FINAL DRAFT UGANDA 
STANDARD  
  FDUS EAS 127
First Edition
2011-mm-dd
 
 Reference numbe r
FDUS EAS 127: 2011
© UNBS 2011
  
Synthetic laundry detergents for household use — Specification 
 FDUS EAS 127: 2011 
i i                 ©  U N B S  2011 - All rights reserved 
 Compliance with this standard does not, of itself confer immunity from legal obligations 
A Uganda Standard does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. Users are 
responsible for its correct application  
© UNBS 2011 
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any 
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in cluding photocopying and microfilm, without prior written 
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Requests for permission to reproduce this document should be addressed to 
The Executive Director 
Uganda National Bureau of Standards 
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Uganda 
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 FDUS EAS 127: 2011 
© UNBS  2011 - All rights rese rved                iii National foreword 
Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) is a parastatal under the Ministry  of Tourism, Trade and 
Industry established under Cap 327, of the Laws of U ganda. UNBS is mandated to co-ordinate the elaboration 
of standards and is  
(a) a member of International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) and  
(b) a contact point for the WHO/FAO Codex A limentarius Commission on Food Standards, and  
(c) the National Enquiry Point on TBT/SPS Agr eements of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). 
The work of preparing Uganda Standards is carried out through Technical Committees. A Technical 
Committee is established to deliberate on standards in a gi ven field or area and consists of representatives of 
consumers, traders, academician s, manufacturers, governme nt and other stakeholders. 
Draft Uganda Standards adopted by the Technical Committ ee are widely circulated to stakeholders and the 
general public for comments. The committee reviews the comments before recommending the draft standards 
for approval and declaration as Uganda Standards by the National Standards Council. 
This Final Draft Uganda Standard, FDUS EAS 127: 2011 , Synthetic laundry detergents for household use  — 
Specification, is identical with  and has been reproduced from an Ea st African Standard, EAS 127: 2011 , 
Synthetic laundry detergents for household use — Specification,  and is being proposed for adoption as a 
Uganda Standard.  
This standard was developed by the Chemicals and env ironment Standards Technical Committee (UNBS/TC 
5).  
Wherever the words, “East Africa Standard" appear, they should be replaced by "Uganda Standard."  EAS 127:2011
ICS 71.100.40; 97.040
 
© EAS 2011 Second Edition 2011  
 
       
EAST AFRICAN STANDARD 
 
Synthetic laundry detergents fo r household use — Specification 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  
HS 3402.11.0000; HS 3402.12.0000; HS 3402.13. 0000; HS 3402.19.0000; HS 3402.90.1000  EAS 127:2011  
 
Table of contents 
 
1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... .................. 1 
2 Normative re ferences ........................................................................................................ ......... 1 
3 Defini tions ................................................................................................................. ................. 1 
4 Requir ements ................................................................................................................ ............. 1 
5 Packing and marking .................................................................................................................. 2 
6 Sampling .................................................................................................................... ................ 3 
7 Tests ............................................................................................................................... ............ 3 
Annex A (informative)  List of suggested builders and additives ............................................................ 4 
Annex B (informative)  Methods of test for synthetic  detergents ............................................................ 5 
Annex C (normative)  Sampling proc edure for powder detergents ...................................................... 15 
Bibliogr aphy .................................................................................................................. ........................ 18 
 
ii © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
Foreword 
 
Development of the East African Standards ha s been necessitated by the need for harmonizing 
requirements governing quality of products and services in East Africa. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barriers which are encountered when goods and services are 
exchanged within the Comm unity will be removed.  
 In order to meet the above objectives, the EAC Partner States have enacted an East African 
Standardization, Quality Assurance, Metrology an d Test Act, 2006 (EAC SQMT Act, 2006) to make 
provisions for ensuring standardization, quality as surance, metrology and testing of products 
produced or originating in a third country and traded in the Community in order to facilitate industrial 
development and trade as well as helping to protect the health and safety of society and the 
environment in the Community. 
 
East African Standards are formulat ed in accordance with the proc edures established by the East 
African Standards Committee. The East Afri can Standards Committee is established under the 
provisions of Article 4 of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006. The Committee is composed of representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, t ogether with the representatives from the private 
sectors and consumer organizations. Draft East African Standards are circ ulated to stakeholders 
through the National Standards Bodies in the Pa rtner States. The comments received are discussed 
and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the procedures of the 
Community.  
 
Article 15(1) of the EAC SQMT Act, 2006 provides t hat “Within six months of the declaration of an 
East African Standard, the Partner States shall adopt, without deviation from the approved text of the 
standard, the East African Standard as a nationa l standard and withdraw any existing national 
standard with similar scope and purpose”. 
 
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep  pace with technological advances. Users of the 
East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they  always have the latest versions of 
the standards they are implementing.  
 
© East African Community 2011 — All rights reserved
* 
East African Community  
P O Box 1096  
Arusha  
Tanzania  
Tel: +255 27 2504253/8 
Fax: +255-27-2504481/2504255 E-Mail: eac@eachq.org 
Web: www.eac.int 
                                                 
* © 2011 EAC — All rights of exploitation in any form and by an y means reserved worldwide for EAC Partner States’ NSBs.  
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved iii EAS 127:2011  
 
 
Copyright notice 
This EAC document is copyright-protected by EAC . While the reproduction of this document by 
participants in the EAC standards development proc ess is permitted without prior permission 
from EAC, neither this document nor any extr act from it may be reproduced, stored or 
transmitted in any form for any other purpos e without prior written permission from EAC. 
Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be 
addressed as shown below or to EAC’s memb er body in the country of the requester: 
© East African Community 2011 — All rights reserved 
 
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P.O. Box 1096 
Arusha, Tanzania 
 
Tel: +255 27 2504253/8 
Fax: +255 27 2504481/2504255 
 
E-mail: eac@eachq.org 
  Web: www.eac-quality.net; www.eac.int 
Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement. 
Violators may be persecuted. 
 
 
iv © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved v  
Introduction 
 
There are two main groups of detergents, namely, the soaps and synthetic detergents. In order to 
guide the production of synthetic detergents of well -defined quality and also to safeguard consumer 
interests, it has been felt desirable to formulate this standard. 
 
Synthetic detergents are of three types: anionic, cati onic and non-ionic. Anionic synthetic detergents 
of the alkyl aryl type, such as dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, are now produced in fairly Iarge 
quantities and hence priority has been given for the standardization of this material. 
 
It has been discovered that equally good cleaning can be achieved at relatively low detergent levels. 
With the advance of technology, other equally effe ctive, environmentally safe and cheaper builders 
can be used instead of Sodium Tripolyphosphate (S TPP) which is currently being used. Phosphates 
have been known to bring eutrofication in water bo dies and companies world over are doing away 
with them and encouraging use of alternative build ers such as zeolites a nd carbonates, and therefore 
for this reason the requirement for levels of STPP are being progressively phased out in the standard 
with a view of eliminating them in the near future.   The standard is more composition based than pe rformance based and for that reason performance 
measures for   cleaning efficiency and detergency tests have been included. 
 This edition emphasizes on the biodegradability of the surfactants used to manufacture detergent 
powders and a method for determining the same has been developed. 
 In the preparation of this East African Standard, t he following sources were consulted extensively: 
 IS 2887:1993(2001), Laundry soap powders, flakes — Specification  
 
IS 4955:1993, Specification for household synthetic detergents 
 Assistance derived from these sources and ot hers inadvertently not mentioned is hereby 
acknowledged. 
 
 EAS 127:2011  EAST AFRICAN STANDARD 
 
Synthetic laundry detergents fo r household use — Specification 
  
1 Scope 
 
This East African Standard specifies the requirem ents and methods of sampling and test for synthetic 
detergents for household use based predominantl y on the use of linear alkyl aryl sulfonates. 
 
This standard does not cover machine wash and industrial detergent powders.  
2 Normative references 
 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated 
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated  references, the latest edition of the referenced 
document (including any amendments) applies. 
 
EAS 123, Distilled Water – Specification 
 
ISO 4316, Surface active agents — Determination of pH of aqueous solution — Potentiometric 
method  
 
ISO 4318, Surface active agents and soaps — Determ ination of water content — Azeotropic 
distillation method  
 
3 Definitions 
 
For the purpose of this standard the following definitions apply. 
 
3.1 
batch material from a single mix or, in the case of a continuous production process, the material from a single day's production 
 
3.2 
defective 
detergent or a container that fails in one or more re spects to comply with the relevant requirements of 
this standard 
 
3.3  lot 
quantity of a detergent bearing the same batch iden tification, from one manufacturer, and submitted 
at any one time for inspection and testing 
 
4 Requirements 
 
4.1 Description  
 The active ingredient shall be the anionic, cationic or non ionics. The formulation may contain one or 
more of the builders or additives given in Annex A. The active ingredient used shall be biodegradable
)  
 
Form  — The detergent shall be homogenous powder, free flowing, free from visible impurities, 
abrasives and organic solvents and readily soluble in water. 
 
Effect on health  — The detergent shall not be irritating to the normal skin and shall not contain any 
ingredients in a quantity that is toxic to human beings. 
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  1 EAS 127:2011  
4.2 The material shall be a free flowing powder, and shall not give an unpleasant odour and shall 
give good lather. 
 
The material shall also comply with the requirements given in Table 1, when tested by the appropriate method prescribed in Annex B, as indicated in column 4 of the table.  
Odour — Neither the detergent nor a solution of the detergent in hot water (at 60 °C ± 2 °C) shall 
have objectionable odour. Perfume may be added, in which case, the perfume shall not change its fragrance nor develop an objectionable odour during st orage at ambient temperature for six months. 
 Colour — The detergent may be coloured provided that the colouring is uniform and does not change 
appreciably during storage. 
 
4.3 Storage properties   
 
When stored or transported under normal conditions in the original container, the powder shall not 
cake into lumps. 
 
Table 1 — Requirements for synthetic detergents for household use 
 
S/No Characteristics Requirements Method of test 
1 Moisture and volatile matter content at 105 °C, % by 
mass, max  13 B.4 
2 Active ingredient, % by mass, min 12 B.5 
3 Matter insoluble in alcohol, % by mass, max 80 B.6 
4 Phosphate (expressed as sodium tripoly-phosphate), 
% by mass of matter insoluble in alcohol, max 15 B.7 
5 pH of 1 % solution (m/v), at 25 ± 2 °C 9 to 11 ISO 4316 
6 Non-detergent organic matter, % by mass, max 1.0 B.9 
7 Matter insoluble in water*, % by mass, max 5.0 B.10 
8 Percent detergency, % by mass, min 65  
* For the case of non-phosphate based laundry detergents, MIW shall be 15 % by mass, max. 
 
5 Packing and marking 
 
5.1.1  The detergent shall be packed in containers that are strong enough to withstand normal 
handling and transportation and that will prevent leakage and contamination of the product.  
 5.1.2 The containers may then be packed in bulk pack ages. Only detergent from the same batch 
shall be packed in any one container and, when relevant, in any one bulk package. 
 
5.2 Marking 
 
Each container and each bulk package shall bear the following information in prominent, legible and 
indelible markings:  
 a) the manufacturer's name or trade mark or both;  
 
b) words indicating that the product is a general purpose detergent;   
c) general instructions for use and storage; 
 
d) cautionary statement that is, keep this produc t out of the reach of children, prolonged contact 
with detergents is harmful to the human skin; 
 e) the batch identification (which may be given in code); and 
 f) the mass of the contents.  
2 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
5.3 The material shall be supplied in suitable well-closed containers, as agreed to between the 
purchaser and the supplier. 
 
5.4 The containers shall be securely closed and legibly marked with the following information: 
 a) manufacturer's name; 
 b) brand name and recognized trade mark, if any; 
 
c) batch number;  
d) net contents for each package; and 
 
e) year of manufacture. 
 
6 Sampling 
 
Representative samples of the material shall be drawn as prescribed in Annex C. 
 
7 Tests 
 
Tests shall be carried out as prescribed in Annex B. Reference to the relevant clauses are given in 
column 4 of Table 1.  
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  3 EAS 127:2011  
 
Annex A 
(informative) 
 
List of suggested builders and additives 
 
 
a) Trisodium phosphate 
b) Sodium carbonate c) Sodium suIfate 
d) Tetrasodium pyrophosphate e) Sodium tripolyphosphate 
f) Sodium hexametaphosphate 
g) Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose h) Sodium silicate i) Optical brighteners j) Lather boosters k) Hydrotopes l) Perfumes m) Preservatives n) Chelating agents (S equestering agents) 
o) Colours p) Perborates q) Enzymes r) Bactericides s) Zeolites t) common salt,  
u) urea,  
v) magnesium sulphate,  w) polymers and  x) any other internationally accepted builder cleared by the National standards body in the 
respective country. 
 
 
4 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
Annex B 
(informative) 
 
Methods of test for synthetic detergents 
 
 
B.1 Quality of reagents 
 Unless otherwise specified, chemicals of analytical grade and water, distilled quality, in accordance 
with EAS 123, shall be employed in all the tests.  B.2 Qualitative identification of non-soapy detergents  
B.2.1 General 
 
It is recommended that the quantitative examinat ion of a sample is preceded by a qualitative 
identification of the type of non- soapy detergent present. The proc edure given in B.2.4 permits 
ascertaining whether the materials is based on a soap or a non-soapy detergent The method 
described in B.2.5 enables the identif ication of the type of non-soapy detergent, that is, whether it is 
cationic anionic or non-ionic. 
 
B.2.2 Apparatus 
 B.2.2.1  Measuring cylinder, 100-ml capacity; glass-stoppered 
 B.2.2.2  Test Tubes  
 
B.2.3 Reagents 
 B.2.3.1  Hydrochloric acid, 50% (m/v)  solution  
 B.2.3.2  Methyl orange indicator solution,  0.1 % (m/v) solution. 
 
B.2.3.3 Methylene blue reagent — dissolve 0.5 g of methylene blue in distilled water and make up 
the volume to 100 mL. To 6 ml of this solution, add 120 mL of 1 M mol sulfuric acid and 50 g of 
anhydrous sodium sulfate, and make up the volume to 1 L with distilled water. 
 B.2.3.4 Chloroform  
B.2.3.5 Cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride solution, 0.2 % (m/v) solution 
 
B.2.3.6  Sodium lauryl sulfate solution,  0.2 % (m/v)  solution. 
 
B.2.4 Procedure for identification of soapy and non-soapy detergents 
 Take about 0.1 g of the sample in a test-tube,  add about 20 ml of water and shake well until 
dissolution is complete. Add a drop of methyl orange indicator solution, and make it just acidic by 
adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid solution. If the lather is destroyed and fatty acids separate 
out, then the material is based on soap. If the lath er persists, then the active matter is non-soapy 
detergent. 
 B.2.5 Procedure for identification of the type of non-soapy detergents 
 Dissolve about 0.1 g of the sample in about 20 ml of  water, and take 10 ml of this solution in a 
measuring cylinder. Add 10 ml of methylene blue reagent and 15 ml of chloroform, shake well and 
allow to stand. Observe whether the colour is in the chloroform layer or the aqueous layer. 
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  5 EAS 127:2011  
B.2.5.1 If the colour is initially in the chloroform layer (see B.2.5), add 0.1 ml of cetyl dimethyl benzyl 
ammonium chloride solution, and shake well and allow to stand. If the colour is regained in the 
chloroform layer, the active matter is anionic. If the colour is transferred to the aqueous layer, the 
active matter is non-ionic. 
 
B.2.5.2 If the colour is initially in the aqueous layer (see B.2.5), add 0.1 ml of sodium lauryl sulfate 
solution, and shake well and allow to stand. If the colour is retained in the aqueous layer, the active 
matter is cationic. If the colour is transferred to t he chloroform layer, the active matter is non-ionic. 
 B.3 Qualitative identification of alkyl aryl sulfonates  
B.3.1 General 
 
The detection depends on:  
 (i) the identification of a non- hydrolysable sulfonate, and  
 (ii) the presence of an aromatic ring.   
The active matter is fused with potassium hydroxide to convert it to the corresponding phenol. The 
phenol is then coupled with diazotized sulfanilic ac id and the formation of a red dye confirms its 
presence.  B.3.2 Apparatus  
B.3.2.1 Nickel crucible. 
 B.3.2.2 Separating funnel 
 B.3.2.3  Wide-mouthed flat bottomed flask, 150-ml capacity 
 B.3.2.4  Steam-bath 
 
B.3.3 Reagents 
 
B.3.3.1  Hydrochloric acid solution, approximately 3 M 
 
B.3.3.2  Diethyl ether  
 
B.3.3.3  Sodium hydroxide solution,  approximately 2 M 
 
B.3.3.4  Sulfanilic acid 
 B.3.3.5  Sodium nitrite  
 
B.3.4 Procedure 
 
B.3.4.1  Gently fuse a little of the material with so lid potassium hydroxide in a nickel crucible, 
exercising great care to av oid charring. When the melt is quite clea r, cool it, dissolve in distilled water, 
and transfer the solution to a separ ating funnel. Acidify with hydrochloric acid, extract with diethyl 
ether and run off the aqueous phase. Wash the othe r phase with water until free from mineral acid, 
and then transfer it to a flask. Remove the ether on a steam bath and dissolve the residue in sodium 
hydroxide solution. 
 
B.3.4.2  Diazotize 0.05 g of sulfanilic acid by addi ng 0.1 g of sodium nitrite, and a few drops of 
hydrochloric acid to a solution in water, and pour it in the alkaline solution of the phenol (see B.3.4 1). 
The formation of a red dye indicates the presence of an aromatic ring and show s that the sulfonic acid 
was attached to the nucleus. 
6 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
B.4 Determination of moisture  and volatile matter content 
 B.4.1 General 
 Moisture and volatile matter is determined by the oven method. 
 
B.4.2 Apparatus 
 B.4.2.1  Porcelain or silica dish,  6 cm to 8 cm in diameter and 2 cm to 4 cm in depth 
 
B.4.2.2  Desiccator, containing an efficient desiccan t, such as phosphorus pentoxide 
 B.4.2.3  Air-oven, preferably electrically heated, with temperature control device 
 
B.4.3 Procedure 
 
Weight accurately about 5 g of the material into a dry tared dish, and dry to constant mass in an air-oven at a temperature of 105 °C ± 1 °C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. Constant mass shall be 
considered to have been attained when successive heating for one-hour periods shows a difference of not more than 5 mg in the net loss in mass. 
 
B.4.4 Calculation 
( )1000× =m−m m Moisture and volatile matter content (at 105 °C) % by mass 
where m is the mass in g of the material taken for the test; and  
m
0 is the mass in g of the material after drying. 
 B.5 Determination of active ingredient 
 B.5.1 General 
 
Active matter, namely, the sodium salt of sulfonat ed alkyl benzene is first separated from inorganic 
salts, non-detergent organic matter alkylolamide. It is then neutralized to phenolphthalein, evaporated 
to dryness, extracted with ethyl alcohol, dried and weighed. Finally, the weighed extract is corrected 
for the presence of sodium choride and alkali carbonates. 
 
B.5.2 Apparatus 
 
B.5.2.1  Beaker,  150-ml and 1 000-mI capacity 
 
B.5.2.2  Buchner fIask , 500-ml capacity, fitted with sintered glass filter funnel (porosity 4) 
 
B.5.2.3  Evaporating basin  
 
B.5.2.4  Separating funnel,  1 000-ml capacity  
 
B.5.2.5  Steam-bath 
 
B.5.2.6  Wide mouthed flat-bottomed flask, 200-mI capacity 
 
B.5.2.7  Air-oven, preferably electrically heated, with temperature control device 
 
B.5.3 Reagents 
 
B.5.3.1  Ethyl alcohol,  30 %, 90 % and absolute (by volume) 
 
B.5.3.2  Diethyl ether 
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  7 
- -  EAS 127:2011  
B.5.3.3  Acetone  
 
B.5.3.4  Standard sulfuric acid,  approximately 0.1 M 
 
B.5.3.5  Standard silver nitrate solution, approximately 0.1 M  
 B.5.3.6  Phenolpthalein indicator,  1 % solution in 95 % (by volume) ethyl alcohol 
 
B.5.3.7  Methyl orange indicator,  0.1 % (m/v)  
 
B.5.3.8  Nitric acid,  concentrated, specific gravity, 1.42g/l 
 
B.5.3.9  Nitro-benzene 
 
B.5.3.10 Standard ammonium thiocyanate solution,  approximately 0.1 M 
 
B.5.3.11 Ferric ammonium sulfate indicator,  saturated solution 
 
B.5.3.12 Caustic soda solution, 10 % (m/v)  
 
B.5.4 Procedure  
B.5.4.1 Removal of inorganic salts  
Weigh accurately about 5 g of the material for products containing about 20 % active matter and 
correspondingly less for products of higher active matter content. Proceed as described in the 
determination of matter insoluble in alcohol (see B. 6.4). After filtering and washing the residue with 
hot ethyl alcohol, evaporate the combined filtrate to a small bulk in an evaporating basin.  B.5.4.2 Removal of non-detergent organic matter and alkylolamide  
B.5.4.2.1 Dilute the evaporated filtrate (s ee B.5.4.1) with 50 ml of 90 % ethyl alcohol, and transfer to a 
separating funnel. Rinse the evaporating basin once with 50 ml of 90 % ethyl alcohol and then four 
times with 50-ml portions of distilled water. Add ea ch wash in turn  to the separati ng funnel. Add 150 
ml of diethyI ether, swirl gently to ensure adequat e mixing and allow the two phases to separate. Run 
off the aqueous alcoholic layer into a second separating funnel, and extract twice with 75-ml portions 
of diethyl ether. Transfer the aqueous alcoholic phase into a beaker, and combine the three ether 
extracts. 
 
B.5.4.2.2 Take the combined ether extracts in a clean separating funnel. Wash three times with 
successive 50-ml portions of distilled water until the phase is free  from alcohol; usually, 7 to 10 water 
washes are necessary. 
 
B.5.4.2.3 Combine the washings and rinsings from (B.5.4.2.2) with the aqueous alcoholic phase 
obtained in (B.5.4.2.1). 
 B.5.4.3 Determination of active matter  
B.5.4.3.1 Transfer the combined aqueous alcoholic phase and washings from B.5.4.2.3 to a porcelain 
basin. Neutralize to phenolphthalein and evaporate on a steam bath until the volume is reduced to 
about 25 ml. Add an equal volume of absolute alcoho l and evaporate to dryness. The solution shall 
remain just pink to phenolphthalein throughout evaporation. 
 
B.5.4.3.2 To ensure that the residue is completely anhydrous, add 30 ml of  absolute alcohol and 
again evaporate to dryness. Extract the residue with 30 ml of hot 96 % ethyl alcohol, stirring and 
breaking up the solid matter in the dish with a glass rod. Allow the solid matter to settle and decant 
the hot alcoholic solution through a sintered glass filt er fitted to a Buchner flask to which suction is 
applied. Extract the residue in the dish with six fu rther consecutive 30-ml portions of hot 96 % ethyl 
alcohol. Pass each extract in turn through the sint ered glass filter. Finally, wash the residue in the 
sintered glass filter three times with about 20 ml of hot 96% ethyl alcohol from the jet of a wash bottle. 
8 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
B.5.4.3.3 Transfer the filtrate and washings in the Buchner flask to a tared wide-mouthed flat-
bottomed flask, evaporate nearly to dryness on a wa ter-bath, and drive off the remaining solvent by 
directing a gentle stream of dry air into the flas k whilst continuously rotating the latter on the water-
bath. A thin film of active matter, easy to dry is thereby obtained. Add 10 ml of acetone, evaporate 
and remove the last trace of solvent as described above, cool in a desiccator and weigh. 
 
B.5.4.3.4 Heat the flask for not more than 5 min in air-o ven at a temperature of 100 °C ± 1 °C, gently 
blow out with a current of air, cool and re-wei gh. Repeat this drying process until the difference 
between two successive weighings does not exceed 3 mg. Record this mass as m. 
 
B.5.4.3.5 The extract obtained in B.5.4.3.4 contains the active matter, some sodium chloride and 
possibly a trace of alkali carbonates, which may have passed through the filter In the presence of the 
detergent. 
 
B.5.4.4 Determination of alkali carbonates 
 B.5.4.4.1 Dissolve the extract (see B.5.4.3.4) in cold distilled water, add a few drops of methyl orange 
indicator and titrate with standard sulfuric acid to the methyl orange end point. 
 
B.5.4.4.2 Calculation 
 Mass in g of sodium carbonate, m
2 = 0.106 VM 
where 
 V  is the volume in ml of standard sulfuric acid solution used; and 
 M is the  molarity of the standard sulfuric acid solution. 
 
B.5.4.4.3 Reserve the solution for the estimation of chlorides. 
 
B.5.4.5 Determination of chlorides  
B.5.4.5.1 To the solution remaining after the estimation of alkali carbonates (see B.5.4.4.3), add 2 ml 
of concentrated nitric acid and 20 ml of standard silv er nitrate solution. Add 3 ml of nitro-benzene and 
shake vigorously. Titrate with standard ammonium thiocyanate solution using ferric ammonium sulfate 
as indicator. 
 
B.5.4.5.2 Calculation — mass in g of sodium chloride, 
 
( )1 3 20 5 058 0 VM M m − =.  
where 
M is the molarity of the standard silver nitrate solution; 
V is the volume in ml of standard ammonium thiocyanate solution used; and 
M1 is the molarity of the standard ammonium thiocyanate solution. 
 
B.5.4.6 Calculation 
Active matter, % by mass = ( )
03 2 1 100
mm m m− − 
where 
m1 is the mass in g of the alcoholic extract (see B.5.4.3.4); 
m2 is the mass in g of sodium carbonate (see B.5.4.4.2); 
m3 is the mass in g of sodium chloride (see B.5.4.5.2); and 
m0 is the mass in g of the material taken for the test. 
 
B.6 Determination of matter insoluble in alcohol 
 
B.6.1 General 
 
By matter insoluble in alcohol is generally meant th e inorganic salts, such as phosphates, sulfates, 
silicates and carbonates, which are usually presen t in non-soapy detergent preparations. These can 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  9 EAS 127:2011  
be separated from active matter, non-detergent organic  matter, etc, by extracting the material with 96 
% ethanol. 
 
B.6.2 Apparatus  
B.6.2.1
 Beaker, 150-ml capacity 
 
B.6.2.2  Steam bath  
 
B.6.2.3  Buchner flask,  500-ml capacity, fitted with sintered glass filter funnel (porosity 4) 
 
B.6.2.4  Air-oven,  preferably electrically heated, with temperature control device 
 
B.6.3 Reagents 
 
Ethyl alcohol,  freshly boiled, 96% or higher (by volume) 
 
B.6.4 Procedure  
B.6.4.1
 Weigh accurately about 5 g of the material in to a beaker, and digest with 50 ml of ethyl 
alcohol by heating on a steam bath for about 2 min. Stir and break up any hard lump with a glass rod 
flattened at one end. Allow the solid matter to se ttle and decant the hot alcoholic solution through a 
sintered glass filter funnel fitted to a Buchner flask, to which suction is applied. Repeat the alcoholic 
digestion in a similar manner with five further cons ecutive 30-ml portions of bo iling ethyl alcohol. Filter 
each extract in turn through the same sintered gl ass funnel and, finally, wash the residue several 
times with hot ethyl alcohol to remove all the alco hol solubles. Dry the sintered glass funnel with the 
residue in an air-oven at a temperature of 105 °C  ± 2 °C until a constant mass is obtained. 
 B.6.4.2 
Even after digestion with five 30-ml portions of boiling ethyl alcohol, the alcohol insoluble 
portion may sometimes be found to be sticky. In that case, treat it further with more boiling ethyl 
alcohol until it is free from active matter and t he alcohol insoluble portion is no longer sticky. 
 
B.6.5 Calculation  
Matter insoluble in alcohol, % by mass=mm1100   
where 
m1 is the mass in g of matter insoluble in alcohol; and  
m is the mass in g of material taken for the test. 
 B.7 Determination of phosphates in matter insoluble in alcohol 
 
B.7.1 General 
 
The sample is oxidized by gently heating with s odium nitrate. Silica is removed and the condensed 
phosphates are hydrolyzed and precipitated as a mmonium phosphomolybdate by the addition of 
anmonium molybdate. The precipitate is washed with dilute potassium nitrate solution and the 
phosphorus in the washed precipitate is determin ed by titration with standard sodium hydroxide 
solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. 
 
B.7.2 Apparatus 
 
B.7.2.1  Silica dish,  7-cm diameter 
 B.7.2.2  Beaker,
 250-ml capacity 
 B.7.2.3
 Buchner flask,  500-ml capacity with a sintered glass filter funnel 
 
B.7.2.4  Volumetric flask,  500-ml capacity 
 
B.7.2.5  Funnel , 7.5 cm diameter 
10 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
B.7.2.6  Wide mouthed flat-bottomed flask,  500-ml capacity 
 
B.7.3 Reagents  
B.7.3.1
 Sodium nitrate 
 B.7.3.2
 Hydrochloric acid:  (i) concentrated and (ii) 1:1 dilution 
 B.7.3.3
 Nitric acid, specific gravity 1.4 g/l 
 
B.7.3.4 Ammonium molybdate reagent,  dissolve 90 g of ammonium molybdate in hot distilled 
water. Add 240 g of ammonium nitrate and stir to dissolve. Cool and add 30 ml of concentrated 
ammonia solution (specific gravity, 0.880). Dilute to 1 litre. 
 
B.7.3.5 Potassium nitrate,  1.25 % solution in distilled water 
 B.7.3.6 Sodium hydroxide,
 1.0 M accurately standardized 
 
B.7.3.7 Sulfuric acid,  1.0 M accurately standardized 
 
B.7.3.8 Phenolphthalein solution,  1 % solution (m/v) in ethyl alcohol 
 
B.7.4 Procedure 
 
Accurately weigh about 1.5 of the sample in a sili ca dish and add a small amount of sodium nitrate. 
Mix well and heat gently over a Bunsen burner until the sample is completely oxidized. Cool and add 
15 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and evaporate to dryness. Add further 15 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and repeat the evaporation proce dure. Finally extract the residue in 25 ml of 1:1 
hydrochloric acid and filter through a sintered gla ss crucible. Wash the crucible with 25 ml of dilute 
hydrochloric acid and then wash four times with 50 ml of distilled water. Collect the filtrate and 
washings and make up to 250 ml in a volumetric flask. 
 
Pipette 50-ml aliquot from the volumetric flask in a 250-ml beaker. Add 10 ml of nitric acid and boil for 
15 min. Cool and add 100 ml of distilled water and adjust the temperature of the solution between 40 
°C and 45 °C. Add 50 ml of ammonium moIybdate solution (previously heated to 40 °C) slowly with 
constant stirring. Allow to stand for 30 min. Filter the precipitate through a qu antitative filter paper and 
wash with 1.25 % potassium nitrate solution till 5 ml of the filterate with  1 drop of phenolphthalein 
does not require more than 3 to 5 drops of 0.1 mol caustic potash to produce a pink colour.  
Transfer the filter paper with the precipitate to 50 0-ml wide-mouth flat-bottom flask and add 100 ml of 
distilled water. Heat over a water-bath for 15 min, cool and titrate with 1 M  sodium hydroxide using 1 
ml of phenolphathalein, till the pink colour just appea rs. Add 2 ml in excess. Shake well, heat to 60 °C 
in a water-bath. Cool and ba ck titrate against 1 M sulfuric acid till the pink colour just disappears. Note 
the volume of normal sodium hydroxide to react with the precipitate. 
 
B.7.5 Calculation  
B.7.5.1
 Total phosphorus as tripolyphosphate on the original sample, X, %, 
 
93 50368 100 250 349 001 0
× ×× × × × × ×=mM VX, 
where 
V is the volume of sodium hydroxide re quired to react with the precipitate; 
M is the molarity of sodium hydroxide, and 
m is the mass of sample taken for test. 
 
B.7.5.2  Total phosphorus as tripolyphosphate on alcohol insoluble % YX100=  
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  11 EAS 127:2011  
where 
X is the total phosphorus as tripolyp hosphate on the original sample %; and 
Y is the matter insoluble in alcohol %. 
 
B.8 Determination of pH 
 
B.8.1 General 
 
pH determination should be made in an acid-free atmosphere. 
 
B.8.2 Apparatus 
 B.8.2.1 pH meter, 
any standard electrometric instrument, equipped with a low sodium error glass 
electrode. The instrument shall be calibrated and standardized with standard buffer solutions (see 
B.8.3.2) before use. 
 
B.8.2.2 Volumetric flask,  1 000-ml capacity 
 
B.8.3 Reagents 
 B.8.3.1 Distilled water,
 shall be boiled thoroughly or purged with carbon dioxide-free air to remove 
carbon dioxide, and shall be protected with soda lim e or soda asbestos while cooling and in storage. 
The pH of this water shall be between 6.2 and 7.2 at 30 °C. 
 The residue on evaporation when heated at 105 °C  for 1 h shall not exceed 0.5 mg per litre. 
 
B.8.3.2 Standard buffer solution,  any two suitable buffer solutions within the pH range of 9 to 11 at 
30 °C for calibrating the pH meter. 
 
B.8.4 Procedure 
 
Weigh 10 g ± 0.001 g of the material and transfer to a 1- litre volumetric flask. Partially fill the flask with 
distilled water and agitate until the sample is comp letely dissolved Adjust the temperature of the 
solution and the distilled water to 30 °C ± 0.5 °C. and fill to the calibration mark with distilled water. 
Stopper the flask, mix thoroughly, and allow the soluti on to stand at a temperature of 30 °C for 2 h 
prior to measuring the pH. Measure the pH of the solution using a glass electrode. 
 
B.9 Determination of non-detergent organic matter  
B.9.1 General 
 
The term non-detergent organic matter includes hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols and perfumes. Using 
petroleum ether and under the conditions prescribed, non-detergent organic matter only is extracted leaving any alkylolamide present in the material. 
 
B.9.2 Apparatus 
 B.9.2.1
 Evaporating basin  
 
B.9.2.2 Separating funnels, 1 000-ml capacity.  
 
B.9.2.3 Wide mouthe d flat-bottomed flask,  200-ml capacity  
 B.9.2.4
 Buchner flask,  500-ml capacity, fitted with a sinter ed glass filter funnel (porosity 4) 
 
B.9.3 Reagents 
 B.9.3.1 Ethyl alcohol, 
50 %, 70 %. 90 % and 96% (by volume) 
 
12 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
B.9.3.2 Petroleum ether,  boiling range 40 °C to 60 °C non- volatile residue at 80 °C maximum 
0.001% 
 
B.9.3.3  Acetone,  non-volatile residue at 80 °C maximum 0.001 % 
 B.9.4 Procedure  
 
B.9.4.1 Removal of inorganic salts
 — Weigh accurately about 5 g of the material in a 150-ml squat 
beaker. Extract with 50 ml of hot 90 % ethanol by heating on the steam bath fo r about 2 min stirring 
and breaking up any hard lumps with a glass rod flattened at the end. 
 
Allow the solid matter to settle and decant the hot aI coholic solution through a sintered glass filter 
funnel (porosity 4) fitted to a 500-ml Buchner flask to which suction is applied. Repeat the extraction in 
a similar manner with five further consecutiv e 30-ml quantities of boiling 90 % ethanol. Pass each 
extract in turn through the filter into the flask. 
 
B.9.4.2  Transfer quantitatively all the combined filtrate  from the Buchner flask to a 1-litre separating 
funnel and rinse the flask four times with 40-ml quanti ties of distilled water, transferring each wash in 
turn to the separating funnel. Add 100 ml of petrole um ether, swirl gently to ensure adequate mixing 
and allow the two phases to separate. Run off the aqueous alcoholic layer into a second separating 
funnel, and extract with 75 ml of petroleum ether.  Repeat the extraction of the aqueous alcoholic 
phase in the third separating funnel with a further 75 ml of petroleum ether. Combine the three ether 
extracts in the first separating funnel. Rinse ea ch of the two empty funnels with a few millilitres 
petroleum ether and add the rinsing to the combined ether extracts. 
 
B.9.4.3  Wash the combined ether extracts and rinsing (see B.9 4.2) with four successive 50-ml 
portions of 70 % ethyl alcohol, shaking and removing  the alcoholic phase each time. Transfer the 
ether layer in stages to a tared flask and evaporate off the solvent. Add 10 ml of acetone and 
evaporate off the solvent. Rotate the flask on a stea m bath during the operation. Cool the flask to 
about 60 °C to 65 °C, gently blow out the last traces of solvent with a current of dry air, cool in a 
desiccator and weigh. 
 
B.9.5 Calculation 
Non- detergent organic matter, %, by massmm1100=  
where  
m1 is the mass in g of the non-detergent  organic matter in the flask; and 
 
m is the mass in g of the material taken for the test. 
 B.10 Determination of ma tter insoluble in water 
 
B.10.1 Procedure 
 
Starting with a fresh portion of the material, proc eed as described under B.6.4 but do not dry or weigh 
the matter insoluble in alcohol. After filtering and washing the residue thoroughly with hot ethyl 
alcohol, change the receiver, extract the residue with successive portions of distilled water at about 60 
°C, and wash the residue several times to remove all the water solubles. Dry the sintered glass funnel 
with the residue in an air-oven at a temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C until a constant mass is obtained 
 
B.10.2 Calculation 
Matter insoluble in water, % by mass = mm1100  
where 
 
m1 is the mass in g of matter insoluble in water; and 
 m 
is mass in g of material taken for the test. 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  13 EAS 127:2011  
 
B.11 Determination of carboxymethylcellulose 
 
B.11.1 Principle 
 
The method is based on hydrolysis and dehydration of the carboxymethylcellulose to furfural 
derivatives, which produce a green coIour with a solution of anthrone in 60 % sulfuric acid. The 
method is not specific for carboxymethylcellulose, as most celulose derivatives, and also other 
carbohydrates such as sucrose, react similarly. The intensity of the colour depends upon the degree of substitution 
of the carboxymethylcellulose, being less intense with higher degrees, and it is 
essential to prepare a standardization graph from simila r material to that in the sample, or to express 
the result in terms of an arbitrary standard. 
 
B.11.2 Reagents 
 
The reagents shall be of a recognized analytical rea gent quality. Distilled water or water of at least 
equal purity shall be used. 
 
B.11.2.1 Kieselguhr  
 
B.11.2.2 Sulfuric acid,  concentrated, specific gravity, 1,84 g/cm3 
 
B.11.2.3 Sulfuric acid,  dilute, add 60 ml of the concentrated sulfuric acid slowly to 40 ml of water, 
cooling well dilute to 100 ml with water when cold. 
 B.11.2.4 Anthrone solution,
 dissolve 0.2 g of anthrone in about 50 ml of the concentrated sulfuric 
acid, which has been added to 5 ml of water. Cool and dilute to 200 ml with the concentrated sulfuric 
acid. Allow the solution to stand for 4 h before use. Do not use a solution that is more than 24 h old. 
 Before use, dilute 60 ml of the above solution to 100 ml, adding the strong solution to the requisite amount of water, cooling well and diluting to volume with water when cold. 
 
B.11.3 Apparatus 
 B.11.3.1 One-mark volumetric flask,
 of capacity 50-ml, 100-ml, and 200-ml.  
 
B.11.3.2 Filter,  sintered glass, porosity No. 4  
 
B.11.3.3 Spectrophotometer,  set to read at 650 nm for absorptiometer with suitable filter and 1 cm 
glass cell.  
 
B.11.4 Procedure 
 
Dissolve 1 g of the surface-active agent in the diluted sulfuric acid and dilute to 100 ml with this acid. If persalts are present, heat the weighed sample for 2 h in an oven at 150 °C, then allow to cool 
before dissolving in the acid. Filter the solution through the sintered glass filter, using a little 
Kieselguhr to aid filtration. Mix 5 ml of the filtered solution in a 50 ml one-mark volumetric flask with 30 
ml of the anthrone solution. Heat the mixture in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Cool and dilute to the mark with the diluted sulfuric acid. Measure the optical density of the solution in a 1 cm cell at 625 
mµ against a blank prepared from 30 ml of the reagent diluted to 50 ml with the diluted sulfuric acid. 
Prepare a standardizing graph from figur es obtained by treating known amounts of 
carboxymethylcellulose by the above procedure. 
 
B.11.5 Calculation 
 
Calculate the percentage of carboxymethylcellulose in the sample by reference to the graph. 
 
14 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
Annex C 
(normative) 
 
Sampling procedure for powder detergents 
 
 
 
C.1 General requirements 
In drawing preparing, storing and handling samples, the following precautions shall be observed. 
 
C.1.1  Samples shall be taken in a protected place, not exposed to damp air, dust or soot. 
 
C.1.2  The sampling instruments shall be clean and dry when used. 
 C.1.3
 The samples, the material being sampled, t he sampling instruments and the containers for 
samples shall be protected from  adventitious contamination. 
 C.1.4
 The samples shall be placed in clean and dry glass containers. The sa mple containers shall 
be of such a size that they are almo st completely filled by the sample. 
 C.1.5
 Each container shall be sealed airtight after filling, and marked with full details of sampling, 
date of sampling, batch or code number, name of manufacturer, and other important particulars of the 
consignment. 
 
C.1.6  The samples shall be stored in such a manner that the temperature of the material does not 
vary unduly from the normal temperature, and that they are protected from light. 
 
C.2 Scale of sampling 
 C.2.1 Lot
 — In a single consignment, all the packages containing non-soapy detergents of the 
same type and form, and drawn from the same batch of manufacture, shall constitute a lot. If the 
consignment consists of packages containing non- soapy detergents of different  types and forms, then 
the packages containing non-soapy detergents of the same type form and batch of manufacture shall 
be grouped together, and such group shall constitute a separate lot. 
 
C.2.2  For ascertaining the conformity of the lot to the requirements prescribed in this standard, tests 
shall be carried out on each lot separately. The num ber (n) of packages to be selected for drawing the 
samples shall depend upon the size (N) of the lo t and shall be in accordance with Table 2. 
 
Table 2 — Scale of sampling 
 
(Clause C.2.2) 
No. of packages in the lot 
(N) No. of packages to be selected 
(n) 
4 to 15 3 
16 to 40 4 
41 to 65 5 
66 to 110 7 
111 and above 10 
NOTE When the size of  the lot is 3 packages or less, the number of containers to be selected and the criteria
for judging the conformity of the lot to the specific ations should be as agreed on between the purchaser and the
supplier. 
 
C.2.3  The packages shall be selected at random and to ensure randomness of selection, a random 
number table shall be used. In case such tables are not available, the procedure given in C.2.3.1 may 
be adopted. 
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  15 EAS 127:2011  
Starting from any package, count all the packages in one order as 1, 2, 3,…, up to r and so on, where 
r is the integral part of N/n, (N being the lot size  and n the number of packages to be selected). Every 
rth package thus counted shall be withdrawn to  give a sample for the purposes of test. 
 
C.3 Preparation of gross samples, test sample and reference sample 
 
C.3.1 Gross sample  
C.3.1.1 Powders
 — From each one of the packages selected as in C.2, draw at random one or more 
containers. The material in the containers so chos en shall be nearly thrice the quantity required for 
purpose of test as indicated in C.4. 
 
The material from the containers sele cted as in C.3.1.1 shall be disi ntegrated, if necessary, and mixed 
thoroughly to give the gross sample for the package. 
 
C.3.1.2 Pastes — From each one of the packages selected as  in C.2.2, draw at random one or more 
containers. The material in the containers so chos en shall be nearly thrice the quantity required for 
purposes of test as indicated in C.4. 
 
The material from the containers selected in C.3.1. 2 shall be mixed by thoroughly to give the gross 
sample for the package. 
 
C.3.2 Test sample 
 C.3.2.1
 Segregate carefully the gross samples (see C. 3.1.1 and C.3.1.2) of powders, and pastes. 
From the gross representing each form of synthe tic detergent take a small but equal quantity of 
material and mix thoroughly into a composite sample which should be of a size sufficient to carry out 
triplicate testing for all the characteristics spec ified under C.4. The composite samples representing 
each form and type of synthetic detergent shall be  divided into three equal parts, one for the 
purchaser, another for the supplier, and the third for the referee. 
 
C.3.2.2  The remaining portion of the material in each of the gross samples shall be divided into three 
equal pans, each forming an individual sample. One set of individual samples, representing the n 
selected packages shall be for the purchaser, another for the supplier, and the third for the referee. 
 
C.3.2.3  AII the composite and individual samples sha ll be transferred to separate containers. These 
containers shall then be sealed airtight  with stoppers, and labelled with full particulars of identification 
given in C.1.5. 
 
C.3.3 Referee samples 
 C.3.3.1 
The referee samples shall consist of a composite sample and a set of individual samples. All 
the containers shall bear the seals of both the purchaser and the supplier, and shall be kept at a place 
agreed to between the two parties. 
 C.3.3.2
 Referee samples shall be used in case of any dispute between the purchaser and the 
supplier. 
 
C.4 Number of tests 
 C.4.1
 Tests for the determination of active ingredien t shall be performed on each of the individual 
samples. 
 C.4.2 
Tests for the determination of the remaining ch aracteristics specified in Table 1 shall be 
conducted on the composite sample. 
 
C.5 Criteria for conformity 
 
C.5.1 For individual samples 
 
For the characteristic, which has been determined on the individual sample, the mean (X) and the 
range (R) of test results shall be calculated as follows: 
16 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved EAS 127:2011  
 
()results test of  Numberresults test of sum The
Mean =X  
 
Range (R) The difference between the maximum and the minimum value of test results. 
 
a) If the specification limit for the characteristic is  given as a minimum, the value of the expression 
(X- KR) shall be calculated from the relevant test  results [see also C.5.1 (d)]. If the value so 
obtained is greater than or equal to the minimum limit, the lot shall be declared as conforming to 
the requirement for the characteristic. 
 b) If the specification limit for the characteristic is given as a maxi mum, the value of the expression 
(
X+ KR) shall be calculated from the relev ant test results [see also C.5.1 (d)] . If the value so 
obtained is less than or equal to the maximum limit, the lot shall be declared as conforming to 
the requirement for the characteristic. 
 
c) If the characteristic has two-sided specification limits, then the values of the expression ( X ± 
KR) shall be calculated from the relev ant test results [see also C.5.1 (d)].  If the value so 
obtained lies between the two specification limits, the lot shall be declared as conforming to the 
requirement for the characteristic. 
 
d) The value of the factor K referred to in C.5.1 (a) to (c) shall be chosen in accordance with Table 
3, depending upon the acceptable quality level, that is, the percent age, of non-conforming 
packages that may be tolerated reasonably. 
 
Table 3 — Value of 'K' for achieving different acceptable quality levels 
 
Clause C.5.1 (d) 
Acceptable quality level Value of 'K' 
Not more than 3.0 % defectives 0.4 
Not more than 1.5 % defectives 0.5 
Not more than 0.5 % defectives 0.6 
 
C.5.2 For composite sample 
 
For declaring the conformity of the lot to the requirements of all the remaining characteristics 
determined on the composite sample, the test results for each one of the characteristics shall satisfy 
the relevant requirement given in Table 1 of this standard. 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  17 EAS 127:2011  
18 © EAS 2011 — All rights reserved  
Bibliography 
 
 
IS 4955:1993, Specification for household  synthetic detergents, published by the Indian Standards 
Institution. 
 
  
 
 
 
  EAS 127:2011  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
© EAS 2011 — All rights reserved