PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
1 
 Foreword  
 
This Code of Practice (COP) for the Prevention  and Reduction  of Mycotoxin Contamination in 
Cereals was developed to assist farmers/producers to comply with the maximum levels  (MLs) of 
mycotoxins in cereals, particularly  aflatoxins , fumonisins and deox ynivalenol (DON ). This  
Philippine National Standard  (PNS)  is an adoption of the  COP  for the Prevention and Reduction 
of Mycotoxin  Contamination in Cereals, i ncluding Annexes on Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, 
Fumonisins, and Tricothecenes (CAC/RCP 51 -2003)  of the Codex Alimetarius Commission (CAC) , 
with modifications to suit the local production and post -production practices in the Philippines, 
particularly for  rice and corn.  In the p reparation of this standard, the following Philippine 
National Standards (PNS)  were considered:  
 
1. Grains – Corn ( Zea mays indentata Linn, Zea mays indurate Linn . and Zea mays 
ceritina K. Sturt. Syn. praecox ) – Grading and Classification (PNS/BAFPS 10:2004) ; 
2. Corn (Maize) grits ( Zea mays Linn.)  – Grading and Cla ssification (PNS/BAFPS 
15:2004);  
3. Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Corn (PNS/BAFPS 20:2008) ; 
4. Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Aflatoxin  Contamination in 
Corn (PNS/BAFPS 27:2008) ; and  
5. Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Rice (PNS/BAFS 141:2014 ). 
 
A Technical Working Group (TWG) was created through Special Order No. 106 Series of 2014 to 
develop the COP for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin C ontamination in  Cereals. The 
TWG represented the relevant agencies of the Department of Agriculture ( DA), Department of 
Science and Technology (DOST), University of the Philippines Los Banos  (UPLB) and private 
sector organizations. Public consultations were conducted in Regions 2, 7, 10 , and the National 
Capital Region (NCR) , which represented the major h ubs of cereal production and trade  in the 
country . Comments and recommendations were solicited from relevant government ag encies, 
academe, private sector  and non -government organizations. Therefore, this COP is the final 
output of the public -private sector  collaboration between  and among the TWG , and relevant 
stakeholders that participated in the public consultation s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
2 
 I. INTRODUCTION  
 
1. Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites present in a large part o f the world’s food supply  that 
pose a s threat to human and animal health . The five (5) most important  naturally occurring 
mycotoxins  in human food and animal feeds are aflatoxin  caused by Aspergillus  flavus  and 
A. parasiticu s; ochratoxin  A (OtA) by A. ochraceus  and Pennicilliun  verrucosum ; 
deoxynivalenol  (DON)  by Fusarium  graminearium ; zearalenone  by F. gramineari um and F. 
culmorum ; and fumonisin s by Fusarium  verticillioides , F. proliferatum,  and F. moniliforme.  
 
2. The mycotoxin -producing fungi that infect  cereals can be or are present in the field during 
primary production (planting, pre -harvest management practices) and/or during post -
production operations (harvesting, threshing/shelling, drying, on/off -farm storage, 
transport/distribution  and milling). The list of important mycotoxin -producing fungi that 
infect  cereals during growing season and storage  can be  found in Annex 1 . 
 
3. Mycotoxins are potent carcinogens , which can produce both acute and chronic toxicities 
ranging from deleterious effects i n the cent ral nervous,  cardiovascular and pulmonary 
systems  and the alimentary tract  that may  finally result in  death . Human diseases  like liver  
and esophageal cancer  are associated  with  aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively . A 
summary  of mycotoxins for which exposure  estimates or exposure scenarios have been 
made, in terms of  No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observ ed Adverse 
Effect Levels (LOAEL) in animal s together with  critical effects and the Tolerable Daily Intake  
(TDI)  can be  found in Annex 2 . 
 
4. The Codex Alimentarius Commission  (CAC)  has set the Maximum Levels (MLs) for the 
different mycotoxins for cereal s and cereal -based  food and feed  products , which can be  
found in Annex 3.  
 
5. The complete elimination of mycotoxin producing organism is not achievable with the  
tropical conditions prevailing in the country. The elaboration and acceptance of this COP  
will provide uniform guidance to consider in attempting to control and manage organisms 
responsible for the  myco toxin contamination in cereals. It is important for 
farmers/producers to realize that Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good 
Manufacturing Practices (GMP) represent the primary line s of defense against mycoto xin 
contamination of cereals during  primary  production, post -harvest stages  and distribution.  
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
3 
 II. SCOPE  
 
6. This COP  contains on -farm and off-farm practices  for the  prevention and/or  reduction of  
mycotoxin contamination  in cereals  used for food and  feeds , and serves as basis for 
monitoring  and regulation  by competent authorities.  The recommended practices are based 
on GAP and GMP in addition to the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points 
(HACCP)/Hazard Analysis and Risk Based Preventive Control (HARBPC) or equivalent 
processes.  
 
III. DEFINITIONS  
 
For the purpose of this Code, the following terms are operationally defined:  
 
Cereals  – refer to crops belonging to the genera an d species of the grass family (G ramin eae) 
used for food and feeds , which  include  barley,  corn, job’s tear s (adlai), oats,  rice, rye, sorghum 
and wheat . 
 
Grains  – are kernels remaining after removal of inedible parts such as the hull and husk , which 
can be  intact (e.g. brown rice/milled rice, corn kernel ), ground (e.g. wheat flour) , cracked  (e.g. 
corn grits)  or flaked  (e.g. breakfast cereal) . 
 
Mycotoxins  – are a diverse group of chemical substances (secondary metabolites) produced by 
fungi.  The major mycotoxins in cereals are the following:  
 
Aflatoxin s – a group of highly poisonous and carcinogenic compounds , which are 
produced by strains of  the fungi, Aspergillus  flavus  and A. parasiticus , on suitable 
substrate s such as  cassava, copra and  other oilseeds , corn and peanuts.  
 
 Deoxynivalenol (DON)  – commonly called vomitoxin, is produced by several fungi of the 
genus Fusarium  specifically  F. graminearium  frequently infect ing barley, corn, oats, rice , 
and other cereals in the field or during postharvest operation s. 
 
 Fumonisin s – produced by the fungi  Fusarium  verticillioides , F. proliferatum,  F. 
 moniliforme  and other Fusarium  species that grow on agricultural commodities in the 
 field or during postharvest operations.  
 
 Ochratoxin A  (OtA)  – is the  toxic  metabolite produced by fungi belonging to the genera 
 Aspergillus  and Penicillium  specifically A. ochraceus  and P. verrucosum  when the  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
4 
  nutrients, temperature and water activity required for growth and biosynthesis are 
 present.  
 
 Tricothecenes  (T-2) – secondary  metabolites produced  by species that belong to several 
 fungal genera  of Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Memnoniella, 
 and Myrothecium  generally found in various cereal crops such as barle y, corn, oats, rye, 
 wheat and processed grains.  
 
Zearalenone  – is the  compound produced by Fusarium  spp. such as F. graminearium  
and F. culmorum  found specifically  as a contaminant in corn  but may  also occur in 
barley, oats,  sorghum, and wheat.  
 
Post -harvest stages - refer to the stages in the cereal food supply chain involving the minimal 
transformation of cereals after primary production such as shelling/threshing/drying, storage, 
transport and sorting/cleaning of the grains.  
 
IV. GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE  (GAP)  
 
PRE-HARVEST  
 
Planting  
 
7. Develop and maintain  a crop rotation schedule  in order to reduce the inocul a in the field. 
Crops that are not host  to mycotoxin -producing fungi species should be used  (e.g. potato 
and mungbean).  
 
8. Where practical and possible , prepare the  area  for each new crop by plowing under or by 
destroying or removing old seed heads, stalks , and other debris that may  serve, or may 
potentially serve as substrates for the growth of mycotoxin -producing fungi. In areas that 
are vulnerable to erosion, no -till or minimum tillage  practices may be required in the 
interest of soil conservation.  
 
9. Utilize the results of soil /tissue  analyses  to determine if there is  a need to apply fertilizer 
and/or soil conditioners to ensure  attainment of  optimum soil pH and  adequate  plant 
nutrition to avoid plant stress.  
 
10. Use q uality seed varieties adapted to  the locality and/or those approved by the National 
Seed Industry Council (NSIC).   
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
5 
 11. As much as possible , crop planting should be timed to avoid high temperature and drought 
stress during the period of s eed development and maturation.  Predictive models  (e.g.  
weather forecasts and planting patterns) , when available , may be used as a tool to plan for 
the best planting period.  
 
12. Ensure appropriate density of planting  by maintaining the recommended row and intra - 
plant spacing for the species/varieties grown  (please refer to Annex 4 ). Information 
concerning plant -spacing may be obtained from  seed companies  or authorized bodies .  
 
Pest/Weed Management  
 
13. Minimize insect damage and fungal infection in the vicinity of the crop by proper use of 
registered pesticides and other appropriate practices within an integrated pest 
management program.  Predictive models  may  be used to plan the best application time  for 
pesticides.  
 
14. Control weeds in the crop by us e of mechanical methods, registered herbicides or other 
safe and s uitable weed management  practices . 
 
Irrigation  
 
15. If irrigation is used, ensure that it is applied in a timely and even manner  so that all plants in 
the field will have an adequate supply of water. Irrigation during flowering and ripening of 
crops should be avoided  (except for rice) . Excess water  during flowering makes conditions 
favorable for proliferation  and infection by mycotoxin -producing fungi . 
 
HARVESTING  
 
16. Plan to harvest the cereal crop at  full maturity and  at recommended low moisture content 
or MC  (please refer to  Annex 5 ). Delayed harvest of grains may subject  them to rainfall , 
which may cau se a significant increase in  mycotoxin c ontamination . 
 
17. Ensure that all equipment to be used for harvesting and storage of harvested produce  are 
operational . Breakdowns  during these critical periods may cause losses in grain quality and 
increase  mycotoxin  contamination . Keep important spare parts available o n the farm to 
minimize time lost  during repairs. Make sure that calibrated equipment for MC 
measurement i s always available . 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
6 
 18. Use clean and dry bags or sacks for collection and transport of harvested crops from field to  
the drying and storage facilities.  
 
19. Avoid contact of harvested crop with  dirt, soil, and other contaminants. Remove the 
infected an d infested  crop from the ground and dispose properly.  
 
POST -HARVEST STAGE S 
 
Shelling/Threshing/Drying  
 
20. Immediately after harvest:  
 
a. Crops  should be cleaned and sorted to remove damaged produce and other foreign 
matter s. 
b. Shell corn on cob at  21% MC and dry the kernels  to 14% MC or less prior to storage.  
c. Thresh rice and sorghum at 18% MC and dry the grains to 14% MC or less prior to 
storage.  
 
21. In the field, d o not pile or heap  wet and  freshly harvested crops  for a long period  of time  
prior to  shelling/threshing  or drying to lessen the risk of fungal growth . 
 
22. Use recommended mechanical drying facilities or equipment for each commodity. If sun 
drying , avoid direct contact with soil by use of surfaces and underlays . 
 
Storage  
 
23. Storage facilities should be well -ventilated, with  protect ion from entry of rodents, birds, 
insects,  rain,  ground water seepage , and provision for drainage.  
 
24. Store o nly grains that have passed the food safety and quality standard s (i.e. MC, mycotoxi n 
level, and physical qualities) . 
 
25. Use clean and dry bags to store the crop or grain and pile them on pallets.  
 
26. When storing in bulk /silo , aer ate the grain by circulating air to maintain proper and uniform 
temperature , and minimize development of hotspots. Check MC and temperature of  the 
stored grain s at regular fixed time intervals . A temperature rise of 2  - 3°C may indicate 
microbial growth and/or insect infestation.   
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
7 
 27. Use good housekeeping procedures to minimize of insects and fungi in  the storage facilities. 
This may include the use of suitable, registered insecticides and fungicides or appropriate 
alternat ive methods within an integrated pest management program.  
 
Transport  
 
28. Transport facilities , including container van s, should be clean and dry before us e. They 
should be disinfected/disinfested  with appropriate substances and registered fumigants or 
pesticides ( i.e. should not cause off -odors, off -flavor or contaminate the grains).  
 
29. When transporting grains in bags, use t arpaulin to cover the shipment and protect  them  
from rain and mycotoxin accumulation . 
 
30. Prevent insect, bird , and rodent infestation during transport by the use of insect -and-rodent 
proof containers or insect and rodent repellant chemical treatments approve d for the 
intended end use of the grain s. 
 
Sorting/Cleaning  
 
31. When applicable, s ort to remove physically damaged and discolored grains to reduce 
formation or contamination of mycotoxin , and its further entry into the food chain and feed 
manufacturing process.  
 
V. RECORD KEEPING  
 
32. Keep record of farming operations such as production practices, harvesting and storage 
procedures implemented , and environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, moisture, and 
humidity).  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
8 
 REFERENCES:  
 
Codex Code of Practice  for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in 
Cereals, Including Annexes on Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Fumonisins and Tricothenes 
(CAC/RCP 51 -2003).  
 
Codex Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A (OtA) Contamination 
in Coffee (CAC/RCP 69:2009) . 
 
Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (Codex Stan 193 -1999)  
 
Codex Recommended International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food  Hygiene 
(CAC/RCP 1 -1969, Rev. 2003).  
 
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and Guidelines for its Management  - 
CAC/RCP 1 -1969 Rev (2003) . 
 
http://www.darfu4b.da.gov.ph/pub.html  
 
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y1390e/y1390e02.htm#bm02x  
 
http://www.fao.org/f ileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_ -
_MAIZE.pdf  
 
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_ -
_RICE.p df 
 
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_ -
_SORGHUM.pdf  
 
http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef01e.htm  
 
http:/ /www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Ch
emicalContaminantsMetalsNaturalToxinsPesticides/ucm120184.htm  
 
http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/uc
m109231.htm  
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
9 
 http://www.food.gov.uk/policy -advice/mycotoxins/animalfeed/  
http://www.healthgrain.org/webfm_send/44  
 
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2635619  
 
http://www.vkm.no/dav/eee04d10c4.pdf  
 
Leslie, John F., Bandyopadhyay and Angelo Visconti. 2008. Mycotoxin: Detecting Methods, 
Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade. United Kingdom: CAB International.  
 
Mills John T.  1989.  Mycotoxin  and Toxigenic Fungi in Cereal Grains in Western Canada, 
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg Canada . 
 
Norwegian Scientif ic Committee for Food Sa fety.  2013. Risk Assessment of Myxotoxin in Cereal 
Grain in Norway . 
 
Philippine National Standard: Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Corn (PNS/BAFPS 
20:2008).  
 
Philippine National Standard: Code of Good Agricultural Practices for Rice (PNS/BAFS 
141:2014) . 
 
Philippine National Standard: Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Aflatoxin  
Contamination in Corn (PNS/BAFPS 27:2008).  
 
Philippine National Standard: Corn (Maize) grits ( Zea mays Linn.)  – Grading and Classification 
(PNS/BAFPS 15:2004).  
 
Philippine National Standard: Grains – Corn ( Zea mays indentata Linn, Zea mays indurate Linn.  
and Zea mays ceritina K. Sturt.  Syn. praecox ) – Grading and Classification (PNS/BAFPS 10:2004).  
 
Report of the Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF), 2014  
 
Republic Act 10611: Food Safety Act of 2013 . 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
10 
 Republic of the Phil ippines  
Department of Agriculture  
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS  
Technical Working Group  
 
Chairperson  
Edralina P. Serrano , PhD  
PHTRC -UPLB  
 
Members  
 
Miriam A. Acda / Mark Anthony A. Mangoba  Roger V. Navarro / Gretchen May Ocampo  
PHilMech, DA       PHilMaize  
 
Ennata M. Avena / Kristine T. Biona    Abigail S. Rustia / Glenda M. Mendoza  
FNRI, DOST       FDC, NFA  
 
Mia V. de la Cruz      Arlene F. Tanseco / Rolando B. Gomez  
PHilMech, DA       NFA 
 
Milo D. de los Reyes / Armylene B. Posada    Salvador D. Umenga /Adolfo M. Buenviaje Jr  
Agripinoy Corn Program, DA     NCCB  
 
Director Antonio G. Gerundio  
AgriPinoy Corn Program, DA  
 
Secretariat  
 
Karen Kristine A. Roscom     Charlie T. Palilio  
BAFS, DA       BAFS, DA  
 
Lara Vivas -Navarro  
BAFS, DA  
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
11 
 Anne x 1 
The Most Important Mycotoxin -Producing Fungi Infecting Cereals  
During Growing Season and S torage  
 
Type of Fungi  Genus  Mycotoxins  
Field Fungi  Fusarium  
 
 
 
 beauvericin, deoxynivalenol, 
(DON), enniatins, fumonisins, 
HT-2 toxin, moniliformin, T -2 
toxin, zearalenone  
 
Storage Fungi  Aspergillus  Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A (OtA)  
Penicillium  Ochratoxin A (OtA)  
 
Reference: http://www.vkm.no/dav/eee04d10c4.pdf  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
12 
 Annex 2  
The No Observed Adverse Effect (NOAEL) /Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)  
 in Animals  
 
 
Mycotoxin   
Critical Effect  NOAEL1/LOAEL2 
(mg/kg bw/day)  Tolerable Daily 
Intake3 
(ug/kg bw/kg)  
DON  Reduced feed intake 
and weight gain  0.1 (NOAEL)  1.0 
T-2 + HT -2 Immunotoxicity/  
haematoxicity  0.03 (LOAEL)  0.1 
Nivalenol  
 Reduced growth, 
leucopenia  0.7 (LOAEL)  0.7 
Zearalenone  Oestrogenic activity  
 0.01 (NOAEL)  0.25  
1) NOAEL  – No Observed Adverse Effect L evel 
2)  LOAEL – Lowest Observed Adverse Effect L evel 
3) Tolerable Daily I ntake, TDI, is a term used by E FSA, while JECFA uses the term Provisional 
Maximal daily I ntake (PMTDI)  
 
Reference: http://www.vkm.no/dav/eee04d10c4.pdf  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
13 
 Annex 3  
Maximum Levels of Mycotoxins in Cereal s and Cereal -Based Product s for F ood and Feeds  
 
Mycotoxin  Cereals and Cereal -
Based Products  Maximum Levels (MLs)  
ug/kg or ppb   
Reference  
  Food  Feed   
 
Aflatoxin  Raw c orn grains  20 50 PNS/BAFPS 10:2004  
Corn grits  20 50 PNS/BAFPS 15:2004  
Ochratoxin A (OtA)  Raw wheat, barley 
and rye  5 No value 
established  CODEX Standard  
193-1995  
Fumonisins  Raw corn grains  4000  No value 
established   
 
 
 
Report of the Eight 
Session of the Codex 
Committee on 
Contaminants in Foods 
(CCCF), 2014  Corn flour and meal  2000  No value 
established  
Deoxynivalenol 
(DON)  Cereal -based food 
for infants and young 
children  200 No value 
established  
Raw cereal grains 
(wheat, corn, and 
barley)  2,000  No value 
established  
Flour, semolina, 
flakes derived from 
wheat, corn and 
barley  1,000  No value 
established  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
14 
 Annex 4 
Recommended Row and Intra -Plant Spacing  
 
Cereal Crop  Row and Intra -Plant Spacing  
(cm)  
Rice 20 x 15 – 20  
Corn  75 x 20 – 25  
 
Reference: http://www.darfu4b.da.gov.ph/pub.html   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD  PNS/BAFPS ____:2014  
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Mycotoxin Contamination in Cereals  
 
15 
 Annex 5  
Recommended Moisture Content  (MC)  for H arvesting of  Cereals  
 
Cereal Crop  MC, Percent  (%) Reference  
Rice 21 - 24 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_up
load/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compe
ndium_ -_RICE.pdf  
Corn /Maize  35 - 40 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_up
load/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compe
ndium_ -_MAIZE.pdf  
Sorghum  16 - 20 http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_up
load/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compe
ndium_ -_SORGHUM.pdf