WT/REG317/1  
16 January  2017 
(17-0270) Page: 1/23 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT  BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION  AND AZERBAIJAN  
(GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement  between the 
Russian Federation  and Azerbaijan , has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its 
own responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual presentation 
reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the 
comments provided and does not imply official endorse ment or acceptance by the 
Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance with the 
rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for 
Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgement 
by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Rohini Acharya 
(tel: +41 22 739 5874) . Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to  Rowena Cabos (tel: +41 22 739 5185) . 
 
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
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TABLE O F CONTENTS  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMENT  ................................ ................................ ................................ . 3 
2   CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ......................  5 
2.1   Background Information  ................................ ................................ ...............................  5 
3   PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ .............  5 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ ...................  5 
3.1.1    General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 5 
3.1.2    Liberalization of trade and  tariff lines  ................................ ................................ ..........  6 
3.1.3    Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ ..............................  7 
3.1.4    Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 8 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  8 
3.3   Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ ...................  9 
3.4   Regulatory Provisi ons of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ .........  9 
3.4.1    Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  9 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ ....... 9 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ......................  9 
3.4.2    Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ............................ 10 
3.4.3    Anti-dumping and coun tervailing measures  ................................ ................................ .10 
3.4.4    Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ............................ 10 
3.4.5    Customs -related procedures ................................ ................................ ...................... 10 
3.4.6    Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....10 
3.4.6.1    Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 10 
3.5   Sector -Specific Provisions of the Ag reement  ................................ ................................ ..10 
4   GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  ................................ .............................  10 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 10 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ .....11 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 11 
4.4   Accession and Withdrawal ................................ ................................ ............................ 11 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ ............................... 11 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....11 
4.7   Relationshi p with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ ........... 11 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ............................ 12 
4.9   Intellectual Property Rights  ................................ ................................ .......................... 12 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  13 
ANNEX 2  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  17 
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Russian Federation and Azerbaijan  
 
Date of Signature:   30 September 1992  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  17 February 1993  
 
Date of Notification:    13 September 2012  
 
Full implementation:   17 February 1993  
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  The Agreement on Free Trade between the Russian Federation (hereinafter "Rus sia") and the 
Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter "the Agreement") is the fourth RTA, which is in force,  notified 
by the Russian Federation  to the WTO.  It forms part of a network of bilateral and plurilateral 
agreements negotiated between Russia  and other States of  the Com monwealth of Independent 
States (CIS) to ensure preferential trade between each other.  In addition, the CIS Agreement 
which was signed on 15 April 1994 has been applied by both the Parties since that date.  
1.2.  The economies of the Parties are  considerably different. Russia, with a GDP of 
US$1,860,598  million in 2014 was ranked 7th largest exporter and 11th largest importer globally in 
that year. In comparison, Azerbaijan had a GDP in 2014 of 75,198 million and was ranked 45th and 
79th largest exporter and importer in the world. The composition of merchandise trade of the 
Parties is however similar, with both mainly exporting fuels and mining products (70.3% and 
94.2% of exports of Russia and Azerbaijan respectively), while imports are dominated  by 
manufactures (73.4% and 71.1% of imports for Russia and Azerbaijan respectively).  
1.3.  Bilateral trade between the Parties is relatively small, although it has grown during the period 
from 1997 -2014 (Chart 1.1). During this period Russia maintained a growin g surplus in its trade 
balance , despite a decline in overall trade in 2009. Azerbaijan maintained an overall balance in its 
trade up to 2007 since when it has run a growing surplus. In their bilateral trade Russia has a 
surplus with Azerbaijan which has be en maintained and even grown during the period.  
Chart 1.1 Russian Federation and Azerbaijan: Merchandise bilateral and global trade  
(1997 -2014 ) 
01020304050
01020304050607080
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014B. Azerbaijan 1997 -2014
(US$ billions)
Imports from Russia (Right Axis)
Export to Russia (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
01020304050
0100200300400500600
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014A. Russia 1997 -2014 
(US$ billions)
Imports from Azerbaijan (Right Axis)
Export to Azerbaijan (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade database . 
 
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  1.4.  Chart 1.2 below shows the pro duct composition of the Parties global and bilateral trade by 
broad HS Sections, based on annual average trade over three years before the Agreement entered 
into force, and the most recent three year period for which data are available.  During the period 
1996-1998 Azerbaijan's global exports were dominated by minerals  (66% of its total exports), 
followed by textiles (13%). Both of these products were also key impor ts by Russia from 
Azerbaijan (27% and 10 % respectively of Russian imports from Azerbaijan), wi th other key 
import s being prepared foods (23 %), followed by vegetables (15 %) and machinery (11%). 
Russia's glo bal exports during this period were dominated by minerals and base metals which 
together accounted for 63% of its exports , were also important im ports by Azerbaijan (13% and 
10% respectively). How ever, the most important import  by Azerbaijan from Russia  was machinery 
(18%) , followed by motor vehicles and articles of wood (together accounting for 42% of its 
imports from Russia ). 
Chart 1.2 Russian Federation -Azerbaijan: product composition of merchandise trade, 
annual average (1996 -1998 and 2012 -2014)  
10
11
18
13133619
17
1210933Azerbaijan imports from 
Russia17
5
9
6
105330
16
117532Russia global imports
25
12
8
1193627
14
129732Azerbaijan global imports15
27
23111013
50
1297714Russia imports from 
Azerbaijan
66 413639
931111
2Azerbaijan global exports
CRI44
1954325
71853311Russia global exports
Total: 
1996 -1998: US$ 82 billion
2012 -2014: US$ 517 billionTotal: 
1996 -1998: US$ 195 million
2012 -2014: US$ 551 millionTotal: 
1996 -1998: US$ 57 billion
2012 -2014: US$ 306 billionTotal: 
1996 -1998: US$ 673 million
2012 -2014: US$ 23,161 million
Total: 
1996 -1998: US$ 168 million
2012 -2014: US$ 1,402 millionTotal: 
1996 -1998: US$ 944 million
2012 -2014: US$ 9,861 million
Prepared foodsAnimal or Vegetable 
fats and oilsVegetables
PlasticsChemicalsMinerals
Precious stonesTextilesWood and articles of 
woodArms and 
ammunitions
VehiclesMachinery OtherBase 
metals
 
Annual average: 1996 -1998 (inner circle); 2012 -2014 (outer circle) . 
Source:  UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  1.5.  By 2012 -2014 the share of Azerbaijan's largest export, minerals, had increased to 93% of 
total exports. Minerals remained a key import from Azerbaijan by the Russian Federation but the 
share had declined to 12% from 27% in the previous period; the share of  vegetable product 
imports had in contrast increased to 50% from 15%.  Russian global exports of minerals had 
increased to 71% from 44% of total exports. In comparison the composition of Azerbaijan's 
imports from Russia has changed considerably since the pr evious period. Its imports of prepared 
from Russia have grown from negligible levels in the previous period to 19%, while the share of 
imports of base metals rose from 10% to 17%; other key imports are vegetables at 12% and 
wood and articles of wood at 10%  of total imports from the Russian Federation.  
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background Information  
2.1.  The Agreement  was signed on 30 September 1992 and entered into force on 17 February 
1993. It was notified to the WTO under Article XXIV:7 (a) and its Understanding on 13 September 
2012 after the accession of the Russian Federation to the WTO .1 The text of the Agreement along 
with its annexes is available in the WTO's RTA Database.2 
2.2.  The Agreement aims to develop trade and economic cooperation between  the Parties based 
upon equality and mutual benefits , and on their sovereign rights to conduct their own independent 
foreign economic policy and enforce relevant international obligati ons and realize proclaimed aims, 
while recognizing the importance of mea sures aimed at creating a strong base for enlarging 
mutual cooperation  on the basis of free trade.  
2.3.  The text of the Agreement contains 21 Articles; there are also two Protocols on Exceptions to 
the Free Trade Regime that are annexed to and form an integral  part of the Agreement.3 
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.1.1   General provisions  
3.1.  The Parties agree in Article 1 to not apply customs duties, taxes and charges having 
equivalent effect on the import of goods  originating in the customs territory of one Party and 
destined for the customs territory of the other Party. Exceptions to this were to be formalized 
through annual documents which are integral parts of the Agreement. The most recent Protocol 
between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of 
Azerbaijan on a phase out of exemptions from Free Trade Regime , was signed on 6 February 2004 . 
Under this Protocol tariffs on white sugar, undenatured ethyl alcohol, and cigars, cig arillos and 
cigarettes imported by the Russian Federation from Azerbaijan and imports from the Russian 
Federation  by Azerbaijan of beer  from malt , undenatured ethyl alcohol and cigars, cheroots, 
cigarillos and cigarettes were eliminated by 1 January 2012 ( 1 January 2005 for white sugar) . 
Article 6 requires the Parties to inform each other on all exceptions to tariff eliminations that are 
applied unilaterally.  
3.2.  Under Article 3 of the Agreement the Parties agree to refrain from introducing quantitative 
restric tions or their equivalent on imports of goods covered by the Agreement. Quantitative 
restrictions may only be introduced unilaterally but only with strictly defined time frames, if there 
is a sharp deficit in the good on the domestic market, or a sharp def icit in the balance of 
payments, if any good has been imported into the territory of one of the Parties in such increased 
quantities and on such terms that threaten or may threaten to cause injury to domestic producers 
                                                
1 Document WT/REG317/N/1, 17 September 2012.  
2 Available  at: http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=830 . 
3 Annex 1: Protocol on Exceptions to Free Trade Regime to the Agreement between the Government of 
the Ru ssian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Free Trade of 
30 September  1992, and Annex 3: Protocol on Amendments and Additions to the Protocol on Exceptions to 
Free Trade Regime of the Agreement between the Government of the Russia n Federation and the Government 
of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Free Trade as of 30 September 1992, signed on 26 November 1992 (which 
replaced the Protocol signed on 30 September 1992).  WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  of like or directly competition goods , and for re -exports, until the situation in all these cases is 
rectified. Such restrictions may also be introduced through mutual agreement between the Parties 
and shall be included in the Annual documents exchange by the Parties on their exceptions to fr ee 
trade. In the event that a Party is imposing quantitative restrictions on imports from the other 
Party it shall provide information in advance if possible and provide any information requested by 
the other Party immediately detailing the reasons, forms and possible time frames for using the 
restrictions. Any disagreements between the Parties on the imposition of quantitative restrictions 
shall be resolved through consultations.  
3.3.  Direct or indirect internal taxes or charges are not to be imposed on goods c overed by the 
Agreement in excess of taxes and charges imposed on similar domestically produced goods or 
imported from third parties. The Parties may also not impose any special limitations or conditions 
for goods covered by the Agreement in excess of meas ures applied to similar domestically 
produced goods or imported from third parties (Article 2).  Under Article 10 of the Agreement the 
Parties agree that transit tariffs for all types of transportation, including tariffs for loading and 
unloading operations , shall be economically justifiable and not exceed normal operational 
expenses, including reasonable profits. The Parties shall not request payment for warehousing, 
reloading, storage and transportation of goods in the currency of any third party.  
3.1.2   Liberal ization of trade and tariff lines  
3.4.  Tables 3.1 and 3.2 below show tariff elimination commitments made by the Parties under the 
Agreement. The Secretariat was unable to obtain  tariff and import data for the year in which the 
Agreement entered into force (199 3); the earliest year for which tariff data was available from the 
Russian Federation was 1997 and 2002 for Azerbaijan. Moreover, the earliest import data available 
for the Russian Federation was 1997 -1999 and 2005 -07 for Azerbaijan. The data were provided  by 
the authorities in the case of the Russian Federation and sourced from the ITC Database for 
Azerbaijan.  
3.5.  As Table 3.1 shows, in 1997 Russia's applied tariff conta ined 10,963 lines at the HS ten digit 
level.4 Of these 83 were duty free for imports from all sources, and corresponded to 9.8% of its 
average  annual  imports during 1997 -99 from Azerbaijan. The Agreement liberalized 10,871 lines 
or 99.2% of the tariff which corresponded to 90.2% of Russia's imports from Azerbaijan during 
1997-99. Further libera lization in 2005 and 2012 resulted in all remaining tariffs being eliminated 
for imports from Azerbaijan.  
Table 3.1 Russian Federation: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out period  Number 
of line s % of total 
lines in 
Russia's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Russia's 
imports from 
Azerbaijan  
(1997 -1999)  
In million US$  % of Russia's total 
imports from 
Azerbaijan  
(1997 -1999)  
Applied duty free (1997)  83 0.8 17.2 9.8 
1997  10,871  99.2 158.2  90.2 
2005  1 0.0 0.0 0.0 
2012  8 0.1 0.0 0.0 
Total  10,963  100.0  175.4  100.0  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included . 
 Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on da ta from the Russian authorities  and Trade Analysis Information System 
(Trains) database via World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) for MFN 1997 of HS 
chapter  76. 
3.6.  Table 3.2 shows tariff elimination by Azerbaijan under the Agreement and corresponding 
imports  from the Russian Federation. In 2002 Azerbaijan's applied tariff contained 10,569 tariff 
                                                
4 Of these 9,701 lines (88.5%) were subject to ad valorem  rates of du ty; of the remaining lines 
1,015  lines had mixed rates of duty, while 176 had specific rates of duty and 71 had compound rates.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  lines at the HS nine digit level5. Of these 116 lines, or 1.1% of the tariff was duty free for imports 
from all sources; these lines corresponded to 18.1% of Azerbaij an's average annual imports from 
the Russian Federation in 2005 -07 (the earliest years for which data on bilateral imports are 
available).  As a result of the Agreement, Azerbaijan eliminated tariffs on all remaining lines by 
2012, with the eight tariffs el iminated in 2012 accounting for 4.9% of its imports from Russia 
during 2005 -07. 
Table 3.2 Azerbaijan: Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and 
corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Azerbaijan's 
tariff 
schedule  Value of Azerbaijan's 
imports from Russia  
(2005 -2007)  
in million US$  % of Azerbaijan's 
total imports from 
Russia  
(2005 -2007)  
Applied duty free (2002)  116 1.1 0.2 18.1 
2002  10,442  98.8 0.7 76.9 
2005  3 0.0 0.0 0.1 
2012  8 0.1 0.0 4.9 
Total 10,569  100.0  0.9 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on  TRAINS  database  via WITS and ITC Trade Map . 
3.1.3   Liberalization schedule  
3.7.  Tables 3.3 and 3.4 show tariff elimination by the Parties under the Agreement by broad 
HS Section. Table 3.3 shows that for the Russian Federation the Agreement eliminated tariffs on 
all but 9 lines  found in HS Section IV (prepared foods)  immediately; the remaining 9 tariffs were 
eliminated in 2005 and 2012.  
Table 3.3 Russian Federation: Tari ff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS Section  Applied average%  
1997  No. of lines  Number of duty-free lines  
Applied 1997  under the Agreement  
1997  2005  2012  
I 12.6 810 16 794   
II 9.1 718 3 715   
III 10.4 128  128   
IV 15.7 867  858 1 8 
V 5.0 256  256   
VI 6.7 1,283  3 1280   
VII 12.2 361  361   
VIII 10.0 206  206   
IX 16.0 222  222   
X 12.3 252 16 236   
XI 18.0 1,356  6 1350   
XII 19.3 121  121   
XIII 16.2 277 1 276   
XIV 29.4 68 1 67   
XV 11.3 1,148  1 1147   
XVI 13.0 1,874  26 1848   
XVII 14.8 317 3 314   
XVIII 11.0 403  403   
XIX 30.0 28  28   
XX 21.1 261  261   
XXI 0.0 7 7    
Total  12.8 10,963  83 10,871  1 8 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included . 
 Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the Russian authorities  and TRAINS database via WITS for MFN 
1997 of HS chapter 76 . 
                                                
5 Of these 9,713 lines (91.9%) were subject to ad valorem  rates of duty; 855 lines had specific rates of 
duty and one line had n o rate.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  3.8.  Table 3.4 shows tariff elimination under the Agreement by Azerbaijan. Upon  entry into force 
of the Agreement Azerbaijan eliminated tariffs on imports from the Russian Federation for all but 
11 tariff lines found in HS Section IV (prepared foods) ; seven of these lines relate to beverages 
spirits and vinegar (HS Chapter 22) and fo ur to tobacco products (Chapter 24) . Further tariff 
elimination took place in 2005 and 2012 as a result of which all tariffs are now duty free for 
imports from the Russian Federation.  
Table 3.4 Azerbaijan: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Sect ion  
HS Section  Applied average%  
2002  No. of lines  Number of duty -free lines  
Applied 2002  under the Agreement  
2002  2005  2012  
I 12.4 791 1 790   
II 12.4 720  720   
III 9.9 128  128   
IV 14.7 836 1 824 3 8 
V 7.1 255 7 248   
VI 4.4 1,246  49 1,197   
VII 9.0 353 1 352   
VIII 14.8 138  138   
IX 9.8 215  215   
X 12.0 249  249   
XI 12.6 1,343   1,343    
XII 15.0 114  114   
XIII 14.1 273  273   
XIV 14.8 66 1 65   
XV 7.3 1,118  3 1,115    
XVI 5.9 1,723  10 1,713    
XVII 4.5 335 9 326   
XVIII 6.4 395 14 381   
XIX 1.7 27 20 7   
XX 14.9 237  237   
XXI 0.5 7  7   
Total  9.1 10,569  116 10,442  3 8 
- specific duties only.  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on TRAINS database via WITS.  
 
3.1.4   Tariff rate quotas  
3.9.  There are n o provisions on tariff rate quotas in the Agreement.  
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.10.   The rules of origin of the Agreement are found in Article 1 which states that originating 
goods must be completely produced in the territory of the Parties. Non originating products 
proce ssed in the territory of the Parties by utilizing raw materials, materials and components 
originating in third parties may attain originating status if (i) the final product is subject to a 
change in tariff classification (CTC) at the HS four digit level o r (ii) if the total cost of 
non-originating components does not exceed a fixed proportion of the export price of commodities 
sold. According to the Parties the fixed proportion is applied only to a certain goods as set out in 
the list of product specific c riteria defined in the Agreement on CIS Rules of Origin of 20 November 
2009.  
3.11.   In Article 10 the Parties agree that the principle of freedom of transit is the major condition 
for achieving the goals of the Agreement. Each Party will provide unimpeded transi t through its 
territory for goods originating in the customs territory of the other Party or third parties and 
destined for the customs territory of the first Party or any third party. Each Party will also supply 
exporters, importers and transporters with all facilities and services available and necessary to 
ensure transit on terms not worse than granted to national exporters, importers or transporters  or 
from third parties. The Parties were also to conclude a special agreement on transit  but according 
to the Parties there is no additional agreement . Under Article 2 of the Agreement the Parties agree 
not to apply rules to warehousing, reloading, storage and transportation of goods that originate in WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  the territory of the other Party or to payments and payment  transfers other than those applied in 
similar situations for domestic goods or from third parties.  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.12.   Export duties are permitted and applied by both Parties according to the Protocol on 
Exceptions to Free Trade Regime annexed to the Agreement.  The most recent list of export duties 
applied by the Russian Federation is based on a Decision of the Government of the Russian 
Federation (No. 754 of 30 August 2013)6. Export duties applied by both the Russian F ederation 
and Azerbaijan are  found in Annex 2 of this Factual Presentation . Table A2.1 shows duties charged 
by the Russian Federation for exports to Azerbaijan and includes fish products, petroleum 
products, wood products, and metal products. Table A2.2 sh ows duties charged for exports to the 
Russian Federation by Azerbaijan and include petroleum products, hides and skins and metal 
products.   
3.13.   Under Article 3 of the Agreement the Parties agree to refrain from introducing quantitative 
restri ctions or their eq uivalent on ex ports of goods covered by the Agreement. Qu antitative 
restrictions may  be introduced unilaterally but only with strictly defined time frames, and under 
certain circumstances (see Section 3.1.1 above). Such restrictions may also be introduced through 
mutual agreement between the Parties and shall be included in the Annual documents exchange 
by the Parties on their exceptions to free trade. In the event that a Party is imposing  quantitative 
restrictions on ex ports to the other Party it shall pro vide information in advance if possible and 
provide any information requested by the other Party immediately detailing the reasons, forms and 
possible time frames for using the restrictions. Any disagreements between the Parties on the 
imposition of quanti tative restrictions shall be resolved through consultations.   
3.14.   Re-exports of goods7, on which the Party where the goods originate applies tariff or 
non-tariff based restrictions, are not permitted. Such goods may be re -exported to third parties 
only upon wr itten consent and on conditions stipulated by an authorized State agency of the 
country of origin of the goods. If this provision is not complied with, the Party whose interests are 
affected may impose measures unilaterally to regulate exports of goods to the Party that 
permitted the re -exports. Moreover, the Party violating the provision shall repay the full amount of 
revenue collected through such re -exports to the country of origin (Article 4).  
3.15.   With the goal of pursuing a coordinated policy of controllin g exports of goods and services 
to third parties, the Parties shall establish an Inter -State Coordination Council on Export Control 
consisting of the heads of national bodies of export control and support staff. The Council shall 
approve the Parties' commo n check lists of goods and services, examination of cases of violations 
of export control requirements, proposals to introduce or end sanctions and other questions 
relating to the control of exports (Article 12).  
3.4  Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  
3.4.1   Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  
3.16.   There are no provisions in the Agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures.  
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.17.   There are no provisions in the Agreement on technical barriers to trade.  However, the 
Parties note that under Article 6 of the old CIS Agreement on a Free Trade Area of 15 April 1994, 
                                                
6 Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, No. 754 of 30 August 2013 on the Approval of 
the Rates of Customs Duties on Goods Exported from the Russian Federation Beyond the Borders of the 
Member States of the Agreements on the Customs Union and on the Invalidation of Certain Acts of the 
Government of the Russian Federation.  
7 Re-exports of goods are defined by Article 4 of the Agreement as "the export of goods originating from 
the customs territory of one Contracting Party, as defined i n Article 1, paragraph 2 of the Agreement, by the 
other Contracting Party to the outside of the customs territory of the latter, for the purpose of exporting it to a 
third country".  WT/REG317 /1 
 
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  the Parties will seek to harmonize their policies in the area of technical and other requirements in 
order to eliminate technical barriers and other similar restrictions.   
3.4.2   Safeguard mechanisms  
3.18.   Article 3 of the Agreement permits the Parties to impose quantitative restrictions inter alia 
for a sharp deficit in the balance of payments and a sharp deficit of a good in the domestic market, 
or if any good has been imported into the te rritory of one of the Parties in such increased 
quantities and on such terms that threaten or may threaten to cause injury to domestic producers 
of like or directly competitive goods for a limited period of time and following the procedures in 
Article 3.  
3.4.3   Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.19.   There are no provisions on anti -dumping and countervailing measures in the Agreement.  
3.4.4   Subsidies and State -aid 
3.20.   Article 9 of the Agreement prohibits the Parties from using State aid in the form of subsidies 
to enterp rises or in any other form if the result of such State aid would be the distortion of normal 
economic conditions in the territory of the other Party.  
3.4.5   Customs -related procedures  
3.21.   The Parties agree to exchange information on customs issues, including customs statistics, 
on a regular basis.  The relevant authorized bodies of the Parties shall coordinate the way to 
exchange such information (Article 5).8  
3.22.   Under Article 8 the Parties agree to use of the unified nine -digit Commodity Nomenclature 
of Foreign Economic  Activities (CN FEA), based on the Harmonized Commodity Description and 
Coding System (HS) and the Combined Tariffs and Statistics Nomenclature of the Eurasian 
Economic Community to apply tariff and non -tariff based measures in their bilateral economic 
relationship, exchange of statistics and customs procedures.  
3.4.6   Other regulation s 
3.4.6.1   Competition  
3.23.   Under Article 7 of the Agreement, the Parties shall consider incompatible with the purposes 
of the Agreement any unfair business practices and shall not permit and elim inate the following: 
(i) agreements between enterprises, decisions made by enterprise associations, and general 
methods of business practices aimed at hindering or limiting competition or disrupting the 
competitive environment in the territories of the Par ties; and (ii) actions by means of which one or 
a few enterprises use their dominant position, limiting competition in the territory (or a significant 
part) of the Parties.  
3.5  Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  
3.24.    There are no sector -specific provision s in the Agreement.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  There are no provisions on transparency in the Agreement.  
                                                
8 The relevant authorized bodies are: the Federal Customs Service for the Russian Federation and the 
State Customs Committee for Azerbaijan.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 11 - 
 
  4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  There are no provisions on current payments and capital movements in the Agreement.  
4.3  Except ions 
4.3.  Under Article 11 the Parties have the right to take measures that they consider necessary for 
protecting their vital interests or which are necessary for compliance with international agreements 
to which they are parties or intend to become parties of  if these measures relate to: information 
affecting the interests of national defence; trade in arms, munitions and military equipment; 
research or production related to defence needs; supply of materials and equipment used by the 
nuclear industry; protect ion of public morality and public order; protection of industrial and 
intellectual property; gold, silver and other precious metals and stones; and protection of human, 
animal and plant life.  
4.4  Accession and Withdrawal  
4.4.  According to Article 19 of the Agreemen t any State may accede to the Agreement on terms 
and conditions agreed between the acceding State and the Parties.  
4.5.  Either Party may withdraw from the Agreement; the Agreement will become invalid after 
12 months from the date of notification in writing by t he Party of its intention to term inate the 
Agreement . After termination, the Agreement will continue to apply to the contracts among 
enterprises and organizations of the Parties that were concluded, but not implemented during the 
period when the Agreement was in force  (Article 21) . 
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.6.  The Agreement establishes a joint Russian -Azerbaijani Commission to achieve the goals of 
the Agreement and to give recommendations for developing trade and economic cooperation 
between the Parties.  The Par ties indicate that the Inter -Governmental Commission between the 
Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan on Economic Cooperation was established in 
August 2006. It discusses trade, customs issues, agricultural, humanitarian and other 
socio-econom ic issues. The meetings are held annually, with the fifteenth meeting held on 
9 October 2015. Key issues discussed were the development of industrial and agricultural 
cooperation. In this context, the Working Group for Cooperation on Agriculture was create d. 
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.7.  Under Article 16 of the Agreement any disputes between the Parties concerning the 
interpretation or application of provisions of the Agreement are to be resolved by means of 
negotiations.  
4.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded b y the Parties  
4.8.  The Agreement shall replace the provisions of previous agreements concluded between the 
Parties insofar as they are incompatible or identical with the previous provisions (Article 13).  
4.9.  The Agreement shall not affect other agreements conclude d by the Parties with third parties 
(Article 14) but nothing in the Agreement shall prevent them from establishing relationships with 
third parties, associations and international organizations as long as these do not contradict the 
goals and terms of the Agreement (Article 15).   
4.10.   Table 4.1 below shows all other RTAs in force for the Parties, notified as well as not notified 
to the WTO.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 12 - 
 
  Table 4.1 Russian Federation and Azerbaijan: Participation in other RTAs (notified and 
non-notified in force), as of 11 Oc tober  2016  
RTA Name  Date of 
entry into 
force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
Russian Federation  
Eurasian Economic Union 
(EAEU) - Accession of the 
Kyrgyz Republic  12-Aug-15 Goods & Services  2015 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Eurasian  Economic Union 
(EAEU) - Accession of 
Armenia  02-Jan-15 Goods & Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Eurasian Economic Union 
(EAEU)  01-Jan-15 Goods & Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area 
between members of the 
Comm onwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)  20-Sep-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - Serbia  03-Jun-06 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Economic Zone 
(CEZ)  20-May-04 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - Belarus - 
Kazakhstan  03-Dec-97 Goods 2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
Eurasian Economic 
Community (EAEC)  08-Oct-97 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Russian Federation  10-May-94 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - 
Tajikistan  08-Apr-93 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - 
Turkmenistan  06-Apr-93 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - 
Uzbekistan  25-Mar-93 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Eurasian Economic Union 
(EAEU) - Viet Nam  05-Oct-16 Goods & Services  Not notified  
Azerbaijan  
Ukraine - Azerbaijan  02-Sep-96 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia - Azerbaijan  10-Jul-96 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)  30-Dec-94 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, 
Azerbaijan, Moldova)  10-Dec-03 Goods  Not notified  
Moldova - Azerbaijan  16-Apr-96 Goods  Not notified  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
4.8  Government procurement  
4.11.   There are no provisions in the Agreement on Government procurement.  
4.9  Intellectual Property Rights  
4.12.   There are no provisions in the Agreement on intellectual property rights.  
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 13 - 
 
  ANNEX 1 
1. A com parison between the scheduled elimination of tariffs by the Parties and their average 
duties applied to all non -parties is shown in Tables A1.1 for Russia and A1. 2 for Azerbaijan  below, 
by total, agricultural (WTO definition) and non -agricultural products.  
2. In 1997, the earliest date for which tariff data is available for the Russian Federation, its 
average applied tariff was 12.8% for all products, 12.1% for agricultural products and 12.9 5% for 
non-agricultural products. Around 0.8% of the tariff was duty f ree (1.1% for agricultural products 
and 0.7% for non -agricultural products). In comparison, its most recent overall average MFN tariff 
was 9.4% overall, and 15.2% and 7.8% respectively for agricultural products and non -agricultural 
products, while the shar e of duty free tariff lines was 14.8% overall, and 6.3% and 17.3% for 
agriculture and non -agriculture respectively. Following the entry into force of the Agreement, 
Russia's overall applied rate for imports from Azerbaijan fell to 0 .03% , with the share of duty free 
tariff lines rising to 99.9% overall, and 99.6% and 100% respectively for agricultural and 
non-agricultural products for imports from Azerbaijan. The remaining tariffs were eliminated in 
2005 and 2012. Exporters from Azerbaijan as a result benefi ted from a 100% relative margin of 
preference from the Agreement.  
Table A1.1 Russian Federation: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for 
imports from Azerbaijan  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural products a Non-agricultural pr oducts  
Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Applied 
rates 1997 12.79  12.89  0.76 12.14  12.28  1.08 12.95  13.04  0.67 
 2014 9.39 11.07  14.75  15.15  16.26  6.34 7.77 9.42 17.27  
Azerbaijan  1997 0.03 49.29  99.92  0.15 49.29  99.61  0.00 0.00 100.00  
 2005 0.03 53.33  99.93  0.14 53.33  99.65 0.00 0.00 100.00  
 2012 0.00 0.00 100.00  0.00 0.00 100.00  0.00 0.00 100.00  
a WTO Definition.  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate 
rates are included . 
 Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature (1997 Applied rates) and based on the HS 2012 (2014 MFN) . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the Russian authorities , TRAINS database via WITS for MFN 
1997 of HS chapter 76 and WTO -IDB. 
 
3. Table A1.2 shows that in 2002, the earliest date for which tar iff data for Azerbaijan is 
available, its overall applied rates of applied tariffs were at around 9.1%, and 13.4% and 8.2% 
respectively for agricultural and non -agricultural products. In addition, around 1.1% of its overall 
tariff was duty free, 0.1% also for agricultural products and 1.4% for non -agricultural products.  In 
the same year, its overall applied rates of tariff for imports from Russia were zero (excluding the 
specific rates of duty which remain for certain lines). The share of duty free lines ro se from 1.1% 
to 99.9%, overall, and from 0.1% to 99.5% for agricultural products and from 1.4% to 100% for 
non-agricultural products. As a result Russian exporters to Azerbaijan benefited from a relative 
margin of preference of 100%.  The remaining tariffs were eliminated in 2005 and 2012.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 14 - 
 
  Table A1.2 Azerbaijan: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from the Russian Federation  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  Agricultural products a Non-agricultural products  
Average applied 
tariff Share 
of duty -
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) Overall 
(%) On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Applied 
rates 2002 9.1 9.2 1.1 13.4 13.4 0.1 8.2 8.3 1.4 
 2015 0.1 0.1 2.9 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.1 3.3 
Russia  2002 - - 99.9 - - 99.5 0.0 0.0 100.0  
 2005 - - 99.9 - - 99.6 0.0 0.0 100.0  
 2012 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
a WTO Definition.  
-  contai ns specific duties.  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature (2002 Applied rates) and based on HS 2012 (2015 Applied 
rates).  
Source:  WTO estimates based on TRAINS via WITS database.  
 
4. Tables A1.3 and A1.4 show market access for each Party's top 25 global ex ports in the other 
Party. In 1997 the Russian Federation's top 25 global exports accounted for 88.3% of total exports 
during the period 1997 -1999, and were covered by 148 tariff lines at the HS ten  digit level  in the 
Russian tariff . Of these lines, 3 were already duty free for imports from all sources before the 
Agreement entered into force. As a result of the Agreement the remaining 145 tariff lines were 
liberalized for imports from Azerbaijan on entry into force . 
Table A1.3 Russian Federation: Market acce ss opportunities under the agreement for 
Azerbaijan's top 25 exports to the world  
Azerbaijan's top export products in 1997 -1999  Access Conditions to Russia's import 
markets  
Applied rates (1997)  
Duty -
free  
in 
1997  HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Average 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of tariff lines  
Duty -
free Dutiable  
271000  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals (excl. crude); 
preparations containing >= 70% by 
weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtain ed 
from bituminous minerals, these oils being 
the basic constituents of the preparations, 
n.e.s.  42.0 5.0  35 35 
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  24.6 5.0  2 2 
520100  Cotton, neither carded nor combed  5.6 0.0 2   
271600  Electrical energy  3.2 5.0  1 1 
520300  Cotton, carded or combed  2.1 0.0 1   
080222  Shelled hazelnuts or filberts  1.3 5.0  1 1 
760120  Unwrought aluminium alloys  1.2 10.0  3 3 
390110  Polyethylene with a specific gravity of < 
0,94, in primary forms  1.1 10.0  2 2 
240310  Smoking tobacco, whether or not 
containing tobacco substitutes in any 
proportion  1.0 20.0  2 2 
240110  Tobacco, unstemmed/unstripped  0.8 5.0  10 10 
843143  Parts for boring or sinking machinery of 
subheading 8430.41 or 8430.49, n.e.s.  0.6 5.0  1 1 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 15 - 
 
  Azerbaijan's top export products in 1997 -1999  Access Conditions to Russia's import 
markets  
Applied rates (1997)  
Duty -
free  
in 
1997  HS number and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Average 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of tariff lines  
Duty -
free Dutiable  
290512  Propan -1-ol "propyl alcohol" and propan -
2-ol "isopropyl alcohol"  0.6 5.0  1 1 
281820  Aluminium oxide (excl. artificial 
corundum)  0.6 5.0  1 1 
841510  Window or wall air conditioning machines, 
self-contained  0.4 20.0  1 1 
850120  Unive rsal ac/dc motors of an output > 
37,5 w  0.4 12.5  2 2 
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or 
grape marc  0.3 -  11 11 
220421  Wine of fresh grapes, in containers of <= 
2 l (excl. sparkling wine)  0.3 -  51 51 
852440  Magnetic tapes, recorded, f or reproducing 
phenomena other than sound or image  0.3 20.0  3 3 
271311  Petroleum coke, non -calcined  0.3 5.0  1 1 
841122  Turbo -propellers of a power > 1.100 kw  0.3 15.0  4 4 
090240  Black fermented tea and partly fermented 
tea, whether or not flavoured, in 
immediate packings of > 3 kg  0.3 5.0  1 1 
151221  Crude cotton -seed oil  0.3 15.0  2 2 
200290  Tomatoes, prepared or preserved, (excl. 
whole or in pieces)  0.3 20.0  6 6 
410210  Raw skins of sheep or lambs, with wool on  0.2 5.0  2 2 
410110  - Whole hides and skins of bovine animals, 
of a weight per skin not exceeding 8 kg 
when simply dried, 10 kg when dry -salted, 
or 14 kg when fresh, wet -salted or 
otherwise preserved  0.2 5.0  2 2 
Total of above  88.3  3 145 145 
- specific duties only.  
Note:  Based on the H S 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the Russian authorities and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 
5. In 2005 -2007, the earliest three year period for which data are available, Russia's top 
25 global exports accounted for 74.3% of its total exports and were covered by 103 tariff lines at 
the HS nine  digit level  in Azerbaijan's tariff . Of these lines 4 were already duty free for imports 
from all sources in 2002. The remaining 97 lines were liberalized in 2002 for imports from the 
Russian Feder ation.  WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 16 - 
 
  Table A1. 4 Azerbaijan: Market access opportunities under the agreement for Russia's 
top 25  exports to the world  
Russia 's top export products in 20 05-2007  Access Conditions to Azerbaijan 's 
import markets  
Applied rates (2002 ) 
Duty -
free in 
2002  HS n umber and description of the product  
Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) Average 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of tariff 
lines  Duty -
free 
Dutiable  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  32.5 0.0 2   
271000  Petroleum oils and oils obt ained from 
bituminous minerals (excl. crude); 
preparations containing >= 70% by weight of 
petroleum oils or of oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, these oils being the 
basic constituents of the preparations, n.e.s.  14.5 12.9  35 35 
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  13.0 0.0 1   
750210  Nickel, not alloyed, unwrought  1.9 0.5  1 1 
760110  Aluminium, not alloyed, unwrought  1.4 3.0  1 1 
270112  Bituminous coal "ecsc", whether or not 
pulverized, non -agglomerated  1.3 0.5  2 2 
720712  - - Other, of rectangu lar (other than square) 
cross-section  1.1 5.0  2 2 
440320  - Other, coniferous  (wood in the rough)  0.9 10.0  3 3 
440710  Coniferous wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, 
sliced or barked, whether or not planed, 
sanded or finger -jointed, of a thickness of > 
6 mm  0.8 10.0  9 9 
100190  Wheat and meslin (excl. durum wheat)  0.7 5.0  3 3 
740811  Wire of refined copper, with a maximum 
cross-sectional dimension of > 6 mm  0.6 5.0  1 1 
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked or simply 
sawn, cleaved or bruted (excl. indus trial 
diamonds)  0.6 15.0  1 1 
760120  Unwrought aluminium alloys  0.6 3.0  3 3 
720449  Other waste and scrap other than turnings, 
shavings, chips, milling waste, sawdust, 
filings, trimmings and stampings, whether or 
not in bundles  0.5 5.0  4 4 
720839  Other , in coils, not further worked than hot -
rolled , of a thickness of < 3mm  0.5 5.0  2 2 
720110  - Non-alloy pig iron containing by weight 0.5 
% or less of phosphorus  0.5 0.5  4 4 
740311  - - Cathodes and sections of cathodes  0.5 0.5  1 1 
310420  - Potassium c hloride  0.4 0.5  3 3 
720720  Semi-finished products of iron or non -alloy 
steel containing, by weight, >= 0,25% of 
carbon  0.4 5.0  13 13 
720711  Semi-finished products of iron or non -alloy 
steel containing, by weight, < 0,25% or more 
of carbon  0.3 5.0  4 4 
310210  - Urea, whether or not in aqueous solution  0.3 0.5  2 2 
711021  Palladium, unwrought or in powder form  0.3 0.0 1   
840130  - Fuel elements (cartridges), non -irradiated  0.3 0.5  1 1 
722511  - - Grain -oriented  0.3 5.0  1 1 
281410  - Anhydrous ammonia  0.2 0.5  1 1 
Total of above  74.3  4 97 97 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on TRAINS via WITS database and UNSD, Comtrade database.  
 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 17 - 
 
  ANNEX 2  
EXPORT  DUTIES  
Table A2. 1 Russian Federation: D uties on exports to Azerbaijan   
Product Description  Tariff heading or code to which products 
belong  Export duty  
(as a percentage of 
customs value in 
roubles, euros or 
US$)  
Atlantic bluefin tunas, other       0302 35 190 0  5 
Frozen fish  0303 11 000 0, 030 3 12 000 0, 0303 13 000 0, 
0303 14 100 0, 0303 14 200 0, 0303 14 900 0, 
0303 19 000 0, 0303 23 000 0, 0303 24 000 0, 
0303 25 000 0, 0303 26 000 0, 0303 29 000 0, 
0303 31 100 0, 0303 31 300 0, 0303 31 900 0, 
0303 32 000 0, 0303 33 000 0, 0303 34 000 0, 
0303 39 100 0, 0303 39 300 0, 0303 39 500 0, 
0303 39 850 0, 0303 44 100 0, 0303 44 900 0, 
0303 45 120 0, 0303 45 180 0, 0303 45 910 0, 
0303 45 990 0, 0303 46 100 0, 0303 46 900 0, 
0303 49 200 0, 0303 49 850 0, 0303 51 000 0, 
0303 55 100 0, 0303 55 300 0, 0303 55 900 1, 
0303 55 900 9, 0303 56 000 0, 0303 57 000 0, 
0303 63 100 0, 0303 63 300 0, 0303 63 900 0, 
0303 64 000 0, 0303 65 000 0, 0303 66 110 0, 
0303 66 120 0, 0303 66 130 0, 0303 66 190 0, 
0303 66 900 0, 0303 67 000 0, 0303 68 100 0, 
0303 68 900 0, 0303 6 9 100 0, 0303 69 300 0, 
0303 69 500 0, 0303 69 700 0, 0303 69 800 0, 
0303 69 900 0, 0303 82 000 0, 0303 83 000 0, 
0303 84 100 0, 0303 84 900 0, 0303 89 101 0, 
0303 89 102 0, 0303 89 103 0, 0303 89 108 0, 
0303 89 109 0, 0303 89 210 1, 0303 89 210 2, 
0303 89  210 9, 0303 89 290 0, 0303 89 310 0, 
0303 89 390 0, 0303 89 400 0, 0303 89 450 0, 
0303 89 500 0, 0303 89 550 0, 0303 89 600 0, 
0303 89 650 0, 0303 89 700 0, 0303 89 900 1, 
0303 89 900 2, 0303 89 900 8, 0303 90 100 0, 
0303 90 900 0  1.25 
 
Crustaceans, whet her in shell or not, 
live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted 
or in brine, even smoked, incl. 
crustaceans in shell cooked by 
steaming or by boiling in water; flours, 
meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for 
human consumption  0306 11 100 0, 0306 11 900 0, 0306 12 100 0, 
0306 12 900 0, 0306 14 100 0, 0306 14 300 0, 
0306 14 900 0, 0306 15 900 0, 0306 16 910 0, 
0306 17 910 0, 0306 17 920 0, 0306 17 940 0, 
0306 17 990 0, 0306 19 100 0, 0306 19 900 0, 
0306 24 300 0, 0306 24 800 0, 0306 25 900 0, 
0306 29 810 0 , 0306 29 890 0  
ex 0306 19 900 0, ex 0306 29 890 0  2.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
Wheat and meslin  1001 11 000 0, 1001 19 000 0, 1001 91 100 0, 
1001 91 200 0,  
1001 91 900 0  
 
 
1001 99 000 0  0 
50 - 6,500 RUB/metric 
tonne (MT) but not less 
than 10 roubles/MT  
50 – 5.5 RUB/MT but 
not less than 50 
roubles/MT  
Soya beans, whether or not broken  1201 10 000 0, 1201 90 000 0  0 
Rape or colza seeds, whether or not 
broken  1205 10 100 0, 1205 10 900 0, 1205 90 000 1, 
1205 90 000 9  6.5 but not less than 
11.4 euros/1000 kg  
Sunflower see ds, whether or not 
broken  1206 00 100 0, 1206 00 910 0, 1206 00 990 0  9.88 but not less than 
14.81 euros/1000 kg  
Dead-burned (sintered) magnesia  2519 90 300 0  1.63 
Tungsten ores and concentrates  2611 00 000 0  0 
Molybdenum ores and concentrates  2613 10 000 0, 2613 90 000 0  1.63 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 18 - 
 
  Product Description  Tariff heading or code to which products 
belong  Export duty  
(as a percentage of 
customs value in 
roubles, euros or 
US$)  
Coke and semi -coke of coal, of lignite 
or of peat, whether or not 
agglomerated; retort carbon  2704 00 110 0, 2704 00 300 0, 2704 00 900 0  6.5 
Coal gas, water gas, producer gas, lean 
gas and similar gases  2705 00 000 0  5 
Tar distilled from coal, from lignite or 
from peat, and other mineral tars, 
whether or not dehydrated or partially 
distilled, incl. reconstituted tars  2706 00 000 0  1.25 
Oils and other products of the 
distillation of high temperature coal 
tar; similar products in which the 
weight of the aromatic constituents 
exceeds that of the non -aromatic 
constituents  2707 10 100 0, 2707 10 900 0  10 
Naphthalene containing > 50% of 
naphthalene  2707 40 000 0  1.25 
Aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures of 
which >= 65% by volume, incl. losses, 
distils at 250°C by the ASTM D 86 
method  2707 50 100 0  1.25 
Creosote oils  2707 91 000 0   1.25 
Oils and other products of the 
distillation of high temperature coal  
tars; similar products in which the 
weight of the aromatic constituents 
exceeds that of the non -aromatic 
constituents  2707 99 300 0, 2707 99 700 0, 2707 99 910 0  1.25 
Pitch and pitch coke, obtained from 
coal tar or from other mineral tars  2708 10 000 0,  2708 20 000 1, 2708 20 000 9  1.25 
stabilised gas condensate of a density 
at 20°C of not less 650 kg/m3 but not 
more than 850  kg/m3 and with a 
sulphur content of no more than 1.0% 
by weight  2709 00 100 1  0 
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous  minerals, crude  2709 00  
2709 00 900 1, 2709 00 900 3  
2709 00 900 2  US$92.7/1000 kg  
US$0/1000 kg  
US$11.2/1000 kg  
Light oils and preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous minerals 
which >= 90% by volume "incl. losses" 
distil at 210°C "ASTM D 86 method"  2710 12 900 1  
 
2710 12 310 0, 2710 12 700 0  
 
2710 12 411 0 - 2710 12 590 0  
 
2710 12 110 – 2710 12 250 9,  
2710 12 900 2, 2710 12 900 8  US$6 /1000 kg  
 
US$37 /1000 kg  
 
US$56.5 /1000 kg  
 
US$65.8/1000 kg  
 
Medium oils and preparations, of 
petroleum or bituminous miner als, not 
containing biodiesel, n.e.s.  2710 19 110 0 - 2710 19 350 0  
2710 19 421 0 - 2710 19 480 0  
2710 19 710 0 - 2710 19 980 0  
2710 19 510 1 - 2710 19 680 9  US$37/1000 kg  
 
 
US$76/1000 kg  
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals (other than c rude) 
and preparations n.e.s. or included, 
containing by weight 70  % or more of 
petroleum oils or of oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, these oils being 
the basic constituents of the 
preparations, containing biodiesel  2710 20 110 0 - 
2710 20 190 0,  
ex 2710 20 9000 0  
 
ex 2710 20 9000 0  
ex 2710 20 9000 0  
 
2710 20 310 1 -2710 20 390 9  US$37/1000 kg  
 
 
 
US$56.5/1000 kg  
US$65.8/1000 kg  
 
US$76/1000 kg  
Waste oils containing polychlorinated 
biphenyls [PCBs], polychlorinated 
terphenyls [PCTs] or polybrominated 
biphenyls [PBBs]  2710 91 000 0  
 US$76/1000 kg  WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 19 - 
 
  Product Description  Tariff heading or code to which products 
belong  Export duty  
(as a percentage of 
customs value in 
roubles, euros or 
US$)  
Waste oils containing mainly petroleum 
or bituminous minerals  2710 99 000 0  US$76/1000 kg  
Petroleum gas and other gaseous 
hydrocarbons except Natural gas, 
liquefied  2711 12 - 2711 19 000 0  US$0/1000 kg  
Petrol eum jelly, paraffin wax, micro - 
crystalline petroleum wax, slack wax, 
ozokerite, lignite wax, peat wax, other 
mineral waxes, and similar products 
obtained by synthesis or by other 
processes, whether or not coloured  2712 US$76/1000 kg  
Paraffin wax, microcr ystalline 
petroleum wax, slack wax, ozokerite, 
lignite wax, peat wax, other mineral 
waxes, and similar products obtained 
by synthesis or by other processes, 
whether or not coloured  2712 90 110 0  
2712 90 190 0  US$0/1000 kg  
Petroleum coke, petroleum bitume n 
and other residues of petroleum oil or 
of oil obtained from bituminous 
minerals, n.e.s.  2713 11 000  
2713 12 000  
2713 20 000 0 - 2713 90 900 0  US$6/1000 kg  
US$0/1000 kg  
US$76/1000 kg  
Natural gas, liquefied  2711 11 000 0  0 
Natural gas in gaseous state  2711 21 000 0  30 
Hydrocarbons in gaseous state, n.e.s.  2711 29 000 0  1.25 
Bitumen and asphalt, natural 
asphaltites and asphaltic rocks  2714 90 000 0  1.25 
Bituminous mastics, cut -backs and 
other bituminous mixtures based on 
natural asphalt, on natural bitu men, on 
petroleum bitumen, on mineral tar or 
on mineral tar pitch  2715 00 000 0  1.25 
Other inorganic or organic compounds 
of precious metals, whether or not 
chemically defined; amalgams of 
precious metals  2843 90 900 0  6.5 
Saturated acyclic hydrocarbons  2901 10 000 1  US$0/1000 kg  
Benzene, Toluene, o -Xylene, m -Xylene, 
p-Xylene  2902 20 000 0,  2902 30 000 0  
2902 41 000 0 - 2902 43 000 0  US$37/1000 kg  
Raw hides and skins of bovine "incl. 
buffalo" or equine animals, fresh, or 
salted, dried, limed, pickled o r 
otherwise preserved, whether or not 
dehaired or split  4101 20 100 0, 4101 20 300 0, 4101 20 500 0, 
4101 20 800 0, 4101 50 100 0, 4101 50 300 0, 
4101 50 500 0, 4101 50 900 0, 4101 50 900 0, 
4101 90 000 0  300 euros/1000 kg  
Raw skins of sheep or lambs, fr esh, or 
salted, dried, limed, pickled or 
otherwise preserved, whether or not 
dehaired or split  4102 10 100 0, 4102 10 900 0, 4102 21 000 0, 
4102 29 000 0  300 euros/1000 kg  
Other raw hides and skins, fresh, or 
salted, dried, limed, pickled or 
otherwise pr eserved, whether or not 
dehaired or split  4103 20 000 0, 4103 30 000 0, 4103 90 100 0, 
4103 90 900 0  300 euros/1000 kg  
Tanned or crust hides and skins of 
bovine "incl. buffalo" or equine 
animals, without hair on, whether or 
not split  4104 11 100 0, 4104 11 510 0, 4104 11 590 0, 
4104 11 900 0, 4104 19 100 0, 4104 19 510 0, 
4104 19 590 0, 4104 19 900 0  
4104 41 110 0, 4104 41 190 0, 4104 41 510 0, 
4104 41 590 0, 4104 41 900 0, 4104 49 110 0, 
4104 49 190 0, 4104 49 510 0, 4104 49 590 0, 
4104 49 900 0  10 but not less than 
206 euros/1000 kg  
 
10 but not less than 90 
euros/1000 kg  
Tanned or crust skins of sheep or 
lambs, without wool on, whether or not 
split 4105 10 100 0, 4105 10 900 0, 4105 30 100 0, 
4105 30 910 0, 4105 30 990 0  10 but not less than 70 
euros/1 000 kg  
Fuel wood, in logs, billets, twigs, 
faggots or similar forms  4401 10 000 9  6.5 but not less than 4 
euros  
Coniferous wood in chips or particles  4401 21 000 0  1.25 
Wood in chips or particles  4401 22 000 0  1.25 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 20 - 
 
  Product Description  Tariff heading or code to which products 
belong  Export duty  
(as a percentage of 
customs value in 
roubles, euros or 
US$)  
Of oak  4403 10 000 1  20 but not le ss than 30 
euros/m3 
Of beech  4403 10 000 2  100 euros/m3 
Of ash  4403 10 000 3  100 euros/m3 
Other  4403 10 000 9  25 but not less than 15 
euros/m3 
Coniferous wood in the rough, whether 
or not stripped of bark or sapwood, or 
roughly squared  4403 20 110 1, 4403 20 110 2, 4403 20 190 1,  
4403 20 190 9, 4403 20 310 1, 4403 20 310 2,  
4403 20 390 1, 4403 20 390 9  
ex4403 20 110 1, ex4403 20 110 2, ex4403 20 
190 1, ex4403 20 190 9  
ex4403 20 310 1, ex4403 20 310 2, ex4403 20 
390 1, ex4403 20 390 9,  
4403 20 910 1, 44 03 20 910 2, 4403 20 910 3, 
4403 20 910 4, 4403 20 910 9, 4403 20 990 1, 
4403 20 990 9  
4403 91 100 0, 4403 91 900 0  
 
4403 92 100 0, 4403 92 900 0, 4403 99 950 1, 
4403 99 950 9  
4403 99 100 0, 4403 99 300 0  
 
4403 99 510 1, 4403 99 510 2, 4403 99 590 9  
4403 99 950 2  80 but not less than 
55.2 euros/m3 
 
13 
 
15 
 
25 but not less than 15 
euros/m3 
 
20 but not less than 30 
euros/m3 
100 euros/m3 
 
10 but less than 5 
euros/m3 
7 
5 
Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, 
sliced or peeled, whether or not planed, 
sanded or end -jointed, of a thickness of 
> 6 mm  4407 91 150 0, 4407 91 310 0, 4407 91 390 0, 
4407 91 900 0  
4407 92 000 0  
 
4407 93 990 0, 4407 94 990 0  
 
4407 95 100 0, 4407 95 910 0, 4407 95 990 0  2.5 but not less than 
2.5 euros/m3 
10 but not less than 
10 euros/m3 
2.5 bu t not less than 
1.25 euros/m3 
10 but not less than 
12 euros/m3 
Sheets for veneering, incl. those 
obtained by slicing laminated wood, for 
plywood or for other similar laminated 
wood and other wood, sawn 
lengthwise, sliced or peeled, whether 
or not planed, sanded, spliced or end -
jointed, of a thickness of <= 6 mm  4408 90 150 1, 4408 90 150 3, 4408 90 150 5, 
4408 90 150 7, 4408 90 150 7, 4408 90 350 1,  
ex4408 90 150 9, ex4408 90 850 9, ex4408 90 
950 9, 4408 90 850 1, 4408 90 850 3, 4408 90 
850 5, 4408 90 850  7, 4408 90 950 1, 4408 90 
950 3, 4408 90 950 5, 4408 90 950 7  5 but not less than 
6 euros/m3 
 
Diamonds, whether or not worked, but 
not mounted or set  7102 10 000 0, 7102 21 000 0, 7102 29 000 0, 
7102 31 000 0, 7102 39 000 0,  
ex7102 39 000 0  6.5 
 
0 
Precious stones and semi -precious 
stones, whether or not worked or 
graded, but not strung, mounted or 
set, ungraded precious stones and 
semi-precious stones, temporarily 
strung for convenience of transport  7103 10 000 1, 7103 10 000 9, 7103 91 000 0, 
7103 99  000 1, 7103 99 000 9  
 6.5 
Dust and powder of natural or synthetic 
precious or semi -precious stones  7105 90 000 0  1.63 
Base metals clad with silver, not 
further worked than semi -
manufactured  7107 00 000 0   1.63 
Base metals or silver, clad with gold, 
not further worked than semi -
manufactured  7109 00 000 0   1.63 
Platinum, incl. palladium, rhodium, 
iridium, osmium and ruthenium, 
unwrought or in semi -manufactured 
forms, or in powder form  7110 11 000 1, 7110 11 000 9, 7110 19 100 0, 
7110 19 800 1, 7110 19 8 00 9, 7110 21 000 1, 
7110 21 000 9, 7110 29 000 0, 7110 31 000 0, 
7110 39 000 0, 7110 41 000 0, 7110 49 000 0  6.5 
Base metals, silver or gold, clad with 
platinum, not further worked than 
semi-manufactured  7111 00 000 0  1.63 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 21 - 
 
  Product Description  Tariff heading or code to which products 
belong  Export duty  
(as a percentage of 
customs value in 
roubles, euros or 
US$)  
Waste and scrap of precious me tal or of 
metal clad with precious metal; other 
waste and scrap containing precious 
metal or precious -metal compounds, of 
a kind used principally for the recovery 
of precious metal  7112 30 000 0, 7112 91 000 0, 7112 92 000 0, 
7112 99 000 0  1.63 
Articles o f precious metal or of metal 
clad with precious metal, n.e.s.  7115 90 000 0   6.5 
Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting 
scrap ingots of iron or steel  7204 10 000 0, 7204 21 100 0, 7204 21 900 0, 
7204 29 000 0, 7204 30 000 0, 7204 41 910 0, 
7204 41 990 0, 7204  49 100 0, 7204 49 300 0, 
7204 49 900 0, 7204 50 000 0  
7204 41 100 0  7.5 but not less than 
7.5 euros/1000 kg  
 
 
5 
Rails of iron or steel, for railway or 
tramway track, used  7302 10 900 0  7.5 but not less than 
7.5 euros/1000 kg  
Copper mattes; cement copper  
"precipitated copper"  7401 00 000 0  2.5 
Copper, unrefined; copper anodes for 
electrolytic refining  7402 00 000 0  10 
Copper, refined, and copper alloys, 
unwrought  7403 12 000 0, 7403 13 000 0, 7403 19 000 0, 
7403 21 000 0, 7403 22 000 0, 7403 29 000 0  10 
Waste and scrap, of copper  7404 00 100 0, 7404 00 910 0, 7404 00 990 0  20 but not less than 
168 euros/1000 kg  
Master alloys of copper  7405 00 000 0  2.5 
Nickel mattes, nickel oxide sinters and 
other intermediate products of nickel 
metallurgy :  7501 10  000 0, 7501 20 000 0  1.25 
Waste and scrap, of nickel  7503 00 100 0, 7503 00 900 0  10 but not less than 
240 euros/1000 kg  
Unwrought aluminium  alloys  7601 20 910 0, 7601 20 990 0  1.25 
Waste and scrap, of aluminium  7602 00 110 0, 7602 00 190 0, 7602 00 9 00 0,  20 but not less than 
152 euros/1000 kg  
Lead waste and scrap  7802 00 000 0  18 but not less than 63 
euros/1000 kg  
Zinc waste and scrap  7902 00 000 0  18 but not less than 
108 euros/1000 kg  
Tin waste and scrap  8002 00 000 0  1.63 
Waste and scrap  8101 97 000 0, 8102 97 000 0, 8103 30 000 0, 
8107 30 000 0, 8109 30 000 0, 8110 20 000 0, 
8111 00 190 0, 8112 13 000 0, 8112 22 000 0, 
8112 52 000 0  
8104 20 000 0  
 
8105 30 000 0  
 
8108 30 000 0  1.63 
 
 
 
20 but not less than 
138 euros/1000 kg  
18 but not less tha n 
720 euros/1000 kg  
10 but not less than 
75 euros/1000 kg  
Unwrought titanium; titanium powders  8108 20 000 1, 8108 20 000 3, 8108 20 000 5, 
8108 20 000 6, 8108 20 000 7, 8108 20 000 9  1.63 
Unwrought hafnium "celtium", niobium 
"columbium", rhenium, galliu m, 
indium, vanadium and germanium; 
powders and waste and scrap of these 
metals  8112 92 210 1, 8112 92 210 9  1.63 
Used 8607 19 100 1  5 
Note:  Products under HS chapters 27 and 29 are export duties on crude oil and goods manufactured from 
oil for the perio d 1-30 November 2016.  
 Export Customs Duties on Goods exported from the Russian Federation approved by Decision of the 
Government of the Russian Federation No. 754 of 30 August 2013, with the amendments and 
additions of 18 November, 21 December 2013; 22 Ju ly, 25 August, 27 August, 25 December 2014; 
15 May, 28 May, 29 May, 4 August, 29 September 2015; and 25 May 2016.  
Source:  Russian authorities . WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 22 - 
 
  Table A2. 2 Azerbaijan: Duties on exports to the Russian Federation   
Product Descripti on Tariff heading or code to which 
products belong  Export duty  
(in US dollars per 
1000 kg)  
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  2709 00  
2709 00 900 1, 2709 00 900 3  
2709 00 900 2  92.7 
0 
11.2 
Light oils and preparations, of pet roleum or 
bituminous minerals which >= 90% by 
volume "incl. losses" distil at 210°C "ASTM D 
86 method"  2710 12 900 1  
 
2710 12 310 0, 2710 12 700 0  
 
2710 12 411 0 - 2710 12 590 0  
 
2710 12 110 – 2710 12 250 9,  
2710 12 900 2, 2710 12 900 8  6 
 
37 
 
56.5 
 
65.8 
 
Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum 
or bituminous minerals, not containing 
biodiesel, n.e.s.  2710 19 110 0 - 2710 19 350 0  
2710 19 421 0 - 2710 19 480 0  
2710 19 710 0 - 2710 19 980 0  
2710 19 510 1 - 2710 19 680 9  37 
 
 
76 
Petroleum oils and oils ob tained from 
bituminous minerals (other than crude) and 
preparations n.e.s. or included, containing by 
weight 70  % or more of petroleum oils or of 
oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these 
oils being the basic constituents of the 
preparations, containin g biodiesel  2710 20 110 0 - 2710 20 190 0,  
2710 20 9000 0 ex  
 
2710 20 9000 0 ex  
2710 20 9000 0 ex  
 
2710 20 310 1 -2710 20 390 9  37 
 
 
 
56.5 
65.8 
 
76 
Waste oils containing polychlorinated 
biphenyls [PCBs], polychlorinated terphenyls 
[PCTs] or polybrominated  biphenyls [PBBs]  2710 91 000 0  
 76 
Waste oils containing mainly petroleum or 
bituminous minerals  2710 99 000 0  76 
Petroleum gas and other gaseous 
hydrocarbons except Natural gas, liquefied  2711 12 - 2711 19 000 0  0 
Petroleum jelly, paraffin wax, micro - 
crystalline petroleum wax, slack wax, 
ozokerite, lignite wax, peat wax, other 
mineral waxes, and similar products obtained 
by synthesis or by other processes, whether 
or not coloured  2712 76 
Paraffin wax, microcrystalline petroleum wax, 
slack wax, ozoker ite, lignite wax, peat wax, 
other mineral waxes, and similar products 
obtained by synthesis or by other processes, 
whether or not coloured  2712 90 110 0  
2712 90 190 0  0 
Petroleum coke, petroleum bitumen and 
other residues of petroleum oil or of oil 
obtained from bituminous minerals, n.e.s.  2713 11 000  
2713 12 000  
2713 20 000 0 - 2713 90 900 0  6 
0 
76 
Saturated acyclic hydrocarbons  2901 10 000 1  0 
Benzene, Toluene, o -Xylene, m -Xylene, p -
Xylene  2902 20 000 0, 2902 30 000 0  
2902 41 000 0 - 2902 43 000 0  37 
Raw hides and skins of bovine or equine 
animals, whether or not dehaired or split.  4101201000, 4101203000, 
4101205000, 4101208000, 
4101501000, 4101503000, 
4101505000, 4101509000, 
4101900000  500 
Raw skins of sheep or lambs, whether or not 
with wool on or split, other than those 
excluded by note 1(c) to this chapter  4102101000, 4102109000, 
4102210000, 4102290000,  500 
Tanned or crust hides and skins of bovine or 
equine animals, without hair on, whether or 
not split, but not further prepared  4104111000, 410 4115100, 
4104115900, 4104119000, 
4104191000, 4104195100, 
4104195900, 4104199000  350 
Tanned or crust skins of sheep or lambs, 
without wool on, whether or not split, but not 
further prepared  4105101000, 4105109000  150 
Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blo cks or 
other primary forms  720110110, 720110190, 720110300, 
720110900, 720120000, 720150100, 
720150900  5 WT/REG317 /1 
 
- 23 - 
 
  Product Descripti on Tariff heading or code to which 
products belong  Export duty  
(in US dollars per 
1000 kg)  
Ferro-alloys  720211200, 720211800, 720219000, 
720221100, 720221900, 720229000, 
720230000, 720241100, 720241910, 
720241990, 720249100, 720249500, 
72024 9900, 720250000, 720260000, 
720270000, 720280000, 720291000, 
720292000, 720293000, 720299110, 
720299190, 720299300, 720299800  5 
Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction 
of iron ore and other spongy ferrous 
products, in lumps, pellets or similar forms ; 
iron having a minimum purity by weight of 
99,94%, in lumps, pellets or similar forms  720310000, 720390000  5 
Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap 
ingots of iron or steel  720410000, 720421100, 720421900, 
720429000, 720430000  
720441100, 720441910, 720 441990, 
720449100, 720449300, 720449910, 
720449990, 720450100, 720450900  7 
 
 
5 
Granules and powders of pig iron, 
spiegeleisen, iron or steel  720510000, 720521000, 720529000  5 
Ingots  720610000  5 
Copper and articles thereof  7404 at 10 digit level except 7404 00 
100 0; 7404 00 910 0; 7404 00 990 0  15 
 7402 00  000 0, 7403 21  000 0, 7403 
22 000 0, 7403 29  000 0  10%, but no less 
than 300 US $/1000 
kg 
Copper waste and scrap  7404 00  100 0, 7404 00  910 0, 7404 
00 990 0  10%, but no less 
than 300 US $/1000 
kg 
Unwrought aluminium  760110000, 760120100, 760120910, 
760120990  15 
Aluminium waste and scrap  760200110, 760200190, 760200900  15 
Aluminium powders and flakes:  760310000, 760320000  15 
Lead and articles thereof  Tariff lines under HS chapter 78  15 
Zinc and art icles thereof  Tariff lines under HS chapter 79  15 
Tin and articles thereof  Tariff lines under HS chapter 80  15 
Note:  Export duties as of 7 November 2016.  
Source:  Azerbaijan authorities.  
 
__________