12607 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 47 / Thursday, March 10, 2016 / Proposed Rules 
some additional costs on handlers, the 
costs are minimal and uniform on all handlers. However, these costs would be offset by the benefits derived from the operation of the marketing order. In addition, the Committee’s meeting was widely publicized throughout the grape production area and all interested persons were invited to attend and participate in Committee deliberations on all issues. Like all Committee meetings, the November 12, 2015, meeting was a public meeting and all entities, both large and small, were able to express views on this issue. Finally, interested persons are invited to submit comments on this proposed rule, including the regulatory and informational impacts of this action on small businesses. 
In accordance with the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35), the order’s information collection requirements have been previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and assigned OMB No. 0581–0189. No changes in those requirements as a result of this action are necessary. Should any changes become necessary, they would be submitted to OMB for approval. 
This proposed rule would impose no 
additional reporting or recordkeeping requirements on either small or large 
California grape handlers. As with all Federal marketing order programs, reports and forms are periodically reviewed to reduce information requirements and duplication by industry and public sector agencies. 
AMS is committed to complying with 
the E-Government Act, to promote the use of the internet and other information technologies to provide increased opportunities for citizen access to Government information and services, and for other purposes. 
USDA has not identified any relevant 
Federal rules that duplicate, overlap, or conflict with this action. 
A small business guide on complying 
with fruit, vegetable, and specialty crop marketing agreements and orders may be viewed at: http://www.ams.usda.gov/ 
rules-regulations/moa/small-businesses. 
Any questions about the compliance guide should be sent to Antoinette Carter at the previously-mentioned address in the 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION  
CONTACT section. 
A 15-day comment period is provided 
to allow interested persons to respond to this proposed rule. Fifteen days is deemed appropriate because: (1) The 2016 fiscal period begins on January 1, 2016, and the order requires that the rate of assessment for each fiscal period apply to all assessable grapes handled during such fiscal period; (2) the Committee needs to have sufficient funds to pay its expenses, which are incurred on a continuous basis; and (3) handlers are aware of this action, which was unanimously recommended by the Committee at a public meeting and is similar to other assessment rate actions issued in past years. 
List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 925 
Grapes, Marketing agreements, 
Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements. 
For the reasons set forth in the 
preamble, 7 CFR part 925 is proposed to be amended as follows: 
PART 925—GRAPES GROWN IN A 
DESIGNATED AREA OF SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA 
■1. The authority citation for 7 CFR 
part 925 continues to read as follows: 
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 601–674. 
■2. Section 925.215 is revised to read 
as follows: 
§ 925.215 Assessment rate. 
On and after January 1, 2016, an 
assessment rate of $0.0300 per 18-pound lug is established for grapes grown in a designated area of southeastern California. 
Dated: March 3, 2016. 
Elanor Starmer, 
Acting Administrator, Agricultural Marketing 
Service. 
[FR Doc. 2016–05420 Filed 3–9–16; 8:45 am] 
BILLING CODE P 
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND 
HUMAN SERVICES 
Food and Drug Administration 
21 CFR Part 888 
[Docket No. FDA–2015–N–3785] 
Medical Devices; Orthopedic Devices; 
Classification of Posterior Cervical Screw Systems 
AGENCY : Food and Drug Administration, 
HHS. 
ACTION : Proposed rule. 
SUMMARY : The Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA or Agency) is proposing to classify posterior cervical screw systems into class II (special controls) and to continue to require premarket notification to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device. A posterior cervical screw system is a prescription device used to provide immobilization and stabilization in the cervical spine as an adjunct to spinal fusion surgery. The term ‘‘posterior cervical screw systems’’ is used to distinguish these devices from currently classified pedicle screw spinal systems cleared for use in other spinal regions. 
DATES : Submit either electronic or 
written comments by June 8, 2016. See section IV of this document for the proposed effective date of a final rule that may issue based on this proposal. 
ADDRESSES : You may submit comments 
as follows: 
Electronic Submissions 
Submit electronic comments in the 
following way: 
•Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// 
www.regulations.gov. Follow the 
instructions for submitting comments. 
Comments submitted electronically, including attachments, to http://www.regulations.gov will be posted to 
the docket unchanged. Because your comment will be made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your comment does not include any confidential information that you or a third party may not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone else’s Social Security number, or confidential business information, such as a manufacturing process. Please note that if you include your name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in the body of your comments, that information will be posted on http://www.regulations.gov. 
•If you want to submit a comment 
with confidential information that you do not wish to be made available to the public, submit the comment as a written/paper submission and in the manner detailed (see ‘‘Written/Paper Submissions’’ and ‘‘Instructions’’). 
Written/Paper Submissions 
Submit written/paper submissions as 
follows: 
•Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for 
written/paper submissions): Division of 
Dockets Management (HFA–305), Food 
and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. 
•For written/paper comments 
submitted to the Division of Dockets Management, FDA will post your comment, as well as any attachments, except for information submitted, marked and identified, as confidential, if submitted as detailed in ‘‘Instructions.’’ 
Instructions: All submissions received 
must include the Docket No. FDA– 2015–N–3785 for ‘‘Medical Devices; Orthopedic Devices; Classification of Posterior Cervical Screw Systems.’’ 
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Received comments will be placed in 
the docket and, except for those submitted as ‘‘Confidential Submissions,’’ publicly viewable at http://www.regulations.gov or at the 
Division of Dockets Management between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. 
•Confidential Submissions—To 
submit a comment with confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly available, submit your comments only as a written/paper submission. You should submit two copies total. One copy will include the information you claim to be confidential with a heading or cover note that states ‘‘THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.’’ The Agency will review this copy, including the claimed confidential information, in its consideration of comments. The second copy, which will have the claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be available for public viewing and posted on http:// 
www.regulations.gov. Submit both 
copies to the Division of Dockets Management. If you do not wish your name and contact information to be made publicly available, you can provide this information on the cover sheet and not in the body of your comments and you must identify this information as ‘‘confidential.’’ Any information marked as ‘‘confidential’’ will not be disclosed except in accordance with 21 CFR 10.20 and other applicable disclosure law. For more information about FDA’s posting of comments to public dockets, see 80 FR 56469, September 18, 2015, or access the information at: http://www.fda.gov/ 
regulatoryinformation/dockets/
default.htm. 
Docket: For access to the docket to 
read background documents or the electronic and written/paper comments received, go to http://www.regulations.gov and insert the 
docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this document, into the ‘‘Search’’ box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Division of Dockets Management, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : 
Genevieve Hill, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 66, Rm. 1457, Silver Spring, MD 20993–0002, 301–796–6423, genevieve.hill@fda.hhs.gov. 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : I. Background 
A. Statutory and Regulatory Authorities 
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 
Act (the FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 301 et 
seq.), as amended, established a comprehensive system for the regulation of medical devices intended for human use. Section 513 of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360c) established three categories (classes) of devices, reflecting the regulatory controls needed to provide reasonable assurance of their safety and effectiveness. The three categories of devices are class I (general controls), class II (special controls), and class III (premarket approval). 
Section 513(a) of the FD&C Act 
defines the three classes of devices. Class I devices are those devices for which the general controls of the FD&C Act (controls authorized by or under section 501, 502, 510, 516, 518, 519, or 520 (21 U.S.C. 351, 352, 360, 360f, 360h, 360i, or 360j) or any combination of such sections) are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness; or those devices for which insufficient information exists to determine that general controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness or to establish special controls to provide such assurance, but because the devices are not purported or represented to be for a use in supporting or sustaining human life or for a use which is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, and do not present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury, are to be regulated by general controls (section 513(a)(1)(A) of the FD&C Act). Class II devices are those devices for which general controls by themselves are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness, but for which there is sufficient information to establish special controls to provide such assurance, including the issue of performance standards, postmarket surveillance, patient registries, development and dissemination of guidelines, recommendations, and other appropriate actions the Agency deems necessary to provide such assurance 
(section 513(a)(1)(B) of the FD&C Act). Class III devices are those devices for which insufficient information exists to determine that general controls and special controls would provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness, and are purported or represented for a use in supporting or sustaining human life or for a use which is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury 
(section 513(a)(1)(C) of the FD&C Act). 
FDA refers to devices that were in 
commercial distribution before May 28, 1976 (the date of enactment of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976), as ‘‘preamendments devices.’’ Under section 513(d)(1) of the FD&C Act, FDA classifies these devices after FDA: (1) Receives a recommendation from a device classification panel (an FDA advisory committee); (2) publishes the panel’s recommendation for comment, along with a proposed regulation classifying the device; and (3) publishes a final regulation classifying the device. FDA has classified most preamendments devices under these procedures. 
A person may market a 
preamendments device that has been classified into class III and devices found to be substantially equivalent by means of premarket notification procedures (510(k)) to such a preamendments device or to a device within that type without submission of a premarket approval application (PMA) until FDA issues a final order under section 515(b) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360e(b)) requiring premarket approval or until the device is subsequently reclassified into class I or class II. 
FDA refers to devices that were not in 
commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976 as ‘‘postamendments devices.’’ These devices are automatically classified by statute (section 513(f) of the FD&C Act) into class III without any 
FDA rulemaking process. These devices remain in class III and require premarket approval unless, and until, the device is reclassified into class I or II or FDA issues an order finding the device to be substantially equivalent, under section 513(i) of the FD&C Act, to a predicate device that does not require premarket approval. The Agency determines whether new devices are substantially equivalent to predicate devices by means of premarket notification procedures in section 510(k) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 360(k)) and part 807 of the regulations (21 CFR part 807). 
B. Regulatory History of the Device 
The regulatory history of posterior 
cervical screw systems arose from that 
of pedicle screw spinal systems, which are medical devices similar in design and principle of operation, but differ based on anatomic use in the spine and their indications for use. Both device systems are comprised of various interconnecting components such as longitudinal members (i.e., rods, plates) 
and screws that are configured per the 
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patient’s anatomy and implanted into 
the posterior spine to provide stabilization as bony fusion occurs. After the enactment of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976, FDA commenced to identify and classify all preamendments devices, in accordance with section 513(b) of the FD&C Act. In the Federal Register of September 4, 
1987 (52 FR 33686), FDA classified a total of 77 generic types of orthopedic devices. Neither pedicle screw spinal systems nor posterior cervical screw systems were identified in this initial effort. 
In July 1998, FDA issued a final rule 
(63 FR 40025, July 27, 1998) classifying pedicle screw spinal systems as class II devices, and a technical amendment to this rule was published on May 22, 2001 (66 FR 28051). In the technical amendment, FDA noted that pedicle screw systems for the following intended uses in the cervical spine (which are now referred to as posterior cervical screw systems) were in use prior to May 28,1976 and are therefore considered preamendments devices: (1) Cervical spondylolisthesis (all grades and types); (2) cervical spondylolysis; (3) cervical degenerative disc disease; (4) degeneration of the cervical facets accompanied by instability; (5) cervical trauma (fracture and dislocation); and (6) revision of failed previous fusion surgery (pseudarthrosis) of the cervical spine. Since 2001, FDA has regulated posterior cervical screw systems as unclassified preamendments devices requiring premarket notification (510(k)). Posterior cervical screw systems currently on the market have been determined to be substantially equivalent to devices that were in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976. 
On April 9, 2009, FDA published an 
order under sections 515(i) and 519 of the FD&C Act (515(i) order) for the submission of safety and effective information on pedicle screw spinal systems with certain indications for use (74 FR 16214). In response to that order, FDA received a request from the Orthopedic Surgical Manufacturers Association (OSMA) to classify posterior cervical screw systems into class II (special controls). Because this request was considered to be outside the scope of the 515(i) order related to pedicle screw spinal systems, FDA requested that OSMA submit a separate petition for classification of posterior cervical screw systems. OSMA submitted the requested petition on November 22, 2011, under Docket No. FDA–2011–P–0851–0001/CCP (Ref. 1). 
FDA consulted with the Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel (the Panel), an FDA advisory committee, 
regarding the classification of this device type on September 21, 2012 (Ref. 2). At the Panel meeting, the Panel recommended that posterior cervical screw systems be classified as class II with special controls. 
II. Recommendation of the Panel 
During a public meeting held on 
September 21, 2012, the Panel made 
recommendations regarding the classification and regulatory controls for posterior cervical screw systems. 
A. Identification 
FDA is proposing the following 
identification for posterior cervical 
screw systems based on the Panel’s recommendations and the Agency’s review. Posterior cervical screw systems utilizing pedicle and lateral mass screws, implanted from the C1 to C7 levels, are multiple component devices, made from a variety of materials, 
including metallic alloys. Posterior cervical instrumentation generally involves use of a fixation system comprised of both longitudinal members and screws that can span various combinations of spinal levels from the occiput to the upper thoracic spine. Cervical lateral mass and pedicle screws serve as the primary bone anchor points and require selection based on individual patient anatomy, as determined by preoperative cross- sectional imaging. Posterior cervical screw systems consist of a bone anchor via screws (i.e., occipital screws, 
cervical lateral mass screws, cervical pedicle screws, C2 pars screws, C2 translaminar screws, C2 transarticular screws), longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods) and optional transverse connectors. An interconnection mechanism (e.g., offset connector, nuts, 
screws, or bolts) may be utilized to link the anchor and longitudinal member. These posterior cervical screw systems are statically fixed devices, only intended to be used as an adjunct to fusion and do not include any dynamic features, which may include, but are not limited to: Non-uniform and/or non- metallic longitudinal elements, features that allow more motion or flexibility compared to traditional rigid systems, or features that do not provide the system immediate rigid fixation. 
B. Recommended Classification of the 
Panel 
The Panel recommended that 
posterior cervical screw systems be classified into class II (special controls). C. Summary of Reasons for 
Recommendation 
The Panel considered the panel 
members’ personal knowledge of and clinical experience with the device type, as well as the history of safety and effectiveness of the device over many years of clinical use. The Panel recommended that posterior cervical screw systems be classified into class II as an adjunct to fusion for the following acute and chronic instabilities of the cervical spine and craniocervical junction: (1) Traumatic spinal fractures and/or traumatic dislocations; instability or deformity; (2) failed previous fusions (e.g., pseudarthrosis); 
(3) tumors involving the cervical spine; and (4) degenerative disease, including intractable radiculopathy and/or myelopathy, neck and/or arm pain of discogenic origin as confirmed by radiographic studies, and degenerative disease of the facets with instability. These systems are also intended to restore the integrity of the spinal column even in the absence of fusion for a limited time period in patients with advanced stage tumors involving the cervical spine in whom life expectancy is of insufficient duration to permit achievement of fusion. The Panel also found that there is reasonable evidence to support use of posterior cervical screws as an adjunct to fusion in the pediatric population. In addition, there was panel consensus supporting the use of posterior cervical screws for non- fusion treatment for a limited time period in patients with advanced stage tumors involving the cervical spine in whom life expectancy is of insufficient duration to permit achievement of fusion; the Panel emphasized that their discussions were limited to this narrow patient population and should not be extrapolated to other non-fusion applications or technologies (e.g., dynamic stabilization systems). 
The Panel also recommended that 
posterior cervical screw systems be classified into class II because special controls, together with general controls, would provide reasonable assurance of their safety and effectiveness. The risks to health for this device type are known and can be adequately mitigated by special controls (such as mechanical testing, biocompatibility, and labeling). 
D. Risks to Health 
Based on the Panel’s discussion and 
recommendations in addition to 
comprehensive literature reviews and analyses by OSMA and FDA, the risks to health associated with posterior cervical screw systems and the proposed measures to mitigate these 
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risks are identified in the following list 
and in table 1. The identified risks to health are identical to those proposed by FDA during the September 21, 2012, panel meeting, with the addition of risks associated with the presence of vertebral arteries, as recommended by FDA with panel agreement. FDA determined that the following risks to health are associated with its use: 
•Device failure—Components may 
deform, fracture, wear, loosen, or disassemble, resulting in a mechanical or functional failure. 
•Failure at the bone/implant 
interface—Components may loosen or disengage from the bone. 
•Tissue injury—Intraoperative and 
postoperative risks of tissue injury include: Bone fracture, injury to blood vessels or viscera, neurologic injury, dural tear or cerebrospinal fluid leak, skin penetration or irritation, and postoperative wound problems, including infection, hematoma/seroma. 
•Adverse tissue reactions—Adverse 
tissue reactions include: Foreign body response, metal allergy, and metal 
toxicity. 
•Device malposition—Risks of 
device malposition may include difficulty or inability to implant the device components or incorrect placement of the device. 
•Pseudarthrosis—The risk of 
nonunion, or pseudarthrosis, signifies failure of bony fusion and potential instability or pain. 
•Adverse clinical sequelae—Adverse 
clinical sequelae may include the risk of new or unresolved neck pain, new or worsened neurologic deficit/injury, or loss of correction. 
The risks to health presented to the 
2012 Panel such as cardiac, respiratory, and death are considered general surgical risks associated with the surgical procedure to implant posterior cervical screw systems; these risks are not directly associated with posterior cervical screw systems and therefore are not included in the previous list of risks. Failure of the posterior cervical screw system as a result of the risks to health listed may result in the need for reoperation, revision, or removal. 
While presented to the Panel as a 
potential risk, graft settling would not be considered a device-specific risk. Rather, it represents a potential mechanism for the development of pseudarthrosis, instability, or lack of correction. Further, graft settling is expected in patients undergoing fusion surgery and does not necessarily result in adverse clinical sequelae. Thus this item does not specifically appear in the previous list. 
E. Proposed Special Controls 
FDA believes that the following 
special controls, in addition to general 
controls, are sufficient to mitigate the risks to health described in section II.D. and provide reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device. 
•Design characteristics of the device, 
including engineering schematics, must ensure that the geometry and material composition are consistent with the intended use. 
•Nonclinical performance testing 
must demonstrate the mechanical function and durability of the implant. 
•Device must be demonstrated to be 
biocompatible. 
•Validation testing must demonstrate 
the cleanliness and sterility of, or the ability to clean and sterilize, the device components and device-specific instruments. 
•Labeling must bear all information 
required for the safe and effective use of the device, specifically including the following: ÆClear description of the 
technological features of the device, including identification of device materials and the principles of device operation; 
Æintended use and indications for 
use including levels of fixation; 
Ædevice-specific warnings, 
precautions, and contraindications that include the following statements: 
D‘‘Precaution: Pre-operative planning 
prior to implantation of posterior cervical lateral mass and pedicle screw spinal systems should include review of cross-sectional imaging studies (e.g., CT 
and/or MRI imaging) to evaluate the patient’s cervical anatomy including the transverse foramen and the course of the vertebral arteries. If any findings would compromise the placement of lateral mass or pedicle screws, other surgical methods should be considered. In addition, use of intraoperative imaging should be considered to guide and/or verify device placement, as necessary.’’ 
D‘‘Precaution: Use of posterior 
cervical pedicle screw fixation at the C3 through C6 spinal levels requires careful consideration and planning beyond that required for lateral mass screws placed at these spinal levels, given the proximity of the vertebral arteries and neurologic structures in relation to the cervical pedicles at these levels.’’ 
Æidentification of magnetic 
resonance (MR) compatibility status; 
Æcleaning and sterilization 
instructions for devices and instruments that are provided non-sterile to the end user; and 
Ædetailed instructions of each 
surgical step, including device removal, accompanied by magnified illustrations. 
Table 1 summarizes the risks to health 
described in section II.D. and the proposed special controls that are sufficient to mitigate these risks. 
TABLE 1—S UMMARY OF RISKS TO HEALTH AND PROPOSED SPECIAL CONTROLS  
Risk to health Method of mitigation 
(i.e., special control) 
Device Failure ........................................................................................... Design Characteristics . 
Nonclinical Performance Testing. 
Labeling. 
Failure of Bone Implant Interface ............................................................. Design Characteristics. 
Biocompatibility. 
Nonclinical Performance Testing. 
Labeling. 
Tissue Injury ............................................................................................. Labeling. 
Adverse Tissue Reactions ........................................................................ Design Characteristics. 
Biocompatibility. 
Sterility. 
Labeling. 
Device Malposition ................................................................................... Labeling. 
Pseudarthrosis .......................................................................................... Nonclinical Performance Testing. 
Biocompatibility. 
Labeling. 
Adverse Clinical Sequelae ....................................................................... Labeling. 
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Furthermore, FDA is proposing that 
posterior cervical screw systems be 
prescription devices. Prescription devices must be used in accordance with 21 CFR 801.109. Prescription-use restrictions are a type of general controls as defined in section 513(a)(1)(A)(i) of the FD&C Act. 
III. Proposed Classification and FDA’s 
Finding 
In preparation for the September 2012 
panel meeting and to better inform the Agency’s proposed classification of posterior cervical screw systems as described in this proposed rule, FDA conducted a review of the literature that included relevant scientific and medical information published through July 2012 (see Section 6 of FDA’s Panel Executive Summary, Ref. 2) as well as adverse events in FDA’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database (see Section 7 of FDA’s Panel Executive Summary, Ref. 2). FDA does not believe that new or different information has become available since the September 2012 panel meeting that would alter FDA’s findings. Based upon FDA’s review of the literature and adverse events and FDA’s continued premarket and postmarket experience with the device type, FDA agrees with the Panel’s recommendation that posterior cervical screw systems be classified into class II. 
FDA is proposing to classify these devices into class II because general controls alone are insufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of these implantable devices (see section II.D.), as presented and discussed during the September 21, 2012, panel meeting (Ref. 2). FDA also believes there is sufficient information to establish special controls to mitigate the known risks of the device. Therefore, FDA proposes that posterior cervical screw systems be classified into class II. The special controls, in addition to general controls, will provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. 
IV. Proposed Effective Date 
FDA proposes that this proposed rule, 
if finalized, will become effective 30 
days after its date of publication in the Federal Register. In addition, FDA proposes that once the final rule is in effect, manufacturers of posterior cervical screw systems as defined in section II.A. that have not been offered for sale prior to the effective date of the final rule must obtain 510(k) clearance before marketing their devices and comply with the special controls. 
FDA notes that a firm who markets a 
device that is intended for use as a posterior cervical screw system as 
identified in section II.A., as well as other uses, that was legally in commercial distribution before May 28, 1976, or who markets a device found to be substantially equivalent to such a device and who does not intend to market such device for uses other than as a posterior cervical screw as defined in section II.A., may remove the other intended uses from the device’s labeling and continue marketing the device without submitting a new 510(k). In addition, such posterior cervical screw systems must comply with the special controls. 
V. Environmental Impact, No 
Significant Impact 
The Agency has determined under 21 
CFR 25.34(b) that this action is of a type that does not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment. Therefore, neither an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact statement is required. 
VI. Economic Analysis of Impacts 
We have examined the impacts of the 
proposed rule under Executive Order 
12866, Executive Order 13563, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601–612), and the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104–4). Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct us to assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts; and equity). We have developed a comprehensive Economic Analysis of Impacts that assesses the impacts of the proposed rule. We believe that this proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action as defined by Executive Order 12866. 
The Regulatory Flexibility Act 
requires us to analyze regulatory options that would minimize any significant impact of a rule on small entities. Because: (1) The proposed regulation would classify a previously unclassified preamendment device type; (2) only five registered establishments are listed in the Establishment Registration and Device Listing database that would be affected by the proposed rule; and (3) the proposed regulation designating the classification of posterior cervical screw systems as class II is consistent with the historical regulatory oversight given to this device type, we proposed to certify that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 
of 1995 (section 202(a)) requires us to 
prepare a written statement, which includes an assessment of anticipated costs and benefits, before proposing ‘‘any rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year.’’ The current threshold after adjustment for inflation is $144 million, using the most current (2014) Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic Product. This proposed rule would not result in an expenditure in any year that meets or exceeds this amount. 
This rule proposes to classify 
posterior cervical screw systems as class II devices with special controls. These devices are currently unclassified. Currently, manufacturers are subject to premarket requirements similar to class II devices, with producers receiving clearance to market via a 510(k) premarket notification submission without a PMA requirement. We have concluded that special controls in addition to general controls are sufficient for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of these devices and that these devices may be classified as class II (special controls). 
FDA’s Registration and Listing 
database identifies two large manufacturers of three posterior cervical screw systems (product code NKG). Manufacturers of these devices will need to edit any current labeling to reflect requirements of the proposed rule. This is considered a major label change because of the addition of precaution statements. The estimated cost of this labeling change is $13,189 per product for an estimated total cost of $39,567 (3 × $13,189). Any currently 
marketed devices seeking marketing authorization as posterior cervical screw systems would incur similar costs. We welcome comments on the number of applications we may receive from firms pursuing marketing authorization for currently marketed products as posterior cervical screw systems. 
The proposed rule would require that 
manufacturers who wish to market these devices submit 510(k) premarket notifications and comply with the proposed special controls. It is not 
expected that manufacturers of devices already on the market would need to submit new 510(k) notifications, 510(k) amendments, or add-to-files to demonstrate conformance with the proposed special controls. Any manufacturers seeking marketing authorization of posterior cervical screw systems would not incur additional 
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costs as a result of this rule because we 
already require 510(k) submissions for these devices. Hence, the proposed rule would not result in any significant change in how manufacturers prepare 510(k) submissions for the affected devices or in how we would review the submissions. Consequently, compliance with the special controls proposed for these devices would not yield significant new costs for manufacturers. Because the formal classification of the affected devices as class II is consistent with current Agency and industry practice, we conclude that the proposed rule, if finalized, would not impose any significant additional regulatory burden. 
We invite comments on this analysis. 
VII. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 
This proposed rule establishes special 
controls that refer to currently approved collections of information found in other FDA regulations. These collections of information are subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (the PRA) (44 U.S.C. 3501–3520). The collections of information in 21 CFR part 807, subpart E, have been approved under OMB control number 0910–0120; the collections of information in 21 CFR part 801 have been approved under OMB control number 0910–0485; the collections of information in 21 CFR part 807 have been approved under OMB control number 0910–0625. The precaution labeling provisions in proposed 21 CFR 888.3075(b)(5) are not subject to review by OMB because they do not constitute a ‘‘collection of information’’ under the PRA. Rather, the following labeling: (1) ‘‘Precaution: Pre- operative planning prior to implantation of posterior cervical lateral mass and pedicle screw spinal systems should include review of cross-sectional imaging studies (e.g., CT and/or MRI 
imaging) to evaluate the patient’s cervical anatomy including the transverse foramen and the course of the vertebral arteries. If any findings would compromise the placement of lateral mass or pedicle screws, other surgical methods should be considered. In addition, use of intraoperative imaging 
should be considered to guide and/or verify device placement, as necessary.’’ (2) ‘‘Precaution: Use of posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation at the C3 through C6 spinal levels requires careful consideration and planning beyond that required for lateral mass screws placed at these spinal levels, given the proximity of the vertebral arteries and neurologic structures in relation to the cervical pedicles at these levels.’’ are a ‘‘public disclosure of information originally supplied by the Federal 
government to the recipient for the purpose of disclosure to the public’’ (5 CFR 1320.3(c)(2)). 
VIII. References 
The following references are on 
display in the Division of Dockets 
Management (see 
ADDRESSES ) and are 
available for viewing by interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. FDA has verified the Web site address, as of the date this document publishes in the Federal Register, but Web sites are subject to change over time. 
1. Orthopedic Surgical Manufacturers 
Association Reclassification Petition filed on November 23, 2011, to support 
classification of pedicle and lateral mass screws for cervical spine use from unclassified status to class II. Available at www.regulations.gov, the docket 
number is FDA–2011–P–0851. 
2. Transcript and other meeting 
materials from the Food and Drug Administration Orthopedic Devices Panel Meeting, September 21, 2012, (http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdvisoryCommittee/OrthopaedicandRehabilitationDevicesPanel/ucm309184.htm). 
List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 888 
Medical devices. 
Therefore, under the Federal Food, 
Drug, and Cosmetic Act and under 
authority delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, FDA proposes to amend 21 CFR part 888 as follows: 
PART 888—ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES 
■1. The authority citation for 21 CFR 
part 888 continues to read as follows: 
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 351, 360, 360c, 360e, 
360j, 371. 
■2. Add § 888.3075 to subpart D to 
read as follows: 
§ 888.3075 Posterior cervical screw 
system. 
(a) Identification. Posterior cervical 
screw systems, implanted from the C1 to 
C7 levels, are prescription devices comprised of multiple components, made from a variety of materials, including metallic alloys. Posterior cervical instrumentation generally involves use of a fixation system comprised of both longitudinal members and screws that can span various combinations of spinal levels from the occiput to the upper thoracic spine. Cervical lateral mass and pedicle screws serve as the primary bone anchor points and require selection based on individual patient anatomy, as determined by preoperative cross- sectional imaging. Posterior cervical screw systems consist of a bone anchor via screws (i.e., occipital screws, 
cervical lateral mass screws, cervical pedicle screws, C2 pars screws, C2 translaminar screws, C2 transarticular screws), longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods) and optional transverse connectors. An interconnection mechanism (e.g., offset connector, nuts, 
screws, or bolts) may be utilized to link the anchor and longitudinal member. These posterior cervical screw systems are intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments (C1 to C7 levels) in patients as an adjunct to fusion for the following acute and chronic instabilities of the cervical spine and/or craniocervical junction and/or cervicothoracic junction: Traumatic spinal fractures and/or traumatic dislocations; spinal deformities and related instabilities; failed previous fusions (e.g., pseudarthrosis); tumors involving the cervical spine; inflammatory disorders; degenerative disease, including neck and/or arm pain of discogenic origin as confirmed by radiographic studies; degenerative disease of the facets with instability; and reconstruction following decompression to treat intractable radiculopathy and/or myelopathy. These systems are also intended to restore the integrity of the spinal column even in the absence of fusion for a limited time period in patients with advanced stage tumors involving the cervical spine in whom life expectancy is of insufficient duration to permit achievement of fusion. 
(b) Classification. Class II (special 
controls). The special controls for posterior cervical screw systems are: 
(1) Design characteristics of the 
device, including engineering schematics, must ensure that the geometry and material composition are consistent with the intended use. 
(2) Nonclinical performance testing 
must demonstrate the mechanical function and durability of the implant. 
(3) Device must be demonstrated to be 
biocompatible. 
(4) Validation testing must 
demonstrate the cleanliness and sterility of, or the ability to clean and sterilize, the device components and device- specific instruments. 
(5) Labeling must bear all information 
required for the safe and effective use of the device, specifically including the following: 
(i) Clear description of the 
technological features of the device including identification of device 
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materials and the principles of device 
operation; 
(ii) Intended use and indications for 
use including levels of fixation; 
(iii) Device specific warnings, 
precautions, and contraindications that include the following statements: 
(A) ‘‘Precaution: Pre-operative 
planning prior to implantation of posterior cervical lateral mass and pedicle screw spinal systems should include review of cross-sectional imaging studies (e.g., CT and/or MRI 
imaging) to evaluate the patient’s cervical anatomy including the transverse foramen and the course of the vertebral arteries. If any findings would compromise the placement of lateral mass or pedicle screws, other surgical methods should be considered. In addition, use of intraoperative imaging should be considered to guide and/or verify device placement, as necessary.’’ 
(B) ‘‘Precaution: Use of posterior 
cervical pedicle screw fixation at the C3 
through C6 spinal levels requires careful consideration and planning beyond that required for lateral mass screws placed at these spinal levels, given the proximity of the vertebral arteries and neurologic structures in relation to the cervical pedicles at these levels.’’ 
(iv) Identification of magnetic 
resonance (MR) compatibility status; 
(v) Sterilization and cleaning 
instructions for devices and instruments that are provided non-sterile to the end user, and; 
(vi) Detailed instructions of each 
surgical step, including device removal, accompanied by magnified illustrations. 
Dated: March 7, 2016. 
Leslie Kux, 
Associate Commissioner for Policy. 
[FR Doc. 2016–05384 Filed 3–9–16; 8:45 am] 
BILLING CODE 4164–01–P 
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND 
URBAN DEVELOPMENT 
24 CFR Part 960 
[Docket No. FR–5904–N–02] 
Strengthening Oversight of Over- 
Income Tenancy in Public Housing Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking; Reopening of Comment Period 
AGENCY : Office of the Assistant 
Secretary for Public and Indian Housing, HUD. 
ACTION : Advanced notice of proposed 
rulemaking (ANPR); Reopening of Comment Period. 
SUMMARY : HUD is extending the 
comment period for the Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. The 
original comment period ended on March 4, 2016, but HUD is reopening that period for 30 days to allow interested parties to prepare and submit their comments. 
DATES : Comments on the ANPR 
published at 81 FR 5679, February 3, 2016 are due on or before April 11, 2016. 
ADDRESSES : Interested persons are 
invited to submit comments to the Office of the General Counsel, Regulations Division, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 
7th Street SW., Room 10276, Washington, DC 20410–0500. Communications should refer to the above docket number and title. There are two methods for submitting public comments. 
1. Submission of Comments by Mail. 
Comments may be submitted by mail to the Regulations Division, Office of General Counsel, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street SW., Room 10276, Washington, DC 20410–0500. Due to security measures at all federal agencies, however, submission of comments by mail often results in delayed delivery. To ensure timely receipt of comments, HUD recommends that comments submitted by mail be submitted at least two weeks in advance of the public comment deadline. 
2. Electronic Submission of 
Comments. Interested persons may 
submit comments electronically through the Federal eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov. HUD 
strongly encourages commenters to submit comments electronically. Electronic submission of comments allows the commenter maximum time to prepare and submit a comment, ensures timely receipt by HUD, and enables HUD to make comments immediately available to the public. Comments submitted electronically through the http://www.regulations.gov Web site can 
be viewed by other commenters and interested members of the public. Commenters should follow instructions provided on that site to submit comments electronically. 
Note: To receive consideration as public 
comments, comments must be submitted 
using one of the two methods specified above. Again, all submissions must refer to the docket number and title of the notice. 
No Facsimile Comments. Facsimile 
(fax) comments are not acceptable. 
Public Inspection of Comments. All 
comments and communications 
submitted to HUD will be available, for public inspection and copying between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. weekdays at the above address. Due to security measures at the 
HUD Headquarters building, an advance appointment to review the public comments must be scheduled by calling the Regulations Division at (202) 708– 3055 (this is not a toll-free number). Copies of all comments submitted are available for inspection and downloading at http://
www.regulations.gov. 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : 
Todd Thomas, Office of Public and Indian Housing, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street SW., Room 4100, Washington, DC 20410–4000; telephone number (678) 732–2056 (this is not a toll-free number). Persons with hearing or speech impairments may contact this number via TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at 800–877–8339. 
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : On 
February 3, 2016, HUD published an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking, 81 FR 5679, February 3, 2016, seeking input from the public on many issues, including questions presented in this notice, including how HUD can structure policies to reduce the number of individuals and families in public housing whose incomes significantly exceed the income limit and have significantly exceeded the income limit for a sustained period of time after initial admission. In response to several requests, HUD is reopening the comment period for another 30 days. 
Dated: March 2, 2016. 
Jemine A. Bryon, 
General Deputy Assistant, Secretary for Public 
and Indian Housing. 
[FR Doc. 2016–05210 Filed 3–9–16; 8:45 am] 
BILLING CODE 4210–67–P 
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network 
31 CFR Part 1010 
RIN 1506–AB26 
Financial Crimes Enforcement 
Network; Amendment to the Bank Secrecy Act Regulations—Reports of Foreign Financial Accounts 
AGENCY : Financial Crimes Enforcement 
Network (‘‘FinCEN’’), Treasury. 
ACTION : Notice of proposed rulemaking 
(‘‘NPRM’’). 
SUMMARY : FinCEN, a bureau of the 
Department of the Treasury (‘‘Treasury’’), is proposing to revise the regulations implementing the Bank Secrecy Act (‘‘BSA’’) regarding Reports of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts 
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