. On 1 April 2016, the 
Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Patent Infringement Disputes (II) began to be implemented. The Chinese 
government amended the  Implementation Regulations of the Trademark Law  and is amending the  
Copyright Law  and the  Patent Law.  It has carried out special programs to crack down on online 
infringement and piracy, launched the QingFeng action to preserve the overseas image of products 
made in China, strengthened management over th e source of production, combined international 
cooperation with domestic efforts in the import and export stages, and improved the quality of exported products made in China. 
2.24.  In addition, the Chinese government has continued to proactively carry out the public legal 
education on IPR across communities and in the society. It organized publicity and educational activities on special occasions such as the International Day for Protecting Consumers Rights, the World Intellectual Property Day, the Day for Preventing and Combating Economic Crimes and the 
National Legal System Publicity Day. News media is encouraged to cover typical cases on IPR 
infringement and counterfeiting activities in order to respond to concerns of the general public. The court trials of IPR cases are broadcast online and the relevant information on those cases are 
disclosed in accordance with law. These efforts have effectively guided the entire society to 
participate in IPR protection, and brought law enforcement and judicial activities under public scrutiny, thus contributing to maintaining a fair and competitive market order. 
2.3.4  Pursuing innovation-driven development 
2.25.  Faced with complicated international and domestic environment, the Chinese government 
has regarded innovation as a core priority in its national development agenda and the primary 
motive force that leads development. It formulated and implemented the Outline of National 
Strategy on Innovation-driven Development , pushed forward entrepreneurship and innovation by 
the public, and made great efforts to cultivate new elements, develop new industries and create new models. The boom of entrepreneurship and i nnovation has played an increasingly greater 
supporting and leading role in economic and soci al development. Giving rise to new supply and 
releasing new demand, entrepreneurship and innovati on by the public constitutes a strong motive 
force of development, an effective support for employment expansion, a major innovation in 
income distribution pattern and an effective channel for promoting social justice. 
2.26.  The Chinese government has promoted the re form of scientific and technological systems in 
an all-round way, pressed ahead with improvements in innovation capacity in an orderly fashion, and built a group of new technological centres, re search centres and laboratories of enterprises 
recognized by the State. It has actively implemented the guiding opinions on the Internet Plus 
action and identified 11 priorities, i.e. Internet Plus entrepreneurship and innovation, collaborative 
manufacturing, modern agriculture, smart energy, inclusive finance, people-benefiting services, WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  efficient logistics, electronic commerce, convenient transportation, green ecology and artificial 
intelligence. 
2.27.  Guided by the strategy of innovation-dri ven development, big data, electronic commerce, 
logistics and express delivery as well as other new forms of business have constantly emerged. 
With the accelerated development of support ive platforms for public entrepreneurship, 
crowdsourcing, crowdsupporting and crowdfunding,  over 2,300 maker spaces of all kinds and 
453 demonstrative institutions for technology transfer were established nationwide, and the total 
amount of technology trading approached 1 trillion yuan. Besides, interconnection has been 
realized among public service platforms for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in 26 provinces and the first National Public Entrepreneurship and Innovation Week was successfully held. 
2.3.5  Advancing transformation and upgrad ing of traditional industries and energy 
conservation and emission reduction 
2.28.  The Chinese government pays attention to both the cultivation of emerging industries and 
the transformation and upgrading of traditiona l industries. The Made in China 2025 program and 
the three-year action plan for enhancing the core competitiveness of manufacturing industries were launched, and a number of key projects re garding enhancing the core competitiveness of 
manufacturing industries, industrial revitalization and technological renovation were pushed 
forward. Traditional industries have realized transformation and development through climbing up the industrial value chains and optimizing product structure. The proportion of hi-tech industry has 
increased year on year with an ever higher annual growth margin. 
2.29.  The Chinese government attaches great importance to conserving resources, protecting 
environment and addressing cl imate change and has been vigorously promoting energy 
conservation, emission reduction, and pollution prevention and control, proactively dissolving 
excess and outdated production capacity in steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum and other 
industries of high energy consumption and high  emission, treating these tasks as important 
component of China's efforts in the adjustment of industrial structure and transformation of its 
economic development pattern. Control over total coal consumption is adopted in key cities for air 
pollution treatment, and the action plan fo r the energy-conserving and emission-reducing 
upgrading and transformation of coal-fired power plants has been thoroughly implemented. Pilots 
of carbon emissions permit trading are run in seven localities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, 
Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei and Shenzhen. 
2.30.  Prominent effects have been made in en ergy conservation and emission reduction, and 
profound changes have taken place in the energy consumption structure. In the past three years, 
China has accumulatively closed down backward production capacities of over 90 million tons in 
iron-making and steel production, 230 million tons in cement, more than 76 million weight cases in plate glasses and over 1 million tons in elec trolytic aluminum. The energy consumption per 
10,000 yuan of GDP has dropped by 13.5% in cumu lative terms. In 2015, the energy consumption 
and carbon dioxide emission per unit GDP dropped by 5.6% and over 6.6% respectively. Sulfur dioxide emission, chemical oxygen demand and emissions of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen 
oxides dropped by 5.8%, 3.1%, 3.6% and 10.9% re spectively. The proportion of coal consumption 
in total energy consumption in 2015 dropped by 4. 5 percentage points compared to that of 2012, 
while the share of clean energy such as hydrop ower, wind power, nuclear power and natural gas 
rose by 3.4 percentage points. 
2.3.6  Consolidating and strengthening the foundation for agriculture 
2.31.  Agriculture is a key industry in terms of expanding domestic demand and adjusting 
economic structure and is of great significance for the long-term stability and sustainable 
development of China's economy and society. The Chinese government unswervingly gives top 
priority to the issues of agriculture, rural de velopment and the farmers' wellbeing, focuses on 
safeguarding food security and increasing farm ers' income, accelerates the transformation of 
agricultural development patterns, and firmly promotes agricultural modernization. 
2.32.  Since the last review, the Chinese government has continued to increase investment in 
agriculture and rural areas. Efforts were made to accelerate innovation and extension of WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  agriculture technology; vigorously advance agricultural mechanization; intensify infrastructure 
construction including irrigation systems, power grids, highways, natural gas and housing; reform and improve the policy on agricultural support, including integrating the subsidy to purchase 
agricultural machinery and tools, the subsidy to promote the use of superior strains and seeds and 
the direct subsidy to farmers into agriculture su pport and protection subsidy, and adjusting the 
policy goal into mainly supporting the protection of farmland fertility; move forward rural reform, carry out pilots on mortgage loans over rural contracted land use rights and farmers' housing 
property rights, conduct pilots on the reform of the rights and functions of rural collective assets 
and shares; and implement crucial poverty alleviation projects. The Chinese government has also strengthened coordinated urban and rural development during the course of urbanization and orderly realized the urbanization of rural migrant population. 
2.33.  Since the last review, agriculture and rural economy have enjoyed steady development, and 
the grain yield has risen for 12 consecutive years. From 2011 to 2015, impoverished rural population were reduced by over 100 million, and more than 300 million rural people gained 
access to safe drinking water. In 2014, per capita net income of rural residents was 9,892 yuan, 
growing by 9.2% in real terms. 230,000 kilometres of rural highways were newly built or rebuilt. In 2015, the per capita disposable income of rura l residents reached 11,422 yuan, a rise of 7.5% 
in real terms. The growth rate was higher than that of the economy and the income of urban 
residents for the 6
th consecutive year. The urban-rural resident income ratio dropped to 2.73:1. 
2.4  CONTINUING TO DEEPEN THE REFORMS STEADFASTLY 2.34.  Reform is a basic state policy that the Chinese government adheres to over the long run. 
Since the last review, China has continued to set the reform of economic system as priority, 
collaboratively pushed forward reforms in other areas, and formed a joint force to press ahead with the reforms. The core of economic system reform is to handle well the relationship between 
government and market, let the market play the decisive role in the allocation of resources and 
bring the role of the government into better play. Since the last review, various specific working items of reform have been advanced comprehensively. 
2.4.1  Further promoting reform of the administrative examination and approval 
2.35.  The Chinese government has sped up the transformation of government functions, further 
promoted the streamlining of administration and the delegation of powers to lower levels, improved regulation and optimized services. By reducing the number of investment projects and 
items of production and operation activities su bject to examination and approval, qualification 
permissions and administrative undertaking charges, strengthening regulation in process and afterwards and optimizing public service procedur es, market vitality and social creativity have 
been constantly released. In order to ensure the implementation of various administration-
streamlining and power-delegating reform measures, the Chinese government has proposed to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to amend 30 laws and 82 administrative 
regulations since 2014. 
2.36.  In 2014, 246 items previously subject to examination and approval at the central 
government level were abolished or delegated. In 2015, 311 such items were abolished or delegated, the examination and approval of all non-administrative licensing were abolished, so 
were 214 items subject to the examination and a pproval implemented by local governments as 
designated by the Central Government, and 123 item s subject to vocational qualification licensing 
or identification. 
2.37.  In 2015, the Chinese government launched a comprehensive nationwide campaign to sort 
out and standardize charges. Accumulatively 106 administrative undertaking charges and 5 governmental funds were abolished, terminated or exempted, and 17 charging standards were 
lowered at the central government level. As a result, enterprises and individuals may pay 
57 billion yuan less each year. 345 standards on administrative undertaking charges were abolished or terminated by various provinces (regions). Consequently, enterprises and individuals may pay 18 billion yuan less each year. 
2.38.  On 2 October 2015, the State Council released the  Opinions of the State Council on 
Implementing the Negative List System for Market Access . According to the Opinions, a negative WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  list system would be piloted in some regions and will be officially adopted across the country as 
of 2018. The document requires relevant departments to waste no time in formulating the negative list for foreign investment. The negative lis t system for market access refers to a series of 
institutional arrangements where the State Council clearly lists the sectors, areas and businesses 
prohibited or restricted from the market within the territory of the People's Republic of China, and 
governments at various levels ta ke corresponding management measures according to law. All 
kinds of market players may enter the sectors, areas and businesses outside the negative list on 
an equal basis and according to law. The introduc tion of the negative list management approach 
into the regulation of domestic markets indicates the Chinese government's resolve to deepen reforms and establish fair and transparent market rules and is conducive to further clarifying the boundary of the government's functions. In March 2016, National Development and Reform 
Commission and the Ministry of Commerce released the Draft Negative List for Market Access  (to 
be used in pilot regions) which has been put into trial use in Tianjin, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong. 
2.4.2  Pushing forward business system reform in an all-round way 
2.39.  On 1 March 2014, the system of paid-in capita l was officially replaced by that of subscribed 
capital for company capital registration. The Chinese government has continued to carry out 
reforms on the business registration system si nce then, and 85% of the pre-stage examination 
and approval procedures of industrial and commercia l registration were streamlined. In June 2015, 
the State Council released the Opinions on Accelerating the Registration System Reform of Three 
Certificates in One . Previously, an enterprise had to submit separate registration applications 
before receiving the Industrial and Commercial Business License approved and issued by the 
industrial and commercial administrative departme nt, the Organization Code Certificate approved 
and issued by the quality and technology supe rvision department and the Tax Registration 
Certificate approved and issued by the taxation department. According to the Opinions, an 
enterprise may submit only one application before receiving a business license carrying a unified social credit identifier for legal entities and other organizations approved and issued by the 
industrial and commercial administrative department. The registration mode characterized by one 
license and one code has provided optimized business and operation environment for the enterprises to develop. 
2.40.  The number of newly-registered enterprises reached 3.651 million in 2014, showing a year-
on-year increase of 45.9%. Among them, 3.451 million were private enterprises, showing a year-
on-year increase of 48.3% and accounting for 94.5% of all the newly-registered enterprises. In 2015, the number of newly-registered enterprises reached 4.439 million, showing 
a year-on-year increase of 21.6%. On average, 12,000 new enterprises got registered every day. 
Among them, 4.212 million were private enterprises,  showing a year-on-year increase of 22% and 
accounting for 94.9% of all the newly-registered enterprises. 
2.4.3  Accelerating reform of in vestment examination and approval 
2.41.  Since the last review, important steps have been taken in the reform of the project 
verification system which is conducive to realizing independent investment by enterprises, releasing the potential of social investment, giving play to the key role of investment in promoting 
development and providing broader platforms for th e innovation and entrepreneurship of various 
types of investors. Based on the 2013 revision, the Chinese government revised the  Catalogue of 
Investment Projects Subject to Government Verification  again in 2014, repealing 15 verification 
requirements and changing them into items subjec t to filing requirements and delegating 23 items 
to be verified by local governments. After the revision, the number of projects subject to verification at the national level decreased by 76 % in cumulative terms over 2 years. In 2014, 
National Development and Reform Commission released the revised Administrative Measures for 
Investment Projects Subject to Government Verification , Administrative Measures for the 
Verification and Registration of Foreign-invested Projects  and Administrative Measures for 
Verification and Registration of Overseas Investment Projects,  and then revised relevant articles of 
these measures in December 2014. 
2.42.  45. As for foreign-invested projects, overall verification has been changed into universal 
filing combined with limited verification, and over  95% of foreign-invested projects are subject to 
management through filing. The verification author ity over all the encouraged projects with total 
investments (including capital increment) of less than US$1 billion with the requirements that WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  Chinese partners shall hold majority shares (or relative majority shares) as specified in the 
Catalogue for the Guidance of Industries for Foreign Investment  have been delegated to local 
governments, and the verification authority over restricted projects with total investments (including capital increment) of less than US$100 million have been delegated to governments at 
the provincial level. The scope of verification for overseas investment projects has been drastically 
reduced. Except for those involving sensitive countries and regions and sensitive industries, 
verifications have been abolished and the projects are now managed through filing. Only less than 
2% of the projects are subject to verification. The authority of competent investment departments 
of governments at the provincial level has been expanded. The overseas investment projects with less than US$300 million of Chinese investment implemented by local enterprises not subject to verification only need to be filed with the competent investment departments of the governments 
at the provincial level. Besides, reform of railway investment and financing system has been 
actively moved forward.  
2.4.4  Reform of state-owned enterprise s and development of the private economy 
2.43.  In order to promote the common development of economy of various ownerships, the 
Chinese government has constantly enhanced its support to SMEs, particularly small enterprises with low profits. From 1 October 2015 to 31 Dece mber 2017, the upper limit of the annual taxable 
income of small enterprises with low profits that enjoy preferential income tax policies has 
increased from 200,000 yuan to 300,000 yuan (including 300,000 yuan). 50% of the income of these enterprises is included in the taxable income  and the enterprise income tax is charged at the 
rate of 20%. Effective from 1 August 2013, sm all-scale taxpayers of VAT and taxpayers of 
business tax with monthly sales of not more th an 20,000 yuan has been temporarily exempted 
from VAT and business tax. From 1 October 2014 to 31 December 2017, the application scope of this preferential treatment has been extended to  small-scale taxpayers of VAT and taxpayers of 
business tax with monthly sales of not more than 30,000 yuan. From 1 November 2011 to 
31 December 2017, the lending contracts concluded between financial institutions and small enterprises with little profits have been exempted  from stamp duty. Starting from 1 January 2015, 
small enterprises with little profits have been exempted from 42 administrative undertaking 
charges at the central government level. 
2.44.  The Chinese government has continued to encourage and guide the healthy development of 
private capital. In November 2014, the State Council released the Guiding Opinions on Innovation 
of Investment and Financing Mechanisms in Key Areas to Encourage Social Investment . In 2015, 
the State Council printed and issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Model of Public-
Private-Partnership in Public Service Sectors . By widening market access, innovating the 
investment operation mechanisms, popularizing government purchase of social services, public-
private partnership and other market-oriented approaches, the government has encouraged and guided private investment to participate in the construction, operation and management of public 
products and public services. Private investment has become more active. In 2015, private 
investment in fixed-asset investment (excluding rural households) rose by 10.1%, accounting for 64.2% of total investment. 
2.45.  Besides, the Chinese government has continued to relax the restrictions for private capital 
to enter the financial sector, and actively developed private banks, financing guarantee and 
financial leasing. In 2015, the  Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Private Banks 
were issued, and private banks entered a stage of  normalized development. As of January 2016, 
there had been five private banks, eight priv ate financial leasing companies and two private 
consumer finance companies in operation. 
2.46.  Since the last review, China has continued to deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises 
(SOEs). In August 2015, The Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Reform of State-Owned 
Enterprises were released, dividing SOEs into commercia l enterprises and non-profit enterprises. 
Demonstrations and pilots on mixed-ownership reforms were accelerated in railway, civil aviation, telecommunications and the military industry. Pilots  were conducted on fulfilling the functions and 
rights of boards of directors, market-oriente d recruitment of managers and the professional 
manager system, and improvement of the modern enterprise system was facilitated. Remuneration distribution systems matching socialist market economy were adopted, state-owned 
capital investment and operation companies were reorganized and rebuilt, and the function 
transformation of state-owned assets supervisor y agencies were sped up towards mainly the 
management of capital. Efforts have been accelerated to repeal the social functions performed by WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  the SOEs and address problems left from history, the system of budgeting for state capital 
operation has continued to be improved, with the percentage of earnings from state capital turned over to public finance raised. 
2.47.  At the end of 2015, the number of central enterprises for which the State-Owned Assets 
Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) performed the 
responsibilities of an investor was reduced to  106 from 112. By the end of June 2013, there had 
been altogether 353 publicly listed companies controlled by central enterprises and their 
subsidiaries. 55.8% of the total assets of central enterprises, 59.1% of their net assets and 60.8% 
of their operating revenue came from listed companies. The reform of operating budget of 
state-owned capital has moved on. Starting from  2014, the proportion of state-owned capital 
earnings to be turned over to public finance by the central enterprises has been raised by another 
5 percentage points on the basis of the original level. 
2.4.5  Pushing forward reform of  fiscal and taxation system 
2.48.  In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously pushed forward reform of the fiscal 
system. A framework of financial budget system was by and large formulated, consisting of 
general public budget, government fund budget, budget for state-owned capital operation and budget for social security fund. Fiscal transparency has been constantly improved. Since the last 
review, efforts have been made to reform th e transfer payment system from the central 
government to local governments and increase the proportion of budget for central state-owned capital operation transferred into general public  budget. The taxation systems applied to the 
domestic and foreign-invested enterprises have  been unified, VAT transformation has been 
realized, the pilot program of levying VAT in lieu of business tax implemented, and the reform on 
the ad valorem calculation and collection of resources tax carried out in an all-round way. The Chinese government has also pressed ahead with reform of consumption tax and legislation on 
environmental protection tax, and gradually promoted the reform of personal income tax that 
combines comprehensive and classified measures. 
2.49.  The pilot program of levying VAT in lieu of business tax was first launched 
on 1 January 2012 in Shanghai in the transportati on industry (railway transportation excluded) 
and six service sectors, i.e. research, develo pment and technology, information technology, 
cultural creative ideas, logistics assistance, tangible movable leasing and authentication and consultation. Starting from 1 September 2012, Beijing, Jiangsu and other places have been 
successively included in the pilots. On 1 August 2013, the pilot program was further expanded 
across the country and included the production, dist ribution and broadcasting of radio, film and 
television works. On 1 January 2014, railway transp ortation and postal industry were included in 
the pilot program. On 1 June 2014, telecommunica tions were covered. By the end of 2015, the 
pilot program on levying VAT in lieu of business tax had covered 5.92 million taxpayers throughout the country. Among them, 1.13 million were genera l taxpayers and 4.79 million were small-scale 
taxpayers. Since the launch of the project in 2012, an accumulative tax reduction of 
641.2 billion yuan has been realized in four years. 
2.50.  Starting from 1 May 2016, the scope of the pilot program has expanded to construction, 
real estates, finance and living services, covering  all industries of goods and services. As the VAT 
of machinery and equipment purchased by enterpri ses has been brought into the deductive range, 
new real estates are allowed to be covered in the deductive range to add income deduction, to ensure decrease in tax burdens for all industries and promote and expand effective investment. 
Meanwhile, the preferential business tax policy originally enjoyed by the newly-added pilot 
industries has continued in principle, with transitional measures applied to specific industries. It is estimated that the pilot program of levying VAT in  lieu of business tax will result in the tax 
reduction of over 500 billion yuan for enterprises in 2016. 
2.4.6  Deepening reform  of financial system 
2.51.  The Chinese government has pushed forward market-based reform of interest rates in an 
orderly fashion. On 20 July 2013, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) thoroughly removed the 
control over the loan rates of financial institutions. In March 2014, PBOC removed the upper limit 
of interest rate for small-amount foreign currency deposits within the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone. In May 2015, it removed the upper limi t of interest rate for small-amount foreign WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  currency deposits across the country. The removal of the upper limit of interest rate for deposits 
in October 2015 marked the general removal of control over interest rates in China.  
2.52.  The Chinese government has continued to move forward market-based reform of RMB 
interest rate and given play to the market's decisi ve role in exchange rate formation. The floating 
range of RMB exchange rate has gradually expanded  and the elasticity of exchange rate enhanced. 
On 17 March 2014, the fluctuation range of the exchange rate of RMB against US$ on the interbank foreign exchange spot market was widened from 1% to 2%. Since July 2014, China has 
removed the floating range restrictions over banks US$ quotations to their customers. In 2015, 
the central parity rate of RMB against US$ (annual mean value) was 6.2284 yuan, the year-on-year increase of the BIS real effective exchange rate was 3.93%, and the year-on-year increase of the BIS nominal effective exchange rate was 3.66%. From the reform of the RMB exchange rate 
formation mechanism in 2005 to December 2015, the BIS nominal effective exchange rate of RMB 
appreciated by 45.87% and its real effective exchan ge rate appreciated by 56.15% in cumulative 
terms. 
2.53.  Since 2015, China has further strengthened the market supply and demand-based 
mechanism that adjusts exchange rates in reference to a basket of currencies. On 11 August 2015, PBOC improved the quotation mechanism of the ce ntral parity of RMB against US$. Before the 
market opens on each business day, market makers  provide quotations of central parity to China 
Foreign Exchange Trade System (CFETS) by referrin g to the closing rate of the inter-bank market 
on the previous day, and taking into account demand and supply in the foreign exchange market and exchange rate movements of major international currencies, so as to make the quotation 
mechanism of the central parity rate of RMB agai nst US$ more market-based and better serve as a 
benchmark. On 11 December 2015, CFETS released the CFETS RMB exchange rate index and gave a RMB exchange rate index in reference to the BIS currency basket and the SDR currency basket, 
so as to maintain the basic stability of RMB exchange rates against a basket of currencies. On the 
whole, the market supply and demand-based adjustment mechanism in reference to a basket of currencies has well balanced the relations among the trend of market supply and demand, 
maintaining basic stability against a basket of currencies and stabilizing market expectations. 
2.54.  On 1 December 2015, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) decided to include RMB into 
the SDR currency basket. Starting from 1 October 2016, RMB will officially become a freely usable currency, and a currency of the SDR basket along with US dollar, Euro, Japanese yen and pound 
sterling as the currency of the third biggest weight. 
2.55.  The process of RMB convertibility under the capital account has advanced steadily. The 
foreign exchange in foreign direct investment has been generally convertible. Annual inspection on 
foreign exchange and the filing of foreign exchange  for overseas reinvestment were abolished, and 
discretional settlement of foreign exchange was po pularized nationwide for the capital funds of 
foreign-invested enterprises. In November 2014, Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect was 
launched and further promoted the internationalization of RMB and its convertibility under the 
capital account. 
2.56.  The Chinese government has further simplified the examination and approval procedures for 
the qualification and quota of qualified foreign inst itutional investor (QFII). In February 2016, the 
State Administration of Foreign Exchange issued the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign 
Currencies of Investments in Domestic Securities by Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors,  
which relaxed the upper quota limit of individual institutions, allowed open-ended funds to convert 
the original weekly subscription and redemption into daily subscription and redemption, abolished 
the requirements for remittance periods and set the uniform lock-up period of principle of 3 months. Besides, pilot programs of RMB qualified foreign institutional investor (RQFII) were 
implemented in 16 countries and regions. By th e end of 2015, approval had been given to 
279 QFII institutions, with an accumulative quot a of US$81.099 billion; 132 QDII institutions, with 
an accumulative quota of US$89.993 billion; and 156 RQFII institutions, with total investment quota of 444.325 billion yuan. 
2.57.  The reform of financial institutions moved further. On 1 May 2015, the  Regulations on 
Deposit Insurance  were implemented and the deposit insurance system was officially established 
in China. Over nearly one year after its enforcement, the Regulations have received positive 
feedbacks from various parties. The deposit situ ation of big, medium and small banks remains 
stable, banking financial institutions are operated under normal business order, and the deposit WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  insurance system has been introduced and implemented in a smooth and orderly manner. As an 
important fundamental institutional arrangement of the financial industry, the deposit insurance system is of great significance to improving the financial security network, strengthening depositor protection and facilitating the formation of market-based financial risk preventing and handling 
mechanisms. In December 2015, Postal Savings Ba nk of China successfully  took on board China 
Life Insurance, China Telecom, UBS AG, JP Morgan Chase and other domestic and foreign strategic investors and has seen smooth progress in its equity diversification. 
2.4.7  Effectively pushing forw ard reforms in other respects 
2.58.  The Chinese government has continued to comprehensively push forward the building of 
social security system and established a unified basic pension insurance system for urban and rural residents. By the end of 2015, the total num ber of urban and rural residents and enterprise 
employees who participated in the basic pension insurance reached 831 million. The minimum 
standard for basic pension of urban and rural residents rose from 55 yuan to 70 yuan per person per month. The assistance and support system for destitute persons has further improved, and the 
systems of living subsidy for impoverished disabled people and nursing subsidy for severely 
disabled people comprehensively established. Unde r the project of security and affordable housing 
for urban residents, 40.13 million flats were built and over 100 million people moved into new 
residence. 
2.59.  The reform of medical and healthcare  system has continued to be deepened. The 
construction of medical insurance system for all people has been proactively promoted. The establishment of security mechanisms for major and critical diseases and urban and rural medical 
assistance system has been forcefully enhanced. The system for essential drugs and the new 
mechanism for its functioning at grassroots level have been consolidated and perfected. The comprehensive reform of public hospitals has b een proactively advanced, with greater support 
provided to the participation of social resources in medical facilities. Currently, the basic medical 
insurance scheme has generally realized full coverage, with a stable participation rate of above 95%. At the end of 2014, the pilot projects of  major disease insurance for urban and rural 
residents were extended to all provinces. In 2015, insurance against major diseases was 
comprehensively implemented, covering all the insured residents. The emergency disease supporting system was thoroughly established. The standard of fiscal subsidy for the medical insurance of urban and rural residents rose from 320 yuan per person per year in 2014 to 
380 yuan in 2015. In 2014, there were 439,000 non-public medical and healthcare institutions, 
accounting for 45% of medical and healthcare institutions in the country. 
2.60.  The Chinese government has continued to intensify its efforts in price reform, successively 
relaxed control over or delegated the authority of prices for nearly 80 commodities and services 
and revised the government pricing catalogue. Th e items subject to central government pricing 
were cut by around 80%, and the items subject to local governments pricing were reduced by over 
50%. Besides, the pricing policy for energy conser vation and environmental protection has been 
further improved and the work of sorting out an d standardizing import and export charges has 
continued. 
3  TRADE AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED POLICIES 
3.1.  The opening up and reform of China have go ne hand in hand and been mutually reinforcing. 
Since the last review, the Chinese government has been committed to building a new system of open economy and constantly improved the internationalized and convenient business 
environment based on rule of law. Under the new circumstances of economic globalization, China 
has continuously promoted opening up domestical ly and to the outside world, better integrated 
FDI utilization and going global, facilitated the orderly and free flow of international and domestic 
factors, highly efficient resource allocation and in-depth market integration, fostered new 
advantages in participating and leading in the international economic cooperation and competition at a faster pace, and promoted reform through opening up. 
3.2.  In 2015, the Chinese government released the Several Opinions of the State Council on the 
Building of A New System of Open Economy which, from a macro point of view, clarifies the policy 
orientation of the Chinese government to further press ahead with high-level opening up to the 
outside world and puts forward the future objectives and important tasks to continue to build and WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  improve an open economic system. Since the re view in 2014, China's foreign trade and two-way 
investment have continued to develop. 
3.1  TRADE AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT 3.1.1  Trade Development 
3.3.  In 2014 and 2015, China's total imports and exports of goods reached US$4.30 trillion and 
US$3.96 trillion, up 3.4% and down 8% year-on-ye ar respectively, of which export value were 
US$2.34 trillion and US$2.27 trillion respectively , showing year-on-year growth of 6.0% and 
reduction of 2.9% respectively, and import value were US$1.96 trillion and US$1.68 trillion, up 
0.5% and down 14.2% year-on-year respectively. In 2015, affected by the slow international economic recovery, continued decline in international market demand and sharp fall in the international price of bulk commodities, China's im ports and exports of goods both dropped, which 
was for the first time in many years, and imports were characterized by increasing quantity and 
falling prices. 
3.4.  China's trade in goods has demonstrated the following features in the past two years. First, 
its global market share has further increased.  In 2015, China's imports and exports of goods 
ranked the first in the world for the third consec utive year since 2013. In 2014, despite the growth 
rate of only 2% of global trade in goods, Chin a registered a remarkably higher growth rate of 
foreign trade than the global average, and its sh are in world export rose from 11.2% in 2012 to 
12.3%. In 2015, against the backdrop of double-digit  negative growth in global trade, China took 
up 13.8% in global trade, marking the highest increase margin of its share in global trade over years.  
3.5.  Second, general trade has fallen after st eady growth. In 2014 and 2015, total import and 
export value under general trade reached US$2.31 trillion and US$2.14 trillion, up 5.3% and down 7.5% year on year respectively and accounting for 53.8% and 54.1% of aggregate imports and 
exports respectively. In 2014 and 2015, the export  under general trade took up 51.4% and 53.4% 
respectively in the total exports, and the impo rt under general trade accounted for 56.6% and 
54.9% respectively of the total imports. 
3.6.  Thirdly, the share of processing trade has shown an obvious trend of decline. In 2014 
and 2015, total imports and exports under processing trade were US$1.41 trillion and US$1.24 trillion respectively, up 3.8% and down 11.6% respectively and accounting for 32.7% and 31.5% of total imports and exports. 
3.7.  Fourthly, China's trade partners have become more diversified. In 2014, the total import and 
export value between China and emerging market s and developing countries was US$2.56 trillion, 
accounting for 59.6% of its overall import and ex port value. The markets in developed countries 
have seen steady growth. In 2014, imports and ex ports with the European Union and the United 
States grew by 10% and 6.5% respectively. In 2015, bilateral import and export value between 
China and the European Union, the United Stat es and Japan totaled US$1.4017 trillion, showing a 
year-on-year decrease of 5.5% and accounting fo r 35.4% of its total import and export value. 
During the same period, China's trade with ASEAN, India and other emerging markets performed relatively well, better than the overall imports and exports. Total value of bilateral import and export between China and ASEAN reached US$472.16 billion, decreasing by 1.7% and its 
proportion in total import and export value has risen to 11.9%. Bilateral trade value between 
China and India increased by 1.5%.  
3.8.  Fifthly, private enterprises have continued to perform better than the overall level. In 2014, 
private enterprises with import and export records accounted for over 70% of foreign trade 
enterprises across the country, 2 percentage points  higher than that of 2013. Imports and exports 
of private enterprises added up to US$1.49 trillion , a rise of 7.3% and accounting for 34.5% of the 
national total imports and exports. In 2015, impo rts and exports of private enterprises reached 
US$1.46 trillion, a decrease of 1.5% and accounting for 37% of the national total imports and 
exports. 
3.9.  China's trade in services has maintained  steady and fast development since 2014. In 2014 
and 2015, China's total imports and exports of services reached US$604.3 billion and WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  US$713.0 billion respectively, growing by 12.6% and 14.6% year on year in comparable terms. 
In 2014, China's trade in services overtook that of Germany to rank the second in the world for 
the first time. Total value of service export stood at US$222.2 billion and US$288.2 billion in 2014 and 2015 respectively, showing a year-on-year growth of 7.6% and 9.2% and quickened 
development of trade in services. Total valu e of service import was US$382.1 billion and 
US$424.8 billion respectively, showing a year-on-year growth of 15.8% and 18.6%, which was notably higher than that of service export. In 2015, deficit of trade in services expanded from 
US$118.5 billion in 2013 to US$136.6 billion, mainly sourced from such sectors as travelling, 
transportation, IPR royalties and etc. 
3.10.  The scale of export in high value-added se rvices has further expanded, and the structure of 
service export has continuously optimized, becoming an important driving force for China's 
economic transformation and upgrading. In 2014, th e export of financial service, film, audio and 
video, computer and information service as well as insurance service grew by 57.8%, 22.3%, 19.0%, and 14.1% respectively over the previous year. In 2015, the export of 
telecommunications, computer and information service, professional management and consulting 
service, advertising service, cultural and entert ainment service, and IPR royalties grew by 25.1%, 
13.6%, 37.1%, 43.9% and 64.9% respectively over the previous year and accounting for an ever 
bigger share in the export of services year on year. 
3.11.  Emerging business models have maintained rapid growth. Cross-border electronic 
commerce, market purchase trade, integrated foreign trade service and other new business models are gradually becoming new growth points in the development of foreign trade. In 2015, 
cross-border electronic commerce and market purchase trade grew by over 30% and 60% 
respectively, driving the exports of a large number of SMEs and small enterprises with low profits. 
3.1.2  Inward and outbound direct investment 
3.12.  The foreign direct investment (FDI) absorbed by China has maintained steady growth and 
China has been the largest FDI recipient among developing countries for 24 consecutive years. In 2014, 23,778 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) were newly approved, with a year-on-year 
growth of 4.4%. The value of actually utilized FDI reached US$119.56 billion, showing a year-on-
year growth of 1.7%. In 2015, FDI in China reached a new high and the quality of foreign investment further improved. In 2015, 26,575 FIEs  were newly approved, with a year-on-year 
growth of 11.8%. The value of actually utilize d FDI reached US$126.27 billion, showing a year-on-
year growth of 5.6%. 
3.13.  The sectoral distribution of foreign investment has further optimized. The proportion of the 
service sector has continued to exceed that of the manufacturing sector and become a new growth 
point in FDI attraction. In 2014, the actually utilized FDI in the service sector reached 
US$66.23 billion, accounting for 55.4% of China's total FDI that year and 22 percentage points higher than that of the manufacturing sector. In  2015, the actually utilized FDI in the service 
sector reached US$77.18 billion, growing by 16.5% year on year and accounting for 61.1% of 
China's total FDI that year, 29.7 percentage points higher than that of the manufacturing sector. 
3.14.  China's outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI) has seen expanded scope and strong 
momentum of growth. In 2014, China's two-way investment approached balance for the first time 
and US$107.2 billion worth of non-financial OFDI was realized accumulatively, showing a year-on-
year increase of 15.6% and ranking the third in the world for the third consecutive year. In 2015, 
investors from mainland China made direct investment in 6,532 enterprises of 155 countries and 
regions and US$118.02 billion worth of non-financia l OFDI was realized accumulatively, showing a 
year-on-year increase of 14.7%. Shanghai, Gu angdong and Beijing have taken the top three 
places of OFDI for two consecutive years. 
3.15.  China's OFDI involves various sectors. In 2014 and 2015, the top four invested sectors 
included leasing and business service (US$36.83 billion, accounting for 29.9% in 2014; US$41.67 billion, accounting for 35.3% in 2015), wholesale and retail (US$18.29 billion, accounting for 14.9% in 2014; US$16.02 billion, accounting for 13.6% in 2015), manufacturing 
(US$9.58 billion, accounting for 8.9% in 2014; US$14.33 billion, accounting for 12.1% in 2015), 
and mining (US$16.55 billion, accounting for 15.4% in 2014; US$10.85 billion, accounting for 9.2% in 2015). WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  3.2  PROMOTING FOREIGN TRADE INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT 
3.16.  Since the last review, China has been faced with diversified challenges such as weak 
demand in the international market, continued depression in global trade, rising operating costs and the weakening of its traditional advantages. Confronted with the new situation, the Chinese 
government has been proactively committed to transforming the development pattern of foreign 
trade, restructuring foreign trade, innovating in the development mode of foreign trade and 
strengthening pragmatic cooperation with its trading partners, to achieve mutual benefit, win-win 
and common development. 
3.2.1   Implementing proactive import policy 3.17.  The Chinese government has continued to integrate import with domestic demand 
expansion, improve import promotion policies, broaden import channels, and optimize the 
structure of trade revenue and expenditure. 
3.18.  The Chinese government has continued to implement interim tariff rates on certain imported 
products which were lower than the applied MFN rate s. In 2015, interim tariff rates were applied to 
749 items of commodities, and in 2016, to 787 items of commodities, thus further increasing 
import to meet the needs of domestic consumption and industrial structure. 
3.19.  Import administration procedures have been further simplified. On 1 July 2014, the Ministry 
of Commerce removed the automatic import licensing administration of goods under 
81 HS 10-digit commodity items. The online license application and the paperless customs clearance for automatic import licensing are under way smoothly. The pilot program on paperless customs clearance for automatic import licensing was launched in the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade 
Zone in August 2014 and was introduced nationwide in February 2016. 
3.20.  The Chinese government has actively conducted trade promotion activities, to enhance 
multilateral and bilateral exchanges and cooperation, and improve public services. It has enabled 
trade promotion institutions to organize import procurement, encouraged well-known exhibitions 
and fairs to explore import functions, attracted trading partners to China for holding exhibitions and business negotiations and supported various industries and enterprises to carry out trade 
promotion activities abroad. Public service platforms for foreign trade promotion were proactively 
established, to strengthen information disclosure, trade policy introduction, information searching, trade barrier complaining and IPR protection. 
3.2.2  Pushing forward transformati on and upgrading of foreign trade 
3.21.  In order to adapt to the changing internat ional economic situation and pattern of domestic 
economic development, the Chinese government ha s continued to promote the adjustment of the 
development pattern of foreign trade. Centering on  the goals of stabilizing trade growth, adjusting 
trade structure, and promoting trade balance, it  has endeavoured to promote the transformation 
of foreign trade from cost and price advantages  to overall competitive advantages, elevate the 
position of Chinese industries in global value ch ains and adhere to the coordinated development of 
trade in goods and trade in services. 
3.22.  The transformation and upgrading of processing trade has been accelerated. In 
January 2016, the State Council printed and issued Several Opinions on Promoting the Innovative 
Development of Processing Trade,  which put forward the following main tasks: extending the 
industrial chain and promoting the status of proce ssing trade in the global value chains; exerting 
the demonstrating and leading role of coastal regions and promoting quality improvement and 
performance enhancement by way of transformation and upgrading; supporting the inland and 
border areas to undertake gradient industrial  transfer and promoting coordinated regional 
development; comprehensively promoting the reform of administrative examination and approval of processing trade and further simplifying the formalities for the taxation, verification and 
cancellation of duty repayment for domestic sales; accelerating the integration and optimization of 
special custom supervision zones, promoting diversified business development of bonded processing, bonded logistics and bonded services in special custom supervision zones, and promoting the innovative development of processing trade. WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  3.23.  Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has beco me a new highlight in international trade and a 
new impetus for economic growth. The Chinese government has constantly improved the environment for the development of cross-border e-commerce. In 2015, the State Council successively released the Guiding Opinions concerning Vigorously Moving Forward the Internet 
Plus Actions  and the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Healthy and Rapid Development of Cross-
border E-Commerce , putting forward the idea of promoting the transformation and upgrading of 
foreign trade through foreign trade via the Internet. In March 2015, the State Council approved 
the establishment of China (Hangzhou) Cross-bo rder E-Commerce Comprehensive Pilot Area to 
accumulate replicable and transferable experiences for the development of cross-border e-commerce through institutional innovation, management innovation and service innovation. In January 2016, new cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot areas were established in 
12 cities including Ningbo, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing. Since the launch of pilots on 
cross-border e-commerce services in 2012, China Customs and other port management departments have also adopted a series of policy measures in support of the healthy, orderly and 
fast development of e-commerce. 
3.24.  China has vigorously developed trade in services and created favourable environment, and 
the level of liberalization and facilitation has constantly improved. Since 2014, the Chinese 
government has successively released the  Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Foreign 
Culture Trade , the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Service Outsourcing , and the 
Several Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Trade in Services and other guiding 
documents for trade in services. In February 2016, the State Council decided to carry out pilots on 
innovation and development of trade in services in 15 provinces and municipalities (areas) 
including Tianjin to explore the systems and mechanisms suitable for and can facilitate the innovation and development of trade in services. 
3.2.3  Improving trade facilitation 
3.25.  Since the last review, the RMB settlement business for cross-border trade and investment 
has maintained stable and orderly growth. Currently, both cross-border trade and direct 
investment can be settled with RMB. In 2015, the RMB settlement amount for cross-border trade 
reached 7.23 trillion yuan and grew by 10.4% year on year. The RMB settlement business for direct investment amounted to RMB 2.32 trilli on yuan, and grew by 121% year on year. In 
October 2015, phase 1 of RMB Cross-border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) successfully went 
online to provide capital liquidation and settlement services for the RMB cross-border and off-shore 
businesses of financial institutions at home and abroad.  
3.26.  PBOC has continued to sign bilateral loca l currency swap agreements with the central banks 
or currency authorities from certain countries  and regions. By the end of 2015, PBOC has 
established currency swaps with 33 central banks or currency authorities with the total size of the swap facility exceeding 3.3 trillion yuan. 
3.27.  Reforms of customs clearance facilitation  have been accelerated to further improve the 
clearance efficiency of ports and the level of tr ade facilitation. On 3 February 2015, the State 
Council printed and issued the Reform Plan on Realizing Information Exchange, Mutual Recognition 
of Supervision and Mutual Assistance in Law Enforcement and Promoting Clearance Construction,  
which calls for accelerated promotion of customs clearance coordination between inland, coastal 
and border areas and the realization of information exchange, mutual recognition of supervision and mutual assistance in law enforcement between relevant port management departments. 
Currently, integrated regional customs clearance has covered all the 42 customs offices across the 
country which is made up of five sections of reform on integrated clearance: Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the four pan Pearl River provinces, the Silk Road 
Economic Belt and the northeastern region. One declaration, one inspection and one release was 
popularized in an all-round way. On 1 August 2012, pilot reforms on paperless customs clearance were launched in 12 customs offices including Shanghai, and introduced to all business sites of customs offices across the country in 2014. 
3.28.  On 16 April 2015, the State Council printed and issued Several Opinions on Improving Port 
Work to Support the Development of Foreign Trade, which calls for the construction of single 
window for international trade through the public pl atforms of electronic ports. Currently, progress 
has been made by leaps and bounds in the construction of single window. First, pilots were 
successively implemented in coastal areas. The single window for international trade was either WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  already online or in pilot operation in 11 provinces and municipalities including Shanghai, Tianjin 
and Fujian. Second, the functions of the single window have constantly improved, and the core functions of port clearance such as the import an d export declaration of goods and the declaration 
of transportation tools have realized at large. Thirdly, the service capabilities of ports have 
remarkably enhanced. The clearance procedures changed from tandem type into parallel type, 
with the application procedures and formalities simplified, and the coordination and cooperation between port management departments further optimized. 
3.29.  Trade and investment facilitation in foreign exchange management has been pushed 
forward continuously. First, to cultivate the upgraded version of reform on foreign exchange fund operation and management of multinational companies, simplify the requirements on account opening, receipt and usage so as to save cost of  capital for enterprises. Second, administrative 
licensing for border trade accounts has been removed, with the requirements for trade documents 
of individuals streamlined and diversified developmen t of foreign trade promoted. Thirdly, pilots on 
foreign exchange payment businesses for cross-border e-commerce have been steadily moved 
forward. 
3.3  PAYING EQUAL ATTENTION TO THE ST RATEGIES OF FDI ATTRACTION AND GOING 
GLOBAL  
3.30.  Active utilization of foreign investment has been an important part of China's basic state 
policy of opening up to the outside world over decades. Boom in OFDI represents a new important feature in China's development of an open econom y in recent years. Under the new circumstances, 
standing at a height of building a new system of open economy, the Chinese government will 
comprehensively promote the reform of FDI utilization and the management system of OFDI, 
maintain the stability, transparency and predictability of foreign investment policies, liberalize the market access for investment in an orderly way and further improve the comprehensive effects of 
FDI utilization. Meanwhile, enterprises and individuals will be fundamentally recognized as the 
investors of OFDI, and permitted to conduct invest ment cooperation abroad by exerting their own 
strengths and assuming risks themselves, so as to enhance their capabilities of participating in the 
integration of the global value chains and operating internationally. 
3.3.1  Optimizing the utilization of foreig n investment while opening wider to the 
outside world 
3.31.  On 10 April 2015, the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries 
(2015 Revision) began to be implemented. Compared to the 2011 version, the number of items 
listed in the restrictive category decreased from 79  to 38, that of items limited to Chinese-foreign 
equity or contractual joint ventures dropped from 43 to 15, and that of items to be controlled by 
the Chinese party went down from 44 to 35. This revision of the Catalogue represents the biggest 
degree of opening up in the six revisions, which reflects the government's further efforts to encourage foreign investment in modern agri culture, high and new technology, advanced 
manufacturing, energy conservation and environm ental protection, new energy, modern service 
industries and etc., as well as in research and development. 
3.32.  Since the last review, China has further op ened up its manufacturing and service industries. 
China has by and large opened up the general manufacturing sector by lifting restrictions on equity 
ratio for steel, ethylene, oil refining, papermaking, crane machinery, ship cabin machinery, 
electricity transmission and transformation equipm ent, coal chemical equipment, light helicopter, 
automobile electronic integrated system, and famous liquor; and by removing nonferrous 
metallurgy, small size construction machinery,  plain bearing, photosensitive material and 
chloramphenicol. In the service industry, China has lifted or relaxed the restrictions on the equity ratio of e-commerce, chain operation, branch ra ilway, subway, light rail, marine transport, and 
venue of performance; removed from the restrictive category direct selling, mail order, import and 
export commodity inspection and certification, railway freight transport, insurance broker and trust company; and listed architectural design and elderly care institution in the encouraged category. 
3.33.  The financial sector has been further opened up. On 20 December 2014, the State Council 
revised the Regulations of the People's Republic of Chin a on the Administration of Foreign-funded 
Banks , which has introduced three opening-up measures since 1 January 2015. First, eliminating 
the minimum requirements for the working capital appropriated free of charge by the head offices WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  of wholly foreign-funded banks and Chinese-foreign joint equity banks to their branches 
established within the border of China. Second, eliminating the requirement that foreign-funded banks (foreign financial institutions) need to have set up representative offices within the border of China for at least 2 years, before establishing wh olly foreign-funded banks or Chinese-foreign joint 
equity banks in China, and before foreign banks applying to establish branches in China. Thirdly, 
shortening the number of years required for foreign banks' operative institutions being in RMB business from no less than 3 years to no less than 1 year, and eliminating the requirement for 
profit making for 2 consecutive years before the application. 
3.34.  To further open up the bond market, in June 2015, PBOC issued the Circular on the 
Repurchase of Bonds in the Interbank Bond Market by Offshore RMB Clearing Banks and Offshore Participating Banks  (PBOC No. 170 of 2015), which allows offshore RMB clearing banks and 
offshore participating banks to repurchase bonds in the interbank bond market. In July 2015, 
PBOC issued the Circular on Matters Relevant to the Investment in Renminbi on the Interbank 
Bond Market by Foreign Central Banks, International Financial Organizations and Sovereign Wealth 
Funds  (PBOC No. 220 of 2015), exercised filing-based management system to foreign central 
banks entering the market and lifted restrictions on their investment amount, and expanded the scope of investment to bond repurchase, bond lend ing, bond forward, interest rate swap, forward 
rate agreement and other transactions approved by PBOC. 
3.35.  Building Pilot Free Trade Zones (hereinafter referred to as pilot FTZs) is a significant 
measure taken by the Chinese government on its own initiative to open up. Focusing on institutional innovation, it aims at streamlining administration and delegating authority to lower 
levels, improving regulation and optimizing services. Proactive exploration and bold attempts have 
been made by the pilot FTZs to quicken the transformation of government functions, facilitating trade and investment, and innovatively opening up the financial sector, so that they can take the 
lead in establishing a system of cross-border investment and trade rules that conform to the 
requirements of internationalization and the rule of law; and explore new ways and gain 
experience for deepened reform and expanded opening up across the country.  
3.36.  In September 2013, the State Council issued the Overall Plan for China (Shanghai) Pilot 
Free Trade Zone . In December 2014, the Chinese government decided to establish three more 
pilot FTZs in Guangdong, Tianjin and Fujian with  the experience drawn from Shanghai, and to 
expand Shanghai Pilot FTZ. Guangdong Pilot FTZ covers Nansha New Area in Guangzhou, Qianhai 
Shekou Subdistrict in Shenzhen and Hengqin New Ar ea in Zhuhai; Tianjin Pilot FTZ covers Tianjin 
Port area, Tianjin Airport area and Binhai New Area Central Business District; Fujian Pilot FTZ covers Pingtan Subdistrict, Xiamen Subdistrict and Fuzhou Subdistrict; Shanghai Pilot FTZ was 
expanded to cover Lujiazui Financial Subdistrict, Jinqiao Economic and Technological Development 
Zone and Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park. In April 2015, the State Council issued the Special 
Administrative Measures of Pilot Free Trade Zone  for Admittance of Foreign Investments (Negative 
List). 
3.37.  The pilot FTZs have made bold explorations in investment, trade, finance and other areas, 
stimulated the vitality of market players, and become new growth poles of economy. First, the 
reform of investment management system, with the Negative List management at the core, has 
continued. After the establishment of Guangdong, Ti anjin and Fujian pilot FTZs, the growth rate in 
the number of newly established FIEs has increased by over 2 times year on year. Second, constant innovation has been made in the trade regulatory system focusing on trade facilitation. 
Thirdly, new measures of financial opening up have been implemented steadily. Fourthly, the 
system of in-process and follow-up regulation, based on the social credit system, has initially taken shape. The General Office of the State Council issued the Measures for the National Security 
Review of Foreign Investment in Pilot Free Trade Zones . Fifthly, the supportive service system 
focusing on encouraging innovation is improving. 
3.38.  The pilot FTZs have had some good and replicable experience in their reform pilots, which 
have been gradually spread to the whole country or some regions. Before the anniversary of the 
establishment of the Shanghai Pilot FTZ, relevant departments had spread 27 of its practices, 
including 13 in investment, 10 in trade and 4 in financial areas. In 2014, one year after the establishment of Shanghai Pilot FTZ, the State Council printed and issued the Notice on the Wide 
Application of Replicable Reform Experience from the Pilot Programs in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free 
Trade Zone . WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  3.3.2  Improving competitiveness through going global 
3.39.  Since the last review, the Chinese government has continued the reform of overseas 
investment management system. In 2014, the State Council issued the Catalogue of Investment 
Projects Subject to Government Verification (2014 Edition) , the Ministry of Commerce revised and 
issued the Measures on the Administration of Overseas Investment Projects , establishing a new 
management mode dominated by record filing and supplemented by verification. the Measures on 
the Administration of Overseas Investment Projects  has reduced the scope and time limit for 
verification, and delegated the authority for the re cord filing of overseas investment by local 
enterprises to commerce departments at the provincial level, to provide convenience to local enterprises to do the filing locally. The ratio of record filing has been over 99.5%. 
3.40.  In 2013, the Chinese government proposed the major cooperation initiative of jointly 
building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21
st Century Maritime Silk Road. By the end of 2015, 
68 countries have expressed their willingness to join. The initiative has become the common aspiration reflecting the interests and pursuits of all parties. In 2015, the Chinese government 
issued the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21
st Century 
Maritime Silk Road . China and the countries along the Belt and Road planned for the construction 
of six economic corridors that run through China-Mongolia-Russia, New Eurasian Land Bridge, 
China-Central Asia-West Asia, China-Pakistan, Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar and China-
Indochina Peninsula. The Asian Infrastructure In v e s t m e n t  B a n k  a n d  t h e  S i l k  R o a d  F u n d  h a v e  
accelerated substantial project investment, and provided strong funding support for Asia-Europe connectivity and industrial cooperation. 
3.41.  In 2015, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting International Capacity 
and Equipment Manufacturing Cooperation . This is a new measure taken by the Chinese 
government to adapt to the New Normal, and a new initiative to converge new impetus for global 
economic growth. The aim is to open up further to the outside world, reshape a more balanced, 
inclusive and beneficial global industrial chain that brings into play the comparative advantages of various countries, and build a world community of development and interest featuring mutual 
benefit, win-win results, and inclusive and shared  progress. Positioned in different development 
stages, various countries can not only match each other's supply and demand, but also expand demand with the innovative supply through international capacity cooperation. Currently, China has launched bilateral institutional capacity cooperation with 17 countries. 
3.4  CONSTRUCTING ECONOMIC AND TR ADE PARTNERSHIPS BASED ON MUTUAL 
BENEFIT AND WIN-WIN 
3.42.  China has been committed to developing all-round foreign economic and trade relations and 
promoting the building and perfection of a global  economic and trading system that is open, 
cooperative and mutually beneficial. China has always been upholding the WTO-based multilateralism trading system as the main channel for trade liberalization and facilitation, actively 
cultivating a network of Free Trade Areas of high standard and resolutely opposing trade and 
investment protectionism. 
3.4.1  Committed to advancing the Doha Development Agenda 3.43.  China firmly believes that against the backdrop of sluggish world economic recovery and 
rapid development of regional trade arrang ements (RTAs), an open, inclusive and non-
discriminatory multilateral trading system would bring about more trade, investment and employment opportunities to the whole world, reduce the cost of enterprises and foster a more 
stable and open external environment for the enterp rises to participate in the global competition. 
Further consolidating and enhancing the role of the multilateral trading system in global governance is conducive to containing trade protectionism and promoting the recovery and steady 
growth of global economy. 
3.44.  The Chinese government has attached great importance to and actively participated in the 
DDA negotiation. Over the past two years, China has joined other WTO members to fully participate in negotiating various items on the Doha agenda, respected the development mandate 
of DDA and safeguarded the outcomes already ac hieved, promoted harmony, negotiations and 
progress and played an important constructive role in the success of the Tenth WTO Ministerial WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  Conference (MC 10). China is also among the fi rst few members that have completed national 
ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) . 
3.45.  Chinese President Xi Jinping has, on several occasions including the G20 Summit, the APEC 
Informal Leaders' Meeting, and the BRICS Leaders'  Meeting, called on all WTO members to show 
necessary flexibility, narrow differences and help to  conclude the Doha Round of negotiations and 
achieve the development goals. As the host country of the 2016 G20 Summit, China is proactively promoting consensus among G20 members on opposing protectionism, increasing the 
transparency of RTAs, implementing TFA at an  earlier date and pushing forward multilateral 
negotiations. 
3.46.  After the conclusion of MC 10, China put forward the Solidary Work Program initiative to 
promote multilateral trade negotiations, and called on all parties to start working as soon as 
possible, and build consensus on moving forward the multilateral negotiations including on the 
remaining agenda items of the Doha Round. China stressed that all members should adhere to the concepts of responsibility, mutual trust and inclusiveness, admit the differences in their 
development levels, and achieve mutually beneficial and win-win results. China will work together 
with other WTO members to actively promote negotiations on the remaining issues of the Doha Round according to the mandate of the Nairobi Ministerial Declaration . 
3.47.  China holds that to fully conclude the Doha Round of negotiations, all members need to 
adhere to the development orientation, respec t the mandate and the progress already made, and 
adopt practical, balanced and feasible methods to benefit all. The conclusion should help create opportunities for developing, especially the least developed country members, and help achieve 
the goals in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The negotiations 
should be driven by members, be transparent and inclusive, and ensure effective participation of 
all. At the same time, it is China's proposition to discuss new issues in an explorative way within 
the multilateral framework, to realize inclusive in stitutional arrangements, participation, interests 
and rules. 
3.4.2  Safeguarding the multilateral trading system with concrete actions 
3.48.  China is an active participant in firm supporter and important contributor to the multilateral 
trading system. Since its accession to the WTO, China has earnestly honoured its accession commitments and made major contributions to safeguarding the multilateral trading system. China has seriously and actively participated in the daily operation of the WTO and respected the rulings 
of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism, and proact ively performed its transparency obligations. 
Since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, China has supported the WTO in launching the monitoring and surveillance mechanism of trade measures, playing a crucial role in curbing 
protectionism. 
3.49.  In the course of formulating and implemen ting economic and trade policies, China has set 
store by their consistency with the WTO rules and China's commitments in the multilateral trading 
system. China has endeavoured to make reference to prevailing practices of other WTO members 
and take into account possible impact on the outsid e world, to ensure the stability, transparency 
and predictability of its trade policies. 
3.50.  China has actively responded to the Aid for Trade initiative of the WTO. While providing 
assistance to the best of its ability bilaterally to other developing members, China has been 
donated to the Aid for Trade Fund under the multilateral framework of WTO since 2008. After establishing China's LDCs and Accessions Progra m (China Program) in 2011, China contributed a 
total of US$900,000 to the Program in 2014 and 2015, sponsored Roundtables on LDCs' WTO 
accession in Tajikistan and Kenya respectively, and made important contribution to help the LDCs integrate into the multilateral trading system. During MC 10, China's Minister of Commerce 
Gao Hucheng and WTO Director-General Azevedo concluded the fifth memorandum on the China 
Program, to which China contributed another US$500,000. 
3.51.  China has actively responded to the WTO' s Made in the World Initiative and proactively 
promoted the structural adjustment, transformation and upgrading of its foreign trade following 
the law of development of global value chains (GVCs). China has proposed GVCs initiative on 
multilateral fora like APEC and taken the lead in the APEC calculation and accounting of trade in WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  added-value and other GVCs-related work, to pr omote the inclusive and coordinated development 
of GVCs and push forward trade and investment facilitation. China has conducted cooperation on the topic of GVCs with the WTO, UNCTAD, OECD and other international organizations to jointly promote the better integration of developing econom ies and SMEs into GVCs on such platforms as 
G20 and APEC.  
3.52.  China has also actively participated in other rule-making and market access negotiations 
within the WTO framework. With China's active participation, the negotiations to expand the 
coverage of the Information Technology Agreement  (ITA) concluded in December 2015. According 
to the WTO statistics, the negotiations involved over US$1.3 trillion worth of trade and will boost 
trade of IT products as well as global economic growth. 
3.53.  China has been dedicated to promoting trade liberalization of environmental goods. In early 
2014, it launched the negotiations of Enviro nmental Goods Agreement (EGA) with some WTO 
members to explore various opportunities for trade liberalization of environmental goods within the WTO framework. China hopes that the negotiations could reach significant outcomes with balanced 
benefit so as to achieve triple-win for trade, environment and development. 
3.54.  China has been continuously pushing forward its accession negotiation to the Government 
Procurement Agreement (GPA) . In December 2014, China submitted its 6
th offer and conducted in-
depth consultations with the GPA parties. China will endeavour to achieve an earlier accession to 
the GPA. 
3.4.3  Promoting regional and bilateral economic and trade cooperation and other 
arrangements 
3.55.  While committing itself to bringing into play the fundamental role of the multilateral trading 
system and its rules, China has continued to promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation through regional, sub-regional and bilateral opening up and cooperation, strived to 
expand the converging points of interest with various countries and regions for mutual benefit and 
win-win. China is of the view that in the development of global trade, the dominant role of the multilateral trading system and the complementary role of bilateral and regional liberalization 
could stay in parallel and reinforce each other. 
3.56.  China has continued to accelerate its steps in implementing the free trade area (FTA) 
strategy. By the end of 2015, it has signed and put into effect 14 FTAs with 22 countries and 
regions. Currently, China is actively engaged in a number of FTA negotiations, including the 
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (R CEP), China-GCC FTA, China-Japan-Republic of 
Korea FTA, China-Georgia FTA and etc. Since the last review, China has reached FTAs with Australia and the Republic of Korea respectively, which came into effect on 20 December 2015. In 
November 2015, China and ASEAN signed the FTA Upgrading Protocol. In the same month, 
Mainland China signed the CEPA Agreement on Trade in Services with Hong Kong, China and the 
CEPA Agreement on Trade in Services  with Macao, China, both will be implemented as 
of 1 June 2016. 
3.57.  China has continued its active participation in APEC, Greater Mekong Sub-regional Economic 
Cooperation, Greater Tumen Initiative and other regional and sub-regional economic cooperation mechanisms. In November 2014, the 22
nd APEC Informal Leaders' Meeting was held in Beijing. By 
identifying the direction and objectives of future cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, approving 
the Beijing Roadmap for APEC's Contribution to the Realization of the FTAAP  and the APEC 
Blueprint on Connectivity , passing the APEC Accord on Innovative Development, Economic Reform 
and Growth , the meeting has opened various new fields for cooperation. The negotiations of 
China-US Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) have been going on smoothly in general and entered the stage of negative list negotiation. Important headway has been made in the negotiations of 
China-EU BIT. 
3.58.  China holds the G20 presidency in 2016. The theme of this year has been determined as 
Building an innovative, invigorated, interconnected and inclusive world economy, with four major topics of innovative growth pattern, global ec onomic and financial governance with higher 
efficiency, powerful international trade and invest ment, as well as inclusive and interconnected 
development. In the area of trade and investment, China will host the G20 meeting of Trade WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  Ministers and G20 meetings of Trade and Invest ment Working Group, to prepare economic and 
trade outcomes for the summit focusing on five aspects, i.e. strengthening the building of G20 
trade and investment mechanism, promoting gl obal trade growth, supporting the multilateral 
trading system, facilitating coordination and cooperation of global investment policies, and 
boosting inclusive and coordinated development of GVCs. 
3.4.4  Enhancing South-South Cooperation 3.59.  As the biggest developing country in th e world, China has endeavoured to assume the 
development responsibilities in keeping with it s national conditions and development stage, 
actively advocated and participated in international developmental cooperation while achieving its own development. Within the framework of South-South cooperation, China has provided other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs) with economic and 
technological assistance to the best of its capability. By strengthening infrastructure construction, 
enhancing capacity building and providing zero-tariff treatment, China has helped these countries better integrate into GVCs and the process of global ization, improved local people's livelihood, and 
driven their economic and social development. 
3.60.  The foreign aid modality with Chinese characteristics has become a model of South-South 
cooperation. Over 60 odd years, China has provided  assistance of more than 400 billion yuan to 
166 countries and international organizations, trained over 12 million talents for recipient 
countries, and offered help to over 120 developing countries in implementing the millennium development goals (MDGs), making great contributions to the global development undertakings. In September 2015, President Xi Jinping pu t forward the concept of equitable, open, 
comprehensive and innovative development at the UN Sustainable Development Summit. He also 
announced the establishment of an assistance fund and an institute for South-South cooperation and development, and the provision of "6 one-hundred" project support to developing countries 
and other important measures for South-South cooperation. 
3.61.  China has adhered to the win-win, multi-wi n and win-for-all development concept. It is one 
of the most open markets to the LDCs and has co ntinued offering unilateral preferential treatment 
to the LDCs. At the Asian-African Summit held in April 2015, President Xi Jinping announced that 
China would be firmly committed to closer Asian-Africa cooperation, and would provide zero-tariff treatment to 97% of tariff lines from the LDCs ha ving diplomatic ties with China by the end 2015. 
In December 2015, the Johannesburg Summit of th e Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 
was held in South Africa. President Xi Jinping proposed that the new type strategic partnership 
between China and Africa be upgraded to a comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership. By focusing on industrial capacity cooperation as well as the three networks and industrialization, 
China-Africa cooperation in all areas would be deepened to enable both people to share the 
benefits of cooperative development. China also expressed its willingness to conduct pragmatic cooperation with Africa in ten major areas including industrialization, agricultural modernization, 
infrastructure, finance, green development, trade and investment facilitation, poverty reduction, 
public health, culture and people-to-people exchange, as well as peace and security. 
3.62.  Since 10 December 2015, China has applied zero-tariff to 97% of the tariff lines of 33 LDCs 
having diplomatic ties with China that had completed the exchanges of notes. The gradual 
implementation of zero-tariff treatment has greatl y enhanced the export from the LDCs to China. 
Since 2008, China has been the biggest export de stination for the LDCs, importing about 1/4 of 
the total export from these LDCs. China hopes that the implementation of the zero-tariff 
commitment to the LDCs can help promote the improvement of market access treatment to the 
LDCs by other developing and developed countries. 
4  THE WAY FORWARD 
4.1.  Since 2014, China's economy has generally maintained stable development. Steady growth 
has been realized in GDP, employment in cities and towns, residents' income, enterprises' profits 
and fiscal revenue, while price of commodities has been kept at a low level. Positive progress has been made in structural adjustment with the cultivation of new development impetus accelerated. 
Despite of the complicated world economic situat ion, deep-rooted domestic contradictions and 
increasing downward economic pressure, China still finds itself in an important period of strategic opportunities during which great progress can be made in its development. The Chinese WT/TPR/G/342 • China 
 
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  government will stick to and carry out the innovative, coordinated, green, open and sharing 
concepts of development, be committed to maintain ing economic growth at a medium to high rate 
and promote the upgrading of industry towards th e middle and high end. Innovation will play a 
leading role to inject tremendous vigour into de velopment, new-type urbanization and agricultural 
modernization will be promoted and coordinated development of urban and rural areas facilitated, 
the green production and low-carbon lifestyle will be nurtured, reform will be deepened, and a new system of open economy will be built.  
4.2.  Confronted with the new situation, the Chinese government will adhere to innovative 
development and focus on improving the quality and effect of development. Vitality for creativity 
will be inspired, public entrepreneurship and innova tion will be promoted and the shifting of driving 
forces for development quickened through optimized allocation of factors including labour force, 
capital, land, technology and management. The supply-side structural reform will be vigorously 
advanced to expand effective and medium- and high-end supply, and increase supply of public goods and public services, therefore enabling supply and demand to form a synergy in promoting 
economic development and raising the total factor productivity. The innovation-driven 
development strategy will be implemented pr ofoundly, to assist the transformation of 
governmental functions from research and develo pment management to innovation of services, 
and reinforce the dominant position and leading role of enterprises in innovation. Efforts will be 
made to establish a new system of development,  deepen the reforms of public administration, 
fiscal and financial systems, as well as SOEs, encourage private companies to enter more business fields, and pace up the creation of a uniform an d open market system with orderly competition. 
4.3.  Confronted with the new situation, the Chinese government will adhere to open development. 
Efforts will be made to improve the regional layo ut of opening-up and expand the opening-up of 
inland and border areas; speed up the process of foreign trade optimization and updating and 
apply positive import policies; fully exercise the foreign investment management system of pre-
establishment national treatment plus negative li st, orderly expand the opening up of the service 
sector, steadily realize RMB convertibility under the capital account, improve the internationalized 
and convenient business environment based on th e rule of law, and perfect the system and 
mechanism beneficial to win-win cooperation and in keeping with international trade and investment rules; press ahead with the Belt and Road initiative to enhance infrastructure connectivity, deepen cooperation in energy resources and strengthen cooperation with 
international financial institutions. The Chinese government will accumulate useful experiences 
from the four pilot FTZs and spread them to other areas with necessary conditions. 
4.4.  Since its accession to the WTO, China has by and large established an economic and trade 
system in line with its national conditions and international prevailing practices through continuous 
reforms and opening up, which has contributed greatly to the development of China's open economy and the integration of China's economy with the world economy. Currently, China is the 
largest trading partner of over 120 countries and regions and has become one of the main driving 
forces for world economic growth. It is estimated that in the next five years, China will realize US$10 trillion worth of goods imports and US$500 billion worth of outbound investment, and more than 500 million person-times will travel abroad. Meanwhile, China is also a developing country 
with relatively low level of per capita income, with still nearly 200 million people living under the 
poverty line. The basic national conditions of China as a big developing country have not changed and will not be fundamentally changed despite its economic development achievements. China will 
be subject to the challenges of onerous development tasks for a long time. 
4.5.  The Chinese government holds that economies at different development levels and phases 
should embrace the spirit of solidarity, discard zero-sum practices, jointly rise up to the common 
challenges, promote the development of a new international economic order towards equality, 
fairness and win-win cooperation, and realize economic balance and financial security globally. China will continue to develop its economic and trade relations with various countries and regions in the world based on the principles of mutual benefit and win-win, and proactively participate in 
the international governance and exert its influence as a major developing trading nation. China is 
firmly against trade protectionism and advocates to give full play to the leading role of the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core, to promote the process of multilateral trade 
negotiations and the balanced, win-win and inclusive development of the multilateral trading 
system. At the same time, implementation of the FTA strategy will be expedited to establish a globally-oriented network of FTAs with high standard. 
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