G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
12 September  2016 
(16-4783) Page: 1/9 
Committee on Safeguards  Original: English  
 
 NOTIFICATION OF LAW S AND REGULATIONS UN DER 
ARTICLE 12.6 OF THE AGREEMENT  
AFGHANISTAN  
The following communication, dated 4 September  2016, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of Afghanistan . 
 
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In accordance with Article 12. 6 of the Agreement on Safeguards , the Government of the 
Islamic  Republic of Afghanistan is notifying to the Committee on Safeguards as follows:  
 
The responsible structures in the Government of Afghanistan have adopted the "Law on Safeguard 
Measures for Dom estic Industries " on 28 July 2016. The text of the law is reproduced below  and 
will be available in the website of Ministry of Justice at http://moj.gov.af/fa  in Dari and English.  
 
The Law on Safeguard Measures for Dom estic Industries establishes the "General Directorate of 
International Trade " in the Ministry of Commerce and Industries as the competent authority tasked 
with administering the Law, initiating and conducting safeguard investigations, determining the 
serious injury or threat of serious injuries and making recommendations on provisional and 
definitive safeguards measures. The Law on Safeguards Measures for Domestic Industries also 
establishes a "Safeguards Board for Domestic Industries " which will adopt prov isional and 
definitive safeguard measures.  
 
 
 
 
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 G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  Law on Safeguard of Domestic  Industries  
 
CHAPTER I: GENERAL  PROVISIONS  
 
Article 1: The  Basis  
This Law is enacted in the light of Articles 10 and 13 of the Constitution of  Afghanistan.  
 
Artic le 2: Objectives  
The objectives of this law  are: 
1- The Development of the domestic industries  
2- The safeguards, encouragement and protection of domestic industries  
3- The establishments of rules for the application of safeguard measures, in compliance wi th 
the Agreement on Safeguards of the World Trade Organization and Article XIX of the General 
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994.  
 
Article 3:  Terms  
The below terms in this law shall have the following meanings:  
 
1- Safeguard measure:  a measure imposed on investigated products for protection of 
domestic industry;  
2- Domestic industry:  is those producer companies of the like or directly competitive 
products which constitute a major proportion of the domestic production and compete with 
investigated produc ts; 
3- Like Product:  is the domestic product which is identical to the imported investigated 
product or has characteristics closely resembling the investigated product;  
4- Directly Competitive Product:  is the domestic product which, although not a like pro duct, 
competes directly with the investigated product in the market;  
5- Goods:  is any movable tangible articles or assets, but not security, commercial papers, 
cash, or trade in services;  
6- Serious Injury:  is a significant overall impairment of a domestic  industry;  
7- Threat of serious injury:  is injury that is clearly foreseen and imminent, based on facts 
and not on allegation, conjecture or remote possibility;  
8- Unforeseen developments:  circumstances which were not foreseen in Article XIX: of 
GATT  1994 and which cause or threaten to cause serious injury to a domestic industries;  
9- Investigated product:  the imported goods which are subject to a safeguard investigation 
under this Law;  
10- Safeguard Investigation:  a process taken with respect to increased imports of particular 
products, to determine if such imports have caused or threaten to cause serious injury to the 
domestic industry;  
11- Interested parties:  shall include:  
 
- the exporter and foreign producer of the investigated product;  
- the importer of th e investigated product;  
- trade association, a majority of the members of which are producers, exporters or importers 
of the investigated product;  
- the exporting country or countries;  
- the producer of the domestic like products or directly competitive products  in the Country;  
- trade association(s) a majority of the members of which are producers of the like products 
or directly competitive products in the Country;  
- industrial users of the investigated product;  
- consumer associations; and  
- Any other natural or legal  persons based on the determination of Board  
 
Article 4: Implementing agency  
The Ministry of Commerce and Industries shall be the implementing agency for the provisions of 
this law.  
 
Article 5: Scope  
The provisions of this Law shall apply to all safeguard proceedings concerning to the investigated 
product from WTO Members taking into account the WTO Agreement on Safeguards and G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  Article  XIX of GATT 1994 and also shall apply to imports from countries or territories which are not 
Members of the WTO but which ar e covered by special or additional rules on the application of 
safeguard measures.  
 
Article 6: Implementation of Safeguard Measures  
If the investigation shows that, as a result of unforeseen developments, the investigated product is 
being imported in such increased quantities, absolute or relative to domestic production, and 
under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic industry, a 
safeguard measure may apply taking in to account the national interest of the Country.  
 
CHAPTER II: THE AUTHORITY AND ITS DUTIES  
 
Article 7: Scope of Work of the Authority  
(1) In order to achieve the objectives stated in this Law, the General Directorate of International 
Trade, which is part of the structure of the Ministry of Commerce and I ndustries, shall be 
responsible.  
(2) The General Directorate of International Trade hereinafter shall be called "the Authority ". 
 
Article 8: Duties of the Authority  
The Authority shall have the following duties:  
1- carry out safeguards investigations;  
2- prepare safeguards investigations application form;  
3- publish safeguard investigation notifications;  
4- determine serious injury or threat of serious injury;  
5- make a recommendation on provisional and definitive safeguard measures to the Board;  
6- collecting formation on safeguard investigation from interested parties;  
7- holding hearing session and inviting interested parties;  
8- maintain documents on safeguards investigation;  
9- recommendations on progressive liberalization of definitive safeguards m easures and 
extensions reapplication of definitive safeguards measures;  
10- develop related procedures and rules of business; and  
11- develop policies, strategies and work plan for safeguards of domestic industries.  
 
Article 9: Establishment of the Safegua rds Board for Domestic Industries  
(1) For better implementation of the provisions of this Law a Safeguards Boards for Domestic 
Industries shall be established with the following composition:  
1- the Deputy Minister for trade affairs of the Ministry of Comme rce and Industries as the 
chairman;  
2- the Director General of Customs, as member;  
3- the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as member;  
4- the representative of the Ministry of Economy, as member;  
5- the representative of the Ministry of A griculture, Irrigation and Livestock, as member;  
6- the representative of the Ministry of Public Health, as member;  
7- the representative of the National Standard Authority, as member;  
8- the Representative of the Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Indus try, as member; and  
9- the Director General of International Trade, as secretary.  
(2) The Safeguards Board for Domestic Industries, hereinafter shall be called "the Board ". 
 
Article 10: Duties of the Board  
The duties of the board shall be to:  
1- adopt the procedures and rules of business of the Authority;  
2- adopt policies, strategies and safeguard plan for the domestic industries;  
3- evaluate recommendations on provisional and definitive safeguard measures and 
progressive  
4- liberalization of definitive s afeguards measures and extensions;  
5- adopt provisional and definitive safeguard measures;  
adopt progressive liberalization of definitive safeguard measures and their extension;  
6- adopt reapplication of safeguard measures;  
7- provide advice to the Author ity. 
 G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  Article 11: Confidentiality  
(1) Board members and the employees of the Authority shall maintain full confidentiality of 
information obtained while performing and after leaving the official duties and will not disclose the 
information about safeguard measures.  
(2) The confidential information mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article shall include the 
technical, financial, proprietary production and processing details, supply sources, the quantity of 
sale and manufacture, market share, names and conta ct information of customers and distributers 
of and marketing plan of investigated products.  
(3) The below authorities may obtain the information mentioned in Paragraph (2) of this Article, 
based on their request:  
1- the Courts; and  
2- the Board,  
provided  the information is relevant to their duties.  
(4) The authorities mentioned in Paragraph (3) of this Article, shall maintain the confidentiality 
of the received information.  
(5) The method of submission and maintaining for confidential information shall be  defined in 
the procedures.  
 
CHAPTER III: SERIOUS INJURY AND THREAT OF SERIOUS INJURY  
 
Article 12: Determination of Serious Injury  
(1) The serious injury shall be determined taking into account the following factors:  
1- the rate and quantity of increase of  the investigated product, either in absolute terms or 
relative to the volume produced by the domestic industry or its consumption in Afghanistan;  
2- decrease of share of the domestic market, because of increase of the investigated product;  
3- changes in t he level of sales, production, use, capacity utilization, profits and losses and 
employment with respect to the domestic industries, and any other relevant factors; and  
4- determination of a causal link between the increased imports and the serious injury.  
Where factors other than investigated product are at the same time causing injury to the domestic 
industry, such injury shall not be attributed to the investigated product.  
 
Article 13: Determination of Threat of Serious Injury  
Whether increases of invest igated product threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic 
industries, the Authority, in addition to the factors cited in Article 12, may evaluate the following:  
1- export capacity in the countries of origin or export, and possibility of its exportati on into 
Afghanistan in the future;  
2- the rate of increase of exports to Afghanistan;  
3- build-up of inventories in Afghanistan or the countries of origin or export;  
4- the further increase of importation of the investigated product into Afghanistan; and  
5- any other factor deemed relevant by the Authority.  
 
CHAPTER IV: CONDUCT OF SAFEGUARD INVESTIGATION  
 
Article 14: Submission of Safeguards Application for investigation:  
(1) For the purpose of a safeguard investigation, the owner of a domestic industry, o r his legal 
representative, and interested parties may submit a safeguard investigation application to the 
Authority, using a special form designed by the Authority, which shall include the following 
information:  
1- the name and address of the applicant of  investigation and producers of the domestic like or 
directly competitive products;  
2- description of the technical characteristics, uses, tariff classification and the duties applicable 
on investigated product;  
3- description of the technical characterist ics and uses of like or directly competitive products;  
4- the percentage of the like or directly competitive products;  
5- information on the volume and value of the imported product for the (3) calendar years 
preceding the request, and any data from the cu rrent year, by country of origin;  
6- a description of the increase of investigated product, whether such increase is absolute or 
relative to the volume produced by the domestic industry;  
7- information relevant to the existence of serious injury to the dom estic industry, for the  
calendar years preceding the request, and any additional data from the current year about 
domestic industry, including the following:  
- level of sales;  G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  - production and productivity;  
- capacity utilization;  
- level of profits and losses;  
- changes in prices;  
- employment; and  
- any other factors deemed relevant by the Authority;  
8- information relevant to threat of serious injury to the domestic industry, including the 
following as needed:  
- export capacity in the exporting countries;  
- inventories of  goods in Afghanistan and in the exporting countries; and  
- information regarding the probability that imports will increase further in the foreseeable 
future including, which include trade restrictions existing on exports to third country 
markets;  
9- an exp lanation of the unforeseen developments that have resulted in increased imports 
causing or threatening to cause serious injury;  
10-  specific reasons to prevent or remedy serious injury;  
11-  a plan for adjusting the domestic industry to compete with inves tigated product;  
12-  requesting a provisional measure if a critical circumstances where delay in taking action 
would cause damage to the industry which it would be difficult to repair; and request for increase 
of tariff rate as a provisional measure.  
13-  request for increase of tariff rate as a provisional measure.  
(2) The applicant provided in Paragraph (1) of this Article may withdraw the application prior to 
initiation of investigation.  
 
Article 15: Determination on Initiation of Safeguard Investigatio n 
(1) The Authority, after receiving the application mentioned in Article 14 of this Law, shall 
decide whether to initiate the safeguard investigation or not.  
(2) Where an application is deficient, the Authority may request information, documents, and 
evidences from the applicant.  
(3) Where a request is rejected by the Authority, it shall notify the applicant within 10 working 
days with all justification.  
 
Article 16: Notification on Initiation of Safeguard Investigation  
(1) Where the Authority decides to i nitiate the investigation, it shall notify the WTO safeguards 
Committee within (2) working days and exporting countries within (5) working days and inform 
interested parties through prominent widely circulated media.  
(2) The notice mentioned in Paragraph ( 1) of this Article, shall include the following information:  
1- the name of the applicant, known producers of like or directly competitive  
products;  
2- a description of the technical characteristics of the investigated product, its uses, tariff 
classifica tion and the applicable duties on it;  
3- a description of the domestic like or directly competitive products, its technical 
characteristics and uses;  
4- information on the increase in imports of the investigated product which causes serious 
injury  or threa ten to cause serious injury to the domestic industries;  
5- Information on the unforeseen developments that led to the increase in imports of the 
investigated product, or to the change in the conditions under which importation of the 
investigated product oc curred;  
6- a summary of the effect of relevant obligations incurred by Afghanistan under the 
GATT  1994;  
7- the name, address and telephone number of contact person at the Authority; and  
8- the date of the initiation of a safeguard investigation.  
(3) Where  the interested parties want to participate in the investigation, they must inform the 
Authority in writing within (10) working days.  
 
Article 17: Duration of the Safeguard Investigation  
The Authority shall complete the investigation within (6) months from  the date of initiation of the 
investigation. In exceptional circumstances, this time limit may be extended by a further 
(2) months.  
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  Article 18: Information Request  
(1) The Authority may request the information related to investigation from the participat ing 
interested parties in the investigation, customs agents, auditing companies, freight forwarders and 
other government and non -government organizations.  
(2) The persons mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article shall provide the requested 
information wi thin (10) working days.  
(3) In addition to the information mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article, the Authority may 
conduct a field investigation to obtain more detailed information and shall promptly provide its 
report to relevant references except i f there was any confidential information.  
(4) Where the persons or organization mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article, have not 
submitted the relevant information within (10) working days, or created any barrier to the 
investigation, the Authority may  make provisional or final determinations on the basis of the 
reliable information available.  
 
Article 19: Holding of Hearings Sessions:  
(1) The Authority shall hold a hearing session upon request of a participating interested party in 
the investigation. T his hearing shall be open to the public.  
(2) The participating interested party in the investigation shall submit in writing its evidence and 
arguments regarding the application of safeguard measures, taking into account the national 
interest, including re sponses to the written and verbal comments by the other interested parties.  
(3) The method of holding hearing sessions, the submission of written arguments and its 
duration shall be defined in the related procedure.  
 
Article 20: Maintenance of Documents an d Access Thereto  
(1) The Authority shall maintain the following documents by establishing a regular system:  
1- the request for the initiation of an safeguard investigation;  
2- written determinations and public notices relating to the safeguard investigati on;  
3- responses provided to questionnaires;  
4- written arguments and documents submitted by interested parties;  
5-  information developed or obtained by the Authority including any verification report;  
6- the record of any hearing conducted; and  
7-  any other document the Authority considers appropriate for public disclosure.  
(2) Any person may have access to the documents mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article 
during working hours at time designated by the Authority, free of charge, and may obtain a copy 
of documents against a fee. Confidential documents are exempted from this provision.  
 
CHAPTER V: APPLICATION OF PROVISIONAL AND DEFINITIVE SAFEGUARD MEASURES  
 
Article 21: Application of a Provisional Safeguard Measure  
(1) The Board may apply a provisi onal safeguard measure in the following cases:  
1- in circumstances that delay in taking action would cause damage which would be difficult to 
repair; and  
2- in circumstances that clear evidence shows that increase of the investigated product have 
caused or  are threatening to cause serious injury.  
(2) In the circumstances mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article a provisional safeguard 
measure shall be applied in the form of a tariff increase.  
(3) The duration of a provisional safeguard measure is (6) mont hs and (20) days and may be 
suspended before its date of expiration by a decision of the authority.  
 
Article 22: Publication of Provisional Safeguard Decision  
(1) After a provisional safeguard decision has been taken in a safeguard investigation, the 
Autho rity shall within (5) working days publish a notice in prominent widely circulated media, 
which shall include the following information:  
1- the names of the applicant and other producers of the domestic like or directly competitive 
products;  
2- a descripti on of the technical characteristics the investigated product, its uses, tariff 
classification and the duties applicable;  
3- a description of the domestic like or directly competitive products, their technical 
characteristics and uses; and  
4-  a summary of the Board’s findings.  
(2) The Authority shall publish a separate report on the Authority’s website, explaining the 
findings from safeguard investigation and its consistency with this law.  G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  (3) After a decision has been taken to apply a provisional safeguard  measure, and before the 
measure takes effect, the Authority shall immediately notify the WTO Safeguards Committee for 
consultation in accordance to the requirements of the WTO Safeguards Committee.  
 
Article 23: Guarantee and Refund of Provisional Safeguar d Measure  
(1) The Customs General Directorate shall be responsible to collect any provisional safeguard 
guarantees and deposit it in bank. The provisional safeguard duty may take the form of cash or a 
guarantee, including moveable or immovable properties o r sureties.  
(2) Any provisional safeguard measure shall be refunded, if the subsequent safeguard 
investigation results in a determination that increase of investigated product has not caused or 
threatened to cause serious injury to the domestic industry.  
 
Article 24: Determination on Serious Injury or Threat of Serious Injury  
(1) The Authority shall decide, taking into account the provisions of Articles 12 and 13 of this 
Law and obtained evidences and data, whether information shows an increase of the inves tigated 
product that caused or threatened to cause serious injury to the domestic industry.  
(2) The Authority shall immediately notify the WTO Safeguards Committee if it is determined 
that the increased imports of the investigated products have caused or t hreaten to cause serious 
injury to the domestic industry. Such notification shall conform to the requirements established by 
the Committee.  
 
Article 25: Application of Definitive Safeguard Measure  
The authority may apply a definitive safeguard measure on t he investigated product only if it has 
determined that, the increase of investigated product, as a result of unforeseen developments, 
cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the domestic industry, taking into account national 
interests..  
The duration and level of any such measure shall be no more than is necessary to prevent or 
remedy serious injury and to facilitate adjustment of the domestic industry.  
 
Article 26: Forms of Definitive Safeguard Measure  
(1) A definitive safeguard measure per circumstan ce, may take one of the following forms:  
1-  a tariff increase;  
2-  a tariff quota;  
3-  a quota.  
(2) The Customs General Directorate shall be responsible for the application of a definitive 
safeguard measure mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this Article.  
 
Article 27: Publication of Final Safeguard Decision  
(1) After a final decision has been taken in a safeguard investigation, the Authority shall within 
5 working days publish a notice regarding the application of a final safeguard measure in 
prominent widely  circulated media. The notice shall include the following information:  
1- the names of the applicant and other producers of the domestic like or directly competitive 
products;  
2- a description of the technical characteristics the investigated product, its uses, tariff 
classification and the duties applicable;  
3-  a description of the domestic like or directly competitive products, their technical 
characteristics and uses; and  
4- a summary of the Board’s findings.  
(2) The Authority shall publish a separate r eport on the Authority’s website, explaining their 
findings on the final investigation and its consistency with this law.  
 
Article 28: Notify the WTO’s Safeguards Committee  
(1) The Authority shall notify the WTO Safeguards Committee before a definitive saf eguard 
measure takes effect, which includes the following:  
1- the precise description of the investigated product;  
2- the form, level and duration and date of the proposed safeguard measures;  
3-  the proposed timetable for its progressive liberalization; and 
4-  information about the evidence of serious injury or threat thereof caused by increased 
investigated product.  
(2) Before a definitive safeguard measure is applied, the Authority shall send information 
mentioned in Paragraph (1) of this article and p rovide sufficient time to the exporting  countries 
which have a substantial interest in the investigated product, to provide to comments on.  G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  (3) The Authority shall notify the Council for Trade in Goods of the WTO immediately, through 
the Safeguards Committ ee, of the results of the consultations.  
 
Article 29: Application of Definitive Safeguard Measure on Developing Countries  
(1) Where the overall volume of the investigated product originating from a single developing 
Member country to Afghanistan constitute s less than (3) per cent of total imports of that product, 
a definitive safeguard measure shall not apply on that product. However, if imports of the 
investigated product from different developing countries each representing less than (3) per cent 
collecti vely account for more than (9) per cent, a definitive safeguard measure shall apply.  
(2) The Authority shall notify the non -application of a definitive safeguard measure to imports 
originating in a developing country WTO Member to the Safeguards Committee.  
 
Article 30: Quotas as Definitive Safeguard Measures  
(1) The Board may apply a definitive safeguard measure in the form of a quota on imports of 
the investigated product, but such measure shall not reduce the quantity of the investigated 
product below the  average level registered in the most recent (3) representative years for which 
statistics are available, unless clear justification is given that a different level is necessary to 
prevent or remedy serious injury.  
(2) In cases in which a quota is allocate d among supplying countries, the Authority may seek 
agreement with all supplying Members having a substantial interest in supplying the product 
concerned.  
(3) In cases where Paragraph (2) of this Article is not reasonably practicable, the Authority shall 
allocate to Members having a substantial interest in supplying the product shares based upon the 
proportions supplied by such Members during a previous representative period, of the total 
quantity or value of imports of the product, due account being taken of any special factors which 
may have affected or may be affecting the trade in the product.  
(4) The Authority may allocate the quota among supplying countries on a different basis from 
that indicated in Paragraphs (2) and (3) of this Article, provided tha t consultations have been held 
with supplying WTO Members under the auspices of the Safeguards Committee by providing the 
following justification that:  
1-  imports from certain countries have increased in disproportionate percentage in relation to 
the tota l increase in imports of the investigated product during the representative period;  
2-  the reasons for the implementation of the provisions in Paragraph (3) of this Article are 
available;  
3-  the conditions of implementation are equitable to all suppliers  of the product concerned;  
4-  the implementation of this Paragraph shall only be permitted in the case of a finding of 
serious injury; and  
5-  the duration of any such measure shall not exceed 4 years  
 
Article 31: Notification for Termination of Investiga tion without Application of Safeguard 
Measures  
If at any point during an investigation, the Authority terminates the investigation with no definitive 
safeguard measure applied in such case, it shall immediately notify the Safeguards Committee.  
 
Article 32:  Duration of Application of a Definitive Safeguard Measure  
(1) A definitive safeguard measure shall be applied for an initial period of no more than (4) 
years, including the period of application of any provisional measure, unless it is extended as 
provide d for in Article 35.  
(2) The total duration of a definitive safeguard measure, including the period of application of 
any provisional measure, shall not exceed (10) ten years.  
 
Article 33: Progressive Liberalization of a Definitive Safeguard Measure  
A defi nitive safeguard measure imposed for a period exceeding one year shall be liberalized 
progressively over the period of its application. If the duration of a definitive safeguard measure 
exceeds (3) years, the Authority shall assess the situation not later than the mid -term of the 
measure and, if appropriate, withdraw it or increase the pace of liberalization.  
 
Article 34: Review of a Definitive Safeguard Measure  
(1) If the duration of a definitive safeguard measure, including the period of application of an y 
provisional measure, exceeds (3) years, the Authority shall examine the situation, through a 
review conducted in accordance with the provisions set forth in Articles 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 
26, 27 and 28 of this Law, mutatis mutandis, including a rev iew of the effects of the definitive G/SG/N/1/AFG/1  
 
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  safeguard measure on the domestic industry concerned, and the Authority shall decide to maintain 
or withdraw the definitive safeguard measure or to increase the pace of its liberalization.  
(2) The Authority shall notify  the results of the review, including the withdrawal or any 
modification of the definitive safeguard measure, to the WTO Council for Trade in Goods through 
the Safeguards Committee, and shall publish it in prominent widely circulated media.  
 
Article 35: Ex tension of a Definitive Safeguard Measure  
(1) The Authority may extend a definitive safeguard measure, taking into account Paragraph  
of Article 32 of this law.  
(2) A definitive safeguard measure based on a written request by the owner of the domestic 
indus tries, or his legal representative may only be extended in the event that a review set forth in 
Paragraph (1) of Article 34 proves that there is a continuing need to for the application of the 
definitive safeguard measure to prevent or remedy serious injur y, and evidence shows that the 
industry is carrying out its adjustment plan.  
(3) An extended definitive safeguard measure shall not be more restrictive than the measures of 
previous period and the measure shall continue to be progressively liberalized.  
 
CHAPTER VI: FINAL PROVISIONS  
 
Article 36: Penalties  
Persons who infringe the provisions of this Law shall be penalized in accordance to the law.  
 
Article 37: Deposit of fees into the Bank  
The general directorate of custom of the ministry of finance shall dep osit any fees obtained under 
this Law into the Government import account.  
 
Article 38: Development of Regulation and procedures  
The Ministry of Commerce and Industries for the better implementation of the provisions of this 
Law may propose regulations and develop rules and procedures.  
 
Article 39: Entry into Force  
This Law shall come into force (6) months following its publication in the Official Gazette.  
 
 
 
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