WORLD TRADE  
ORGANIZATION   
G/STR/N/14/USA 
2 August 2012 
 (12-4295) 
Working Party on  
State Trading Enterprises Original:   English 
 
 
 
STATE TRADING 
 
New and Full Notification Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the  
GATT 1994 and Paragraph 1 of  the Understanding on  
the Interpretation of Article XVII 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
 The following communication, dated 27 July 2012, is being circulated at the request of the Delegation of the United States.   
 
_______________ 
  
 Pursuant to Article XVII:4(a) of the GATT 1994 and Paragraph 1 of the Understanding on the 
Interpretation of Article XVII, the United States ma kes the following new and full notification of its 
state trading enterprises for 2012.   
 I. COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION 
1. Enumeration of State Trading Enterprises 
(a) Identification of state trading enterprise 
 
 The U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). 
 
(b) Description of products affected 
 
 Commodities eligible for CCC programs are define d in the legislation or regulations for the 
specific program.  Commodities covered by CCC include:  Non-fat dry milk (0402), Butter (0405), 
Cheese (0406), Honey (0409), Dry beans (0713), Wheat (1001), Rye (1002), Barley (1003), Oats (1004), Corn (1005), Rice (1006), Sorghum (1007), Soybeans (1201), Peanuts (1202), 
Flaxseed (1204), Sunflower seeds (1206), Sugar (12 12), Cotton (5201), Mohair (5102), Wool (4102), 
and Pulses (0708).   2. Reason and Purpose  
(a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise 
 
 The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a government-owned and operated entity within 
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).  CCC w as created to stabilize, support, and protect farm 
income and prices.  CCC also helps maintain balanced and adequate supplies of agricultural 
commodities and aids in their orderly distribution.   G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 2 
 
 
  (b) Legal authority 
 
 CCC was incorporated on 17 October 1933, under a Delaware charter with a capitalization of 
$3 million.  It was initially managed and operated in  close affiliation with the Reconstruction Finance 
Corporation, which funded its ope rations.  On 1 July 1939, CCC w as transferred to  USDA by the 
President's Reorganization Plan I.  It was reinco rporated on 1 July 1948, as a federal corporation 
within USDA by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act  (62 Stat. 1070;  15 U.S.C. 714). 
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise 
(a) Summary statement providing overview of operations of the state trading enterprise 
 
 The CCC Charter Act, as amended, authorizes CCC to support prices of agricultural 
commodities, including through purchases a nd sales of agricultural commodities.   
 (b) Specification of exclusive or special right s or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise 
 
 CCC does not have exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise market, any product.   
 
 Organization:  CCC is managed by a Board of Directors,  subject to the general supervision 
and direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, who is an ex officio  Director and Chairman of the Board.  
In addition to the Secretary, the Board consists of  seven members who are appointed by the President 
of the United States with the advice and consent of  the Senate.  The members of the Board and the 
Corporation's officers are all offi cials of USDA.  CCC has no opera ting personnel.  Its activities are 
carried out primarily through the personne l and facilities of agencies within USDA. 
 
 Financing:  CCC has an authorized capital stock of  $100 million held by the United States, 
with the authority to have outstanding borrowings of up to $30 billion at any one time.  
 Funds may be borrowed from the U.S. Treasury and may also be borrowed from private 
lending agencies and others.  Interest on any bo rrowings from the Treasury (and on capital stock) is 
paid at a rate based upon the average interest ra te of all outstanding marketable obligations (of 
comparable maturity date) of the U.S. Government as of the preceding month.  Interest may also be 
paid on other notes and obligations at  a rate prescribed by the CCC and approved by the Secretary of 
the Treasury.  
 
 Export Programs:  CCC is authorized to make sales from its inventories to export markets.  
However, CCC has not done so since 1995.   
 
 Import Programs:  CCC has not engaged in import activity. 
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trad ing enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and c onditions for participation 
 
 As noted, CCC does not have exclusive right to export or import, or otherwise market, any product.  All agricultural commodity import and expor t activities within the customs territory of the 
United States may be freely entered into by private sector traders without any special conditions or 
restrictions.    G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 3 
 
 
  (d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprise 
 
 During the notification period, CCC did not import or export any commodities. 
 
(e) How export prices are determined 
  Not applicable (see 3 (d)).  
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined  
  Not applicable (see 3 (d)).  
 
(g) Whether long-term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether the state 
trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractua l obligations entered into by the government. 
 
 Although CCC may be authorized by law to negotiate long-term sales contracts, such 
authority is not currently used.  
(h) Description of market structure 
 
 Agricultural commodity markets are character ized by numerous independent buyers and 
sellers. 
 
4. Statistical Information  
 Table I: Import information by product:  Not applicable;  no products imported.  
 
 Table II: Export information by product:  Not applicable;  no products exported. 
  Table III: Domestic activities where state trading enterprise also trades products 
internationally:  Not applicable;  no products traded internationally. 
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place 
 During the period, CCC did not engage in expor ts or imports because such activity was not 
required to achieve CCC's mission.   6. Additional Information 
 
 None. 
 
II. ISOTOPES PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM FUND 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise 
(a) Identification of state trading enterprise 
 
 The United States maintains the Isotope Production and Distribution Program Fund (IP&D) 
within the Department of Energy (DOE).   
(b) Description of products affected 
 
 The products affected are isotopes under Harmoni zed Tariff System headings 2844 and 2845. G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 4 
 
 
   
2. Reason and Purpose  
(a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise 
 
 DOE provides radioactive and stable isotope pr oducts and associated services to a wide and 
varied domestic and international market.  The IP&D produces and sells radioactive and stable 
isotopes, by-products, surplus materials, and relate d isotope services.  These products and services are 
sold worldwide and are used for a variety of research, development, biomedical, and industrial 
applications.  The program's objectives are to produce and distribute isotopes for research and 
development, medical diagnostics and therapy, and other applications that are in the national interest.   
 (b) Summary of Basis for Exclusive Rights or Privileges 
  The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 provides the basic authority for DOE to produce and distribute isotopes and to support research and deve lopment of new isotope products and technology. 
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise 
(a) Overview 
 
 For over 50 years, this program and its pr edecessors have been at the forefront of the 
development and production of stable and radioactive isotope products that are now used world-wide.  
DOE applies its unique expertise and capabilities to  address technology issues associated with the 
application, production, handling, and distribution of isotopes.  Adequate supplies of medical and 
research isotopes are essential to maintain effective diagnosis, treatment, and research capabilities in 
the United States.  The program's products and services are sold to over 20 countries.  The program 
produces isotopes only where there is no U.S. private sector capability or other production capacity is 
insufficient to meet U.S. needs.  The specific materials sold under the program are listed in Annex I.   
  The program also develops improved means of producing and separating isotopes that are 
needed to serve the national inte rest.  Such services include, but are not limited to, irradiation 
services, target preparation and processing, sour ce encapsulation and other special preparations, 
analyses, chemical separations, and the lease of stable isotopes for research purposes.   
 
 The program supports the production and development of production techniques of 
radioactive and stable isotopes th at are in short supply.  Isotopes are high-priority commodities of 
strategic importance for the United States and are ess ential for energy, medical, national security, and 
basic research.  A goal of the program is to make cr itical isotopes more readily available to meet U.S. 
domestic needs.  To this end, the program functi ons as a business and, therefore, focuses attention on 
the quality of products and services, customer satisfa ction, cost control, marketing, pricing stability, 
and revenue and cash collections.   
 The IP&D sells isotopes to government en tities, domestic purchasers, and to foreign 
purchasers. 
 
 DOE coordinates its activities with commercial producers to ensure th e continued availability 
of essential isotopes.  DOE is streamlining its activ ities by consolidating or privatizing wherever 
possible to reduce the cost to U.S. taxpayers. 
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 5 
 
 
  (b) Specification of exclusive or special right s or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise 
 
 See (a) above. 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trad ing enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and c onditions for participation 
 
 Private companies and universities engaged in the production and distribution of isotopes are permitted to import and export isotopes. 
 
(d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprise 
 
 To ascertain current and future demands of the community, the program develops working 
groups with other federal agencies, fosters interactions between cust omers and program staff, obtains 
data from site visits, attends society exhibitions, and develops strategic plans and priorities with 
community input.  Research on market sizes, pricing pressures, and customer feedback is also 
obtained through independent surveys and studies,  as well as program management assessments.  
 
(e) How export prices are determined 
 
 Prices charged for the program's products are based on production costs, market value, and 
research needs. 
 (f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined 
  Import prices are determined by production costs and market value. 
 
(g) Whether long-term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether the state 
trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractua l obligations entered into by the government. 
 
 Long-term contracts are negotiated often with price discounts for quantity purchases. 
 
(h) Description of market structure 
 
 The worldwide isotope market has three major components:  medical, industry (including 
homeland security), and scientific (non-medical) re search.  This market is characterized by high 
barriers to entry, production facilities that are pr imarily government owned a nd operated, and demand 
driven by a few major commercial customers.  The number of suppliers for selected major isotopes is 
growing due to a shortage of suppliers for these ke y isotopes used in hospitals and the private sector. 
 
4. Statistical Information 
 2011:  Table I.  The State Trading Enterprise (Isotope Production and Distribution (IP&D) is 
engaged in the primary production and distribution of stable (enriched) and ra dio-isotopes, not their 
importation.  In 2011, however, severa l targets with a total activity of  740,000 MBq were irradiated in 
foreign facilities and imported into the United St ates by IP&D to augment domestic supply where 
IP&D could not meet demand.  These irradiated targ ets were chemically processed by IP&D with the 
result that significant value was added to the product by IP&D prior to being sold in a form required 
by the customers.  
 2011:  Table II.  Cobalt-60 (HS 2844.40.0010) was not sold to foreign customers during this 
reporting period.  Heavy water (HS 2845.10.0000) was not exported during this reporting period. 
 G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 6 
 
 
   2011:  Table III.  Because IP&D is engaged in the primary production of these isotopes for 
distribution, no domestic purchases of these material s were made by IP&D during 2011.  Cobalt-60 
(HS 2844.10.0000) and heavy water (HS 2845.10.00 00) were not sold domestically in 2011. 
 5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place  
 Not applicable. 
 
6. Additional Information 
 None. 
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 7 
 
 
  ANNEX 1 
 List of isotopes sold 
 
Actinium-225 
Aluminium-26 
Americium-241, -243 
Arsenic-73 
Beryllium-7 
Bismuth-207 
Calcium-42, -43, -44, -46, -48 
Californium-252 
Cadmium-109, -112 
Cesium-137 
Chromium-50, -53 
Cobat-60 
Copper-67 
Curium-244, -248 
Dysprosium-163 
Gadolinium-148 
Gallium-69 
Germanium-68 
Helium-3 
Holmium-166 
Hydrogen-2, -3 
Iodine-125, -131 
Iridium-192 
Iron-54, -55, -57, -58 
Krypton-78, -86 
Lead-204 
Lithium-6, -7 
 Lutetium-176, -177 
Magnesium-28 
Molybdenum-99 
Nickel-61, -62, -63 
Palladium-103 
Phosphorous-32 
Platinum-195m 
Plutonium-238, -239, -240, -242 
Polonium-209 
Rubidium-85, -87 
Samarium-152 
Selenium-75 
Silicon-29, -32 
Sodium-22 
Strontium-82, -84, -85, -88, -89, -90 
Technetium-95m,99 
Tellurium-124 
Thallium-203 
Thorium-229, -230 
Titanium-44 
Tungsten-188/Rhenium-188 
Uranium-234, -235, -238 
Xenon-124, -126, -127, -133 
Yttrium-88, -90 
Zinc-65, -66, -68, -70 
Zirconium-90, -92, -94, -96 
 
 
 G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 8 
 
 
  III. POWER ADMINISTRATIONS 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprises 
(a) Identification of state trading enterprises 
 
 The United States maintains the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville), Southeastern 
Power Administration (Southeastern), Southwestern Power Administration (Southwestern), and 
Western Area Power Administration (Western) within  the Department of Energy.  Southeastern and 
Southwestern had no foreign transactions in the curre nt or recent reporting periods.  Information on 
these two entities is being provided for transparency purposes.   
 
(b) Description of product affected 
 
 The product affected is Electrical Energy, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2716. 
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
(a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprises 
 
 The Power Marketing Administrations (PMAs) market wholesale electricity generated at 
hydroelectric dams owned and managed by the Unite d States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and 
the United States Bureau of Reclamation (Reclam ation).  Bonneville also markets electricity 
generated by a nuclear plant owne d and operated by Energy Northw est, and by a non-federally owned 
and operated hydro project.  Western also market s about 400 MW of capacity generated by the 
Navajo coal-fired plant in Arizona.  The federa l government began to ma rket electricity after 
Congress authorized the construction of the dams and established major water projects by the Corps 
and Reclamation, primarily in the 1930s through th e 1960s.  The Corps and Reclamation operate these 
projects to provide or manage water for such multip le purposes as irrigation, flood control, navigation, 
recreation, water supply, and enviro nmental enhancement.  These agenci es also generate electricity at 
hydropower plants located at federal water projects.   The PMAs sell the power that is not used for 
project purposes to cooperatives and public bodies, such  as municipal utilities, irrigation districts, 
military installations, and to other utilities, and any power surplus to those needs to other power 
purchasing entities.  
 In addition to the more general purposes above , the self-financed Bonneville is obligated to 
meet requesting publicly-owned utilities' loads in its  Pacific Northwest marketing area;  own, operate, 
and maintain a high-voltage transmission system;  encourage conservation;  and to protect, mitigate 
and enhance the fish and wildlife of the Columbia River and its tributaries.  Bonneville sells at 
wholesale and at cost the electric power produced at 31 operating federal hydroelectric projects owned and operated by the Corps and Reclamati on, and the electric power produced by the non-
federally owned and operated nuclear  and hydro plants previously mentioned.  Bonneville acquires 
and sells non-Federal electric pow er and conservation resources sufficient to meet the net, non-
generating, requirements of Bonnev ille public customers.  Bonneville's Administrator and the Corps' 
Division Engineer, Northwestern Division, are direct ed by Executive Order to be the U.S. Entity 
overseeing the execution of the 1961 Columbia Rive r Treaty between the United States and Canada.  G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 9 
 
 
  (b) Legal authority 
 
 The PMAs are separate and distinct entities within the Department of Energy (DOE), 
operating pursuant to their enabling legislation, in cluding the Department of Energy Organization Act 
of 1977.   
 
 The Bonneville Project Act of 1937 ("Pr oject Act") established the Bonneville Power 
Administration within the Department of the Interi or (later incorporated into the Department of 
Energy).  The Bonneville Project Act, the Federa l Columbia River Transmission System Act of 1974, 
the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning a nd Conservation Act of 1980, the Columbia River 
Treaty of 1961, and other federal laws contain provisions that defi ne Bonneville's mission and/or 
affect the way it is carried out.   
 
 The missions of the Southeastern Power Administration and the Southwestern Power Administration are set forth in section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944. 
 
 The authority for Western Area Power Admini stration's operations derives from the federal 
reclamation laws, in particular section 9(c) of th e Reclamation Project Act of 1939, and consistent 
with section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1944.  
 
3. Description of the Functioning of the State Trading Enterprises 
(a) Overview 
 
 The PMAs sell electric power generated by hydroelectric projects (and others as noted) 
owned and operated by Reclamation or the Corps,  who also provide or manage water for such 
multiple purposes as irrigation, flood control, navi gation, recreation, municipal water supply, and 
environmental enhancement. 
 (b) Specification of exclusive or special right s or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprises 
 
 The PMAs, except the self-financed Bonneville, are funded by a variety of methods, 
including annual appropriations to DOE and use of PMA receipts.  The non-Bonneville PMA revenue 
that is not used to fund PMA activities is depos ited in the Miscellaneous Receipts account and the 
Reclamation Fund in the U.S. Treasury.  The PMAs are exempt from Federal income taxation and 
from state and local taxation. 
  Bonneville is a self-financed federal entity.  Bo nneville is authorized to use the proceeds in 
the BPA fund without appropriation and without fiscal year limitation.  BPA's revenues are not part of 
the general funds of the U.S. Treasury.  To financ e its capital programs, Bonneville is authorized by 
the Federal Columbia River Transmission System Act of 1974, as amended, to issue to the U.S. 
Treasury up to $7.7 billion of interest-bearing bonds with terms and repayment conditions comparable 
to debt issued by U.S. government corporations.  Bonneville is statutorily treated (16 U.S.C 838i (c)) 
as a wholly-owned U.S. Government corporation under provisions of the Government Corporation 
Control Act (31 U.S.C 9106) for purposes of its financial and budget operations. 
 
(c) Type of entities other than the state trad ing enterprises that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and c onditions for participation 
 
 More than 3,000 private investor-owned, lo cal government-owned, and cooperatively-owned 
utilities engaged in the generation, transmission and di stribution of electricity are permitted to import 
and export electricity. G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 10 
 
 
  (d) How import/export levels are determined by the state trading enterprises 
 
 The PMAs may import and export electricity as authorized by each PMA's legislative authority and by its management.  Southeastern and Southwestern do not import or export power to 
other countries.  Western imports and exports onl y non-firm power.  A portion of the firm power 
output generated at federal and non-federal mid-Columbia River projects is owned by Canada 
("Canadian Entitlement") under the terms of the Colu mbia River Treaty, and Bonneville delivers that 
power to Canada primarily at the US/Canadian border on behalf of the U.S. Entity and is obligated to 
do so through at least 16 September 2024.  Additio nally, from time to time, Bonneville may import or 
export short-term non-firm or firm energy or capacity. 
  The PMAs are not required to obtain export au thorizations.  Import and export levels are 
determined by supply and demand. 
 (e) How export prices are determined 
  Western and Bonneville export surplus power at market-based rates.   
 
(f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined 
 
 The costs Bonneville and Western incur to pur chase imported power are incorporated into the 
power-related production costs for these agencies.  Firm power is sold to custom ers at cost-based firm 
power rates.  The price of surplus power sales is se t at market prices.  This market price can vary 
significantly, depending on market conditions.  An y excess revenue derived from the sale of surplus 
power is used to reduce future firm power rates, ensuring that the agencies do not recover more than 
their full power-related costs.  
 
(g) Whether long-term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprises.  Whether the state 
trading enterprises are used to fulfil contractua l obligations entered into by the government. 
 
 Bonneville, Southeastern, Southwestern, and W estern sign long-term contracts for the sale of 
federally-generated power within the United States.  Western does not sign long-term contracts for the 
exportation or importation of non-firm power.  The Columbia River Treaty provides for the delivery 
of the Canadian share of the Treaty's downstream power benefits to the Canadian border through at 
least 16 September 2024, of approximately 4.3 Terawatt hours annually. 
 
(h) Description of market structure 
 
 The structure for the electricity market is co mpetitive.  Private investor-owned utilities, both 
U.S. and foreign-owned, government instru mentalities and government-owned providers of 
electricity, are engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the 
United States.  The regional electric grids are inte rconnected with Canada and Mexico.  There is no 
tariff on electricity. 
 
4. Statistical Information 
 See attached tables. 
 
5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place 
 Not applicable. 
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 11 
 
 
  6. Other information   
 None. 
 
IV. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE 
1. Enumeration of the state trading enterprise 
(a) Identification of state trading enterprise 
 
 The United States maintains the Strategic Pe troleum Reserve within the Department of 
Energy. 
 
(b) Description of product affected 
 
 The product affected is Crude Petroleum, Harmonized Tariff System Number 2709. 
 
2. Reason and Purpose  
(a) Reason or purpose for establishing and/or maintaining state trading enterprise 
 
 The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is a cr ude oil stockpile, managed by the Department 
of Energy (DOE).  The SPR mission is to reduce vulnerability to economic, national security, and 
foreign policy consequences of supply interruptions.   
(b) Legal authority 
 
 The SPR was created pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 
22 December 1975 (Public Law 94-163), as amended, to  reduce the impact of disruptions in supplies 
of petroleum products and to carry out obligatio ns of the United States under the Agreement on an 
International Energy Program. 
 
3. Description and Functioning of the State Trading Enterprise 
(a) Overview 
 
 The United States, through the SPR, owns and operates four underground storage facilities for 
crude oil with a combined storage capacity of 727 million barrels.  The SPR acquires both domestic 
and imported crude oil through purchase and exchange .  In recent years, oil has been obtained 
primarily through the competitive purchase of domestic or imported oil to be delivered to the SPR.  
Together the facilities and crude oil represent more than a $20 billion national investment. 
  During an emergency "drawdown" of crude o il from the reserve, DOE is to competitively sell 
and distribute the crude oil to purchasers prim arily through commercial pipelines and marine 
terminals.  
 On 23 June 2011, the United States participated  in an International Energy Agency (IEA) 
collective action to address supply interruptions resu lting from civil war in Libya.  The United States' 
response resulted in the sale and delivery of 30.592 million barrels of light, sweet crude oil from the 
Strategic Petroleum Reserve.  As of 31 December 2011, the SPR post sale inventory is 695.9 million 
barrels of crude oil.   
 G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 12 
 
 
  (b) Specification of exclusive or special right s or privileges enjoyed by the state trading 
enterprise 
 
 The SPR, is an agency of the United States Government funded by annual appropriations for 
the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Account and by the SPR Petroleum Account.  During an emergency 
drawdown and sale of crude oil, the SPR Petroleum Account is the source of funding the incremental 
costs of withdrawing oil from the storage caverns and transporting it to the point where purchasers 
take title.  If additional funds are required for draw down, they may be transferred from the Strategic 
Petroleum Reserve Account or other DOE offices.  The Federal Government deposits to the account 
an amount equal to receipts realized from sales resulting from an emergency drawdown to create 
additional funding to fill the SPR.    
(c) Type of entities other than the state trad ing enterprise that are allowed to engage in 
importation/exportation and c onditions for participation 
 
 Private companies engaged in the exploration, production, refining, storage and distribution 
of crude oil are permitted to import and export crude oil. 
 
(d) How import/export levels are established for state trading enterprise 
 
 Oil is imported in accordance with Reserve fill plans as determined by legislative or 
administration direction. 
 
(e) How export prices are determined 
 
 SPR does not export crude oil. 
 
(f) How the resale prices of imported products are determined 
 
 Imported and domestic crude oil is commingled  in the underground storage facilities.  The 
price of SPR crude oil sold is determined thro ugh competition open to all financially responsible 
offerors. 
 
(g) Whether long-term contracts are negotiated by the state trading enterprise.  Whether the state 
trading enterprise is used to fulfil contractua l obligations entered into by the government. 
 
 The SPR has previously used exchange contract s to fill the Reserve.  It is anticipated that 
future purchases of crude oil will be done thr ough a competitive purchase program. The SPR is 
currently at 96 percent full to its capacity. 
 (h) Description of market structure 
  The structure of the crude oil market is intern ational and competitive.  Vertically-integrated 
oil companies and independent companies, both U.S. and foreign-owned, are engaged in the 
exploration, production, refining, st orage and distribution of crude oil in the United States.  The tariffs 
on crude oil are 5.25 cents per barrel for crude oil testing less than 25 degrees API and 10.5 cents per 
barrel for crude oil testing 25 degrees API or more.  
 
4. Statistical Information 
 See attached tables. 
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
 Page 13 
 
 
  5. Reason why no foreign trade has taken place 
 Not applicable. 
 
6. Additional Information 
 None.  
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 14 TABLE I 
 
STATE TRADING:  Isotopes Production and Distribution 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2011 
 
 
Description of Product 
Including HS Number Total Quantity 
Imported Quantity Imported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price Mark-up National Production
Element, Isotope & Compound 
with Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010 Unknown 0 $0 Unknown Not Applicable Unknown 
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020 Unknown 740,000 MBq $1.45/MBq Unknown Not Applicable Unknown 
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000 Unknown 0 $0 Unknown Not Applicable Unknown 
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, 
nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000 Unknown 0 $0 Unknown Not Applicable Unknown 
  
   G/STR/N/14/USA
 Page 15 
TABLE II 
 
STATE TRADING:  Isotopes Production and Distribution 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2011 
  
Description of Product Including HS 
Number Total Quantity 
Exported Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise Average 
Procurement 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price Average 
Export Price National 
Production 
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010 Unknown 0 $0  Unknown $0  Unknown 
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020 Unknown 4,345,360 MBq $4,135,130 total Unknown $0.95/MBq Unknown 
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000 Unknown 0 $0  Unknown $0  Unknown 
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  
compound inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000 Unknown 52 kg $0  Unknown $6,525/kg Unknown 
  
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 16   
TABLE III 
 
STATE TRADING:  Isotopes Production and Distribution 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2011  
  
Description of Product Including 
HS Number Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading 
Enterprises National 
Production Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise National Consumption 
Element, Isotope & Compound with 
Radioactivity only -  
HS 2844.40.0010 $0  Unknown $0  Unknown 
Radioactive Element, Isotope & 
Compound, nesoi - 
HS 2844.40.0020 $0  Unknown 8,236,200 MBq 
($1.751/MBq) Unknown 
Heavy Water (deuterium oxide) - 
HS 2845.10.0000 $0  Unknown $0  Unknown 
Isotopes, except heading 2844;  compound 
inorganic/organic, nesoi -  
HS 2845.90.0000 $0  Unknown 50.05 kg 
$11,342/kg Unknown 
  
   G/STR/N/14/USA
 Page 17  
 
TABLE I 
 
STATE TRADING:  Power Marketing Administration 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2011 
 
 
 Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number Total Quantity 
Imported1 Quantity 
Imported by State 
Trading 
Enterprise2 Average Import 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price3 Mark-up National 
Production4 
Southeastern Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716 52 billion kWh 0 N/A 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
Southwestern Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716 52 billion kWh 0 N/A 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
Western Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716 52 billion kWh 0.17 billion kWh $0.075/kWh 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
Bonneville Electrical Energy - 
HS 2716 52 billion kWh Op Agrmnts:  0.266 
billion kWh*  
Energy:  0.913 
billion kWh* Op Agrmnts:  N/A* 
Energy:  
$0.0466/kWh* 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
(*Source:   Regional Coordination, PGPL-5.) 
 
                                                      
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (Imports). 
2 Southeastern and Western amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 2010 – September 2011) rather than calendar year amounts. 
3 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table ES1.B. Total Electric Power Industry Summar y Statistics, Year-to-Date 2011 
and 2010, January through December (Average Retail Price), and Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly, Febr uary 2012" - Table 5.3. Average Retail Price 
of Electricity to Ultimate Custom ers: Total by End-Use Sector, 1997 th rough December 2011  (All Sectors). 
4 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table ES1.B. Total Electric Power Industry Summar y Statistics, Year-to-Date 2011 
and 2010 (Net Generation, All Energy Sources 2011), and Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (Net 
Generation, Total).  
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 18  
TABLE II 
 
STATE TRADING:  Power Marketing Administration 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2011 
  
 
Description of 
Product Including HS 
Number Total Quantity 
Exported1 Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise2 Average 
Procurement 
Price Average 
Representative 
Domestic Sales 
Price3 Average Export 
Price National Production4 
Southeastern Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 15 billion kWh 0 N/A 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
Southwestern Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 15 billion kWh 0 N/A 9.99 cents/kWh N/A 4,106 billion kWh 
Western Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 15 billion kWh 91.7 million kWh N/A 9.99 cents/kWh $0.0246 / kWh 4,106 billion kWh 
Bonneville Electrical Energy - HS 
2716 15 billion kWh Op Agreements:  
4.52 billion kWh* 
Energy:  2.00 billion 
kWh* N/A 9.99 cents/kWh Op Agrmnts:  N/A* 
Energy: 
$0.0179 / kWh* 4,106 billion kWh 
(*Source:   Regional Coordination, PGPL-5.) 
 
                                                      
1 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (Exports). 
2 Southeastern and Western amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 2010 – September 2011) rather than calendar year amounts. 
3 "Electric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table ES1.B. Total Electric Power Industry Summary Statistics, Year-to-Date 2011 and 2010, January through December 
(Average Retail Price), and Energy Information Administration, "E lectric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table 5.3. Average Ret ail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers: 
Total by End-Use Sector, 1997 thr ough December 2011 (All Sectors). 
4 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table ES1.B. Total Electric Power Industry Summary  Statistics, Year-to-Date 2011 
and 2010 (Net Generation, All Energy Sources 2011), and Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (Net 
Generation, Total).  
   G/STR/N/14/USA
 Page 19 
 
TABLE III 
 
STATE TRADING:  Power Marketing Administration 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2011 
  
 Description of Product 
Including HS Number Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises1 National Production2 Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise3 National Consumption4 
Southeastern Electrical Energy - HS 2716 1.0 billion kWh 4,106 billion kWh 6.0 billion kWh 3,856 billion kWh 
Southwestern  Electrical Energy - HS 2716 157.7 mill ion kWh 4,106 billion kWh 4.4 billion kWh 3,856 billion kWh 
Western Electrical Energy - HS 2716 10,460 million kWh 4,106 billion kWh 36.1 billion kWh 3,856 billion kWh 
Bonneville Electrical Energy - HS 2716 6.8 billion kWh*  4,106 billion kWh 76.0 billion kWh** 3,856 billion kWh 
 
* Domestic purchases by STE Bonneville = Total purchases for CY 2009 of 7,022.678M kWh minus 266M kWh imports = 6,756.678M kWh of domestic 
purchases.  The total purchases come from EIA report "Annual Electric Power Industry Report, Form EIA-861, the imports from Tab le II, pg 17.   
 ( Source:   Power Policy Analysis, PFB-6) 
 
 ** Domestic sales by STE Bonneville = Total sales for CY 2009 of 80,534.445M kWh - 4,520M kWh of exports = 76,014.445M kWh of domestic sales.   
  The total sales come from the same EIA report note d above and the exports come from Table I, pg. 16.  ( Source:   Power Policy Analysis, PFB-6) 
 
                                                      
1 Southeastern and Western amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 2010 – September 2011) rather than calendar year amounts. 
2 Energy Information Administration, "Electric Power Monthly, February 2012" - Table ES1.B. Total Electric Power Industry Summar y Statistics, Year-to-Date 2011 
and 2010 (Net Generation, All Energy Sources 2011), and Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (Net 
Generation, Total). 
3 Southeastern and Western amounts are fiscal year amounts (October 2010 – September 2011) rather than calendar year amounts. 
4 Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review, May 2012" - Table 7.1 Electricity Overview (End Use, Total).  
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 20  
TABLE I 
 
STATE TRADING:  Strategic Petroleum Reserve 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, IMPORTS 2011 
  
Description of Product 
Including HS NumberTotal Quantity 
Imported Quantity Imported 
by State Trading 
Enterprise Average Import 
Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price Mark-up**** National Production 
Crude Oil - HS 2709 3,285,000   
(1,000 Barrels)* 0  
(1,000 Barrels) $95.73** N/A 
(Per Barrel)*** N/A 1,848,450 
(1,000 Barrels)***** 
 
 * Source:   http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/L eafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTIMUS1&f=M 
 ** Average import price:  Total cost of imports by the STE (c .i.f. basis) divided by the total quantity imported by the STE. 
 *** Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review March 2010, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary. 
 **** Members may report either under column 4 and 5 or under column 6. 
 ***** Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/Leaf Handler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M 
  
   G/STR/N/14/USA
 Page 21TABLE II 
 
STATE TRADING:  Strategic Petroleum Reserve 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, EXPORTS 2011  
 
 
Description of 
Product Including 
HS Number Total Quantity 
Exported Quantity Exported by 
State Trading 
Enterprise** Average 
Procurement Price Average Representative 
Domestic Sales Price Average Export 
Price National Production 
Crude Oil - HS 2709 17,158  
(1,000 Barrels)* 0 N/A N/A 
(Per Barrel)*** N/A 1,848,450  
(1,000 Barrels)**** 
 
 * Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/L eafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCREXUS1&f=M 
 ** In cases where no exports have taken place under the column "Quantity Exported by State Trading Enterprise", an explanation  is provided under Section V, 
paragraph 5 of this questionnaire. 
 *** Source:  EIA Monthly Energy Review March 2010, Table 9.1:  Crude Oil Price Summary. 
 **** Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/Leaf Handler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M 
 
 
 
  
  
  G/STR/N/14/USA 
Page 22 TABLE III 
 
STATE TRADING:  Strategic Petroleum Reserve 
 
STATISTICAL INFORMATION, DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES 2011 
 
 
Description of Product 
Including HS Number Domestic Purchases By 
State Trading Enterprises National Production Domestic Sales By State 
Trading Enterprise National Consumption 
Crude Oil - HS 2709 0 (1,000 Barrels) 1,848,450 (1,000 Barrels)* 30.600,000 20,680 
(1,000 Barrels/Day 
Average)** 
 
 * Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/L eafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=M  
 ** Source:  http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/L eafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTUPUS2&f=M  
 
 
 
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