25302 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 105 / Thursday, May 31, 2018 / Rules and Regulations 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Food Safety and Inspection Service 
9 CFR Parts 301, 303, 318, 319, 320, 
325, 331, 381, 417, 424, 431, and 548 
[Docket No. FSIS–2015–0036] 
RIN 0583–AD59 
Elimination of Trichinae Control 
Regulations and Consolidation of Thermally Processed, Commercially Sterile Regulations 
AGENCY : Food Safety and Inspection 
Service, USDA. 
ACTION : Final rule. 
SUMMARY : The Food Safety and 
Inspection Service (FSIS) is amending the Federal meat inspection regulations to eliminate the requirements for both ready-to-eat (RTE) and not-ready-to-eat (NRTE) pork and pork products to be treated to destroy trichinae (Trichinella spiralis) because the regulations are inconsistent with the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations, and because these prescriptive regulations are no longer necessary. FSIS is ending its Trichinella Approved Laboratory Program (TALP program) for the evaluation and approval of non-Federal laboratories that use the pooled sample digestion technique to analyze samples for the presence of trichinae. FSIS is also consolidating the regulations on thermally processed, commercially sterile meat and poultry products (i.e., canned food products containing meat or poultry). 
DATES : Effective date: July 30, 2018. 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : 
Roberta Wagner, Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy and Program Development; Telephone: (202) 205–0495. 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : 
Background 
On February 27, 2001, FSIS proposed 
food safety performance standards for all RTE and all partially heat-treated meat and poultry products (66 FR 12590). The proposed performance standards included both levels of pathogen reduction and limits on pathogen growth that official meat and poultry establishments would be required to meet in the production of these products. 
The Agency also proposed to rescind 
the requirements in the meat inspection regulations that prescribe treatments of pork and pork products to eliminate trichinae because the requirements are inconsistent with the HACCP 
regulations (9 CFR part 417). 
The Agency further proposed to 
require that all thermally processed, commercially sterile meat and poultry products be processed to either eliminate or control the growth of Clostridium botulinum, depending on the pH of the product or other factors affecting the growth of that pathogen. The processing of a low-acid canned product that receives thermal or other sporicidal lethality processing would have had to meet a 12-log
10reduction 
standard for C. botulinum. The processing of acidified low-acid products and of some cured products and other canned products in which pathogen growth is controlled by factors other than the thermal process would have had to prevent growth rather than achieve any specific decimal reduction of C. botulinum. All thermally 
processed, commercially sterile products would have had to be commercially sterile and their containers hermetically sealed. 
Finally, the Agency proposed that 
each establishment that produces RTE meat and poultry products would have to test food contact surfaces for Listeria species to verify the efficacy of its sanitation standard operating procedures unless it had incorporated one or more controls for Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) into its HACCP 
plan. FSIS addressed Lm separately in 
the interim final rule ‘‘Control of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meat and Poultry Products,’’ published June 6, 2003 (68 FR 34208), and affirmed the interim final rule with minor changes on June, 19, 2015 (80 FR 35178). 
Because of the length of time since the 
publication of the proposed rule, FSIS published a supplemental proposed rule on March 28, 2016, to provide the public an additional opportunity to comment (81 FR 17337). In the supplemental proposed rule, FSIS only addressed the proposed changes to the regulations on control of trichinae in 
pork products and on thermally processed, commercially sterile meat and poultry products. FSIS withdrew the other provisions of the 2001 proposed rule because the Agency’s current regulations and inspection program have been effective at preventing adulterated RTE product from entering commerce (81 FR 17337, 17338). 
FSIS re-proposed the changes to 
remove the trichinae requirements, consistent with what FSIS originally proposed in 2001. FSIS explained that if the supplemental proposed rule was finalized, FSIS would end its Trichinella Approved Laboratory Program (TALP) for the evaluation and 
approval of non-Federal laboratories that use the pooled sample digestion technique to analyze samples for the presence of trichinae. In addition, rather than what it proposed in 2001, FSIS proposed to combine the meat and poultry canning regulations into a new part in the regulations and to make minor changes that improve the clarity of the regulations and remove redundant sections. After reviewing the comments on the supplemental proposed rule, FSIS is finalizing it with one small change. Specifically, the Agency is updating the cross-reference in 9 CFR 548.6 to the new thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations. 
Compliance Guidance 
FSIS also is announcing the 
availability of a compliance guide to 
help establishments, particularly small and very small establishments, in understanding the controls that are effective for the prevention and elimination of trichinae in RTE and NRTE pork products. When FSIS published the supplemental proposed rule, FSIS posted a draft of the trichinae compliance guide on its website and requested comments on the guide. FSIS has revised the trichinae compliance guide based on comments on the supplemental proposed rule and draft compliance guide to clarify that FSIS is not requiring establishments to use validated cooking instructions. The changes to the trichinae compliance guide are discussed in more detail below. FSIS has posted the compliance guide on its web page (http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/ 
topics/regulatory-compliance/ compliance-guides-index). 
Comments and Responses 
FSIS received 11 comments from 
trade associations representing meat 
processors, official establishments, an organization supporting sustainable farming, a food safety consulting firm, a trade association representing shelf- stable food processors, and individuals. All but one of these comments supported the proposal to eliminate the prescriptive trichinae control regulations. One individual opposed the proposal because, according to the commenter, the trichinae control regulations are effective. Only comments from a trade association representing meat processors and a trade association representing shelf- stable food processors addressed the proposed changes to the thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations. Both comments supported 
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1A negligible risk compartment for trichinae 
would require controlled management conditions 
for swine herds; at least 24 months of data demonstrating the absence of Trichinella infection 
in the herds; ongoing verification of the status of the compartment; and a response plan for deviations from negligible risk (World Organisation for Animal 
Health. (2016). Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Retrieved from http://www.oie.int/international- standard-setting/terrestrial-code/access-online/). the proposal to consolidate the 
thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations. After review and consideration of all of the comments, as is stated above, FSIS will eliminate the trichinae control regulations and finalize the proposed thermally processed commercially sterile regulations. A summary of comments follows. 
Elimination of the Trichinae Control 
Regulations 
Comment: One individual consumer 
suggested that FSIS keep the trichinae control regulations because, according to the commenter, the fact that the rate of Trichinella and trichinellosis in the 
U.S. is currently at an all-time low shows that the regulations are working. The same commenter argued that eliminating the trichinae control regulations would reduce national food safety standards because, according to the commenter, establishments will not always follow their HACCP plans, and establishments may not adequately eliminate trichinae from pork products produced in the U.S. with pork from foreign countries where trichinae is a greater risk. 
Response: FSIS finds no merit in the 
commenter’s argument that eliminating the trichinae control regulations will reduce food safety because the HACCP regulations will not be effective in preventing adulterated pork products from entering the human food supply. As FSIS explained in the proposed rule, many establishments producing pork products already address trichinae in their HACCP plans or in a pre-requisite program (81 FR 17337, 17339). Under this final rule, all establishments producing pork products from swine slaughtered in the U.S. or eligible foreign countries will have to determine whether trichinae is a hazard reasonably likely to occur (RLTO) in their 
processes. If it is, they must address this hazard in their HACCP plans or in a pre- requisite program. FSIS inspectors will verify that establishments are following their HACCP plans and pre-requisite programs and that their HACCP plans and pre-requisite programs are effective at preventing or controlling for trichinae. If FSIS inspectors determine that establishments have inadequate HACCP systems, FSIS will take a withholding action or impose a suspension (see 9 CFR 500.4(a)). 
Comment: A few commenters from 
trade associations representing meat processors were concerned that the proposed rule required validated cooking instructions for controlling trichinae in raw, not-ready-to-eat (NRTE) products. The commenters argued that requiring small and very 
small establishments that produce raw, NRTE pork products to include validated cooking instructions on their labels would cause an undue burden. One commenter from an organization supporting sustainable farming recommended that FSIS conduct education and outreach activities to ensure that both industry and FSIS inspectors understand the new requirements. 
Response: FSIS is removing 9 CFR 
318.10(a)(1) and clarifying in this final rule and in the compliance guide that this change should not affect the way that establishments currently label their products. FSIS is not creating a new requirement for establishments to use validated cooking instructions on their labels of raw, NRTE pork products. However, if establishments voluntarily choose to use cooking instructions on their labels, then the cooking instructions must be validated. 
In addition to providing the guidance 
on trichinae discussed above, the Agency will host webinars for industry to explain how establishments can address trichinae in their HACCP systems. FSIS will also update instructions to our inspection program personnel to ensure that they are all aware that the Agency is removing the trichinae control regulations and that all establishments producing pork products will have to address trichinae under the HACCP regulations (9 CFR part 417). 
Comment: Two commenters from 
trade associations representing meat processors requested that FSIS delay publishing a final rule until the industry, in cooperation with USDA, establish a negligible risk compartment
1 
in accordance with the new international standards for trichinae control. The same commenters were concerned that eliminating the trichinae control regulations before establishing a negligible risk compartment could have a negative impact on the international trade of U.S. pork products because current trade agreements reference the specific time and temperature combinations for commercial cooking and freezing of pork found in 9 CFR 318.10. One of those commenters argued that facility-specific HACCP-based control measures would be difficult to validate and may not satisfy foreign trading partners. The same commenter suggested that the methods in 9 CFR 318.10 should be preserved as references for effective mitigations of Trichinella while they are still 
referenced in trade agreements. One of these commenters noted that FSIS would conserve Agency and industry resources by delaying publishing a final rule until the negligible risk compartment is established, thereby requiring only one round of revision to both the Export Library and establishments’ HACCP plans. 
Response: The Agency does not see a 
reason to delay issuing this final rule because many establishments producing pork products already address trichinae in a pre-requisite program or in their HACCP plans (81 FR 17337, 17339). The negligible risk compartment was included in the supplemental proposed rule and the draft compliance guidance as an example of an on-farm pre- requisite program that could be used in the future to support decisions in a hazard analysis that trichinae is not reasonably likely to occur (NRLTO) because live swine were raised under strict biosecurity standards and, therefore, were not exposed to rodents and wildlife infected with Trichinella. FSIS will not require participation in the negligible risk compartment. Establishments may use any Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) approved validated Trichinella pre- 
harvest safety program that complies with the World Organization for Animal Health’s (OIE’s) guidance for Trichinella. 
FSIS considers the time and 
temperature combinations for commercial cooking and freezing of pork in 9 CFR 318.10 as safe harbors that have been scientifically validated and has incorporated these requirements into the trichinae compliance guidance discussed above. Establishments may continue to produce their products using these ‘‘safe harbors,’’ or they may choose to develop their own validated cooking or freezing procedures that will effectively eliminate trichinae. FSIS will update 
the Export Library to add the specific time and temperature combinations for commercial cooking and freezing of pork that were found in 9 CFR 318.10 
for countries that require these times and temperatures. This update will ensure that establishments are aware of export requirements and prevent trade interruptions. 
FSIS does not agree that removing the 
trichinae control regulations will waste Agency or industry resources because FSIS routinely updates the Export Library, and establishments must 
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conduct annual reassessments of their 
HACCP plans. Because participation in the negligible risk compartment will not be mandatory, establishments may or may not decide to revise their HACCP plans if APHIS establishes the risk compartment. Establishments will have the flexibility to determine how they will control for trichinae in their products. 
Comment: One commenter from an 
association representing meat processors stated that the U.S. does not have a program that allows pigs to be classified as having a negligible risk for Trichinella because, according to the 
commenter, APHIS no longer has the U.S. Trichinae Certification Program. The same commenter argued that packers will have no tools, other than individual carcass testing, to determine the risk status of Trichinella in pigs and 
therefore, it is not possible to make fully informed decisions on risk in a HACCP plan addressing Trichinella. Commenters from an association supporting sustainable agriculture and a food-safety consulting firm requested that FSIS add the industry Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) Plus program to the Compliance Guide as an acceptable pre- requisite program for controlling trichinae. The commenter stated that the PQA Plus program is based on HACCP principles and was developed by the National Pork Board to identify on-farm practices with potential to result in food safety hazards and to minimize these potential risks by improving on-farm biosecurity practices through producer education. 
One commenter from an official 
establishment stated that FSIS should revise the draft compliance guide because, according to the commenter, industry has eliminated exposure of animals to garbage and rodents and, therefore, science does not support that pigs raised in pasture operations are at a higher risk for trichinae than others. The same commenter stated that the claims that pasture operations create a higher risk for trichinae will significantly limit establishments’ market opportunities. 
Response: FSIS disagrees with the 
comment that it is not possible to make fully informed decisions on the risks of Trichinella in HACCP plans because 
packers have limited resources to assess 
the risk status of Trichinella in pigs. As 
FSIS explained in the supplemental proposed rule, many establishments producing pork products already address trichinae in their HACCP plans or in a pre-requisite program (81 FR 17337, 17339). In addition, the compliance guide explains several different ways that establishments can control or eliminate trichinae. APHIS’s 
U.S. Trichinae Certification Program is just one option that is currently available to packers and establishments for the control for trichinae. 
FSIS has decided that the PQA Plus 
program is an acceptable pre-requisite program for fresh pork products that were previously covered under 9 CFR 318.10(a). However, the PQA Plus program alone is not sufficient for products that were covered under 9 CFR 318.10(b) because these products pose a greater risk for Trichinella infection to 
consumers. Additionally, establishments that export to foreign countries should be aware that not all countries will accept the PQA Plus program as an acceptable pre-requisite program because it does not meet OIE standards. Therefore, for products previously covered under 9 CFR 318.10(a), establishments should use PQA Plus and treat pork products for the destruction of Trichinella. 
The compliance guide states, ‘‘the risk 
of infection with Trichinella is 
increased in pasture raised swine that have access to rodents and wildlife infected with Trichinella.’’ However, 
FSIS recognizes that not all pasture- raised swine are exposed to potentially infected reservoir hosts. Under the HACCP regulations, establishments producing RTE or NRTE pork products must address trichinae in their HACCP system if Trichinella and other parasites 
are hazards reasonably likely to occur in their processes. Establishments may determine that the parasitic hazard is not reasonably likely to occur because a pre-requisite program prevents the hazard, but they must have documentation to support the decisions in their hazard analysis (9 CFR 417.5(a)(1)). FSIS disagrees that the statement in the compliance guide that the risk of infection with Trichinella is 
increased in pasture raised swine that have access to rodents and wildlife infected with Trichinella will affect 
establishments’ market opportunities. 
Comment: Two trade associations 
representing meat processors argued that, given the lack of tools for assessing risk for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a protozoan parasite that can cause the disease toxoplasmosis, in pork, and the lack of international or national standards for this parasite, including 
mention of T. gondii in the compliance 
guide in relation to HACCP plans is premature. Furthermore, according to the commenters, there are no tests that can be performed at the establishment to determine whether live pigs are infected with T. gondii. The commenters argued 
that including T. gondii in the 
compliance guide could have a negative impact on trade for U.S. pork producers. 
The commenters stated that current consumer guidelines for preparation of NRTE pork are effective for inactivation of T. gondii. 
Response: Producers of RTE and 
NRTE pork products must assess in their hazard analysis which potential hazards are reasonably likely to occur (RLTO) in their production processes (9 CFR 417.2), and parasites could be a potential hazard. If establishments determine that parasites are a hazard that is RLTO, then they must include control procedures for these parasites in their HACCP plans. Establishments may determine that parasites are NRLTO, but they must have documentation to support the decisions in their hazard analysis (9 CFR 417.5(a)(1)). FSIS is keeping the section on T. gondii in the compliance guide to raise awareness of the parasite and provide valuable scientific information to assist establishments in conducting a hazard analysis. However, it should be noted that the compliance guidance represents best practice recommendations by FSIS, based on the best available scientific and practical consideration, and does not represent requirements that must be met. Establishments may choose to adopt different procedures than those outlined in the compliance guidance. 
FSIS disagrees with the comments 
that it is not possible to make fully informed decisions on the risks of T. gondii in HACCP plans because packers 
have limited resources to assess the risk status of T. gondii in live pigs and 
carcasses. As explained in the compliance guide, the risk of infection with T. gondii is significantly increased 
in pasture-raised swine that are exposed to environmental contamination with cat feces in soil, grass, feed, or water. The compliance guide explains that while there are no programs to certify the risk of T. gondii in live swine, packers can prevent toxoplasma infection in swine through incorporating good production practices. Additionally, the compliance guide explains that while there are no direct testing methods for T. gondii that 
can be performed at slaughter, establishments can eliminate the parasitic hazard through the same heating, freezing, high-pressure 
processing, and irradiation methods that are used to eliminate Trichinella. FSIS 
has no reason to believe that including more information on T. gondii in the 
compliance guide will affect establishments’ market opportunities. 
Finally, FSIS agrees with commenters 
that current consumer guidelines for 
preparation of NRTE pork are effective for inactivation of T. gondii. However, 
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2http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/ 
2b8aef47-9718-423f-aafb-fa31573fdb7e/2015- 
0036.htm?MOD=AJPERES. under HACCP regulations, 
establishments are required to address hazards RLTO in their products before the products reach the consumer. 
Comment: Two trade associations 
representing meat processors did not support ending the TALP program because, according to the commenters, ending the TALP program eliminates a tool that packers can use for assessing the absence of risk for Trichinella by 
testing. The commenters asked what oversight FSIS would provide of third- party testing. Another commenter from a food safety consulting firm recommended that FSIS revise the establishment testing protocols for trichinae to specifically include molecular testing as having the potential to be equivalent to current digestion testing methods. 
Response: FSIS is ending the TALP 
program to make more efficient use of its resources. As FSIS explained in the proposed rule, there is only one laboratory enrolled in the TALP program (81 FR 17338, 17340). Establishments may test product samples for the presence of trichinae using any validated testing method that is equivalent to the pooled sample digestion technique to verify that their system is working. FSIS has provided some guidance on sampling in the trichinae compliance guide. For example, establishments may enroll in the Agricultural Marketing Service’s Trichinae Export Program, which tests for trichinae using the artificial 
digestion technique. Consistent with other industry testing, FSIS will not provide oversight of third-party testing and will not provide protocols for 
industry testing. 
Comment: One trade association 
representing meat processors stated that FSIS should review the costs associated with the elimination of 9 CFR 318.10 and stated that the estimated costs were too low. The same commenter stated that FSIS did not provide a cost estimate for developing a HACCP plan that addresses trichinae and other hazards in pork products. The commenter also stated that FSIS did not consider the cost of participating in the U.S. Trichinae Certification Program. The commenter also requested that FSIS consider the costs of new validated cooking instruction labels. 
Response: After reviewing the costs 
associated with the elimination of 9 CFR 318.10, FSIS is affirming the cost estimates in the proposed rule. These estimates are in 2016 dollars. The numbers still reflect FSIS costs. 
FSIS disagrees with the comment that 
the Agency should provide a cost estimate for developing HACCP plans that address trichinae. As FSIS 
explained in the supplemental proposed rule, many establishments producing pork products already address trichinae in their HACCP plans or in a pre- requisite program (81 FR 17337, 17339). Also, the HACCP regulations have been in place since 1996 and since that time have required that establishments conduct hazard analyses and HACCP plans to address hazards that are RLTO, including trichinae. As explained above, FSIS considers the time and temperature combinations for commercial cooking and freezing of pork in 9 CFR 318.10 as safe harbors and has incorporated these requirements into the compliance guidance on controlling for trichinae. Because many establishments are already addressing trichinae under their current HACCP systems, and establishments are not required to change the way that they cook or freeze pork to control for trichinae, establishments will not incur costs related to developing HACCP plans. FSIS did not include the costs of participation in on-farm programs like the U.S. Trichinae Certification Program because participation in these programs is a business decision not required by FSIS. FSIS also did not consider the 
costs of new validated cooking instruction labels because the Agency is not requiring establishments to add validated cooking instructions on raw, NRTE pork products. 
Thermally Processed, Commercially 
Sterile Regulations 
Two trade associations representing 
meat processors and a trade association representing shelf-stable food processors stated that the current regulations have been effective in ensuring safe and unadulterated products. Additionally, the commenters stated that finalizing the proposed changes to the thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations will improve clarity and understanding. 
Response: FSIS is finalizing the 
proposed changes to the thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations. The Agency also is updating the regulatory citations in 9 CFR 548.6, which cross-reference the thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations, from 9 CFR part 318, subpart G to 9 CFR part 431. 
Executive Order 12866 
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 
direct agencies to assess all costs and 
benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, 
environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility. This final 
rule has been designated as a ‘‘non- significant’’ regulatory action under section 3(f) of Executive Order (E.O.) 12866. Accordingly, the final rule has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866. 
Economic Impact Analysis 
FSIS affirms the preliminary 
regulatory impact analysis
2and is 
finalizing this rule with only a small 
change to update the cross-reference in 9 CFR 548.6 to the new thermally processed, commercially sterile regulations. As is discussed above, FSIS is removing the trichinae treatment requirements under 9 CFR 318.10 as this action will give industry the flexibility under HACCP to develop science-based food safety controls to address trichinae and other pork associated parasitic hazards. The removal of the requirements for trichinae treatment of pork products will not impose significant costs on the industry because the establishments can address trichinae in their existing HACCP plans. If an establishment has identified trichinae as a hazard RLTO, the establishment will have to ensure that the process it uses effectively eliminates the hazard under HACCP. Establishments will not need to change any steps in their production processes since the establishments can take the same measures that they are currently taking to address the presence of trichinae. However, establishments will have the flexibility to use alternative procedures to those previously prescribed in the regulations, as long as establishments address the hazard in their HACCP plans. Establishments will have the flexibility provided by the HACCP regulations to develop appropriate science-based controls for trichinae and other parasitic hazards in pork. Among the controls that can be employed are on-farm trichinae certification of hogs, lethality treatment for RTE product, and, for NRTE products, conspicuous labeling and validated cooking instructions. 
FSIS inspection program personnel 
will verify that establishments effectively address these hazards. Under the final rule, FSIS is ending the TALP 
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program, saving the Agency an average 
of $13,000 per year ($4,000 annual material cost + $9,000 labor cost). TALP is a program under which FSIS has evaluated and approved non-Federal- laboratories that use the pooled-sample design technique to analyze samples for the presence of trichinae. There is only one laboratory enrolled in the TALP program. FSIS is eliminating this program because very few establishments are using the laboratory that is in the program. The program is no longer necessary, and eliminating it will allow the Agency to make more efficient use of its resources. 
The Agency also is combining the 
regulations for thermally processed, commercially sterile meat and poultry products into one new 9 CFR part 431 and making minor changes to improve clarity and remove redundant requirements. As discussed earlier in this document, FSIS is removing the requirement for the Administrator’s prior approval before an establishment 
may use an alternative time lapse between container closure and the initiation of the thermal process (9 CFR 318.301(f)(2); 381.301(f)(2)). FSIS also is replacing the redundant descriptions of equipment (e.g., bleeders, vents) 
common to the several types of retort systems (batch still, batch agitating, continuous rotary, and hydrostatic) with a single paragraph that describes equipment common to all the systems (9 CFR 318.305 and 381.305). 
There are no additional costs 
associated with combining the canning regulations or with these other minor changes. FSIS is not implementing any new requirements for canning establishments and is providing additional flexibility by removing prior approval provisions. 
Executive Order 13771 
This final rule is an E.O. 13771 
deregulatory action. We have estimated 
that this final rule would yield cost savings. 
Regulatory Flexibility Act Assessment 
The FSIS Administrator certifies that, 
for the purpose of the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601–602), the final rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities in the United States. The rule will affect 447 very small establishments and 222 small establishments that produce pork and pork products in the United States. FSIS is providing additional flexibility to these establishments. FSIS has developed a draft compliance guide designed to help small and very small establishments to understand the controls that are effective for the prevention and elimination of trichinae and other parasites in RTE and NRTE pork products. There are 29 very small establishments and 80 small establishments that produce thermally processed, commercially sterile meat and poultry products in the United States. The final rule does not impose any additional costs on small and very small establishments because these establishments already are in compliance with the canning regulations, and combining the separate (meat and poultry) canning regulations into one part is an administrative action. 
Paperwork Reduction Act 
There are no paperwork or 
recordkeeping requirements associated 
with this final rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501– 3520). 
E-Government Act 
FSIS and USDA are committed to 
achieving the purposes of the 
E-Government Act (44 U.S.C. 3601, et seq.) by, among other things, promoting the use of the internet and other information technologies and providing increased opportunities for citizen access to Government information and services, and for other purposes. 
Executive Order 12988 
This final rule has been reviewed 
under Executive Order 12988, Civil 
Justice Reform. Under this rule: (1) All State and local laws and regulations that are inconsistent with this rule will be preempted; (2) no retroactive effect will be given to this rule; and (3) no administrative proceedings will be required before parties may file suit in court challenging this rule. 
Executive Order 13175 
This final rule has been reviewed in 
accordance with the requirements of 
Executive Order 13175, ‘‘Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments.’’ E.O. 13175 requires Federal agencies to consult and coordinate with tribes on a government- to-government basis on policies that have tribal implications, including regulations, legislative comments or proposed legislation, and other policy statements or actions that have substantial direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes. 
FSIS has assessed the impact of this 
final rule on Indian tribes and determined that this rulemaking does not, to our knowledge, have tribal implications that require tribal consultation under E.O. 13175. If a Tribe requests consultation, the Food Safety and Inspection Service will work with the Office of Tribal Relations to ensure meaningful consultation is provided where changes, additions and modifications identified herein are not expressly mandated by Congress. 
USDA Non-Discrimination Statement 
No agency, officer, or employee of the 
USDA will, on the grounds of race, 
color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/ parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, or political beliefs, exclude from participation in, deny the benefits of, or subject to discrimination any person in the United States under any program or activity conducted by the USDA. 
How To File a Complaint of 
Discrimination 
To file a complaint of discrimination, 
complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, which may be accessed online at http://www.ocio.usda.gov/sites/default/files/ docs/2012/Complain_ combined_ 6_8_
12.pdf, or write a letter signed by you 
or your authorized representative. 
Send your completed complaint form 
or letter to USDA by mail, fax, or email: 
Mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410, Fax: (202) 690–7442, 
Email: program.intake@usda.gov. 
Persons with disabilities who require 
alternative means for communication (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.), should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). 
Additional Public Notification 
Public awareness of all segments of 
rulemaking and policy development is 
important. Consequently, FSIS will announce this Federal Register publication on-line through the FSIS web page located at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/federal-register. 
FSIS also will make copies of this 
publication available through the FSIS Constituent Update, which is used to provide information regarding FSIS policies, procedures, regulations, Federal Register notices, FSIS public meetings, and other types of information that could affect or would be of interest to our constituents and stakeholders. The Update is available on the FSIS web page. Through the web page, FSIS is able to provide information to a much broader, more diverse audience. In 
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addition, FSIS offers an email 
subscription service which provides automatic and customized access to selected food safety news and information. This service is available at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/subscribe. Options range from recalls to export information, regulations, directives, and notices. Customers can add or delete subscriptions themselves, and have the option to password protect their accounts. 
List of Subjects 9 CFR Part 301 
Meat inspection. 
9 CFR Part 303 
Meat inspection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements. 9 CFR Part 318 
Food additives, Food packaging, 
Laboratories, Meat inspection, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements. 
9 CFR Part 319 
Food grades and standards, Food 
labeling, Frozen foods, Meat inspection, 
Oils and fats. 
9 CFR Part 320 
Meat inspection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements. 9 CFR Part 325 
Meat inspection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, 
Transportation. 
9 CFR Part 331 
Intergovernmental regulations, Meat 
inspection. 9 CFR Part 381 
Administrative practice and 
procedure, Animal diseases, Crime, 
Exports, Food grades and standards, Food labeling, Food packaging, Government employees, Grant programs—agriculture, Intergovernmental relations, Laboratories, Meat inspection, Nutrition, Polycholorinated biphenyls (PCB’s), Poultry and poultry products inspection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 
9 CFR Part 417 
Meat inspection, Poultry and poultry 
products inspection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements. 
9 CFR Part 424 
Food additives, Food packaging, Meat 
inspection, Poultry and poultry 
products. 9 CFR Part 431 
Meat inspection, Poultry and poultry 
products inspection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. 
9 CFR Part 548 
Fish, Food additives, Food grades and 
standards, Food packaging, 
Laboratories, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Signs and symbols. 
For the reasons set forth in the 
preamble, FSIS is amending title 9, chapter III, of the Code of Federal Regulations as follows: 
PART 301—TERMINOLOGY; 
ADULTERATION AND MISBRANDING STANDARDS 
■1. The authority citation for part 301 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.7, 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 301.2 [Amended] 
■2. Section 301.2 is amended in the 
definitions of ‘‘Process authority’’ and 
‘‘Process schedule’’ by removing ‘‘subpart G of part 318’’ and adding in its place ‘‘part 431 of this chapter.’’ 
PART 303—EXEMPTIONS 
■3. The authority citation for part 303 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 
2.53. § 303.1 [Amended] 
■4. Section 303.1 is amended as 
follows: 
■a. In paragraph (b)(1) by removing 
‘‘318.10,’’ from the first and second 
sentences. 
■b. In paragraph (f) by removing the 
second sentence. 
PART 318—ENTRY INTO OFFICIAL 
ESTABLISHMENTS; REINSPECTION AND PREPARATION OF PRODUCTS 
■5. The authority citation for part 318 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 318.10 [Removed and reserved] 
■6. Section 318.10 is removed and 
reserved. Subpart G—[Removed and reserved] 
■7. Subpart G, consisting of §§ 318.300 
through 318.311, is removed and 
reserved. PART 319—DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY AND COMPOSITION 
■8. The authority citation for part 319 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 319.106 [Amended] 
■9. In § 319.106, paragraph (b) is 
removed, paragraphs (c)(5) and (6) are 
removed and reserved, and paragraphs (c) and (d) are redesignated as paragraphs (b) and (c), respectively. 
§ 319.145 [Amended] 
■10. In § 319.145, paragraph (a)(2) is 
amended by removing the third sentence. 
PART 320—RECORDS, 
REGISTRATION, AND REPORTS 
■11. The authority citation for part 320 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 
2.53. 
■12. In § 320.1, paragraph (b)(6) is 
revised, paragraph (b)(7) is removed, and paragraphs (b)(8) through (11) are redesignated as paragraphs (b)(7) through (10), respectively, to read as follows: 
§ 320.1 Records required to be kept. 
* * * * * 
(b) * * * 
(6) Records of canning as required by 
part 431 of this chapter. 
* * * * * 
PART 325—TRANSPORTATION 
■13. The authority citation for part 325 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. § 325.7 [Amended] 
■14. In § 325.7, paragraph (a) is 
amended by removing the phrase ‘‘pork 
that has been refrigerated to destroy trichinae,’’. 
PART 331—SPECIAL PROVISIONS 
FOR DESIGNATED STATES AND TERRITORIES; AND FOR DESIGNATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH ENDANGER PUBLIC HEALTH AND FOR SUCH DESIGNATED ESTABLISHMENTS 
■15. The authority citation for part 331 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 
2.53. 
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§ 331.5 [Amended] 
■16. In § 331.5, paragraph (a)(1)(ii) is 
amended by removing the phrase ‘‘; or 
it is a ready-to-eat pork product which has not been treated to destroy trichinae as prescribed in § 318.10 of this subchapter for products at federally inspected establishments’’. 
PART 381—POULTRY PRODUCTS 
INSPECTION REGULATIONS 
■17. The authority citation for part 381 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 451–472; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
■18. In § 381.175, paragraph (b)(3) is 
revised to read as follows: 
§ 381.175 Records required to be kept. 
* * * * * 
(b) * * * 
(3) Records of canning as required by 
part 431 of this chapter. 
* * * * * 
Subpart X—[Removed and reserved] 
■19. Subpart X, consisting of 
§§ 381.300 through 381.311, is removed 
and reserved. 
PART 417—HAZARD ANALYSIS AND 
CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEMS 
■20. The authority citation for part 417 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 451–472, 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
■21. Section 417.2(b)(3) is revised to 
read as follows: 
§ 417.2 Hazard Analysis and HACCP plan. 
* * * * * 
(b) * * * 
(3) HACCP plans for thermally 
processed/commercially sterile products 
do not have to address the food safety hazards associated with microbiological contamination if the product is produced in accordance with the requirements of part 431 of this chapter. 
* * * * * 
PART 424—PREPARATION AND 
PROCESSING OPERATIONS 
■22. The authority citation for part 424 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 451–472, 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 424.21 [Amended] 
■23. In § 424.21, paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) 
and (iii) are removed and paragraph 
(a)(3)(i) is redesignated as (a)(3). 
■24. Part 431 is added to read as 
follows: PART 431—THERMALLY PROCESSED, COMMERCIALLY STERILE PRODUCTS 
Sec. 
431.1 Definitions. 431.2 Containers and closures. 431.3 Thermal processing. 431.4 Critical factors and the application of 
the process schedule. 
431.5 Operations in the thermal processing 
area. 
431.6 Equipment and procedures for heat 
processing systems. 
431.7 Processing and production records. 431.8 Record review and maintenance. 431.9 Deviations in processing. 431.10 Finished product inspection. 431.11 Personnel and training. 431.12 Recall procedure. 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633, 1901–1906; 21 
U.S.C. 451–472, 601–695; 7 CFR 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 431.1 Definitions. 
Abnormal container. A container with 
any sign of swelling or product leakage 
or any evidence that the contents of the unopened container may be spoiled. 
Acidified low acid product. A canned 
product which has been formulated or treated so that every component of the finished product has a pH of 4.6 or lower within 24 hours after the completion of the thermal process unless data are available from the establishment’s processing authority demonstrating that a longer time period is safe. 
Bleeders. Small orifices on a retort 
through which steam, other gasses, and condensate are emitted from the retort throughout the entire thermal process. 
Canned product. A meat or poultry 
food product with a water activity above 0.85 which receives a thermal process either before or after being packed in a hermetically sealed container. Unless otherwise specified, the term ‘‘product’’ as used in this part means ‘‘canned product.’’ 
Closure technician. The individual(s) 
identified by the establishment as being trained to perform specific container integrity examinations as required by this part and designated by the establishment to perform such examinations. 
Code lot. All production of a 
particular product in a specific size container marked with a specific container code. 
Come-up time. The elapsed time, 
including venting time (if applicable), between the introduction of the heating medium into a closed retort and the start of process timing. 
Critical factor. Any characteristic, 
condition or aspect of a product, container, or procedure that affects the adequacy of the process schedule. Critical factors are established by processing authorities. Headspace. That portion of a 
container not occupied by the product. 
(1) Gross headspace. The vertical 
distance between the level of the product (generally the liquid surface) in an upright rigid container and the top edge of the container (i.e., the flange of 
an unsealed can, the top of the double seam on a sealed can, or the top edge of an unsealed jar). 
(2) Net headspace. The vertical 
distance between the level of the product (generally the liquid surface) in an upright rigid container and the inside surface of the lid. 
Hermetically sealed containers. Air- 
tight containers which are designed and intended to protect the contents against the entry of microorganisms during and after thermal processing. 
(1) Rigid container. A container, the 
shape or contour of which, when filled and sealed, is neither affected by the enclosed product nor deformed by external mechanical pressure of up to 10 pounds per square inch gauge (0.7 kg/ cm
2) (i.e., normal firm finger pressure). 
(2) Semirigid container. A container, 
the shape or contour of which, when filled and sealed, is not significantly affected by the enclosed product under normal atmospheric temperature and pressure, but can be deformed by external mechanical pressure of less than 10 pounds per square inch gauge (0.7 kg/cm
2) (i.e., normal firm finger 
pressure). 
(3) Flexible container. A container, 
the shape or contour of which, when filled and sealed, is significantly affected by the enclosed product. 
Incubation tests. Tests in which the 
thermally processed product is kept at a specific temperature for a specified period of time in order to determine if outgrowth of microorganisms occurs. 
Initial temperature. The temperature, 
determined at the initiation of a thermal process cycle, of the contents of the coldest container to be processed. 
Low acid product. A canned product 
in which any component has a pH value above 4.6. 
Process schedule. The thermal 
process and any specified critical factors for a given canned product required to achieve shelf stability. 
Process temperature. The minimum 
temperature(s) of the heating medium to be maintained as specified in the process schedule. 
Process time. The intended time(s) a 
container is to be exposed to the heating medium while the heating medium is at or above the process temperature(s). 
Processing authority. The person(s) or 
organization(s) having expert knowledge of thermal processing requirements for foods in hermetically sealed containers, 
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having access to facilities for making 
such determinations, and designated by the establishment to perform certain functions as indicated in this part. 
Program employee. Any inspector or 
other individual employed by the Department or any cooperating agency who is authorized by the Secretary to do any work or perform any duty in connection with the Program. 
Retort. A pressure vessel designed for 
thermal processing of product packed in hermetically sealed containers. 
Seals. Those parts of a semirigid 
container and lid or of a flexible container that are fused together in order to hermetically close the container. 
Shelf stability. The condition 
achieved by application of heat, sufficient, alone or in combination with other ingredients and/or treatments, to render the product free of microorganisms capable of growing in the product at nonrefrigerated conditions (over 50 °F or 10 °C) at 
which the product is intended to be held during distribution and storage. Shelf stability and shelf stable are synonymous with commercial sterility and commercially sterile, respectively. 
Thermal process. The heat treatment 
necessary to achieve shelf stability as determined by the establishment’s processing authority. It is quantified in terms of: 
(1) Time(s) and temperature(s); or 
(2) Minimum product temperature. Venting. The removal of air from a 
retort before the start of process timing. 
Water activity. The ratio of the water 
vapor pressure of the product to the 
vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. 
§ 431.2 Containers and closures. 
(a) Examination and handling of 
empty containers. (1) Empty containers, closures, and flexible pouch roll stock must be evaluated by the establishment to ensure that they are free of structural defects and damage that may affect product or container integrity. Such an examination should be based on a 
statistical sampling plan. 
(2) All empty containers, closures, 
and flexible pouch roll stock must be stored, handled, and conveyed in such a manner that will prevent damage that could affect the hermetic condition of the sealed container. 
(3) Just before filling, rigid containers 
must be cleaned to prevent incorporation of foreign matter into the finished product. Closures, semirigid containers, preformed flexible pouches, and flexible pouch roll stock contained in original wrappings do not need to be cleaned before use. 
(b) Closure examinations for rigid 
containers (cans)—(1) Visual 
examinations. A closure technician 
must visually examine the double seams formed by each closing machine head. When seam defects (e.g., cutovers, 
sharpness, knocked down flanges, false 
seams, droops) are observed, necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the closing machine, must be taken. In addition to the double seams, the entire container must be examined for product leakage or obvious defects. A visual examination must be performed on at least one container from each closing machine head, and the observations, along with any corrective actions, must be recorded. Visual examinations must be conducted with sufficient frequency to ensure proper closure and should be conducted at least every 30 minutes of continuous closing machine operation. Additional visual examinations must be made by the closure technician at the beginning of production, immediately following every jam in the closing machine and after closing machine adjustment (including adjustment for changes in container size). 
(2) Teardown examinations. 
Teardown examinations of double seams formed by each closing machine head must be performed by a closure technician at a frequency sufficient to ensure proper closure. These examinations should be made at intervals of not more than 4 hours of continuous closing machine operation. At least one container from each closing head must be examined on the packer’s end during each regular examination period. Examination results along with any necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the closing machine, must be promptly recorded by the closure technician. The establishment must have container specification guidelines for double seam integrity on file and available for review by Program employees. A teardown examination of the can maker’s end must be performed on at least one container selected from each closing machine during each examination period except when teardown examinations are made on incoming empty containers or when, in the case of self-manufactured containers, the containers are made in the vicinity of the establishment and the container plant records are made available to Program employees. Additional teardown examinations on the packer’s end should be made at the beginning of production, immediately following every jam in a closing machine and after closing machine adjustment (including adjustment for a change in container size). The following procedures must be used in teardown examinations of double seams: 
(i) Dimensional measurement. One of 
the following two methods must be employed for dimensional measurements of the double seam. 
(A) Micrometer measurement. (1) For 
cylindrical containers, measure the following dimensions (Figure 1 to § 431.2) at three points approximately 120 degrees apart on the double seam excluding and at least one-half inch from the side seam juncture: 
(i) Double seam length—W; 
(ii) Double seam thickness—S; (iii) Body hook length—BH; and 
(iv) Cover hook length—CH. (2) Maximum and minimum values 
for each dimensional measurement must 
be recorded by the closure technician. 
BILLING CODE 3410–DM–P 
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BILLING CODE 3410–DM–C 
(B) Seamscope or seam projector. 
Required measurements of the seam 
include thickness, body hook, and overlap. 
(ii) Seam thickness. Seam thickness 
must be obtained by micrometer. For cylindrical containers, at least two locations, excluding the side seam juncture, must be used to obtain the required measurements. 
(iii) Seam tightness. Regardless of the 
dimensional measurement method used to measure seam dimensions, at a minimum, the seam(s) examined must be stripped to assess the degree of wrinkling. 
(iv) Side seam juncture rating. 
Regardless of the dimensional measurement method used to measure seam dimensions, the cover hook must 
be stripped to examine the cover hook droop at the juncture for containers having side seams. 
(v) Examination of noncylindrical 
containers. Examination of 
noncylindrical containers (e.g., square, 
rectangular, ‘‘D’’-shaped, and irregularly-shaped) must be conducted as described in paragraphs (b)(2)(i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) of this section except that the required dimensional measurements must be made on the double seam at the points listed in the establishment’s container specification guidelines. 
(c) Closure examinations for glass 
containers—(1) Visual examinations. A 
closure technician must visually assess 
the adequacy of the closures formed by each closing machine. When closure defects, such as loose or cocked caps, 
fractured or cracked containers and low vacuum jars, are observed, necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the closing machine must be taken and recorded. In addition to the closures, the entire container must be examined for defects. Visual examinations must be made with sufficient frequency to ensure proper closure and should be conducted at least every 30 minutes of continuous closing machine operation. Additional visual examinations must be made by the closure technician and the observations recorded at the beginning of production, immediately following 
every jam in the closing machine, and after closing machine adjustment 
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(including adjustment for a change in 
container size). 
(2) Closure examinations and tests. 
Depending upon the container and closure, tests must be performed by a closure technician at a frequency sufficient to ensure proper closure. These examinations should be made either before or after thermal processing and at intervals of not more than 4 hours of continuous closing machine operation. At least one container from each closing machine must be examined during each regular examination period. Examination results along with any necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the closing machine, must be promptly recorded by the closure technician. The establishment must have specification guidelines for closure integrity on file and available for review by Program employees. Additional closure examinations should be made at the beginning of production, immediately following every jam in the closing machine, and after closing machine adjustment (including adjustment for a change in container size). 
(d) Closure examinations for semi- 
rigid and flexible containers—(1) Heat 
seals—(i) Visual examinations. A 
closure technician must visually examine the seals formed by each sealing machine. When sealing defects are observed, necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the sealing machine, must be taken and recorded. In addition to examining the heat seals, the entire container must be examined for product leakage or obvious defects. Visual examinations must be performed before and after the thermal processing operation and with sufficient frequency to ensure proper closure. These examinations should be conducted at least in accordance with a statistical sampling plan. All defects noted and corrective actions taken must be promptly recorded. 
(ii) Physical tests. Tests determined 
by the establishment as necessary to 
assess container integrity must be conducted by the closure technician at a frequency sufficient to ensure proper closure. These tests must be performed after the thermal processing operation and should be made at least every 2 hours of continuous production. The establishment’s acceptance guidelines for each test procedure must be on file and available for review by Program employees. Test results along with any necessary corrective actions, such as adjusting or repairing the sealing machine, must be recorded. 
(2) Recording. Double seams on 
semirigid or flexible containers must be examined and the results recorded as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. Any additional measurements specified by the container manufacturer must also be made and recorded. 
(e) Container coding. Each container 
must be marked with a permanent, legible, identifying code mark. The mark must, at a minimum, identify in code the product (unless the product name is lithographed or printed elsewhere on the container) and the day and year the product was packed. 
(f) Handling of containers after 
closure. (1) Containers and closures 
must be protected from damage which may cause defects that are likely to affect the hermetic condition of the containers. The accumulation of stationary containers on moving conveyors should be minimized to avoid damage to the containers. 
(2) The maximum time lapse between 
closure of containers and initiation of thermal processing must be 2 hours unless data are available from the establishment’s processing authority demonstrating that an alternative time period is safe and will not result in product spoilage. 
§ 431.3 Thermal processing. 
(a) Process schedules. Prior to the 
processing of canned product for distribution in commerce, an establishment must have a process schedule (as defined in § 431.1) for each canned meat or poultry product to be packed by the establishment. 
(b) Source of process schedules. (1) 
Process schedules used by an establishment must be developed or determined by a processing authority. 
(2) Any change in product 
formulation, ingredients, or treatments that are not already incorporated in a process schedule and that may adversely affect either the product heat penetration profile or sterilization value requirements must be evaluated by the establishment’s processing authority. If it is determined that any such change adversely affects the adequacy of the process schedule, the processing authority must amend the process schedule accordingly. 
(3) Complete records concerning all 
aspects of the development or determination of a process schedule, including any associated incubation tests, must be made available by the establishment to the Program employee upon request. 
(c) Submittal of process information. 
(1) Prior to the processing of canned product for distribution in commerce, the establishment must provide the inspector at the establishment with a list of the process schedules (including alternate schedules) along with any additional applicable information, such as the retort come-up operating procedures and critical factors. 
(2) Letters or other written 
communications from a processing authority recommending all process schedules must be maintained on file by the establishment. Upon request by Program employees, the establishment must make available such letters or written communications (or copies thereof). If critical factors are identified in the process schedule, the establishment must provide the inspector with a copy of the procedures for measuring, controlling, and recording these factors, along with the frequency of such measurements, to ensure that the critical factors remain within the limits used to establish the process schedule. Once submitted, the process schedules and associated critical factors and the procedures for measuring (including the frequency), controlling, and recording of critical factors must not be changed without the prior written submittal of the revised procedures (including supporting documentation) to the inspector at the establishment. 
§ 431.4 Critical factors and the application 
of the process schedule. 
Critical factors specified in the 
process schedule must be measured, 
controlled, and recorded by the establishment to ensure that these factors remain within the limits used to establish the process schedule. Examples of factors that are often critical to process schedule adequacy may include: 
(a) General. (1) Maximum fill-in 
weight or drained weight; 
(2) Arrangement of pieces in the 
container; 
(3) Container orientation during 
thermal processing; 
(4) Product formulation; 
(5) Particle size; (6) Maximum thickness for flexible 
containers, and to some extent semirigid 
containers, during thermal processing; 
(7) Maximum pH; 
(8) Percent salt; (9) Ingoing (or formulated) nitrite 
level (ppm); 
(10) Maximum water activity; and (11) Product consistency or viscosity. 
(b) Continuous rotary and batch 
agitating retorts. (1) Minimum 
headspace; and 
(2) Retort reel speed. 
(c) Hydrostatic retorts. (1) Chain or 
conveyor speed. 
(2) [Reserved] (d) Steam/air retorts. (1) Steam/air 
ratio; and 
(2) Heating medium flow rate. 
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§ 431.5 Operations in the thermal 
processing area. 
(a) Posting of processes. Process 
schedules (or operating process 
schedules) for daily production, including minimum initial temperatures and operating procedures for thermal processing equipment, must be posted in a conspicuous place near the thermal processing equipment. Alternatively, such information must be available to the thermal processing system operator and the inspector. 
(b) Process indicators and retort 
traffic control. A system for product traffic control must be established to prevent product from bypassing the thermal processing operation. Each basket, crate, or similar vehicle containing unprocessed product, or at least one visible container in each vehicle, must be plainly and conspicuously marked with a heat sensitive indicator that will visually indicate whether such unit has been thermally processed. Exposed heat sensitive indicators attached to container vehicles must be removed before such vehicles are refilled with unprocessed product. Container loading systems for crateless retorts must be designed to prevent unprocessed product from bypassing the thermal processing operation. 
(c) Initial temperature. The initial 
temperature of the contents of the coldest container to be processed must be determined and recorded by the establishment at the time the processing cycle begins to assure that the temperature of the contents of every container to be processed is not lower than the minimum initial temperature specified in the process schedule. Thermal processing systems which subject the filled and sealed containers to water at any time before process timing begins must be operated to assure that such water will not lower the temperature of the product below the minimum initial temperature specified in the process schedule. 
(d) Timing devices. Devices used to 
time applicable thermal processing 
operation functions or events, such as process schedule time, come-up time, and retort venting, must be accurate to assure that all such functions or events are achieved. Pocket watches and wrist watches are not considered acceptable timing devices. Analog and digital clocks are considered acceptable. If such clocks do not display seconds, all required timed functions or events must have at least a 1-minute safety factor over the specified thermal processing operation times. Temperature/time recording devices must correspond within 15 minutes to the time of the day recorded on written records required by 
§ 431.7. 
(e) Measurement of pH. Unless other 
methods are approved by the Administrator, potentiometric methods using electronic instruments (pH meters) must be used for making pH determinations when a maximum pH value is specified as a critical factor in a process schedule. 
§ 431.6 Equipment and procedures for 
heat processing systems. 
(a) Instruments and controls common 
to different thermal processing 
systems—(1) Indicating temperature 
devices. Each retort must be equipped 
with at least one indicating temperature device that measures the actual temperature within the retort. The indicating temperature device, not the temperature/time recording device, must be used as the reference instrument for indicating the process temperature. 
(i) Mercury-in-glass thermometers. A 
mercury-in-glass thermometer must have divisions that are readable to 1 °F 
(or 0.5 °C) and whose scale contains not more than 17 °F/inch (or 4.0 °C/cm) of 
graduated scale. Each mercury-in-glass thermometer must be tested for accuracy against a known accurate standard upon installation and at least once a year to ensure its accuracy. Records that specify the date, standard used, test method, and the person or testing authority performing the test must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees. A mercury-in-glass thermometer that has a divided mercury column or that cannot be adjusted to the standard must be repaired and tested for accuracy before further use, or replaced. 
(ii) Other devices. Temperature- 
indicating devices, such as resistance temperature detectors, used in lieu of mercury-in-glass thermometers, must meet known, accurate standards for such devices when tested for accuracy. The records of such testing must be available to FSIS program employees. 
(2) Temperature/time recording 
devices. Each thermal processing system 
must be equipped with at least one temperature/time recording device to provide a permanent record of temperatures within the thermal processing system. This recording device may be combined with the steam controller and may be a recording/ controlling instrument. When compared to the known accurate indicating temperature device, the recording accuracy must be equal to or better than 1°F (or 0.5 °C) at the process 
temperature. The temperature recording chart should be adjusted to agree with, but must never be higher than, the 
known accurate indicating temperature device. A means of preventing unauthorized changes in the adjustment must be provided. For example, a lock or a notice from management posted at or near the recording device warning that only authorized persons are permitted to make adjustments, are satisfactory means for preventing unauthorized changes. Air-operated temperature controllers must have adequate filter systems to ensure a supply of clean, dry air. The recorder timing mechanism must be accurate. 
(i) Chart-type devices. Devices using 
charts must be used only with the correct chart. Each chart must have a working scale of not more than 55 °F/ 
inch (or 12 °C/cm.) within a range of 20°F (or 11 °C) of the process 
temperature. Chart graduations must not exceed 2 °F degrees (or 1 °C) within a 
range of 10 °F (or 5 °C) of the process 
temperature. Multipoint plotting chart- type devices must print temperature readings at intervals that will assure that the parameters of the process time and process temperature have been met. The frequency of recording should not exceed 1-minute intervals. 
(ii) Other devices. Temperature/time 
recording devices or procedures used in lieu of chart-type devices must meet known accurate standards for such 
devices or procedures when tested for accuracy. Such a device must be accurate enough for ensuring that process time and temperature parameters have been met. 
(3) Steam controllers. Each retort must 
be equipped with an automatic steam controller to maintain the retort temperature. This may be a recording/ controlling instrument when combined with a temperature/time recording device. 
(4) Air valves. All air lines connected 
to retorts designed for pressure processing in steam must be equipped with a globe valve or other equivalent- type valve or piping arrangement that will prevent leakage of air into the retort during the process cycle. 
(5) Water valves. All retort water lines 
that are intended to be closed during a process cycle must be equipped with a globe valve or other equivalent-type valve or piping arrangement that will prevent leakage of water into the retort during the process cycle. 
(b) Pressure processing in steam—(1) 
Common to batch still, batch agitating, continuous rotary retorts, and hydrostats—(i) Basic requirements. The 
basic requirements and recommendations for indicating temperature devices and temperature/ time recording devices are described in 
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paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. 
Additionally, bulb sheaths or probes of indicating temperature devices and probes of temperature/time recording devices must be installed either within the retort shell or in external wells attached to the retort. External wells must be connected to the retort through at least a 
3⁄4inch (1.9 cm) diameter 
opening and equipped with a 1⁄16inch 
(1.6 mm) or larger bleeder opening so located as to provide a constant flow of steam past the length of the bulb or probe. The bleeder for the external wells must emit steam continuously during the entire thermal processing period. 
(ii) Steam inlet. The steam inlet to 
each retort must be large enough to provide steam for proper operation of the retort, and must enter at a point(s) to facilitate air removal during venting. 
(iii) Bleeder and vent mufflers. If 
mufflers are used on bleeders or vent systems, the establishment must have on file documentation that the mufflers do not impede the removal of air from the retort. Such documentation must consist of either heat distribution data or documentation from the muffler manufacturer or from a processing authority. This information must be made available to Program employees for review. 
(iv) Bleeders. Bleeders, except those 
for external wells of temperature devices and hydrostatic retorts, must have a 
1⁄8inch (or 3 mm) or larger 
openings and must be wide open during the entire process, including the come- up time. All bleeders must be arranged so that the retort operator can observe that they are functioning properly. For horizontal retorts, batch agitating retorts, and continuous rotary retorts, bleeders must be located within approximately 1 foot (or 30 cm) of the outmost locations of containers at each end along the top of the retort. Additional bleeders must be located not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) apart along the top. This information must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. Vertical retorts must have at least one bleeder opening located in the portion of the retort opposite the steam inlet. Hydrostatic retorts must have bleeder openings 
1⁄4 
inch (or 6 mm) or larger which are to be located in the steam chamber(s) opposite the point of steam entry. Bleeders may be installed at positions other than those specified above, as long as the establishment has heat distribution data or other documentation from the manufacturer or from a processing authority demonstrating that the bleeders accomplish removal of air and circulate 
the steam within the retort. 
(2) Batch still retorts—(i) Crate 
supports. Vertical still retorts with 
bottom steam entry must employ bottom retort crate supports. Baffle plates must not be used in the bottom of retorts. 
(ii) Steam spreader. Perforated steam 
spreaders, if used, must be maintained to ensure they are not blocked or otherwise inoperative. Horizontal still retorts must be equipped with perforated steam spreaders that extend the full length of the retort unless the adequacy of another arrangement is documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority. Such information must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(iii) Condensate removal. In retorts 
having a steam inlet above the level of the lowest container, a bleeder must be installed in the bottom of the retort to remove condensate. The condensate bleeder must be so arranged that the retort operator can observe that it is functioning properly. The condensate bleeder must be checked with sufficient frequency to ensure adequate removal of condensate. Visual checks should be performed at intervals of not more than 15 minutes and the results recorded. Intermittent condensate removal systems must be equipped with an automatic alarm system that will serve as a continuous monitor of condensate bleeder functioning. The automatic alarm system must be tested at the beginning of each shift for proper functioning and the results recorded. If the alarm system is not functioning properly, it must be repaired before the 
retort is used. 
(iv) Stacking equipment—(A) 
Equipment for holding or stacking containers in retorts. Crates, trays, gondolas, carts, and other vehicles for holding or stacking product containers in the retort must be so constructed to ensure steam circulation during the venting, come-up, and process times. The bottom of each vehicle must have perforations at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter on 2 inch (or 5 cm) centers or the equivalent unless the adequacy of another arrangement is documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority and such information is maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(B) Divider plates. Whenever one or 
more divider plates are used between any two layers of containers or placed on the bottom of a retort vehicle, the establishment must have on file documentation that the venting procedure allows the air to be removed from the retort before timing of the thermal process is started. Such documentation must be in the form of heat distribution data or documentation from a processing authority. This information must be made available to Program employees for review. 
(v) Vents. (A) Vents must be located 
in that portion of the retort opposite the steam inlet and must be designed, installed, and operated in such a way that air is removed from the retort before timing of the thermal process is started. Vents must be controlled by a gate, plug cock, or other full-flow valve which must be fully opened to permit rapid removal of air from retorts during the venting period. 
(B) Vents must not be connected to a 
closed drain system without an atmospheric break in the line. Where a retort manifold connects several pipes from a single retort, the manifold must be controlled by a gate, plug cock, or other full-flow valve and the manifold must be of a size such that the cross- sectional area of the manifold is larger than the total cross-sectional area of all connecting vents. The discharge must not be connected to a closed drain without an atmospheric break in the line. A manifold header connecting vents or manifolds from several still retorts must lead to the atmosphere. The manifold header must not be controlled by a valve and must be of a size such that the cross-sectional area is at least equal to the total cross-sectional area of all connecting retort manifold pipes from the maximum number of retorts to be vented simultaneously. 
(C) Some typical installations and 
operating procedures are described below. Other retort installations, vent piping arrangements, operating procedures or auxiliary equipment such as divider plates may be used provided there is documentation that the air is removed from the retort before the process is started. Such documentation must be in the form of heat distribution data or other documentation from the equipment manufacturer or processing authority. This information must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(D) For crateless retort installations, 
the establishment must have heat distribution data or other documentation from the equipment manufacturer or from a processing authority that demonstrates that the venting procedure used accomplishes the removal of air and condensate. This information must be maintained on file 
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by the establishment and made available 
to Program employees for review. 
(E) Examples of typical installations 
and operating procedures that comply with the requirements of this section are as follows: 
(1) Venting horizontal retorts. (i) 
Venting through multiple 1 inch (2.5 cm) vents discharging directly to the 
atmosphere. 
BILLING CODE 3410–DM–P 
(ii) Venting through multiple 1 inch 
(2.5 cm) vents discharging through a 
manifold to the atmosphere. 
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(iii) Venting through water spreaders. 
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(iv) Venting through a single 21⁄2inch 
(6.4 cm) top vent for retorts not 
exceeding 15 feet (4.6 m) in length. 
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(2) Venting vertical retorts. (i) Venting 
through a 11⁄2inch (3.8 cm) overflow. 
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(ii) Venting through a single 1 inch 
(2.5 cm) side or top vent. 
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BILLING CODE 3410–DM–C 
(3) Batch agitating retorts—(i) Venting 
and condensate removal. The air in the 
retort must be removed before processing is started. Heat distribution data or other documentation from the manufacturer or from the processing authority who developed the venting procedure must be kept on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. At the time the steam is turned on, the drain must be opened to remove steam condensate from the retort. A bleeder must be installed in the bottom of the retort to remove condensate during retort operation. The condensate bleeder must be so arranged that the retort operator can observe that it is functioning properly. The condensate bleeder must be checked with sufficient frequency to ensure adequate removal of condensate. Visual checks should be performed at intervals of not more than 15 minutes and the results recorded. Intermittent condensate removal systems must be equipped with an automatic alarm system that will serve as a continuous monitor of condensate bleeder functioning. The automatic alarm system must be tested at the beginning of each shift for proper functioning and the results recorded. If the alarm system is not functioning properly, it must be repaired before the retort is used. 
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(ii) Retort or reel speed timing. The 
retort or reel speed must be checked 
before process timing begins and, if needed, adjusted as specified in the process schedule. In addition, the rotational speed must be determined and recorded at least once during process timing of each retort load processed. Alternatively, a recording tachometer can be used to provide a continuous record of the speed. The accuracy of the recording tachometer must be determined and recorded at least once per shift by checking the retort or reel speed using an accurate stopwatch. A means of preventing unauthorized speed changes on retorts must be provided. For example, a lock or a notice from management posted at or near the speed adjustment device warning that only authorized persons are permitted to make adjustments is a satisfactory means of preventing unauthorized changes. 
(4) Continuous rotary retorts—(i) 
Venting and condensate removal. The air in the retort must be removed before processing is started. Heat distribution data or other documentation from the manufacturer or from the processing authority who developed the venting procedure must be kept on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. At the time the steam is turned on, the drain must be opened to remove steam condensate from the retort. A bleeder must be installed in the bottom of the shell to remove condensate during the retort operation. The condensate bleeder must be so arranged that the retort operator can observe that it is functioning properly. The condensate bleeder must be checked with sufficient frequency to ensure adequate removal of condensate. Visual checks should be performed at intervals of not more than 15 minutes and the results recorded. Intermittent condensate removal systems must be equipped with an automatic alarm system that will serve as a continuous monitor of condensate bleeder functioning. The automatic alarm system must be tested at the beginning of each shift for proper functioning and the results recorded. If the alarm system is not functioning properly, it must be repaired before the retort is used. 
(ii) Retort speed timing. The rotational 
speed of the retort must be specified in the process schedule. The speed must be adjusted as specified, and recorded by the establishment when the retort is started, and checked and recorded at intervals not to exceed 4 hours to ensure that the correct retort speed is 
maintained. Alternatively, a recording tachometer may be used to provide a continuous record of the speed. If a 
recording tachometer is used, the speed must be manually checked against an accurate stopwatch at least once per shift and the results recorded. A means of preventing unauthorized speed changes on retorts must be provided. For example, a lock or a notice from management posted at or near the speed adjustment device warning that only authorized persons are permitted to make adjustments is a satisfactory means of preventing unauthorized changes. 
(5) Hydrostatic retorts—(i) Basic 
requirements. The basic requirements 
for indicating temperature devices and temperature/time recording devices are described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. Additionally, indicating temperature devices must be located in the steam dome near the steam/water interface. Where the process schedule specifies maintenance of particular water temperatures in the hydrostatic water legs, at least one indicating temperature device must be located in each hydrostatic water leg so that it can accurately measure water temperature and be easily read. The temperature/ time recorder probe must be installed either within the steam dome or in a well attached to the dome. Each probe must have a 
1⁄16inch (1.6 mm) or larger 
bleeder opening which emits steam continuously during the processing period. Additional temperature/time recorder probes must be installed in the hydrostatic water legs if the process schedule specifies maintenance of particular temperatures in these water legs. 
(ii) Steam inlet. The steam inlets must 
be large enough to provide steam for 
proper operation of the retort. 
(iii) Bleeders. Bleeder openings 
1⁄4 
inch (or 6 mm) or larger must be located in the steam chamber(s) opposite the point of steam entry. Bleeders must be wide open and must emit steam continuously during the entire process, including the come-up time. All bleeders must be arranged in such a way that the operator can observe that they are functioning properly. 
(iv) Venting. Before the start of 
processing operations, the retort steam chamber(s) must be vented to ensure removal of air. Heat distribution data or other documentation from the manufacturer or from a processing authority demonstrating that the air is removed from the retort prior to processing must be kept on file at the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(v) Conveyor speed. The conveyor 
speed must be calculated to obtain the required process time and recorded by the establishment when the retort is 
started. The speed must be checked and recorded at intervals not to exceed 4 hours to ensure that the correct conveyor speed is maintained. A recording device may be used to provide a continuous record of the conveyor speed. When a recording device is used, the speed must be manually checked against an accurate stopwatch at least once per shift by the establishment. A means of preventing unauthorized speed changes of the conveyor must be provided. For example, a lock or a notice from management posted at or near the speed adjustment device warning that only authorized persons are permitted to make adjustments is a satisfactory means of preventing unauthorized changes. 
(vi) Bleeders and vent mufflers. If 
mufflers are used on bleeders or vent systems, the establishment must have documentation that the mufflers do not impede the removal of air from the retort. Such documentation must consist of either heat distribution data or other documentation from the muffler manufacturer or from a processing authority. This information must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(c) Pressure processing in water—(1) 
Common to batch still and agitating 
retorts—(i) Basic requirements. The 
basic requirements for indicating temperature devices and temperature/ time recording devices are described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. 
(ii) Pressure recording device. Each 
retort must be equipped with a pressure recording device which may be combined with a pressure controller. 
(iii) Heat distribution. Heat 
distribution data or other documentation from the equipment manufacturer or a processing authority demonstrating uniform heat distribution within the retort must be kept on file at the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(iv) Drain valve. A non-clogging, 
water-tight drain valve must be used. Screens must be installed over all drain openings. 
(2) Batch still retorts—(i) Temperature 
device bulbs and probes. The indicating temperature device bulbs or probes must be located in such a position that they are beneath the surface of the water throughout the process. On horizontal retorts, the indicating temperature device bulb or probe must be inserted directly into the retort shell. In both vertical and horizontal retorts, the indicating temperature device bulb or probe must extend directly into the water a minimum of 2 inches (or 5 cm) 
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without a separable well or sleeve. In 
vertical retorts equipped with a recorder/controller, the controller probe must be located at the bottom of the retort below the lowest crate rest in such a position that the steam does not strike it directly. In horizontal retorts so equipped, the controller probe must be located between the water surface and the horizontal plane passing through the center of the retort so that there is no opportunity for direct steam impingement on the controller probe. Air-operated temperature controllers must have filter systems to ensure a supply of clean, dry air. 
(ii) Crate supports. A bottom crate 
support must be used in vertical retorts. Baffle plates must not be used in the bottom of the retort. 
(iii) Stacking equipment. For filled 
flexible containers and, where applicable, semi-rigid containers, stacking equipment must be designed to ensure that the thickness of the filled containers does not exceed that specified in the process schedule and that the containers do not become displaced and overlap or rest on one another during the thermal process. 
(iv) Water level. There must be a 
means of determining the water level in the retort during operation (i.e., by using 
a gauge, electronic sensor, or sight glass indicator). For retorts requiring complete immersion of containers, water must cover the top layer of containers during the entire come-up time and thermal processing periods and should cover the top layer of containers during cooling. For retorts using cascading water or water sprays, the water level must be maintained within the range specified by the retort manufacturer or processing authority during the entire come-up, thermal processing, and cooling periods. A means to ensure that water circulation continues as specified throughout the come-up, thermal processing, and cooling periods must be provided. The retort operator must check and record 
the water level at intervals to ensure it meets the specified processing parameters. 
(v) Air supply and controls. In both 
horizontal and vertical still retorts, a means must be provided for introducing compressed air or steam at the pressure required to maintain container integrity. Compressed air and steam entry must be controlled by an automatic pressure control unit. A non-return valve must be provided in the air supply line to prevent water from entering the system. Overriding air or steam pressure must be maintained continuously during the come-up, thermal processing, and cooling periods. If air is used to promote circulation, it must be introduced into 
the steam line at a point between the retort and the steam control valve at the bottom of the retort. The adequacy of the air circulation for maintaining uniform heat distribution within the retort must be documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority, and such data must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(vi) Water recirculation. When a water 
recirculation system is used for heat distribution, the water must be drawn from the bottom of the retort through a suction manifold and discharged through a spreader that extends the length or circumference of the top of the retort. The holes in the water spreader must be uniformly distributed. The suction outlets must be protected with screens to keep debris from entering the recirculation system. The pump must be equipped with a pilot light or a similar device to warn the operator when it is not running, and with a bleeder to remove air when starting operations. Alternatively, a flow-meter alarm system can be used to ensure proper water circulation. The adequacy of water circulation for maintaining uniform heat distribution within the retort must be documented by heat distribution or other documentation from a processing authority, and such data must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. Alternative methods for recirculation of water in the retort may be used, provided there is documentation in the form of heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(vii) Cooling water entry. In retorts for 
processing product packed in glass jars, the incoming cooling water should not 
directly strike the jars, in order to minimize glass breakage by thermal shock. 
(3) Batch agitating retorts—(i) 
Temperature device bulbs and probes. The indicating temperature device bulb or probe must extend directly into the water without a separable well or sleeve. The recorder/controller probe must be located between the water surface and the horizontal plane passing through the center of the retort so that there is no opportunity for steam to directly strike the controller bulb or probe. 
(ii) Stacking equipment. All devices 
used for holding product containers (e.g., crates, trays, divider plates) must be so constructed to allow the water to 
circulate around the containers during the come-up and thermal process periods. 
(iii) Water level. There must be a 
means of determining the water level in the retort during operation (i.e., by using 
a gauge, electronic sensor, or sight glass indicator). Water must completely cover all containers during the entire come- up, thermal processing, and cooling periods. A means to ensure that water circulation continues as specified throughout the come-up, thermal processing, and cooling periods must be provided. The retort operator must check and record the adequacy of the water level with sufficient frequency to ensure it meets the specified processing parameters. 
(iv) Air supply and controls. Retorts 
must be provided with a means for introducing compressed air or steam at the pressure required to maintain container integrity. Compressed air and steam entry must be controlled by an automatic pressure control unit. A non- return valve must be provided in the air supply line to prevent water from entering the system. Overriding air or steam pressure must be maintained continuously during the come-up, thermal processing, and cooling periods. If air is used to promote circulation, it must be introduced into the steam line at a point between the retort and the steam control valve at the bottom of the retort. The adequacy of the air circulation for maintaining uniform heat distribution within the retort must be documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority, and such data must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(v) Retort or reel speed timing. The 
retort or reel speed timing must be checked before process timing begins and, if needed, adjusted as specified in the process schedule. In addition, the rotational speed must be determined and recorded at least once during process timing of each retort load processed. Alternatively, a recording tachometer can be used to provide a continuous record of the speed. The accuracy of the recording tachometer must be determined and recorded at least once per shift by the establishment 
by checking the retort or reel speed using an accurate stopwatch. A means of preventing unauthorized speed changes on retorts must be provided. For example, a lock or a notice from management posted at or near the speed adjustment device warning that only authorized persons are permitted to make adjustments is a satisfactory 
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means of preventing unauthorized 
changes. 
(vi) Water recirculation. If a water 
recirculation system is used for heat distribution, it must be installed in such a manner that water will be drawn from the bottom of the retort through a suction manifold and discharged through a spreader which extends the length of the top of the retort. The holes in the water spreader must be uniformly distributed. The suction outlets must be protected with screens to keep debris from entering the recirculation system. The pump must be equipped with a pilot light or a similar device to warn the operator when it is not running and with a bleeder to remove air when starting operations. Alternatively, a flow-meter alarm system can be used to ensure proper water circulation. The adequacy of water circulation for maintaining uniform heat distribution within the retort must be documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority, and such data must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. Alternative methods for recirculation of water in the retort may be used provided there is documentation in the form of heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(vii) Cooling water entry. In retorts for 
processing product packed in glass jars, the incoming cooling water should not directly strike the jars, in order to minimize glass breakage by thermal 
shock. 
(d) Pressure processing with steam/air 
mixtures in batch retorts—(1) Basic 
requirements. The basic requirements 
for indicating temperature devices and temperature/time recording devices are described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. Additionally, bulb sheaths or probes for indicating temperature devices and temperature/time recording devices or controller probes must be inserted directly into the retort shell in such a position that steam does not strike them directly. 
(2) Recording pressure controller. A 
recording pressure controller must be used to control the air inlet and the steam/air mixture outlet. 
(3) Circulation of steam/air mixtures. 
A means must be provided for the circulation of the steam/air mixture to prevent formation of low-temperature pockets. The efficiency of the circulation system must be documented by heat distribution data or other documentation from a processing authority, and such data must be maintained on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. The circulation system must be checked to ensure its proper functioning and must be equipped with a pilot light or a similar device to warn the operator when it is not functioning. Because of the variety of existing designs, reference must be made to the equipment manufacturer for details of installation, operation, and control. 
(e) Atmospheric cookers—(1) 
Temperature/time recording device. Each atmospheric cooker (e.g., hot water 
bath) must be equipped with at least one temperature/time recording device in accordance with the basic requirements described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. 
(2) Heat distribution. Each 
atmospheric cooker must be equipped and operated to ensure uniform heat distribution throughout the processing system during the thermal process. Heat distribution data or other documentation from the manufacturer or a processing authority demonstrating uniform heat distribution within the cooker must be kept on file by the establishment and made available to Program employees for review. 
(f) Other systems. All other systems 
not specifically delineated in this section and used for the thermal processing of canned product must be adequate to produce shelf-stable products consistently and uniformly. 
(g) Equipment maintenance. (1) Upon 
installation, all instrumentation and controls must be checked by the establishment for proper functioning and accuracy and, thereafter, at any time their functioning or accuracy is suspect. 
(2) At least once a year each thermal 
processing system must be examined by an individual not directly involved in daily operations to ensure the proper functioning of the system as well as all auxiliary equipment and instrumentation. In addition, each thermal processing system should be examined before the resumption of operation following an extended shutdown. 
(3) Air and water valves that are 
intended to be closed during thermal processing must be checked by the establishment for leaks. Defective valves must be repaired or replaced as needed. 
(4) Vent and bleeder mufflers must be 
checked and maintained or replaced by the establishment to prevent any reduction in bleeder efficiency. 
(5) When water spreaders are used for 
venting, a maintenance schedule must be developed and implemented to assure that the holes are maintained at 
their original size. 
(6) Records must be kept on all 
maintenance items that could affect the adequacy of the thermal process. Records must include the date and type of maintenance performed and the person conducting the maintenance. 
(h) Container cooling and cooling 
water. (1) Potable water must be used for 
cooling except as provided for in 
paragraphs (h)(2) and (3) of this section. 
(2) Cooling canal water must be 
chlorinated or treated with a chemical having a bactericidal effect equivalent to chlorination. There must be a measurable residual of the sanitizer in the water at the discharge point of the canal. Cooling canals must be cleaned and replenished with potable water to prevent the buildup of organic matter and other materials. 
(3) Container cooling waters that are 
recycled or reused must be handled in systems that are so designed, operated, and maintained so there is no buildup of microorganisms, organic matter, and other materials in the systems and in the waters. System equipment, such as pipelines, holding tanks and cooling towers, must be constructed and installed so that they can be cleaned and inspected. In addition, the establishment must maintain, and make available to Program employees for review, information on at least the following: 
(i) System design and construction; 
(ii) System operation including the 
rates of renewal with fresh, potable 
water and the means for treating the water so that there is a measurable residual of an acceptable sanitizer, per paragraph (h)(2) of this section, in the water at the point where the water exits the container cooling vessel; 
(iii) System maintenance including 
procedures for the periodic cleaning and sanitizing of the entire system; and 
(iv) Water quality standards, such as 
microbiological, chemical and physical, monitoring procedures including the frequency and site(s) of sampling, and the corrective actions taken when water quality standards are not met. 
(i) Post-process handling of 
containers. Containers must be handled 
in a manner that will prevent damage to the hermetic seal area. All worn and frayed belting, can retarders, cushions, and the like must be replaced with nonporous materials. To minimize container abrasions, particularly in the seal area, containers should not remain stationary on moving conveyors. All post-process container handling equipment should be kept clean so there is no buildup of microorganisms on surfaces in contact with the containers. 
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§ 431.7 Processing and production 
records. 
At least the following processing and 
production information must be 
recorded by the establishment: Date of production; product name and style; container code; container size and type; and the process schedule, including the minimum initial temperature. Measurements made to satisfy the requirements of § 431.4 regarding the control of critical factors must be recorded. In addition, where applicable, the following information and data must also be recorded: 
(a) Processing in steam—(1) Batch still 
retorts. For each retort batch, record the 
retort number or other designation, the approximate number of containers or the number of retort crates per retort load, product initial temperature, time steam on, the time and temperature vent closed, the start of process timing, time steam off, and the actual processing time. The indicating temperature device and the temperature recorder must be read at the same time at least once during process timing and the observed temperatures recorded. 
(2) Batch agitating retorts. In addition 
to recording the information required for batch still steam retorts in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, record the functioning of the condensate bleeder(s) and the retort or reel speed. 
(3) Continuous rotary retorts. Record 
the retort system number, the approximate total number of containers retorted, product initial temperature, time steam on, the time and temperature vent closed, time process temperature reached, the time the first can enters and the time the last can exits the retort. The retort or reel speed must be determined and recorded at intervals 
not to exceed 4 hours. Readings of the indicating temperature device(s) and temperature recorder(s) must be made and recorded at the time the first container enters the retort and thereafter with sufficient frequency to ensure compliance with the process schedule. These observations should be made and recorded at intervals not exceeding 30 minutes of continuous retort operation. Functioning of the condensate bleeder(s) must be observed and recorded at the time the first container enters the retort and thereafter as specified in § 431.305(b)(3)(v). 
(4) Hydrostatic retorts. Record the 
retort system number, the approximate total number of containers retorted, product initial temperature, time steam on, the time and temperature vent(s) closed, time process temperature reached, time first containers enter the retort, time last containers exit the retort, and, if specified in the process schedule, measurements of temperatures in the hydrostatic water legs. Readings of the temperature indicating device, which is located in the steam/water interface, and the temperature recording device must be observed and the temperatures recorded at the time the first containers enter the steam dome. Thereafter, these instruments must be read and the temperatures recorded with sufficient frequency to ensure compliance with the temperature specified in the process schedule and should be made at least every hour of continuous retort operation. Container conveyor speed, and for agitating hydrostatic retorts, the rotative chain speed, must be determined and recorded at intervals of sufficient frequency to ensure compliance with the process schedule and should be performed at least every 4 hours. 
(b) Processing in water—(1) Batch still 
retorts. For each retort batch, record the 
retort number or other designation, the approximate number of containers or number of retort crates per retort load, product initial temperature, time steam on, the start of process timing, water level, water recirculation rate (if critical), overriding pressure maintained, time steam off, and actual processing time. The indicating temperature device and the temperature recorder must be read at the same time at least once during process timing and the observed temperatures recorded. 
(2) Batch agitating retorts. In addition 
to recording the information required in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, record the retort or reel speed. 
(c) Processing in steam/air mixtures. 
For each retort batch, record the retort number or other designation, the approximate number of containers or number of retort crates per retort load, product initial temperature, time steam on, venting procedure, if applicable, the start of process timing, maintenance of circulation of the steam/air mixture, air flow rate or forced recirculation flow rate (if critical), overriding pressure maintained, time steam off, and actual processing time. The indicating temperature device and the temperature recorder must be read at the same time at least once during process timing and the observed temperatures recorded. 
(d) Atmospheric cookers—(1) Batch- 
type systems. For each cooker batch, record the cooker number or other designation and the approximate number of containers. In addition, record all critical factors of the process schedule such as cooker temperature, initial temperature, the time the thermal process cycle begins and ends, hold time, and the final internal product 
temperature. 
(2) Continuous-type systems. Record 
the cooker number or other designation, the time the first containers enter and the last containers exit a cooker, and the approximate total number of containers processed. In addition, record all critical factors of the process schedule such as the initial temperature, cooker speed, and final internal product temperature. 
§ 431.8 Record review and maintenance. 
(a) Process records. Charts from 
temperature/time recording devices must be identified by production date, container code, processing vessel number or other designation, and other data as necessary to enable correlation with the records required in § 431.7. Each entry on a record must be made at the time the specific event occurs, and the recording individual must sign or 
initial each record form. No later than 1 working day after the actual process, the establishment must review all processing and production records to ensure completeness and to determine if all product received the process schedule. All records, including the temperature/time recorder charts and critical factor control records, must be signed or initialed and dated by the person conducting the review. All processing and production records required in this subpart must be made available to Program employees for review. 
(b) Automated process monitoring 
and recordkeeping. Automated process monitoring and recordkeeping systems must be designed and operated in a manner that will ensure compliance with the applicable requirements of § 431.7. 
(c) Container closure records. Written 
records of all container closure examinations must specify the container code, the date and time of container closure examination, the measurement(s) obtained, and any corrective actions taken. Records must be signed or initialed by the container closure technician and must be reviewed and signed by the establishment within 1 working day after the actual production to ensure that the records are complete and that the closing operations have been properly controlled. All container closure examination records required in this subpart must be made available to Program employees for review. 
(d) Distribution of product. Records 
must be maintained by the establishment identifying initial distribution of the finished product to facilitate, if necessary, the segregation of specific production lots that may have 
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been contaminated or are otherwise 
unsound for their intended use. 
(e) Retention of records. Copies of all 
processing and production records required in § 431.7 must be retained for no less than 1 year at the establishment, and for an additional 2 years at the establishment or other location from which the records can be made available to Program employees within 3 working days. 
§ 431.9 Deviations in processing. 
(a) Whenever the actual process is less 
than the process schedule or when any critical factor does not comply with the requirements for that factor as specified in the process schedule, it must be considered a deviation in processing. 
(b) Deviations in processing (or 
process deviations) must be handled according to: 
(1) A HACCP plan for canned product 
that addresses hazards associated with microbial contamination; or, 
(2) Alternative documented 
procedures that will ensure that only safe and stable product is shipped in commerce; or 
(3) Paragraph (c) of this section. 
(c) Procedures for handling process 
deviations where the HACCP plan for 
thermally processed/commercially sterile product does not address food safety hazards associated with microbial contamination, where there is no approved total quality control system, or where the establishment has no alternative documented procedures for handling process deviations. 
(1) Deviations identified in-process. If 
a deviation is noted at any time before the completion of the intended process schedule, the establishment must: 
(i) Immediately reprocess the product 
using the full process schedule; or 
(ii) Use an appropriate alternate 
process schedule provided such a process schedule has been established in accordance with § 431.3(a) and (b) and is filed with the inspector in accordance with § 431.3(c); or 
(iii) Hold the product involved and 
have the deviation evaluated by a processing authority to assess the safety and stability of the product. Upon completion of the evaluation, the establishment must provide the inspector the following: 
(A) A complete description of the 
deviation along with all necessary supporting documentation; 
(B) A copy of the evaluation report; 
and 
(C) A description of any product 
disposition actions, either taken or proposed. 
(iv) Product handled in accordance 
with paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section must not be shipped from the 
establishment until the Program has reviewed all of the information submitted and approved the product disposition actions. 
(v) If an alternate process schedule is 
used that is not on file with the inspector or if an alternate process schedule is immediately calculated and used, the product must be set aside for 
further evaluation in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1)(iii) and (iv) of this section. 
(vi) When a deviation occurs in a 
continuous rotary retort, the product must be handled in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1)(iii) and (iv) of this section or in accordance with the following procedures: 
(A) Emergency stops. (1) When retort 
jams or breakdowns occur during the processing operations, all containers must be given an emergency still process (developed per § 431.3(b)) before the retort is cooled or the retort must be cooled promptly and all containers removed and either reprocessed, repacked and reprocessed, or destroyed. Regardless of the procedure used, containers in the retort intake valve and in transfer valves between retort shells at the time of a jam or breakdown must be removed and either reprocessed, repacked and reprocessed and or destroyed. Product to be destroyed must be handled as ‘‘U.S. Inspected and Condemned,’’ as defined in § 301.2 of this chapter, or as ‘‘U.S. Condemned,’’ as defined in § 381.1(b) of this chapter, and disposed of in accordance with part 314 of this chapter or with § 381.95 of this chapter, as applicable. 
(2) The time the retort reel stopped 
and the time the retort is used for an emergency still retort process must be noted on the temperature/time recording device and entered on the other production records required in § 431.7. 
(B) Temperature drops. When the 
retort temperature drops below the temperature specified in the process schedule, the reel must be stopped and the following actions must be taken: 
(1) For temperature drops of less than 
10°F (or 5.5 °C) either: 
(i) All containers in the retort must be 
given an emergency still process (developed per § 431.3(b)) before the reel is restarted; 
(ii) Container entry to the retort must 
be prevented and an emergency agitating process (developed per § 431.3(b)) must be used before container entry to the retort is restarted; or 
(iii) Container entry to the retort must 
be prevented and the reel restarted to empty the retort. The discharged 
containers must be reprocessed, repacked and reprocessed, or destroyed. Product to be destroyed must be handled as ‘‘U.S. Inspected and Condemned,’’ as defined in § 301.2 of this chapter, or as ‘‘U.S. Condemned,’’ as defined in § 381.1(b) of this chapter, and disposed of in accordance with part 314 of this chapter or with § 381.95 of this chapter, as applicable. 
(2) For temperature drops of 10 °F (or 
5.5 °C) or more, all containers in the 
retort must be given an emergency still 
process (developed per § 431.3(b)). The time the reel was stopped and the time the retort was used for a still retort process must be marked on the temperature/time recording device by the establishment and entered on the other production records required in § 431.7. Alternatively, container entry to the retort must be prevented and the reel restarted to empty the retort. The discharged containers must be either reprocessed, repacked and reprocessed, or destroyed. Product to be destroyed must be handled as ‘‘U.S. Inspected and Condemned,’’ as defined in § 301.2 of this chapter, or as ‘‘U.S. Condemned,’’ as defined in § 381.1(b) of this chapter, and disposed of in accordance with part 314 of this chapter or with § 381.95 of this chapter, as applicable. 
(2) Deviations identified through 
record review. Whenever a deviation is noted during review of the processing and production records required by § 431.8(a) and (b), the establishment must hold the product involved and the deviation must be handled in accordance with paragraphs (c)(1)(iii) and (iv) of this section. 
(d) Process deviation file. The 
establishment must maintain full records regarding the handling of each deviation. Such records must include, at a minimum, the appropriate processing and production records, a full description of the corrective actions taken, the evaluation procedures and results, and the disposition of the affected product. Such records must be maintained in a separate file or in a log that contains the appropriate information. The file or log must be retained in accordance with § 431.8(e) and must be made available to Program employees upon request. 
§ 431.10 Finished product inspection. 
(a) Finished product inspections must 
be handled according to: 
(1) An HACCP plan for canned 
product that addresses hazards associated with microbiological contamination; 
(2) An FSIS-approved total quality 
control system; 
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(3) Alternative documented 
procedures that will ensure that only 
safe and stable product is shipped in commerce; or 
(4) Paragraph (b) of this section. 
(b) Procedures for handling finished 
product inspections where the HACCP 
plan for thermally processed/ commercially sterile product does not address food safety hazards associated with microbial contamination, where there is no approved total quality control system, or where the establishment has no alternative documented procedures for handling process deviations. 
(1) Incubation of shelf stable canned 
product—(i) Incubator. The 
establishment must provide incubation facilities which include an accurate temperature/time recording device, an indicating temperature device, a means for the circulation of the air inside the incubator to prevent temperature variations, and a means to prevent unauthorized entry into the facility. The Program is responsible for the security of the incubator. 
(ii) Incubation temperature. The 
incubation temperature must be maintained at 95±5 °F (35±2.8 °C). If the 
incubation temperature falls below 90 °F (or 32 °C) or exceeds 100 °F (or 38 °C) but does not reach 103 °F (or 39.5 °C), the incubation temperature must be adjusted within the required range and the incubation time extended for the time the sample containers were held at the deviant temperature. If the incubation temperature is at or above 103 °F (or 39.5 °C) for more than 2 
hours, the incubation test(s) must be terminated, the temperature lowered to within the required range, and new sample containers incubated for the required time. 
(iii) Product requiring incubation. 
Shelf stable product requiring incubation includes: 
(A) Low acid products as defined in 
§ 431.1; and 
(B) Acidified low acid products as 
defined in § 431.1. 
(iv) Incubation samples. (A) From 
each load of product processed in a batch-type thermal processing system (still or agitation), the establishment must select at least one container for incubation. (B) For continuous rotary retorts, 
hydrostatic retorts, or other continuous- 
type thermal processing systems, the establishment must select at least one container per 1,000 for incubation. 
(C) Only normal-appearing containers 
must be selected for incubation. 
(v) Incubation time. Canned product 
requiring incubation must be incubated for not less than 10 days (240 hours) under the conditions specified in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section. 
(vi) Incubation checks and record 
maintenance. Designated establishment 
employees must visually check all containers under incubation each working day and the inspector must be notified when abnormal containers are detected. All abnormal containers should be allowed to cool before a final decision on their condition is made. For each incubation test the establishment must record at least the product name, container size, container code, number of containers incubated, in and out dates, and incubation results. The establishment must retain such records, along with copies of the temperature/ time recording charts, in accordance with § 431.8(d). 
(vii) Abnormal containers. The 
finding of abnormal containers (as defined in § 431.1) among incubation samples is cause to officially retain at least the code lot involved. 
(viii) Shipping. No product must be 
shipped from the establishment before the end of the required incubation period. An establishment wishing to ship product prior to the completion of the required incubation period must submit a written proposal to the District Office. Such a proposal must include provisions that will assure that shipped product will not reach the retail level of distribution before sample incubation is completed and that product can be returned promptly to the establishment should such action be deemed necessary by the incubation test results. Upon receipt of written approval from the District Office, product may be routinely shipped provided the establishment continues to comply with all requirements of this subpart. 
(2) [Reserved] 
(c) Container condition—(1) Normal 
containers. Only normal-appearing containers must be shipped from an 
establishment as determined by an appropriate sampling plan or other means acceptable to program employees. 
(2) Abnormal containers. When 
abnormal containers are detected by any means other than incubation, the establishment must inform the inspector, and the affected code lot(s) must not be shipped until the Program has determined that the product is safe and stable. Such a determination will take into account the cause and level of abnormals in the affected lot(s) as well as any product disposition actions either taken or proposed by the establishment. 
§ 431.11 Personnel and training. 
All operators of thermal processing 
systems specified in § 431.6 and container closure technicians must be under the direct supervision of a person who has successfully completed a school of instruction that is generally recognized as adequate for properly training supervisors of canning operations. 
§ 431.12 Recall procedure. 
Establishments must prepare and 
maintain a current procedure for the recall of all canned product covered by this subpart. Upon request, the recall procedure must be made available to Program employees for review. 
PART 548—PREPARATION OF 
PRODUCTS 
■25. The authority citation for part 548 
is revised to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1633; 21 U.S.C. 601– 
602, 606–695; 7 CFR 2.7, 2.18, 2.53. 
§ 548.6 [Amended] 
■26. Section 548.6 is amended by 
removing ‘‘9 CFR part 318, subpart G 
(§§ 318.300–318.311)’’ and adding in its place ‘‘9 CFR part 431’’. 
Done in Washington, DC. 
Paul Kiecker, 
Acting Administrator. 
[FR Doc. 2018–11300 Filed 5–30–18; 8:45 am] 
BILLING CODE 3410–DM–P 
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