WT/REG378/1  
12 October  2017 
(17-4736) Page: 1/23 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
 FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT  BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE REPUB LIC OF MOLDOVA  
(GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement between 
Turkey and the Republic of Moldova , has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its 
own responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual presentation 
reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the 
comments provided and does not imply official endorsement o r acceptance by the 
Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance with the 
rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for 
Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgement 
by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Jo-Ann Crawford  
(tel: +41 22 739 5422). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to Rowena  Cabos (tel: +41 22 739 5185). 
 
 WT/REG378/1  
 
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TABLE O F CONTENTS  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 3 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ......................  5 
2.1   Background Information  ................................ ................................ ...............................  5 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ .............  6 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ ...................  6 
3.1.1    General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 6 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and tari ff lines  ................................ ................................ ..........  6 
3.1.3    Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ..............................  7 
3.1.4    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....10 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 10 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ .................. 11 
3.4   Regulatory Provision s of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ........ 12 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 12 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ ......12 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ..................... 12 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ............................ 12 
3.4.2.1    Agricultural Safe guards  ................................ ................................ .......................... 12 
3.4.2.2    Structural Adjustment  ................................ ................................ ........................... 12 
3.4.2.3    Balance of Payments Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ............. 13 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ................................ .13 
3.4.4    Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ............................ 13 
4   GENERAL PROV ISIONS OF THE AGREEM ENT ................................ .............................  13 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 13 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....13 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 13 
4.4   Accession and Withdrawal ................................ ................................ ............................ 13 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ............................... 13 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....14 
4.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ........... 14 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 15 
4.9   Intellectual Property Rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 15 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  16 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  21 
 WT/REG378/1  
 
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Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Turkey and the Republic of Moldova  
 
Date of Signature:   11 September 2014  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  1 November 2016  
 
Date of  Notification:   13 December 2016  
 
Full implementation:   01.11.2020  
 
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  Turkey  has notified a total of 22 RTAs to the WTO and  the Republic of Moldova (hereafter 
"Moldova") has notified seven.1  
1.2.  In 201 5 Turkey's  GDP was estimated at US$718.2 billion , while that of Moldova was 
US$6.6 billion . Averaged over the period 201 3-2015, the Parties trade (goods and services) to 
GDP ratio was 29.2 for Turkey  and 54.5 for Moldova .2 
1.3.  In 201 5, Turkey' s merchandise exports amounted to US$143.9  billion  (0.87% of global 
exports)  and imports amounted to  US$207.2  billion  (1.24% of global imports). In the same year, 
Moldova's  merchandise exports amounted to US$1.97 billion (0.01 % of global exports) and 
imports to US$3.99 billion  (0.02% of global imports). For bo th Parties, manufactured products 
represented the main commodity group traded ( 75.4% and 65.4% respectively of Turkey 's exports 
and imports; and 51.1% and 64.1% respectively of Moldova's  exports and imports).  
1.4.  Chart 1.1 summarizes the trends in global and b ilateral trade of the Parties. Since 200 0 both 
Parties have  experienced growing trade deficit s with the world. Trade increased  significantly over 
the period until the 2008 -2009 financial and economic cris es, but has since recovered. Since 201 4, 
imports and  exports have dropped in both countries  but in 2016 Moldova's global trade saw a 
modest increase . In relation to trade between the Parties, (though there is some discrepancy 
between the figures), Turkey has run a trade surplus with Moldova in most years.  
1.5.  Based on 201 6 trade data, Moldova  was Turkey 's 53rd source of imports (representing 
0.07% of Turkey 's total imports) and its 53rd destination for exports (representing 0.18% of 
Turkey' s total exports). Turkey  was Moldova's  5th source of imports and 4th destination  of exports 
(representing 6.8% and 3.0% of Moldova's  total imports and exports).  
                                                
1 WTO RTA Database.  
2 Source: WTO Trade Profiles (consulted March 2017).  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Chart 1.1 Turkey -Moldova:  Merchandise bilateral trade and with world, 200 0-2016 
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0
0123456
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016B. Moldova 2000 -2016
(US$ billions)
Imports from Turkey (Right Axis)
Exports to Turkey (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
050100150200250300
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016A. Turkey 2000 -2016 
(US$ billions)
Imports from Moldova (Right Axis)
Exports to Moldova (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade database.  
1.6.  The com modity structure of trade between Turkey and Moldova , as well as of their global 
trade in the period 201 3-2015, is shown in Chart 1.2 on the basis of Harmonized System (HS) 
sections. Vegetables  accounted for 74.1%  of Turkey's  imports from Moldova, followed  by base 
metals (8.7%) . Turkey's  largest import categories globally are minerals , machinery and base 
metals (respectively 21.8%, 19.6% and 12.5%).  Moldova's imports from Turkey were made up 
mostly of textiles, chemicals and vegetables (representing respect ively 25.2%, 13.5% and 13.4% 
of Moldov a's imports from Turkey ). Moldov a's largest imports globally were machinery , minerals 
and chemicals (respectively 15.4%, 13.2 % and 11.8%). WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Chart 1.2 Turkey and Moldova:  product composition of merchandise trade, annual 
average (2013 -2015)  
74974321Turkey's imports from Moldova (%)
22
20
139875422225Turkey's Global Imports (%)
23
16
1414753322227Moldova's Global Exports (%)
25
14
131211104326Moldova's imports from Turkey (%)
15
13
12
7
7666433222210Moldova's Global Imports(%)
18
15
13
13665554326Turkey's Global Exports(%)Total: US$ 242 million Total: US$ 234 billion
Total: US$ 4.9 billionTotal: US$ 151 billionTotal:  US$ 2.2 billion
Total: US$ 322 million
Animal or vegetable 
fats and oilsVegetablesLive animals
ChemicalsMineralsPrepared 
foods
Wood pulpWood and articles of 
woodPlastics
Precious stonesArticles of stone, 
plaster, cementTextiles
VehiclesMachineryBase 
metals
OtherMiscellaneousOptical
 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background Information  
2.1.  The Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Moldova  was signed on 11 September 20 14 
and en tered into force on 1 November 20 16. The Agreement was notified by the Parties to the 
WTO on 13 December 2016  under Article XXIV:7(a) of GATT 1994 in document WT/REG 378/N/1.   
2.2.  The text of the Agreement is available on the WTO's RTA IS website : 
 http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=931  
2.3.  The Agreement is composed of the main text (3 6 Articles) and three  annexes , as follows:  
Box 2.1 Contents of the Agreement  
Chapter I  Initial Provisions  
Chapter II  Common Provisions  
Chapter III  Industrial Goods  
Chapter IV  Agricultural Products  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Chapter V  Institutional Provisions  
Chapter VI  Final Provisions  
  
Annex I  Protocol c oncerning the Definition of the Concept of "Originating Products" and 
Methods of Administrative Cooperation  
Annex II  Tariff liberalization – industrial goods  
Annex III  Tariff liberalization – agricultural products  
Source: Free Trade Agreement between Tu rkey and Moldova.  
 
2.4.  The Parties agree to establish a free trade area in accordance with the Agreement's 
provisions  and Article XXIV of GATT 1994 (Article 1).   
2.5.  The Parties may mutually agree to extend the Agreement with the aim o f broadening and 
supplementin g its scope in accordance with their respective legislation, by concluding agreements 
on specific sectors or activities in the light of the experience gained during its implementation 
(Article 32). The Parties have indicated that they have established a Jo int Working Group in order 
to perform a preliminary study to extend the coverage of the FTA to trade in services.  
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.2   Liberalization of trade and tariff l ines  
3.1.  Trade liberalization covers Chapters 1 -97 of the Harmonized System (HS). For industrial 
goods Turkey agrees to eliminate customs duties on goods originating in Moldova upon the entry 
into force of the Agreement  (Article 23) . Moldova agrees to progres sively eliminate duties on 
industrial products in accordance with the timetable outlined in Annex II.  In addition,  Moldova 
agrees to accord treatment no less favourable than that accorded to the same products originating 
in the EU. In case of any favourabl e change in the treatment accorded to the EU for the goods 
specified in Annex II of the Agreement, Moldova shall inform the Joint Committee with a view to 
taking a decision to apply the changes and promptly notify Turkey.  
3.2.  For both Parties, the base rates t o which reductions apply are the MFN rates in force on the 
date of entry into force of the Agreement. If after the date of entry into force of the Agreement 
any tariff reduction is applied by the Parties on an MFN basis, such reduced duties shall replace t he 
base rates as from the date when such reductions are applied (Article 7).  Tariff elimination on 
industrial goods is to be completed over a period of five years.  
3.3.  In the case of agricultural products the Parties accord each other the concessions containe d 
in Annex III of the Agreement and agree to examine the possibility of granting each other further 
concessions (Article 25).  Moldova grants concessions on fish, fruits, prepared agricultural goods 
and tobacco. Turkey grants concessions on meat, dairy prod ucts, fruits, cereals, oil, prepared 
agricultural goods, wine and tobacco.  
3.4.  Neither Party may adopt or maintain any prohibition or restriction on the import of any  good 
destined for the territory of the other Party, except in accordance with GATT Article XI  and its 
interpretative notes which are incorporated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis (Article 9).  
3.5.  The Parties agree to accord national treatment to the goods of the other Party in accordance 
with GATT Article III including its interpretative notes whi ch are incorporated into the Agreement, 
mutatis mutandis (Article 10).  
3.6.  The Parties shall ensure in accordance with GATT Article VIII and its interpretative notes that 
all fees and charges of whatever character imposed on, or in connection with, importation  or 
exportation are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered and do not WT/REG378/1  
 
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  represent an indirect protection to domestic goods or taxation of imports or exports for fiscal 
purposes (Article 11).  
3.7.  The Parties shall refrain from any measure or practice of an internal fiscal nature 
establishing, whether directly or indirectly, discrimination between the products of one Party and 
like products originating in the other Party (Article 17). Products exported to the territory of the 
Parties may not  benefit from repayment of internal indirect taxation in excess of the amount of 
indirect taxation imposed on them.  
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.8.  Table 3.1 shows tariff and trade liberalization offered by Moldova  to Turkey under the 
Agreement. In 201 6, 35.3% of Moldova's  schedule was duty free on an MFN basis, corresponding 
to 29.7% of its imports from Turkey in 201 3-2015.3 Upon the entry into force of the Agreement, 
Moldova  liberalized an additional 40.3% of lines which accounted for an additional 49.7% of its 
imports from Turkey. Further tariff eliminations will take place in 201 8 and 202 0. At the end of the 
liberalization period, 78.4% of tariff lines will be liberalized. A total of 2,045  lines (21.6% of the 
tariff) corresponding to 11.4% of Moldova's  imports f rom Turkey in 201 3-2015 will remain subject 
to duties.  
Table 3.1: Moldova:  
Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  Number of 
lines  % of total 
lines in 
Moldova's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Moldova's 
imports from Turkey  
(2013 -2015)  
US$ million  % of Moldova's 
total imports from  
Turkey  
2013 -2015  
MFN (2016)  3,347  35.3 94.8 29.7 
2016 3,816  40.3 158.6  49.7 
2018 24 0.3 6.2 1.9 
2020 243 2.6 23.3 7.3 
Remain dutiable  2,045  21.6 36.5 11.4 
Total  9,475  100.0  319.5  100.0  
Note:  The tariff is  applied from 1 November to 31 October.  
 Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . 
 Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estima tes based on data from Moldovan authorities and WTO -IDB. 
 
3.9.  As shown in Table 3.2, 22.9% of Turkey's tariff lines were duty free on an MFN basis in 201 6, 
corresponding to 15% of its total imports from Moldova  in 2013-2015. Following the Agreement 's 
entry int o force, Turkey liberalized an additional 60% of lines, representing 11.7% of its imports 
from M oldova  between 201 3 and 201 5. A total of 2,8 25 lines (17. 1%) corresponding to 73.4% of 
Turkey's imports from Moldova in 2013 -2015 will remain subject to duties.  
Table 3.2: Turkey  
Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average trade   
Duty phase -out 
period  Number of 
lines  % of total 
lines in 
Turkey's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Turkey's 
impor ts from Moldova  
(2013 -2015)  
US$ million  % of Turkey's 
total imports from  
Moldova  
2013 -2015  
MFN (2016)  3,777  22.9 36.2 15.0 
2016 9,909  60.0 28.2 11.7 
Remain dutiable  2,825  17.1 177.3  73.4 
Total  16,511  100.0  241.6  100.0  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . 
 Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Turkish authorities.  
                                                
3 Of the 9,475  tariff lines in Moldova's  schedule, 9,018  (95.2%) are subject to ad valorem  duties , 209 to 
specific duties, 183 to compound duties, 64 to other duties and one line has no rate.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  3.10.   Table 3.3 shows Moldova's  tariff liberalization by HS section. The lines not subject to 
liberalization by the end of the transition period in 2020  are agricultural products falling in 
HS Sections I to IV  with average tariffs on dutiable lines ranging from  12.2% to 14.2% . 
Table 3.3 Moldova: Tariff elimination under the  Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  MFN duty -
free lines  
2016  Number of additional 
duty-free lines under the 
Agreement  Remain 
dutiable  Avg. Final 
Tariff  
(Dutiable)  2016  2018  2020  
I 8.7 930 348 7   575 13.9 
II 11.0 588 56 15   517 12.2 
III 12.5 128 8 8   112 13.2 
IV 13.8 875 8 26   841 14.2 
V 1.6 243 177 64  2   
VI 3.7 1,153  362 791     
VII 5.2 301 40 230 20 11   
VIII 9.3 130  130     
IX 1.2 211 177 34     
X 6.0 196 38 158     
XI 7.2 1,165  250 741 4 170   
XII 12.3 106 8 65  33   
XIII 8.3 238 17 216  5   
XIV 5.3 56 17 39     
XV 0.9 954 853 101     
XVI 3.7 1,373  669 704     
XVII 2.9 265 123 142     
XVIII 4.1 322 150 172     
XIX 10.0 22  22     
XX 7.1 212 44 146  22   
XXI 7.1 7 2 5     
Total  6.0 9,475  3,347 3,816  24 243 2,045  13.5 
Note:  The tariff is applied  from 1 November to 31 October.  
 Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alterna te rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Moldovan authorities and WTO -IDB. 
3.11.   Chart 3.1 presents a disaggregated view of Moldova's  tariff liberalization by HS Chapter. For 
imports from Turkey , tariffs will continue to apply in 24 HS Chapters with preferential duties 
ranging from 7.5% to 16.9%. The preferential rate is the same as the MFN rate in all Chapters 
indicating that no liberalization of tariffs on these lines has been made.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Chart 3.1 Moldova: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.016.018.0
123456789101112131415161718192021222324Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterPreferential MFN
 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature  
Source : WTO estimates based on data provided by Moldovan authorities and WTO -IDB. 
 
3.12.   Table 3.4 shows Turkey's tariff liberalization by HS section. No agricultural products in 
HS Sections I -IV are liberalized leaving 2,825 lines subject to duties. The corresponding  average 
tariffs range from 26.9% in Section III to 82.4% for Section I.  
Table 3.4 Turkey: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of 
lines  MFN duty -
free lines  
2016  Number of additional 
duty-free lines under 
the Agreement  
2016  Remain 
dutiable  Avg. Final 
Tariff  
(Dutiable)  
I 74.6 1,033  98  935 82.4 
II 28.8 795 97  698 32.8 
III 22.6 209 34  175 26.9 
IV 47.4 1,091  74  1,017  50.9 
V 1.1 371 218 153   
VI 4.7 3,039  608 2,431    
VII 4.2 494 115 379   
VIII 3.1 202 55 147   
IX 2.0 321 170 151   
X 0.0 428 428    
XI 7.9 2,321  91 2,230    
XII 7.3 153 3 150   
XIII 4.0 446 48 398   
XIV 1.1 97 66 31   
XV 5.0 1,802  632 1,170    
XVI 2.0 2,335  708 1,627    
XVII 5.2 440 53 387   
XVIII 2.2 555 192 363   
XIX 2.3 27 4 23   
XX 2.7 338 69 269   
XXI 0.0 14 14    
Total  12.9 16,511  3,777  9,909  2,825  55.4 
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Turkish authorities.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  3.13.   For Turkey, the preferential rate in all 24 HS Chapters is the same as the MFN rate, 
indicating no liberalization of tariffs (Chart 3.2).  The average tariffs range from 7.2% to 125.4%.  
Chart 3.2 Turkey: Average of dutiable rates, by HS Chapter  
020406080100120140
1234567891011121315161718192021222324Average Duty Rate (%)
HS ChapterPreferential MFN
 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rat es are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included.  
 Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data provided by Turkish authorities.  
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.14.   The Parties apply a number of tariff rate quotas on raw an d processed agricultural products 
on their mutual trade. Details are contained in Annex II.  
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.15.   The rules of origin applicable between the Parties to goods covered under the Agreement 
and related methods of administrative cooperation are set ou t in Annex I of the Agreement 
(Article  16). Annex I of the Agreement on rules of origin shall be applied temporarily and shall be 
replaced by the rules of origin in the preferential trade arrangement and its related annexes 
between Moldova and the EU. In c ase these rules of origin are to be amended, the Joint 
Committee shall initiate the procedure of amending them.  The Parties have indicated that a t the 
first meeting of the Joint Committee held in Ankara in December 2016, the y adopted and signed 
Joint Commi ttee Decision 2/2016 , replacing Annex I of the FTA concerning the definition of the 
concept of "originating products " and methods of administrative cooperation  with the Regional 
Convention on pan -Mediterranean preferential rules of origin . The approval pro cess for  this 
Decision has been completed by Turkey and is in the final stage  for Moldo va. The Decision will 
enter into force on the first day of the second month following a receipt of the latter 's diplomatic 
note confirming th at the internal legal requi rements for the entry into force of the amendments 
have been fulfilled  (1 October 2017) . 
3.16.   Annex I contains a Protocol with seven  Titles and four Annexes. A good is considered as 
originating (Article  2 of Title II) when it (a) is wholly obtained within the m eaning of Article 5 of 
Annex I4; or (b) produced in a Party incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained 
                                                
4 The definition of "vessels" and "factory ships" in Article 5 applies only to vessels and factory ships: 
which are registered and sail under the flag of the Parties; which are at least 50% owned by nationals of the 
Parties or by a company with its head off ice in the Parties, of which the manager(s), Chairman of the Board of 
Directors or the Supervisory Board, and the majority of the members of such boards are nationals of the 
Parties, and of which, in addition in the case of partnerships or limited companie s, at least half the capital WT/REG378/1  
 
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  there, provided that such materials have undergone sufficient working or processing within the 
meaning of Article 6 of Annex I.  
3.17.   Detaile d product -specific rules are found in Annex II to Protocol mostly at the HS  heading 
level (4 -digit), or occasionally at the HS Chapter level, depending on the product. For a number of 
products, alternate rules regarding working or processing on non -origina ting materials that confer 
originating status are provided.  
3.18.   Annex I  provides for bilateral cumulation between the Parties of products incorporating 
materials originating in the other Party, provided that the working or processing carried out in the 
Partie s goes beyond the in sufficient working or processing provisions set out in Article 7  (Article 3 
of Title II).  
3.19.   Materials originating in the EU shall be considered as materials originating in the Parties 
when further processed or incorporated into a product  obtained there.  In order for such products 
to acquire originating status, it is not necessary that the materials have undergone sufficient 
working or processing, provided that: the working of processing of the materials carried out in the 
Parties goes bey ond the operations referred to in Article 7 of the Protocol; the materials were 
originating in the EU, in application of rules of origin identical to those applicable if said materials 
were exported directly to the Parties; and the Parties and the EU have arrangements which allow 
for adequate administrative cooperation procedures ensuring full implementation of the cumulation 
mechanism as well as certification and verification of origin of the products. Such cumulation may 
be applied as long as preferential  trade agreements between Moldova, Turkey and the EU are in 
force; and notices indicating the fulfilment of the necessary requirements to apply cumulation have 
been published in the Official Journal of Moldova and Turkey, according to their domestic 
legislation (Article 4 of Title II).  The notice of fulfilment has already been made by Turkey.  
3.20.   De minimis  provisions are provided for in Article 6. Additional rules in Articles  9-11 deal with 
unit of qualification; accessories, spare parts and tools; sets; and n eutral elements. Article 1 3 
(Direct Transport) allows originating goods to transit through the territory of a non -Party provided 
that they remain under the surveillance of the customs authorities in the country of transit or 
warehousing and do not undergo operations other than unloading, reloading or any operation 
designed to preserve them in good condition.  
3.21.   Preferential treatment may be claimed on importation into the other Party on the basis of a 
movement certificate EUR.1, or an invoice declaration whic h describes the products in sufficient 
detail to enable them to be identified (the text of the invoice declaration appears in Annex IV). A 
movement certificate EUR.1 shall be issued by the customs authorities of the exporting country on 
application in writ ing by the exporter, or under the exporter's responsibility, by his authorized 
representative. The issuing customs authorities have the right to call for any evidence and to carry 
out inspection of the exporter's accounts or any other check considered appr opriate. Title V I of 
Annex I contains arrangements for administrative cooperation including mutual assistance, 
verification of proof of origin, dispute settlement, penalties, and free zones.  
3.22.   As regulated in Article 15 of Annex I of the FTA, when imported third-country materials that 
are subject to customs duties are used in the manufacture of an exported product within the 
framework of Inward Pr ocessing Regime, the duties applicable to these materials shall not be 
subject to drawback of, or exemption from,  customs duties of whatever kind.  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.23.   Customs duties on exports and charges having equivalent effect were abolished upon the 
entry into force of the Agreement, nor may any new customs duties on exports b e introduced in 
trade between the Parties (Article 8). Neither Party may adopt or maintain any prohibition or 
restriction on the export , or sale for export , of any good destined for the territory of the other 
Party, except in accordance with GATT Article X I and its interpretative notes which are 
incorporated into the Agreement, mutatis mutandis (Article 9).  
                                                                                                                                                  
belongs to the Parties or to public bodies or nationals of the Parties; of which the master and officers are 
nationals of the Parties; and of which at least 75% of the crew are nationals of the Parties.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  3.24.   Article 21 of the Agreement deals with re -export towards third countries and serious 
shortage of a product essential to the exporting Party and provides  the possibility for a Party to 
take appropriate measures if re -exports give rise to major difficulties.  
3.4  Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.25.   The Parties affirm their rights and obligations under the WTO SPS Agreement and agree not 
to apply their regulations in SPS matters as an arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a 
disguised restriction on trade between them (Article 12).  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.26.   The Parties confirm their rights and obligations wi th respect to each other under the WTO 
TBT Agreement and agree to cooperate and exchange information within the Joint Committee in 
the fields of technical regulations, standards, metrology, and conformity assessment procedures, 
with the aim of eliminating technical barriers to trade (Article 13). They agree to enter where 
appropriate into negotiations for mutual recognition in the field of conformity assessment, with the 
consideration of international rights and obligations of both Parties.  
3.4.2   Safeguard mechan isms  
3.27.   The Parties retain their rights and obligations to apply safeguard measures consistent with 
GATT Article XIX and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards (Article 19). The Agreement does not 
confer any additional rights or obligations on the Parties with regar d to the application of 
safeguard measures.  
3.4.2.1   Agricultural Safeguards  
3.28.   In the event that imports of products originating in one of the Parties subject to concessions 
in the Agreement cause serious disturbance to the market or domestic regulatory mechanisms in  
the other Party, both Parties shall enter into consultations to find an appropriate solution. Pending 
such solution, the Party concerned may take appropriate measures in accordance with the 
provisions of the GATT and other WTO Agreements (Article 26).  
3.4.2.2   Structural Adjustment  
3.29.   The Parties may take exceptional measures of limited duration in the form of increased 
customs duties for the  protection of infant industries, or certain sectors undergoing restructuring 
or facing serious difficulties, particularly where  these difficulties produce important social problems 
(Article 18).  Customs duties introduced by these measures may not exceed 25% ad valorem  and 
shall maintain an element of preference for products originating in the other Party. The total value 
of import s of the products subject to such measures may not exceed 15% of total imports of 
industrial products during the last year for which statistics are available. These measures shall be 
applied for a period not exceeding five years unless a longer duration is  authorized by the Joint 
Committee and shall cease to apply at the latest on the expiry of the transition period. No such 
measures can be introduced in respect of a product if more than three years have elapsed since 
the elimination of all duties and quant itative restrictions or charges or measures having an 
equivalent effect concerning that product.  
3.30.   The Parties shall inform the Joint Committee of any exceptional measures they intend to 
take and, at the request of either Party, consultations shall be held i n the Joint Committee before 
they are applied. When taking such measures the Parties shall provide the Joint Committee with a 
schedule for the elimination of the customs duties introduced. This schedule shall provide for a 
phasing out of duties starting at  the latest two years after their introduction, at equal rates. The 
Joint Committee may decide on a different schedule.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  3.4.2.3   Balance of Payments Exceptions  
3.31.   The Parties may impose measure s for balance of payments purposes in accordance with 
their rights and obli gations under GATT 1994 (Article 30). They agree to promptly consult with 
each other and shall endeavour to avoid the application of restricti ve measures. Any restrictive 
measure adopted or maintained shall be non -discriminatory.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and counterva iling measures  
3.32.   The rights and obligations of the Parties with respect to anti -dumping and countervailing 
measures are governed by GATT Article VI, the WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of 
the GATT 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Cou ntervailing Measures (Article 20). 
The Agreement does not confer any additional rights or obligations on the Parties with regard to 
the application of anti -dumping and countervailing measures.  
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid 
3.33.   The Agreement contains no provisions on  subsidies and state -aid. 
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  There are no provisions specifically addressing transparency in the Agreement.  
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  The Agreement contains no provisions on current payments and ca pital movements.  
4.3  Exceptions  
4.3.  The Parties agree that nothing in the Agreement shall prevent them from taking actions and 
adopting measures consistent with GATT Articles XX and XXI (Article 29).  
4.4  Accession and Withdrawal  
4.4.  In case of accession of one of the Part ies to the EU, the Agreement shall be terminated on 
the date of the accession to the EU (Article 36).  
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.5.  The Parties agree to establish a Joint Committee responsible for the administration of the 
Agreement and to ensure the efficient i mplementation of its provisions (Article 27).  It shall meet 
whenever necessary upon request, but normally at least once a year. The functions of the Joint 
Committee include reviewing the general functioning of the Agreement; setting up sub -committees 
as ne cessary to assist it in accomplishing its tasks, and supervising the work of sub -committees; 
reviewing, considering and, as appropriate, deciding on specific matters related to the operation 
and implementation of the Agreement, including matters reported b y sub -committees; facilitating  
the avoidance and settlement of disputes arising under the Agreement; as appropriate, issuing 
interpretations of the Agreement; reviewing the possibility of further removal of the obstacles to 
trade between the Parties and th e further development of the trade relationship; and exploring 
ways to enhance trade between the Parties and to further the objectives of the Agreement 
(Article  28). According to the Parties t he first meeting of the Joint Committee was held in Ankara 
on 14  December 2016. In that meeting the Parties adopted and signed Joint Committee Decision 
1/2016 on Rules of Procedures which shall govern the operation of the Joint Committee 
established under the Agreement  and Decision 2/2016 replacing Annex I of the FTA c oncerning the 
definition of the concept of "originating products" and methods of administrative cooperation .  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.6.  The Parties may request consultations within the Joint Committee with respect to a measure 
or any other matter relating to the interpretation and implementation of the Agreement 
(Article  31). A Party requesting consultations shall deliver written notification to the other Party 
and provide sufficient information to enable an examination of the matter. The Joint Committee 
shall con vene within 30 calendar days after the date of receipt of the request. Upon initiation of 
consultations, the Parties shall provide information to enable the examination of how the measure 
or any other matter might affect the interpretation and implementati on of the Agreement, and give 
confidential treatment to the information exchanged during consultations.  
4.7.  The Joint Committee shall endeavour to resolve the dispute promptly by means of a decision 
and, if the Parties agree , may make recommendations regardin g the implementing measures to be 
taken by the Party concerned, and the time -frame for doing so. The Joint Committee may call on 
technical advisers or create working groups or expert groups as it deems necessary, or as may 
assist the Parties to reach a mut ually satisfactory resolution of the dispute.  If the dispute cannot 
be resolved within a reasonable period of time during the consultations, the Joint Committee may 
agree to establish an arbitration panel. Numbers of arbitrators, selection procedures of th e 
arbitrators, proceedings of the Arbitration Panel and the time -frame that the Arbitration Panel has 
to submit its report shall be established by the Joint Committee.  
4.8.  If a Party considers that the other Party has failed to fulfil an obligation under the 
Agreement, and the Joint Committee has failed to arrive at a commonly acceptable solution within 
90 calendar days from the receipt of notification, the Party concerned may take appropriate 
measures which are to be notified immediately to the Joint Committee  which shall hold regular 
consultations with a view to eliminating the measures. The measures shall be abolished when 
conditions no longer justify their maintenance or if the dispute is submitted to the Arbitration 
Panel.  
4.9.  In case the Parties fail to resolv e a dispute within the Joint Committee they can proceed in 
conformity with the procedures set forth in the WTO Understanding on Rules and Procedures 
Governing the Settlement of Disputes.  
4.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
4.10.   The Parti es affirm their rights and obligations with respect to each other in accordance with 
the WTO Agreement, including GATT 1994, and its successor agreements and other multilateral 
agreements to which the Parties are party (Article 3). The Parties preserve the  right to maintain or 
establish customs unions, free trade areas or other arrangements with third countries (Article 4).  
4.11.   Table 4.1 sets out other regional trade agreements to which the Parties are party.  
Table 4.1 Turkey and the Republic of Moldova: Participation in other RTAs (notified and 
non-notified in force), as of 3 July 2017  
RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
Turkey  
Turkey - Malaysia  01-Aug-15 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Mauritius  01-Jun-13 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Republic of Korea - Turkey  01-May-13 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Jordan  01-Mar-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Chile 01-Mar-11 Goods  2011 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Serbia 01-Sep-10 Goods  2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Montenegro  01-Mar-10 Goods  2010 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Georgia  01-Nov-08 Goods  2009 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Albania  01-May-08 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Egypt - Turkey  01-Mar-07 Goods  2007 Enabling Cla use 
Turkey - Syria 01-Jan-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Morocco  01-Jan-06 Goods  2006 GATT Art. XXIV  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  RTA Name  Date of entry 
into force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
Turkey - Tunisia  01-Jul-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Palestinian Authority  01-Jun-05 Goods  2005 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Bosnia and Her zegovina  01-Jul-03 Goods  2003 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Former Yugoslav Republic of 
Macedonia  01-Sep-00 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Turkey - Israel  01-May-97 Goods  1998 GATT Art. XXIV  
EU - Turkey  01-Jan-96 Goods  1995 GATT Art. XXIV  
EFTA - Turkey  01-Apr-92 Goods  1992 GATT Art. XXIV  
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)  17-Feb-92 Goods  1992 Enabling Clause  
Protocol on Trade Negotiations (PTN)  11-Feb-73 Goods  1971 Enabling Clause  
Turkey - Iran 01-Jan-15 Goods  Not notified  
Republic of Moldova  
EU - Republ ic of Moldova  01-Sep-14 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area between 
members of the Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)  20-Sep-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Central European Free Trade Agreement 
(CEFTA) 2006  01-May-07 Goods  2007 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine - Republic of Moldova  19-May-05 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Kyrgyz Republic - Republic of Moldova  21-Nov-96 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Republic of Moldova  21-Dec-95 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
GUAM (Geor gia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, 
Republic of Moldova)  10-Dec-03 Goods  2017 GATT Art. XXIV  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
4.8  Government procurement  
4.12.   The Parties grant each other's suppliers access to contract award procedures treatment no 
less favourable than that accorde d to suppliers of any other country (Article 14).  
4.9  Intellectual Property Rights  
4.13.   The Parties affirm their existing rights and obligations with respect to each other under the 
WTO TRIPS Agreement and any other multilateral IPR agreements to which both Parties  are bound 
(Article 15). They shall ensure adequate, effective and non -discriminatory protection of IPR, 
including measures for the enforcement of such rights against infringement thereof, counterfeiting 
and piracy, in accordance with the provisions of Agr eement and the TRIPS Agreement and any 
other multilateral IPR agreements to which both Parties are bound. The Parties shall cooperate on 
IPR matters, and each of them shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent the 
commercial use of the  other Party's country name, where such use is likely to mislead consumers 
with regard to the geographical origin of the good.  WT/REG378/1  
 
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  ANNEX 1  
1. A comparison between the scheduled elimination of tariffs applied to the Parties' mutual 
imports and the duty rates appl ied by them on MFN imports is shown in Tables A1.1 and A1.2, by 
agricultural (WTO definition), non -agricultural and total products. Applied MFN duty rates in 2016 
serve as a comparison.  
2. Moldova's overall average applied MFN tariff rate in 201 6 was 6% (Tab le A1.1). The average 
applied tariff on agricultural goods was 12.5%, compared to an average applied tariff of 4.3% on 
non-agricultural products. Duty -free tariff lines accounted for 35.3% of all tariff lines. Upon entry 
into force of the Agreement, the sh are of duty -free tariff lines in agricultural products rose from 
6.1% to 12.7%, while the share of duty -free tariff lines in non -agricultural products rose from 
43.9% to 94.0%. By the end of the transition period in 2020 , Turkey's exporters will face zero 
duties on 78.4% of Moldova's tariff lines ( 97.6% of  non-agricultural products and 12.7% for 
agricultural products). By the end of the transition period, the average applied tariff on agricultural 
products will be 11.9%.  
Table A1. 1 Moldova: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from Turkey  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural products 
a Non-agricultural 
products  
Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied 
tariff Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2016 6.0 9.5 35.3 12.5 13.4 6.1 4.3 7.8 43.9 
Turkey  2016 2.9 12.9 75.6 11.9 13.9 12.7 0.6 9.3 94.0 
 2017 2.8 12.6 75.6 11.9 13.9 12.7 0.5 7.9 94.0 
 2018 2.8 12.4 75.9 11.9 13.9 12.7 0.4 6.8 94.3 
 2019 2.7 12.1 75.9 11.9 13.9 12.7 0.3 5.4 94.3 
 2020 2.6 13.5 78.4 11.9 13.9 12.7 0.2 9.7 97.6 
a WTO Definition.  
Note: The tariff is applied from 1 November to 31 October.  
Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Moldovan authorities and WTO -IDB. 
 
3. Turkey's overall average applied MFN tariff rate in 201 6 was 12.9% (Table A1. 2). The 
average applied tariff on agricultural goods was 47%, compared to an  average applied tariff of 6% 
on non -agricultural products. Duty -free tariff lines accounted for 22.9% of all tariff lines. Upon 
entry into force of the Agreement, the share of duty -free tariff lines in agricultural products rose 
from 13.8% to 16.6%, while  the share of duty -free tariff lines in non -agricultural products rose 
from 24.8% to 96.5%. The average applied tariff on agricultural goods was 46.8% and 1.8% on 
non-agricultural goods . WT/REG378/1  
 
- 17 - 
 
  Table A1. 2 Turkey: Indicators of MFN tari ff rates and preferential rates for imports from 
Moldova  
Origin 
of goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural products a Non-agricultural 
products  
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2016 12.9 16.8 22.9 47.0 54.6 13.8 6.0 8.0 24.8 
Moldova  2016 9.4 55.4 82.9 46.8 56.2 16.6 1.8 51.8 96.5 
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  Tariff lines subject to in -quota rates are excluded in the computation . For the calculation of 
averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates are included.  
Based on the HS 2012 nomenclatu re. 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Turkish authorities.  
 
4. Table A1.3 shows market access opportunities for Turkey's top 25 exported goods in 
Moldova . These exports accounted for 30.8% of Turkey's global exports during 201 3-2015 and 
involved 108 tariff lines. Of these lines, 59 were already duty -free on an MFN basis . 31 lines were 
liberal ized when the Agreement entered into force  and a further 17  will be liberalized  in 2020 . The 
tariff line remaining dutiable is fresh or dried hazelnuts.  
Table A1. 3 Moldova: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Turkey's top 
25 exports to the world  
Turkey's top export products in 2013 -2015  Access Conditions to Moldova's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2016  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of 
lines  duty-
free  
dutiable  
2016  
2020  
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, 
unwrought, for non -monetary p urposes  3.1 5.0  1 1   
721420  Bars and rods, of iron or non -alloy steel, 
with indentations, ribs, groves or other 
deformations produced during the rolling 
process  2.6 0.0 1     
870421  Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, 
with compression -ignition internal 
combustion piston engine "diesel or semi -
diesel engine" of a gross vehicle weight <= 
5 2.5 5.0  5 5   
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other than silver, whether or 
not plated or clad with precious metal  2.5 10.0  1 1   
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum 
or bituminous minerals, not containing 
biodiesel, n.e.s.  1.8 0.0 26     
271012  Light oils and preparations  1.6 0.0 12     WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Turkey's top export products in 2013 -2015  Access Conditions to Moldova's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2016  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of 
lines  duty-
free  
dutiable  
2016  
2020  
870322  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the t ransport of 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing 
cars, with spark -ignition internal combustion 
reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder 
capacity > 1.000 cm³ but <= 1.500 cm³  1.5 0.0 2     
870331  Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designe d for the transport of 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing 
cars, with compression -ignition internal 
combustion piston engine "diesel or semi -
diesel engine" of a cylinder capacity <= 
1.500 cm³  1.2 0.0 2     
570242  Carpets and other floor coverings, o f man -
made textile materials, woven, not tufted or 
flocked, of pile construction, made up  1.2 20.0  2  2  
610910  T-shirts, singlets and other vests of cotton, 
knitted or crocheted  1.1 12.0  1  1  
852872  Reception apparatus for television, colour  1.1 10.0  6 6   
610990  T-shirts, singlets and other vests of textile 
materials, knitted or crocheted (excl. 
cotton)  1.0 12.0  2  2  
854449  Electric conductors, for a voltage <= 1.000 
v, insulated, not fitted with connectors, 
n.e.s.  1.0 6.2 1 4 4   
870323  Motor  cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing 
cars, with spark -ignition internal combustion 
reciprocating piston engine of a cylinder 
capacity > 1.500 cm³ but <= 3.000 cm³  0.9 0.0 3     
080222  Fresh or dried hazelnuts or filberts "corylus 
spp.", shelled  0.9 10.0  1   1 
620462  Women's or girls' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts of cotton  0.9 12.0  7 4 3  
870899  Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor 
vehicles for th e transport of ten or more 
persons, motor cars and other motor 
vehicles principally designed for the 
transport of persons, motor vehicles for the 
transport of goods and special purpose 
motor vehicles, n.e.s.  0.8 5.0  3 3   
870210  Motor vehicles for the tr ansport of >= 10 
persons, incl. driver, with compression -
ignition internal combustion piston engine 
"diesel or semi -diesel engine"  0.8 10.0  4 4   
620342  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts, of cotton  0.7 12.0  7 1 6  
870332 Motor cars and other motor vehicles 
principally designed for the transport of 
persons, incl. station wagons and racing 
cars, with compression -ignition internal 
combustion piston engine "diesel or semi -
diesel engine" of a cylinder capacity > 1.500 
cm³ b ut <= 2.500 cm³  0.7 0.0 3     WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Turkey's top export products in 2013 -2015  Access Conditions to Moldova's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2016  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  
Remain dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of 
lines  duty-
free  
dutiable  
2016  
2020  
840999  Parts suitable for use solely or principally 
with compression -ignition internal 
combustion piston engine "diesel or semi -
diesel engine", n.e.s.  0.7 0.0 1     
110100  Wheat or meslin flour  0.6 0.0 5     
870829  Parts an d accessories of bodies for tractors, 
motor vehicles for the transport of ten or 
more persons, motor cars and other motor 
vehicles principally designed for the 
transport of persons, motor vehicles for the 
transport of goods and special purpose 
motor vehicl es (excl. bumpers and parts 
thereof and safety seat belts)  0.6 3.0  2 2   
730890  Structures and parts of structures, of iron or 
steel 0.6 0.0 3     
611020  Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats 
and similar articles, of cotton  0.6 12.0  3  3  
TOTALS  30.8  59 49 31 17 1 
Note:  The tariff is applied  from 1 November to 31 October.  
 Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Moldovan authorities, WTO -IDB and UNSD -Comtrade database.  
5. Table A1.4 shows market access opportunit ies for Moldova's  top 25 exported goods in 
Turkey. These exports accounted for 52.8% of Moldova's global exports during 2013 -2015 and 
involved 213 tariff lines. Of these lines, 2 9 were already duty -free on a MFN basis and 62 were 
liberalized when the Agree ment entered into force. A total of 122 lines will remain  dutiable  of 
which the majority (90 lines) concern imports of wine, which were subject to an average applied 
MFN tariff in 2016 of 70% . 
Table A1. 4 Turkey: Market access op portunities under the agreement for Moldova's top 
25 exports to the world  
Moldova's top export products in 2013 -2015  Access Conditions to Turkey's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2016  
No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  
2016  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of 
lines  duty-free 
dutiable  
854420  Coaxial cable and other coaxial 
electric conductors, insulated  5.9 3.7  4 4  
120600  Sunflower seeds, whether or not 
broken  5.7 21.6 1 4  4 
080232  Fresh or dried walnuts, shelled  4.5 43.2  1  1 WT/REG378/1  
 
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  Moldova's top export products in 2013 -2015  Access Conditions to Turkey's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2016  
No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  
2016  
Remain Dutiable  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of 
lines  duty-free 
dutiable  
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for therapeutic or 
prophylactic purposes  4.2 0.0 1    
940190  Parts of seats, n.e.s.  3.0 2.5  4 4  
220421  Wine of fresh grapes,  incl. fortified 
wines, and grape must whose 
fermentation has been arrested by 
the addition of alcohol, in containers 
of <= 2 l (excl. sparkling wine)  2.9 70.0  57  57 
151211  Crude sunflower -seed or safflower 
oil 2.6 23.5  3  3 
854430  Ignition wiring set s and other wiring 
sets for vehicles, aircraft or ships  2.5 3.7  1 1  
220429  Wine of fresh grapes, incl. fortified 
wines, and grape must whose 
fermentation has been arrested by 
the addition of alcohol, in containers 
of > 2 l (excl. sparkling wine)  2.2 70.0  33  33 
100590  Maize (excl. seed for sowing)  2.0 130.0   2  2 
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling grape 
wine or grape marc  1.9 0.0 11    
100199  Wheat and meslin (excl. seed for 
sowing, and durum wheat)  1.8 130.0   3  3 
701090  Carboys, bottles, flasks , jars, pots, 
phials and other containers, of glass  1.8 5.0  26 26  
200979  Apple juice, unfermented, brix value 
> 20 at 20°c  1.7 58.5  5  5 
170199  Cane or beet sugar and chemically 
pure sucrose, in solid form  1.6 135.0   6  6 
080810  Fresh apples  1.3 60.3  5  5 
100191  Seed of wheat and meslin, for 
sowing (excl. durum)  1.1 0.0 4    
854449  Electric conductors, for a voltage 
<= 1.000 v, insulated, not fitted 
with connectors, n.e.s.  1.0 2.9 4 14 14  
902830  Electricity supply or production 
meters  0.9 2.1  9 9  
080610  Fresh grapes  0.8 54.9  2  2 
570242  Carpets and other floor coverings, 
of man -made textile materials  0.8 8.0  2 2  
220860  Vodka  0.7 0.0 4    
740400  Waste and scrap, of copper  0.6 0.0 3    
120510  Low erucic acid rape or colza seeds  0.6 5.0 1 1  1 
392350  Stoppers, lids, caps and other 
closures, of plastics  0.6 6.5  2 2  
TOTALS  52.8  2
9 184 62 122 
Note:  Based on the HS 2012 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Turkish authorities and UNSD -Comtrade database.  WT/REG378/1  
 
- 21 - 
 
  ANNEX 2 
1. Turke y grants Moldova  access in the form of tariff rate quotas for a number of agricultural, 
processed agricultural and fishery products (Table A2.1).  The in -quota rates are zero, while the out 
of quota rates are the current applied MFN rate. The annual volumes  remain unchanged over time.  
Table A2. 1 TRQs granted by Turkey to Moldova  on selected agricultural  and processed 
agricultural products  
HS Code  Product Description  Tariff 
Quota  
Volume  
(tonnes)  In/out quota  
Duty  Average 
MFN 2016  
rate (%) Season/  
Remarks  
0203 Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or 
frozen  500 Zero/MFN rate  225.0  
0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, 
yogurt, kephir and other fermented 
or acidified milk and cream …  100 Zero/MFN rate  81.8  
0405 Butter and other fats and oils 
derived from milk; dairy spreads  500 
500 Zero/MFN rate  133.8   
Under IPR*  
0406 Cheese and curd  300 Zero/MFN rate  127.9  
0407 
(excluding 
0407.21, 
0407.29, 
0407.90)  Birds' eggs, in shell, fresh, 
preserved or cooked  250,000 
pieces  Zero/MFN rate  7.1  
0802.31  In shell  
800 Zero/MFN rate  43.2  
0802.32  Shelled  43.2  
0802.90.85  Other 43.2  
0809.40  Plums and sloes  250 50% of MFN 
rate/MFN rate  55.8  
0813.20  Prunes  200 Zero/MFN rate  43.2  
1003 Barley  10,000  Zero/MFN rate  78.0 01/01 -31/05  
1005.90  Other 8,000  
5,000  Zero/MFN rate  130.0 01/01 -31/05  
Under IPR*  
1201 Soya beans, whether or not broken  10,000  Zero/MFN rate  0  
1205.10  Low erucic acid rape or colza seeds  2,000  50% of MFN 
rate/MFN rate  5.0  
1206 Sunflower seeds, whether or not 
broken  5,000  50% of MFN 
rate/MFN rate  21.6 01/01 -31/05  
1507.10  Crude oil, whether or not 
degummed  2,500  20% of MFN 
rate/MFN rate  15.6 01/01 -31/05  
1512 Sunflower seed, safflower or cotton 
seed oil and fractions thereof …  1,500  
5,000  Zero/MFN rate  25.9 01/01 -31/05  
Under  IPR* 
1704 Sugar confectionery (including 
white chocolate), not containing 
cocoa  250 Zero/MFN rate  8.7  
1806 Chocolate and other food 
preparations containing cocoa  250 Zero/MFN rate  8.6  
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and 
other bakers' wares, wheth er or not 
containing cocoa…  250 Zero/MFN rate  8.3  
2005 
(excluding 
2005.70)  Other vegetables prepared or 
preserved otherwise than by 
vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen …  500 Zero/MFN rate  34.3  
2007 Jams, fruit jellies, marmalades, fruit 
or nut purée and  fruit or nut pastes 
… 250 Zero/MFN rate  54.0  
2009 Fruit juices (including grape must) 
and vegetable juices, unfermented 
… 500 Zero/MFN rate  58.5  
2103 Sauces and preparations therefor; 
mixed condiments and mixed 
seasonings  500 Zero/MFN rate  5.3  WT/REG378/1  
 
- 22 - 
 
  HS Code  Product Description  Tariff 
Quota  
Volume  
(tonnes)  In/out quota  
Duty  Average 
MFN 2016  
rate (%) Season/  
Remarks  
2105. 00 Ice cream and other edible ice, 
whether or not containing cocoa  500 Zero/MFN rate  8.17+17 .09 
€/100 kg  
  
2202 Waters, including mineral waters 
and aerated waters, containing 
added or other sweetening matter 
or flavoured  100,000 
litres Zero/MFN rate  8.5  
2204.10  Sparkling wine  
8,000 hl  Zero/MFN rate  70.0  
2204.21  In containers holding 2f litre s or 
less 70.0  
2204.29  Other 70.0  
2306 Oilcake and other solid residues  5,000  Zero/MFN rate  13.2  
2401 Unmanufactured tobacco; tobacco 
refuse  100 50% of MFN 
rate/MFN rate  25.0 Excluding 
oriental type  
* Inward Processing Regime . 
 For the calculati on of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  part of alternate 
rates are included for tariff lines where there are combinations of ad valorem  and specific duties.   
Source:  The Agreement . 
2. Moldova  grants Turkey  access in the form of tariff rate quotas for a number of agricultural, 
processed agricultural and fishery products (Table A2. 2). The in -quota rate is zero while the out of 
quota rate is the current applied MFN rate of duty. The annual quota volumes are fixed and do not 
increase over t ime. 
Table A2. 2 TRQs granted by Moldova  to Turkey on selected agricultural  and processed 
agricultural products  
HS 
Code  Product Description  Tariff 
Quota  
Volume  
(tonnes)  In/out quota  
Duty  Average 
MFN 
2016 
rate 
(%) Season/  
Remarks  
0702.00  Tomatoes, fresh or chilled  5,000  Zero/MFN rate  13.3 01/11 -30/04  
0807.11  Watermelons  250 Zero/MFN rate  10.0  
0808.30  Pears 
750 Zero/MFN rate  12.5 
01/10 -30/06  0808.40  Quinces  10.0 
0809.10  Apricots  600 Zero/MFN rate  13.3 31/07 -31/05  
0809.21  Sour cherries (prunus cerasus ) 
750 Zero/MFN rate  13.3 
01/08 -20/05  0809.29  Other 13.3 
0809.30  Peaches, including nectarines  300 Zero/MFN rate  13.3 01/09 -10/06  
0809.40  Plums and sloes  200 Zero/MFN rate  12.5 01/09 -10/06  
0810.10  Strawberries  300 Zero/MFN rate  13.3 01/08 -30/04  
1704 Sugar confectionery (including white 
chocolate), not containing cocoa  250 Zero/MFN rate  15.0  
1806 Chocolate and other food 
preparations containing cocoa  250 Zero/MFN rate  15.0  
1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and 
other bakers' wares, whether or not  
containing cocoa  250 Zero/MFN rate  13.5  
2005  Other vegetables prepared or 
preserved otherwise than by vinegar 
or acetic acid, not frozen  500 Zero/MFN rate  15.9  
2007 Jams, fruit jellies, marmalades, fruit 
or nut purée and fruit or nut pastes  250 Zero/ MFN rate  11.7  
2009 Fruit juices (including grape must) 
and vegetable juices, unfermented …  500 Zero/MFN rate  11.9  
2103 Sauces and preparations therefor; 
mixed condiments and mixed 
seasonings  500 Zero/MFN rate  14.3  WT/REG378/1  
 
- 23 - 
 
  HS 
Code  Product Description  Tariff 
Quota  
Volume  
(tonnes)  In/out quota  
Duty  Average 
MFN 
2016 
rate 
(%) Season/  
Remarks  
2105.00  Ice cream and other edible i ce, 
whether or not containing cocoa  500 Zero/MFN rate  15.0  
2202 Waters, including mineral waters and 
aerated waters, containing added or 
other sweetening matter or flavoured  100,000 
litres Zero/MFN rate  15.0  
Source:  The Agreement . 
__________