G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
11 October 2017  
(17-5464)  Page: 1/31 
Working Party on State Trading Enterprises  Original: English  
 
 
 
STATE TRADING  
NEW AND FULL NOTIFIC ATION PURSUANT TO AR TICLE XVII:4(A)  
OF THE GATT 1994 AND  PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE U NDERSTANDING  
ON THE INTERPRETATIO N OF ARTICLE XVII  
UNITED STATES 
Revision  
The following communication, dated 22 September 2017, is being circulated at the request of the 
Delegation of the United States.  
 
_______________  
 
 
Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the GATT 1994 and paragraph 1 of the Understanding on the 
Interpretation of Article XVII, the United States makes the following full and n ew notification of its 
state trading enterprises for 2006.  
 
This updated notification is being circulated to include additional information from the period of 
notification; otherwise, the notification is unchanged and included in its entirety for Members' 
convenience.  
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  I. COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION  
 
1. Enumeration of State Trading Enterprises  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).  
 
 (b) Description of products affected  
 
Commodities eligible for CCC programs are defined in the legislation or regulations for the specific 
programs. Commodities currently covered by CCC include: Non -fat dry milk (0402), Butter (0405), 
Cheese (0406), Honey (0409), Chickpeas (0708), Lentils (070 8), Dry Peas (0708), Wheat (1001), 
Barley (1003), Oats (1004), Corn (1005), Rice (1006), Sorghum (1007), Soybeans (1201), 
Peanuts (1202), Flaxseed (1204), Rapeseed (1205), Sunflower Seeds (1206), Canola (1207), 
Crambe (1207), Safflower (1207), Mustard Seed  (1207), Sesame Seed (1207), Sugar (1212), 
Cotton (5201), Mohair (5102), and Wool (4102).1  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a government -owned and operated entity within the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). CCC was created to stabilize, support, and protect farm 
income and prices. CCC also helps maintain balanced and adequate supplies of agricultural 
commodities and aids in  their orderly distribution.  
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
CCC was incorporated on 17 October 1933, under a Delaware charter with a capitalization of 
$3 million. It was initially managed and operated in close affiliation with the Reconstruction 
Finance Corporati on, which funded its operations. On 1 July 1939, CCC was transferred to USDA 
by the President's Reorganization Plan I. It was reincorporated on 1 July 1948, as a federal 
corporation within USDA by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act  (62 Stat. 1070 ; 
15 U.S.C.  714).  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise  
 
The CCC Charter Act, as amended, authorizes CCC to support prices of agricultural  commodities, 
including through purchases and sales of agricultural commodities.  
 
(b) Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
CCC does not have exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise m arket, any product.  
 
Organization:  CCC is managed by a Board of Directors, subject to the general supervision and 
direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, who is an ex officio  Director and Chairman of the Board. 
In addition to the Secretary, the Board co nsists of seven members who are appointed by the 
President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. The members of the 
Board and the Corporation's officers are all officials of USDA. CCC has no operating personnel. Its 
activities are  carried out primarily through the personnel and facilities of agencies within USDA.  
 
Financing: CCC has an authorized capital stock of $100 million held by the United States, with the 
authority to have outstanding borrowings of up to $30 billion at any on e time.  
 
Funds may be borrowed from the U.S. Treasury and may also be borrowed from private lending 
agencies and others. Interest on any borrowings from the Treasury (and on capital stock) is paid 
                                                
1 Farm Security Act of 2002 (PL 107 -171).  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  at a rate based upon the average interest rate of all outst anding marketable obligations (of 
comparable maturity date) of the U.S. Government as of the preceding month. Interest may also 
be paid on other notes and obligations at a rate prescribed by the CCC and approved by the 
Secretary of the Treasury.  
 
Export P rograms:  CCC is authorized to make sales from its inventories to export markets. 
However, CCC has not done so since 1995.  
 
Import Programs:  CCC has not engaged in import activity.  
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
As noted, CCC does not have exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise market, any 
product. All agricultural commodity import and export activities within the customs ter ritory of the 
United States may be freely entered into by private sector traders without any special conditions 
or restrictions.  
 
 (d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprise  
 
During the notification period, CCC did not impo rt or export any commodities.  
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Not applicable (see 3 (d)).  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Not applicable (see 3 (d)).  
 
(g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trad ing enterprise. Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by the 
government . 
 
CCC is not authorized to negotiate long -term sales contracts.  
 
 (h) Description of market structure  
 
Agricultural commodity markets are characterized by numerous independent buyers and sellers.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
Table I:  Import information by product: Not applicable; no products imported.  
 
Table II:  Export information by product: Not applicable; no products exported . 
 
Table III:  Domestic activities where state trading enterprise also trades products internationally: 
Not applicable; no products traded internationally.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
During the period, CCC did not engage in exports or imports because such activity was not 
required to achieve CCC's mission.  
 
6. Additional Information  
 
None.  
 G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  II. ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM  
 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The United States maintains the Isotope Production and Distribution Program within the 
Department of Energy.  
 
 (b) Description of products affected  
 
The products affected are isotopes under Harmonized Tariff System headings 2844 and 2845.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
(a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
The Department of Energy, through its laboratories, provides radioactive and stable isotope 
products and associated services to a wide and varied domestic and international market. The 
Isotope Production and Distribution (IP&D) Program produces and sells radioactive and stable 
isotopes, byproducts, surplus materials, and related isotope services. These products and services 
are sold worldwide and ar e used for a variety of research, development, biomedical, and industrial 
applications. The program's objectives are to produce and distribute isotopes for research and 
development, medical diagnostics and therapy, and other applications that are in the na tional 
interest.  
 
 (b) Summary of Basis for Exclusive Rights or Privileges  
 
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provides the basic authority for the Department of Energy to 
produce and distribute isotopes and to support research and development of new isotope p roducts 
and technology.  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
The IP&D Program markets, stores, and distributes isotopes that are currently produced at 
Department of Energy laboratories. The Department supplies isotopes for use in medicine, 
research and development, and industry. The Department of Energy is the only U.S. source of 
many important isotopes. The Department of Energy is involved in isotope production and 
distribution only where: (1) there is no U.S. private sector capability; (2) there is a need for 
unique government facilities such as nuclear reactors and associated hot cells, particle accelerators 
and isotope enrichment facilities; or (3) other productive capacity is insufficient to meet pressing 
U.S. needs. The specific materials sold under the program are listed in Annex I.  
 
The program also develops improved means of producing and separating isotopes that are needed 
to serve the national interest. Such services include, but are not limited to, ir radiation services, 
target preparation and processing, source encapsulation and other special preparations, analyses 
and separations, services related to shipping, and processing returned isotopes.  
 
The program's mission is to maintain the infrastructure required to support the national need for a 
reliable supply of isotope products, services, and related technology used in medicine, industry, 
and research. This assures that critical isotope production infrastructure is operated in a safe, 
secure, environm entally compliant and cost -effective manner, thus ensuring that the facilities are 
available to users who need DOE -produced isotopes. To this end, the Isotope Program functions as 
a business and, therefore, focuses attention on the quality of products and services, customer 
satisfaction, cost control, marketing, pricing stability, and revenue and cash collections.  
 
The IP&D sells isotopes to government entities, domestic purchasers, and to foreign purchasers.  
 G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  The Department coordinates its activities with  commercial producers to ensure the continued 
availability of essential isotopes. The Department is streamlining its activities by consolidating or 
privatizing wherever possible to reduce the cost to U.S. taxpayers.  
 
(b) Specification of exclusive or speci al rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
See (a) above.  
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
Private companies and univ ersities engaged in the production and distribution of isotopes are 
permitted to import and export isotopes.  
 
(d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprise  
 
The program forecasts future trends through frequent interactions bet ween isotope customers and 
program staff, site visits, attendance at professional meetings, and coordination of program 
activities with stakeholders in the isotope community. Research on market sizes, pricing pressures, 
and customer feedback is also obtain ed through independent surveys and studies, as well as 
program management assessments.  
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Prices charged for the program's products are based on production costs, market value, and 
research needs.  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Import prices are determined by production costs and market value.  
 
(g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise. Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractu al obligations entered into by the 
government . 
 
Long-term contracts are negotiated often with price discounts for quantity purchases.  
 
 (h) Description of market structure  
 
The worldwide isotope market has three major components: medical, industry (includi ng homeland 
security), and scientific (non -medical) research. This market is characterized by high barriers to 
entry, production facilities that are primarily government owned and operated, and demand driven 
by a few major commercial customers. The number of suppliers for selected major isotopes is 
growing due to a shortage of suppliers for these key isotopes used in hospitals and the private 
sector.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
2004 and 2005: Table I. The State Trading Enterprise (Isotope Production and Di stribution (IP&D) 
is engaged in the primary production and distribution of stable (enriched) and radio -isotopes, not 
their importation. However, several targets with a total activity of 790,481 (2004) and 
1,025,000  MBq (2005) were irradiated in foreign fac ilities and imported into this country by IP&D 
to augment domestic supply where IP&D could not meet demand. These irradiated targets were 
chemically processed by IP&D with the result that significant value was added to the product by 
IP&D prior to being so ld in a form required by the customers.  
 
2004 and 2005: Table II. Cobalt -60 (HS 2844.40.0010) not sold to foreign customers during this 
reporting period. Heavy water (HS 2845.10.0000) not exported during this reporting period.  
 
2004 and 2005: Table III: Be cause IP&D is engaged in the primary production of these isotopes 
for distribution, no domestic purchases of these materials were made by IP&D during 2004 and G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  2005. Cobalt -60 (HS 2844.10.0000) and heavy water (HS 2845.10.0000) were not sold 
domestically in  2004 and 2005.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Additional Information  
 
None.  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  ANNEX 1  
List of  isotopes sold in 2004  
 
Actinium -225 
Americium -241 
Antimony -121, -123 
Argon -36 
Arsenic -73 
Barium -134, -135, -136, -137, -138 
Bismuth -207 
Bromine -79 
Calcium -40, -42, -43, -44, -48 
Californium -252 
Cadmium -106, -109, -110, -111, -112, -113, -
114, -116 
Cerium -140, -142 
Chlorine -35, -37 
Chromium -50, -52, -53, -54 
Copper -63, -65 
Curium -244 
Dysprosium -161 
Erbium -167 
Europium -151, -153 
Gadolinium -148, -154, -155, -157, -160 
Gallium -69, -71 
Germanium -68, -73 
Hafnium -176, -178, -179, -180  
Helium -3 
Hydrogen -2 
Indium -113, -115 
Iridium -191 
Iron-54, -55, -56, -57, -58 
Lanthanum -138, -139 
Lead-204, -206, -207, -208 
Lithium -6, -7 
Lutetium -176 Magnesium -24, -25, -26 
Mercury -196, -198, -199, -200, -201, -202, -
204 
Molybdenum -92, -94, -95, -97, -98, -100 
Neodymium -145, -150 
Neon-22 
Nickel -58, -60, -61, -63, -64 
Osmium -188, -189, -190 
Palladium -105, -106, -108, -110 
Platinum -194, -196, -198 
Plutonium -239 
Polonium -209 
Potassium -40, -41 
Rhenium -185, -187 
Rubidium -85, -87 
Ruthenium -99, -100, -101, -102 
Samarium -144, -147, -149, -150, -152, -154 
Selenium -74, -76, -77, -78, -80, -82 
Silicon -29, -30, -32 
Silver -107, -109 
Sodium -22 
Strontium -82, -84, -86, -87, -88 
Sulfur -32, -34 
Tantalum -180 
Technetium -99 
Tellurium -125 
Tin-117, -118, -120, -124 
Titanium -44, -46, -49 
Tungsten -180, -182, -183, -184, -186, -188 
Uranium -234, -235 
Ytterbium -168, -171, -173, -174, -176 
Yttrium -88 
Zinc-64, -65, -66, -67, -68, -70 
Zirconium -90, -91, -94 
 
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  List of isotopes sold in 2005  
 
Actinium -225 
Aluminium -26 
Americium -241, -243 
Arsenic -73 
Beryllium -7 
Bismuth -207 
Calcium -42, -43, -44, -46, -48 
Californium -252 
Cadmium -109, -112 
Cesium -137 
Chromium -50, -53 
Cobat -60 
Copper -67 
Curium -244, -248 
Dysprosium -163 
Gadolinium -148 
Gallium -69 
Germanium -68 
Helium -3 
Holmium -166 
Hydrogen -2, -3 
Iodine -125, -131 
Iridium -192 
Iron-54, -55, -57, -58 
Krypton -78, -86 
Lead-204 
Lithium -6, -7 Lutetium -176, -177 
Magnesium -28 
Molybdenum -99 
Nickel -61, -62, -63 
Palladium -103 
Phosphorous -32 
Platinum -195m  
Plutonium -238, -239, -240, -242 
Polonium -209 
Rubidium -85, -87 
Samarium -152 
Selenium -75 
Silicon -29, -32 
Sodium -22 
Strontium -82, -84, -85, -88, -89, -90 
Technetium -95m,99  
Tellurium -124 
Thallium -203 
Thorium -229, -230 
Titanium -44 
Tungsten -188/Rhenium -188 
Uranium -234, -235, -238 
Xenon -124, -126, -127, -133 
Yttrium -88, -90 
Zinc-65, -66, -68, -70 
Zirconium -90, -92, -94, -96 
 
 
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  III. POWER ADMINISTRATIONS  
 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprises  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprises  
 
The United States maintains the Bonneville Power Administration and Western Area Power 
Administration within the Department of Energy.  
 
 (b) Description of product affected  
 
The product affected is Electrical Energy, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2716.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprises  
 
The Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) market wholesale electricity generated at 
hydroelectric dams owned and managed by the United States Ar my Corps of Engineers (Corps) 
and the United States Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The federal government began to 
market electricity after the Congress authorized the construction of the dams and established 
major water projects by the Corps and Rec lamation, primarily in the 1930s through the 1960s. The 
Corps and the Reclamation operate these projects to provide or manage water for such multiple 
purposes as irrigation, flood control, navigation, recreation, water supply, and environmental 
enhancement . These agencies also generate electricity at hydropower plants located at federal 
water projects. The PMAs sell the power that is not used for projects' purposes to cooperatives and 
public bodies, such as municipal utilities, irrigation districts, militar y installations, and to other 
utilities.  
 
The self -financed Bonneville is obligated to meet requesting electric utility, non -generating, electric 
loads in its Pacific Northwest marketing area, encourage conservation, develop renewable energy 
resources and to protect, mitigate and enhance the fish and wildlife of the Columbia River and its 
tributaries. Bonneville sells at wholesale the electric power produced at 31 operating federal 
hydroelectric projects operated by the Corps and Reclamation and acquires an d sells non -Federal 
electric power and conservation resources sufficient to meet the net, non -generating, 
requirements of Bonneville customers. Bonneville's Administrator and the Corps' Division Engineer, 
Northwestern Division, are directed by Executive Or der to be the U.S. Entity overseeing the 
execution of the 1961 Columbia River Treaty between the U.S. and Canada.  
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
The Department of Energy is responsible for the regionally based PMAs, which operate pursuant to 
their enabling legisla tion, including the Department of Energy Organization Act of  1977.  
 
The Bonneville Project Act of 1937 ("Project Act") established the Bonneville Power Administration 
within the Department of the Interior (later incorporated into the Department of Energy).  The 
Bonneville Project Act, the Federal Columbia River Transmission System Act of 1974, the Pacific 
Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980, and other federal laws, contain 
provisions that define Bonneville's mission and/or affect t he way it is carried out.  
 
The authority for Western Area Power Administration's operations derives from the federal 
reclamations laws, in particular section 9(c) of the Reclamation Project Act of 1939.  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Tra ding Enterprises  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
The PMAs sell electric power that is not used by the Reclamation or the Corps to provide or 
manage water for such multiple purposes as irrigation, flood control, navigation, recreation, water 
supply, and environmental enhancement.  
 G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  (b) Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprises  
 
The Bonneville Power Administration is self -financed. The Western Area Power Administration is 
funded primarily by annual appropriations to the Department of Energy, and most of the revenue 
generated is deposited in the Miscellaneous Receipts account and the Reclamation Fund in the 
U.S. Treasury. The PMAs are exempt from Federal income taxation and from state and local 
taxation.  
 
The Federa l Government has invested capital into the power features of the federal generating 
agencies and the PMAs, through annual appropriations, and also borrowing authority in the case of 
the self -financed Bonneville, which the PMAs are required to repay with in terest. The interest rates 
are set by law, administrative order pursuant to law, or administrative policies.  
 
To finance its capital programs, Bonneville is authorized by the Federal Columbia River 
Transmission System Act of 1974, as amended, to issue to the U.S. Treasury up to $4.45 billion of 
interest -bearing bonds with terms and repayment conditions comparable to debt issued by 
U.S. government corporations. Bonneville is statutorily treated (16 USC 838i (c)) as a wholly 
owned U.S. Government corporation  under provisions of the Government Corporation Control Act 
(31 USC 9106) for purposes of its financial and budget operations.  
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprises that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditio ns for participation  
 
More than 3,000 private investor -owned, local government -owned, and cooperatively -owned 
utilities engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity are permitted to 
import and export electricity.  
 
 (d) How import /export levels are determined by the state trading enterprises  
 
The PMAs may export electricity as authorized by each PMA's legislative authority and by its 
management. Western imports and exports only nonfirm power. A portion of the firm power output 
generated at federal and nonfederal Columbia River projects is owned by Canada ("Canadian 
Entitlement") under the terms of the Columbia River Treaty, and Bonneville delivers that power to 
Canada primarily at the U.S./Canada border and is obligated to do so thr ough 16 September 2024. 
Additionally, from time to time, Bonneville may export short -term nonfirm or firm energy or 
capacity.  
 
The PMAs are not required to obtain export authorizations. Import and export levels are 
determined by supply and demand.  
 
 (e) How export prices are determined  
 
Western and Bonneville export surplus power at market based rates.  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
The cost Bonneville and Western incur to purchase imported power is incorporated into the  power -
related production costs for these agencies.  The resale price of all firm power sales (approximately 
80% of the total sales) is made at cost -based firm power rates.  The remaining 20% (surplus sales) 
is sold at a market rate.  This market price can va ry significantly, depending on market conditions. 
Any excess revenue derived from the sale of surplus power is used to reduce future firm power 
rates, insuring that the agencies do not recover more than their full power -related costs.  
 
(g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprises. Whether 
the state trading enterprises are used to fulfil contractual obligations entered into by 
the government . 
 
Western does not sign long -term contracts for the exportation or importation of n onfirm power. 
Bonneville and Western sign long -term contracts for the sale of federally -generated power within 
the United States. Bonneville concluded on April 1, 2003 35 -year contracts with a consortium of 
Northwest utilities ("Canadian Storage Power Exch ange") to deliver Canadian Entitlement G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  purchased by them under Columbia River Treaty agreements for that time period. The Columbia 
River Treaty provides for the delivery, through September 16, 2024, of approximately 4.6 
Terawatt hours annually.  
 
 (h) Descr iption of market structure  
 
The structure for the electricity market is competitive. Private investor -owned utilities, both 
U.S. and foreign -owned, government instrumentalities and government -owned providers of 
electricity, are engaged in the generation, t ransmission and distribution of electricity in the U.S. 
The regional electric grids are interconnected with Canada and Mexico. There is no tariff on 
electricity.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
See attached tables.  
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken pl ace 
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Other information  
 
None.  
 
IV. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE  
 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise  
 
 (a) Identification of state trading enterprise  
 
The United States maintains the Strategic Petroleum Reserve within the Department of Energy.  
 
 (b) Description of product affected  
 
The product affected is Crude Petroleum, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2709.  
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
 
 (a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise  
 
The St rategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is a crude oil stockpile, managed by the Department of 
Energy (DOE). The SPR mission is to reduce vulnerability to economic, national security, and 
foreign policy consequences of supply interruptions.  
 
 (b) Legal authority  
 
The SPR was created pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 22  December  1975 
(Public Law 94 -163), as amended, to reduce the impact of disruptions in supplies of petroleum 
products and to carry out obligations of the United States under the A greement on an 
International Energy Program.  
 
3. Description and Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise  
 
 (a) Overview  
 
The United States, through the Strategic Petroleum Reserve of the Department of Energy, owns 
and operates four underground storage facilities for crude oil with a combined storage capacity of 
727 million barrels. SPR acquires both domestic and imported crude oil through purchase and 
exchange, and as well as production and royalties from Federal lands. In recent years, oil has been 
obtained primarily through the competitive exchange of Federal offshore royalty oil for domestic or 
imported oil to be delivered to the SPR.  
 G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  During an emergency "drawdown" of crude oil from the reserve, the Department of Energy is to 
competitively sell and d istribute the crude oil to purchasers primarily through commercial pipelines 
and marine terminals.  
 
As of 31 December 2005, the SPR held about 685 million barrels of crude oil. Together, the 
facilities and crude oil represent more than a $20 billion nation al investment.  
 
(b) Specification of exclusive or special rights or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise  
 
The Department of Energy, Strategic Petroleum Reserve, is an agency of the United States 
Government funded by annual  appropriations for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Account and the 
SPR Petroleum Account. During an emergency drawdown and sale of crude oil, the SPR Petroleum 
Account is the source of funding the incremental costs of withdrawing oil from the storage cave rns 
and transporting it to the point where purchasers take title. If additional funds are required for 
drawdown, they may be transferred from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Account or other 
Department of Energy offices. The Federal Government deposits to the account an amount equal 
to receipts realized from sales resulting from an emergency drawdown to create additional funding 
to fill the SPR. In recent years, funds in the SPR Petroleum Account have been transferred to the 
Strategic Petroleum Reserve Acco unt. 
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trading enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and conditions for participation  
 
Private companies engaged in the exploration, production, refining, storage and distribution of 
crude  oil are permitted to import and export crude oil.  
 
 (d) How import/export levels are established for state trading enterprise  
 
Oil is imported in accordance with Reserve fill plans as determined by legislative or administration 
direction.  
 
 (e) How export  prices are determined  
 
The Department of Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve does not export crude oil.  
 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
 
Imported and domestic crude oil is commingled in the underground storage facilities. Th e price of 
SPR crude oil sold is determined through competition open to all financially responsible offerors.  
 
(g) Whether long -term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise. Whether 
the state trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractua l obligations entered into by the 
government . 
 
The Department of Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve has competitively negotiated six -months' 
term royalty exchange contracts to fill the Reserve.  
 
 (h) Description of market structure  
 
The structure of the cr ude oil market is international and competitive. Vertically -integrated oil 
companies and independent companies, both U.S. and foreign -owned, are engaged in the 
exploration, production, refining, storage and distribution of crude oil in the U.S. The tariffs  on 
crude oil are 5.25  cents per barrel for crude oil testing under 25 degrees API and 10.5 cents per 
barrel for crude oil testing 25 degrees API or more.  
 
4. Statistical Information  
 
See attached tables.  
 G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
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  5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 
Not applicable.  
 
6. Additional Information  
 
None.   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 14 - TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: ISOTO PES PRODUCTION AND D ISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS FY2004  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-up National 
Production  
Element, Isotope & 
Compound with Radioactivity 
only –  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope 
& Compound, nesoi –  
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  790,481 MBq  $1.26/MBq  Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Heavy Water  
(deuterium oxide) –  
HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi - HS 
2845.90.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 15 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS FY2005  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Mark-up National Production  
Element, Isotope & 
Compound with Radioactivity 
only –  
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope 
& Compound, nesoi –  
HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,025,000 MBq  $0.63/MBq  Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Heavy Water  
(deuterium oxide) –  
HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi – 
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  Not applicable  Unknown  
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 16 - TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: ISOTO PES PRODUCTION AND D ISTRIBUTION STATISTI CAL 
INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2004  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise  Average 
Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Average Export 
Price National Production  
Element, Isotope & 
Compound with 
Radioactivity only – 
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Radioactive Element, 
Isotope & Compound, 
nesoi - HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  446,372 MBq  $596,176 total  Unknown  $0.13/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium 
oxide) - HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi - 
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  9.62 kg  $214,726 total  Unknown  $22,327/kg  Unknown  
 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 17 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2005  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Total Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise  Average 
Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales Price  Average Export 
Price National Production  
Element, Isotope & 
Compound with 
Radioactivity only – 
HS 2844.40.0010  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Radioactive Element, 
Isotope & Compound, 
nesoi - HS 2844.40.0020  Unknown  1,187,495 MBq  $0 Unknown  $0.12/MBq  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium 
oxide) - HS 2845.10.0000  Unknown  0 $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi - 
HS 2845.90.0000  Unknown  15.113 kg  $0 Unknown  $8,980/kg  Unknown  
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 18 - TABLE III  
STATE TRADING: ISOTO PES PRODUCTION AND D ISTRIBUTION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2004  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises  National Production  Domestic Sales By State Trading 
Enterprise  National Consumption  
Element, Isotope & Compound 
with Radioactivity only – 
HS 2844.40.0010  $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi – 
HS 2844.40.0020  $0 Unknown  7,649,714 MBq  
($0.62/MBq)  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium 
oxide) - HS 2845.10.0000  $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi – 
HS 2845.90.0000  $0 Unknown  3.36 kg  
($706,639/kg)  Unknown  
 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 19 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2005  
Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises  National Production  Domestic Sales By State Trading 
Enterprise  National Consumption  
Element, Isotope & Compound 
with Radioactivity only – 
HS 2844.40 .0010  $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi – 
HS 2844.40.0020  $0 Unknown  7,407,407 MBq  
($0.69/MBq)  Unknown  
Heavy Water (deuterium 
oxide) - HS 2845.10.0000  $0 Unknown  $0 Unknown  
Isotopes, except heading 
2844; compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi – 
HS 2845.90.0000  $0 Unknown  2.651 kg  
($1,027,816/kg)  Unknown  
 
 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 20 - TABLE I2 
STATE TRADING: POWER  MARKETING ADMINISTRA TION 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2004  
 
                                                
2 Western amounts are fiscal year (October – September) rather than calendar year amounts.  
3 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Ye ars, 1949 -2011, Trade – Exports 
and Imports, p. 221.  
4 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.10 Average Retail Price of Electricity , Selected Years, 1960 -2011, 
Cents per kilowatt hour ---nominal ---Total Sale s, p. 255.  
5 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years , 1949 -2011, Net Generation, 
p. 221.  Description of 
Product 
Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Imported3 Quantity Imported by State 
Trading Enterprise  Average Import Price  Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price4 Mark-up National Production5 
Southwestern  Electrical 
Energy – HS 
2716 34 billion KWH  0 N/A 7.61 cents per 
KWH N/A 3,971 billion KWH  
Western  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 34 billion KWH  98.8 million KWH  $0.061/ KWH  7.61 cents per 
KWH N/A 3,971 billion KWH  
Bonneville  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 34 billion KWH  Op Agrmnts: .8 billion KWH. 
Energy: .6 billion KWH  Op Agrmnts: n/a. 
Energy: $.045/KWH  7.61 cents per 
KWH N/A 3,971 billion KWH   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 21 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2005  
 
   Description of 
Product 
Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Imported  Quantity Imported by State 
Trading Enterprise  Average Import Price  Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price Mark-up National Production  
Southwestern  Electrical 
Energy – HS 
2716 44.527 billion 
KWH 0 N/A 8.09 cents per 
KWH N/A 4,038 billion KWH  
Western  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 44.527 billion 
KWH 520.8 million KWH  $0.046/ KWH  8.09 cents per 
KWH N/A 4,038 billion KWH  
Bonneville  Electrical  
Energy - HS 
2716 44.527 billion 
KWH Op Agrmnts: .8 billion KWH. 
Energy: .1 billion KWH  Op Agrmnts: n/a. 
Energy: $.063/KWH  8.09 cents per 
KWH N/A 4,038 billion KWH   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 22 - TABLE II6 
STATE TRADING: POWER  MARKETING ADMINISTRATION  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2004  
 Description of 
Product 
Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported7 Quantity Exported by State 
Trading Enterprise  Average Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price8 Average 
Export Price National 
Production9 
Southwestern  Electrical 
Energy – HS 
2716 23 billion KWH  0 N/A 7.61 cents per 
KWH N/A 3,971 billion 
KWH 
Western  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 23 billion KWH  288.1 million KWH  N/A 7.61 cents per 
KWH $.0237/KWH  3,971 billion 
KWH 
Bonneville  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 23 billion KWH  Op Agrmnts: 4.6 billion 
KWH. Energy: 3 billion KWH  N/A 7.61 cents per 
KWH Op Agrmnts: 
n/a. Energy: 
$.045/KWH  3,971 billion 
KWH 
 
 
 
 
 
  
                                                
6 Western amounts are fiscal year (October – September) rather than calendar year  amounts.  
7 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years  1949-2011, Trade – Exports 
and Imports, p. 221.  
8 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, Septem ber, 2012, Table 8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity, Selected Years, 1960 -2011, 
Cents per kilowatt hour ---nominal ---Total Sales, p. 255.  
9 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview,  Selected Years, 1949 -2011, Net Generation, 
p. 221.  
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 23 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2005  
 Description of 
Product 
Including HS 
Number  Total Quantity 
Exported  Quantity Exported by State 
Trading Enterprise  Average Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price Average 
Export Price  National 
Production  
Southwestern  Electrical 
Energy – HS 
2716 19.803 KWH  0 N/A 8.09 cents per 
KWH N/A 4,038 billion 
KWH 
Western  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 19.803 billion 
KWH 132.5 million KWH  $.0292/KWH  8.09 cents per 
KWH $..0272/KWH  4,038 billion 
KWH 
Bonneville  Electrical 
Energy - HS 
2716 19.803 billion 
KWH Op Agrmnts: 4.6 billion 
KWH. Energy: 1.4 billion 
KWH N/A 8.09 cents per 
KWH Op Agrmnts: 
n/a. Energy: 
$.063/KWH  4,038 billion 
KWH 
 
 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 24 - TABLE III10 
STATE TRADING: POWER  MARKETING ADMINISTRA TION 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2004  
 Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By State 
Trading Enterprises  National Production11 Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National 
Consumption12 
Southwestern  Electrical Energy – HS 
2716 110.6 million KWH  3,971 billion KWH  5.9 billion KWH  3,716 billion KWH  
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 13.0 billion KWH  3,971 billion KWH  39.3 billion KWH  3,716 billion KWH  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 Historical data not available  3,971 billion KWH  Historical data not available  3,716 billion KWH  
  
                                                
10 Western amounts are fiscal year (October – September) rather than calendar year amounts.  
11 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949 -2011, Net Generation, 
p. 221. 
12 Energy Information Administration, 2011 Annual Energy Review, September, 2012, Table 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years , 1949 -2011, End Use, 
p. 221.  
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 25 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2005  
 Description of Product 
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By State 
Trading Enterprises  National Production  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National 
Consumption  
Southwestern  Electrical Energy – HS 2716  204.2 million KWH  4,038 billion KWH  5.3 billion KWH  3,813 billion KWH  
Western  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  11.2 billion KWH  4,038 billion KWH  35.3 billion KWH  3,813 billion KWH  
Bonneville  Electrical Energy - HS 2716  15,000 million KWH  4,038 billion KWH  87,918 million KWH  3,813 billion KWH  
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 26 - TABLE I  
STATE TRADING: STRAT EGIC PETROLEUM RESER VE 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2004  
Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported*  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price**  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price***  Mark-up National Production 
**** 
Crude Oil - HS 2709  3,692,063 (1,000 
Barrels)*  0 $33.75  $36.77 (Per Barrel)  N/A 1,991,394 (1,000 
Barrels)  
* Source: 2012 U.S. Annual Imports of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=mcrimus1&f=a . 
** Source: EIA F.O.B. Costs of Imported Crude Oi l by Area, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_imc1_k_a.htm . 
*** The actual domestic  average price represents the average price at the lease (or wellhead) at which domestic crude oil is pur chased. Source: EIA 
Domestic Crude  Oil First Purchase Prices by Area, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_K_A.htm . 
**** Source: EIA U.S. Annual Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 27 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2005  
Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Imported*  Quantity Imported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average Import 
Price**  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price***  Mark-up National 
Production****  
Crude Oil - HS 2709  3,695,971 (1,000 
Barrels)*  18,878(1,000 
Barrels)  $47.60  $50.28 (Per Barrel)  N/A 1,892,095 (1,000 
Barrels)  
* Source: 2012 U.S. Annual Imports of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=mcrimus1&f=a . 
** Source: EIA F.O.B. Costs of Imported Crude Oil by Area, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_imc1_k_a.htm . 
*** The actual  domestic average price represents the average price at the lease (or  wellhead) at which domestic crude oil is purchased. Source: EIA 
Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Prices by Area, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_K_A.htm . 
**** Source: EIA U.S. An nual Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 28 - TABLE II  
STATE TRADING: STRAT EGIC PETROLEUM RESER VE 
STATI STICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2004  
Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Exported*  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average 
Procurement Price  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price **  Average Export 
Price ***  National Production 
**** 
Crude Oil - HS 
2709 9,783  
(1,000 Barrels)  0 N/A $36.77  
(Per Barrel)  $36.77 (Per 
Barrel)  1,991,394  
(1,000 Barrels)  
* Source: U.S. Exports of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_NUS -Z00_mbbl_a.htm . 
** The actual domestic average price represents the average price at the lease (or wellhead) at which domestic crude oil is purchase d. 
Source: EIA Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Prices by Area, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_k_A.htm . 
*** Source: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_K_A.htm . 
**** Source : EIA U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 29 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2005  
Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number  Total Quantity 
Exported*  Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise  Average 
Procurement Price  Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price **  Average Export 
Price ***  National Production 
**** 
Crude Oil - HS 
2709 11,619  
(1,000 Barrels)*  0 N/A $50.28  
(Per Barrel)  $50.28  
(Per Barrel)  1,892,095  
(1,000 Barrels)  
* Source: U.S. Exports of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_NUS -Z00_mbbl_a.htm . 
** The actual  domestic average price represents the average price at the lease (or wellhead) at which domestic crude oil is purchased. Sour ce: EIA 
Domestic  Crude Oil First Purchase Prices by Area,  https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_k_A.htm . 
*** Source: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/PET_PRI_DFP1_K_A.htm . 
**** Source : EIA U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 30 - TABLE III  
STATE TRADING: STRAT EGIC PETROLEU M RESERVE  
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2004  
Description of Product  
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By  
State Trading Enterprises  National Production *  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise  National 
Consumption **  
Crude Oil - HS 2709 0 1,991,394  
(1,000 Barrels)  0 20,731  
(1,000 Barrels/Day 
Avg) 
* Source: EIA  U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
** Source: EIA  U.S. Product Supplied of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 
https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mttupus2&f=a . 
   
  G/STR/N/11/USA/Rev.1  
 
- 31 - STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2005  
Description of Product  
Including HS Number  Domestic Purchases By  
State Trading Enterprises  National Production *  Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise **  National Consumption 
*** 
Crude Oil - HS 2709  8,406 (1,000 Barrels)  1,892,095  
(1,000 Barrels)  11 million barrels  20,802  
(1,000 Barrels/Day 
Avg) 
 
* Source: EIA  U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mcrfpus1&f=a . 
** In September 2005, President George W. Bush issued a Finding of a Severe Energy Supply Interru ption and authorized the sale of 30  MMB as part of an 
EIA collective action; 11 million barrels were ultimately sold. Source: DOE/FE Long Term Strategic Review,  August,  2016, at page 18, 
https://energy.gov/fe/downloads/long -term-strategic -review -ltsr-us-strategic -petroleum -reserve -spr-report -congress .  
*** Source: EIA  U.S. Product Supplied of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mttupus2&f=a . 
 
__________