WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
27 November 2018  
(18-7414) Page: 1/263 
Trade Policy Review Body   
 
 
OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPM ENTS  
IN THE INTERNATIONAL  TRADING ENVIRONMENT  
ANNUAL REPORT BY THE  DIRECTOR -GENERAL1 
 
(Mid-October 201 7 to mid -October  2018)  
TABLE Of CONTENTS  
KEY FINDINGS  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  4 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 8 
1   INTRODUCTION  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  11 
2   RECENT ECONOMIC AND TRADE DEVELOPMEN TS ................................ ......................  13 
2.1   Overview  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 13 
2.2   Economic Developments  ................................ ................................ .............................. 13 
2.3   Merchandise Trade  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....16 
2.4   Trade in Commercial Services  ................................ ................................ ...................... 21 
2.5   Trade Forecast and Economic Outlook  ................................ ................................ ........... 21 
3   TRADE AND TRADE -RELATED POLICY ISSUE S ................................ ...........................  25 
3.1   Overview of trends identified during the period under review  ................................ ........... 25 
3.2   Trade Remedies  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 33 
3.3   Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures  ................................ ................................ ..46 
3.4   Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs)  ................................ ................................ ................ 53 
3.5   Trade Concerns Raised in Other WTO Bodies  ................................ ................................ ..62 
3.6   Policy Developments in Agriculture  ................................ ................................ ............... 70 
3.7   General Economic Support  ................................ ................................ ........................... 76 
3.8   Overview of Trade Policy Reviews  ................................ ................................ ................. 77 
3.9   Other Selected Trade Policy Issues  ................................ ................................ ............... 90 
4   POLICY DEVELOPME NTS IN TRADE IN SERV ICES  ................................ ....................  102  
5   POLICY DEVELOPME NTS IN TRADE AND INT ELLECTUAL PROPERTY  ........................  110  
6   TRANSPARENCY OF TRADE POLICIES  ................................ ................................ ...... 115  
                                                
1 This Report covers the period mid -October 2017 to mid -October 2018. It is presented pursuant to 
Paragraph G of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism mandate and aims to assist the Trade Policy Review Body to 
undertake its annual overview of developments in th e international trading environment that are having an 
impact on the multilateral trading system. The Report is issued under the sole responsibility of the 
Director -General. It has no legal effect on the rights and obligations of Members, nor does it have any legal 
implications with respect to the conformity of any measure noted in the Report with any WTO Agreements or 
any provisions thereof.   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 2 - 
 
  ANNEX 1  MEASURES FACILITATIN G TRADE  ................................ ................................ . 134  
ANNEX 2  TRADE REMEDIES  ................................ ................................ ..........................  159  
ANNEX 3  OTHER TRADE -RELATED MEASURES  ................................ ..............................  186  
ANNEX 4  MEASURES AFFECTING T RADE IN SERVICES  ................................ .................  208  
APPENDIX 1 PARTICIPA TION  ................................ ................................ ......................  262  
  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 3 - 
 
  Box 1 About the WTO trade monitoring report  
The Trade Monitoring Report is first and foremost a transparency exercise. It is intended to be purely factual 
and has no legal effect on the rights and obligations of WTO Members. It is without prejudice to M embers' 
negotiating positions and has no legal implication with respect to the conformity of any measure noted in the 
Report with any WTO Agreement or any provision thereof.  
 
The Report aims to shed light on the latest trends in the implementation of a broad range of policy measures 
that facilitate as well as restrict the flow of trade and provide an update on the state of global trade. The 
Report neither seeks to pronounce itself on whether a trade measure is protectionist, nor does it question the 
right of Members to take certain trade measures. The Reports continue to evolve in terms of the coverage 
and analysis of trade -related issues and take into account discussions among WTO Members in the Trade 
Policy Review Body (TPRB).  
 
Regarding trade remedy ac tions, it has been highlighted in discussions among WTO Members that some of 
these measures are taken to address what is perceived by some as a market distortion resulting from trade 
practices of entities in another trading partner. The WTO Anti-dumping  and Subsidies Agreements permit WTO 
Members to impose anti-dumping  (AD) or countervailing (CVD) duties to offset what is perceived to be 
injurious dumping or subsidization of products exported from one Member to another. The Reports are not in 
a position to establish if, where or when such perceived distortive practices have taken place. The Reports 
have never categorized the use of trade remedies as protectionist, or WTO -inconsistent, or criticized 
governments for utilizing them. The main objective of monito ring these measures is to provide additional 
transparency and to identify emerging trends in the application of trade policy measures.  
 
With respect to S anitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures covered in 
the Report, it is important to emphasize that they are neither classified nor counted as trade -restrictive or 
trade -facilitating, and the increasing trend with respect to the number of notifications of such measures is 
carefu lly linked to the transparency provisions of the Agreements only. The Reports have consistently 
underlined the basic premise that an increased number of SPS and TBT notifications does not automatically 
imply greater use of protectionist or unnecessarily tr ade-restrictive measures, but rather enhanced 
transparency regarding these measures. Finally, the Reports clearly emphasize that the SPS and TBT 
Agreements specifically allow Members to take measures in the pursuit of a number of legitimate policy 
objectiv es.  
 
The WTO Secretariat strives to ensure that the Trade Monitoring Reports are factual and objective. Since 
2009, the Reports have sought to provide a nuanced perspective to developments in the area of international 
trade. For example,  the Reports  have consistently  emphasized  that although  the numbe r of specific  and often 
long-term restrictive  trade measures  remains  a source  of serious  concern,  other  key factors  may influence  
trade developments.  During discussions of the Trade Monitoring Reports at the T PRB, Members have also 
drawn attention to this point and to the fact that, with respect to both, vigilance remains imperative.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 4 - 
 
  KEY FINDINGS  
• This Report covers new trade and trade -related measures implemented by WTO Members 
between  16 October 2017 and 15 October 2018. It shows a number of important trends and 
developments in global trade policy making. While WTO Members continued to implement 
trade -facilitating measures, the figures show a significant increase in trade coverage of 
trade-restrictive measures.  This provides a first factual insight into  the trade -restrictive 
measures imposed in the context of current trade tensions.  
 
• WTO Members applied 137  new trade -restrictive measures during the review period, including 
tariff increa ses, quantitative restrictions, import taxes and export duties. This equates to an 
average of 11 new measures per month, which is higher compared to the average of nine 
measures recorded in the previous annual overview . 
 
• The trade coverage of the import -restrictive measures (USD 588.3 billion) is more than seven 
times larger than that recorded in the previous annual overview . 
 
• WTO Members also implemented 162  measures aimed at facilitating trade, including 
eliminat ing or r educing tariffs  and simplified customs procedures  for imports and exports . At 
close to 14 trade -facilitating measures per month, this is an increase compared to the average 
of 11 measures recorded in the previous annual overview . 
 
• The trade coverage of the  import -facilitating measures (USD  295.6  billion)  has also risen 
significantly during this period and is  1.8 times larger than the figure reported in the previous 
annual overview , but half that of trade -restrictive measures .  
 
• The review period witnessed a similar trend in initiations of trade remedy investigations by 
WTO Members and a sharp increase in terminations of trade remedy actions, compared to the 
previous annual overview. T rade remedy measures continue to be a very imp ortant trade 
policy tool for WTO Members accounting for a bout 63% of all trade measures captured in this 
Report . Initiations of anti-dumping  investigations continue to be the most frequent trade 
remedy action.  The trade coverage of initiations of trade rem edy investigations recorded in 
this Report is estimated at US D 93.6 billion, more than USD 17 billion higher than the previous 
annual overview. The trade coverage of terminations of trade remedy actions is estimated at 
USD 18.3 billion , USD 6 billion highe r than the figure reported in the last annual overview.  
 
• The proliferation of trade -restrictive actions and the uncertainty created by such actions could 
place economic recovery i n jeopardy. Further escalation w ould carry potentially large risks for 
global  trade , with knock -on effects for economic growth, jobs and consumer prices around the 
world.  
 
• WTO Members must use all means at their disposal to de -escalate the situation.  The WTO will 
do all it can to support its membership to this end  and collective leadership from WTO Members 
will be essential . 
 
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 5 - 
 
  Trade -restrictive measures   
(average per month)  
 
Note:  Values are rounded. Changes to averages of previous years reflect continuing fine -tuning of, and 
updates to, the TMDB.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Trade -facilitating measures   
(average per month)  
 
Note:  Values are rounded. Changes to averages of previous years reflect continuing fine -tuning of, and 
updates to, the TMDB.   
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
14 15 
14 19 
12 
10 
9 11 
0510152025
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 mid-Oct16 to
mid-Oct17mid-Oct17 to
mid-Oct18Chart KF1   Trade -restrictive measures, excluding trade remedies
Source:   WTO Secretariat.(Average per month)
Note:  Values are rounded. Changes to averages of previous years reflect continuing fine tuning of, and updates to, the 
TMDB.
17
121621
16
12
1114
0510152025
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 mid-Oct16 to
mid-Oct17mid-Oct17 to
mid-Oct18Chart KF2   Trade -facilitating measures, excluding trade remedies
Source:   WTO Secretariat.(Average per month)
Note:   Values are rounded. Changes to averages of previous years reflect continuing fine tuning of, and update to, the 
TMDB.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 6 - 
 
  Trade coverage, current and previous reports  
(USD billion)  
 
Note:   These figures represent the trade coverage  of the measures (i.e. annual imports of the products 
concerned from economies affected by the measures) and not the impact  of the trade measures. These 
are estimates based on 2013 to 2017 import  data. Liberalization associated with the 2015 Expansion 
of the WTO's Information Technology Agreement is not included in these figures.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
WTO trade remedies initiations and terminations  
(average per month)  
 
Note:  Values are rounded.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
0100200300400500600
mid-Oct14-
mid-Oct15mid-Oct15-
mid-Oct16mid-Oct16-
mid-Oct17mid-Oct17-
mid-Oct18
import-restrictive import-facilitatingChart KF6  Trade coverage, current and previous reports
(USD billion)
21 28 
25 
23 29 
25 25 25 
17 
16 18 18 
14 
13 
10 18 
 - 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 mid-Oct16 to
mid-Oct17mid-Oct17 to
mid-Oct18
Initiations avg per month Terminations avg per monthChart KF3   WTO trade remedies initiations and terminationsWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 7 - 
 
  Trade measures, mid -October 201 7 to mid -October 2018  
(by number)  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Trade coverage of import measures, mid -October 2017 to mid -October 2018  
(USD billion)  
 
 
Note:  2017 figures. ITA expansion measures are not included.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
296 212 162 137 
Trade remedy initiations Trade remedy terminations
Measures facilitating trade Trade-restrictive measures807Chart KF4   Trade measures, mid -October 2017 to mid -October 2018
Source:  WTO Secretariat(By number)
94 18 296 588 
Trade remedy initiations Trade remedy terminations
Measures facilitating trade Trade-restrictive measuresUSD 996Chart KF5  Trade coverage of import measures, mid -October 2017 to mid -
October 2018
Source: WTO Secretariat.(US$ billion)WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 8 - 
 
  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  
This WTO Trade Monitoring Report covers  new trade and trade -related  measures  implemented  by 
WTO Members  between  16 October  2017 and 15 October  2018.2 The review period saw a 
continuatio n of the sharp escalation of protectionist rhetoric and trade tensions reported in the 
July 2018 Report . 
World trade growth slowed during the review period as trade tensions multiplied and global financial 
conditions tightened. The volume of merchandise tr ade was up 3.4% in the first half of 2018 after 
rising 5.4% in the second half of 2017. Slower trade growth coincided with the introduction of new 
trade measures targeting a variety of exports from large economies . Direct i mpact s of the new 
measures have  been modest through mid -October but rising trade policy uncertainty and falling 
export orders could weigh on trade and output.  
Trade should continue to expand in the remainder of 2018 and in 2019, but at a more moderate 
pace than previously forecast. The WTO trade forecast of 27 September 2018 anticipated world 
merchandise trade volume growth of 3.9% in 2018, slowing to 3.7% in 2019. Risks to the forecast 
are tilted to the downside, due to the possibility of a further rise in trade tensions and increased 
financial volatility as developed economies tighten monetary policy.  
More specifically, t his Report shows that  WTO Members applied 137 new trade -restrictive measures 
during the review period, including tariff increases, quantitative restrictions, imposition  of import 
taxes and export duties, amounting to a monthly average of 11 new measures per month. This 
represents an increase compared to the average of nine measures recorded in the previous annual 
overview . The main sectors targeted by the new restriction s were electrical machinery and parts 
thereof ( HS 85) 20.5%; machinery and mechanical appliances ( HS 84) 14%; mineral fuels and oils 
(HS 27) 8.7%; and vehicles, parts and accessories thereof (HS  87) 7.4%.  
The trade coverage of the import -restrictive measur es implemented during the review period is 
estimated at USD 588.3 billion. This is more than seven times larger than the figure for the previous 
annual overview and the largest coverage of such measures recorded by the trade monitoring 
exercise.  
WTO Member s also implemented 162 measures aimed at facilitating trade during the review period, 
including reduc ing or eliminat ing tariffs and simplified customs procedures for imports and exports. 
At almost 14 trade -facilitating measures per month, this is an increa se compared to the average of 
11 measures recorded for the previous annual overview. The main sectors where trade facilitating 
measures were taken include vehicles, parts and accessories thereof (HS  87) 31.0 %; machinery  and 
mechanical appliances (HS  84) 11 .7%; electrical machinery and parts thereof (HS  85) 9.7%; and 
pharmaceutical products (HS  30) 7.5% . 
The trade coverage of the import -facilitating measures is estimated at USD 295.6 billion . This is 1.8 
times  higher than that recorded in the previous annual overview , but half that of trade -restrictive 
measures report ed for the current review period.   
With these data, t his Report provides a first factual insight into the trade -restrictive measures 
imposed in th e context of current trade tensions. Figures show that these measures affect hundreds 
of billions of dollars of impo rts. The proliferation of trade -restrictive actions and the uncertainty 
created by such actions could place  economic recovery in jeopardy. F urther escalation would carry 
potentially large risks for global trade , with knock -on effects for economic growth, jobs and consumer 
prices around the world . WTO Members must use al l means at their disposal to de -escalate the 
situation.  The WTO will do all it can to support its Members to this  end.  
On trade remedy measures, the period under review witnessed a similar trend in the monthly 
average of initiations of investigations and a sharp increase in terminations compared to the previous 
annual overview. Initiations of AD investigations continue to be the most frequent trade remedy 
action.  This share is slightly lower than in previous years whereas the share of CVD investigations 
has increased. T rade remedy measures continue to be a very important trade po licy tool for WTO 
Members and account for about 63% of all trade measures captured in this Report . The main sectors 
                                                
2 Unless otherwise indicated in the relevant Section.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 9 - 
 
  targeted  by trade remedy initiations during the review period were iron and steel ( HS 72) and articles 
of iron and steel ( HS 73) which com bined represented just over 50% ; electrical machinery and parts 
thereof ( HS 85) 8.7%; and furniture, bedding, mattresses, lamps ( HS 94) 8.4%.  The trade cover age 
of trade remedy initiations introduced during the review period by WTO Members was  
USD 93.6 billion and that of trade remedy terminations US D 18.3 billion, both significantly larger 
than the trade coverage recorded for these measures in the previous annual overview . 
With respect to general economic support measures, a more comprehensive approach has  been 
attempted by the Secretariat to further enhance transparency. However, it was again not possible 
to establish a balanced and comprehensive annex, mainly because of the low participation and 
response rate of WTO Members to the request for and verifica tion of such information. The 
information gathered by the Secretariat clearly suggests that the nature of general economic support 
measures has evolved considerably over the past decade to include a more strategic application of 
subsidies. WTO Members may wish to continue their discussion on how transparency on such 
measures and programmes may be increased as well as how information gathering in this area may 
be improved.  
A range of other subjects are also covered by this Report. WTO Members' notifications  of Sanitary 
and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures have increased 
during the review period, with most new notifications submitted by developing Members. The SPS 
and TBT notification obligations are meant to prom ote enhanced predictability and transparency 
regarding measures taken to address legitimate policy objectives. As in previous Reports, the 
majority of regular SPS notifications related to food safety, whereas the bulk of emergency SPS 
measures related to a nimal health. The majority of TBT measures indicated the protection of human 
health or safety as their main objective. Since  2008,  the number  of notified  TBT measures  
mentioning  national  security  as an objective  has increas ed. In both the SPS and TBT Commi ttees, 
WTO Members have dedicated considerable time to discussing Specific Trade Concerns (STCs), 
suggesting an increasing use of the Committees by WTO Members as for ums in which trade  concerns 
may be resolved non -litigiously.  
The Report  provides  evidence  of the continuous  increase  of trade concerns raised in a wider range 
of WTO bodies during the review period. A large number of trade concerns were raised in nearly all 
Committees and Councils, and several trade concerns were raised in successive meetings of the 
same WTO body, suggesting that these concerns address more persistent problems. As observed in 
recent Trade Monitoring Reports, several trade concerns were raised in more than one WTO body, 
indicating that they involve technically complex and cross -cutting issues. WTO Members continue to 
use a large cross -section of WTO Committees to engage trading partners on real or potential areas 
of trade friction.  
In the area of agriculture, WTO Members continued to make use of the Committee on Agriculture 
(CoA)  as a forum to discuss agricultural policies and issues related to the implementation of 
commitments. WTO Members continued asking questions on individual notifications and under Article 
18.6 of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) . Many of these questions a ddressed  domestic support 
notifications or  the implementation of domestic support commitments. The average number of 
questions raised under Article 18.6 per meeting has been increasing since 2011 reaching an all -time 
high in 2018. Among the new issues rais ed during the review period, more than 45% related to 
Members' domestic support policies and about 30% sought clarifications on policies that potentially 
subsidized exports.  
Although  the dispute  settlement  system  remains  under  pressure,  including  the ongoing impasse  over 
the appointment  of Appellate  Body members,  this Report  shows  that Members  continue  to resort  to 
it as a means  of resolving  their trade  disputes.  During  the review  period,  the level of dispute  
settlement  activity  remained  high, and the numb er of WTO Members  requesting  consultations  in 
new disputes  increased  compared  to the previous  annual  overview.  
The Report also illustrates that, with a few exceptions, the compliance with notification requirements 
of the various WTO Agreements remains very uneven. Although there have been significant and 
sustained efforts by some delegations to bring the overall re cord of their notifications further up to 
date, the general sense is that progress remains slow. The lack of compliance with notification 
obligations across WTO bodies is problematic because it undermines individual agreements and more 
generally the operat ion of the multilateral trading system. There are several reasons for this low 
compliance and an important one relates to the lack of capacity of many WTO Members to fulfil their WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 10 - 
 
  notification obligations, despite the continued efforts by the WTO Secretaria t and the Committees. 
This lack of capacity, as well as other reasons behind the poor compliance must be addressed 
collectively by the WTO membership.   
The 2015 expansion of the WTO's Information Technology Agreement (ITA) continues to feature as 
an import ant contributor to trade facilitation.  The trade coverage of liberalization specifically 
associated with measures implemented in the context of the ITA Expansion amounted to around 
USD 573.2  billion, according to Secretariat estimates.  
Progress continues to be seen  on the implementation of the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement. 
Many Members concluded their domestic ratification processes  during the review period , raising the 
total number of acceptances to about 84% of the entire WTO membership.  
On trade  in services,  several  new measures  were introduced  by WTO Members  and Observers.  Most 
of these  measures  are horizontal  in nature,  affecting  different  modes  of supply  across  various  
sectors.  Among  sector -specific  measures,  most relate  to telecommunication,  ICT and audio -visual  
services,  financial  services  and transport  services.  In comparis on with previous  Reports,  this review  
period  has seen a greater  number  of measures  adopted  on national  security  grounds,  including  in 
relation  to the supply  through  commer cial presence,  as well as policies  affecting  Internet  and other  
network -enabled  services.  Even though  most of the new measures  are trade -facilitating,  several  
appear  to be trade -restrictive.  
The Report also draws attention to developments in the area of Trade-Related  Aspects  of Intellectual  
Property  Rights  (TRIPS) , including the ever -stronger link between intellectual property (IP) and 
trade. WTO Members  continued  to develop and diversify their own national strategies to streamline 
IP into the economy and t o modernize and fine -tune their IP legislation and administration.   
Building on the decision taken by Members at MC11 in Buenos Aires work continued to advance 
negotiations on fisheries subsidies. Groups of Members also continued to pursue their discussion s 
on issues including electronic commerce, investment facilitation, micro, small and medium 
enterprises (MSMEs), and women's economic empowerment.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 11 - 
 
  1  INTRODUCTION  
This Report is submitted to the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) pursuant to Paragraph G of 
the Trade Policy Review Mechanism mandate in Annex 3 to the WTO Agreement . This provides for 
an annual Report by the Director -General to assist the TPRB in undertaking its annual overview of 
developments in the international trading environment that are having  an impact on the multilateral 
trading system. It builds on the Director -General's Report to the TPRB on trade -related 
developments circulated to Members on 10 July 201 8.3  
This Report  covers the period from 16 October 201 7 to 15 October 201 8, unless other wise 
indicated .4 Measures implemented outside the reviewed period are not included in the Annexes. The 
Report is intended to be purely factual and is issued under the sole responsibility of the  
Director -General. It has no legal effect on the rights and obl igations of Members, nor does it have 
any legal implication with respect to the conformity of any measure noted in the Report  with any 
WTO Agreement or any provision thereof. Specifically, the Report  does not question the explicit right 
of Members to resor t to trade -remedy measures , and is without prejudice to Members' negotiating 
positions . 
At the Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011, Ministers recognized the regular 
work undertaken by the TPRB through  the monitoring exercise of trade and tra de-related measures, 
took note of the work initially done in the context of the global financial and economic crisis and 
directed it to be continued and strengthened. They invited the Director -General to continue 
presenting his trade  monitoring reports on a regular basis, and asked the TPRB to consider these 
monitoring reports in addition to the meeting dedicated to undertaking  the annual overview of 
developments in the international trading environment. Ministers committed to duly comply with the 
existing transparency obligations and reporting requirements needed for the preparation of these 
monitoring reports, and to continue to support and cooperate with the WTO Secretariat in a 
constructive fashion.5  
Section 2 of the Report  provides a comprehensive  overview of recent economic and trade 
developments. Section 3 presents an account of selected trade and trade -related policy trends. 
Overviews of policy developments in trade in services and trade -related aspects of intellectual 
property rights are included in  Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Section 6 covers the transparency of 
trade policies across a wide range of WTO bodies. The Report's annexes list specific trade policy 
measures of individual WTO Members and Observers implemented during the period under rev iew 
in four categories: trade -facilitating measures (Annex  1), trade -remedy actions (Annex 2), other 
trade and trade -related measures (Annex 3), and services measures (Annex 4). The country -specific 
measures listed in the four annexes are new measures impl emented by Members and Observers  
during the period under review.6 The compilation of all measures that have been recorded in Annexes 
1-3 by the trade -monitoring reports since October  2008 is available in the Trade Monitoring 
Database.7 Specific development s related to SPS measures and TBT are covered separately in 
Section 3.  
Information on the measures included in this Report has been collected from inputs submitted 
by Members and Observers, as well as from other official and public sources .8 Replies to th e Director -
General's initial request for information on measures taken during the period under review and 
replies to the requests for verification were received from 80 Members9 (see box below), which 
represents 49% of the membership, and covers around 93% of world imports.10 Two Observers also 
                                                
3 WTO document WT/TPR/OV/W/12, 10 July 2018.  
4 In addition t o the trade policy measures implemented during the period under review and recorded by 
this Report, other measures which impact trade flows may have been taken by WTO Members and Observers.  
5 WTO document WT/L/848, 19 December 2011.  
6 The inclusion of any measure in this Report or in  its annexes implies no judgement by the 
WTO Secretariat as to whether such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature. Moreover, nothing in this 
Report implies any judgement, either direct or indirect, as to the consist ency of any measure referred to in the 
Report with the provisions of any WTO Agreement.  
7 Viewed at: http://tmdb.wto.org/ . The database does not include SPS and TBT measures, general 
economic support measures, services measures or TRIPS -related measures.  
8 Appendix 1 contains a full overview of the participation of Members and Observers in the preparation 
of this Report.  
9 The European Union and its member States counted separately.  
10 This figure includes intra -EU trade.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 12 - 
 
  replied to the request for information.  Overall, 120 Members were covered in the Secretariat's 
request for verification of measures. Participation in the verification process was uneven, and in 
many cases the Secretar iat received only partial responses and often after the indicated deadline.11 
Where it has not been possible to confirm the information, this is noted in the Annexes.  
The OECD has contributed two topical boxes to this Report. The first explores two hypothet ical 
trade scenarios and the second deals with fisheries subsidies. The International Trade Centre has 
provided a box on how standards certification and export status are interlinked.  
Participation in the preparation of this Report  
Albania  
Argentina  
Armenia  
Australia  
Belize  
Botswana  
Brazil  
Canada  
Chile 
China  
Colombia  
Costa Rica  
Cuba 
Dominican Republic  
Ecuador  
Egypt  
European Union (28)  
Hong Kong, China  
India Indonesia  
Iraq, Rep. of * 
Japan  
Kazakhstan  
Korea, Republic  of 
Macao, China  
Malaysia  
Mauritius  
Mexico  
Moldova, Republic  of 
Morocco  
Myanmar  
New Zealand  
Norway  
Pakistan  
Panama  
Peru 
Philippines  
Russian Federation  Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
Serbia*  
Seychelles  
Singapore  
South Africa  
Sri Lanka  
Switzerland  
Chinese Taipei  
Thailand  
The former Yugoslav  
 Republic of Macedonia  
Togo 
Turkey  
Ukraine  
United States of America  
Uruguay  
Viet Nam  
* Observer . 
WTO Members and Observers participating in the WTO monitoring exercise  
 
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
                                                
11 The information contained in the Annexes reflects the overall participation in the exercise and 
responses to the verification request and should therefore not be considered exhaustive.  
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 13 - 
 
  2  RECENT ECONOMIC AND TRADE DEVELOPMENTS  
2.1  Overview  
2.1.  World trade growth slowed during the review period as trade tensions increased and global 
financial conditions tightened. The volume of merchandise trade as measured by the average of 
seasonally -adjusted exports and imports was up 3.4% in the first half of  2018, after having risen 
5.4% in the second half of 2017. Slower trade growth coincided with a rise in actual and proposed 
trade measures targeting a variety of exports from large economies. The impact of the new trade 
measures has been relatively modest through mid -October but the uncertainty that they generate 
may already be weighing on trade and output through a reduced pace of investment spending . 
2.2.  Merchandise exports of developing economies were flat in the first half of the year, and imports 
of develo ped countries plateaued similarly. Although developed countries recorded annualized 
quarter -on-quarter growth of 5.0% in the volume of their exports in Q2, their imports grew just 
0.2%. Meanwhile, developing economies' exports were unchanged in the second quarter (0.0%) 
even as their imports increased at a 5.2% annualized rate.  
2.3.  Trade growth in the first half of 2018 was stronger in value terms than in volume terms, due 
to rising prices for traded goods and services. The current U.S. dollar value of world me rchandise 
exports was up 13% year -on-year in the first half of this year, while the value of commercial services 
imports was up 12%. An important component of export and import prices is energy prices, mostly 
composed of oil. These rose approximately 14% b etween January and September of 2018, according 
to World Bank commodity price statistics.  
2.4.  Output as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) has remained strong in 2018 despite 
the slower pace of trade expansion, but growth has become less balanced across countries and 
regions. GDP growth in the United States accelerated to 4.2% (annualized) in the second quarter, 
from 2.2% in the first quarter. Meanwhile, growth in the European Union picked up slightly, rising 
to an annualized rate of 1.8% in Q2 from 1.7% in Q1, but the pace of expansion remained below 
the 2.5% average of the second h alf of 2017. Asian  economies, including China and Japan, saw GDP 
growth slow in Q1 before rebounding in Q2. China's year -on-year GDP growth of 6.5% in Q3 was 
below expectations .  
2.5.  There are no readily available quarterly figures for world GDP growth, but OECD estimates of 
G20 growth provide a reasonable approximation. These show global growth moderating to 3.6% at 
purchasing power parity in Q1, before picking up to 4.1% in Q2.  
2.6.  Trade should continue to expand in the remainder of 2018 and in 2019, but at a more moderate 
pace than previously forecast. The Secretariat's most recent trade forecast of 27 September 2018 
anticipated world merchandise trade volume growth of 3.9% in 2018, s lowing to 3.7% in 2019. 
Global trade growth in 2018 is likely to fall within a range of from 3.4% to 4.4%, with risks tilted to 
the downside.  
2.7.  Trade policy is not the only factor weighing on the global economy. Rising interest rates in 
developed countries a nd tighter credit conditions in emerging economies have contributed to 
increased volatility in financial markets and strong exchange rate fluctuations. These factors are 
likely to persist in the forecast period. Structural factors, including ageing populat ions in developed 
countries and economic rebalancing in China, could weigh on growth over the medium to long term. 
Constructive engagement between countries to resolve their differences on trade issues will increase 
the likelihood of more positive economic  outcomes being realized.  
2.2  Economic Developments  
2.8.  Historically , world trade has tended to grow faster than world output as measured by GDP. The 
ratio of world merchandise trade volume growth to world real GDP growth at market exchange  rates 
has averaged arou nd 1.5 since the 1950s, with significant fluctuations over shorter time periods . 
Referred to as the "elasticity " of trade , this ratio rose above  2.0 in the 1990s, then fell  to around 
1.0 for several years after  the financial crisis , before rebounding to 1.5 in 2017 . The elasticity looks 
set to drop back to 1.3 in 2018 and 2019, since rising trade tensions are expected to take a greater 
toll on world trade than on world GDP.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 14 - 
 
  2.9.  Since the start of the year, most economic forecasters have predicted a moderation  in world 
GDP growth in 2018 and 2019, following the strong increase of 2017. GDP forecasts have recently 
been revised slightly downward, although the pace of expansion is still expected to remain strong 
compared to recent years. Growth has become less bal anced, with activity slowing in some regions 
and accelerating in others. Risks to the outlook have also been accumulating, which could contribute 
to financial volatility in the coming mont hs and years.  
2.10.   In the United States, GDP growth accelerated to an ann ualized rate of 4.2% in Q2, up from 
2.2% in the previous quarter. Private final consumption expenditure made the biggest contribution 
to growth in the latest period, accounting for roughly two thirds of the overall increase. Fixed 
investment also made a po sitive contribution , although this was cancelled by a fall in inventory 
investment. Unemployment has continued to decline, dropping to 3.7% in April from 4.4% for the 
whole of 2017. With inflationary pressures building, and an economy operating at close to  potential, 
the U.S. Federal Reserve has proceeded to raise interest rates, triggering volatility in foreign 
exchange and financial markets around the world. Managing the normalization of interest rates will 
continue to be a challenge for the U.S. Federal Reserve.   
2.11.   Growth in the euro area was weaker than in the European Union overall, at 1.5% in Q2, down 
from 1.6% in the previous quarter. Growth picked up to 1.6% in Q2 in the United Kingdom, after a 
weak 0.4% rise in Q1. Fixed investment in the U nited Kingdom declined in the second quarter but 
private consumption remained strong. Growth in fixed investment slowed in Germany, picked up in 
France, and was stable in Italy in Q2. EU -wide unemployment continues to decline gradually, falling 
to 6.8% in August, kee ping the European Central Bank's plans for monetary tightening on track.   
2.12.   GDP growth rebounded in Japan, accelerating to 3.0% in Q2 after registering a decline of 
0.9% in Q1. The drop in Q1 was caused by stagnant fixed investment, falling inventory investm ent, 
and a decline in private consumption, all of which recovered to varying degrees in  Q2. Japan's 
unemployment rate remained characteristically low, at 2.4% in August, below the 2.8% average for 
2017.  
2.13.   Quarterly GDP growth in China accelerated to around 7 .4% annualized in Q2, after falling to 
5.7% in Q1. No harmonized unemployment rate is available for China, but purchasing managers' 
indices (PMIs) suggest that employers are looking to shed some workers in the face of the 
uncertainty caused by rising trade  tensions. On the other hand, PMIs also point to stronger growth 
in the services sector, which is a key driver of employment in China. Recently -announced year -on-
year GDP growth of 6.5% for China in Q3 was below expectations, due to weak manufacturing 
output, particularly in the automotive sector, but this pace of growth remains high compared to 
other large economies.   
2.14.   South American economies continue to suffer from slow growth and economic crises. Brazil's 
GDP grew at an annualized rate of 0.7% in Q2 2018, only slightly stronger than the 0.5% increase 
in Q1. Meanwhile, a currency crisis caused Argentina's output to plunge 4.0% in absolute terms in 
Q2, which is equivalent to an annual rate of 15%. A US D 50 billion line of credit from the IMF has 
been establ ished to stabilize the Argentine peso and support economic recovery. Monetary tightening 
in developed countries could trigger further bouts of volatility in emerging economies.   
2.15.   Fluctuations in prices and exchange rates can strongly influence nominal trade  statistics, 
which are usually expressed in U.S. dollars. Recent developments are illustrated by Chart  2.1, which 
shows indices of nominal effective exchange rates for selected economies through September 2018. 
Higher interest rates have put upward pressur e on the dollar, which has appreciated by 9.0% against 
a broad basket of currencies since January 2018. The Japanese yen and the euro recorded smaller 
increases (4.9% and 4.0%, respectively), while the Chinese yuan has been stable (0.5%). In 
contrast, capi tal outflows have triggered a 40.7% decline in the value of the Argentine peso against 
the currencies of its trading partners over the same period.  
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 15 - 
 
  Chart 2.1 Nominal effective exchange rate indices for sel ected economies, 
January  2014 -September 2018a 
(index, January 2014 = 100)  
 
a  Nominal effective exchange rate indices against a broad basket of currencies.  
Source:   Bank for International Settlements.  
2.16.   Chart 2.2 shows recent developments in primary commodity prices through September. Oil 
prices have continued to rise in recent months, while other commodity prices have fallen, possibly 
in response to an appreciating U.S. dollar. This suggests that the oil  price increase represents a 
relative price change compared to other goods, rather than a change in the value of the 
denomination currency, the U.S. dollar. In the past, higher oil prices have tended to reduce GDP 
growth by raising energy costs for firms a nd squeezing budgets of consumers. However, as the 
global economy has become less energy intensive, this tendency seems to have diminished. Higher 
oil prices should also boost revenues of net exporters . 
Chart 2.2 Prices of primary commodities, January 2014 – September 2018  
(index, January 2014 = 100)  
 
Source:   World Bank Commodity Prices.  
2030405060708090100110120130
United States Japan Euro area China United Kingdom Argentina
20406080100120
Food Agricultural raw materials Metals FuelWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 16 - 
 
  2.3  Merchandise Trade  
2.17.   Chart  2.3 shows year -on-year growth in the U.S. dollar value of world merchandise trade ( red 
line), as w ell as contributions to nominal trade  growth from developed and developin g economies 
(stacked bars). World exports were up 11.8% in the second quarter and imports were up 12.0%. 
Developing economies were responsible for nearly half of the import increase ( 5.5 percentage points, 
or 47%), and developed countries accounted for the rest (6.3 percentage points, or 53%). 
Developments on the import side were nearly identical, with developed and developing economies 
each contributing roughly half of the overall increase in trade values.  
2.18.   Trade volume growth was mixed in the first half of 2018, as some countries and regions 
maintained steady upward trends while others stagnated (Chart 2.4). Developing Asia, which 
includes China, saw exports rise 3.6% and imports ju mp 7.4% year -on-year in Q2. U.S. export 
growth was stronger than Developing Asia's in Q2, at 7.1%, while its import growth was weaker, at 
4.1%. EU -extra exports were up 3.4% in the second quarter over Q2 of the previous year, and 
imports were up 1.1%. Intr a-EU trade as measured by exports was also up 3.0% in the latest 
quarter. Japan's exports and imports rose 4.5% and 0.7%, respectively, in Q2. Meanwhile, Brazil 
recorded a year -on-year decline of 2.1% in its exports, while its imports increased by 9.7%. De spite 
strong year -on-year increases, quarter -on-quarter growth was w eak, with the United States, 
EU-extra, Japan and Brazil recording declines in import demand in Q2.  
2.19.   Monthly merchandise trade statistics in current dollar terms are more timely than quarte rly 
statistics in volume terms. These are shown in Chart  2.5 for selected economies through August or 
September depending on data availability. U.S. d ollar values of exports and imports have been rising 
in most countries, reflecting a combination of volume  growth and higher prices. Nominal trade 
statistics should be interpreted with caution, since they are strongly affected by changes in prices, 
including exchange rate fluctuations.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 17 - 
 
  Chart 2.3 Contributions to year-on-year growth in world merchandis e exports and 
imports, 201 5Q1-2018Q2  
(% change in USD values)  
 
 
a  Includes significant re -exports. Also includes the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).  
Note:   Due to scarce data availability, Africa and Middle East are under -represented in world totals.  
Source:   WTO Secretariat estimates, based on data compiled from IMF International Financial Statistics; 
 the Eurostat Comext Database; the Global Trade Atlas  database ; and national statistics.  
-6.8 -6.6 -6.3 -5.4-2.2-0.1 -0.11.23.72.34.66.17.46.3
-5.9-7.2-9.0-7.0-5.5-3.2-1.51.15.5
4.24.95.65.5
5.5
-12.6
-13.9
-15.3-12.5-7.7-3.3-1.62.39.2
6.59.511.712.9
11.8
-20-15-10-505101520
2015Q1 2015Q2 2015Q3 2015Q4 2016Q1 2016Q2 2016Q3 2016Q4 2017Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2018Q1 2018Q2
Developed economies Developing economiesa
World, year -on-year percentage change-6.8-7.1-6.9-5.2-2.3 -0.30.0 0.53.52.74.77.17.96.3
-5.5-6.0 -7.0-6.6-5.0-2.7 -1.81.05.6
4.34.95.15.3
5.7
-12.4-13.0
-13.9-11.8-7.3-3.1-1.81.59.1
7.09.712.213.3
12.0
-20-15-10-505101520
2015Q1 2015Q2 2015Q3 2015Q4 2016Q1 2016Q2 2016Q3 2016Q4 2017Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2018Q1 2018Q2Exports
ImportsWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 18 - 
 
  Chart 2.4 Volume of exports and imports of selected economies, 201 5Q1 - 2018Q2  
(seasonally -adjusted volume indices, 2012Q1 = 100)  
 
Note:   Data for the United States, Japan and the E uropean Union were obtained from national statistical 
 sources , while figures for Brazil and Developing Asia are seasonally -adjusted Secretariat estimates.  
Source:   WTO Secretariat and UNCTAD . 
-6.8 -6.6 -6.3 -5.4-2.2-0.1 -0.11.23.72.34.66.17.46.3
-5.9-7.2-9.0-7.0-5.5-3.2-1.51.15.5
4.24.95.65.5
5.5
-12.6
-13.9
-15.3-12.5-7.7-3.3-1.62.39.2
6.59.511.712.9
11.8
-20-15-10-505101520
2015Q1 2015Q2 2015Q3 2015Q4 2016Q1 2016Q2 2016Q3 2016Q4 2017Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2018Q1 2018Q2
Developed economies Developing economiesa
World, year -on-year percentage change-6.8-7.1-6.9-5.2-2.3 -0.30.0 0.53.52.74.77.17.96.3
-5.5-6.0 -7.0-6.6-5.0-2.7 -1.81.05.6
4.34.95.15.3
5.7
-12.4-13.0
-13.9-11.8-7.3-3.1-1.81.59.1
7.09.712.213.3
12.0
-20-15-10-505101520
2015Q1 2015Q2 2015Q3 2015Q4 2016Q1 2016Q2 2016Q3 2016Q4 2017Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2018Q1 2018Q2Exports
ImportsWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 19 - 
 
  Chart 2.5 Merchandise exports  and imports of selected economies, January 2012 – 
September 2018  
(USD billion)  
 
 
 
United States Japan
European Union (extra -trade) China
Canada Turkey050100150200250
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-180102030405060708090
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
050100150200250
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18050100150200250
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
0102030405060
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-1805101520
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18Australia Republic of Korea
051015202530354045
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-180510152025
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
05101520
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18Indonesia
051015202530
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18BrazilWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 20 - 
 
   
Source:  IMF International Financial Statistics, Global Trade Information Services, the Global Trade Atlas 
 database, and national statistics.  
Russian Federation India
MalaysiaViet Nam
Mexico Argentina
Imports Exports0102030405060
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-1805101520253035404550
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
024681012
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18South Africa
01020304050
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18Singapore
0510152025
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-180100200300400500600
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
01020304050
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-180123456789
Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 21 - 
 
  2.4  Trade in Commercial Services  
2.20.   As in the case of merchandise trade, commercial services ' trade has become more 
unbalanced, with some countries recording stronger growth in trade flows and others weakening 
(Chart 2.6). China registered the fastest growth in commercial services' exports among major 
economies , at 23.1%, followed by the Russian Federation (14.1%), the European Union (12.0%), 
the United States (5.6%) and India (4.9%). Meanwhile, Japan's exports were flat (0.7%) and Brazil's 
declined ( -2.4%). On the import side, the Russian Federation had the stro ngest growth in 
commercial services' trade (9.9%), followed by China (9.4%), India (8.1%), Japan (7.2%), the 
European Union (5.7%), the United States (4.4%) and Brazil (1.5%).  
2.21.   At the global level, commercial services exports were up 9.7% in 2018  Q2. The fa stest growing 
component of world services trade in Q2 was goods -related services (11.9% year -on-year), followed 
by travel (10.9%), other commercial services (9.5%) and transport (8.4%).  
2.22.   In terms of regional developments, Europe and Asia each posted strong growth in exports 
(11.0% and 10.9%, respectively), while North America recorded a smaller increase (5.9%). Europe's 
imports of commercial services increased by 9.9%, with smaller gains recorded for Asia (8.5%) and 
North America (5.7%). It should be noted t hat trade statistics in nominal currency terms should be 
interpreted with caution, as they are highly sensitive to exchange rate fluctuations.  
2.5  Trade Forecast and Economic Outlook  
2.23.   Leading indicators  of merchandise trade point to rising economic uncertainty and weak 
demand for traded goods in the short run . An index of container port throughput from the Institute 
for Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL) was up 2.2% year -on-year in August but remained 1.0% 
below its all -time high in January, suggesting stagn ation in world trade. The export orders 
component of  the IHS -Markit global manufacturing PMI has also fallen  to 49.7 in September from 
54.1 in January, suggesting ongoing weakness in trade  (values above 50 indicat e expansion , while 
those below 50 denote co ntraction).   
2.24.   An index based on the frequency of phrases related to economic policy uncertainty in press 
accounts has risen to 248 in September from 113 in January, indicating a sharp rise in uncertainty 
coincid ing with rising trade tensions.12 These values are relative to a baseline of 100, defined as the 
average value of the index from 1997 to 2015 . Planned investments could be postponed or curtailed 
due to  increased uncertainty, which  is important because investment is strongly  correlated with 
world trade , due to its high import content.  
2.25.   Table  2.1 summarizes the WTO's latest  trade forecast  of 27 September 2018 . If current GDP 
forecasts  are realized, the WTO expects world merchandise trade volume growth of 3.9% in 2018 
and 3.7% in 2019. Exports of developed and developing economies should grow by 3.5%  and 4.6%, 
respectively, in 2019. On the import side, in 2018, developed and developing economies should see 
growth of 3.2% and 4.8%, respectively.   
2.26.   In recognition of the heightened level of uncertainty in the cu rrent policy environment, the 
trade forecast for the current year has been placed within a range of from 3.4% to 4.4%. Trade 
growth should be accompanied by world GDP growth at market exchange rates of 3.1% in 2018 and 
2.9% in 2019.  
2.27.   Risks to the forecast a re considerable and firmly weighted to the downside. A further 
ratcheting up of trade tensions could have direct negative effects on trade but also beyond. A build -
up of economic and financial risks could undermine trade and output , and developing and emer ging 
economies could experience capital outflows and financial contagion as developed countries raise 
interest rates. Geopolitical tensions could threaten resource supplies and upset production networks 
in certain regions. Finally, structural factors, incl uding ageing populations in developed countries 
and economic rebalancing in China, could weigh on growth over the medium -to-long term.  
                                                
12 Sourced from www.PolicyUncertainty.com.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 22 - 
 
  Chart 2.6 Commercial services' exports and imports of selected economies, 
2017Q2-2018Q2  
(year -on-year percentage change in current USD values)  
 
Source:  WTO and UNCTAD Secretariats.  
 
-10-5051015202530
United States EU-extra Japan China India Brazil Russian
FederationChart Coleman.6
Commercial services' exports and imports of selected economies, 2017Q2 -2018Q2
-10-5051015202530
United States EU-extra Japan China India Brazil Russian
Federation(Year -on-year % change in current US$ values)
Exports
Imports
Source: WTO and UNCTAD Secretariats.2018Q1 2017Q2 2017Q3 2017Q4 2018Q2WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 23 - 
 
  Table 2.1 Merchandise trade volum e and real GDP growth, 2014 -19 
(annual percentage  change)  
 2014  2015  2016  2017  2018a 2019a 
Volume of world merchandise tradeb 2.7 2.4 1.8 4.7 3.9 3.7 
Exports              
Developed economies  2.1 2.2 1.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 
Developing economiesc 2.7 1.9 2.5 5.3 4.6 4.5 
North America  4.6 0.8 0.6 4.2 5.0 3.6 
South and Central America and the Caribbean  -2.1 1.8 2.0 3.3 2.8 2.6 
Europe  1.5 2.9 1.2 3.5 2.9 3.2 
Asia 4.5 1.4 2.3 6.7 5.5 4.9 
Other regionsd -1.3 3.5 3.4 0.2 2.6 3.6 
Imports        
Developed economies  3.3 4.3 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 
Developing economiesc 2.6 0.7 1.6 8.1 4.8 4.5 
North America  4.3 5.4 0.0 4.0 4.3 3.6 
South and Central America and the Caribbean  -2.5 -6.3 -6.7 4.0 3.6 4.0 
Europe  3.0 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.1 3.0 
Asia 3.7 3.8 3.5 9.8 5.7 4.9 
Other regionsd 0.7 -4.5 -1.7 3.5 0.5 1.4 
Real GDP at market exchange rates  2.8 2.8 2.3 3.0 3.1 2.9 
Developed economies  2.0 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.0 
Developing economiesc 4.3 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 
North America  2.6 2.7 1.6 2.3 2.7 2.2 
South and Central America and the Caribbean  0.8 -0.8 -1.9 0.8 1.3 2.5 
Europe  2.0 2.4 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.1 
Asia 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.3 
Other regionsd 2.5 1.1 2.1 1.9 2.7 3.0 
a  Figures for 2018 and 2019 are projections.  
b  Average of exports and imports.  
c  Includes the CIS, including associate and former member States.  
d  Other regions comprise Africa, Middle East and the CIS. 
Source:  WTO Secretariat for trade, consensus estimates for GDP.  
The following box looks at how technologies are transforming global commerce.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 24 - 
 
  Box 2.1 The future of world trade – how digital technologies are transforming global 
commerce  
Trade has always been shaped by technology, but the rapid development of digital technologies leveraging the 
Internet to ge nerate, store, process, and analyze data promises to transform the world economy even more in the 
years to come. What will be the consequences of this "new digital revolution" on the world economy, and in particular 
on international trade?  
Recent work by t he WTO examines how digital technologies – and in particular the Internet of things, artificial 
intelligence, 3D printing and blockchain – would affect trade costs, the nature of what is traded and the composition 
of trade.  
One of the most significant imp acts of digital technologies on international trade is the extent to which they reduce 
various trade costs, including transport and logistics costs which together account for more than half of the variation 
in trade costs in agriculture and manu facturing, and for more than 40% of the variation in trade costs in services. 
WTO projections predict that trade could grow yearly by 1.8 -2 percentage points more until 2030 as a result of falling 
trade costs, amounting to a cumulated growth of 31 to 34 percentage points over 15 years.  
The decline in trade costs can be especially beneficial for MSMEs and for firms from developing countries if appropriate 
complementary policies are put in place and challenges related to technology diffusion and regulation are address ed. 
WTO estimates foresee that, in such  a case, developing countries' share in global trade could grow from 46% in 2015 
to 57% by 2030 (Figure 1).  
Figure 1: Developing countries projected share in global exports  
 
 
 
Note:  The baseline scenario models the development of the world economy without taking into account digital 
technologies. Three trends of digitalization, i.e. a more intensive use of capital, a more intensive use of ICT 
services, and falling trade costs , are modelled in the core and convergence  scenarios. In the core scenario, these 
trends happen at a similar pace across all regions. In the convergence scenario, these trends are stronger for 
countries where digitalization is less advanced.  
 
Digital technologies are also blurring the distinction  between goods and services and are increasing the importance 
of data flows and  IP. The impact of digital technologies on the composition of trade is four -fold. First, they increase 
the services ' component of trade, because of the ease of supplying service s digitally, because new services emerge 
and replace trade in goods, and because international production networks increase the services ' content of 
manufacturing goods. WTO estimates predict that the share of services in  global trade will grow from 21% to  25% 
by 2030.  
 
Second, digital technologies  foster trade in certain type of goods (time -sensitive, certification -intensive and contract -
intensive goods), while at the same time reducing trade in digitizable goods (such as CDs, books and newspapers). 
Digitalization has led to a decline in trade of digitizable goods from 2.7% of total goods trade in 2000 to 0.8% in 
2016, a trend which is likely to continue with the advent of 3D printing technology.  
 
Third, digital technologies  affect the complexity and lengt h of global value chains, but the overall impact of the "new 
digital revolution" on global value chains is hard to predict. While the rise of 3D printing is likely to shorten global 
value chains, trade cost reductions could lead to their expansion.  
 
Fourth, digital technologies  change patterns of comparative advantage by increasing the importance of factors such 
as the quality of digital infrastructure and market size, as well as institutional and regulatory determinants of 
comparative advantage, including IP protection.  
 
Overall , the expansion of digital trade is likely to entail considerable benefits. Digital technologies can unlock many 
opportunities for individuals, entrepreneurs and businesses around the world. But they also give rise to many 
challenges and concerns, includin g market concentration, loss of privacy, security threats, productivity and the digital 
divide,  which may require the consideration of governments and the international community more broadly.  
Source:  WTO World Trade Report 2018.  
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 25 - 
 
  3  TRADE AND TRADE -RELA TED POLICY ISSUES  
3.1  Overview of trends identified during the period under review  
3.1.  The following Section provides a brief analysis of a number of selected trade and trade -related 
policy developments which took place during the review peri od from mid -October  2017 to 
mid-October 2018.  
3.2.  The review period saw a continuation of the sharp escalation of protectionist rhetoric and trade 
tensions outlined in the July 2018 Report.13 During the period  mid-October 2017 to mid -May 2018, 
two trade measures by the United States on steel and aluminium products, following an investigation 
under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, and one trade measure in direct response by 
China were implemented. The July 2018 Report not ed that several measures were announced in 
response to the above tariffs, but that most of these measures were not scheduled to enter into 
force before 15 May 2018 and as a result did not feature in the Annexes to that Report. Most of 
these measures have b een implemented by various trading partners and fall within the full 12 -month 
review period of this Report. These are all covered in Annex 3. Measures which have been  announced 
but not yet implemented are not included in this Report.14 The WTO Secretariat w ill continue to 
monitor this situation and seek further information on these measures, including implementation 
dates and products covered.  
3.3.  Several of the measures referred to above were raised in various WTO Councils and 
Committees during the present revi ew period. This is covered in Section 3.5.  
3.4.  A total of 807 trade measures were recorded during the period from mid -October  2017 to 
mid-October 2018.15 This figure includes measures facilitating trade, trade remedy measures and 
other trade and trade -related m easures (restrictive measures).  
3.1.1  Measures facilitating trade 
Annex 1 to this Report lists measures which may be considered as trade-facilitating.  
During the review period, 162 measures aimed at facilitating trade were recorded for WTO 
Members (Table  3.1), including 43 of a temporary nature . This represents 20% of the total number 
of measures recorded . Measures implemented in the context of the ITA Expansion Agreement are 
also included in these numbers ( Box 3.1). This amounts to a monthly average  of 13.5  
trade -facilitating measures, significantly higher than the monthly average (10.7) recorded in the 
previous annual overview.  
From Table  3.1 it can be seen that a mong trade -facilitating measures, the reduction or 
elimination of import tariffs contin ue to dominate16, followed by the elimination and simplification of 
specific customs procedures, the elimination of import taxes17 and import bans.18 On the export side, 
the simplification of customs procedures makes up the most commonly recorded type of 
export-related measures followed by the elimination of duties.19 
                                                
13 WTO document WT/TPR/OV/W/12, 10 July 2018.  
14 It should be noted that at least one official measure by a WTO M ember in response to the 
above -mentioned U.S. measures, ha d to be omitted from this Report at the Member's request.  
15 See Annexes 1 -3. These Annex es do not include SPS and TBT measures which are covered in 
Sections  3.3 and 3.4. Services measures are analysed in Section 4 and are listed in Annex 4.  
16 For example,  reduction or elimination of import tariffs on capital goods, telecommunication s and 
informatics.  
17 For example, elimination of import taxes on containers, used passenger vehicles, donkey skins, milk 
powder, textiles, fish and prepared foodstuff.  
18 For example, elimination of import ban on second -hand goods, eggs and miscellaneous edible 
prepa rations.  
19 For example, elimination of duties on containers, wet blue leather, electromechanical and cultural 
products, sugar and electrodes for furnaces.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 26 - 
 
  Table 3.1 Measures facilitating trade (Annex 1)  
Type of measure  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Mid-Oct 16 to 
mid-Oct 17  
(WT/TPR/OV/20 ) 
Mid-Oct 17 to 
mid-Oct 1 8 
(WT/TPR/OV/21 ) 
Import  176 139 176 207 151 116 110 140 
- Tariff 154 109 147 165 116 95 94 110 
- Customs procedures  12 25 17 31 28 18 14 19 
- Tax 2 4 2 6 4 3 2 8 
- QRs  7 1 10 5 1 0 0 3 
- Other  1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 
Export  17 8 9 40 33 25 18 22 
- Duties  7 3 3 18 5 1 2 5 
- QRs 8 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 
- Other  2 1 3 19 26 22 15 16 
Other  6 1 1 4 3 0 0 0 
Total  199 148 186 251 187 141 128 162 
Average per month  16.6 12.3 15.5 20.9 15.6 11.8 10.7 13.5 
Note:  Revisions o f the data reflect changes undertaken in the TMDB to fine -tune and update the available 
information. Facilitating measures now mainly cover Annex 1 measures and those Annex 3 measures 
which have been reported as terminated by Members.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.8.  The trade coverage of the import -facilitating measures introduced during the review period was 
USD 295.6 billion, i.e. 1. 68%20 of the value of world merchandise imports.21 This is 1.8 times the 
figure reported in the last annual overview (USD 16 9.3 billion) and confirms that WTO Members 
collectively continue to adopt and implement trade -facilitating measures. The HS Chapters within 
which most of the trade -facilitating measures were taken include vehicles, parts and accessories 
thereof (HS87) 31%; machinery and mechanical appliances (HS84) 11.7%; electrical machinery and 
parts thereof (HS85) 9.7%; and pharmaceutical products (HS30) 7.5%.22 
Box 3.1 Trade coverage of the ITA Expansion Agreement  
This Report includes measures resulting from the implementation of the ITA Expansion Agreement.  
According to preliminary estimates, the trade coverage of the import -facilitating measures implemented during the 
review period in the context of the ITA Expans ion Agreement amounted to USD 573.2  billion, or around 3% of the 
value of world merchandise imports.a These measures were implemented by Albania; Australia; Canada; China; the 
European Union;  Guatemala ; Hong Kong, Chinab; Icelandc; Israel; Japanb; the Republic of Korea; Macao, Chinac; 
Malaysia; Mauritius; Montenegro; New Zealand; Norwayb; Philippines; Singaporeb; Switzerlandc; Chinese Taipei; 
Thailand and the United States , and are reflected in Annex 1.  
Given the very significant trade coverage value o f these measures, they have not been included in the figures 
evaluating the trade coverage of the trade -facilitating measures in Section 3.1 as it would undermine the value of 
any comparison with previous Reports.  
For more details on the ITA Expansion Agre ement see Section 3.9.  
____________  
 a Calculated at the HS six -digit level and using 2017 import figures.  
 b All duty -free as of July 2016.  
 c All duty -free as of July 2017.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
                                                
20 In the previous annual overview Report the trade coverage was USD 169.3  billion  and constituted 
1.51% of world merchandise imports .  
 21 The trade coverage of a measure is calculated to be the value of annual imports of the specific product 
concerned from countries affected by the measure. Highly -traded goods may significantly influence the 
estimation o f the trade coverage. The trade coverage calculation includes: three measures by China (reduction 
of import tariffs on a variety of products) accounting for 50.5% of the total  trade coverage , four measures by 
Brazil (reduction of import tariffs on capital goods, informatic s and telecommunication s) accounting for 7.8% of 
the total, and three measures by Colombia (elimination of import tariffs on capital goods, raw materials, and 
equipment) accounting for 7.7% of the total . 
22 These figures do not include impo rt-facilitating measures implemented in the context of the ITA 
Expansion Agreement (see Box 3.1).  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 27 - 
 
  3.1.2  Trade remedy actions23 
During the review period, 508 trade remedy actions were recorded ( Table  3.2), i.e. 63% of the 
total of all trade measures captured in this Report. WTO Members have typically initiated more new 
trade remedy investigations than the number of trade remedy actions they have terminated.24 The 
review period witnessed a similar trend in  the monthly average of initiations compared to the 
previous annual overview. The monthly average of terminations increased  sharply . 
Initiations of AD investigations continue to be the most frequent trade rem edy action, 
accounting for more than three -quarters of all initiations. Nevertheless, this share is slightly lower 
than in previous years. By contrast, as  a share of overall initiations, the monthly average of CVD 
investigations has increased.  
The trade re medy actions taken during the review period covered a wide range of products. 
In the case of initiations of investigations, the main sectors were iron and steel (HS72) and articles 
of iron and steel (HS73) which combined represented just over 50%25; electri cal machinery and 
parts thereof (HS85) 8.7%; and furniture, bedding, mattresses, and lamps (HS94) 8.4%.  
3.12.   The trade coverage of trade -remedy initiations introduced during the review  period by WTO 
Members was USD 93.6  billion (0. 53% of world merchandise impor ts). For terminations , the tr ade 
coverage was at USD 18.3 billion (0.1 % of world merchandise imports).26  
Table 3.2 Trade remedy actions (Annex 2)  
Type of measure  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Mid-Oct 16 to  
mid-Oct 17  
(WT/TPR/OV/20)  
Mid-Oct 17 to  
mid-Oct 18  
(WT/TPR/OV/21)  
Initiations  255 338 304 277 343 297 301 296 
- AD 208 287 236 229 298 248 251 229 
- CVD 23 33 45 31 34 41 42 53 
- SG 24 18 23 17 11 8 8 14 
Average per month  21.3 28.2 25.3 23.1 28.6 24.8 25.1 24.7 
Terminations  208 186 221 212 173 159 125 212 
- AD 177 160 186 167 143 129 108 182 
- CVD 21 17 23 25 15 13 12 26 
- SGa 10 9 12 20 15 17 5 4 
Average per month  17.3 15.5 18.4 17.7  14.4 13.3 10.3 17.7 
a Figure for a specific year is the sum of  the following: ( i) investigations terminated during the course 
of that specific year without any measure ; and ( ii) all imposed measure s expired during the course of 
that specific year.  
Note:  The information on trade remedy actions for 2012 to 30 June 201 8 is based on the semi -annual 
notifications. For the present review period, the information is also based on the responses and the 
verification received directly from Members. Anti -circumvention measures are not included in the 
above numbers . 
Source:  WTO S ecretariat.  
                                                
23 The coverage o f trade remedy actions in this R eport does not  prejudge the right of WTO Members to 
take trade remedy actions. See also Box 1  in Key Findings .  
24 Termination means either the termination of the investigation (without imposition of a measure) or the 
elimination of the imposed measure.  
25 Iron and steel (HS72) 38.2%; articles of iron and steel (HS73) 12.1%.  
26 In the pre vious annual overview Report,  initiations represented USD 76.4 billion (0.48% of world 
merchandise imports) and terminations USD 12 billion (0.08%).  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 28 - 
 
  3.1.3  Other trade and trade-related measures  
Annex 3 to this Report lists measures which may be considered to have a trade -restrictive 
effect.  
During the review period, 137 new trade -restrictive measures  were recorded,  representing 
17% of the total number contained in Annexes 1 to 3 . The monthly average of 11.4 trade -restrict ive 
measures  is higher  compared to the average of nine recorded for the previous annual overview .  
Out of the total number of the measures recorded  in Annex 3, mor e than 80% were applied 
to imports. Tariff increases account for more than two -thirds of all import restrictive measures, 
followed by a range of  QRs27, import taxes28 and customs procedures . With respect to export, most 
of the measures taken were duties, fol lowed by  QRs29 and stricter customs procedures  (Table  3.3). 
Table 3.3 Other trade and trade -related measures (Annex 3)  
Type of measure  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  
Mid-Oct 16 to 
mid-Oct 17  
(WT/TPR/OV/20 ) 
Mid-Oct 17 to 
mid-Oct 1 8 
(WT/TPR/OV/21 ) 
 
Import  130 136 129 171 105 90 78 118 
- Tariff 76 87 81 113 70 52 46 79 
- Customs procedures  32 26 18 30 16 18 21 5 
- Tax 6 5 8 10 6 10 3 13 
- QRs 14 16 7 12 12 8 7 17 
- Other  2 2 15 6 1 2 1 4 
Export   22 31 25 45 20 19 17 17 
- Duties  3 5 11 13 6 5 5 7 
- QRs 12 10 8 7 10 8 7 5 
- Other  7 16 6 25 4 6 5 5 
Other  13 7 12 15 13 14 13 2 
- Othera 8 1 1  4 2 1 1 
- Local content  5 6 11 15 9 12 12 1 
Total  165 174 166 231 138 123 108 137 
Average per month  13.8 14.5   13.8   19.3   11.5 10.3 9.0 11.4 
a Other than local content measures.  
Note:  Revisions o f the data reflect changes undertaken in the TMDB to fine -tune and update the available 
information.   
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The trade and trade -related measures recorded in Annex 3, and which may be considered 
trade -restrictive, cover a wide range of products. The main sectors  were electrical machinery  and 
parts thereof (HS85) 20.5%; machinery and mechanical appliances (HS84) 14%; min eral fuels and 
oils (HS27) 8.7 %; and vehicles, parts and accessories thereof (HS87) 7.4%. The trade coverage of 
the import -restrictive measures30 introduced during the review period was USD  588.3  billion, 
i.e. 3.33% of the value of world merchandise imports.31  
                                                
27 For example, QRs applied on seal skins, oxytocin, petroleum coke, biofuels, food products, fruits, 
vegetables, medications, vehicles,  and second -hand garments.  
28 For example, import taxes such as the social welfare surcharge and the synthetic greenhouse gas levies; 
and on alcohol, tobacco, and vehicles.  
29 For example, export duties on all HS Chapters and QRs on tanned leather and a var iety of products 
(around 900 HS tariff lines).  
30 The trade coverage calculation includes: three measures by the United States (imposition of additional 
rates on products from China) accounting for 45.9% of the total, four measures by China (additional rate s on 
products from the United States) accounting for 18.9%, and one measure by Mexico (petroleum and oil products 
subject to import authorization) accounting for 5.3%.  
31 In the previous annual overview R eport , the trade coverage of the import -restrictive m easures affecting 
imports was USD 78.7 billion (0.5 % of the value of world merchandise imports).   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 29 - 
 
  Chart 3.1 Overview of measures taken by WTO Mem bers and Observers, 
mid-October  2017 to mid -October 2018  
(by number)  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Chart 3.2 Trade coverage of import me asures, mid-October 2017 to mid -October 2018  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Chart 3.3 Comparison of trade coverage, current and previous annual overviews  
 (USD billion)  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The above Section has provided detailed information  on the latest trends among 
WTO Members in trade policy making. It has confirmed several findings of previous reports.  
For example, trade remedy measures continue to be a very important trade policy tool for 
WTO Members. Simil arly, while there is no evidence to suggest that WTO Members are refraining 
from introducing trade -facilitating measures, including very significant unilateral tariff reductions,  
these measures make up only 1.7 % of world merchandise imports , compared to 3. 3% for measures 
restricting trade.  
296 212 162 137 
Trade remedy initiations Trade remedy terminations
Measures facilitating trade Trade-restrictive measures807Chart KF4   Trade measures, mid -October 2017 to mid -October 2018
Source:  WTO Secretariat(By number)
94 18 296 588 
Trade remedy initiations Trade remedy terminations
Measures facilitating trade Trade-restrictive measuresUS$996Chart KF5  Trade coverage of import measures, mid -October 2017 to mid -
October 2018
Source: WTO Secretariat.(US$ billion)
79
169mid-October 2016 to mid -October 2017
588296mid-October 2017 to mid -October 2018
Trade -restrictive measures Trade -facilitating measuresChart KF6 Comparison of trade coverage, current and previous annual overviews
(US$ billion)
Source:   WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 30 - 
 
  
For this review period, the est imated trade coverage of import -restrictive measures 
(USD  588.3 billion) is more than seven times higher than the pre vious annual overview 
(USD  78.7 billion). This is a significant developm ent and one which owes primarily to a series of 
bilateral trade restrictions among some very large economies.  These and other developments will 
be closely monitored by the WTO Secretariat in the next Moni toring Report scheduled for mid -2019.  
3.20.   Box 3.2 on tra de policies  and the global economy was contributed by the OECD.32 
Box 3.2 Trade policies and the global economy  
Trade has been an engine of growth and prosperity, creating jobs, increasing incomes and reducing 
inequalities around the world. At the same time, more interconnected economies, rapid technological change, 
and uncertainties around "the future of work" imply significant structural adjustments within (as well as 
across) all economies, contributing to publi c scepticism towards trade and globalization and a retreat to more 
protectionist policies in many countries.  
 
The potential costs to the world economy of increased border protection are explored in a hypothetical scenario 
that analyses an increase in tarif fs by a trade weighted average of 22.5 percentage points to 25% by six 
economies, namely Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Mexico and the United States, against each 
other's imports of six specific sectors.a The sectors are chosen based on a review  of those most often targeted 
in trade disputes. This "market closing" scenario would affect 7% of global trade.  
 
What the results clearly show is that all of the implementing economies would suffer, with both imports and 
exports of each declining (Figure 1). NAFTA economies, whose intra -country trade is high, would suffer the 
most, while the EU economies would experi ence smaller declines as they offset some of the cost increase with 
an increase in intra -EU trade. Other economies in the world (especially Southeast Asia) would expand their 
trade but, overall, global trade would decline (by 1.5%) as would global househol d income (by approximately 
0.3%). In sectors where tariffs are imposed, trade would be particularly affected, with declines in transport 
and machinery equipment of around 7%. These would be losses due to inefficient reallocation of production, 
jobs and tra de. Falls in capital investment, FDI, R&D and, as a consequence, productivity growth, would follow, 
reducing trend growth.  
_______________  
a The sectors are cereal grains, oil seeds, meat, machinery and equipment, transport equipment and motor 
vehicles an d parts. Intra -EU tariffs are not changed.  
 
                                                
 32 The OECD Trade Committee is examining alternative international market scenarios in order to highlight 
the likely consequences of possible future developments in trade policy. The first two scenarios address tariffs 
and are summarized here; subsequent scenario analysis will address " behind -the-border " regulatory measures. 
Each of these analyses draws upon the OECD METRO model and the latest available data.  
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 31 - 
 
  Figure  1. The effect of increased trade costs on trade  
 
 
Source :  Authors' estimates.  
A second scenario illustrates the benefits of trade liberal ization. In this 'market opening' scenario directly 
affecting 41% of world trade, all tariffs are reduced to the lowest level applied across G20 economies (which 
is almost always 0%). While a larger share of trade would be affected, the overall tariff change  would be 
smaller than in the 'market closing' scenario, given that average tariffs in most sectors (average industrial 
applied tariff across all sectors and all countries were 5.5% , and in the OECD 2.2% in 2015 (OECD, 2018)) 
are already very low. Yet, thi s tariff reduction that averages just under 5 percentage points would still lead 
to large gains in the global economy. Trade wold expand by more than 3%, with all economies experiencing 
growth in both exports and imports (Figure 2). The Republic of Korea w ould experience the largest increases 
in trade, having relatively higher initial tariffs.a Income would also increase across the board, adding almost 
1% to global household income.  
_______________  
 a The tariff data for the Republic of Korea do not include  all the recently -concluded preferential 
agreements which result in some reductions of applied rates.  
  
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 32 - 
 
  Figure  2. Increase in trade from tariff reductions  
 
 
Note:   All G20 economies except the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  
Source :  Authors' calculations.  
These two scenarios illustrate the relatively large gains expected from small declines in tariffs and the 
widespread costs associated with higher tariffs on a relatively small share of global trade.  
The costs of tariff increases are even higher when compar ed to the forgone benefits of trade liberalisation 
(Figure 3). Each U.S. dollar of the simulated reduction of tariffs, effectively to 0% across G20 economies, 
would increase global household incomes by 90 cents, trade by 1.4 dollars and global gross produc tion by 
1 dollar. In contrast, each dollar of new tariffs imposed would decrease global household income by 40  cents, 
depress trade by 1  dollar and shrink global gross production by 60 cents.  
Figure 3: Global effects per USD of tariff reductions and tariff  increases  
 
Source:  Authors' calculations.  
ArgentinaAus/NZBrazil
CanadaChina
FranceGermany
UK
Italy
EU24IndonesiaIndia
JapanKorea
MexicoRussia
South Africa
Turkey
USA Latin AmericaSouth East Asia
0246810
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Import demand Change (in %)
Export demand change (in %)Chart OECD BOX.Scen2 Increase in trade from tariff reductions
-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.52.0
Production Trade IncomeUSD
tariffs reduced tariffs increasedWT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 33 - 
 
  Economies, both individually and collectively, benefit from international commerce and could benefit much 
more if remaining tariffs (as well as trade distorting subsidies and poorly designed regulatory barriers)  were 
removed. Addressing gaps in the international rule book, fully implementing existing trade rules, and creating 
an environment at home that is supportive of job seekers and entrepreneurs could contribute to more inclusive 
growth.  
Source:  OECD (2018) , OECD Economic Outlook No. 103 , OECD Publishing, Paris.  
3.2  Trade  Remed ies33 
This analysis provides an assessment of trends in global (WTO -wide) trade remedy actions in 
the following periods : July 2015 -June 2016 ("first period"), July 2016 -June 2017 ("second period") 
and July 2017 -June 2018 ("current period").34 Data for the current period indicate a significant 
overall drop in the number of new AD investigations initiated. The number of CVD investigations 
initiated  increased significantly over the three periods examined. As for initiations of 
SG investigations, the declining trend since 2015 seems to have stopped.  
Anti-Dumping Measures  
As shown in  Table  3.4, global initiations of anti-dumping  investigations ( "AD in itiations ") 
increased by 8% in the second period, from 268 in the first period to 290. The figure of 232 AD 
initiations in the current period shows a significant decrease. The table provides details on which 
Members initiated AD investigations during the c overed periods.  
Table 3.4 Initiations of AD investigations, by reporting Member  
Reporting Member  July 2015 – 
June 2016  July 2016 – 
June 2017  July 2017 – 
June 2018  
Argentina  8 21 18 
Armenia; Kazakhstan; 
Kyrgyz Republic; Russian 
Federationb  0 2 5 
Australia  18 18 15 
Bahrain, Kingdom of; 
Kuwait, State of; Oman; 
Qatar; Saudi Arabia, 
Kingdom of; United Arab 
Emiratesa 1 1 3 
Brazil  15 12 9 
Canada  4 19 11 
Chile 1 2 2 
China  10 12 23 
Colombia  1 3 8 
Costa Rica 2 0 0 
Dominican Republic  1 0 0 
Egypt  4 13 1 
El Salvador  0 1 1 
European Union  12 12 8 
India 66 55 43 
Indonesia  2 7 1 
Israel  1 4 0 
Japan  0 3 0 
Korea, Republic of  3 7 6 
Malaysia  3 4 0 
Mexico  5 6 8 
Morocco  4 1 0 
New Zealand  0 0 4 
Pakistan  22 13 1 
Paraguay  0 1 0 
Peru 0 1 2 
Philippines  1 0 0 
Taipei, Chinese  8 0 2 
                                                
33 AD and CVD investigations are counted on the basis of the number of exporting countries or customs 
territories affected by an investigation. Thus, one AD or CVD investigation involving imports from n countries is 
counted as n investigations.  
34 These periods coincide with the Members' semi -annual reporting periods.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 34 - 
 
  Reporting Member  July 2015 – 
June 2016  July 2016 – 
June 2017  July 2017 – 
June 2018  
Thailand  13 3 3 
Turkey  8 19 8 
Ukraine  2 2 7 
United States  51 47 43 
Viet Nam  2 1 0 
Total  268 290 232 
a  Actions are taken at the level of the GCC on behalf of all its members  collectively . 
b   Actions are taken by the Eurasian Economic Union on behalf of all its members collectively.  
Note:   Counted on the basis of exporting countries or customs territories affected. That is, an action that 
targets multiple countries is recorde d according to the number of cou ntries affected. Thus, one AD or 
CVD investigation involving imports from n countries is counted as n investigations.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
Chart  3.4 shows that the number of AD investigations initiated increased from 165  in 2011 to 
287 in 2013, decreased to 236 and 229 in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and increased to 298 in 
2016. This is the highest number of initiations since the 311 of 2002, but is still below the all -time 
high of 372 in 2001. In 2017, the number of ini tiations decreased to 248. If the trend continues, the 
initial figure covering the first six mont hs of 2018 (122) may indicate a decrease in AD initiations for 
the full year.  
Chart 3.4 Total AD investigation initiationsa 
 
a  Data for 2018 relate to the January to June period.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
While AD investigations do not necessarily lead to the imposition of measures, an increase or 
decrease in the number of investigations initiated is an early indicator suggesting a likely increase 
or decrease in the number of measures imposed.  
Over the three period s, a total of 574 AD measures were imposed (as shown in  Table  3.5). 
However, as it can take up to 18 mont hs for an AD investigation to be concluded , these measures 
may not necessarily be the result of initiations in the same period.  
218 217
173
165208287
236229298
248
122
050100150200250300
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Chart AD.1
Anti-dumping initiations by reporting Member, 2008 -18a
Source:    WTO Secretariat.a        Data for 2018 relate to the January to June period.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 35 - 
 
  Table 3.5 Number of AD measures imposed  
Reporting Member  July 2015 - June 2016  July 2016 - June 2017  July 2017 - June 2018  
Argentina  4 2 13 
Armenia; Kazakhstan; 
Kyrgyz Republic; Russian 
Federationb 6 1 1 
Australia  8 11 10 
Bahrain, Kingdom of; 
Kuwait, State of; Oman; 
Qatar; Saudi Arabia, 
Kingdom of; United Arab 
Emiratesa 0 1 0 
Brazil  9 14 10 
Canada  2 12 2 
Chile 0 2 1 
China  8 10 12 
Colombia  2 0 3 
Costa Rica  0 1 0 
Dominican Republic  0 1 0 
Egypt  2 4 5 
European Union  10 11 6 
India 38 41 43 
Indonesia  3 2 2 
Israel  0 1 0 
Japan  0 2 3 
Korea, Republic of  4 2 7 
Malaysia  5 0 4 
Mexico  14 7 6 
Morocco  1 0 5 
Pakistan  3 4 26 
Peru 0 1 1 
Philippines  0 0 1 
South Africac 2 0 0 
Taipei, Chinese  0 8 0 
Thailand  1 9 2 
Trinidad and Tobago  1 0 0 
Turkey  8 7 16 
Ukraine  1 3 1 
United States  19 49 34 
Viet Nam  0 2 1 
Total  151 208 215 
a  Actions are taken  at the level of the Gulf Cooperation Council.  
b   Actions are taken  by the Eurasian Economic Union on behalf of all its members  collectively.  
c  Actions are taken  at the level of the Southern African Customs Union.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
Chart  3.5 shows that there was little change in terms of the products affected by AD 
investigations initiated during the three periods examined,  with the majority of initiations focused 
on products in the metals, chemicals, and plastics and rubber sectors.  
Metal products were subject to the most initiations in each period, accounting for 47% of all 
initiations in the first period, 41% in the seco nd period and 28% in the current period. In each 
period, at least 65 initiations targeted metals, of which 74 -94% focused on steel pr oducts (goods 
classified under C hapters 72 and 73 of the HS Code). Over the three periods combined, the United 
States (84),  Australia (31), the European Union (20), Thailand (18), Canada (18), and India (16) 
accounted for more than half of the 312 initiations on metals. A decrease in the number of initiations 
against metal products was seen in the last period , with 19 investig ations initiated by the United 
States, 5 by Brazil, 4 by Australia, 4 by Canada, 3 by Mexico, 3 by the European Union and 2 by 
Thailand. Initiations against metals across the three periods affected mostly products from  China 
(96, of which 82  involved steel  products), the Republic of Korea (28, of which 27 involved steel), 
India (18, of which 16 involved steel) and Viet Nam (16, of which 13 involved steel). In many 
instances, investigations were launched on the same product from several exporting countries. For 
instance, five steel products were the focus of 78 investigations.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 36 - 
 
  
Chemical products accounted for the second largest share of initiations over the first and 
second periods, with a 13% share of initiations in the first period  and a 27% share in the second 
period, and ranked third with an 18% share in the current period. India opened 55 of the 155 new 
investigations on products in this sector over the three reporting periods, followed by China (25) 
and the United States (18). These initiations involved mostly chemical products from China (28), 
the Republic of Korea (16), Thailand (9), Japan (9) , Chinese Taipei (7) and the United States (7). 
Similarly to the metals sector investigations, investigations into chemicals frequently involv ed the 
same product from different countries – 18 products accounted for 90 of the investigations in this 
area.  
Plastics and rubber ranked second over the current period, accounting for 22%. India (28), 
the United States (20) and China (9) initiated more than half of the 100 plastics and rubber 
investigations  over the three reporting periods . China was , once again , the main subject of 
investigations in this sector (22), followed by the Republic of Korea (13), Thailand (10) and Chinese 
Taipei (5).  
In terms of countries targeted by new AD investigations, 43 exporting Members  were affected 
in the first period, 50 in the second period and 49 in the current period. China remained, by far, the 
Member most targeted by AD initiations  during the three reporting peri ods – investigations into 
Chinese products accounted for 28% of all investigations. The second most targeted Member during 
the three reporting periods – the Republic of Korea – accounted for 9% of the total initiations during 
these periods, followed by Ind ia, Thailand and Chinese Taipei at 4% each.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 37 - 
 
  Chart 3.5 AD initiations by product  
 
 
 
Note:   Values are rounded.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Countervailing Measures  
As shown in  Table  3.6, global initiations of CVD investigations increased significantly over the 
three periods examined. During this time, 90% of countervail ing investigations were conducted 
concurrently with an AD investigation.   
Among the 13 Members using CVDs during the three periods examined, the Un ited States 
initiated the most  new investigations (69), accounting for 56% of initiations. Canada, the second 
largest user, accounted for 15% of all initiations and Australia for 10%. The remaining investigations 
were conducted by 12 different countries.  
Chart AD.2
Anti-dumping initiations by product
July 2015 -June 2016 July2016 -June 2017
Chemicals
14%Textiles 
8%Metals
47%Metals
41%
Chemicals
27%Plastics
11%Other
7% Machinery
3%
Textiles
7%Stone / Plaster
4%Other
9%
Machinery
5%
Stone / Plaster
5%
Paper
5%
Plastics
7%
Source: WTO Secretariat.July 2017 -June 2018
Chemicals
18%Textiles
8%Metals
28%Machinery
4%
Plastics
22%Other
12%
Paper
8%WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 38 - 
 
  Table 3.6 Initiations of CVD investigations  
Reporting Member  July 2015 – June 2016  July 2016 – June 2017  July 2017 – June 2018  
Australia  5 5 2 
Brazil  0 1 1 
Canada  2 6 10 
China  1 1 1 
Egypt  0 2 0 
European Union  2 0 3 
India 1 0 1 
New Zealand  0 1 2 
Pakistan  1 0 0 
Peru 0 1 0 
Chinese  Taipei  0 0 5 
Turkey  0 0 1 
United States  24 20 25 
Total  36 37 51 
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
Chart 3.6 , reflecting calendar year figures, shows an upward trend in countervail ing initiations 
from 2010 to 2014, notwithstanding some fluctuation in 2012. In fact, the number of initiations 
recorded in 2014 (45) exceeds the previous peak of 41 initiations observed in 1999.35 Following a 
decrease in 2015, the number of countervail ing initiations steadily increased over the next two  years. 
If the same trend continues, the initial figure covering the first six mont hs of 2018 (33) may indicate 
an increase in countervail ing initiations for the full year.  
Chart 3.6 CVD investigation initiations  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
                                                
35 Report to the TPRB from the Director -General on the Financial and Economic Crisis and Trade -Related 
Developments, 26 March 2009, p. 18.  
1628
925
233345
313441
33
05101520253035404550
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Chart AD.3
Countervailing duty investigation initiations, 2008 -18a
Source:      WTO Secretariat.a   Data for 2018 relates to the January to June period.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 39 - 
 
  
As with AD, CVD investigations do not necessarily lead to the imposition of measures. 
However, a rise in the number of investigations initiated may be an early indicator of a likely rise in 
the number of measures imposed. Over the three periods, a total of 66 CVD measure s were imposed 
(Table  3.7). However, as it can take up to 18 mont hs for an investigation to be concluded, these 
measures may not necessarily be the result of initiations in the same period.  
Table 3.7 Number of  CVD measures imposed  
Reporting Member  July 2015 –  
June 2016  July 2016 –  
June 2017  July 2017 –  
June 2018  
Australia  0 3 1 
Brazil  1 0 1 
Canada  2 2 1 
China  0 1 1 
European Union  1 1 0 
India 1 0 1 
Peru 1 0 0 
Ukraine  1 0 0 
United States  11 21 15 
Total  18 28 20 
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
Concerning the products affected by countervail ing investigations, Chart 3.7 shows that 
metals accounted for most of the initiations reported over the three reporting periods, accounting 
for 64%, 46% and 48% of all initiations, respectively. For the three periods combined, 64 of the 
124 total initiations recorded covered metals and 58 of th ose targ eted steel products. The 
United  States initiated 33 of the 69 investigations on steel pro ducts. Fourteen of the 21 steel -related 
initiations in the current period involved products from China.   
Over the three reporting periods, chemicals and plastics were the next most-investigated 
sectors with 18 and 17 initiations, respectively, followed by textile products with four initiations.  
Ten exporting Members were targeted by new CVD investigations during the first  period , 16 
during the second , and 12 during the current period. China was the most frequent target of 
investigations, accounting for 46% of all investigations during th ese three periods. India, the second 
most frequent target during the three periods, accounted for 12%, followed by Turkey, which 
accounted for 7%.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 40 - 
 
  Chart 3.7 CVD initiations by product  
 
 
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Sunset Reviews  
This S ection examines the effect the global financial crisis may have had on AD and CVD  
actions , by analysing the extent to which measures imposed following the financial crisis have been 
extended or have expired (or otherwise have been terminated) – suggesting that the financial crisis 
could have been a factor that contributed to the imposition of the measure. This Section, therefore, 
examines measures imposed as a result of investigations initiated in 2008, before the financia l crisis, 
as well as in 2009 and 2010, when the full effects of the financial crisis were being felt.36  
The relevant WTO Agreements stipulate that AD and CVD measures can remain in force only 
for as long as necessary to counteract injury caused by dumped o r subsidi zed imports. In addition, 
they must expire no later than five years after their imposition unless it is determined, through a 
review, that removal of a measure would likely lead to a continuation or recurrence of dumping or 
                                                
36 Given the application requirements for AD and countervail investigations, it is assumed that 
investigations in respon se to the financial crisis would not have been initiated before January 2009.  
Chart AD.4
Countervailing duty initiations by product
July 2015 -June 2016 July 2016 -June 2017
Metals
64%Metals
46%
Chemicals
32%Wood
5%
Other
11%Textiles
5%
Plastics
14%Other
8%Paper
6%Chemicals
6%Textiles
3%
Source: WTO Secretariat.July 2017 -June 2018
Paper
2%
Plastics
24%Metals
48%Other
16%Chemicals
8%Textiles
2%WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 41 - 
 
  subsidisation and injur y. In such a case, the measure can be extended for up to a further five years. 
This review process is often referred to as a sunset review. Investigating authorities generally invite 
applications for a sunset review before a measure expires, and in the abs ence of a review, they allow 
the measure to lapse.   
As of 30 June 2018, measures imposed as a result of investigations initiated in 2008 -2010 
are in various stages of their lifecycle. Some measures are under review37, some have been extended 
and some have e xpired  (see Chart  3.8). There are no measures that are still within their initial five -
year imposition period.  
Chart 3.8 Status of measures resulting from AD and CVD investigations initiated in 2008, 
2009 and  2010 , as at 30 June 2018  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
All of the 168 measures resulting from investigations initiated in 2008 by WTO Members have 
now been subject to expiry action (either a sunset review or terminat ion), along with all of the 
166 measures for 2009 and all of the 113 measures for 2010 ( five are under review).  
                                                
37 A sunset review must be initiated prior to the expiration date of the measure, but the measure may 
remain in force after this date pending the outcome of the review.  
020406080100120140160180
2008 2009 2010
Original measure Under review Extended No longer in effectChart AD.5
Status of measures resulting from AD and CVD investigations initiated in 2008, 2009 
and 2010, as at 30 June 2018
Source:   WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 42 - 
 
  Table 3.8 Proportion of expiring measures that were subject to a sunset review  
Expiring measures  Investigation initiated in  
2008  2009  2010a 
Not reviewed  36% 28% 22% 
Reviewed  64% 72% 78% 
a  Only 82 measures resulting from investigations initiated in 2010 have so far expired or been subject 
to review.  
Note:   Based on the year the investigation was initiated.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Table  3.8 shows the proportion of measures that were due to expire for which a sunset review 
has been conducted , noting that measures not reviewed will automatically expire. For measures 
resulting from investigations initiated in 2009 ("the 2009 measures") , 72% were reviewed, higher 
than the 64% found for 2008 ("the 2008 measures"), and for measures resulting from investigations 
initiated in 2010, 78% were reviewed. There is insufficient information to determine whether these 
differences are significant.  
As at 30 June 2018, 107 sunset reviews had been completed for measures resulting from 
investigations initiated in 2008, 120 for 2009 and 76 for 2010, as shown in Table  3.9. Available 
information shows that the importing Member determined that expiry of a me asure would lead to a 
continuation or recurrence of dumping/subsidisation and injury and thus extended the measures for 
89% of the 2008 measures, 84% of the 2009 measures, and 73% of the 2010 measures. There is 
insufficient information to determine whether  the financial crisis might have influenced these figures.  
Table 3.9 Results from completed reviews (based on the year the investigation was 
initiated)  
 Investigation initiated in   
2008  2009  2010a 
Number of  completed reviews  107 120 77 
Measure extended  89% 83% 73% 
Expiry of measure  11% 17% 21% 
a   Only 82 measures resulting from investigations initiated in 2010 have so far expired or been subject 
to review.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Safeguard measures  
Safeguard  measures are temporary measures imposed in response to increased imports of 
goods that are causing serious injury, and are imposed on products from all sources (i.e. all exporting 
countries).38 Thus, SGs are subject to different rules and timelines  than AD and CVD measures, and 
therefore are not directly comparable.  
Chart 3.9 shows the recent trend of initiations of SG investigations on a calendar year basis. 
Setting aside the exceptionally large figure (34) recorded in 2002, the year 2009 saw the l argest  
number of initiations since 1995 , with 25 (the year 2000 was also 25), and the years 2012 and 2014 
saw the second and third largest  numbers . From th ose high level s, initiations of SG investigations 
have been declining. Projecting the 2018 figure int o a yearly basis, however, the declining trend now 
seems to have stopped.  Table  3.10, which shows the breakdown on a July -June basis  of Members 
that initiated these investigations , also seems to confirm this development.   
                                                
38 With t he exception of special and differential treatment provide for developing countries in Article  9.1 
of the Safeguards Agreement.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 43 - 
 
  Chart 3.9 SG investigation initiationsa 
 
a  Data for 2018 relate to the period January to June, as reported by Members.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Table 3.10 Initiations of SG investigations  
Reporting Member  July 2015 – 
June 2016  July 2016 – 
June 2017  July 2017 – 
June 2018  
Chile 4 0 1 
China  0 1 0 
Costa Rica  0 0 1 
Egypt  1 0 0 
European Union  0 0 1 
India 3 0 1 
Indonesia  1 0 1 
Jordan  0 1 0 
Malaysia  3 0 0 
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  1 1 1 
South Africa  1 1 1 
Thailand  1 0 0 
Tunisia  1 0 0 
Turkey  0 2 1 
Ukraine  1 0 1 
United States  0 2 0 
Viet Nam  2 2 0 
Zambia  1 0 0 
Total  20 10 9 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The data on the imposition of SG measures ( Chart 3.10 ) paint a somewhat different picture. 
That said, projecting the 2018 figure into an annual basis suggests that impositions of measures 
during the 2016 -18 period are stabilizing at a level of 6 -9 per year.  
1025
20
1224
1823
17
11
8
6
051015202530
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Chart AD.6
Safeguard investigation initiations, 2008 -2018a
Source:     WTO Secretariat.aData for 2018 relate to the to the period January to June, as reported by Members.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 44 - 
 
  Chart 3.10 Imposition of SG measuresa  
 
a  Data for 2018 relate to the January to June period.  
Note:   Some notifications are ambiguous about timing. For those notifications, Members sometimes 
subsequently file an additional notification  clarifying, ex post , the timing of the taking effect. For this 
reason, the number of imposition s indicated in past reports can differ from the figures indicated in 
the mo st recent R eport.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
Chart 3.11 shows the products covered by these investigations, on a July -June basis. While 
the number of investigations initiated in the metals sector (the vast majority of which involve steel 
products) is substantially lower than that in the July 2015 – June 2016 period, the metals sector still 
occupies the largest share, at 44%. In addition to the data  shown for the July 2017 -June 2018 
reporting period, it should be noted that the Eurasian Economic Union initiated an investigation on 
steel products in August 2018, and Canada initiated an investi gation on steel products  in 
October  2018.  
81315
6 67
5610
411
6811 11
69
3
0246810121416
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018Chart AD.7
Number of safeguards measures imposed by reporting Member, 2008 -2018a
Source:    WTO Secretariat.a        Data for 2018 relate to the January to June period.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 45 - 
 
  Chart 3.11 SG initiations by product  
 
 
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Chart AD.8
Safeguard initiations by product
July 2015 -June 2016 July2016 -June 2017
Plastics
10%
Metals
75%Metals
40%Foodstuffs
5%Chemicals
5%
Machinery/Equipment
20%Stone /Plaster
5%
Foodstuffs
10%Chemicals
10%Plastics
10%Miscellaneous
10%
Source: WTO Secretariat.July 2017 -June 2018
Machinery/Equipment
11%
Metals
44%Stone/Plaster
11%
Animal products
11%
Chemicals
22%WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 46 - 
 
  3.3  Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures39 
3.48.   Under the SPS Agreement, WTO Members are obliged to provide an advance notice of 
intention to introduce new or modified SPS measures40, or to notify immediately when emergency 
measures are imposed. The main objective of complying with the SPS notification obligations is to 
inform other Members about new or c hanged regulations that may significantly affect trade. 
Therefore, an increased number of notifications does not automatically imply greater use for 
protectionist  purposes , but rather enhanced transparency regarding food safety, and animal and 
plant health  measures, most of which presumably are legitimate health -protection measures.  
3.49.   In the period from October 2017 through September 201841, 1,623  SPS notifications (regular 
and emergency, including addenda) were submitted42 to the WT O, i.e. an increase of 18% in total 
notified measures compared to the previous period (1 October 2016 to 30  September  2017). 
Notifications from developing -country Members accounted for 75% of the total number. In the 
previous year, the total number of notifications  and the proportion  of measures notified by 
developing -country Members were lower : in that period , a total of 1,378  notifications (regular and 
emergency, including addenda) were submitted, of which 65% were notified by developing -country 
Members.  
3.50.   From October 2017 through September 2018, WTO Members submitted 1,431  regular SPS 
notifications (including addenda), 72% of which were submitted by developing -country Members. 
Compared with the previous period, the total number of regular notifications increased by 26%, 
while those  submitted by developing -country Members increase d by 52 %. 
3.51.   As far as emergency measures (including addenda) are concerned, a decrease in the number 
of notifications submitted was observed , as compared with the previous period ( Chart  3.12). The 
total number decreased by 21% in the review period (192 compared to 244 during the previous 
period), and the  proportion  of emergency measures submitted by developing -country Members  
remained stable , constituting 91% of the total (compared with 90% in the prev ious period). These 
high percentage figures are consistent with the general trend of the majority of emergency measures 
being notified by developing -country Members. This might stem from the fact that their SPS 
regulatory systems are not as extensive as th ose of developed -country Members, and , consequently, 
when facing emergency challenges, they are more likely to be obliged  to introduce new regulations 
or change existing ones.  
                                                
39 Information presented in this Section has been retrieved from the SPS Information Management System 
(SPS IMS: http://spsims.wto.org ). This Section is based on notificati ons to the WTO for the period 1  October 
2017 to 30 September 201 8. Specific trade concerns (STCs) are only raised at SPS Committee meetings. The 
information in this Section s ummarizes the STCs raised at the November  2017, March 2018 and July 2018 SPS 
Committee meetings.  
40 Transparency obligations are contained in Article 7 and Annex B of the SPS Agreement. Annex B requires 
that Members notify measures whose content is not sub stantially the same as that of an international standard, 
guideline or recommendation, and when the measure may have a significant effect on trade. However, the 
Recommended Procedures for Implementing the Transparency Provisions of the SPS Agreement, adopt ed by the 
SPS Committee in 2008 (G/SPS/7/Rev. 4), recommend that Members also notify measures which are based on 
relevant international standards, and provide a broad interpretation of effects on trade.  
41 For the SPS Section, the review period covers 1 October 2017  to 30 September 2018. 
42 For this Report, submission refers to the date of circulation.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 47 - 
 
  Chart 3.12 Number of SPS notifications (including addenda)  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.52.   Many Members are following the recommendation to notify SPS measures even when these 
are based on a relevant international standard, as this substantially increases transparency. O f the 
1,208  regular notifications (excluding addenda) submitted from October 2017 through 
September  2018, 545 (44 % of the total) indicated that at least one  international standard, guideline 
or recommendation was applicable to the notified measure  (Chart  3.13). Of these, about 62% 
(338 in total)  indicated that the proposed measure was in conformity with the existing international 
standard.  
Chart 3.13 Number of SPS notifications (excluding addenda) and internat ional standards  
 
Note:  Codex Alimentarius (Codex), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and International Plant 
Protection Convention (IPPC).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
1,134
6821,431
1,037244
220192
175
02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
All Members Developing-country
MembersAll Members Developing-country
MembersChart 3.9  Number of SPS notifications (including addenda)
Source: WTOSecretariat.Regular notifications Emergency notificationsOct. 2016 -Sep. 2017 Oct. 2017 -Sep. 2018
Codex
61%
OIE
12%
IPPC
27%
Source: WTO Secretariat.Chart SPS.3.10  Regular SPS notifications (excluding addenda) and international 
standards
None
56%Relevant 
international 
standard
44%WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 48 - 
 
  3.53.   International standards often provide useful guidance regarding measures to address disease 
outbreaks and other emergency situations. About 86% (100 in total) of the 116 emergency 
notifications (excluding addenda) submitted from October 201 7 through Septem ber 201 8 indicated 
that an international standard, guideline or recommendation was applicable to the notified measure 
(Chart  3.14). Of these, all but two indicated that the measure was in conformity with the existing 
international standard.  
Chart 3.14 Emergency SPS notifications (excluding addenda) and international 
standards  
 
Note:  Codex, OIE and IPPC.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.54.   Of the 1,208  regular notifications (excluding addenda) submitted in the review pe riod, the 
majority were related to food safety and plant protection .43 The remain der related to animal health , 
the protection of the Member's territory from other damage from pests , and the protection of humans 
from animal diseases or plant pests . It is wor th noting that regular notifications may contain  more 
than one objective.  
3.55.   Of the 116 emergency measures (excluding addenda) notified in the same period, the 
majority related to animal health, followed by measures related to food safety, the protection of 
humans from animal diseases or plant pests,  plant protection,  and the protection of the Member's 
territory from other damage from pests. Emergency notifications may contain  more than one  
objective . 
3.56.   While there is no formal provision for "counter notificatio n", concerns regarding the failure to 
notify an SPS measure, or regarding a notified measure, can be raised a s a specific trade concern 
(STC) at any of the three regular meetings of the SPS Committee each year. In the Committee 
meetings of November  2017, March 2018 and July 2018, 20 new STCs were raised , of which  
10 related to food safety , 4 to plant health , 3 to animal health  and 3 to other concerns ( Table  3.11).  
3.57.   The margins of the SPS Committee meetings provide important opportunities for delegations, 
which often include experts from capital, to discuss and resolve STCs bilaterally. During the review 
period, three  STCs included on the proposed agenda were withdraw n following bilateral 
consultations. These were (i) Brazil's c oncern regarding Chile's restrictions on chicken products from 
Rio Grande do Sul ; (ii) Russian Federation's c oncern s regarding India's fumigation  requirements for 
grain imports (November 2017); and (iii) China 's concern s regarding India's suspension of imports 
                                                
43 The objective of an SPS measure falls under one or more of the following categories: (i)  food safety ; 
(ii) animal health ; (iii) plant protection ; (iv) protect ion of  humans from animal/plant pest or disease ; and 
(v) protect ion of  territory from other damages from pests. Members are required to identify the purpose of the 
measure in their notifications. It is not uncommon for more than one objective to be identi fied for a measure.  
Codex
6%
OIE
79%
IPPC
15%
Source: WTO Secretariat.Chart 3.11  Emergency SPS notifications (exluding addenda) and international 
standards
None
14%Relevant 
international 
standard
86%
Note: Codex Alimentarius (Codex), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and International Plant 
Protection Convention (IPPC).WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 49 - 
 
  of apples, pears and marigold seeds (July 2018) . Furthermore, during the period under review, the 
Secretariat contacted all Members who had raised STCs to seek information regarding the sta tus 
(resolved, partially resolved , or not reported as resolved) of each STC raised by that Member which 
had not been discussed since March 2016. Twelve  Members responded  that 17 STCs had been 
resolved, and seven  had been partially resolved.44 In addition, t wo STCs were reported as resolved 
under the specific agenda item.45 Since 1995,  37% of all STCs raised at the Committee have been 
reported as resolved.  
Table 3.11 New SPS STCs raised in November 2017, March 2018 or July 2018  
STC Document title  Members 
maintaining 
the measure  Members 
raising the 
concern  Members 
supporting 
the concern  Date raised  Primary 
objective  
428 EU maximum residue 
levels for acrinathrin, 
metalaxyl and 
thiabendazole  European 
Union  Peru Bolivia, 
Plurinational 
State of; 
Brazil; 
Colombia; 
Costa Rica; 
Dominican 
Republic; 
Ecuador; 
Guatemala; 
Nigeria;  
United States  02/11/2017  Food 
safety  
429 United Arab Emirates 
measures on plant 
protection products  United Arab 
Emirates  Turkey   02/11/2017  Plant 
health  
430 EU maximum level of 
cadmium in foodstuffs  European 
Union  Colombia; 
Ecuador; 
Madagascar; 
Peru Brazil;  
Costa Rica; 
Côte d'Ivoire; 
Dominican 
Republic; 
Ghana; 
Guatemala; 
Nigeria; 
Panama  02/11/2017  Food 
safety  
431 South Africa's import 
restrictions on poultry due 
to Highly Pathogenic 
Avian Influenza  South Africa  European 
Union   02/11/2017  Animal 
health  
432 EU restrictions on poultry 
meat due to Salmonella 
detection  European 
Union  Brazil   02/11/2017  Food 
safety  
433 Turkey's restrictions on 
rough rice imports  Turkey  United 
States   02/11/2017  Plant 
health  
434 India's fumigation 
requirements for teak 
tree wood India Colombia  Belize; Costa 
Rica; Liberia  02/11/2017  Plant 
health  
435 Viet Nam's draft 
amendment to Circular 24 
on MRLs for veterinary 
drugs  Viet Nam  United 
States  Canada; New 
Zealand  01/03/2018  Food 
safety  
436 Mexico's market access 
requirement for casein 
products  Mexico  India  
01/03/2018  Animal 
health  
437 Saudi Arabia's temporary 
ban on the importation of 
fish, crustaceans and 
other aquatic animal 
products  Saudi Arabia, 
Kingdom of  Viet Nam   
01/03/2018  Animal  
health  
438 Viet Nam's market access 
requirements for ''white'' 
offal  Viet Nam  United 
States  New Zealand  01/03/2018  Other 
concerns  
439 U.S. import restrictions 
on apples and pears  United States  European 
Union   
01/03/2018  Other 
concerns  
                                                
44 See RD/SPS/28/Rev.1.  
45 These were STCs 61 and 315.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 50 - 
 
  STC Document title  Members 
maintaining 
the measure  Members 
raising the 
concern  Members 
supporting 
the concern  Date raised  Primary 
objective  
440 New Zealand's draft 
import health standard for 
vehicles, machinery and 
equipment  New Zealand  Japan   
12/07/2018  Plant 
health  
441 Lack of transparency and 
undue delays in 
Indonesia's approval 
procedures for animal 
products  Indonesia  European 
Union  Brazil  12/07/2018  Other 
concerns  
442 EU Commission Decision 
2002/994/EC on animal 
products  European 
Union  China   
12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
443 EU restrictions on poultry 
meat and poultry meat 
preparations (Regulation 
(EU) No. 2018/700)  European 
Union  Brazil   12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
444 Panama's restrictions on 
beef and poultry meat  Panama  Brazil   12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
445 Russian Federation's 
restrictions on beef and 
swine meat 
(G/SPS/N/RUS/145)  Russian 
Federation  Brazil   12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
446 EU review of legislation 
on veterinary medicinal 
products  European 
Union  Argentina; 
United 
States  Australia; 
Brazil; 
Canada; Chile; 
Colombia  12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
447 New EU definition of the 
fungicide Folpet  European 
Union  China   12/07/2018  Food 
safety  
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
3.58.   Twenty -three  previously -raised STCs were discussed at the November  2017, March 2018 or 
July 2018 SPS Committee meetings ( 10 were discussed in all three meetings) .46 Of these, eight 
addressed persistent problems that have been discussed seven times or more. In particular, two 
have been discussed on 2 2 or more occasions ( Table  3.12). In addition, four STCs raised for the first 
time in November 2017  were discussed again in March or Jul y 201847, and one STC raised for the 
first time in March 2018 was discussed again in July 2018.48  
Table 3.12 Previously -raised SPS STCs discussed in November 2017, March 2018 or 
July 2018  
STC Document title  Mem ber(s)  
maintaining 
the 
measure  Member(s) 
raising the 
concern  Members 
supporting the 
concern  First date 
raised  Times 
subsequently 
raised  
184* China's AQSIQ 
official certification 
requirements for 
food imports 
(G/TBT/N/CHN/1209) 
(previously raised as 
Lack of transparency 
for certain SPS 
measures)  China  Israel; United 
States  Australia; 
Canada; Chile; 
Costa Rica; 
European Union; 
Guatemala; 
Japan; Korea, 
Republic of; 
Mexico; Norway; 
Singapore; 
Switzerland; 
Thailand  01/03/2004  6  
193* General import 
restrictions due to 
BSE  European 
Union; United 
States  Canada; 
Switzerland; 
Uruguay  01/06/2004  33  
                                                
46 The 10 STCs that were raised at the three meetings are marked with an asterisk (*)  in Table 3.12. 
47 These were STCs 428, 430, 431 and 432.  
48 STC 439.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 51 - 
 
  STC Document title  Mem ber(s)  
maintaining 
the 
measure  Member(s) 
raising the 
concern  Members 
supporting the 
concern  First date 
raised  Times 
subsequently 
raised  
238 Application and 
modification of the 
EU Regulation on 
Novel Foods  European 
Union  Colombia; 
Ecuador; 
Peru Argentina; 
Benin; Bolivia, 
Plurinational 
State of; Brazil; 
Chile; China; 
Costa Rica; 
Cuba; Dominican 
Republic; 
El Salvador; 
Guatemala; 
Honduras; India; 
Indonesia; 
Mexico; 
Nicaragua; 
Paraguay; 
Philippines; 
Uruguay; 
Venezuela, 
Bolivarian 
Republic of  01/03/2006  22  
271 Restrictions on 
imports of swine 
meat Mexico  Brazil    24/06/2008  4 
315**  Ukraine import 
restrictions on 
poultry and poultry 
products  Ukraine  Mexico    30/03/2011  1 
344 Measures on shrimp  Brazil  Ecuador    18/10/2012  5 
354 Import restrictions in 
response to the 
Japanese nuclear 
power plant accident  China  Japan    27/06/2013  10 
382* EU revised proposal 
for categorization of 
compounds as 
endocrine disruptors  European 
Union  Argentina; 
China; India;  
United States  Australia; Benin; 
Brazil; Burkina 
Faso; Burundi; 
Canada; Central 
African Republic; 
Chile; Colombia; 
Costa Rica; 
Dominican 
Republic; 
Ecuador; Egypt; 
The Gambia; 
Ghana; 
Guatemala; 
Guinea; India; 
Indonesia; 
Jamaica; Kenya; 
Korea, Republic 
of; Madagascar; 
Malaysia; 
Mexico; New 
Zealand; 
Nigeria; 
Pakistan; 
Panama; 
Paraguay; Peru; 
Philippines; 
Senegal; Sierra 
Leone; South 
Africa; Chinese 
Taipei; Thailand; 
Togo; Uruguay; 
Viet Nam; 
Zambia  25/03/2014  11 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 52 - 
 
  STC Document title  Mem ber(s)  
maintaining 
the 
measure  Member(s) 
raising the 
concern  Members 
supporting the 
concern  First date 
raised  Times 
subsequently 
raised  
387 Import restrictions in 
response to the 
Japanese nuclear 
power plant accident  Chinese 
Taipei  Japan    26/03/2015  6 
390* Import restrictions 
on processed fishery 
products from 
Estonia and Latvia  Russian 
Federation  European 
Union    15/07/2015  9 
392 Import restrictions 
due to African swine 
fever  China  European 
Union    15/07/2015  8 
393 Import restrictions 
due to African swine 
fever  Korea, 
Republic of  European 
Union    15/07/2015  8 
395* Proposed 
amendments to the 
implementation 
regulations on safety 
assessment of 
agricultural GMOs  China  Paraguay; 
United States    15/07/2015  7 
406* Import restrictions 
due to Highly 
Pathogenic Avian 
Influenza  China  European 
Union; United 
States    16/03/2016  6 
411* Import restrictions 
on certain animal 
products from 
Germany  Russian 
Federation  European 
Union    30/06/2016  6 
415* Seafood import 
monitoring 
programme  United 
States  China  Chile; Russian 
Federation  27/10/2016  5 
416 Import ban on fresh 
mangosteen  China  Indonesia    27/10/2016  2 
418 Suspension of 
groundnut seed 
imports  Viet Nam  Senegal    22/03/2017  3 
421* Import restriction on 
papaya  seeds  Thailand  Chinese 
Taipei    22/03/2017  5 
422* Dimethoate -related 
restrictions on 
imports  European 
Union  United States  Argentina; 
Canada; Turkey  13/07/2017  3 
423 Measures on bananas  Brazil  Ecuador    13/07/2017  1 
426 Import restrictions 
on wine  Russian 
Federation  Montenegro  Moldova, 
Republic of  13/07/2017  1 
427 Fumigation 
requirements for 
cashew nuts  India Madagascar; 
Senegal  Burkina Faso; 
Colombia; 
Ghana; Kenya; 
Mali; 
Mozambique; 
Nigeria; Russian 
Federation; 
Togo; Ukraine; 
United States  13/07/2017  2 
*  STCs raised in all three SPS Committee meetings.  
**  STC reported as resolved.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.59.   Analysing the November 2017, March 2018 and July 2018 SPS Committee meetings, 50% of 
all STCs raised for the first time concerned food  safety, 20% concerned plant health, 15% covered 
animal health , and 15% related to other types of concerns.49 Regarding  previously -raised STCs in 
the review period,  43% concerned food safety, 30% concerned animal health, 17% related to plant 
health , and 9% covered other types of concerns . Of the total STCs raised or discussed in the review 
                                                
49 Specifically , control, inspection and approval procedures , and transparency.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 53 - 
 
  period, 47% concerned food safety , 23% covered animal health , 19% concerned plant health and 
12% related to other types of concerns.   
Box 3.3 Enhancing monitoring and transparency in SPS and TBT  
Accessing relevant information on SPS or TBT product requirements in export markets can represent a significant 
challenge, in particular for SMEs. The WTO helps address this potential trade barrier through a combination of 
transparency requirements included in the SPS and TBT Agreements and online tools that make information easily 
accessible: the SPS and TBT Information Management Systems (SPS/TBT IMSs) and ePing.  
WTO Members are requi red to notify proposed SPS and TBT measures if they may significantly affect international 
trade. Each year, the WTO receives in excess of 3,500 such notifications.  
Publicly available online tools assist stakeholders in finding notifications of relevance to their trade:  
 - SPS IMS www.spsims.wto.org ,  
 - TBT IMS www.tbtims.wto.org , and  
 - ePing www.epingalert.org .  
The SPS/TBT IMSs  are search -platforms that, among other things, help identify, SPS or TBT not ifications by using 
parameters such as products, notifying Member and objective. The ePing  is an online alert system allowing users 
(governments, economic operators, civil society) to receive daily or weekly email alerts about SPS and TBT 
notifications cov ering products and markets of interest to them.  
Timely access to notifications is crucial given the 60 -day period that normally should be provided for submitting 
comments on regulations, usually still in draft -form. The ePing platform also facilitates dia logue among the public and 
private sectors to discuss and share information on notifications of concern, allowing stakeholders to address potential 
trade problems at an early stage of the regulatory lifecycle . 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.4  Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT s)50 
3.60.   Under the TBT Agreement, WTO Members are required to notify their intention to introduce 
new or modified TBT measures, or to notify adopted emergency measures immediately. The principal 
objective of complying with the TBT notification obligations is to inform other Members about new 
or changed regulations that may  significantly affect trade.51 Therefore, an increased number of 
notifications does not necessarily imply greater use of trade -restrictive measures. Rather, TBT 
notification obl igations are meant to promote enhanced transparency regarding measures taken to 
address legitimate policy objectives, e.g. the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, or 
the environment.52 
3.61.   From 1  October  2017 to 30 September 2018, WTO  Members s ubmitted 2,089  new regular 
notifications of TBT measures .53 This represents an increase of around 30% compared to the 
preceding 12-month period.54 The clear majority of regular TBT notifications submitted during the 
review period (around 85%) continue to com e from developing countries.  
3.62.   The Members which notified the most measures during the review period  - covering more 
than 7% of all new regular notifications  - were the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Bahrain, 
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, a nd Yemen  (458 collectively as Gulf  Cooperation Council 
(GCC) Standardization Organization (GSO) members)55, Uganda  (163), Kenya  (146), the 
                                                
50 For the TBT Section, the review period covers 1 October 2017 to 30 September 2018.  
51 Under the TBT Agreement, WTO Mem bers are not required to notify all  proposed TBT  measures 
(technical  regulations or conformity assessment procedures). Rather, as a minimum, they are only required to 
notify those measures that may  have a significant effect on trade of other Members and ar e not in accordance 
with a relevant international standard (in the case of technical regulations), or relevant guides  or 
recommendations issued by international standardizing bodies (in the case of conformity assessment 
procedures). However, the TBT Commit tee, in its Sixth Triennial Review, encouraged Members, "for the purpose 
of enhancing predictability and transparency in situations where it is difficult to establish or foresee whether a 
draft technical regulation or conformity assessment procedure may  have a 'significant effect on trade of other 
Members', to notify such measures."  
52 TBT Agreement obligations are also subject to 25 separate special and differential treatment (S&D) 
provisions, conferring developing -country Members, and LDC Members in partic ular, with certain flexibilities. The 
TBT Agreement contains more S&D provisions than any other WTO agreement apart from the GATT  1994.  
53 Viewed at: http://tbtims.wto.org . 
54 From 1 October 2016 to 30 September 2017, the overall number of new regular notifications was 
1,608.  
55 The GSO -GCC has ad hoc observer status to the TBT  Committee.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 54 - 
 
  European  Union  (132)56, Rwanda  (103), Tanzania (102), Brazil  (95), the United States  (88), 
China  (68), the Republic of Korea  (59), Mexico  (56) and Israel  (55). During the review period , and 
consistent with the trend already noted, the GSO -GCC continued to notify regionally -harmonized 
GCC draft technical regulations in joint notifications, providing a common deadline for co mments 
and facilitating the handling of comments received.  
3.63.   Of the 2,089  new regular TBT notifications received during the review  period, the majority 
indicated the protection of human health or safety as the main objective.57 The remaining 
notifications rel ated to quality requirements, the protection of the environment and the prevention 
of deceptive practices and consumer protection. Although national security does not feature among 
the most indicated objectives , it has been mentioned with increasing frequency since 2007 . 
3.64.   A total of 886 "follow -up notifications"58 were submitted during the review period, slightly 
more than the 815 notified during the preceding 12-month  period. The continuing and frequent use 
by Members of this type of notification is a positive development , as it increases transparency and 
predictability across the measures' regulatory lifecycle.  
3.65.   WTO Members use the TBT Committee as a forum for discussing trade issues related to 
specific TBT measures (technical regulations, standards or  conformity assessment procedures) 
maintained by other Members. These STCs normally relate to proposed draft measures notified to 
the TBT Committee or to the implementation of existing measures. Issues can range from simple 
requests for additional informat ion and clarification to questions on the consistency of measures with 
TBT Agreement disciplines.  
3.66.   A total of 183 (21  new and 162  previously -raised) STCs were discussed during the three 
Committee meetings that fell within the review period: 62 (7  new and 5 5 previously -raised)  at the 
November  2017 meeting, 59 (6  new and 53 previously -raised) at the March  2018 meeting, and 62 
(8 new and 54 previously -raised) at the June  2018 meeting.  
3.67.   As depicted in  Table  3.13, measures by the European Union  (4), China  (3), a nd those by 
Ecuador, India, Indonesia, United  States and Viet  Nam (2  each) attracted the majority of the 21 new 
STCs raised during the review period. They were followed by new STCs concerning measures by 
Brazil, Colombia, Israel, and Thailand ( one each). T hese new STCs covered a wide range of 
products/issues, including cybersecurity, solid waste, toys, processed food and food products, 
refrigerating appliances, automobiles, tobacco products, cosmetic and medicinal products, biofuels 
and spirits, batteries, conservation energy standards, security screening equipment, telegraph s and 
surface tension agents.  
Table 3.13 New STCs raised in the TBT Committee  
New STCs raised in the TBT Committee meetings of November 20 17, March 2018,  
and June 2018  
Viet Nam:  Draft Cybersecurity Law (ID 544) (raised by Japan, United States and New Zealand) ; 
China: Catalogue of Solid Wastes Forbidden to Import into China (ID 545) ( raised by Japan, United  States, 
European Union, Australia and Canada ); 
India : Amended regulation on toy imports (ID 546) ( raised by European Union, China, United  States, Mexico 
and Canada) ; 
China: Certification requirements for processed foods (ID 547)  (raised by European Union, United States, 
Guatemala, Singapore and Chinese Taipei );  
                                                
56 Eighty -one EU -wide regular notifications plus 51 notifications from certain individual EU  member States: 
Estonia (2); the Czech Republic (21) ; France (10); Italy (3); Lithuania (3); Slovenia  (4); Spain (3); Sweden  (1); 
and the United  Kingdom  (4). 
57  A TBT measure may  pursue a variety of legitimate objectives, although historically the majority  fall 
under one of the following categories: the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, or the environment. 
Members are required to identify the purpose of the measure in their notifications. It is not uncommon that more 
than one objective is  identified for a measure.  
58 Follow -up notifications are called "addenda", "corrigenda", or "supplements". They can also be in the 
form of "revisions" when the original measure has been substantially re -drafted prior to adoption or entry into 
force. A revi sion replaces the original notification. They are linked to the original notification of a measure, and 
include additional pertinent information, such as the extension of a notification comment period (addenda), the 
withdrawal or revocation of a measure (a ddenda), when a measure is substantially redrafted prior to adoption 
or entry into force (revision), or when the adopted final text of a measure becomes available (addenda). See 
G/TBT/35 for further information on different types of TBT notifications.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 55 - 
 
  New STCs raised in the TBT Committee meetings of November 20 17, March 2018,  
and June 2018  
Ecuador:  Household refrigerating appliances (ID 548) ( raised by Colombia ); 
Viet Nam:  Decree on the regulation on conditions for automobiles manufacturing, assembling importing and 
automotive warranty and maintenance services (ID 549) ( raised by Japan, United States and Thailand ); 
European Union: Establishment and operation of a traceabil ity system for tobacco products (ID 550) ( raised 
by Cuba ); 
China: Environmental protection control standards for imported solid waste as raw materials (ID 551) ( raised 
by European Union, United States, Australia, Japan and Canada ); 
Israel: Addendum to the Pharmacist Regulations (Cosmetics 5778 -2018) (ID 552) ( raised by European Union 
and United States) ; 
European Union:  Amendments to the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) (ID 553) ( raised by 
Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nigeria ); 
European Union:  Laws, regulations, procedures and guidelines on marketing authorization for medicinal 
products (ID 554) ( raised by India ); 
European Union : Application of Regulation No. 1169/2011 and Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006 regarding 
the labelling of food products, in not prohibiting or examining the use of "palm oil free" labels (ID 555) ( raised 
by Colombia, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Thailand and Malaysia ); 
Thailand : New certification requirements under the Thai Min istry of Finance's Ministerial Notification on 
Importation of Spirits into the Kingdom of Thailand (B.E 2560) (ID 556) ( raised by  Australia, United States, 
Japan and European Union) ; 
Brazil:  Draft Technical Resolution No. 51, 7 April 2017 on labelling of beverages, wine, and grape derivatives 
(ID 557) ( raised by European Union);  
India:  Testing and Certification of Telegraph (The Indian T elegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2017) (ID 558) 
(raised by  United States);  
United States:  TSA Certification on security screening equipment (ID 559) (raised by  China);  
United States : Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Compressors (ID 560)  
(raised by  China);  
Indonesia:  Regulation of the Chairman of NADFC RI No.14 of 2016 on the Safety and Quality Standard of 
Alcoholic Beverages (ID 561) (raised by  Mexico);  
Colombia : Technical Regulation applicable to zinc -carbon and alkaline cells and batteries imported into or 
manufac tured in Colombia (ID 562) ( raised by Mexico and United States);  
Ecuador : RTE INEN 088 (1R) s urface tension agents (ID 563)  (raised by  Mexico);  
Indonesia:  Indonesian National Standard SNI 2973: 2011 and the certification requirements for the import 
of biscuits, as notified under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade on 20 April 2016 (ID 564 ) 
(raised by Switzerland).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.68.   As indicated in  Chart 3.15 , STCs are frequently discussed in the regular meetings of the 
TBT Committee, with almost 60 STCs discussed per  meeting in recent years. Depending on the 
extent of the trade -restrictiveness  and importance of the issue to the Member(s ) raising the STC, 
the same measure may come  up at one or more meetings of the TBT Committee. For example, an 
STC may be discussed at only one meeting as a new STC, and subsequently a resolution to the trade 
concern may be found. Alternatively, an STC may be discussed at subsequent meetings, as a 
previously -raised STC. Previously -raised STCs are usually reserved for long -standing and more 
serious concerns. Since 1995, Members have raised 562 new STCs.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 56 - 
 
  Chart 3.15 STCs raised per committee meeting, January 2007 to June 2018  
 
Note:   With a view to providing a more accurate image of the number of concerns discussed in the TBT 
 Committee in a given year, the methodology of counting previously -raised STCs has been r evised. 
 Previously, an STC raised in the TBT Committee in a given year, was counted once, either as a new 
 or as a previously -raised STC.  This method resulted in underrep orting the number of previously -raised 
 STCs. The new methodology counts an STC each time it is raised: if raised for the first time, it 
 is counted as a new STC, and if it is raised again, it is counted as a previously -raised STC.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.69.   Overall, the number of new and previously -raised STCs has been increasing every yea r, 
despite Members raising fewer new STCs. This may in part be because they have raised more 
previous  STCs in recent years . Since 2008, Members have raised more than 100  STCs (new and 
previous) every year ( Chart 3.16 ).59 During the three Committee meetings held in 2017 , 178 STCs 
were discussed, which represents a 174% increase compared to 2007, when 65 STCs were raised. 
Additionally, as indicated above, the total number of STCs discussed in the first two Committee 
meetings of 2018 (March and June) was 59 and  62, respectively, showing a similar trend to the one 
observed in 2017  
3.70.   As illustrated in  Chart 3.16 , there is a marked correlation between the number of new 
notifications and new STCs raised each year, although in 2011, 2013, 2016 and 2017 the number 
of new notifications has grown while the number of new STCs has fallen, marking a break in the 
trend.60 The overall trend suggests an increasing use of the TBT Committee as a forum for Members 
to raise and resolve trade concerns non -litigiously.  
                                                
59 In 2017, Members reviewed a total of 178 STCs, a record number. The number of new concerns, 
however, dropped to 27, 4 less than in 2016. This continues the declining trend in the number of new concerns 
raised in the Committee since 2014 (47), a decrease o f 43%. Source: Twenty -Third Annual Review of the 
Implementation and Operation of the TBT Agreement , G/TBT/40 (12 March 2018), para. 3.23.  
60 See Twenty -Third Annual Review of the Implementation and Operation of the TBT Agreement , G/TBT/40 
(12 March 2018), p ara. 3.35. 
223544354465
40515560 57 59303447
365159
39465056 5962
263740
465535
5151565762
78106131
117150159
130148161173178
121
020406080100120140160180200
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
November Meeting June Meeting March MeetingChart TBT.B STCs raised per committee meeting, January 2007 -June 2018
Source:  WTO Secretariat.Note:   [See note in draft].WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 57 - 
 
  Chart 3.16 STCs raised, January 1995 to 30 September 2018  
 
Note:   With a view to providing a more accurate image of the number of concerns discussed in the TBT 
 Committee in a given year, the methodology of counting previously -raised STCs has been revised. 
 Previously, an STC raised in the TBT Committee in a given year, was counted once, either as a new 
 or as a previously -raised STC.  This method resulted in under reporting the number of previously -
 raised STCs. The new methodology counts an STC each time it is raised: if raised for the first time, it 
 is counted as a new STC, and if it is raised again, it is counted as a previously -raised STC.  
Note:  2018 data cov er the period from January to September.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Chart 3.17 Number of TBT notifications and new STCs, 1995 -2018  
 
Note:  2018 data cover the period from January to September.  
Source:  WTO Secre tariat.  
4 611 13513 152015 14 1224 24 273246
2943354247
3127
14 4612
12322034
2235
201241517485
88107 124
88101142 151
107
4101725
1745
3554
3749
32366578106131
117150159
130148173178
121
020406080100120140160180200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
New STCs
 Previous STCsChart TBT.C   STCs raised, January 1995 -30 September 2018
Note:   [See text in draft].
Note:   2018 data cover the period from January to September.
Source:   WTO Secretariat.
05101520253035404550
0200400600800100012001400160018002000
New Notifications New STCsChart TBT.D   Number of TBT notifications and new STCs, January 1995 -30 September 2018
Note: 2018 data cover the period from January to September.
Source:   WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 58 - 
 
  3.71.   As mentioned, STCs may be discussed at subsequent meetings, as previously -raised STCs, 
and usually represent more serious concerns. The majority of STCs (57%) have been raised at one 
or two Committee meetings, 26% were raised three to five times an d 17% were raised more than 
five times ( Chart 3.18 ). The share of "persistent"  STCs, i.e.  those raised more than five times, 
decreased in 2017 in comparison with 2016.  
Chart 3.18 STCs raised in the TBT Committee, 1995 -2017  
(number of times)  
 
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Twenty -Third Annual Review of the Implementation and Operation of the TBT 
 Agreement , G/TBT/40 (12 March 2018), Chart  27. 
3.72.   During the review period, which includes S TCs raised in the first two meetings of the 
TBT Committee that took place in 2018, eight persistent  STCs, that were raised more than 16 times 
in TBT Committee meetings, were discussed ( Table  3.14).  
3.73.   Various new and previously -raised STCs discussed during t he review period involved 
regulations on vehicles and/or their related products. Box 3.4 takes a closer look these types of 
measures as notified to, and discussed in, the TBT Committee over the years.  
Table 3.14 Persistent STCs raised between 1 October 2017 and 30 September 2018  
Persistent STCs  
India:  Pneumatic tyres and tubes for automotive vehicles (ID 133) - raised 35 times  since 2006  
India:  New Telecommunications -related Rules (Department of Telecommunications, No. 842 -725/2005 -
VAS/Vol. III (3 December 2009); No. 10 -15/2009 -AS-III/193 (18 March 2010); and No. 10 -15/2009 -
AS.III/Vol. II/(Pt.)/(25 -29) (28 July 2010); Department of Telecommunica tions, No. 10 -15/2009 -
AS.III/Vol.  II/(Pt.)/(30) (28 July 2010) and accompanying template, "Security and Business Continuity 
Agreement" (ID 274) - raised 23 times  since 2010  
China:  Provisions for the Administration of Cosmetics Application Acceptance (ID 296) - raised 23 times  
since 2011 
China:  Requirements for information security products, including, inter alia , the Office of State Commercial 
Cryptography Administration (OSCCA) 1999 Regulation on commercial encryption products and its ongoing 
revision and the Multi -Level Protection Scheme (MLPS) (ID 294) - raised 22 times  since 2011  
Korea, Republic of:  Regulati on on Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Material (ID 305) - raised 19 
times  since 2011  
Indonesia: Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of the Adoption and Supervision of Indonesian 
National Standards for Obligatory Toy Safety (ID 328) - raised 19 times  since 2011  
1-2 Meetings
57% 3-5 Meetings
26%>5 Meetings
17%Chart TBT.E STCs raised in the TBT Committee, 1995 -2017
Source: WTO Secretariat. Twenty -third Annual Review of the Implementation and Operation of the TBT Agreement, 
G/TBT/40 (12 March 2018), Chart 27.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 59 - 
 
  Persistent STCs  
Russian Federation : Draft Technical Regulation on Alcohol Drinks Safety (published on 24 October 2011) 
(ID 332) - raised 19 times  since 2012  
European Union : Draft Implementing Regulations amending Regulation (EC) No. 607/2009 laying down 
detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 479/2008 as regards protected designations 
of origin and geographical indications, traditional terms, labell ing and presentation of certain wine sector 
products (ID 345) raised 17 times  since 2012  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.   
Box 3.4 Regulations on vehicles and the TBT Agreement  
Vehiclesa are among the top most traded products worldwide. Global exports amounted to USD 1 ,448.03  billion in 
2017, with Germany, Japan and the United States as the largest vehicle exporters (USD 258.29 billion, USD  146.23 
billion and USD 130.18 billion, respectiv ely). The top vehicle importer is the United States, with imports worth 
USD 294.56 billion in 2017, while the value of vehicles imported by Germany and China amounted to USD 124.57 
billion and USD 79.25 billion , respectively.b 
From January 1995 to October 2018, WTO Members had submitted a total of 1,180 new notifications to the TBT 
Committee related to vehicles or parts and/or accessories thereof.c These were made by 73 WTO Members. From 
1996 until end 2010, the number of TBT notified measures on vehicles increased from 14 to 142, setting a record for 
the total number of vehicle -related notifications. The largest share of these measures refers to th e need to protect  
human health and safety, and are notified by WTO Members from Asia, followed by those from North America. 
Notifications made by the United States and China constituted a significant part of these vehicle -related  notifications, 
amounting t o 14% and 10% of the total, respectively. Canada, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the European Union 
also regularly notify measures related to vehicles.   
WTO Members have increasingly used the TBT  Committee meetings to raise and discuss concerns regarding vehicles.d 
Between January 1995 and October 2018, 25 such concerns were raised in relation to measures maintained mostly 
by the European Union, the Republic of Korea, China, the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.e These 
concerns were about moto r vehicles in general, passenger cars, and tyres, and involved measures whose objectives 
were mainly about the protection of human health and safety as well as the environment. The issues most commonly 
mentioned by WTO Membersf when raising vehicle -related  concerns are transparency, trade -restrictiveness, and the 
use (or non -use) of international standards.  
_______________  
 a  Vehicles are listed in Chapter 87 of the Harmonized System.  
 b  Data source: ITC Trade Map.  
 c  TBT notifications are included when  the text mentions vehicles (excluding railway or tramway  
  rolling -stock) and parts and accessories thereof. Revisions, supplements, and addenda to the  
  notifications are not counted.  
 d  STCs are included when the text mentions vehicles (excluding railway or tramway rolling -stock),  
  and parts and accessories thereof. 
 e  Overall, concerns about vehicle -related measures taken by 28 WTO Members were subject to  
  discussions.  
 f A total of  16 WTO Members raised vehicle -related concerns.   
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Box 3.5 on how standards certification  and export status are interlin ked was contributed by 
the ITC.  
Box 3.5 Certification: A Door to International Markets  
Standards are essential for businesses to participate in international trade and integrate into value chains. 
They determine whether products are safe, and make it possible for inputs produced and processed b y multiple 
actors in different locations to be reliably compatible with each other. However, navigating the growing maze 
of official and private standards is not easy, especially for SMEs where the costs of complying with standards 
and regulations weigh di sproportionately.a  
A series of recent data -gathering exercises by the International Trade Centre (ITC) show how crucial complying 
with international standards is for SMEs desiring to expand their local and global base. Empirical evidence 
from ITC also pro vides suggestions on how institutions working in the area of quality assurance can support 
SMEs in their efforts to become certified.  
 
Certification and export status are deeply interlinked  
Investing in standards and regulations is worth the effort, despite the costs, as it can make a firm more 
competitive and better able to export and participate in value chains. The economic literature has shown how 
certification raises not only firms ' growth,b but also the likelihood they will export.c Firm-level e vidence from 
the ITC SME Competitiveness Survey in French -speaking African countries confirms that certification and 
export status are positively related, irrespective of the sector or firm size.d At the same time, smaller firms 
tend to find it harder to b ear the financial, administrative or other costs associated with obtaining  and 
maintaining certification.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 60 - 
 
  Exporters and large firms are more likely to hold an international certificate  
 
Source:  SME Competitiveness Survey in 16 French -speaking African countries (2018).  
_______________  
a Internationa l Trade Centre 2016 , "SME Competitiveness Outlook 2016: Meeting the Standard for Trade. " 
Geneva, Switzerland.  
b  Terlaak, A. & King, A.A. (2006) The effect of certification with the ISO 9000 Quality Management Standard: A 
signaling approach. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. [Online] 60 (4), 579 –602. Available at 
doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2004.09.012. 
c  Martincus, C.V., Carballo, J. & Gallo, A. (2010) The impact of export promotion institutions on trade: Is it the 
intensive or the extensive margin? IDB Working Paper Series . 199, 15, Otsuki, T. (2011) Effect of ISO 
standards on exports of firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: An application of the control function 
approach. Osaka School of International Public Policy: Discussion paper . (DP-2011-E-005), 11, Goedhuys, M. & 
Sleuwaegen, L. (2016) International standards certification, institutional voids and exports from developing 
country firms. International Business Review . [Online] 25 (6), 1344 –1355. Available at 
doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.04.006.  
d  ITC (2018). Promoting SME Competitiveness in Francophone Africa: Standards open doors to trade. ITC. 
Geneva. Available at http://www.intracen.org/publication/SM E-Competitiveness -Francophone -Africa/  
 
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 61 - 
 
  Bridging the information gap is a prerequisite to being certified  
Trade and Investment Support Institutions (TISIs) have a key role to play in ensuring that standards promote "better" 
trade, rather than become a bottleneck. One of the greatest impediments to the successful entry of developing 
country SMEs into international markets is their relative lack of access to information about market opportunities and 
requirements. This is confirmed by findings from the SM E Competitiveness Survey in French -speaking Africa. Results 
support a positive relationship between the extent to which firms perceive information availability and certification . 
The survey also finds that smaller businesses report experiencing more troubl e accessing information on standards 
and certification, which may be a contributing factor in their lower certification rate.a 
Certification is related to the availability of information   
 
Source:  SME Competitiveness Survey in 16 French -speaking African countries (2018).  
Training can facilitate knowledge transfer and promote certification as well as exporting  
Institutions working in the area of quality assurance can help firms, especially smaller ones, to obtain much needed 
information on how to get quali ty certificates. Quality -related training can be an effective tool to transfer knowledge. 
An ITC study in 14 Latin American countries analysed the effectiveness of services offered by Latin American support 
institutions in obtaining quality certificates as  well as exporting. Firms that have received assistance in obtaining 
quality certification are not only more likely to be certified, they are also three times more likely to export.b 
Firms receiving quality -related training are more likely to be certified  
 
Source:  Popova, Rollo, & Virdee, 2018.  
These findings confirm that trade and investment support institutions can bridge information gaps that prevent firms 
from getting quality certificates and entering export markets. Transmitting knowledge about quali ty certification and 
related processes remains key to promoting certification. To this end, the ITC continues to provide support to the 
Standards and Trade Development Facility, a global partnership that supports developing countries in building their 
capacity to implement SPS standards, guidelines and recommendations as a means to improve their human, animal, 
and plant health status and ability to gain or maintain access to markets.  
_______________  
a ITC (2018). Promoting SME Competitiveness in Africa: Dat a for de -risking investment. ITC. Geneva. 
Available at http://www.intracen.org/publication/SME -Competitiveness -in-Africa/  
 b  Popova, A., Rollo, V., & Virdee, J. (2018). The impact of quality related business trainings in Latin America. 
  ITC Working Paper , No. WP -01-2018.E. Geneva: International Trade Centre; Available at:  
  http://www.intracen.org/ITC -WPS/2018/  
Source:  International Trade Centre . 
 
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 62 - 
 
  3.5  Trade Concerns Raised in Other WTO Bodies61 
3.75.   During the review period, a number of trade concerns were raised by Members in formal 
meetings of various WTO bodies. This Section provides a factual overview of such concerns raised 
between mid -October 2017 and mid -October 2018.62 The trade concerns covered in this S ection 
have neither the status nor the procedural framework of the STCs raised in the SPS and TBT 
Committees. Nevertheless, they provide an interesting and up -to-date insight into which trade issues 
are being discussed by Members across the WTO and, as suc h, add important transparency. This 
Section does not reproduce the full substantive description of the trade concerns outlined by WTO 
Members, but provides a reference to the formal meeting(s) where a particular issue featured. A full 
account and context o f the concerns is provided in the formal meeting records of the respective WTO 
bodies. The list of concerns and issues mentioned in this Section is not exhaustiv e. 
3.76.   At the 30 November 2017 meeting of the General Council (GC)63, concerns were raised on the 
trade-restrictive measures imposed by Kazakhstan at its borders (raised by the Kyrgyz Republic 
under "Other Business"). At the 7 March 2018 GC meeting64, concerns were raised on possible trade -
restrictive measures by a Member (raised by China under "Other Bus iness").  
3.77.   At the 8 May 2018 meeting of the GC65, concerns were raised on: (i) the U.S. Section 232 
investigations and measures on steel and aluminium products (raised by China) ; and (ii) the U.S. 
investigations and measures under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 (raised by China). At the 
26 July 2018 meeting66, trade concerns were raised on China's economic model (raised by the United 
States). 
3.78.   At the meeting of the Council for Trade in Goods  (CTG) on 10 November 201767, new concerns 
were raised on (i) India's QRs on imports of mungo beans (raised by Australia); (ii)  Kazakhstan's 
border restrictions (raised by the Kyrgyz Republic); (iii) Mexico's AD duties on the Russian Federation 
on the basis of  a non -market methodology (raised by the Russian Federation); and (iv) China's 
customs duties on certain semiconductors (raised by the European Union, Chinese Taipei and the 
United States). At that meeting, concerns were again raised on: (i) India's custom s duties on 
ICT products - previously considered under a broader title (raised by Canada, the European Union, 
Norway, Japan, Chinese Taipei and the United States); (ii) the U.S. Section  232 investigations on 
steel and aluminium products (raised by the Russian Federation); (iii) the U.S. Seafood Import 
Monitoring Programme (SIMP) (raised by China); (iv) Nigeria's import restricting measures (raised 
by Norway); (v) Indonesia's import - and export -restricting policies and practices (raised by the 
European Union , Japan and the United States); (vi)  the Russian Federatio n's trade -restricting 
practices (raised by the European Union); (vii) Egypt's manufacturer registration system (raised by 
the European Union); and (viii) Brazil's restrictions on banana imports (rai sed by Ecuador).  
3.79.   At the CTG meeting on 23 and 26 March 201868, new concerns were raised under the regular 
agenda on: (i) the U.S. Section 232 investigations and measures on imports of steel and aluminium 
(raised by China and the Russian Federation)69; (ii) M exico's customs processing fee (raised by 
Ecuador); (iii) Viet Nam's decree on the regulation on conditions for automobile manufacturing, 
assembling, importing and maintenance services (raised by Japan and the United  States); (iv) 
China's new export control law (raised by Japan); (v) Mongolia's QRs on certain agricultural products 
(raised by the Russian Federation); (vi) China's measures restricting imports of scrap materials 
(raised by the United States); (vii) the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy (raised by 
Malaysia); (viii) the U.S. SG measures against imported crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells and 
residential washers (raised by China) . Under Other Business  concerns were raised on ; (ix) the U.S. 
                                                
61 This Section does not include SPS and TBT Committees (covered separately) . Some of the issues raised 
in this Section may subsequently have become the subject of a dispute.  
62 Members and Observers are encouraged to communicate to the WTO's Tra de Policy Review Division 
issues on trade measures which they have raised in WTO bodies and which they believe are relevant to the 
monitoring exercise.  
63 Document WT/GC/M/170.  
64 Document WT/GC/M/171.  
65 Document WT/GC/M/172.  
66 Document WT/GC/M/173 (forthcoming).  
67 Document  G/C/M/130.  
68 Document  G/C/M/131.  
69 This issue was previously raised at the CTG when the measures had not yet entered into force.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 63 - 
 
  Section 301 (raised by China) ; and (x) the US certification on aviation security equipment (raised 
by China).  
3.80.   At the same meeting, the CTG considered again trade concerns that had already been brought 
to its attention at previous meetings on: (i) Indonesia's i mport and export policies (raised by the 
European Union, Japan and the United States); (ii) India's QRs on imports of mungo beans (raised 
by Australia); (iii) India's customs duties on ICT  products (raised by Canada, China, the 
European  Union, Japan, Norwa y, Chinese Taipei and the United States); (iv) the U.S. measures 
related to imports of fish and seafood products (raised by China and the Russian Federation ); (v)  the 
Russian Federation's trade -restricting practices (raised by the European Union and the 
United States); (vi)  Egypt's manufacturer registration system (raised by the European Union and 
the United States); (vii)  China's customs duties on certain integrated circuits (raised by the European 
Union, Japan, Chinese Taipei and the United States; and (v iii) an import levy imposed by 
WTO Members of the African Union (raised by the European Union and the United States).  
3.81.   At the CTG meeting on 3-4 July 201870, new trade concerns were raised on: (i) the EU 
registration of the terms "Danbo" and "Havarti" as geographical indications (GI s) (raised by the 
United States and Uruguay);  (ii) the selective tax on certain imported products , imposed by the 
Kingdom of Saudi  Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain ( raised by the 
European Union, Switzerland and the U nited States); (iii) Haiti's application of tariff rates higher 
than those bound in Haiti's Schedule XXVI (raised by Dominican Republic); (iv) Haiti's ban on the 
overland import of 23  products from the Dominican Republic ( raised by Dominican Republic) ; 
(v) Pakistan's measures relating to sugar exports (raised by Australia and Thailand); (vi) India's 
measures relating to sugar exports (raised by A ustralia and Thailand); (vii) India's QRs on imports 
of certain pulses (raised by Australia, Canada and the United States); and (viii) the U.S. Federal 
Communications Commission (FCC) announcement on purchasing communication equipment or 
services (raised b y China).  
3.82.   At the same meeting , concerns were reiterated on: (i) the U.S. Section 232 investigations 
and measures  on imports of steel and aluminium , and on the U.S. investigation initiated on 
23 May 2018 on imports of automobiles, including cars, SUVs, vans , trucks, and automotive parts 
(raised by Japan and the Russian Federation); (ii) Indonesia's Import and Export Policies, including 
local cont ent requirements, export restrictions, technical regulations and new requirements for 
soybeans (raised by the European Union, Japan, and the United States); (iii) the U.S. measures 
relating to imports of fish and seafood products - the U.S. Seafood Import Monitoring Programme 
(SIMP)  - (raised by China and the Russian Federation); (iv) India's customs duties on additio nal ICT 
products covered by the ITA (raised by Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Norway, and the 
Unite s States); (v) Mongolia's QRs and prohibitions on the importation of certain agricultural 
products (raised by the Russian Federation); (vi) Egypt' s manufacturer registration system through 
Decree No.  43 of 2016 (raised by the European Union); (vii) Croatia 's regulation on the import and 
sale of certain oil products (raised by the Russian Federation); (viii) Viet Nam's decree on the 
regulation regarding conditions for automobiles manufacturing, assembling, importing, and 
automotive warranty and maintenance services (ra ised by Japan and the United States); (ix) China's 
measures restricting imports of scrap materials (raised by the United States);  (x) China's customs 
duties on certain integrated circuits (raised by the European Union and Japan); (xi) China's new 
draft export control law (raised by Japan  and the European Union); (xii)  the Russian Federation's 
trade restricting practices (raised by t he European Union); (xiii) the import levy by WTO  Members 
of the African Union (raised by the United States); (xiv) the U.S. civil aviation security measures 
(raised by China) ; and (xv) the EU amendments to Directive  2009/28/EC on renewable energy 
(raised under "Other Business" by Malaysia).  
3.83.   At the 26 April 2018 meeting of the Committee on Market Access (CMA)71, new and persistent 
trade concerns were raised on: (i) Angola's consumption tax (raised by the European Union)72; 
(ii) China's customs duties on certa in integrated circuits (raised by the European Union, Japan, 
Chinese Taipei and the United States);73 (iii) Haiti's modification of Schedule  XXVI (raised by 
Dominican Republic); (iv) India's customs duties on telecommunication and other products (raised 
                                                
70 Document  G/C/M/132 (forthcoming).  
71 Includes issues raised under " Other Business". Document G/MA/M/67.  
72 The issue had  been previously raised in 2017.  
73 The issue ha d been repeatedly raised in previous meetings , as well as in the ITA Committee.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 64 - 
 
  by Canada, China,  the European Union, Japan, Norway, Chinese Taipei and the United  States )74; 
(v) Oman's MFN customs duties on cigarettes (raised by the European Union and Switzerland); (vi) 
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's excise tax on energy drinks and carbona ted soft drink products (raised 
by the European Union and Switzerland); (vii) the United States' prohibited electronic equipment 
(raised by China); (viii)  India's restrictions on the importation of mungo beans and yellow peas 
(raised by Australia) ; and (ix ) the EU (Croatia) regulation on the importation and sale of certain oil 
and biodiesel products (raised by the Russian Federation).75  
3.84.   At the 9 October 2018 CMA meeting76, new and persistent trade concerns were raised on: 
(i) Australia's market access prohibition on 5G equipment (raised by China); (ii) the EU enlargement 
negotiations under Article XXIV:6 of the GATT 1994 to include Croatia (raised by the Russian 
Federation); (iii) the EU renegotiations of tariff rate quotas und er Article XXVIII of the GATT 1994 
(raised by the Russian Federation); (iv) the rectifications and modifications of the United Kingdom 's 
Schedule XIX (raised by the Russian Federation); (v) India's customs duties on telecommunication 
and other products (ra ised by Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Norway, Chinese Taipei 
and the United States); (vi) India's QRs on certain pulses (raised by Australia, Canada, the European 
Union and the United States); (vii) the selective tax on certain imported product s, imposed by the 
Kingdom of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (raised by the 
European Union, the United States and Switzerland); (viii) China's custom duties on certain 
integrated circuits (raised by the European Union, Japan and Chinese Taipei); (ix) Oman's custom 
duties on cigarettes (raised by the European Union and Switzerland) ; and (x) the Russian 
Federation's QR on birch logs (raised by the European Union).  
3.85.   At the meetings of the Committee of Participants on the Expansion of Trade in Information 
Technology Products  on 6 November 2017 and 16 May 201877, trade concerns continued to be raised 
regarding a series of duty increases announced in India's customs notifications on certain 
ICT products, for which India had un dertaken a  binding obligation to provide duty -free treatment in 
its WTO schedule of concessions (raised by Canada;  China;  the European Union;  Japan;  Korea, the 
Republic of ; Norway;  Chinese Taipei ; and the United States). In addition, concerns were repeated  
with respect to China's application of tariffs on multi component integrated circuits (MCOs), as a 
result of their reclassification under the 2017 nomenclature of the Harmonized System, that were 
previously duty free by virtue of China's commitments under  the ITA Expansion Agreement (raised 
by the European Union, Japan, Chinese Taipei and the United States).  
3.86.   At the meeting of the Committee on Import Licensing on 20 April 201878, new and persistent 
trade concerns were raised as per  Table 3.15 . 
Table 3.15 Concerns raised on import licensing measures  
Measure implemented by  Member(s) raising the concern  
Argentina  
Non-automatic licensing procedures on certain 
productsa European Union  
Brazil  
Import restrictions of  nitrocellulose for industrial useb European Union  
China  
Import licensing measures on importation of solid 
waste and recoverable materialsc European Union, United State s 
India  
Import licensing requirements on boric acid  United States  
Import requirements for beans of the species vigna 
mungo hepper  or vigna radiata wilczek  and pigeon 
peas ( cajanus cajan ) Australia  
Indonesia  
Import licensing regime for cellphones, handheld 
computers and tablets  United States  
Import requirements related  to milk supply and 
circulation  United States  
                                                
74 The issue had  been repeatedly raised in previous meetings of the Committee and oth er WTO bodies.  
75 The issue had been previously raised in October 2016.  
76 Document G/MA/M/68 (forthcoming ). 
77 Documents G/IT/M/67 and G/IT/M/68.  
78 Document G/LIC/M/47 (forthcoming).  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 65 - 
 
  Measure implemented by  Member(s) raising the concern  
Russian Federation  
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificate 
procedures on the importation of specified medicines 
and pharmaceutical productsd European Union  
a  Document G/LIC/Q/ARG/16.  
b  Document G/LIC/Q/BRA/22.  
c  Document G/LIC/Q/CHN/27.  
d  Document G/LIC/Q/RUS/4.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.87.   At the meetings of the Committee on Customs Valuation on 6  November 2017 and 
23 April 201879, concerns were repeated on: (i) Pakistan's determination of the customs value of 
paper (raised by Thailand); (ii) Armenia's alleged use of reference prices (raised by the 
United  States); (iii)  Indonesia's status of PSI notifications (raised by the United States); and 
(iv) Egypt's status of PSI notifications (raised by the United  States). N ew concerns were raised on: 
(i) Colombia's use of reference pricing for apparel (raised by Canada at the November meeting); 
and (ii)  Oman's customs valuation of cigarettes , and its introduction of the selective tax (raised by 
Switzerland a t the April meeting).  
3.88.   At the meeting of the Committee on Rules of Origin on 15 -16 October 201880, trade concerns 
were raised on Indonesia's extension of AD duties on hot -rolled coil , originally applied to the Russian 
Federation, to cover also products from Kazakhstan (raised by Kazakhstan).  
3.89.   At the meetings of the Committee on Agriculture  (CoA)81 on 17 -18 October  2017, 
20 February  2018, 11 -12 June 2018 and 25 -26 September 2018 , several questions and concerns 
were raised with respect to Members' individual notifications , and on implementation -related issues 
under Article  18.6. During the period concerned, a total of 455 questions were discussed , on 
individual notifications (271 questions), Article 18.6 issues (159 questions on 
49 implem entation -related issue s), and on overdue notifications (25 questions). Additional details 
regarding these questions and concerns can be found in Section 3.6 of  this Report.  
3.90.   At the meetings of the Committee on Anti -Dumping Practices82 on 27 October 201 7 and 
27 April 201 8, concerns were raised as per  Table 3.16 . 
Table 3.16 Concerns raised on AD practices  
Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
Brazil  
Investigation on hot -rolled steel  Russian Federation  
Sunset review on PET films  Turkey  
Investigation on PET films  Peru 
Canada  
Investigation on silicon metal  Lao PDR  and Kazakhstan  
China  
Investigation on styrene monomers  Korea, Republic of  
Investigation on broiler products  Brazil  
Investigation on acrylonitrile -butadiene rubber  Japan  
Colombia  
Investigation on frozen fries  European Union  
Dominican Republic  
Measure on steel reinforcing bar  Turkey  
Egypt  
Investigation on steel rebar  Ukraine and  Turkey  
                                                
79 Documents G/VAL/M/65 and G/VAL/M/66.  
80 Document G/RO/M/71 (forthcoming).  
81 Questions and responses to the issues raised under the review process in the CoA meetings on 
17-18 October 2017, 20 February 2018, 11 -12 June 2018 and 25 -26 September 2018 are available in 
G/AG/W/170, issued on 12 December 2017, G/AG/W/173, issued on 6 A pril 2018, G/AG/W/181, issued on 18 
July 2018, and G/AG/W/184, issued on 14 September 2018 (questions only).  
82 Minutes documents G/ADP/M/53 and G/ADP/M/54, respectively.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 66 - 
 
  Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
European Union  
Interim review on solar panels  China  
Investigation on tubes and pipe fittings of stainless steel  China  
India  
Investigation on sodium dichromate  Turkey  
Investigation on resorcinol  Japan  
Investigation on ammonium nitrate  Russian Federation  
Measure on linear alkyl benzene  Qatar  
Investigation on caustic soda  Qatar  
Indonesia  
Sunset review on hot -rolled coil  Kazakhstan  
Sunset review on hot -rolled plates  Ukraine  
Israel  
Investigation on low voltage copper cables  Turkey  
Investigation on Portland cement  Turkey  
Measure on float glass  Turkey  
Korea, Republic of  
Measure on stainless steel bar  Japan  
Measure on ferrosilicon manganese  Ukraine  
Mexico  
Measure on cold -rolled sheet  Kazakhstan  
Morocco  
Measure on refrigerators  Turkey  
Pakistan  
Investigation on certain uncoated writing and printing paper  Brazil  
Russian Federation, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic  
Investigation on herbicides  European Union  
Turkey  
Investigation on unbleached kraftliner paper  Brazil  
Measure on copper wire rod  Ukraine  
Ukraine  
Interim review on ammonium nitrate  Russian Federation  
Investigation on armature and wire rod  Russian Federation  
Investigation on carbamide -formaldehyde products  Russian Federation  
Investigation on syringes  Turkey  
United States  
Investigation on wire rod  Russian Federation  
Investigations on colour -coated, hot -rolled, cold -rolled steel sheets and steel 
plates  Korea, Republic of  
Administrative review on oil country tubular goods  Korea, Republic of  
Investigation on biodiesel  Indonesia  
Investigation on carbon and alloy steel wire rod  Ukraine  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.91.   Other additional issues and concerns were raised on: (i) the recent rapid increase in AD 
measures, especially in the steel sector (raised by Japan); (ii) the EU and U.S. "surrogate country 
methodology" in investigations (raised by China); (iii)  India's methodology to calculate the amount 
of AD duties on investigations (raised by Japan); (iv) the length of the U.S. AD measures (raised by 
Japan); (v) the U.S. practice of ap plying adverse facts available ("AFA") in investigations (raised by 
Korea, Republic of); (vi) the U.S. methodology of regarding SOEs as one whole entity (raised by 
China) ; and (vi i) the EU draft amendments to the Basic AD Regulation (raised by the Russian 
Federation).  
At the meetings of the  Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures83 on 
24 October  2017 and 24 April 2018, concerns were raised on CVD actions  as per  Table 3.17 . 
                                                
83 Minutes G/SCM/M/103 and G/SCM/M/105, respectively.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 67 - 
 
  Table 3.17 Concerns raised on CVD actions  
Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
European Union  
Investigation on hot -rolled steel  China  
United States  
Investigation on ripe olives  European Union  
Measures on iron and steel products  Turkey  
Investigation on silicon metal  Australia and Kazakhstan  
Various investigations  India 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
At the same meetings , concerns were raised on subsidies  as per  Table 3.18 . 
Table 3.18 Concerns raised on subsidies  
Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
China  
Non-notification of alleged subsidies in the steel sector  United States  
Non-notification of alleged subsidies in the fisheries sector  United States  
Non-notification of alleged subsidies under the Internationally Well -
known Brand Programme  United States  
Requests for information on certain alleged subsidy programmes in the 
steel sector  European Union and United States  
India  
Export subsidies in the textile and apparel sector  United States  
Export subsidies (India's graduation from Annex VII(b) of the 
Agreement)  United States  
United States  
Request for information on certain alleged subsidy programmes  China  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Additional concerns were raised on: (i) the elimination of export subsidies by the Members 
that received extensions under Article 27.4 of the SCM Agreement; (ii) the low and declining level 
of compliance with the notification and transparency obligati ons in the SCM Agreement; (iii)  requests 
for information on potential steel subsidies pursuant to Article s 25.8 and 25.9 ( raised by the 
European Union and the United States);  (iv) enhancing fisheries subsidies transparency (raised by 
the United States); (v) subsidies and overcapacity (raised by Canada, the European Union, Japan, 
Mexico and the United States); and (vi) implementation of Paragraph  2 of the Ministerial Decision 
on Fisheries Subsidies (raised by Australia, Canada, the European  Union, Iceland, New Zealand, 
Norway and the United States).  
3.95.   At the meetings of the Trade -Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)  Committee on 
6 November 2017 and 1 June 201884, new or continuing issues were raised, as per Table 3.19.  
Table 3.19 Concerns raised at the TRIMs Committee  
Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
Argentina  
Act 27,263 on the development and strengthening of auto -partsa Mexico  
China  
Local content in cybersecurity measures (including provisions on 
insurance system informatization)b European Union and United States  
Indonesia  
Requirements for 4G LTE mobile devicesc European Union, Japan and  
United States  
Provisions in the energy sector (mining, oil and gas)d Canada, European Union, Japan 
and United States  
Industry Law and Trade Lawe European Union and Japan  
Minimum local product requirement for the modern retail sectorf European Union and Japan  
Measures relating to investment in the telecommunications sectorg Japan  
Requirements for dairy importation and distribution  European Union and United States  
                                                
84 Documents G/TRIMS/M/43 and G/TRIMS/M/44.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 68 - 
 
  Measure implemented by  Member(s)  
raising the concern  
Nigeria  
Guidelines in information communications technology (ICT)h United States  
Russian Federation  
Measures implementing the Russian Federation's import substitution 
policyi European Union and United States  
Turkey   
Localization policy in the pharmaceutical sector  European Union and United States  
a  Documents G/TRIMS/Q/ARG/1 ; G/TRIMS/Q/ARG/2; G/TRIMS/Q/ARG/3; G/TRIMS/Q/ARG/4; and 
G/TRIMS/Q/ARG/4.  
b  Document G/TRIMS/Q/CHN/1.  
c  Documents G/TRIMS/W/148 and G/TRIMS/W/162 . 
d  Documents G/TRIMS/W/70; G/TRIMS/W/74; G/TRIMS/W/79; G/TRIMS/W/88; G/TRIMS/W/100; 
G/TRIMS/W/108; G/TRIMS/W/123; G/TRIMS/W/128; G/TRIMS/W/137; and G/TRIMS/W/137/Corr.1 . 
e  Documents G/TRIMS/W/138; G/TRIMS/W/140; G/TRIMS/W/157; and G/TRIMS/W/158 . 
f  Documents G/TRIMS/W/139; G/TRIMS/W/141; G/TRIMS/W/159; and G/TRIMS/W/161 . 
g  Documents G/TRIMS/W/61; G/TRIMS/W/63; G/TRIMS/W/71; G/TRIMS/W/75; G/TRIMS/W/78; 
G/TRIMS/W/80; G/TRIMS/W/86; G/TR IMS/W/96; G/TRIMS/W/104; G/TRIMS/W/131; 
G/TRIMS/W/154; G/TRIMS/W/160; and G/TRIMS/Q/IDN/1 . 
h  Document G/TRIMS/Q/NGA/1.  
i  Documents G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/4; G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/5; G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/6; G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/7; 
G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/8; and G/TRIMS/Q/RUS/9.  
Source:  WTO Secre tariat.  
3.96.   At the meetings of the Committee on Safeguards85 on 23 October 2017 and 23 April 2018, 
concerns were raised on specific SG actions as per  Table 3.20 . 
Table 3.20 Concerns raised at the Committee on Safeg uards  
Measure implemented by  Member(s) raising the concern  
Chile   
Investigation on Powdered Milk and Gouda Cheese  United States, European Union, Argentina, Australia  
and New Zealand  
China   
Investigation on Sugar Brazil, Australia  and European Union  
Costa Rica   
Investigation on Bars and Rods of Steel for Concrete 
Reinforcement  Turkey  
European Union   
Investigation on Certain Steel Products  Republic of Korea,  Turkey , Argentina , China , Egypt , 
Viet Nam , Chile and India  
Bahrain, Kingdom of; Kuwait, State of; Oman; 
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of; and United Arab 
Emiratesa   
Investigation on Flat -Rolled Products of Iron or 
Non-Alloy Steel  European Union  
India   
Investigation on Solar Cells  European Union  and Japan  
Indonesia   
Investigation on Fla t-Rolled Product s of Iron or 
Non-Alloy Steel  European Union  
Investigation on Ceramic Flags and Paving, Hearth or 
Wall Tiles; Ceramic Mosaic Cubes and the Like  European Union  and Japan  
Jordan   
Investigation on Aluminium Bars, Rods and Profiles  United States  
Malaysia   
Investigation on Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bars  European Union  
Investigation on Steel Wire Rod and Deformed Bar -
In-Coil European Union  
South Africa   
Investigation on Certain Flat Hot -Rolled Steel 
Products  United States, Japan  and European Union  
Thailand   
Investigation on Non -Alloy Hot -Rolled Steel Flat 
Products , in Coils and Not in Coils   Turkey  
                                                
85 Documents G/SG/M/50 and G/SG/M/51.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 69 - 
 
  Measure implemented by  Member(s) raising the concern  
Turkey   
Investigation on Pneumatic Ty res Ecuador, European Union  and Japan  
Investigation on Polyethylene Terephthalate  European Union  
Investigation on Toothbrushes  Ecuador  
Investigation on Wallpaper and Similar Wallcoverings  European Union  
Ukraine   
Investigation on Flexible Porous Plates, Blocks and 
Sheets of Polyurethane Foams  European Union  
United States   
Investigation on Large Residential Washers   Korea, Republic of; Viet Nam; China;  and Mexico  
Investigation on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells  European Union , Republic of Korea , Australia , Japan , 
Philippines , China , Singapore , Switzerland , Norway , 
and Malaysia  
Measures Taken Following Section 232 Investigations  China; Russian Federation; Venezuela, Bolivarian 
Republic of; Turkey; Norway; Switzerland; India;  and 
Singapore  
Viet Nam   
Investigation on Diammonium Phosphate and 
Monoammonium Ph osphate Fertilizer  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and United States  
Zambia   
Investigation on Flat –Rolled Products of Iron, 
Non-Alloy Steel, Trailers and Semi -Trailers  United States  
a Investigations are initiated at the level of the GCC.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
At the meeting of the Working Party on State Trading Enterprises  (STEs) on 
9 Novembe r 201786, trade concerns were raised on India's Tam il Nadu State Marketing Corporation 
Limited (raised by the European Union). At that same meeting, a ddition al concerns were raised on: 
(i) the non -notification by the Russian Federation of its STEs (questions from the European Union 
and the United States); (ii) the non -notification by the United Arab Emirates of its STEs (questions 
by the United States); and (iii)  the overall poor level of compliance among Members with the 
notification obligations of Article XVII of GATT 1994 regarding STEs. 
At the Working Party on STEs' meeting o n 31 May 201887, new and persistent trade concerns 
were raised on : (i) the continued no n-notification of STEs by the Russian Federation (raised by the 
European Union and the United States); (ii) the continued non -notification of STEs by the 
United  Arab Emirates (raised by the United States); (iii) the non -notification of STEs by China (raise d 
by the United States); and (iv) the non -notification of STEs by the Ph ilippines (raised by the 
United  States).  
At the meeting of the Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE)  on 28 June 2018, Indonesia 
expressed concerns on the effects on palm oil consum ption and trade from what they considered to 
be misconceptions regarding sustainability aspects of palm oil production. Other delegations 
(Malaysia, Cote d'Ivoire) shared similar concerns.88 
At the meetings of the Council for Trade in Services (CTS)  held on 2  March  2018 and 
30 May 2018, concerns were repeated about certain measures related to Ukraine's reforms of its 
Unified Gas Transportation System (raised by the Russian Federation).89 These concerns were first 
mentioned in November 2014, and were r estated at all regular meetings of the CTS up to and 
including the one held on 30  May 2018.90 At the CTS meeting held on 2  March  2018, concerns were 
repeated on China's and Viet  Nam's cybersecurity measures (raised by Japan and the 
United  States91). At that meeting, concerns were also raised about measures by China on the use of 
                                                
86 Minutes G/STR/M/32.  
87 Minutes G/STR/M/33 . 
88 Minutes WT/CTE/M/65 . 
89 Documents S/C /M/134 to 135.  
90 Documents S/C/M/122 to 124, S/C/M/126 to 130, and S/C/M/132 to 135.  
91 The United States also circulated a communication under that item, entitled "Measures adopted and 
under development by China  relating to its Cybersecurity Law" (document S/C/W/376).   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 70 - 
 
  virtual private networks and leased lines (raised by the United States92).93 At the meeting held on 
30 May 2018, under "Other Business", concerns about cybersecurity measures by China a nd by 
Viet Nam were reiterated (raised by Japan).94 These concerns were repeated under two separate 
agenda items at the meeting of the Council held on 12 October 2018, i.e. China's cybersecurity 
measures (raised by Japan and the United States)and Viet Nam's  cybersecurity measures (raised by 
Japan and the United States).95,96 As part of its reply, China expressed concerns about measures by 
the United States that China alleges may affect other Members' cybersecurity interests.97  
3.101.   At the meetings of the Committee on Trade and Development  (CTD) on 15 November 2017 
and 24 April 2018, developing Members reiterated concerns, in the context of the 1998 work 
programme on e -commerce, with respect to capacity and infrastructure constraints which prevent 
them from fully ben efitting from the opportunities presented by e -commerce.98 At the same 
meetings, as well as at the meeting of 5 July 201899, LDCs rais ed concerns with regard to duty -free 
quota -free (DFQF) market access, including in the context of the implementation of the DFQF and 
related decisions . 
The above Section provides ample evidence of the continu ed increase of trade concerns 
raised in various WTO bodies between mid -October 2017 and mid -October 2018. A large number of 
trade concerns on measures implemented by WTO Me mbers were raised in nearly all Committees 
and Councils and several trade concerns were raised in successive meetings of the same WTO body. 
The latter may suggest that these concerns address more persistent problems and that the formal 
meetings of the rele vant WTO committee are considered important platforms for calling attention to 
specific concerns. As observed in recent Trade Monitoring Reports, several trade concerns were 
raised in more than one WTO body during the review period, suggesting that these c oncerns involve 
technically complex and cross -cutting issues  and that WTO Members are using multiple platforms 
within the WTO committee structure to address various aspects of such concerns. Systemically, this 
is significant because of the increased transparency which it brings, but also because it demonstrates 
that Members are actively using the WTO committees to engage trading partners on real or potential 
areas of trade friction.  
3.6  Policy Developments in Agriculture  
The Committee on Agriculture (CoA)  provides a forum for Members to discuss matters 
related to agriculture trade , and to consult on matters relating to the Members' implementation of 
commitments under the Agreement on Agriculture ( AoA), including rules -based commitments. The 
review work by the CoA is based on notifications Members make on their commitments. There is 
also a provision in Article 18.6 that allows Members to raise any matter relevant to the 
implementation of the commitments under the AoA.  
3.104.   In the framework of the four CoA meetin gs that took place between mid -October  2017 and 
mid-October 2018100, Members posed a total of 430 questions, including both questions on individual 
notifications and under Article 18.6, with many  directed at issues related to domestic support 
notifications o r implementation of domestic support commitments.   
3.105.   In total, 17 Members raised 159 questions on 49 implementation -related issues 
(Article  18.6) in the October 2017, February, June and September 2018  CoA meetings. As can be 
seen in  Chart 3.19 , the average n umber of questions raised under Article 18.6 per meeting has been 
increasing since 2011 reaching an all -time high in 201 8 with an average of 44 questions per meeting.  
                                                
92 See communication by the United States entitled "Measures adopted and u nder development by 
China relating to its Cybersecurity Law" (document S/C/W/376).  
93 Document S/C/M/134.  
94 Document S/C/M/135.  
95 Document S/C/M/136 (forthcoming).  
96 Document S/C/M/136 (forthcoming). The United States also circulated a communication entitl ed 
"Measures adopted and under development by China relating to its Cybersecurity Law – Questions to China" 
(document S/C/W/378).  
97 Document S/C/M/136 (forthcoming).  
98 Documents WT/COMTD/M/104 and WT/COMTD/M/105.  
99 Document WT/COMTD/M/106 (forthcoming).  
100 October 2017, February, June and September 2018 CoA meetings.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 71 - 
 
  These numbers include questions that were repeated from one meeting to the next because 
responses were not provided within the relevant time -frames.  
Chart 3.19 Average number of questions raised under Article 18.6 per meeting 
(1995 -2018a)  
 
a 2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.106.   Out of the 49 implementation -related issues raised in the CoA during the review period, 
35 were discussed for the first time . The remaining issues had been discussed one or more times in 
previous Committee meetings under matters r aised under Article 18.6. More than 45% o f the new 
issues raised at CoA m eetings  related to domestic support policies potentially benefiting producers 
of cereals, cotton, dairy products and sugar, i.e. the U .S. proposed domestic support programmes, 
its dai ry policies and its support to the cotton sector, India's sugar policies and its minimum support 
prices and the E uropean Union's intervention stocks of skim milk powder. Canada, China, Egypt, the 
Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation also received q uestions regarding their domestic 
support policies.  Almost 30% of the questions sought clarification on policies that potentially 
subsidized exports of cereals, dairy products, sugar and pork meat such as the questions raised 
regarding the Russian Federati on's railway subsidies, Pakistan's sugar policies, and India's skim milk 
powder export subsidies and its Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS). Members also 
raised nine new issues in relation to measures that restricted, or had the potential to rest rict, trade 
of agricultural products, e.g. Indonesia's soybean imports, Mongolia's quota regime for importation, 
Suriname's poultry tariffs and India's  QRs.  
3.107.   Table 3.21 lists the specific issues relating to implementation commitments that were 
discussed fo r the first time during the four CoA meetings covered by the Report . The complete list 
of questions and answers can be accessed through the Agriculture Information Management System  
(AG IMS) by using the ID numbers provided in the tables .101 
                                                
101 In the AG IMS ( http://agims.wto.org/ ), select the function "Search Q&A Submitted Since 1995 " and 
input the ID number of the question concerned.  
01020304050Chart Agri.X1  Average number of questions raised under Article 18.6 per meeting (1995 -
2018a)
a   2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting.
Source:  WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 72 - 
 
  Table 3.21 Article 18.6 new issues  
Question s ummary  Question 
raised  by Products  Number of 
questions  CoA 
meetings  ID Number  
Russian Federation's 
railway subsidy for 
exports  Australia, 
Canada, 
European 
Union, Ukraine,  
United States  Cereals, wheat, 
corn, rice, malt, 
coarse grains  9 85, 86, 
87, 88  88073, 87022, 
87098, 86010, 
86068, 86067, 
86038, 86047, 
85036  
U.S. p roposed 
domestic support 
measures  Australia, 
Canada, 
European 
Union, India, 
Japan, New 
Zealand  Swine, milk, fresh 
vegetables, wheat, 
corn, coarse grains  6 88 88030, 88048, 
88028, 88047, 
88029, 88098  
India's sugar policies  Australia, 
Brazil, 
European Union  Sugar, cane or beet 
sugar, o ther 6 87, 88  88046, 88130, 
88129, 88128, 
88127, 88039, 
88042, 88043, 
87002, 87079  
India's minimum 
support prices  Australia, 
Canada, 
European Union  Cereals, wheat, 
corn, rice, malt, 
coarse grains  5 86, 87  87068, 86004, 
86005, 86074, 
86066  
Pakistan's sugar 
policies  Australia, 
Brazil, 
Guatemala  Sugar, cane or beet 
sugar, o ther 5 85, 86, 
87, 88  88033, 88124, 
88125, 87081, 
86007, 86009, 
85069  
U.S. dairy policies  Canada  Dairy, m ilk, milk 
powders, butter, 
cheese, other 4 85, 86, 87  87105, 87106, 
86084, 85079  
India's skim milk 
powder export 
subsidies  Australia, 
European 
Union,  New 
Zealand, United 
States  Dairy, milk, milk 
powders, butter, 
cheese, other 3 88 88070, 88037, 
88122, 88040  
Indonesia's soybean 
imports  United States  Oilseeds  3 86, 87, 88  88097, 87019, 
86048  
Mongolia's quota 
regime for 
importation  Russia n 
Federation  Milk, cereal 3 86, 87, 88  88104, 87094, 
86001  
Suriname's poultry 
tariffs  United States  Poultry  3 86, 87, 88  88074, 87023, 
86049  
European Union 
intervention stocks 
of skim milk power  Australia, 
Canada,  
New Zealand  Milk powders  3 85, 86, 87  87069, 86003, 
86032, 85059  
India's QRs Australia,  
United States  Fresh vegetables  3 85, 86  86006, 86037, 
85060  
India's MEIS  Australia,  
New Zealand, 
United States   
2 88 88123, 88038, 
88067  
Indonesia's import 
restrictions on 
horticultural 
products  Japan,  
United States    2 87, 88  88036, 87020  
U.S. support to the 
cotton sector  Brazil,  
European Union  Cotton  2 86, 87  87103, 86069  
China's premium 
contributions for 
rice, corn and wheat 
seeds.  Canada  Wheat, corn, rice 1 88 88102  
European Union's 
Common Agricultural 
Policy (CAP) reform  New Zealand    1 88 88062  
India's proposed 
domestic support 
programmes  European Union    1 88 88041  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 73 - 
 
  Question s ummary  Question 
raised  by Products  Number of 
questions  CoA 
meetings  ID Number  
Republic of  Korea' s 
support for seaweed 
producers  China    1 88 88034  
Russia Federation's 
modification of 
excise taxes on wine European Union  Alcoholic beverages  1 88 88031  
Thailand's import 
licensing for meat  United States  Meat, bovine, 
swine, sheep and 
goat, poultry, 
horses, other 1 88 88075  
Turkey's export 
subsidies  European Union  Poultry, eggs, fresh 
vegetables, 
processed 
vegetables, cut 
flowers  1 88 88059  
Zimbabwe's export 
incentive  United States    1 88 88076  
U.S. Commodity 
Credit Corporation 
funds  Canada    1 87 87104  
Switzerland's levies 
on imports of certain 
agricultural goods  European Union    1 87 87102  
Norway 's export 
subsidy for butter  New Zealand  Butter  1 87 87096  
Republic of 
Moldova's draft 
regulation on 
amendments to Law 
on Internal Trade  Ukraine    1 87 87092  
Switzerland -
Liechtenstein's new 
support policy for 
dairy and cereals  European Union  Dairy, milk, milk 
powders, butter, 
cheese, other, 
cereals, wheat, 
corn, rice, malt, 
coarse grains  1 87 87091, 87100  
India's rice 
procurement  European Union  Rice 1 87 87078  
European Union - 
Amendments to 
Income Stabilisation 
Tool India   1 87 87080  
Argentina's export 
subsidies on pork 
meat European Union  Meat, bovine, 
swine, sheep and 
goat, poultry, 
horses, other 1 86 86064  
Egypt's domestic 
support for wheat  Canada  Wheat  1 86 86060  
Argentina's 
Reintegros 
programme  European Union    1 85 85034  
Canada's new 
programmes on the 
dairy sector  New Zealand  Dairy, milk, milk 
powders, butter, 
cheese, other 1 85 85010  
Indonesia's new 
regulation on milk  United States  Dairy, milk, milk 
powders, butter, 
cheese, other 1 85 85013  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.108.   Other measures that were discussed related to follow -up questions on persistent areas of 
concern  (Table 3.22 ). A number of these issues have been raised in the CoA multiple times. One 
issue has been raised in 22 CoA meetings (i.e. Brazil's domestic support  programmes) , while 
Canada's new milk ingredient class , its wine sale policy  and its TRQ for cheese received a total of 
45, 20 and 9 questions, respectively, with a number of these questions being co -sponsored by two 
or three WTO Members . India's pulse policies have been discussed in five CoA meetings, generating WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 74 - 
 
  in total 25 questions from five Members. Other recurrent issues include d policies affecting market 
access of wheat and rice (i.e. Thailand's import permit for feed wheat , the Philippine's rice waiver 
and the Republic of Korea's rice import).   
Table 3.22 Questions previously raised under Article 18.6  
Question 
summary  Question 
raised  by Products  Number of 
questions  Number of 
meetings 
the issue 
was 
discussed  CoA 
meetings  ID Number  
Canada's 
New Milk 
Ingredient 
Class Australia, 
India, New 
Zealand, 
United States  Dairy, milk, 
milk 
powders, 
butter, 
cheese, 
other 45 10 79, 80, 
81, 82, 
83, 84, 
85, 86, 
87, 88  88120, 88121, 88065, 
88064, 88061,  87015, 
87063, 87064, 87065, 
87159, 87160, 86002, 
86030, 86033, 85002, 
85003, 85004, 85005, 
85006, 85008, 85011, 
85051, 85052, 85053, 
85054, 85055, 85056, 
84012, 84018, 84020, 
84021, 84022, 84023, 
84025, 84027, 84029, 
84030, 84035, 84111, 
84107, 84031, 830 54, 
83039, 82012, 82059, 
82013, 82001, 81001, 
81009, 81049, 81054, 
81055, 81056, 80003, 
80005, 80006, 80025, 
79035  
India's 
pulses 
policies  Australia, 
Canada, 
Russian 
Federation, 
Ukraine, 
United States  Processed 
vegetables  25 5 84, 85, 
86, 87, 88  88060, 88066, 88092, 
88095, 88109, 87001, 
87017, 87073, 87074, 
87087, 87088, 87077, 
87070, 87071, 87072, 
87075, 87076, 86061, 
86062, 86063, 86065, 
86039, 86035, 85064, 
84044  
Brazil's 
domestic 
support 
programmes  United 
States, 
Ukraine  Wheat, 
corn, r ice, 
malt, 
coarse 
grains, 
cotton 22 22 65, 66, 
68, 69, 
70, 71, 
72, 73, 
74, 75, 
76, 77, 
78, 79, 
80, 81, 
83, 84, 
85, 86,  
87 87014, 87062, 86031, 
85049, 84073, 83038, 
81008, 80024, 79001, 
78002, 77066, 76039, 
75023, 74021, 73026, 
72051, 71028, 70007, 
69027, 68007, 66002 , 
65011  
Canada's 
wine sale 
policy  Australia, 
European 
Union, New 
Zealand, 
United States  Alcoholic  20 10 79, 80, 
81, 82, 
83, 84, 
85, 86, 
87, 88  88096, 87016, 87066, 
86034, 85012, 85057, 
84017, 84106, 84033, 
84112, 84105, 83007, 
83041, 83104, 83135, 
82057, 82002, 81003, 
81011, 81024, 81046, 
81047, 81097, 80008, 
80009, 80094, 80095, 
79003  
Canada's 
TRQ for 
cheese, and 
domestic 
support  New 
Zealand, 
Norway, 
Switzerland , 
United States  Cheese  9 8 75, 76, 
77, 80, 
81, 83, 
84, 85  85009, 84110, 84108, 
83003, 83004,  83005, 
81004, 81051, 81052, 
80001, 80002, 80007, 
77037, 77001, 76023, 
75026  
Thailand's 
import 
permits for 
feed wheat  Australia, 
European 
Union, United 
States  Animal 
feed, 
wheat, corn 8 5 83, 84, 
85, 86, 88  88002, 86106, 85039, 
84074, 84059, 83107, 
83045,  83013  
Philippines' 
rice waiver  Australia, 
Thailand, 
United States  Rice 7 5 84, 85, 
86, 87, 88  88032, 87082, 86008, 
85071, 84057, 84015, 
84079  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 75 - 
 
  Question 
summary  Question 
raised  by Products  Number of 
questions  Number of 
meetings 
the issue 
was 
discussed  CoA 
meetings  ID Number  
Indonesia's 
dairy import 
system  New Zealand, 
United States  Dairy, m ilk, 
milk 
powders, 
butter, 
cheese, 
other 6 4 84, 86, 
87, 88  88035, 88071, 87018, 
87089, 86046, 84075  
Republic of 
Korea's rice 
imports  Australia, 
Thailand, 
United States  Rice 6 5 23, 78, 
86, 87, 88  88045, 87090, 86036, 
23006, 78020, 78024  
Pakistan's 
wheat export 
subsidies  Australia, 
United States  Wheat  5 4 76, 77, 
87, 88  88072, 87021, 76020, 
76028, 77029  
European 
Union's 
sugar 
policies  Australia  Sugar, 
cane or 
beet sugar, 
other 3 3 84, 87, 88  88063, 87067, 84037  
Turkey's IPR 
programme  Russian 
Federation  Wheat  2 2 84, 86  86029, 84113  
United 
Kingdom 's - 
modification 
of 
agricultural 
schedule of 
commitments  Indonesia, 
India   2 2 83, 88  88011, 83069  
Brazil's tax 
credit 
programmes 
(Reintegra 
programme)  European 
Union    1 2 75, 85  85035, 75002  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.109.   The Committee held its annual dedicated discussion in the field of export competition at its 
June 2018 meeting. The discussion was held on the basis of the Secretariat's background 
document102 which included the answers to a questionnaire sent to WTO Members, which included 
releva nt information from export subsidy (ES:1) and food aid (ES:3) notifications, and relevant 
notifications to the Working Party on  STEs. The discussions provide d an opportunity for Members to 
have a focused exchange on issues related to the implementation of the Decision.  Members also 
have the possibility of asking questions in connection with this  Decision at any CoA meeting. During 
the four meetings, Members posed a total of 41 questions regarding policies in the area of export 
subsidies , export credits, exp ort credit guarantees or insurance programmes , agricultural exporting 
STEs and international food aid ( Table 3.23 ).103 A number of these questions requested clarification 
on how Members  intended to ensure compliance of their policies with the relevant provisions of the 
Nairobi Decision.104 The complete set of questions and answers can be accessed through the AG IMS 
by using the ID numbers provided in the table below .105 
Table 3.23 Questions asked in the context of the CoA annual dedicated discussion on 
export competition (October 2017, February, June and September 2018 CoA meetings)  
ID number  Question 
raised by  Question 
answered by  Areas  
87043  United States  Argentina  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
87003  European Union  Australia  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
87004, 87044, 87012  European 
Union, Norway,  
United States  Brazil  Export subsidies; export credits, export credit 
guarantees or insurance programmes  
                                                
102 G/AG/W /125/Rev. 8 and addenda.  
103 G/AG/W/1 66 
104 WT/MIN(15)/45  
105 In the AG IMS ( http://agims.wto.org/ ), select the function "Search Q&A Submitted Since 1995 " and 
input the ID number of the question concerned.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 76 - 
 
  ID number  Question 
raised by  Question 
answered by  Areas  
87005, 87045, 87046  European 
Union, United 
States  Canada  Export subsidies , export credits, export credit 
guarantees or insurance programmes , 
international food aid  
87006, 87047, 87048, 87049  European 
Union, United 
States  China  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes , agricultural exporting 
STEs, international food aid  
87050, 87051, 87052  United States  European 
Union  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes , agricultural exporting 
STEs, international food aid  
88088, 87007, 87053  European 
Union, United 
States  India Export subsidies , export credits, export credit 
guarantees or insurance programmes  
88089, 87054  United States  Indonesia  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
88090, 87055, 86052  China,  
United States  Japan  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes , international food aid  
87057  United States  Korea, 
Republic of  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
87056  United States  Malaysia  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
87008, 85046  European Union  New Zealand  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
88091  United States  Pakistan  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
88093  United States  Paraguay  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
87009, 87058  European 
Union, United 
States  Russian 
Federation  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes , agricultural exporting 
STEs 
88094, 87059  United States  Thailand  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
88116, 87010, 87060, 87135  European 
Union, United 
States  Turkey  Export credits, export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes , international food aid  
87011, 87013, 85038  European 
Union, Norway  United States  Export subsidies , international food aid  
87061  United States  Viet Nam  Export credits,  export credit guarantees or 
insurance programmes  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
3.110.   Several Members with scheduled export subsidy reduction commitments have taken steps 
to modify their schedules pursuant to the December 2015 Nairobi Ministerial Decision on Export 
Competition. To date, Australia, Israel, Norway and Switzerland have certifi ed their revised export 
subsidy schedules.   
3.7  General Economic Support  
At the July 2018 informal TPRB meeting, several Members expressed concern about the 
absence of an annex on general economic support measures  and the negative impact that this had 
on the o verall transparency surrounding the application of such measures.  
The creation of the WTO trade monitoring exercise  in October 2008 was, to a large extent , 
triggered  by the rise of a plethora of general economic support measures in response to the global 
financial crisis, in particular a number of high -profile economic bail -out packages. The 
November  2016 Trade Monitoring Report  provided a brief historical overview of the trends in the 
implementation of these measures as recorded since 2008  and concluded th at, although the large 
economy -wide subsidies and high -profile bail -out packages  of the early years of the financial crisis 
were no longer wide-spread , there was equally no evidence that governments had turned their back 
on subsidization as a policy tool, particularly in certain strategic industries or sectors.  
In trade monitoring reports since July 2017, the Secretariat has been unable to justify the 
inclusion of a separate annex on general economic support measures. This was partly a reflection of 
the low  participation and response rate of WTO Members to the request for information on these 
measures and partly because such an annex would have been biased against those Members that 
generally publish detailed information of such measures and programmes. In a ddition, compounding 
the scarcity of information on general economic support measures volunteered by Members, many WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 77 - 
 
  delegations also insisted on excluding such measures identified by the Secretariat from public 
sources and for which verification was sought.  Generally, the requests for excluding such measures 
did not provide any specific reason.  The decision to not include a separate annex on general 
economic support measures in the most recent reports was taken because suc h an annex would 
most likely not hav e presented a balanced and credible account of recent developments  and policies  
in the area . 
In preparing for this Report, the Secretariat attempted to extend the research of policies and 
programmes which could be characterized as general economic support or subsidies. The objective 
of this extended research was to introduce additional transparency with respect to such measures, 
a point made by several delegations at the informal meeting of the TPRB on trade monitoring in July. 
From a practical point of vie w, this meant extending the monitoring of measures to also include 
policies and programmes implemented by Export -Import (EXIM) Banks  and Export Credit Agencies 
(ECAs). It is important to emphasize that the trade monitoring exercise does not m ake any 
judgement as to the WTO -compatibility of such measures and this was specifically highlighted in the 
request for verification of such measures. Equally significant is repeating the point made in previous 
reports that it remains difficult to ascertain the im pact on trade  of specific general economic support 
measures . Although it is possible that such measures may affect trade in some way, it is by no 
means straightforward to conclude that they restrict or facilitate trade or that they distort 
competition.  
Despite the Secretariat's attempt at a more comprehensive approach to gathering general 
economic support information, the response rate to the original request for information and to 
verification of specific support measures was disappointing and uneven. For  this Report, the 
Secretariat requested verification of 248 economic support measures taken by WTO Members . 
Overall, the Secretariat gathered a very diverse range of such measures which have aided sectors, 
including transportation, mining, energy and elect ricity, agriculture and aid schemes to assist SMEs. 
Many of these were multiyear programmes with financial disbursements staggered over the lifetime 
of the p roject. Other measures were one -off grants or aid schemes. In monetary terms, programmes 
ranged fro m USD 100,000 to more than USD 50 billion.  
General economic support and subsidy programmes have evolved significantly  over the past 
decade, including in the way that g overnments participate in , and assist with , the promotion of 
domestic economic entities. An important part of this changing picture is seen in export credits , and 
this was further confirmed by the measures identified by the Secretariat. For example, an 
unambiguous strategic shift can be  observed in the increasingly proactive behaviour and stra tegic 
activities of ECAs and EXIM banks since, and perhaps in response to, the global financial crisis. This 
may be partly in response to those ECAs operating outside the OECD  Arrangement on Officially 
Supported Export Credits and therefore not being subje ct to the export credit disciplines contained 
therein.  
The strategic application of trade policy measures is not a new phenomenon. However, the 
manner and frequency with which governments now appear to seek to gain a strategic edge in 
international politic s through trade policy are issues which seem to have changed since the global 
financial crisis. This notion of using trade as a tool to achieve strategic influence has also been 
referred to as the "weaponization" of trade .106 
Discussions among Members in July also reinforce d the conc ern that some delegations 
appear reluctant to enhance transparency in this area and that the area of general economic support 
measures is much greater than that which the monitoring exercise has man aged to capture  to date . 
WTO Members may wish to continue their discussion on how transparency on these measures may 
be increased, which measures shall be recorded and how information gathering in this area may be 
improved.  
3.8  Overview of Trade Policy Reviews   
Between mid -October 2017 and mid -October 2018, 15 Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs) were 
undertaken. They provided the WTO membership with a better understanding of the trade and 
                                                
106 The Weaponizatio n of Trade: The Great Unbalancing of Politics and Economics, Perspectives , 
Harding , R. and Harding , J. 2017.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 78 - 
 
  economic development in each of the Members reviewed, and led to constructive and  insightful 
discussions among participants.107 
Table 3.24 TPRs from mid -October 2017 to mid -October 2018 - summary tariff indicators  
 Simple applied average (%)  
Duty 
freea Non-ad valorema 
Total  WTO 
agriculture  WTO  
non-
agriculture  
WAEMU (2016)  12.3 15.5 11.7 1.4 0.0 
Bolivia, Plurinational State 
of (2017)  11.1 13.3 10.8 7.5 0.0 
Cambodia (2017)  12.3 14.6 11.9 13.9 0.1 
The Gambia (2017)  12.3 15.5 11.7 1.4 0.0 
Malaysia (2017)  7.5 3.3 8.0 56.2 1.0 
Egypt (2017)  19.1 51.6 13.0 11.1 0.3 
The Philippines (2017,  
as of July)  7.6 10.3 7.2 12.6 0.0 
Montenegro (2017)  5.1 12.3 3.1 29.0 1.5 
Guinea and Mauritania       
 Guinea (2017)  12.1 15.5 11.5 1.9 0.0 
 Mauritania (2017)  12.0 11.2 12.2 3.8 0.0 
Colombia (2017)  7.1 15.4 5.8 49.7 0.0 
Norway (2018)  6.9 37.1 0.5 85.2 9.7 
Uruguay (2018)  9.4 9.6 9.4 14.4 0.0 
China (2017,  
as of December)  9.3 14.6 8.5 9.8 0.4 
Israel (2018)  5.2 19.1 3.0 67.0 3.8 
Chinese Taipei (2018)  7.2 17.8 5.1 29.3 1.8 
a % of total tariff lines.  
Note:  Calculations are based on national tariff line levels; including AVEs as available - in case of 
unavailability, the ad valorem  part of alternate and compound rates is included; excluding in -quota 
rates, if applicable. Figures in bracket s refer to the year of the tariff schedule applied.  
Source:  WTO calculations, based on data received from the authorities.  
The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WA EMU – Benin, Burkina Faso, 
Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea -Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and To go): 25 and 27 October 2017  
Members commended the WAEMU countries on their macroeconomic performance, despite 
the difficult global economic environment and the challenges posed by increasingly frequent 
droughts and, in some cases, problems regarding securi ty. All WAEMU countries have managed to 
maintain low inflation and to increase per capita incomes, although these remain low. They have 
generally refrained from taking protectionist measures , and have continued to remain open to 
international trade with, a nd investment from, third countries. Members also appreciated the 
numerous recent reforms to improve the business environment under the Organization for the 
Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), and several of them highlighted the bilateral tax 
and investment treaties. They noted efforts to streamline and automatize trade procedures. They 
congratulated the WAEMU countries for their continued efforts to improve their international trading 
environment, especially through the implementation of the T FA. Many Members appreciated the 
engagement of the WAEMU countries in WTO negotiations on, inter alia , fishery subsidies. Several 
Members called for less distortion in the international cotton trade, which affects WAEMU producing 
countries.  
At the same time, Members noted that merchandise exports from the WAEMU countries were 
highly concentrated, both in terms of products and markets, and encouraged diversification. Côte 
d'Ivoire's agricultural sector was mentioned by some as an example of su ccessful diversification. 
Participants were of the view that further reforms to the transport infrastructure and increased 
electricity supply should contribute to the diversification efforts, mainly towards industrialization. 
Members urged the WAEMU countr ies to establish WTO -consistent SPS regimes based on modern 
risk-management approaches to, inter alia , avoid outright import bans on products such as meat 
and poultry. They noted that the implementation of the ECOWAS CET in 2015, with a fifth band of 
                                                
107 The summaries provided in this Section draw on the Chair's concluding remarks for each of the TPRs.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 79 - 
 
  35% o n some 130 tariff lines, increased nominal and effective protection. It also increased the 
number of lines on which the applied rates exceed the bound levels for all countries except Guinea -
Bissau and Togo. The country -specific flexibilities offered by the  new tariff regime during the five -
year transition period have been prone to national differences. In addition, many Members 
mentioned the numerous other duties and charges that further complicate the border tax system, 
and called upon the countries to rat ionalize them with a view to achieving full compliance with their 
WTO commitments. Some Members were of the view that the adoption of a single entry system 
("libre pratique") would enhance the smooth functioning of the Customs Union. Noting that all 
WAEMU countries also participate in ECOWAS, Members called for full harmonization of the trade 
regimes of the two communities, and were interested in learning  more about the potential benefits 
of the Continental Free Trade Area under negotiation. They encouraged  those who had not yet 
ratified it to do so. The WAEMU countries were also reminded to submit their Categories A, B and C 
notifications under the TFA, and to continue efforts to streamline and automatize trade procedures. 
Other areas for improvement by the WAEMU countries underlined by Members included compliance 
with WTO notification obligations, and trade statistics. Several Members encouraged the WAEMU 
countries to participate in the Agreement on Government Procurement  (GPA) . They commended 
those WAEMU c ountries that had accepted the Amendment Protocol to the TRIPS Agreement, and 
encouraged the others to follow suit. Furthermore, some Members called upon the WAEMU countries 
to strengthen their intellectual property regimes, noting that only one of them ha d ratified the 2015 
revision of the Bangui Agreement.  
Plurinational State of Bolivia : 14 and 16 November 2017  
Members recognized Bolivia's active involvement in the WTO and in other for ums as part of 
the group of small and vulnerable economies  (SVEs) , and the group of landlocked countries. They 
congratulated Bolivia for its strong overall economic performance in recent years. They noted that, 
since its last TPR in 2005, and thanks to sound macroeconomic management, Bolivia's real GDP had 
grown at an a verage annual rate of 5%, GDP per capita had almost tripled, and total public debt had 
been reduced by over 50%. Some Members highlighted that, as a result of the implementation of 
the economic, social, communitarian and productive model (MESCP), under whi ch the State has 
been playing a more active role in transforming the economy and redistributing resources, the 
extreme poverty rate had declined from 38% to 17%, and the moderate poverty rate had fallen 
from 60% to 38%, during the review period. Similarly,  income inequality had declined significantly 
over the past decade, and both unemployment and inflation remained low. Members  welcomed the 
measures implemented to facilitate trade, such as the implementation of a single window and the 
Authorized Economic O perator Programme. Several Members commended Bolivia for enacting a new 
investment law in 2014, and a law on conciliation and arbitration to increase legal certainty for 
investors, and the fact that Bolivia did not make use of AD or CVD measures. With resp ect to regional 
integration and trade agreements, Members mentioned that Bolivia is a founding member of the 
Andean Community of Nations and an active participant in the Latin American Integration Association 
(LAIA) where it has signed several complementar y economic agreements. Some Members also noted 
the current process of negotiations to join MERCOSUR.  
On the other hand, Members noted that the overall simple average applied MFN rate 
increased from 8.2% in 2005 to 11.1% in 2017. Some Members raised questi ons regarding Bolivia's 
import licensing and SPS regimes, labell ing requirements, the level of s tate intervention in areas 
considered strategic , and the need to ensure that domestic demand is fulfilled prior to allowing 
exports of some products. Some Membe rs acknowledged the steps taken to promote the protection 
of IPRs. However, they also recognized that challenges continue with respect to adequate and 
effective IPR protection and enforcement, including with respect to counterfeit goods, and 
encouraged Bol ivia to take the necessary steps to improve its enforcement. Noting that the Bolivian 
economy remained relatively highly dependent on exports of hydrocarbons and mining products, 
some Members observed that, up to 2014, Bolivia had benefitted from the high international price 
of minerals, oil and other raw materials. Since then, however, the prices of these products have 
fallen. In this regard, some Members believed Bolivia could benefit from intensifying its efforts to 
diversify exports, and to increase the  number of its trading partners, in order to consolidate its 
economic and social development and to reduce its vulnerabilit y to external changes. The strong 
presence of the State in economic activities and the prioritization of the domestic market were 
considered by some Members to have played a major role in the transformation of the economy. 
Other Members, however, encouraged an increased participation of the private sector in public 
private partnerships to offset potential challenges derived from a less favourable global economic 
environment. In this context, some Members invited Bolivia to consider the contribution that a more WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 80 - 
 
  transparent and predictable environment for the private sector could make to achieving its economic 
and social goals. Some Member s noted that poverty levels remained high in rural areas, and income 
disparities were still significant. Certain Members encouraged Bolivia to play a more active role in 
the WTO to further improve its participation and integration in the multilateral tradi ng system. 
Several Members urged it to fulfil its obligations regarding its notification requirements under WTO 
agreements, mainly concerning agriculture, import licensing and SPS measures. Furthermore, they 
encouraged Bolivia to ratify the TFA and accept the Protocol of Amendment to the TRIPS Agreement. 
Members referred to the significant changes made by Bolivia to its investment regime since its 
previous TPR, including the nationalization of enterprises deemed strategic by the Government. 
Some Members wer e of the view that improving investor confidence involved a number of challenges, 
in particular given that Bolivia had denounced its 22  bilateral reciprocal investment promotion and 
protection agreements (APPRIs). Some Members encouraged Bolivia to further  open its services 
sector to increase competitiveness and attract foreign investment.  
Cambodia : 21 and 23 November 2017  
Many Members commended Cambodia's  active participation in WTO work as a strong voice 
for LDCs, in its capacity as LDC coordinator in 20 17, contributing towards a meaningful outcome at 
MC11, and for its newly established separate Mission to the WTO. They noted that Cambodia remains 
committed to the rules -based multilateral trading system , while expanding its RTA commitments 
with its ASEAN partners, including through the negotiation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership  (RCEP) , thus increasing merchandise trade and removing barriers to trade in services at 
the regional level. They welcomed the implementation of the revenue mobil ization strategy and the 
subsequent reduction in the fiscal deficit, as well as the progress made on the passing of the law on 
public procurement and the forthcoming entry into force of legislation on contingency measures. 
Cambodia's prudent macroeconomic management allowed for remarkably strong and inclusive 
growth. Its real GDP had grown at an average annual rate of 7.2% over the past six years. 
Consequently, income inequality has declined considerably , and poverty levels fell from 50% in 2005 
to 14% in 2 015. They commended Cambodia for furthering its WTO commitments by promptly 
ratifying the TFA and submitting all related notifications. They praised it for the benefits resulting 
from wide -ranging strategies such as the Industrial Development Policy 2015-25 and the Tourism 
Development Strategic Plan 2012 -20. Members acknowledged that Cambodia's investor -friendly 
regime had played a key role in promoting growth. They welcomed its trade facilitation efforts 
including the Best Trader Programme – a steppi ng stone towards the Authorized Economic Operator 
Programme  - and the increased use of ASYCUDA. Members welcomed the enactment of the Law on 
Geographical Indications , and appreciated Cambodia acceding to the Madrid Agreement concerning 
the International Re gistration of Marks, the Patent Cooperation Treaty and the Hague Agreement 
concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs.  
At the same time, they encouraged Cambodia to enhance business confidence and create 
an environment conducive to fur ther investment by address ing challenges in several areas , such as 
the legal framework, the rule of law, institutional capacity, good governance, transparency, 
infrastructure  bottlenecks and  energy costs. Members also urged it to continue efforts to divers ify 
its economy  and integrate the informal sector. A griculture, mining, manufacturing, banking, 
telecommunications , and tourism were seen by some as potential growth areas , and they 
encouraged Cambodia to undertake further reform to realize its economic potential . Members called 
for further improvements in customs clearance time. They appreciated the predictability of 
Cambodia's tariff regime, although some concerns were raised regarding the MFN applied tariff for 
certain lines, which exceed the  bound rate,  and the level of tariffs on agriculture. Some Members 
encouraged Cambodia to improve its notifications record on import prohibitions, import licensing, 
state trading, and TBT s, and to consider becoming an observer to the GPA. While acknowledging 
efforts t o improve its SPS regime, Members urged Cambodia to continue improving the 
implementation of the SPS Agreement , particularly with respect to testing, inspection and 
certification systems . They also encouraged improvements in the fight against illegal fishe ries and 
logging activities. On IPR, they urged  Cambodia to become a signatory to international treaties such 
as the Berne Convention, the International Convention for Protection of Phonograms and 
Broadcasting Organizations, and other WIPO treaties . Severa l Members noted that further efforts 
were required regarding IPR infringement and enforcement . WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 81 - 
 
  The Gambia : 23 and 25 January 2018  
Members commended The Gambia for maintaining an open trade and investment regime , 
and welcomed the new government trade policy , its main thrust being building trade capacity, 
improving competitiveness and promoting private sector development. The business environment is 
to be further reformed , and some taxes have already been reduced. The corporate income tax rate 
was cut from 30% to 27% in January 2018. Agriculture and fisheries, industry, transport and energy 
are critical for development. Members praised The Gambia for a range of reforms unde rtaken since 
the last Review. The country has adopted the five -band ECOWAS CET from 1 January 2017. The 
average CET (MFN) rate is 12.3%, down from an average rate of 14.1% of the previous customs 
tariff. None of the CET rates exceeds The Gambia's tariff bi ndings . Members also welcomed the 
modernization of the food safety, TBT, industrial property and government procurement regimes. 
The Gambian delegation said that fiscal consolidation in 2017 ha d already slowed the growth of debt 
accumulation and has signif icantly brought down interest rates. It also added that , while real GDP 
growth averaged 2.9% in the period 2010 -16, growth had been forecast to reach 3% in 2017 . It 
reiterated its commitment to the multilatera l trading system, and announced  that it had decided to 
open a trade mission in Geneva. It also informed Members that all draft trade -related legislation and 
regulations were reviewed by a National Technical Regulation Committee to ensure consistency with 
WTO agreements .  
Members noted  that the Gambian economy continue d to face challenges, but there were 
encouraging signs that it was stabilizing and that higher growth might  take place. Some of the main 
problems were high fiscal deficits, growing public debt, and financially distressed state -owned 
enterpr ises. Also, it was considered that high government borrowing combined with tight monetary 
policy had resulted in high interest rates crowding out private sector development . They noted the 
existing large gap between the average bound rate and average appli ed rates, and  noted that  only 
15% of tariff lines were bound . The Gambia was invited to consider acce ding to the GP A and several 
WIPO treaties , and was encouraged to deposit its instrument of acceptance of the Protocol amending 
the TRIPS Agreement. In resp onse, the Gambian delegation informed Members that they had started 
consultations with WIPO on the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms 
Treaty . Members felt that there was room for improvement of the business environment, notably 
through  facilitating access to financing, labour market reforms, and increasing effort s to enhanc e 
good governance. Some Members sought further clarification about the investment regime, notably 
with regard to taxation, environmental impact assessment, and  remaining restrictions on FDI . The 
Gambia was invited to ensure WTO Members ha d an opportunity to comment on draft regulations 
affecting trade. Members welcomed the fact that The Gambia's instrument of acceptance of the TFA 
was deposited in July 2017 , and were encouraged by the announcement that its TFA notifications 
were also submitted to the WTO. It was noted that these notifications would allow donors to identify 
assistance  requirements . Overall, it was observed that The Gambia ha d a good track record i n 
notifications, although some were still outstanding . 
Malaysia: 14 and 16 February 2018  
Members praised Malaysia 's active participation in the WTO, and commended  it for lowering 
tariffs under the ITA -2, and for ratifying the Protocol Amending the TRIPs Agreement . Malaysia's 
participation in the MSME, investment facilitation, e -commerce, and trade and women's economic 
empowerment  initiatives at the MC11 was also highlighted . While Malaysia remains committed to 
the rules -based multilateral trading system , it has been expanding its RTA commitments, including 
through , inter alia , the negotiation of the RCEP and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement 
for Trans -Pacific Partnership  (CPTPP) . Members commended Malaysia's stron g and steady economic 
growth s ince its last TPR in 2014.  Its prudent macroeco nomic management and diversified nature 
of the economy allowed for  strong and inclusive growth , despite a challenging global economic 
environment . Malaysia's real GDP has grown at  an average annual rate of 5% over the past four 
years, and nearly 6% in 2017. Members acknowledg ed that Malaysia's domestic reform, services 
sector liberalization, enhanced private sector participation, and trade openness had played a key 
role in promoting growth . Its growing role as an investment destination and as a foreign investor 
was acknowledged. Members commended  Malaysia for being the fifth Member to ratify the TFA , and 
welcomed its latest notification for Category B of the Agreement.  They acknowledged the 
establishment of the National Single Window, the Malaysian National Trade Rep ository portal, and 
other trade -facilitation initiatives . They welcomed the removal of subsidies on fuel and the reduction 
of subsidies provided to the fishery se ctor. They noted that Malaysia issued the Companies Act, 
simplified the tax structure, and modernized its business licensing system with a view to reducing WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 82 - 
 
  business costs. Members congratulated Malaysia on the progress made in achieving its Vision 2020 
goals, which are being pursued in the context of the 11th five -year Malaysia Plan , encompassing 
reforms to promote innovation, labour productivity, entrepreneurship, and infrastructure 
development. They also welcomed the development of a national e -commerce s trategic roadmap.  
On the other hand, Members noted that the adoption of the transaction value method 
regarding automobile imports in Malaysia's customs valuation would be a positive step towards  
improving the transparency and openness of its trade regime. They also noted the increase in the 
average applied MFN tariff rate from 5.6% to 7.5% during the review period, the complexity of the 
tariff regime, tariff peaks,  and the fact that 20% of tariff s were unbound. While appreciating 
Malaysia's aim to become a hub for halal products, Members sought clarity regarding halal 
certification procedures.  It was encouraged to review and reduce non-tariff measures such as 
non-automatic import licensing, and to improve the overall transparency of its trade policies and 
measures by promptly addressing the issue of outstanding notification s. Some concerns were 
expressed  at the increase in  the number of definitive AD measures imposed by Malaysia during the 
review period.  Members encouraged it to continue to improve its busine ss climate and further 
liberalize foreign investment restrictions, including in the areas of energy, telecommunications, and 
financ ial services. They also encouraged it  to review its subsidy programmes and to notify these to 
the WTO , particularly those related to export performance and the use of domestic goods over 
imported  ones. Several Members expressed concern regarding the application of stringent SPS 
requirements and other standards. Malaysia was also encouraged to make its publ ic procurement 
market more open and transparent to foreign suppliers, and to consider joining the GPA. Malaysia's  
efforts to review its IPR legislation and improve enforcement were appreciated.  
Egypt: 20 and 22  February 2018  
Members commended Egypt for bei ng a strong advocate of the multilateral trading system, 
as witnessed by its active participation in the WTO. In particular, they recognized Egypt's 
participation in the ITA and its ratification of the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement. They 
noted that  Egypt had completed the domestic ratification of the TFA , and invited it to submit its 
instrument of acceptance to the WTO and to notify its Category B and C commitments as soon as 
possible. Efforts to update its WTO notifications were noted with apprecia tion. Members commended 
Egypt for its sustained economic growth since its previous Review in 2005, which has averaged 4.5% 
annually in the last 12 years. Although GDP growth slowed down in 2011, in recent years economic 
activity has accelerated on the basi s of an expansionary fiscal policy. Members remarked that, since 
2014, Egypt has undertaken notable reforms, including floating the Egyptian pound, tax reform, fuel 
subsidy reform, and further privatization steps. They took note that Egypt is implementing an 
ambitious economic reform programme that stems from its National Development Strategy (Egypt 
Vision 2030). It seeks to promote the participation of the private sector in the economy so as to 
foster GDP growth, and further address its external and fiscal  imbalances. Additionally, the Industrial 
Development Strategy 2016 -20 aims to make Egypt a leading industrial economy in the Middle East 
and North Africa region and a main export hub for medium -technology manufactured products by 
2025, thus paving the way  for the country  to further diversify its trade. Egypt was praised for 
reducing its general average tariff as compared to 2005. Members recognized its great  efforts to 
improve its business climate and further liberalize foreign investment restrictions, inc luding the 
introduction of a new Investment Law and its regulations in 2017, as well as reforms in customs 
administration, making it more efficient and transparent. They welcomed the changes implemented 
with respect to government procurement, namely the st eps adopted to encourage private sector 
participation in the procurement process , and the introduction of new procurement methods.  
Members  noted that Egypt faces important challenges, notably regarding reducing its 
relatively high unemployment rate and pov erty alleviation. They noted that more needs to be done 
to improve the business environment, including further simplifying customs procedures, improving 
the risk assessment system, reducing red tape , and increasing transparency. They also noted that 
the 20 17 tariff average was higher than in 2011. Several Members pointed out that tariff peaks 
remained in place in agriculture, and showed concerns with respect to the increase of some tariff 
rates to 60% and called for their reduction. Noting that tariff bindi ngs appeared to be exceeded by 
applied rates for 46 tariff headings, Members urged Egypt to take action to ensure that all applied 
rates remained within their bound levels. Several Members raised questions regarding Egypt's 
extensive use of import licensin g and invited it to notify its regime to the WTO. On government 
procurement, they noted that the 15% preference granted to domestic suppliers and products 
remained in place, and enquired about plans to eliminate it. Egypt was also encouraged to review WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 83 - 
 
  import registration and other regulatory requirements, which some Members considered an obstacle 
to trade. Some concerns were expressed regarding the frequent use of trade contingency measures, 
in particular AD and SG measures. Members invited Egypt to reform other measures that may restrict 
trade, including complex certification and quality control requirements on many products. Egypt was 
also requested to align its SPS requirements to international standards. Members enquired about 
Egypt's plans to create a f ood safety agency and to modernize its food regulatory legislation. Several 
questions were asked about the enforcement of IPRs, particularly with respect to the prevalence of 
pirated and counterfeit goods, including software, music, and videos. In this reg ard, Egypt was 
encouraged to increase transparency and predictability in the protection and enforcement of IPRs, 
to help it attract greater foreign trade and investment. Noting the strong participation of the State 
in the economy, some Members were of the view that this could lead to a suboptimal allocation of 
resources , and encouraged Egypt to adopt a more market -oriented approach. Some Members invited 
Egypt to join in the MSME Initiative launched at the last Ministerial Conference , and the GPA. Egypt 
was encouraged to continue to submit notifications on a regular basis.  
The Philippines : 26 and 28 March 2018  
Members praised the Philippines for its strong commitment to preserving and strengthening 
the multilateral trading system, and its active role in advan cing the negotiations in areas such as 
fisheries' subsidies. They also recognized its contribution to promoting the work in the WTO on 
MSMEs. Many Members welcomed the Philippines' ratification of the TFA and the related notifications 
of Category A, B and C commitments, as well as the implementation of its ITA expansion 
commitments. They commended the Philippines' impressive economic performance since its last TPR 
in 2012. Real GDP grew at an average annual rate of around 6% between 2012  and 20 17, per -capita 
GDP had increased, and poverty had declined. Trade played an important role in this review period, 
which was marked by strong growth of manufactured exports, in particular electronics and electrical 
goods, as well as buoyant exports of services. Members applauded the policy reforms undertaken, 
including on investment, customs, competition, IP, and government procurement. They welcomed 
the improvements in the Philippines' foreign investment regime , such as allowing 100% foreign 
ownership in the banking sec tor, liberaliz ing access to certain professional services, and the 
implementation of the Customs Modernization and Tariff Act aimed at streamlining customs rules 
and procedures. They also welcomed the improvement of IPR protection, including the establishm ent 
of the Bureau of Copyrights , and acknowledged the recent reforms in the food safety regime. 
Members took note of further ongoing reforms of the FDI regime. Furthermore, an amendment to 
the legislation regarding FDI in public utilities is under consider ation, and a Constitutional Review 
Commission has been set up to address the constitutional limitations on FDI. Regarding  maritime 
transport, Members were informed that international relays through co -loading of shipments on 
foreign vessels to enhance comp etition was now permitted.  
On the other hand, Members noted the increase in the average applied MFN tariff rate from 
6.4% to 7.6% during the review period, the high share of nuisance tariffs of around 14.9% of tariff 
lines in 2017, and the increased share of tariff peaks (8.5%). Several Members invited the Philippines 
to consider reducing high tariffs, particularly on agricultural products and automobiles. Some 
encouraged it to expand the coverage of its tariff binding commitments, currently at 63.7% of tar iff 
lines. Several Members observed that, despite increased infrastructure investment, substantial gaps 
remained and foreign participation in infrastructure development was hindered by FDI restrictions, 
notably in utility projects. They noted that further domestic reforms in areas such as investment and 
government procurement were needed to enhance the competitiveness of the economy and attract 
foreign investment. Some Members raised concerns over market access conditions for foreign 
suppliers in public pro curement , and encouraged the Philippines to improve these conditions. Some 
encouraged the Philippines to consider joining the GPA , and noted that caps on FDI in some sectors 
or activities remained a concern. Questions were raised regarding what some consid ered to be high 
capital requirements for foreign investment in the retail business. Several Members expressed 
reservations regarding pre -shipment inspection requirements. Some recognized the efforts made to 
combat corruption in customs services. It was not ed that there was room for improvement of the 
business environment, including by reducing the complexity of the permit/licensing regime in certain 
sectors. Many Members sought further clarification concerning the general direction of the 
agricultural refor m process, in particular regarding steps taken to reform the import regime and the 
high level of support for rice. The representative of the Philippines  stated that the passag ing of 
legislation to remove the QRs on rice was a priority. In the meantime, the reduced MFN tariff rates 
on rice and other agricultural products had been extended. Other matters of concern raised by 
Members included use of reference prices in assessing customs duties on agricultural product s, and WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 84 - 
 
  export restrictions on rice, corn and sugar. SPS -related concerns were raised , inter alia , on: 
regulations for handling imported meat and issues in exporting bovine meat for sale on wet markets ; 
SPS requirements that were not aligned with internatio nal standards ; accreditation of export 
establishments ; and certain labelling requirements that were considered excessive. The Philippines 
was encouraged to liberalize its regime reserving certain cargo to be shipped by Philippines' -flagged 
vessels , and to review foreign equity limitations in telecommunications . Finally, the Philippines was 
encouraged to submit outstanding notifications, notably on agriculture.  
Montenegro : 11 and 13 April 2018  
 
Members welcomed Montenegro's wide -ranging action taken to align  itself with WTO 
principles and the EU acquis communautaire  in several areas. They took note of progress in accession 
negotiations to the E uropean Union, which has been the driving force behind many of the recent 
reforms. Members commended Montenegro on its extensive commitments undertaken upon its 
accession to the WTO as well as on its ratification of the TFA, becoming a participant in the revised 
GPA, participating in the expansion of the ITA, and accepting the Protocol Amending the TRIPS 
Agreement. Membe rs referred to Montenegro's contrib ution to work in the areas of e -commerce, 
services, domestic regulation, investment facilitation, MSMEs, and women's empowerment. 
Montenegro has managed to maintain strong, albeit fluctuating, growth since its WTO accessi on. 
Members commended it for its openness to trade and investment and for its performance -boosting 
trade -related reforms, including the 2017 -19 Economic Reform Programme and the fiscal 
consolidation strategy. Montenegro's use of the euro as its national cu rrency provided stability to its 
economy but could also be a challenge for its monetary policy and competitiveness. Montenegro was 
praised for its efforts to strengthen the environment for business and investment, including judicial 
reforms, non -discrimina tory incentive schemes, measures to tackle corruption, and rules on good 
regulatory practice. Memb ers welcomed Montenegro's trade -facilitation strategy , and expressed 
interest in the steps undertaken to implement the TFA to strengthen competitiveness. They  
appreciated the predictability of Montenegro's tariff regime, as bindings were set on an ad valorem  
basis, and the limited gap between applied and bound rates. Some Members commended changes, 
such as streamlining customs procedures, the elimination of imp ort quotas, the reduction in import 
licensing requirements and prohibitions, and reforms to the government procurement regime. 
Members noted with interest reforms underway in the areas of energy, transport and 
telecommunications. They also referred to the increasing service -orientation of the economy, which 
now accounts for over 70% of economic activity. Some saw opportunity for sustainable development 
in the agricultural and fisheries sectors , and for increasing the value added for goods.  
Members urged Mo ntenegro to further strengthen the rule of law and its regulatory 
framework. Some encouraged it to continue to address persisting structural imbalances and 
challenges, including the current account deficit, external debt, labour market rigidities, the 
concentration of exports on low -value products , and informal activities. They urged Montenegro to 
continue with productivity -related and foreign investment -attracting structural reforms in several 
areas. They noted that the tariff  regime had become more complex due to its EU alignment , and 
there were some concerns about tariff binding observance. Some Members encouraged Montenegro 
to improve its WTO notifications record in certain areas , and took note of its stated commitment to 
submit pending notificatio ns shortly. More information was sought on certain food standards and 
SPS requirements , as well as trade -related IPRs. Members  encouraged Montenegro to improve 
market access for agricultural products.  
Guinea and Mauritania: 29  and 31 May 2018  
Members commended Guinea and Mauritania on the reforms that had helped to improve 
their macroeconomic situation. The se reforms have included a restructuring of their exchange rate 
regimes, actions to combat fraud and enhance the transparency of their payment syste ms, and a 
tightening of both their monetary and budgetary policies. At the sectoral level, the adoption of new 
mining and petroleum legislation, the implementation of targeted measures in the agricultural 
sector, the improvement of the transport and commun ication infrastructure and, above all, the 
expansion of their electricity generation capacity had increased the attractiveness of those 
economies. The reforms contributed to a substantial increase in the annual GDP growth rate up to 
2014. Members  welcomed the new provisions on government procurement and on public -private 
partnerships, and called for their full and speedy implementation.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 85 - 
 
  
Members noted the decline in GDP due to the collapse of world prices of gold, bauxite and 
iron ore, exacerbated in 2015, i n the case of Guinea, by the ebola epidemic, and, in the case of 
Mauritania, by a severe and prolonged drought. Owing to the sharp inequalities in wealth 
distribution, aggravated in part by the fall in world prices, poverty levels remain high within the tw o 
countries, which remain essentially dependent on the mining sector as the ir main source of export 
earnings. Members reiterated most of the concerns already expressed at the time of the previous 
joint Review , and emphasized the need to make further improv ements in the business environment 
in both countries and to stimulate investment in the areas in which their potential remained largely 
untapped. Those concerns relate to: (i) the exceeding of WTO tariff bindings which will be aggravated 
following the impl ementation of the ECOW AS CET; (ii)  the numerous import duties and charges; (iii) 
the waivers and exemptions which further complicate the taxation systems; (iv) the need to review 
the multiple export taxes; and (v) the gaps in notifications to the WTO, part icularly regarding 
technical regulations, SPS measures and state trading. Members urged Mauritania and Guinea to 
ratify and implement the TFA and the Protocol amending the TRIPS Agreement. They also invited 
them to tackle the lack of competition, particula rly in food product imports, to continue their efforts 
to diversify their economies, and to pursue their efforts to enhance governance, particularly in the 
mining sector. Emphasis was placed on the urgent need for sustainable management in the fisheries' 
industries. The two countries were invited once again to strengthen their commitments under the 
GATS, particularly where banking and insurance services were concerned. Several Members 
encouraged them to improve protection of IP Rs by, among other measures, e ffectively combating 
counterfeiting.  
Colombia : 12 and 14 June 2018  
Colombia was praised for its commitment to trade liberalization and for achieving economic 
growth during the review period, with real GDP expanding at an annual average rate of 3.3% 
between  2012 and 2017, while a relatively low level of inflation was maintained. Members also 
commended Colombia for implementing an economic reform programme that included tax 
incentives, reductions in tariffs and other taxes, improvements in the investment regi me, and 
increased infrastructure investment. They noted that Colombia has a relatively open trade regime , 
with an average MFN tariff of 7.1% in 2017. Members also congratulated Colombia on its recent 
signature of an accession agreement to the OECD , seeing it as further proof of its commitment to 
structural reforms and adherence to high international standards. They welcomed Colombia's 
signature of an internal peace agreement in 2016 that was considered an essential foundation for 
the country's stability and  future economic and social development. They acknowledged its strong 
commitment to the rules -based multilateral trading system and its active participation in the WTO. 
They praised its leadership as coordinator of the Joint Statement Initiative on Investm ent Facilitation 
for Development , and its contribution to the negotiations on agriculture and fisheries' subsidies. It 
was also noted that Colombia was a signatory to the MC11 initiatives on e -commerce, domestic 
regulation in services, SMEs and women's eco nomic empowerment. Members noted that Colombia 
had also actively pursued regional integration and the conclusion of FTAs, including the Pacific 
Alliance and other bilateral and regional agreements with key trading partners. They expressed their 
appreciatio n for the adoption of recent measures aimed at improving its investment regime, and 
providing new opportunities for FDI. Interest was also expressed in the financial and non -financial 
incentives provided for SMEs. Members acknowledged the changes introduce d to improve efficiency 
in government procurement , and commended Colombia on the improvements made to its framework 
for the protection of IPRs. Some Members praised Colombia for playing an active role in pursuing 
agricultural policy reform and maintaining an open services regime. Some referred to improvements 
in the telecommunications sector, and others highlighted progress made in air connectivity and the 
efforts to promote tourism, in addition to its open regime in maritime transport.  
Members encouraged C olombia to continue its reform efforts. They noted the challenges 
remaining in some areas, including the need to : increase efforts to diversify production and the 
export base ; simplify the regulatory framework ; and alleviat e poverty and promot e social inclusion, 
particularly in rural areas. Noting that Colombia was still in the process of ratifying the TFA, Members 
urged it to conclude it as soon as possible. Some Members also encouraged Colombia to bring its 
WTO notifications up -to-date in dome stic support in agriculture, import licenses, subsidies and 
services, and to submit the required changes to its schedules to implement the Nairobi Ministerial 
Decision to eliminate export subsidies in agriculture. They also invited it to consider becoming a 
party to the GPA in view of the importance of this sector to its economy. Some Members noted that 
many provisions of the Customs Statute had not yet been implemented. Overall, Colombia was 
encouraged to improve the implementation and enforcement of legis lation and to increase efforts WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 86 - 
 
  towards regulatory transparency. Members expressed concern over certain areas and invited 
Colombia to address them. These areas include d the widespread use of registration and import 
licensing requirements, the use of referen ce prices for imports of textiles, clothing and footwear, 
taxation rules on beer, complex customs procedures, certain labelling requirements, and the 
scrapping scheme for trucks. Members also noted the increased use of trade contingency measures, 
in partic ular the greater number of AD investigations initiated. Some Members highlighted the need 
for a transparent and accountable implementation of the IPR provisions related to pharmaceuticals 
in the National Development Plan, while others indicated that they w ould monitor the implementation 
of rules relating to the use of compulsory licen ces. They noted that imports of agricultural products 
face higher tariffs than imports of non -agricultural products, and concerns were expressed regarding 
the effect of the And ean Price Band System and SPS requirements on trade flows. In the energy 
sector, Colombia was urged to continue its efforts to reduce fossil fuel subsidies.  
Norway: 18  and 20 June 2018  
Members were particularly appreciative of Norway's longstanding and ded icated 
commitment to an open, rules -based, inclusive, and effective multilateral trading system. They 
highlighted the timely ratification of the TFA, the implementation of the ITA expansion and the 
revised pharmaceutical product coverage, the completion of  procedures to adopt the revised GPA, 
and the adoption of legislation to phase out agricultural export subsidies by the end of 2020. Low 
tariffs reflected the openness of its trade regime, where 85% of the tariff lines were duty free on an 
MFN basis. The s imple average tariff had declined from 7.5% in 2012 to 6.9% in 2017, principally 
due to the elimination of low and nuisance tariffs on 114  agricultural tariff lines. Applied tariffs on 
manufactured goods averaged 0.5%. Some Members noted with appreciation that the policy of low 
tariffs was combined with a firm rejection of resorting to trade contingency measures. Norway's 
trade policies remained firmly anchored in the WTO and the EEA Agreement with the European 
Union, its largest trading partner. In additio n, Norway's membership of EFTA provided an extensive 
network of FTAs. Members noted that Norway remained one of the wealthiest countries in the world, 
with a GDP per capita of around USD 75,000, despite significant economic headwinds in the period 
under re view. As a major producer and exporter of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum -related 
services, the Norwegian economy had felt the sharp decline in the price of petroleum that began in 
2014. However, it had weathered the storm well, with expansive moneta ry policies and fiscal policy 
stimulus aided by solid public finances. Meanwhile, Norway's trade policies for goods and services 
had remained generally open and liberal. Members felt that the difficulties experienced in the 
petroleum sector may indeed have  accelerated the "greening" of the domestic economy with a focus 
on renewable energy resources and energy efficiency, as well as the restructuring and consolidation 
of Norway's ocean industries, i.e. maritime services, oil and gas, fisheries, and aquacultu re, into a 
forward -looking "blue" economy. Several Members highlighted its commitment to sustainable 
economic growth, including its high level of engagement and valuable expert contributions in the 
negotiations on fisheries subsidies, and its interest in c oncluding an agreement on trade in 
environmental goods. Norway was also a firm supporter of new initiatives in the WTO, such as the 
recent Ministerial declarations relating to MSMEs, the reform and phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel 
subsidies, e -commer ce, services domestic regulations, and trade and gender. In addition, Norway 
continued to be a generous donor to activities that aided other WTO Members, in particular LDCs. 
Norway was commended for its exemplary record in meeting its notification obligati ons in virtually 
all areas of the WTO. Some Members also noted positively that Norway had never been a respondent 
in a WTO dispute settlement case.  
Agriculture stood out as a sector with high levels of protection, regulatory intervention, and 
government a ssistance. Members noted that, despite consistent gains in productivity, technological 
advance s, and continued high levels of support, Norwegian agriculture was not internationally 
competitive. The main outputs of the sector remained highly insulated from the world market and 
subject to extensive production -distorting government intervention. Applied tariffs on agricultural 
products averaged 37%. Norway's support to its agricultural sector was three times higher than the 
average for OECD countries. While so me Members called for lower tariffs and less support, it was 
also noted that the  under -utilization of many existing TRQs suggested scope for reform. The 
application of SPS measures was also related to agricultural policy. Here, some Members stressed 
the im portance of science - and risk -based regulations, including for the registration and use of 
pesticides and other agricultural chemicals, and other innovative tools for supporting trade in 
agricultural products. Although access to Norway's markets for indust rial goods and services was 
generally open and non -discriminatory, several Members noted that state ownership remained 
substantial. Some Members suggested that state frontiers in economic activities could be rolled back. WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 87 - 
 
  They also sought information regard ing Norway's TBT measures, including conformity assessment, 
and their harmonization with EU practices.  
Uruguay : 27 and 29 June 2018  
Members praised Uruguay for its commitment to trade liberalization , and for continuing to 
implement macroeconomic policies g eared towards ensuring stability despite external shocks and 
adverse regional situations. They commended it on 15 years of continuous economic growth, and 
noted that its real GDP grew at an annual average rate of some 3% between 2012 and 2017. This 
was a r esult of prudent monetary policy, a flexible exchange rate regime and lower fiscal deficit. It 
was also noted that the current account balance had improved, and that it now registered a surplus. 
Members also commended Uruguay on implementing a development strategy focused on the 
promotion of investment in key areas such as education, and of inclusive social policies which had 
resulted in a substantial decrease in poverty and inequality. They noted the significant role that 
trade has played in Uruguay's econ omic development , and also that merchandise exports and 
imports were equivalent to some 30% of GDP in 2017. The diversification of export markets since 
2012 was also noted, especially the increasing importance of the Asian market, which resulted in a 
reduc tion of dependency on traditional markets. While observing that, as a member of MERCOSUR, 
Uruguay's trade policies are largely determined by the common polices adopted by the trading bloc, 
Members acknowledged the country's  strong commitment to the rules -based multilateral trading 
system and its active participation in the WTO. Members noted that Uruguay had accepted the 
amendment to the TRIPS Agreement and had ratified the TFA. It had also granted preferential 
treatment to service providers from LDCs, and had recently notified its intention to eliminate export 
subsidies. Uruguay's leadership in chairing the Informal Working Group on MSMEs, in addition to its 
strong advocacy regarding other MC11 initiatives such as e -commerce, investment facilitation, and 
women's economic empowerment, were also noted. Members  noted that Uruguay had a relatively 
open investment regime, and provided national treatment in most sectors , with a few exceptions, 
such as the provision of radio and broadcasting services, air and marit ime cabotage, and fishing 
within its territorial waters. No prior authorization or registration was required to invest in Uruguay. 
Members noted that the country's  trade regime was largely open , with low tariffs and few non -tariff 
barriers to trade. They e xpressed their appreciation of Uruguay's efforts to implement trade 
facilitation measures (e.g. the implementation of a Single Window for Trade; the use of digital 
customs clearance forms and an electronic payment system; and the implementation of a 
certification system for AEO s). Its average tariff rate in 2017 was 9.4%, unchanged since 2011. 
Members noted that Uruguay had recourse to few non -tariff barriers , and that these were mainly 
used to protect public health, national security, the environment, phyt osanitary conditions, and 
consumers. It was also noted that it rarely resorts to AD, CVD or SG measures. Uruguay continued 
to reform its government procurement regime to expedite procedures and increase transparency. 
Members commended it on the improvement s made to its framework for the protection of IPRs and 
for maintaining an open services regime. They noted that agriculture is of primary importance, given 
the country's reliance on exports of agricultural products, accounting for some two  thirds of total 
exports in 2017.  
Some Members noted that , despite diversification efforts, Uruguay continues to be 
dependent on exports of agricultural products. In this regard, they encouraged it to diversify its 
production , to continue its reform efforts aimed at becomi ng a party to the ITA , and to update its 
pending notifications. Some Members noted that FDI flows had fluctuated significantly during the 
period under review. In this respect, Members encouraged Uruguay to continue to maintain an open 
trade and investment regime, which, along with the guaranteed legal stability regarding incentives 
and rights accorded to the investor, the existence of an educated workforce, and the freedom to 
transfer capital, profits and other gains associated with investment, provide s an attractive climate 
for FDI. Members noted that , despite efforts to dismantle several charges applied on imports, since 
2012, Uruguay had increased its consular fee. They invited it to review this measure. In addition, 
the mandatory use of local customs agents remained. Some Members noted that tariff protection 
was higher for agricultural products , and sought more information regarding policy in this sector. 
Members identified some a reas of Uruguay's trade regime where improvement would be welcome: 
those related to customs procedures, the licensing regime, export promotion measures , and pricing 
practices at ports. They also encouraged it to provide more information regarding the drawb ack 
system, the elaboration of technical regulations, and food -labelling requirements, and to improve 
some aspects of the implementation of its SPS regime. They noted that the GPA legislation continues 
to allow exceptions to the general public -tendering re gime, with preferences being granted to specific 
sectors. Members sought clarification on the government procurement system and invited Uruguay WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 88 - 
 
  to consider becoming a Party to the GPA. In this regard, they also encouraged it to consider the 
efficiency of r emoving preferences for local providers and local content requirement. Some Members 
highlighted existing challenges regarding the protection of IPRs, such as the need to reduce the time 
required for granting patents , to promote innovation and to tackle the  problem of counterfeiting and 
piracy. Uruguay was also encouraged to join the WIPO treaties on patents and trademarks. Although 
access to Uruguay's services' market was generally open and non -discriminatory, several Members 
noted that state ownership rema ined substantial. Public enterprises continued to play an important 
role in Uruguay's services' sector, operating in the financial services, transport, telecommunications 
and post, electricity, and water and sanitation subsectors. In the energy sector, Uru guay was invited 
to continue its efforts to diversify energy sources.  
China : 11 and 13 July 2018  
Members highlighted the importance of China's contribution to global growth over recent 
years , and noted that the pace of its economic expansion has been moder ating recently, prompting 
the authorities to rebalance growth by focusing on quality and sustainability rather than quantity. 
They generally expressed appreciation for China's active role in the WTO. Since China is the world's 
biggest merchandise trader an d one of the largest recipients of FDI, its policies have a direct impact 
on the global economy. Members appreciated its contribution to ongoing discussions on recent 
initiatives, such as e -commerce, MSMEs and investment facilitation for development. They also noted 
its further involvement in regional trade agreements. Members commen ded China on its recent 
reform initiatives aimed at broadening market access and investment opportunities, the greater 
involvement of the private sector in the economy, and its commitment to fossil fuel subsidy reform. 
They also appreciated its ongoing reform of customs procedures, such as further use of single 
windows, and commitments in the TFA. Several Members commended China on the Belt and Road 
Initiative , and viewed it as a n avenue for mutual cooperation and growth. They also commended 
recent announcements of liberalization in financial services , and tariff reductions in the automobile 
sector. China was congratulated for providing far -ranging preferences to products from LDC s. Many 
Members expressed appreciation for China's support and assistance to developing countries in areas 
such as Aid for Trade , and welcomed its continued FDI regime liberalization.  
Members called upon China to assume the increased responsibility linked  with being a major 
player in the multilateral trading system. They also encouraged it to further enhance access 
conditions for foreign investors. In this respect, concerns were raised regarding joint venture 
requirements and what some perceived as being i nconsistent and unpredictable regulatory practices 
and technology transfer requirements. Members  expressed serious concerns about the preponderant 
role of the State in general, and of state -owned enterprises in particular. Some felt that state 
influence in  China's economy has increased in various sectors, while many were of the view that it 
would require a more market -oriented approach regarding investment and resource allocation. 
Members raised questions about China's support and subsidy policies and local  content 
requirements, including those that may be part of the 2025 plan. Some noted the importance of 
enforcing competition policy, particularly in view of the recent amendment to the Anti -Unfair 
Competition Law. While Members looked forward to China's ea rly accession to the GPA, some  noted 
ongoing issues in its IPR regime , and encouraged continued IPR protection and enforcement. Some 
Members called for more predictability regarding market price support and public stockpiling 
measures used for certain agri cultural products. Other areas of concern raised included: the 
administrative licensing and approval process, inconsistency in certain SPS measures, restrictions 
on certain agricultural products, cross -border data restriction and data localization requirem ents, 
the scope and impact of China's cybersecurity legislation and the restriction of Virtual Private 
Network services, restrictive measures in certain services' sectors such as tourism, and industrial 
policies in certain manufacturing sectors, including the production of new energy vehicles. Several 
Members also referred to what they perceived to be market -distorting policies resulting in excess 
capacity in some sectors such as steel and semi -conductors. China was called upon to help address 
global overca pacity in these sectors. It was encouraged to increase the transparency of its trade 
policy regime. Members highlighted the importance of fulfilling all WTO commitments, in particular 
notification obligations, and encouraged China to publish all laws, regu lations and other measures 
related to trade, and to make them available in one of the WTO official languages. In this context, 
Members hoped that sufficient time would be given for comments before the introduction of new 
regulations. Regarding the TFA, Mem bers encouraged China to implement all its category B 
commitments within the specified transition period. They invited it to follow international best 
practices and to adhere to a level  playing field for trade and investment opportunities for all.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 89 - 
 
  Israel : 17 and 19 July 2 018 
Israel's active role in WTO was praised by Members who noted that it had accepted the 
amendment to the TRIPS Agreement, ratified the TFA and submitted a notification of its Category A 
commitments, and notified that it would no longer gi ve export subsidies for agricultural products 
after 1 January 2023. Israel is a party to the expanded ITA and the revised GPA. Some delegations 
welcomed its active participation in the ongoing discussions on recent joint initiatives after MC11. 
They remark ed that Israel has signed RTAs with Canada, EFTA, the European Union, Jordan, Mexico, 
MERCOSUR, Turkey, and the United States, while new FTAs concluded with Colombia and Panama 
are not yet in force. Moreover, Israel is currently engaged in negotiations wit h China, the Republic 
of Korea, India, Ukraine, Viet Nam, and the Eurasian Economic Union. Members commended Israel 
for having taken measures to further liberalize trade, following protests in 2011 about the high cost 
of living. Since then, it has pursued a unilateral process of trade liberalization, notably by eliminating 
tariffs on many consumer goods. Israel is a high -income country, with a strong economy and a GDP 
per capita of over USD 40,000. During the period under review, economic growth averaged 3. 3%, 
inflation was subdued, and unemployment declined to a historic low of 4.2% in 2017. It was noted 
that, although the value of trade in goods declined during the period under review, trade in services 
grew strongly, particularly exports of computer and o ther high -tech services. Furthermore, the 
decline in the value of trade in goods was not caused by measures that restrict trade but by the 
decline in imports of hydrocarbons, as the Tamar gas field started production in 2013 replacing 
imports of gas . Israeli goods' exports declined for many reasons , including an appreciating currency. 
In addition to exports of services, economic growth has been driven by several factors, including 
Israel's growing strength in innovation and technology, private consumption, and domestic 
investment. Many delegations praised Israel's economic performance, and were interested in its 
policies concerning high -technology goods and services . They noted the high level of investment in 
civilian research and development (consistently o ver 4% of GDP). Several Members wanted to know 
more about the Israel Innovation Authority and its role in promoting the high -tech sector, which is 
the basis for Israel's strong performance. As several delegations noted, R&D, not only in computers 
and elect ronics but also in more traditional fields like irrigation and chemicals, must be backed by a 
robust legislative framework for the protection and enforcement of IPRs. Trade reforms undertaken 
over the past six years were noted by many delegations. Israel's  autonomous tariff reductions 
reduced the average applied MFN tariff to 5.2% in 2017 , from 7.6% in 2012, with over two thirds of 
tariff lines duty free. Israel is currently implementing a programme to reduce the regulatory burden 
and cut administrative cos ts for imports, and it is in the process of aligning many technical standards 
to international ones. Israel was commended for its good record for notifications.  
Members noted that Israel's economic performance could be even stronger if it were to open 
up further to competition from imports and investments by foreign service providers. On protection 
of IPRs, while recognizing improvements in the law and its enforcement, many Members encouraged 
Israel to do more in this regard. They noted that tariffs on som e products remain high, including on 
fish and fish products and agriculture in general, but particularly animals and animal products, dairy 
products, and fruits and vegetables. The domestic TAMA tax is usually based on local prices which, 
being higher than  import prices, is perceived by some delegations as a charge on imports. 
Furthermore, many high tariffs are either specific duties or are in more complex forms, the applied 
tariff on some products is above the tariff bindings, and about one quarter of tari ff lines are not 
bound. In addition to high tariffs, Members also raised concerns about import prohibitions on some 
products, non -automatic licensing on others, and other measures which restrict imports. Another 
area where some delegations felt improvement s could be made was in investment. Although the 
investment regime is generally open, there is little competition from foreign operators in some areas, 
such as retail banking, insurance, and construction, and there are foreign ownership restrictions in 
other areas, such as air and maritime transport services, and telecommunications and broadcasting. 
Several delegations pointed out that there were few SPS notifications, while some TBT notifications 
concerned SPS measures. Furthermore, some other notifications  are currently outstanding, such as 
for import licensing, QRs, and state trading enterprises.  
Chinese Taipei: 12 and 14 September 2018  
Chinese Taipei has remained committed to an open and rules -based multilateral trading 
system , while expanding regional an d extra -regional integration through recent RTAs signed with 
Singapore, New Zealand and Paraguay, and a New Southbound Policy. Members highly appreciated 
Chinese Taipei's active and constructive participation in the WTO's work , including in the areas of 
e-commerce, services domestic regulation, investment facilitation, MSMEs , and Environmental WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 90 - 
 
  Goods Agreement negotiations. They also commended its expanding WTO commitments , including 
through the ratification of the TFA, the implementation of ITA 2 by 2021 , and the acceptance of the 
revised GPA, as well as supporting LDCs. They acknowledged its strong record of WTO notification. 
Members commended Chinese Taipei for its macroeconomic management , and for the reforms 
undertaken so far that ensured strong, albeit fluctuating, growth , coupled with low inflation and 
dropping unemployment, as well as the resilience of its outward -oriented competitive economy and 
high living standards. Members acknowledged its integration into the world economy and global 
value chains , as well as the beneficial effects of structural reforms in various areas. Chinese Taipei 
was commended for its transparent and predictable trade policies , as well as its initiatives to create 
a friendlier business and investment environment , including: in vestment regime liberalization; 
support to SMEs and entrepreneurs; increased transparency in the process of developing 
regulations; and the reduction of restrictions on the recruitment of overseas professionals. Members 
appreciated Ch inese Taipei's trade -facilitation initiatives, e.g. in the areas of legislative 
amendments, single window, AEO s and certificates of origin, and encouraged continu ed 
improvements. They noted its comprehensive tariff binding coverage and the slight decrease of the 
simple average MFN applied tariff rate but also the persisting complexity of the tariff structure. They 
appreciated the strengthening and enforcement of IPRs. Chinese Taipei was applauded for, and 
encouraged to continue with, efforts to tackle illegal, unreported and unr egulated (IUU) fisheries. It 
stated that it will not claim the special and differential treatment granted to developing country 
Members in future negotiations in the WTO.  
Chinese Taipei was encouraged to improve the transparency and predictability of its 
investment review process and/or to move forward with a simpler post -investment registration 
system, continue removing investment barriers, and apply a non -discriminatory regime towards 
overseas investors and traders. Some Members urged additional reforms t o cope with increased 
competition from emerging economies. Several concerns were expressed about certain TBT and SPS 
requirements, and some encouraged the removal or review of many measures on food, medicines 
and chemicals, including those relating to maximum residue levels and genetically -modified food, 
the assurance of their scientific basis , and their alignment with international standards. Chinese 
Taipei was encouraged to undertake improvements in public procurement, including the expansion 
of the cover age of its GPA commitments. The persistence of public sector involvement in the 
economy was noted , and further privatization was encouraged. On IPRs, due to persisting concerns, 
Members  encouraged Chinese Taipei to continue its enhancement efforts in certain areas. They called 
for the submission of an up -to-date notification on domestic support in agriculture. Chinese Taipei 
was urged to further liberalize its agriculture sector, with co ncerns being expressed about high 
tariffs, TRQs and subsidies. Members were interested in hearing more about its energy reform 
programme and any incentives being offered under the Five -Plus-Two Industries Innovation Plan. 
They noted reforms undertaken in t he banking  and securities  sectors , and considered that there was 
further scope for financial services liberalization and services liberalization more generally. Chinese 
Taipei was also asked to remove certain shipping restrictions.  
3.9  Other Selected Trade Pol icy Issues  
The following Section provides a brief overview of the other selected trade policy issues 
where important developments took place during the review period. It also includes follow -up to a 
number of issues which saw outcomes at MC11 in Buenos Air es. 
Regional Trade Agreements  
During the review period, WTO Members notified five RTAs  (8 notifications) as compared to 
18 RTAs and three accessions to existing RTAs  (29 notifications) during the previous period 
(Table  3.25). Of the new RTAs notified to the WTO, two relate  only to trade in goods  and were 
notified under the Enabling Clause , while three  include trade liberalization in both goods and services  
and were notified under GATT Article XXIV  and GATS Article V.  
Table 3.25 Notifications of RTA s between 15 October 2017 and 15  October 2018  
RTA name (parties)  Coverage  Date of 
notification  
(date of entry 
into force)  Notification  
Turkey – Singapore  Goods & Services  14/09/18  
(01/10/17)  GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 91 - 
 
  RTA name (parties)  Coverage  Date of 
notification  
(date of entry 
into force)  Notification  
China – Georgia  Goods & Services  05/04/18  
(01/01/18)  GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
El Salvador – Ecuador  Goods  22/03/18  
(16/11/17)  Enabling Clause  
Southern Common Market 
(MERCOSUR) – Egypt  Goods  19/02/18  
(01/09/17)  Enabling Clause  
Hong Kong, China – Macao, China  Goods & Services  18/12/17  
(27/10/17)  GATT Art. XXIV & GATS Art. V  
Source:  RTA Database. Viewed at:  http://rtais.wto.org . 
As at 15 October 2018, the total number of RTAs notified to the WTO , and to the GATT 
before it and currently in force, amounted to 288 (145 covering goods and services, 142 goods only, 
and 1 services only) .108 The WTO Secretariat has also identified and verified,  through the respective 
parties, 80 RTAs that are in force, but have not yet been notified to the WTO.109  
Judging from overall notifications, RTA activity is strongest in Europe (20% of RTAs in force), 
with successive EU enlargements and agreements with cou ntries in Eastern Europe and around the 
Mediterranean basin , as well as RTAs notified by EFTA; this is followed by East Asia (17%) and South 
America (12%). These regions also continue to be active in RTA negotiations ( Chart  3.20).  
Chart 3.20 RTAs in force, and under negotiation by region  
 
Note:   RTAs involving countries/territories in two (or more) regions are counted more than once.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The WTO Members with the most RTAs in force remain  the European Union, the EFTA states, 
and Chile , with over 25 RTAs in force each, followed by Singapore, and Turkey , which have over 
20 RTAs in force each ( Chart 3.21 ). A number of other developing countries also have several RTAs 
in force, such as the Rep ublic of Korea, Peru, India, Mexico and Panama.  
                                                
108 This figure does not take into account notifications of RTAs made in 2017 and that is  not yet in force .  
109 WTO document WT/REG/W/133, 10 September 2018.  
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130EuropeEast AsiaSouth AmericaCISNorth AmericaCentral AmericaAfricaMiddle EastOceaniaWest AsiaCaribbean
Intra-Regional RTAs in force Cross-Regional RTAs in force Early Announcements of RTA Negotiations
Note: RTAs involving countries/territories in two (or more) regions are counted more than once.Chart RTA.1   RTAs in force, and under negotiation by region
Source:  RTA section, WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 92 - 
 
  Chart 3.21 WTO Members with the largest number of RTAs in force  
 
Source:  RTA Section, WTO Secretariat.  
WTO Members also continue to negotiate new bilateral and/or plurilateral RTAs. The regions 
that are most heavily involved in RTA negotiations include Europe and East Asia. In Europe, the 
European Union has recently concluded an RTA with Japan . Upon entry into force, it will become the 
world's largest RTA, ac counting for nearly a third of the world's GDP. The European Union is also 
negotiating with MERCOSUR, is negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements with African, 
Caribbean and Pacific countries , and has recently announced that it will start negotiations w ith 
Australia and New Zealand. The EFTA states are also continuing negotiations with the Eurasian 
Economic Union (EAEU), India and several ASEAN member states. In the Asia -Pacific, although the 
United States pulled out of the Trans -Pacific Partnership (TPP ) Agreement, it has been signed by the 
remaining parties and is expected to enter into force in 2019. Negotiations ar e continuing to 
complete the 16 -party Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Agreement, which 
brings together the ten ASEAN mem ber states and six others with which ASEAN already has RTAs 
in force (Australia, China, India, Republic of Korea, Japan and New Zealand).  
Trade Facilitation  
The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) entered into force on 22 February 2017, when 
two-thirds  of WTO Members notified their corresponding instruments of acceptance. At the 
conclusion of the review period, 138 ratifications  were accounted for , which corresponded to 84% 
of membership. The Secretariat  has received 17 additional instrume nts of accepta nce since 
October  2017.  
With respect to implementation -related notifications mandated under the TFA,  38 Members 
presented notifications on category A, 58 on category B and 44 on category C. With these 
notifications, the cumulative total of Members who sub mitted category A notifications closed at 114, 
71 for category B and 60 for category C for the review period.  
Members also presented 49 notifications concerning transparency obligations included in 
Section I of the TFA and six donor Members submitted noti fications on their te chnical assistance and 
capacity -building activities under Articles 22.1 and 22.2. In addition, one developing Member 
presented a notification under Article 22.3 relating to contact points of Members seeking TACB 
support.  
051015202530354045Total N °of physical RTAs
Goods Provisions only Include Services ProvisionsChart RTA.2   WTO Members with the largest number of RTAs in force
Source: RTA section, WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 93 - 
 
  Chart 3.22 Number of Members to have present ed notifications mid -October  2017 to 
mid-October  2018  
 
Source:  https://www.tfadatabase.org/   
ITA Expansion  
3.159.   Under the ITA Expansion Agreement, import tariffs on most of the 201 IT products covered 
by the Agreement have been progressively reduced since 1 July 2016 and will be eliminated after 
three years (by 1 July 2019), whereas other duties and charges are to b e removed upon entry into 
force. For a limited number of sensitive products, tariffs will be phased out over five or seven years 
for the most exceptional cases. On 3 November 2017, Georgia joined the ITA Expansion Agreement, 
bringing the total number of Pa rticipants to 26, representing 55  WTO Members.  
3.160.   As of October  2018, 23 Participants were on track with the implementation of the tariff cuts, 
while the others were awaiting the completion of d omestic procedural requirements .110 As required 
by Paragraph 6 of the Declaration, all 26  Participants have also initiated the 1980 Procedures for 
Modification and Rectification of Schedules in order to include the new ITA Expansion concessions 
into their WTO Schedules and extend them to all WTO Members on an MFN  basis. To date, the ITA 
Expansion schedules of 2 3 Participants have been certified by the WTO  Director -General, and their 
concessions properly reflected in their WTO Schedules.  
3.161.   The ITA Expansion Declaration also provides for further work on non -tariff barriers i n the IT 
sector, and for keeping the list of products covered under review to determine whether further 
expansion may be needed to reflect future technological developments.  
Aid for Trade  
The 2018 -19 Aid for Trade work programme, under the theme of "Suppor ting Economic 
Diversification and Empowerment for Inclusive, Sustainable Development T hrough Aid for Trade", 
was issued on 7 May 2018. The Aid for Trade work programme builds on the 2005 Hong Kong 
Ministerial Declaration , which states that "Aid for Trade s hould aim to help developing countries, 
particularly LDCs, to build the supply -side capacity and trade -related  infrastructure that they need 
to assist them to implement and benefit from WTO Agreements and more broadly to expand their 
trade". The programme also draws on the 2015 Ministerial Declaration on Aid for Trade and on the 
results of the 2017 Global Review. The latter has highlighted the importance of trade connectivity, 
its impact on the unconnected and the impediments to connectivity that fall dispr oportionately on 
MSMEs, women, youth, rural populations and LDCs. The results of the review also underscored Aid 
for Trade's contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).   
                                                
110 Members implementing the ITA Expansion Agreement are reflected in Annex 1.  
3858444961
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Category ACategory BCategory CTransparency notificationsArt. 22.1 and 22.2Art. 22.3Chart TFA.1   Number of WTO Members to have presented TFA notifications
Period: Ocet. 2017 to Oct. 2018
Source:  https://www.tfadatabase.org/WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 94 - 
 
  
The 2019 Global Review is to be the centre -piece of the 2018 -19 work pro gramme and will 
include an Aid for Trade monitoring and evaluation exercise conducted in partnership with the OECD. 
The information collected will  provide the narrative for the joint OECD -WTO publication "Aid for Trade 
at a Glance 2019" that will also incl ude an analysis of Aid  for Trade financing flows.  
Disbursements of Aid for Trade reached U$38.7 billion in 2016, a decline of USD 1.6 billion 
as compared to 2015 when disbursements reached USD 40.3 billion. Total commitments recorded 
in 2016 also fell by USD 4.2 billion to USD 51.0 billion between 2015 and 2016.  Aid for Trade 
disbursements to LDCs slowed, with a drop of USD 0.8 billion to USD 9.8 billion in 2016.  Aid for 
Trade commitments to LDCs also fell from USD 17.7.5 billion in 2015 to USD 14.7 billion  in 
2016.  Total disbursements of Aid for Trade since 2006 stand at more than USD 342.3 billion in 
official development aid, and a further USD 264.0 billion in other official flows.  
Trade Financing  
3.165.   The global trade finance gap, as measured by the Asian Deve lopment Bank (ADB), remained 
close to USD  1.5 trillion. The alternatives to bank financing are scarce in many developing countries 
and trade transactions are most often abandoned if such financing is unavailable, according to the 
ADB. Half of the USD  1.5 trillion trade finance gap is in developing Asia , with another significant gap 
in Africa. Around 60% of trade finance requests by SMEs are rejected, against only 7% for 
multinational companies. According the Global Enabling Trade Report of the World Economi c Forum, 
lack of trade finance is among the top three obstacles to exporting for half of the countries in the 
world.  
3.166.   The Director -General addressed the WTO Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance on 
8 June 2018, to take stock of the efforts of the intern ational community, including the WTO, 
multilateral development banks (MDBs) and international regulatory bodies, to address the 
challenges outlined in proposals by the Director -General on trade finance and SMEs . In th ese, he 
had recommended that M DBs dedic ate increased resources to their trade finance facilitation 
program mes, that capacity -building support be enhanced, that a dialogue with trade finance 
regulators be opened, and that trade finance gaps be analysed.  MDBs have been mobilizing increased 
resour ces for trade finance. In 2017, total financing and guarantees provided by MDBs under trade 
finance facilitation program mes in developing countries reached close to USD  30 billion, up from 
approximately USD  22 billion in 2016. With the recovery of global t rade flows forecasted in 2018, 
demand for MDBs ' credit and guarantee facilities is likely to rise further.  
3.167.   A positive development was the increase in the exposure of MDBs towards exporting and 
importing SMEs. For example, in 2017 the ADB supported trade tr ansactions from more than 
2,800  SMEs in countries such as Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In the spring of 2018, the ADB 
increased by USD  350 million the limit of guarantees to be provided under its program me. The ADB 
is considering an increase in the gu arantee coverage for its own trade finance facilitation program me, 
from 50% to 100% guarantee coverage.  
3.168.   Reducing the knowledge gap in local banking sectors for handling trade finance instruments 
remained a priority. Professional organizations from the private sector have been cooperating with 
MDBs to pool training initiatives where useful and courses provide d by the IFC, the ITFC, the EBRD, 
and the ADB in co -operation with the ICC Academy have boosted the capacity -building work on trade 
finance.  
3.169.   MDBs also requested a regulatory dialogue with the Financial Stability Board (FSB) regarding 
the global phenomenon of de-risking which affects all cross -border banking flows and all regions. 
De-risking can disrupt essential cross -border financial services and lead to financial exclusion for 
certain categories of customers, particularly SMEs. According to the FSB, some of the most affected 
countries are in the Caribbean, the Pacific Islands, the Middle East, some sub -regions of Africa, and 
in Central and developing East Asia. As de -risking affects trade finance, financial exclusion leads to 
trade exclusion , potentially j eopardizing the supply of essential imports and the shipment of essential 
exports in the affected countries.  
3.170.   At the recent Annual Meetings of the World Bank and the IMF in Indonesia, the WTO and 
several partner organizations  committed themselves to contin ue finding ways to close the gaps in 
trade finance provision.   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 95 - 
 
  Government Procurement  
The revised WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) continues to gain 
importance as an instrument for promoting trade and good governance in government procurement 
markets.  Currently, the Agreement has 19 par ties, comprising 47 WTO Members . Another 32 WTO 
Members/Observers participate as observers in the Comm ittee on Government Procurement, with 
Belarus having been granted observer status in June 2018.111 
Significant p rogress was made on several accessions to the Agreement. The negotiation on 
Australia's accession was successfully concluded in October 2018  and it  will become a fully -fledged 
party of the Agreement in 2019 when necessary domestic ratification procedures a re completed. The 
negotiation on the United Kingdom's GPA membership, in its own right, for the post -Brexit period,  
was officially initiated  in June 2018 (currently, the United Kingdom participate s in the GPA as an EU 
member State). A clear desire has been expressed by both the United Kingdom and the GPA parties 
that the United Kingdom continue to participate in the GPA post -Brexit, on the appropriate terms. 
China, on different occasions, reaffirmed its commitment to join the GPA and indicated that it would  
expedite the accession process by tabling a further revised market access offer with significant 
improvements. The Russian Federation has also been actively pursuing its accession process. The 
Kyrgyz Republic's and Tajikistan's accessions are considered t o be close to the final stage if specific 
pending issues can be addressed. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia circulated its initial 
market access offer in February 2018 and expressed the hope that its accession can be concluded 
swiftly.  
The accessi ons of four other WTO Members — Albania, Georgia, Jordan and Oman — are 
pending. Another five have provisions regarding accession to the Agreement in their respective 
Protocols of Accession to the WTO , namely  Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia and Seychelles. During the review  period, the Secretariat organiz ed, in its own capacity or in 
cooperation with other international organizations, several global, regional and national workshops 
on government procurement, which addressed ma rket access and good governance  issues .  
The GPA Committee continued to advance its work in relation to a number of specific work 
programmes. These address, inter alia : (i) ensuring sustainability in public procurement activities; 
(ii) improving the statis tics that Parties submit pursuant to releva nt provisions of the GPA; 
(iii) promoting access to government procurement markets by SMEs. The purpose of these work 
programmes is to enhance transparency, to improve the administration of the Agreement, and, 
where relevant, contribute to its future evolution. Remarkable progress has been made on the Work 
Programme on Sustainable Procurement , with a draft final report based on the Committee's 
discussions having been circulated recently.112 The report highlighted a n umber of specific ways in 
which sustainability objectives can be promoted by governments in their respective procurement 
activities, consistent with GPA requirements (see  Box 3.6 ). Throughout the review period, the 
Secretariat, at the Committee's request, has worked to strengthen the new "e -GPA system", an 
interactive, automated web portal to enhance the accessibility and usability of the market access 
and other information provided by Parties pursuant to the Agreement.  
                                                
111 Belarus was granted observer status in the GPA Committee while still being in the process of 
accession to the WTO. The GPA, in its text (Article XXI), provides for the right for WTO Observers to become 
observers in the GPA Committee.  
112 Document GPA/WPS/SP /13, dated 1 October 2018.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 96 - 
 
  Box 3.6 Sustainable Public Procurement  
The Work Programme on Sustainable Procurement of the WTO Committee on Government Procurement was 
established in 2012, at the time of the conclusion of the renegotiation of the GPA. Under the Work Pr ogramme, 
most GPA Parties have provided inputs on sustainable procurement policies, goals and legislation. The WTO 
Secretariat compiled all the submissions into a document, which was circulated in October 2016.a In addition, 
the Committee held a symposium on sust ainable procurement in February  2017.b The symposium featured 
contributions from a broad range of experts on sustainability issues.  
 
Among the main takeaways from the Committee's symposium was that the revised GPA provides significant 
scope for the  reflection of sustainability considerations in procurement covered by the Agreement, particularly 
with respect to environmental or "green" policy objectives. Recently, a draft report on sustainable 
procurement was circulated by the Secretariat upon the re quest of the Committee.c In addition to the "green 
procurement" objectives which are favoured by most Parties and referenced in the revised GPA, some Parties 
also favour the promotion of "social" aspects of sustainable procurement (e.g. labour rights), con sistent with 
the Agreement.  
_______________  
 a Document GPA/WPS/SP/10, dated 12 October 2016.  
 b Document GPA/W/341, dated 30 May 2017.  
 c Document GPA/WPS/SP/13, dated 1 October 2018.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Dispute Settlement  
The high level of dispute settlement activity witnessed in previous years continued 
throughout the review period. Between October 2017 and October 2018, there were on average 
36 ongoing panel, appellate and arbitration proceedings each month (see Chart  3.23 below). Panels, 
the Appellate Body and a rbitrators circulated  23 dispute settlement reports during this time. This 
included 17 panel  report s, five  Appellate Body reports and one arbitral decision regarding the 
reasonable period of time for implementation  of DSB recommendations and rulings.  
During the review period, Members filed a significantly increased number of complaints about 
alleged breaches of WTO Agreements by other Members, thereby demonstrating a continued reliance 
on WTO dispute settlement proc edures. Between mid -October 2017 and mid -October 2018, 
Members requested consultations in 39 cases, more than twice the number of requests filed during 
the previous review period. Thirty -five of these requests concerned new disputes, while in four cases 
Members sought proceedings on compliance with past DSB rulings . Sixteen new panels were 
established by the Dispute Settlement Body and, following their establishment, 12 new panels were 
formally composed through the appointment of panellists . In addition, a s of mid-October 2018, eight 
established panels remained  in the process of composition. The number of cases in respect of which 
panels had been established or panel requests were pending, as well as the exceptionally high 
number of requests for consultation s filed by Members in recent months , foreshadows a potential 
surge in workload for the Secretariat in the near future . 
The number of disputes pending before the Appellate Body has steadily increased over the 
last year.  By mid -October 2018, 11 appeals were pending, including two exceptionally large  ones: 
the compliance proceedings in one of the large civil aircraft cases and the appeals of the panel 
reports in Australia – Tobacco Plain Packaging . From September 2017 to September 2018 , the 
Appellate Body issu ed seven reports.  
The subject matter of disputes brought to the WTO continues to span a wide range of 
agreements, including the GATT 1994, the Anti -Dumping Agreement, the SCM Agreement, the SPS 
Agreement, the TBT Agreement, the GATS, the TRIPS Agreement a nd the Agreement on Agricul ture. 
A high number of recently -filed complaints concern provisions of the Safeguards Agreement, as well 
as Articles I, II and XIX of the GATT 1994. The  first request for consultations citing the TFA has also 
been made.  As in pre vious years, both developed and developing country Members have been 
involved in dispute settlement proceedings, as complainants, respondents and third parties.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 97 - 
 
  Chart 3.23 Average annual number of ongoing proc eedings per month  
 
*  2018 data based on the average of the number of active disputes from January to September.  
Note:   Several disputes are counted as one if they deal with the same subject matter.  Annual  averages are 
calculated on the basis of the numb er of ongoing proceedings per month (January to December) over 
the yearly period concerned (e.g. in 2017, 39 proceedings were ongoing per month, on average).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Trade and Environment  
Debates at recent meetings of the Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) have raised 
important global issues at the intersection between trade and environmental policies. For instance, 
delegations have discussed and shared information on, inter alia , the ir trade -related climate 
mitigation policies, approaches regarding the inclusion of environmental provisions in  RTAs, 
strategies to promote a sustainable ocean economy, efforts to ensure the sound management of 
chemicals and wastes, the promotion of green and biological products and sustainability certification 
schemes, experiences in the efficient use of natural resources, and their actions on fossil fuel subsidy 
reform.113  
On climate change, several delegations presented the trade elements of their nationa lly 
determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. Delegations were also briefed on developments 
taking place in other forums with potential trade effects, such as at the International Maritime 
Organization and United Nations Framework Convention on C limate Change. Several delegations 
expressed their interest in discussing trade and climate change in a more focused manner at the 
CTE. Some other delegations believed climate change should not be discussed in the WTO , as the 
issues under the Paris Agreeme nt were delicate, and part of a balanced and long -term process of 
negotiation.114  
Several delegations115 acknowledged the importance of fossil fuel subsidy reform, shared 
their experience in this area, and supported continued discussions of the topic in the C TE, including 
any potential role for the WTO. Some other del egations noted that the phasing -out of inefficient 
fossil fuel subsidies that encouraged wasteful consumption was a voluntary G20 initiative not linked 
to the WTO, and were of the view that the WT O was not the appropriate venue to discuss such 
matters. At the 28 June 2018 CTE meeting116 discussions continued on this topic, with the signatories 
                                                
 113 See Annual Report 2017, WT/CTE/24. See also, Minutes of the June 2018 CTE meeting, 
WT/CTE/M/65.  
 114 See Annual Report 2017, WT/CTE/24 , paragraph 21.  
 115 Annual Report 2017, WT/CTE/24 , paragraphs  12-13. 
 116 See Minutes of the Jun e 2018 CTE meeting, WT/CTE/M/65, paras. 1.1-1.19. 
051015202530354045
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018*Average number of ongoing disputes per monthChart DS.1  Average number of ongoing disputes per month, 1995 -2018
*  2018 data based on the average of the number of active disputes in from January to September.
Note Several disputes are counted as one if they deal with the same subject matter.
Source: WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 98 - 
 
  to the Statement on Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform delivered at the MC11 last year (WT/MIN(17)/54) 
briefing the CTE on the initiative.  
Fishery Subsidies  
During the reporting period, work on fisheries subsidies in the Negotiating Group on Rules 
intensified, with a view to fulfilling the MC11 Ministerial Decision to complete these negotiations in 
2019. This work, whi ch has taken place on the basis of agreed work programmes, has involved a 
range of activities, including technical discussions and workshops, thematic discussions, streamlining 
of the working texts, and a structured brainstorming process using Incubator Gr oups. The aim of 
these activities is to increase the understanding of Members' differences points of  view, and to 
develop ideas to bridge the gaps. The work in 2019 will aim to build upon these elements to develop 
specific solutions that can attract consen sus.  
The Ministerial Decision incorporates the main elements of SDG Target 14.6 including its 
deadline. It instructs Members to engage constructively in the fisheries subsidies negotiations with 
a view to adopting, by  MC12 , comprehensive and effective dis ciplines that prohibit certain forms of 
fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and eliminate subsidies that 
contribute to IUU fishing , recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential 
treatment for developin g country Members and LDC Members should be an integral part of these 
negotiations.  
The following box  by the OECD looks at fisheries'  subsidies.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 99 - 
 
  Box 3.7 Fisheries Subsidies – Government Support Amounts to 20% of Earnings  
Source:  OECD . Fisheries policies in 38 countries (33 OECD and 5 other important fishing economies) transferred USD  13 billion to 
fishers in 2015. This means that for every dollar earned by fishers (the  value of their landings), an additional 20  cents 
were provided as some form of public support. Of these transfers, on average, 47% was provided through measures 
likely to increase fishing effort, most importantly policies that lower the price of fuel. The  balance of support, 
approximately 53%, was spent on general services support to the sector. General services support includes such 
things as port infrastructure and the cost of fisheries management (see full list belowa). The OECD Review of Fisheries 
regularly reports on how the support is provided and how it has evolved over time, as well as providing context 
related to other policies, management and developments in the fishing sector.  
As illustrated in the figure below, the OECD Fisheries Support Estimat e (FSE) databaseb shows a decline in overall 
support since 2012 and a shift from transfers to individual fishers (TIF) towards general services support policies 
(GSSE), measures less likely to increase fishing effort.  
Overall, policy efforts to restore thr eatened fish stocks have had mixed results. Concerns regarding the sustainability 
of global fisheries are reflected in the fact that some 40% of fish stocks with measurable management targets set by 
governments are failing to meet those targets. And that s tory is incomplete, as many more stocks are not measured 
in a manner that will lead to an accurate assessment.  
Harvests of wild fish continue to trend downward in aggregate. In  some cases, this is due to the effects of declining 
fish stocks, while in other  cases, greater control of overfishing has also contributed. The increasing value of fish 
products has moderated the effects of reduced landings on revenue. However, unit values and value of landings have 
both been declining since their peak in 2011.  
Globa l aquaculture production (includes aquatic plants), by contrast, continues to display strong growth, and already 
exceeds the volume of catch from wild fisheries. Average annual aquaculture growth has accelerated and now 
averages 2.1% per year. Globally, it  is even more rapid, at 6% per year. Moreover, average prices of aquaculture 
products are also increasing, providing an extra boost to the value of the aquaculture sector. Most governments have 
policies in place to further support the development of aquacu lture as a source of nutritious food and a contributor 
to local economic development.  
Evolution of budgetary support to fisheries, 2009 -15 
Percentage of gross value of landings  
 
_______________                               
a  General services includes payment for access to other countries' waters, provision of infrastructure, marketing 
and promotion, transfers supporting fishing communities, education and training, research and development, 
management of resources, and a miscellaneous category for other  forms not otherwise classified.  
b The FSE contains data on budgetary policies supportive of the fisheries sector and are classified using a consistent 
method. The FSE includes all OECD member countries with significant marine fisheries as well as other ec onomies, 
totalling 38  countries to date. This includes programmes that provide payments to individual fishers such as 
payments for modernisation or decommissioning of fishing vessels. It also includes policies that provide an overall 
benefit to the sector,  such as investments in port infrastructure or monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). 
Non-budgetary support such as excise tax exemptions for fuel use is also included when it is directed at the fishing 
sector.  
0510152025
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
General Services Support Estimate Transfers to Individual Fishers (TIF)%WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 100 - 
 
  Electronic Commerce  
Discu ssions on electronic commerce in the WTO are continuing under two parallel tracks – 
multilaterally under the General Council and its relevant subsidiary bodies, and under the Joint 
Statement on e-commerce initiative. At the multilateral level, efforts are ongoing to reinvigorate the 
1998 Work Programme on Electronic Commerce as agreed by Ministers at  MC11 . At its session in 
July 2018, the General Council reviewed progress in the Work Programme based on reports 
submitted by the Chairs of the Goods, Services and TRIPS Councils and the Committee on Trade 
and Development. In addition, India and South Africa submitted a document, Moratorium on 
Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions: Need for a Re-think.  The General Council Chair 
continues to consult with Memb ers on how best to discuss the moratorium.  
Under the Joint Statement on the e-commerce initiative, exploratory discussions among a 
group of Members towards future negotiations on trade -related aspects of e -commerce  are 
continuing . Discussions are grouped i nto four themes: enabling digital trade/e -commerce, openness 
and digital trade/e -commerce, trust and digital trade/e -commerce, and cross -cutting issues 
including development, transparency and cooperation. While the initiative was endorsed by a diverse 
group of more than 70 Members, participation in the disc ussions is open to all Members.  Other 
Members have expressed opposition to these discussions , often  on the grounds that they are not 
part of the current negotiating mandate.  
Investment Facilitation  
The Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development117 co-sponsored 
by a group of 70 WTO Members at MC11 called for the start of "structured discussions with the aim 
of developing a multilateral framework on investment facilitation". Accor ding to the proponents, 
investment facilitation was about creating a more efficient, predictable and "investment -friendly" 
business climate – by making it easier for investors to establish operations and conduct their day -to-
day business – and that such an  agreement could facilitate global investment in the same way that 
the WTO was helping to facilitate global trade with its Trade Facilitation Agreement. However, other 
Members opposed discussions of investment facilitation in the WTO , mostly  on the grounds  that it is 
not part of the current negotiating mandate.  
3.188.   Between mid -May and mid -October 2018, three meetings, organized by the proponents118, 
were held and addressed the following topics: (i)  improving the transparency and predictability of 
investment measu res, (ii)  streamlining and speeding up administrative procedures and requirements 
and (iii) enhancing international cooperation, information sharing, the exchange of best practices, 
and relations with relevant stakeholders, including dispute prevention.   
Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)  
3.189.   Since MC11, the 88 WTO Members of the Informal Working Group on MSMEs – the so -called 
Friends of MSMEs – have met regularly to follow the road map of thematic sessions that was 
developed at the beginning of 2018.  Some Members oppose or do not support discussions on this 
issue, noting that it  is not part of the original Doha Round discussions and that focusing on DDA 
issues should be the priority. The discussions in the Informal Working Group on MSMEs aim to 
identify a set of concrete, horizontal and non -discriminatory measures that Members could take to 
strengthen MSME participation in global trade. The Group, led by a nine -Member Coordinating 
Committee119, has held four open -ended meetings since May 2018 to discuss issues related to access 
to information, trade finance, trade facilitation and logistics, and technical assistance and capacity 
building. Forthcom ing meetings include follow -up sessions on trade finance and trade facilitation as 
well as a discussion on how  digital technologies can help MSMEs join global markets. To date, the 
                                                
117 WT/MIN(17)/59.  
118 On 28 June, 23 July and 21 September . 
119 The Coordinating Committee consists of Uruguay, as general coordinator, and eight co -coordinators: 
Bahrain, Kingdom of; Côte d'Ivoire; El Salvador;  Hong Kong, China; Nigeria; Pakistan; the Philippines; and 
Switzerland.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 101 - 
 
  Friends of MSMEs, which represent all major regions and all levels of development, account for 
almost 79% of world exports and 65% of global GDP.  
Women's Economic Empowerment  
3.190.   In Decembe r 2017, 121 WTO Members and Observers agreed to support the Buenos Aires 
Declaration on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment. This was the first collective initiative 
in the history of the Organization to increase the participation of women in trade. The  Declaration 
provides a platform to better understand the links between trade and women's empowerment. The 
signatories to the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment have 
committed to organize a series of six thematic workshops ( from March 2018 to June 2019) to explore 
how trade can promote women's economic empowerment and to share their best practices and 
national experiences along with case stories from the private sector. Three workshops have already 
taken place. During these d iscussions Members first ou tlined the importance of gender -based 
analysis in trade, examined the current body of work and discussed ways how best to advance this 
work.  Some Members oppose discussions on this issue, noting that the empowerment of women is 
not a trade issue.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 102 - 
 
  4  POLICY DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE IN SERVICES  
Over the period covered by this Report, several new measures affecting trade in services were 
introduced by WTO Members and Observers. The majority of these are horizontal in natu re, affecting  
different modes of supply across various sectors . Most sector -specific measures relate to 
telecommunication, ICT and audiovisual services, financial services, and transport services. Even 
though the majority of the new measures are trade -facilitating, a number of them appear to be 
trade -restrictive. Annex 4  provides additional information on 13 2 entries for new measures, which 
concern 59 WTO Members and two Observers.   
Measures affecting supply through commercial presence  
 
Various governments introduced changes to their investment policy that affect the supply 
through commercial presence (mode 3) across various sectors. In most cases, these new measures 
eased ownership restrictions or other limits on foreign investment.  For example, in Angola , the new 
Private Investment Law, which entered in to effect on 26 June 2018, liberalized conditions of access 
for foreign investments by eliminating the general requirement that foreign investors partner with 
domestic firms and the 65% limit on foreign capit al participation. The new Law maintains local 
content requirements in certain areas governed by a specific legal framework, such as the oil and 
gas sector. In Zimbabwe , the Government removed, in March 2018, the requirement that at least 
51% of all busines ses be owned by indigenous Zimbabweans. The requirement is only maintained 
for companies involved in the diamond and platinum extractive industries.  
In China , the Government released a new negative list for foreign investment, which provides 
for 22 openin g-up measures in various sectors, and reduces from 63 to 48 the number of activities 
where foreign investment is restricted or prohibited. With respect to services sectors, the new 
Negative List, for example, increases the foreign shareholding limit to 51%  in securities companies, 
security investment fund management companies, futures companies, and life insurance companies. 
It also removes restrictions on the construction and operation of petrol stations, as well as on grain 
purchasing and wholesaling, and  repeals the prohibition on investment in Internet cafes.   
India now allows FDI i n single brand retailing up to 100% under the automatic route. 
Previously, FDI above 49% required government approval. Further, foreign airlines are allowed to 
invest up to 49 % in Air India under the approval route, subject to certain conditions. Lao PDR  
abolished the general requirement that foreign investors establishing a company invest a minimum 
of USD 120,000, while , in the United Arab Emirates , amendments to the Commercia l Companies 
Law gave the Government the power to relax the requirement that at least 51% of shares in limited 
liability companies be held by nationals of the United Arab Emirates. Myanmar  now allows companies 
that have up to 35% of their shares held by for eign nationals to be considered domestic companies 
under the law, thereby permitting foreign investors to participate in business activities that were 
previously limited to wholly domestically -owned companies.  The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 's General 
Investme nt Authority extended the duration of foreign investment licenc es to five years, up from 
one year.  
In addition, a number of governments took steps aiming to streamline procedures or otherwise 
facilitate investment in services and other sectors. These include Angola , Argentina , Botswana , Cuba 
and Thailand . For example, Botswana established a new "One Sto p Service Centre" , aimed at  
facilitat ing investment by minimizing inconveniences and impediments, and at improv ing the ease 
of doing business. The Government of Cuba amended certain rules governing foreign investment, 
simplifying procedures for the approva l of projects, including through the elimination of the 
requirement of a feasibility study.  
A number of Members adopted new measures in relation to investment that tighten review 
procedures , for national security purposes. In Norway , the new National Secur ity Law provides the 
Government with the authority to control acquisitions of Norwegian companies that play a crucial 
role in supporting critical national services. Acquisitions of at least one third  of any business of vital 
security interest are required to be notified to the relevant ministry. The ministry has 60 business 
days to decide whether to approve or prohibit the transaction, or impose conditions. In the United 
Kingdom , a new measure lowers the threshold for the review of mergers and takeovers in certain 
key strategic sectors relating to national security. Transactions involving military use and dual use 
technologies, as well as computing hardware and quantum technology , will be subject to review WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 103 - 
 
  where the UK turnover of the target exceeds GBP 1 million (previously GBP 70 million) or where the 
acquirer obtains an equity stake of 25% or  more. 
In the United States , the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) expands 
the jurisdiction and powers of the Committee on Foreign Investment i n the United States (CFIUS), 
which reviews foreign investments for potential national security issues. FIRRMA expands the scope 
of CFIUS' purview by covering "emerging or foundational technologies " as well as non -controlling 
investments by foreign entities  that involve critical technologies, infrastructure or personal data of 
American citizens. In Italy, a new measure approved in December 2017 extended the Government's 
"golden powers", which allow blocking and imposing conditions on takeovers by non -EU comp anies 
in high technology sectors in cases of threats to national security or public order. Sectors concerned 
now include critical or sensitive infrastructure such as storage and management of data, as well as 
critical technology, including artificial intel ligence.  
Finally, in Tanzania , a new measure affecting trade through modes 1 and 3 imposes preferences 
for local services and suppliers.  Among other things, the regulations require a non -indigenous 
Tanzanian company wishing to provide services in the minin g industry to incorporate a joint venture 
company in which a local company holds equity participation of at least 20%. The regulations also 
require risks relating to mining activities to be insured through an indigenous brokerage company 
and, where applica ble, an indigenous reinsurance broker. Companies engaged in mining activities 
can only retain the services of a Tanzanian legal practitioner , or a legal firm whose principal office 
is located in Tanzania. In a similar fashion, the regulations require the maintenance of a bank account 
with an indigenous Tanzanian bank , and the conduct of financial transactions with banks in the 
country.120  
Communication services  
 
Several Members adopted new measures in relation to the communication s sector or to 
Internet and  other network -enabled services.   
For instance, i n Viet Nam , on 12 June 2018, the National Assembly adopted a cybersecurity 
law requiring domestic and foreign companies to store their data in Viet  Nam for a certain duration 
of time specified by authorities. The law applies to companies that (i) provide services in Viet  Nam 
over telecommunication networks or the Internet or value -added services in cyberspace ; and 
(ii) engage in the collection, exploit ation, analysis, and processing of personal information, data 
about users' relationships, and data generated by users in Viet  Nam. The law also requires foreign 
suppliers to establish a branch or representative office in Viet  Nam.  
Kenya  adopted a new cybe rcrime law that covers the  investigation and prosecution of 
computer and cybercrimes, including cyber -harassment, child pornography, computer -borne 
forgery, cyber -stalking, cyber -bullying, and the publication of false information. In Tanzania , a new 
licens ing regime was introduced for online content creators, including traditional media websites, 
online TV and radio channels, bloggers, and podcasters. Providers of online content are required to 
store providers' details for 12 months , and have the means to i dentify their sources and disclose 
financial sponsors. The measure also forbids online content that is false, indecent, causes 
annoyance, or threatens public disorder or national security. In Uganda , the Government introduced 
a tax on users accessing 60 ov er-the-top (OTT) social media mobile apps. Users are required to pay 
UGX 200 shillings a day, a fee that is collected by telecom companies. The Government also 
introduced a 0.5% excise duty on mobile money transactions. Zambia  approved, in August 2018, 
the issuance of a Statutory Instrument to introduce a daily levy of ZMK 0.30 for Internet phone calls. 
The levy will be collected by the national fixed -line incumbent , Zamtel , and Internet services 
providers.  
In Egypt , a new anti -cybercrime law was adopted to regulate online activities. It addresses 
various types of offences, including infringement of privacy, immoral content, hacking, and threats 
to national security. It grants the investigative authority the power to block foreign or domestic 
                                                
120 Indigenous companies are defined as those with at least 51% of equity owned by Tanzanian citizens, 
and at least 80% of executive and senior management positions and 100% of other positions held by Tanzanian 
citizens.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 104 - 
 
  websites that publish content threatening national security or the national economy. P roviders of 
communications and IT services are required to store records for 180 days.   
China  adopted a  new e-Commerce Law on 31 August 2018. Among other things, the Law 
prohibits e -commerce operators from abusing their dominant position to exclude or restrict 
competition. It also provides that platform operators shall be liable to consumers if they fail to verify 
the qualifications of operators on their platform s or to pro tect consumers' safety in respect of goods 
or services that may affect human health. On 1 May 2018 , China's new standards on personal data 
protection came into force. Th ese new measure s requires that personal data subjects be notified of 
the type of inform ation being collected, and the subjects' consent be obtain ed prior to collecting the 
personal information. Collection of sensitive personal information can only take place with explicit 
consent. The new policy also requires security impact assessments for the outsourcing of data 
processing, the sharing and transfer of personal information, and the disclosure of personal 
information to the public. In another development, the use of unlicensed virtual private networks 
(VPNs) was banned in China  on 1 April 201 8. The Circular on Cleaning Up and Regulating the Internet 
Access Service Market requires all VPN providers to be licensed by the Ministry of Industry and 
Information Technology (MIIT), and mandates pre -approval for cross -border business operations 
intendi ng to set up their own or leas e private leased circuits (PLCs), including VPNs.  If approved, 
PLCs can only be used to handle internal official business , and not to connect onshore and offshore 
data centres or business platforms to carry out telecom busines s operations.  
In the Russian Federation , new rules for owners of electronic messenger services came into 
force on 1 January 2018.  Owners are required to register with the national regulator and to maintain 
certain information on local servers.  In Thailand , the Cabinet approved, on 22 May 2018, the Draft 
Data Protection Act, setting out requirements for data controllers and processors that collect, use, 
or disclose personal data of individuals in Thailand.  Cross -border data transfer would only be a llowed 
to countries that provide sufficient personal data protection, in compliance with guidelines of the 
Personal Data Protection Committee.  The European Union 's new General Data Protection Regulation 
(GDPR) entered into force on 25 May 2018, strengthen ing the rights of data subjects and imposing 
new requirements on organizations that process personal data.  France  enacted a new data 
protection law, which broadens the supervisory power of the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) 
and transposes the Pol ice-Justice Directive into French Law. The law complements the GDPR by 
addressing the processing of data related to criminal convictions, security measures, health data, 
genetic data, biometric data, and social security numbers.   
In India, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) approved the recommendations on 
net neutrality put forward by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). The new policy 
directives issued by the DoT provide that Internet access services should not discriminate  against , 
restrict, or interfere in the treatment of content, including through blocking, degrading, slowing 
down, or granting preferential speeds or treatment to any content. In the United States , the Federal 
Communications Commission, in January 2018, repealed net neutrality rules previously put in place.   
Benin  entered the free mobile roaming zone established by countries in West Africa 
(Cote  d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo). Travellers in the region 
benefit from outgoing calls billed at local rates, plus free incoming calls (currently capped at 300 
incoming minutes per month). The Government also withdrew a decree adopted in August 2018 that 
imposed a tax of XOF 5 per megabyte of data used for OTT and social media apps, as well as a 5% 
levy on the value of voice and SMS communications. In Chile, the Parliament approved a bill 
establishing an obligation for providers of fixed and mobile Internet services to provide guaranteed 
minimum Internet access speed, while Niger  abolished it s tax on incoming international traffic. Togo 
set new minimum levels of service under the universal service scheme. The decree updates the 
scope of universal service to, most notably, include Internet access and set minimum Internet 
bandwidth requirements.   
A number of policy changes during the period under review relate more specifically to 
audiovisual services. The Government of Italy adopted new measures regulating the audiovisual 
sector, including increased quotas for Italian and EU content. The overall  quota for the broadcasting 
of EU works will increase from 50% to 53% in 2019, to 56% in 2020, and to 60% in 2021. For public 
broadcasters, at least half of that quota must be used for Italian works, and at least one third in the 
case of private broadcaste rs. In the European Union , the European Parliament voted , on 
2 October  2018, to update the rules on audiovisual media services (Audiovisual Media Services 
Directive), which will apply to broadcasters, video -on-demand and video -sharing platforms. The WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 105 - 
 
  revisions include requirements that on -demand catalogues contain at least a 30% share of European 
content.   
Egypt  adopted new legislation regulating the press and  media, effective since 
22 September  2018. The law treats social media accounts of over 5 ,000 followers as media outlets , 
and places them under the supervision of the media regulator, the Supreme Council for the 
Administration of the Media. Newspapers, media outlets and websites can be blocked if found to be 
disseminating false news or inciting vio lence, discrimination, or violation of laws. The new measure 
requires a company seeking to establish an online video channel on a  website to have capital of 
EGP 2.5 million . In Turkey , a new measure requires media service suppliers to obtain a broadcasting  
licence , and platform operators to obtain  authorization from Turkey's Radio and Television Supreme 
Council in order to provide radio, television and on -demand broadcasting services on the Internet. 
In December 2017 , the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia  approved li censing regulations for cinemas, lifting 
the long -standing prohibition on this activity.  
Financial services  
 
Various policy changes took place during the review period in the financial services sector. 
For instance, since 28 June 2018, China  allows foreign  investors to engage in the insurance agency 
and public insurance loss adjustment businesses. Another new measure removed foreign ownership 
limits on new financial asset investment companies established by commercial banks. In March 2018, 
it lifted some limits on the operation of foreign -owned non -banking payment institutions.  
In India, the Reserve Bank issued a Directive requiring all payment system operators to store 
data within the country. Operators are given a maximum of six mont hs to co mply with the 
requirement and to submit an audit report certifying compliance. In addition, the Reserve Bank 
announced that sub -targets for lending to small and marginal farmers and micro enterprises will be 
applied to foreign banks with 20 branches or mor e.  
Indonesia  adopted a measure requiring domestic retail debit and credit transactions to be 
processed through switching institutions located in Indonesia and licensed by the Bank of Indonesia. 
The measure also imposed a 20% foreign equity cap on firms seeking to obtain switching licen ces 
to participate in the National Payment Gateway (NPG). Foreign firms wish ing to process transactions 
through the NPG must form partnership agreements with licensed NPG switch institutions and agree 
to transfer technology a s part of these agreements. Also, a measure effective since 31 October 2017 
requires that insurance services for the maritime transport of exports of coal and crude palm oil, 
and imports of rice , be supplied by national companies. Pursuant to an amendment to this measure 
that took effect on 1 August 2018 , Indonesian insurance companies must be utili zed without 
exception, thereby removing the possibility of obtain ing insurance from foreign companies if 
domestic services are not available.   
In South Africa , the new Insurance Act prohibits, since 18 January 2018, foreign -based 
insurers and reinsurers from soliciting business in South Africa on a cross -border basis, except where 
foreign reinsurers conduct business through a branch established in South Africa.  
Transport services  
 
With respect to maritime transport, a measure effective since 1 February 2018 in the 
Russian  Federation  grants to vessels sailing under the flag of the Russian Federation the exclusive 
right to transport oil, natural gas, gas condensate,  and coal produced in the Russian Federation or 
in an area which is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and loaded onto vessels located 
in the Northern Sea Route area.  The Russian Federation also established, on 3 August 2018, an open 
register  of ships, which provides for the granting of the  right to  sail under the  national flag of  the 
Russian Federation to  ships that are owned by  foreign citizens, foreign legal entities or  legal persons 
registered in  accordance with the  Federal Law on  Internat ional Companies.  
Since  31 October 2017, Indonesia  require s that Indonesian -flag vessels be used for exports 
of coal and crude palm oil, and for imports of rice. Amendments to this measure, which took effect 
on 1 August 2018, introduced additional requireme nts for the verification of compliance with the 
measure before imports or exports are made. A technical search procedure , which is to be conducted 
by authorized surveyors,  must be carried out before the loading of goods for import or export.   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 106 - 
 
  
In India, since 22 May 2018, foreign -flag ship s no longer require  a licen ce to engage in coast al 
shipping trade in India for carriage by sea of specified agricultural, fisheries, animal husbandry and 
horticultural commodities. Viet Nam  eliminated, on 20 February 2018, the requirement that foreign 
investors establish joint  ventures with local enterprises in order to provide logistics services . China  
now allows foreign services suppliers to set up wholly -owned enterprises to operate international 
shipping transportation, international ship management business es, international shipping agenc ies, 
international maritime cargo handling business es, and international maritime container station and 
depot services.   
Other services sectors  
 
As regards distribution services, Myanmar  now allows wholly foreign -owned enterprises to 
operate retail and wholesale trade businesses in the country. Previously, foreign suppliers were 
required  to establish joint ventures with domestic investors.  The measure also provides that wholly 
foreign -owned enterprises and joint ventures can now engage in the trading and distribution of all 
commodities. However, neither  foreign -owned enterprises nor joint ventures are allowed to operate 
minimarts or convenience stores with a floor area of less than 929 m2. Viet Nam  eased regulations 
in relation to the activities of foreign -invested enterprises engaged in trade in goods and related 
activities, while the Republic of Iraq, an Observer, introduced a law limiting the importation of goods 
for resale to registered  commercial agents, which can only be Iraqi nationals or companies wholly -
owned by Iraqi nationals.  
With respect to education services, Egypt  adopted new legislation that allows foreign 
universities to provide their services through commercial presence, a nd Myanmar  now allows full 
foreign capital participation in private education institutions. The President of Indonesia  instructed 
his Cabinet to allow 100% foreign ownership in universities, and to permit foreign institutions to 
open campuses in the countr y.  
In relation to postal and courier services, Argentina  increased , from US D 1,000 to US D 3,000, 
the maximum limit for purchases abroad that are imported through courier services. The 
European  Union  adopted a new measure aim ed at improv ing regulatory oversight and transparency 
of tariffs, support ing competition, and increas ing consumer confidence in cross -border e -commerce. 
Among other s, it requires all parcel delivery service providers to submit to the national regulatory 
authority of the Member State in which they are established information about the characteristics of 
services offered, as well as their general terms and conditions, including complaints procedures for 
users and any potential limitations of liability.   
Japan  adopted new le gislation allowing casino gambling at integrated resorts. A maximum of 
three licenc es will be granted for the establishment of casinos along with facilities for meetings, 
incentive travel, conventions and exhibitions. With respect to medical services, China's authorities 
issued new guidelines to further regulate online medical diagnos es and treatment. Among other 
things, the guidelines allow licensed medical institutes to provide online services.   
Services supplied through the movement of natural persons  
 
Various Members adopted measures affecting the supply of services through the movement 
of natural persons . For instance, the United Kingdom  exempted non -EU doctors  and nurses from the 
UK Tier 2 visa cap, and Estonia  took steps to facilitate the arrival of certain foreign specialists by 
exempting them from the annual immigration quota , and extending from nine mont hs to one year 
the maximum period of short -term employment allowed without a working permit. Australia  
launched , on 1 July 2018 , the Global Talent Scheme (GTS), a 12 -month pilot scheme providing 
businesses with a way to sponsor overseas workers to fill highly -skilled and speciali zed positions 
that cannot be filled by Australian workers or through other visa programmes.  Also, on 
18 March  2018, Austral ia's new Temporary Skill Shortage Visa replaced the Temporary Work 
(Skilled) Visa (subclass 457).  
In May 2018, Brazil  increased the validity of its Short -Term Technical Visa to 180 cumulative , 
rather than consecutive , days per year, and allowed foreign nat ionals travelling under the visa to 
provide technical assistance to multiple companies. Hong Kong , China  launched the Technology 
Talent Admission Scheme (TechTAS), which provides a fast -track arrangement allowing eligible 
technology companies and institute s to contract technology talent from outside the territory , and WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 107 - 
 
  Chile introduced a  new temporary " Opportunity Visa " (Temporary Residence Visa for Workers) for 
foreigners holding graduate degrees who wish to work in Chile.   
In Chinese Taipei , the duration o f work permits for foreign special professionals was extended 
from three to five years, and a new visa category, the Employment Gold Card, enables foreign special 
professionals to obtain work permits, residence visas, residency permits and re -entry permits  in a 
single card and with a single online application process. Thailand  created a new SMART visa 
programme to attract qualified foreigners that are experts, senior executives, investors and start -
up entrepreneurs. This programme provides for the possibili ty of multiple entries and the option of 
working for the duration of  the validity of the visa without needing to obtain a separate work permit.  
For its part, Switzerland  increased the yearly ceiling for work permits for highly -qualified 
workers from non-EU/EFTA States by 500 in 2018, reaching a total of 8,000. 4,500 work permits 
are allocated for short stays (L permits), and 3,500 for long stays (B permits).  Further, a new 
measure require s employers hiring foreign workers to undertake a labour market test for certain 
occupations where the rate of unemployment is above 8%. This threshold will be lowered to 5% on 
1 January 2020.  
In Nigeria , since 5 February 2018, the Ministry of Interior no longer grants visas to foreign 
workers whose skills are readily  available in the country. In January 2018, Oman  banned the 
recruitment of foreign workers by private companies for a range of occupations across various 
sectors, such as information and technology, insurance, media, aviation, engineering, and medical 
services. It subsequently extended by six mont hs the temporary suspension of the recruitment of 
foreign nationals with respect to certain categories of persons. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , a 
prohibition on foreign workers in 12 additional sectors gradually  entered into force from 
September  2018.  
Table 4.1  below presents information on air services agreements (ASAs) concluded during the 
period under review. These include both new ASAs and revisions of pre -existing ones. As far as can 
be assessed from availab le sources, the vast majority of these ASAs provides for access conditions 
that are more liberal than was previously the case.  
Table 4.1 Air Services  Agreements concluded or amended during the reporting period  
(October 2017 – October 2018)  
Parties  Date of 
signature  Source  
United Arab 
Emirates  Bahrain, Kingdom 
of 09.10.2017  http://www.ttnworldwide.com/Article/268580/UAE, -
Bahrain -sign-key-aviation -agreement  
Bangladesh  Canada  Autumn 2017  http://en.prothom -
alo.com/bangladesh/news/164773/Air -Canada -to-
start-Dhaka -Toronto -operation  
Nigeria  Canada  09.11.2017  http://aitonline.tv/post -
nigeria__canada_sign_air_service_agreement  
Philippines  Republic of Korea  14.11.2017  http://thestandard.com.ph/business/transport -
tourism/251625/ph -korea -expand -flight-
entitlements.html  
Haiti Dominican 
Republic  22.11.2017  https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Haiti -
Dominican -Republic -Sign-Air-Services -Agreement --
20171122 -0008.html  
Rwanda  Cabo Verde  24.11.2017  http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/224159/  
China  Panama  11.2017  http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018 -
01/31/c_136938930.htm  
India Greece  27.11.2017  https://centreforaviation.com/news/government -of-
india-visit-of-minister -of-foreign -affairs -of-greece -
to-india-november -25-28-2017-743630  
Nigeria  United Arab 
Emirates  09.12.2017  http://punchng.com/fg -signs-bilateral -air-service -
agreement -with-uae/ 
Bahamas  Qatar  09.12.2017  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Baha
mas_signs_air_services_agreement_with_Qatar,_Au
stralia_and_Finland  
Bahamas  Australia  09.12.2017  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Baha
mas_signs_air_services_agreement_with_Qatar,_Au
stralia_and_Finland  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 108 - 
 
  Parties  Date of 
signature  Source  
Bahamas  Finland  09.12.2017  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Baha
mas_signs_air_services_agreement_with_Qatar,_Au
stralia_and_Finland  
China  European Union  15.12.2017  https://www.ch -aviation.com/portal/news/62450 -
china -inks-liberal -air-service -agreements -with-eu-
uk 
China  United Kingdom  15.12.2017  https://www.ch -aviation.com/portal/news/62450 -
china -inks-liberal -air-service -agreements -with-eu-
uk 
Russian 
Federation  Egypt  15.12.2017  https://centreforaviation.com/news/15 --------------
750062  
Kiribati  Tuvalu  18.12.2017  https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific -
news/346780/kiribati -and-tuvalu -to-reconnect -
through -air-service  
Ghana  Qatar  24.12.2017  https://www.ghanacrusader.com/ghana -qatar -sign-
4-economic -partnership -agreement -targeted -at-
aviation -and-youth -development/  
Jordan  China  15.01.2018  http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDe
tails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=336128&Cat
ID=13&Type=Home&GType=1  
Canada  Israel  25.01.2018  https://www.newswire.ca/news -releases/air -
canada -welcomes -expanded -canada -israel -air-
services -agreement -671144333.html  
Nigeria  Algeria  02.2018  https://independent.ng/nigerias -air-services -pacts -
algeria -others/  
Nigeria  Congo  02.2018  https://independent.ng/nigerias -air-services -pacts -
algeria -others/  
Nigeria  China  02.2018  https://independent.ng/nigerias -air-services -pacts -
algeria -others/  
Nigeria  Qatar  02.2018  https://independent.ng/nigerias -air-services -pacts -
algeria -others/  
Nigeria  Singapore  02.2018  https://independent.ng/nigerias -air-services -pacts -
algeria -others/  
Ukraine  Armenia  05.03.2018  https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine -politics/ukraine -
armenia -agree -liberalization -passenger -
transportation -air-freight -transportation -road.html  
Singapore  Bangladesh  12.03.2018  https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/singa
pore-bangladesh -expand -air-services -agreement  
Rwanda  Nigeria  26.03.2018  http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/231770  
Saint Kitts and 
Nevis  United Arab 
Emirates  10.04.2018  https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/death -
penalty/st -kitts-nevis-signs-air-services -agreement -
with-the-uae/ 
Qatar  Panama  11.04.2018  http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018 -
04/11/c_137103795.htm  
Grenada  United States  11.04.2018  http://www.travelweekly.com/Travel -
News/Government/US -Grenada -remove -
restrictions -on-air-service  
Ukraine  Moldova , 
Republic of  11.04.2018  https://www.kyivpost.com/business/ukraine -
moldova -sign-air-transport -agreement.html  
Uzbekistan  Russian 
Federation  11.04.2018  https://www.azernews.az/region/130310.html  
Papua New 
Guinea  Australia  12.04.2018  https://postcourier.com.pg/parliament -votes -
favour -revised -air-service -agreement/  
India Morocco  April 2018  https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india -
business/morocco -looks-to-double -tourist -footfalls -
from-india-by-2019/articleshowprint/63958895.cms  
Jamaica  United States  10.05.2018  http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Ja,_U
S_sign_agreement_to_amend_2008_air_transport_
accord?profile=1228  
Japan  Papua New 
Guinea  16.05.2018  https://postcourier.com.pg/japan -png-sign-air-
service -agreement/  
Rwanda  Ghana  21.05.2018  https://www.newtimes.co.rw/latest -news/rwanda -
ghana -sign-air-service -agreement  
Bangladesh  Austria  17.05.2018  http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/150933  
Canada  Serbia  21.05.2018  https://www.exyuaviation.com/2018/09/belgrade -
toronto -flights -expected -in.html  
Rwanda  Togo 22.05.2018  http://ktpress.rw/2018/05/angolatogo -sign-
bilateral -air-service -agreement -with-rwanda/  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 109 - 
 
  Parties  Date of 
signature  Source  
Rwanda  Angola  23.05.2018  https://www.newtimes.co.rw/rwanda/rwanda -
angola -open-aviation -space -new-deal 
Papua New 
Guinea  Marshall Islands  23.05.2018  https://www.pngindustrynews.net/infrastructure -
and-services/news/1338747/new -routes -for-air-
niugini  
Ethiopia  Portugal  June 2018  http://www.2merkato.com/news/alerts/5386 -
ethiopia -signs-an-air-service -bilateral -agreement -
with-portugal  
Nepal  Japan  18.06.2018  https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/nepal -
japan -sign-amended -air-service -agreement/  
Australia  India 22.06.2018  https://centreforaviation.com/news/australia -and-
india-sign-new-air-services -agreement -liberalising -
access -to-six-cities-on-each-side-813873  
India Philippines  July 2018  http://www.bworldonline.com/direct -flights -to-
india-expected -to-boost -two-way-visitor -traffic/  
Rwanda  Mozambique  21.07.2018  https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda -
mozambique -sign-five-bilateral -pacts  
Canada  United Arab 
Emirates  27.07.2018  https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c
anada -expands -air-transport -agreements -with-
egypt -and-the-united -arab-emirates -1027407920  
Canada  Egypt  27.07.2018  https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c
anada -expands -air-transport -agreements -with-
egypt -and-the-united -arab-emirates -1027407920  
Brazil  United Kingdom  14.08.2018  https://www.ainonline.com/aviation -news/air -
transport/2018 -08-15/brazil -pushes -bilateral -open-
skies-deals-eu-countries  
Brazil  Netherlands  14.08.2018  https://www.ainonline.com/aviation -news/air -
transport/2018 -08-15/brazil -pushes -bilateral -open-
skies-deals-eu-countries  
Brazil  Luxembourg  14.08.2018  https://www.ainonline.com/aviation -news/air -
transport/2018 -08-15/brazil -pushes -bilateral -open-
skies-deals-eu-countries  
Myanmar  Thailand  15.08.2018  https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50523256/myanm
ar-thailand -promote -strategic -partnership/  
Rwanda  Italy 20.08.2018  https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda -italy-
agreement  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
 
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 110 - 
 
  5  POLICY DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE AND INTELLE CTUAL PROPERTY  
During the period under review, Congo, Gabon, Madagascar and Côte d'Ivoire deposited 
instruments of acceptance  of the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement.121 The Protocol gave 
effect to the 2005 Decision to amend the TRIPS Agreement to address public healt h needs of 
countries with limited or no domestic pharmaceutical production capacity by creating an additional 
legal pathway for production and export of generic medicines .122  
Acceptance of the Amendment to the TRIPS Agreement  
 
On the bilateral and regional fronts , Members continued to implement and negotiate a network 
of trade agreements that contain substantive IP provisions. Currently, 74% of the RTAs in force and 
notified to the WTO contain specific IP provisions. Over time, the conclusion and implementation of 
RTAs have further developed the interconnection between IP and trade in good s and services, and 
the links of the IP system to other normative areas, such as investment , e-commerce,  and 
competition  policy . Notable provisions on IP standards and work programmes were contained in 
several agreements reached during the review period, i ncluding the Comprehensive and Progressive 
Agreement for Trans -Pacific Partnership123; the African Continental Free Trade Area124; and the 
United States -Mexico -Canada Agreement (USMCA) .125 Significant IP issues were reportedly under 
consideration during the re -negotiations of the Association Agreement between Mexico and the 
European Union126, as well as in the continuing negotiations in the framework of the Pacific Alliance127 
and be tween MERCOSUR and the European  Union .128 
                                                
121 The Amended TRIPS Agreement entered into force in January 2017 and applies to all Members which 
have accepted the Protocol. A waiver, agreed in 2003 (WT/L/540 and its Corr.1) , continues to apply to those  
Members that are yet to accept the Protocol.  
122 Document WT/L/641 . 
123 Viewed at: https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free -trade-agreements/free -trade-agreements -
concluded -but-not-in-force/cptpp/cptpp -overview/   
124 Viewed at:  https://au.int/en/pressrel eases/20180321/au -member -countries -create -history -
massively -signing -afcfta -agreement -kigali; and Articles 6 to 8 as seen in  
https://www.tralac.org/documents/resources/african -union/1870 -agreement -establishing -the-afcfta -kigali-
draft-text-march -2018-1/file.html   
125 Viewed at: https://ustr.gov/about -us/policy -offices/press -office/fact -sheets/2018/october/united -
states%E2%80%93mexico%E2%80%93canada -trade-fa-1  
126 Viewed at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/in -focus/eu -mexico -trade-agreement/   
127 Viewed at: https://alianzapacifico.net/inicio -en-chile-la-tercera -ronda -de-negociaciones -con-los-
candidatos -a-estado -asociado/   
128 As seen  in http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/MER_EU/MER_EU_s.asp   
WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 111 - 
 
  
The relation ship between IP and trade continued to develop and diversify as Members 
developed their own national strategies to streamline IP into the economy ( Box 5.1); and continued 
to modernize and fine -tune their IP legislation and administration ( Box 5.2 ).  
Box 5.1 National IP Strategies   
Canadaa 
In April 2018, Canada launched its IP Strategy to help  entrepreneurs better understand and protect intellectual 
property  and improve access to shared  IP. Its objective is to improve  IP legislation,  literacy and advice. It will 
also support businesses in pursuing  their own IP strategies.  
 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabiab 
In July 2018, the Saudi Intellectual Property Authority launched its strategy which is based on eight objectives , 
namely  developing and following up the implementation of a national strategy for  IP, developing and updating 
IP laws and regulations, providing IP products and services with high quality, increasing IP awareness, 
providing IP information and cooperating with the  other bodies concerned with  enforcing IP Rs. The Saudi 
Intellectual Property Authority  was established in 2017  as part of the Nation al Transformation Program 2020.  
 
Moldovac 
In April 2018 , the Republic of Moldova approved the Action Plan for the years 201 8-20 to implement the 
National IP Strategy. This final stage of the implementation of the IP Strategy and  the Plan sets out  concrete 
actions and  applicable deadlines;  delegates responsibility ; provides costs estimates;  identifies  financing  
sources , and indicates expected results as well as  the monitoring indicators.  
 
South Africad 
Phase I of the Intellectual Property Policy of South Africa was launched in August 2018. The objectives of the 
Policy are: t o consider the development dynamics and improve  how IP supports small institutions and 
vulnerable individuals in soci ety, including in the domain of public health ; to nurture and promote a culture of 
innovation, by enabling creators and inventors to reach their full potential and contribute towards i mproving 
the competitiveness of the industry; t o promote South African arts and culture; and t o solidify South Africa 's 
various international obligations, such as  the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol  
on Access to Genetic Resou rces and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising  from their Utilisation 
(Nagoya Protoco l on ABS) in the service of  genetic reso urces and the associated traditional knowledge.  
 
_______________  
a Viewed at : http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/108.nsf/eng/h_00000.html   
b Submission by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report . 
c Submission by the Republic of Moldova for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report . 
d Submission by South Africa for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Box 5.2 Domestic Legislation and Administrative Developments  
Australiaa 
In August 2018, the IP  law was amended to clarify parallel imports of trademarked goods and repeal the 
requirement for patentees to provide the Commonwealth with financial information relating to patents with 
extended terms. 
Chinab 
The Anti -unfair Competition Law entered into f orce in January 2018. Supporting regulations related to IP Rs 
will be formulated, inter alia , on market confusion, infringement of business secrets and Internet unfair 
competition. Special law enforcement actions and coordinated deployment and investigation  will be 
undertaken to strengthen IP enforcement and fair competition.  
Colombiac 
In July 2018, the Copyright Law was amended to update the provisions on: protection of copyrights and 
related rights; technological measures; information on rights management;  exemptions and limitations; 
orphan works; and enforcement.  
_______________  
a Submission by Australia for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
b Submission by China for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
c Submission by Colombia for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report and notifications to the TRIPS Council.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 112 - 
 
  Indonesiad 
In July 2018, a regulation was issued to allow patent holders to postpone compliance with the local 
manufacturing requirement set out in Articl e 20 of the Patent Law.  
Kingdom of Saudi Arabiae 
In July 2018, the Saudi Cabinet approved the accession to the WIPO Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to 
Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled. A royal d ecree has 
been prepared in this regard. In September and October 2018, the Saudi Intellectual Property Authority signed 
cooperation memoranda of understanding with the Korean Intellectual Property Office and the United States 
Patent and Trademark Office.  
Mauritiusf 
In July 2018, the Finance Act 2018, containing several IP customs enforcement provisions, was enacted.  
Mexicog 
In March 2018, Mexico amended its Industrial Property Law: introducing a new specific regime for geographical 
indications, in addition to the one of denominations of origin; strengthening the right of inventors and 
designers to be named in patent/design application; reducing the period of protection for industrial designs 
from 15 non -renewable years to 5 renewable years, for a maximum of 25 years; regulating the priority of 
inter-related patent applications; establishing a non -extendable period of one month for trademark opposition; 
and increasing penal sanctions for trademark counterfeiting.  
Myanmarh 
The draft laws on copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs and patents have been drafted by the Ministry of 
Education Science and Technology and are under discussion at the bicameral Assembly of the Union.  
Pakistani 
In April 2018, a regional office of the Intellectual Property Organi zation was established in Peshawar.  
Philippinesj 
In October 2018, the Rules for Mediation were revised to include provisions on mandatory mediation for 
administrative complaints regarding violation of IPRs, unfair competition, inter-partes  cases, technolo gy 
transfer payments, licenses of copyrights on public performances or any other communication of the work and 
appeals.  
Seychellesk 
In February 2018, the Cabinet of Ministers approved the establishment of the centralized IP Office, which 
includes the assig nment of all operational matters to the Office of Registration and the policy matters to the 
Ministry of Finance, Trade and Economic Planning.   
Singaporel 
In October 2017, Singapore amended its Patent and Registered Designs Laws to fine -tune them and adapt  
them to technological advances, e.g. protection of designs of non -physical products such as virtual keyboards.  
Chinese Taipeim 
In April 2018, regulations on patent term extension for pharmaceutical and agrochemical products, as well as 
their manufacturing  procedures, were amended. In June 2018, the Enforcement Rules of the Trademark Act 
were amended to incorporate updates of the International Classification of Goods and Services published by 
WIPO.  
Thailandn 
Since November 2017, Thailand has implemented its  Accession to Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement 
Concerning the International Registration of Marks.  
Turkeyo 
In November 2017, Turkey amended its Copyright Law to take account of digital developments, improve 
transparency of collecting societies and  address problems related to licensing. In May 2018, the Turkish Patent 
and Trademark Office established Industrial Property Valuation, Engineering and Consultancy Corporation, 
which is responsible for raising awareness on IP valuation, facilitating commer cialization of IPRs and assist 
innovators.  
Ukrainep 
In July 2018, the Law on Efficient Management of Property Rights of Right holders in the Sphere of Copyright 
and/or Related Rights entered into force.  
________________  
 d Submission by Indonesia for t he WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
e Submission by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
f Submission by Mauritius for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
g Submission by Mexico for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report and notifications to the TRIPS Council.  
h Submission by Myanmar for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
i Submission by Pakistan for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
j Submission by Philippines for the  WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
k Submission by Seychelles for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
l Submission by Singapore for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
m Submission by Chinese Taipei for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
n Submission by Thailand for th e WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
o Submission by Turkey for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report.  
 p Submission by Ukraine for the WTO Trade Monitoring Report and document IP/N/1/UKR/4.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 113 - 
 
  TRIPS Council  
During the review period, the TRIPS Council met on three occasions, i.e.  from 19 to 
20 October  2017; on 27  February 2018; and from 5 to 6 June 2018.  
At the October 2017 meeting, India posed questions129 to the European Union regarding the 
Commission Notice on the Customs Enforcement of IPRs Concerning Goods Brought into the Customs 
Authority of the Union without being released for free circulation , including goods in transit.130 The 
objective of the Commission Notice is to update the EC Guidelines concerning the enforcement by 
EU customs authorities of IPRs wit h regard to goods, in particular medicines, in transit through the 
European Union by reflecting EC Regulation No 1383/200 3 and the EU Trademark Package . In 
response to India, the European Union  indicated that the Regulations were compliant with the TRIPS 
Agreement, particularly its enforcement provisions. It also indicated its willingness to engage in 
bilateral talks with Members concerned.131 Members also adopted the annual report on the 
functioning of the special compulsory licensing system under the TRIPS Amendment , and agreed on 
a two -year extension of the period for a cceptance of the  Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement 
until 31 December 2019.  After several years of consideration, the TRIPS Council reached consensus 
on granting observer status to the Afr ican Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and 
the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI).  
The discussion on non -violation and situation complaints under the TRIPS Agreement continued 
in the run -up to  MC11 , where  ministers agreed t o extend the moratorium until  MC12 . Members 
continued discussions on the scope and modalities on non-violation and situation complaints at  the 
February  and June 2018 meeting s.  
During the three meetings that took place during the period under review, Membe rs also 
continued to share their national experiences and engaged in constructive policy discussions on two 
themes , namely IP and Innovation and IP and the Public Interest. Specific agenda items concerned 
inclusive innovation and trade of MSMEs132; the Socie tal Value of IP in the New Economy133; IP 
Improving Lives134; compulsory licences135; the regulatory review exemption136 specifically related 
to public health and the role competition law and policy play in promoting public health objectives .137 
During the review period, 12 Members138 notified legislative measures under Article 63.2 , with 
most of them providing the rationale for these. These measures  provided insights into recent 
legislative changes in the areas, for instance, of copyrights and rela ted rights; trademarks; 
geographical indications; industrial designs; patents; plant variety protection; and enforcement. 
Macao , China submitted its contact points for technical cooperation, as per Article 67.139 Finland and 
Mauritius submitted their checkli st of issues on enforcement, following Article 69.140 
The TRIPS Council discussed the proposal presented by the LDCs' Consultative Group on how 
to improve transfer of technology141 at the February and June meetings.  
                                                
129 These questions were a follow -up to the presentation provided by the European Union, in June 2016, 
on the main features of its Trademark Package (Directive 2015/2436 and Regulation 2015/2424).  
130 Document IP/C/W/636.  
131 In 2009, the TRIPS Council had intensive discussion s on the detention  on patent infringement grounds 
of gen eric drugs originating in India, transi ting through ports in EU memb er States to third country destinations , 
pursuant to the EC Regulation No 1383/2003. India and Brazil alleged that the measures at issue were, in several 
respects, inconsistent as such and as applied, with the obligations of the E uropean Union under the TR IPS 
Agreement, in particular Articles 28, 31, 41 and 42. In May 2010, India and Brazil requested consultations with 
the European Union on this issue  (DS408 and DS409, respectively), which are still pending.   
132 Document IP/C/W/635 and IP/C/W/638.  
133 Document IP/C/W/641 . 
134 Document IP/C/W/642 . 
135 Document IP/C/W/630 . 
136 Document IP/C/W/639.  
137 Document IP/C/W/643.  
138 Australia , Canada, China, Colombia,  Croatia , Finland , Japan, Mexico,  Norway , Chinese Taipei, Ukraine 
and the United States.  
139 Document IP/N/7/MAC/2.  
140 Documents IP/N/6/FIN/2 and IP/N/6/MUS/1 , respectively.  
141 Document IP/C/W/640 . WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 114 - 
 
  TRIPS -related Discussions in Trade Policy R eviews  
During the review period, the Trade Policy Reviews of 23 Members142 took place. 
These  reviews included discussions on a wide range of IP issues w ith bearing on trade policy, 
including:  
• exhaustion regimes  and parallel imports;  
• copyright: registration,  exceptions and limitations; folklore protection; and collective 
management organizations;  
• trademarks:  pre-registration; well -known marks; and unregistered marks;  
• geographical indications;  
• protection of registered and unregistered industrial designs;  
• patents: patentability criteria; second uses; exceptions; certificates of supplementary 
protection; and granting of compulsory licences;  
• protection of undisclosed information and test data;  
• enforcement online and at the border: copyright online enforce ment meas ures and liability 
of Internet service providers; ex officio  authority for border measures; and application of 
border measures to goods in transit;  
• international agreements: acceptance and domestic implementation of the Protocol 
Amending the TRIPS; accessi on to , and ratification of , WIPO Treaties, the UPOV 
Convention and the 2015 Bangui Agreement;  and regional IP regimes, namely the Andean 
Community and the African Intellectual Property Organization;  
• commercialization of , and trade , in IPRs.  
                                                
142 Members of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, 
Guinea -Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo), the Plurin ational State of Bolivia, Cambodia, The Gambia, 
Malaysia, Egypt, the Philippines, Montenegro, Guinea and Mauritania, Colombia, Norway, Uruguay, China, Israel 
and Chinese Taipei.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 115 - 
 
  6  TRANSPARENCY OF TRADE POLICIES  
Notifications and Surveillance in WTO Councils and Committees143 
6.1.  This Section provides a factual overview of the compliance and timeliness of Members' 
notifications to the WTO. Notifications are the primary instrument for en suring transparency in the 
multilateral trading system. They are submitted by each Member and reviewed by the relevant 
bodies of the WTO. The importance attached by WTO Members to this issue explains the very 
elaborate system of notifications and cross -notifications put in place under the terms of most 
Agreements. Transparency in trade and in trade policy -making is fundamental for allowing trade 
policy makers and economic agents to make informed decisions and markets to operate more 
efficiently.   
6.2.  The overvi ew of the compliance and timeliness of Members' notifications to the WTO illustrates 
that, with a few exceptions, compliance with notification requirements of the various WTO 
Agreements remains very uneven. Although there have been significant and sustaine d efforts by 
some delegations to bring the overall record of their notifications further up to date, the general 
sense is that progress on this front remains too slow. The lack of compliance with notification 
obligations across WTO bodies is problematic be cause it undermines individual agreements and more 
generally the operation of the multilateral trading system. There are several reasons for the low 
compliance with notification requirements and an important one relates to the lack of capacity of 
many WTO Members despite the continued efforts by the WTO Secretariat and the Committees . This 
lack of capacity, as well as other reasons behind the poor compliance , must be addressed collectively 
by the WTO membership.  
Anti-Dumping  
6.3.  Pursuant to Article 16.4  of the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 
("the Anti -Dumping Agreement"), all Members are required to submit to the Committee on 
Anti-Dumping Practices, on a semi -annual basis, reports of any AD actions taken within the 
preceding six month s, using an agreed standard form.  Members that have not established an 
authority competent to conduct AD investigations have the option to make a one -time "nil" 
notification, valid unless and until they establish an investigating authority, in lieu of subm itting nil 
notifications every six months.  
6.4.  Fifty-three  Members (counting the E uropean Union as one) submitted semi -annual reports, 
either of AD actions taken, or of no actions having been taken, during the six -month  period 
January -June 2018. Forty-nine Members have submitted one -time nil notifications.  The remaining 
34 Members failed to submit semi -annual reports in respect of AD actions  during this period . 
However, few if any , of these non -notifiers are likely to have taken AD actions.  
Subsidies and Co untervailing Measures  
6.5.  The trends in the status of compliance with the obligation to notify subsidies to the Committee 
on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures under Article 25.1 during the period 1995 -2017 are shown 
in Table 6.1 . Subsidy notifications are required every two years and the most recent notifications 
were due on 30 June 2017. Further notifications for this period are expected to be received. The 
share of Members that have notified subsidies has remained between 39% and 50% between 1995 
and 201 7.144 The share of Members that made a "nil" notification fell significantly over the same 
period. Excluding 1995, the share of Members making the required notifications has not exceeded 
70%, and generally has hovered around 60%. Conversely, the share of Memb ers not making any 
notification registered a substantial increase since 1995, from 2 5% to 48%, albeit with some 
intervening fluctuations.  
                                                
143 Notifications in the SPS and TBT Committees are dealt with in Sections 3.3 a nd 3.4 of this Report.  
144 For the purposes of this section, the European Union is counted as one Member.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 116 - 
 
  Table 6.1 Status of subsidy notificationsa 
New and full subsidy 
notification  
(due on 30 June of the 
years shown)  
1995  
1998  
2001  
2003  
2005  
2007  
2009  
2011  
2013  
2015  
2017  
% share of total  
Members that notified 
subsidies  50 39 44 45 47 48 48 47 47 46 41 
Members that made a "nil" 
notification  25 16 15 14 13 11 17 20 18 16 11 
Sub-total notifying Members  75 55 59 59 60 59 65 67 65 62 52 
Members that did not make 
any notification  25 45 41 41 40 41 35 33 35 38 48 
a As at 19 October 2018.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
6.6.  Pursuant to Article 25.11 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, all 
Members are required to submit to the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, on a 
semi-annual basis, reports of any CVD actions taken within the preceding six  months using an agreed 
standard form. Members that have not established an authority competent to conduct CVD 
investigations have the option to make a one -time "nil" notification, valid unless and until they 
establis h an investigating authority, in lieu of submitting nil notifications every six months.  
Fifty-four Members (counting the E uropean Union as one) submit ted semi-annual reports, 
either of CVD actions taken, or of no actions having been taken, during the six-month  period 
January -June 2018. Forty Members have submitted one -time nil notifications.  The remaining ( 42) 
Members fail ed to submit semi -annual reports in respect of CVD actions  during this period . Few, if 
any, of these non -notifiers is likely to have CVD actions.  
State Trading Enterprises  
6.8.  Notifications related to state trading enterprises are reviewed by the Working Party on State 
Trading Enterprises on behalf of the CTG. In July 2012, the Council agreed to extend indefinitely the 
new biannual frequency of new and full notifications. Thus, all WTO Members must notify their state 
trading enterprises every two years, with no updating notifications in the intervening years.  
6.9.  Table 6.2 presents notifications received for the years in which a new and full notif ication was 
due. It shows a declining trend in total notifications over the period examined, which has accentuated 
over the past few years. Although it is likely that additional notifications will be received for more 
recent periods, compliance with this n otification requirement has clearly been deteriorating.  
Table 6.2 Status of notificationsa 
New and full 
STE notification  
(due on 30 June 
of the year 
shown)  % share  
 
1995  1998  2001  2004  2006  2008  2010  2012  2014  2016  
Members 
submitting 
notifications 
(including "nil" 
notifications)  67 54 55 50 49 50 50 43 40 36 
a  As at 15 October 2018.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 117 - 
 
  Agriculture  
The CoA continued its review of the implementation of Members' commitments under the 
Agreement. Timely and complete notifications are essential for effective monitoring of the 
implementation of commitments. Twelve distinct notification requirements are applicable in the 
domain of agriculture , covering the following areas: market access, do mestic support, export 
subsidies, export prohibitions or restrictions and the follow -up to the Marrakesh Net Food -Importing 
Developing Countries (NFIDC) Decision. The applicability of a notification requirement to a Member 
is largely dependent on its speci fic commitments under the AoA. Out of the 12 notification 
requirements, the following five are "regular" or "annual" notification requirements: (i) imports 
under tariff and other quotas (MA:2) ; (ii) special SGs (MA:5) ; (iii) domestic support (DS:1) ; 
(iv) export subsidies (ES:1) and (v)  total exports (ES:2). Annual notifications are required to be 
submitted no later than a certain number of days following the end of the year in question, in 
accordance with the deadlines set out in document G/AG/2.  
For the p eriod 1995 -2016, there were a total of 1,841 outstanding regular notifications.145,146 
Out of the five annual notification requirements, domestic support (DS:1) and export  subsidy (ES:1) 
notifications had the highest number of outstanding notifications, as see n in Chart 6.1 and frequently 
have constituted the majority of pending notifications in every year since 1995. Members' 
outstanding notifications of imports under tariff and other quotas (MA:2), special SGs (MA:5) and 
total exports (ES:2) is much lower. It  should be noted, however, that domestic support and export 
subsidy notifications must be submitted by the whole Membership, whereas, in the other areas the 
obligation to notify will depend upon each Members' commitments.   
Chart 6.1 Total outstanding notifications per type of notification requirement per year 
(1995 -2016)  
 
Note:   MA:2 - imports under tariff and other quotas, MA:5 - special SGs, DS:1 - domestic support,   
  ES:1 - export subsidies, ES:2 - total exports.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
                                                
145 "Ad hoc " notification  obligations applicable only upon maintenance of  a specific measure (e.g.  ER:1 
required upon the application of export restrictions) as well as the annual notifications where it was not possible 
to determine a priori  whether the concerned notification requirement would be applicable (e.g.  Table NF:1 
applicable to donor Members o nly) are excluded.  
146 Compliance with notification obligations – Note by the WTO Secretariat ( G/AG/GEN/86/Rev.32).  
050100150200250
MA:2 MA:5 DS:1 ES:1 ES:2Chart Agri.X2  Total outstanding notifications per type of notification requirement per 
year (1995 -2016)
Source:    WTO secretariat.Note: MA:2 -Imports under tariff and other quotas, MA:5 -Special safeguards, DS:1 -Domestic support, ES:1 -
Export subsidies, ES:2 -Total exports.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 118 - 
 
  
On average, Members have submitted 62% of their expected no tifications for the period 
19952016. Compliance with notification obligations varies according to region. As noted in  Table  6.3, 
the region with the highest level of compliance is North America  (Canada, Mexico and the 
United  States) with 97% of compliance, followed by Europe with 78% compliance. Africa is the region 
with the lowest level of compliance , i.e. approximately half of expected notifications covering  the 
years 1995 -2016 remain outstanding.   
Table 6.3 Average compliance with notifications by region (1995 -2016)  
Region  Average c ompliance (%)  
Africa  49 
Asia 65 
CIS, including associate and former member States  67 
Europe  78 
Middle East  65 
North America  97 
South and Central America and the Caribbean  69 
WTO Members  62 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Table 6.4 shows those Members whose average compliance with their notification obligations 
is between 90 % and 100%. It should be noted that the number of annual notification obligations 
varies per Member; while all Members are required to submit domestic support and export subsidy 
notifications (DS:1 and ES:1), only some Members are required to submit MA:2, M A:5 and/or ES:2 
notifications.  
Table 6.4 Members with average compliance between 90 %-100% (1995 -2016)a,b 
WTO Member  MA:2  MA:5  DS:1  ES:1 ES:2 Average  
Botswana    100 100 100   100 
Brazil  100   100 100 100 100 
Cameroon      100 100   100 
Costa Rica  100 100 100 100 100 100 
Cuba     100 100 100 100 
Ecuador  100 100 100 100   100 
Hong Kong, China      100 100   100 
Israel  100 100 100 100 100 100 
Jamaica      100 100   100 
Macao, China      100 100   100 
Mexico  100 100 100 100 100 100 
Moldova, Republic of  100   100 100   100 
New Zealand  100 100 100 100 100 100 
Nicaragua  100 100 100 100   100 
Nigeria      100 100   100 
Norway  100 100 100 100 100 100 
Panama  100 100 100 100   100 
Paraguay      100 100   100 
Russian Federation  100   100 100   100 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines      100 100   100 
Singapore      100 100   100 
Togo     100 100   100 
United Arab Emirates      100 100   100 
Uruguay    100 100 100 100 100 
European Union  100 100 95 100 100 99 
Iceland  95 100 100 100 100 99 
Honduras      95 100 100 98 
Australia  100 100 91 100 100 98 
Switzerland  100 100 91 100 100 98 
Bahrain, Kingdom of      100 95   98 
Guatemala  100 95 95 100   98 
Japan  100 100 91 100   98 
Mali     94 100   97 
Senegal      94 100   97 
Canada  100 100 91 95 95 96 
Burundi      92 100   96 
Gabon      95 95   95 
Malaysia  100 100 77 100 100 95 
Peru     91 100   95 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 119 - 
 
  WTO Member  MA:2  MA:5  DS:1  ES:1 ES:2 Average  
United States of America  95 95 95 95 95 95 
Fiji     95 95   95 
Chile 94   95 95 95 95 
Congo      95 95   95 
Colombia  91 95 95 95 95 95 
Georgia      94 94   94 
Philippines  95 95 95 95 86 94 
Chinese Taipei  100 100 73 100   93 
Armenia      86 100   93 
Chad     90 95   93 
South Africa  100 91 91 91 91 93 
Argentina      91 91 91 91 
Korea, Republic of  95 100 77 86   90 
a  Compliance takes into account notifications issued as at 13 September 2018.  
b  An empty field means that the notification requirement does not apply.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
More than 5,000 questions have been raised in connection with individual notifications under 
the CoA's review process from 1995 -2018 (up to the September 2018 CoA meeting). Throughout 
the years, most of these questions have focused on domestic support notifications (DS:1 and DS:2) 
followed by questions concerning market access, in particular TRQs (MA:1 and MA:2) ( Chart 6.2 ).  
Chart 6.2 Questions raised on individual notifications per section per year (1995 -2018a) 
 
a 2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
From 15 October 2017 to 15 October 2018, Members submitted 228 notifications, (including 
addenda and corrigenda). A total of 271 questions were posed concerning individual notifications 
during the CoA meetings that took place during th is period. As seen in  Chart 6.2 , and in line with 
the historical trend, most of the questions raised related to domestic support notifications (85%). 
Domestic support notifications by India, Egypt, Turkey, the European  Union and the United States 
attracted a considerable number of questions. Additionally, 25 questions were raised concerning the 
lack of notifications from China, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, the 
Kyrgyz Republic, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, Thailand and Turkey.  
259
245
63
0255075100125150175200225250275300Number of questions
Domestic Support Market Access Export restrictions
Export subsidies NFIDC DecisionChart Agri.X3  Questions raised on individual notifications per section per year, 1995 -2018a
a  2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting.
Source:  Wto Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 120 - 
 
  Chart 6.3 Number of questions raised per section (mid -October 2017 – mid May 2018a) 
 
 
a  2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting. Question s raised in the CoA meeti ngs in 
  October 2017, February, June and September 2018.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The participation in the CoA review process, although substantive, is essentially carried out 
by only a few WTO Members. Questions raised in the CoA in connection with indiv idual notifications 
have been posed primarily by developed country Members ( Chart 6.4 ). 
Chart 6.4 Number of questions raised per type of Membera 
 
a  The term "mixed" refers to a question raised by both developed and developing country Members.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
6.17.   Article 18.7 of the Agreement on Agriculture establishes that "Any Member may bring to the 
attention of the Committee on Agriculture an y measure which it considers ought to have been 
notified by another Member". Additionally, under the CoA agreed working procedures, 
Overdue 
notifications
25
Market access
32
Export competition
7
NFIDC
1Article 
18.6
159Individual 
notifications
271Domestic support
231Chart Agri.X4 Number of questions raised per section, mid -Oct. 2017 -mid-May 2018a
Source:  WTO Secretariat.a   2018 data covers up to the September 2018 CoA meeting.
050100150200250300350400450
Developed Developing MixedChart Agri.X5  Number of questions raised per type of Membera
a   The term "mixed" refers to a question raised by both developed and developing country Members.
Source:   WTO Secretariat.WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 121 - 
 
  "Counternotifications under Article 18:7 of the Agreement shall be considered by the Committee at 
the earliest opportunity".  During the review period, and for the first time since the Committee's 
inception, a WTO Member submitted a counter -notification regarding another Member's domestic 
support policies. The counter -notification, submitted by the United States147, addressed cert ain 
measures of India's market price support to rice and wheat during marketing years 2010/11 through 
2013/14, covered by India's DS:1 notifications G/AG/N/IND/10 and G/AG/N/IND/11. The 
United  States also posed questions on this matter during the June 2018  CoA meeting. The questions, 
corresponding answers and Members' follow up comments can be found in section 5 of document 
G/AG/W/181 . 
Quantitative Restrictions (QRs)  
The notification of QRs to the Market Access Committee is an obligation established by the 
2012 Decision on Notification Procedures for Quantitative Restrictions (G/L/59/Rev.1). The Decision 
requires Members , every two years , to notify the WTO Secretariat of the QRs they have in force, as 
well as any changes in the interim. As at 15 October 2018,  a total of 36 Members had submitted 
notifications. The number of notifications for each biennial period is provided in  Table  6.5. 
The Decision on Reverse Notification of Non -Tariff Measures (G/L/60) gives Members the 
possibility of making re verse notifications of non -tariff measures imposed by another Member , 
subject to certain conditions. Only one such notification has been made since the adoption of the 
Decision in 1995.  
Table 6.5 Notification procedures for QRs  
No. Notification requirement  Total number of notifications received as of 16 October 201 8, 
by biennial period  
1 QRs in force (regular 
notification)  2012-14: 27 notifications from 22 Members.  
2014-16: 3 1 notifications from 2 8 Members.  
2016-18: 22 notifications from 22 Members.  
2018-20: 5 notifications from 5 Members.  
2 Changes to the QRs 
maintained ( ad hoc ), or 
introduction of new QRs  2012-14: 2 Members notified the WTO Secretariat of changes made 
to their existing QRs.  
2014-16: 2 Memb ers notified the WTO Secretariat of changes made 
to their existing QRs.  
2016-18: no Member has notified the WTO Secretariat of any 
changes.  
2018-20: no Member has notified the WTO Secretariat of any 
changes.  
3 QRs maintained by other 
Members  
(reverse notification)  No Member has given notification.  
4 Non-tariff measures 
maintained by other 
Members  
(reverse notification)  No Member has given notification.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Import Licensing  
Notification requirements in the area of import licensing procedures result from the WTO 
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and are complemented by the "Procedures for 
Notification and Review under the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures" adopted by the 
Committee on Import Licensing in 1995 ( G/LIC/3) and the "Understanding on Procedures for the 
Review of Notifications submitted under the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures" adopted on 
23 October 1996 (G/LIC/4). The notification requirements are described in  Table 6.6 . 
                                                
147 WTO document G/AG/W/174 dated 9 May 2018.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 122 - 
 
  Table 6.6 Notification procedures for import licensing  
No. Notification requirement  Established in:  Type  Notification  
category  
1 Submission of full texts of 
relevant laws and regulations 
and any changes thereto  Article 8.2(b) of the Agreement; 
G/LIC/3  One-off and  
ad hoc  N/1 
2 Sources in which information 
concerning import licensing 
procedures are published  Article 1.4(a) of the Agreement; 
G/LIC/3  One-off and  
ad hoc  N/1 
3 New import licensing 
procedures and changes to 
existing procedures  Article 5 of the Agreement  Ad hoc  N/2 
4 Reply to the Questionnaire on 
Import Licensing Procedures  Article 7.3 of the Agreement; 
G/LIC/ 3 Annual,  by 
30 September 
each year  N/3 
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The N/1 notification requires a WTO Member to notify all relevant laws and regulations with  
regard to import licensing procedures , as well as identify the source/publications containing such 
information. It contains both a one -off element (notification of existing laws and reg ulations and 
source/publications) and an ad hoc  element (changes to laws and regulations thereafter). In theory, 
a WTO Member should have at least one N/1 submission, providing its laws and reg ulations on 
import licensing or  indicating that its g overnment does not maintain any import licensing regime.  
The N/2 notification is an obligation for Members to notify new licensing procedures or 
changes being made to existing procedures. It is ad hoc  in nature and only due when specific 
circumstances occur. The N/3  notification requires Members to reply to a Questionnaire describing 
all import licensing procedures in place by 30 September every year.  
As of 10 October  2018, 15 Members ha d not yet submitted any notification under any 
provision of the Agreement since joining the WTO.  In addition, another 10  Members ha d not yet 
submitted notifications regarding domestic import licensing -related laws or regulations ; and another  
nine Members are yet to  submit their Replies to the Ann ual Questionnaire under Article  7.3.148 During 
the review period, as at 10 October 201 8, 77 new notifications under the Agreement on Import 
Licensing have been received and circulated by the Secretariat. Of these, 16 N/1 notifications are 
from the following  10 Members: Botswana; Ecuador; the European Union; India; Israel; 
Liechtenstein; Macao, China; Paraguay; Switzerland; and the Ukraine . 
The Committee also reviewed, 2 0 N/2 notifications relating to the institution of new import 
licensing procedures or changes in these procedures from 1 0 Members:  Argentina; Canada; the 
European Union; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Paraguay; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; 
Chinese Taipei; and the Ukraine . The Committee also reviewed 4 1 N/3 notifications from 3 3 
Members:  Argentina; Australia; Burundi; Canada; China; Cuba; El Salvador; the European  Union; 
Georgia; Hong Kong, China; India; Israel; Japan; Kazakhstan; Macao, China; Malaysia; Mali; 
Mauritius; Montenegro; New Zealan d; Nicaragua; Norway; Paraguay; Peru; Qatar; the Russian 
Federation; Singapore; Switzerland; Chinese Taipei; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; 
Ukraine; the United States and Uruguay .  
During the review period, two Members submitted notifications for the first time to the 
Committee under various Articles of the Agreement: (i) under Articles 1.4(a)/8.2(b):  Botswana ; (ii) 
under Article s 5.1-5.4: Canada .  
Rules of Origin  
The Agreement on Rules of Origin contains two notification obligations, described in Table  6.7. 
Recent notifications have improved the overall complianc e with notification obligations and  about 
77% of WTO Members have submitted information about their preferential or non -preferential rules 
of origin (or the absence thereof).  
                                                
148 Document G/LIC/W/49.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 123 - 
 
  Table 6.7 Notification procedures for rules of origin  
No. Legal source  Notification requirement  Type  
1 Article 5 of the 
Agreement  Non-Preferential Rules of Origin : all Members must submit a 
notification indicating:  
- if they apply non -preferential rules of origin (informing what the rules 
are); 
- or if they do not apply any non -preferential rules of origin.  
Changes to legislation must also be notified.  One-off 
2 Paragraph 4 of 
Annex II of the 
Agreement  Preferential Rules o f Origin : Members only notify if they adopt new 
preferential rules of origin or if they make changes to existing 
preferential rules (e.g. new FTAs or other new trade preferences).  Ad hoc  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
As at 16 October 2018, 49 Members ha d notified the Co mmittee that they implement 
non-preferential origin requirements; 57 Members ha d notified that they do not implement rules of 
origin for non -preferential purposes; and 31 Members ha d never submitted notifications to the 
Committee.149 
A relate d development is the Ministerial Decision on Preferential Rules of Origin for LDCs 
(WT/L/917/Add.1), adopted during the Nairobi Ministerial Conference. The Nairobi Decision builds 
on the earlier 2013 Ministerial Decision on preferential rules of origin by providing more detailed 
directions on specific issues, such as methods for determining when a product qualifies as "made in 
an LDC ", and when inputs from other sources can be "cumulated " into the consideration of origin. 
The provisions also call on prefere nce-granting Members to consider simplifying requirements 
related to origin. As part of the efforts to implement the Decision, the Committee on Rules of Origin 
adopted , in 2017 , a detailed template for the notification of preferential rules of origin for L DCs. 
Sixteen preference -granting WTO Members have notified their preferential rules of origin for LDCs 
using the new template (G/RO/LDC/N document series). Six WTO Members, who also implement 
trade preferences for LDCs, still have to notify their preferent ial rules of origin to the Secretariat.150  
Customs Valuation  
6.29.   Notifications  in the area of customs valuation stem not only from the Agreement on Customs 
Valuation  itself, but also from a number of Decisions that have been adopted by the C ommittee on 
Customs Valuation. There are five main not ification requirements ( Table 6.8 ). 
Table 6.8 Notification procedures for customs valuation  
No. Notification 
requirement  Established in  Type  
1 Submission of 
complete texts of  
national legislation 
(laws, regulations, 
etc.) Decision on the notification and circulation of 
national legislation in accordance with 
Article  22 of the Agreement  
(G/VAL/5, B.2, paragraph (i))  One-off 
2 Changes in laws 
and regulations on 
customs valuation  Article 22.2 of the Agreement on Customs 
Valuation  Ad hoc  
3 Responses to the 
checklist of issues  Decision on the Checklist of Issues  
(G/VAL/5, B.3)  One-off 
                                                
149 The European Union and its member States are counted as one.  
 150 Document G/RO/W/163/Rev.4 contains a summary of all notifications related to preferential rules of 
origin for LDCs.  
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 124 - 
 
  No. Notification 
requirement  Established in  Type  
4 Decision on interest 
charges - date of 
implementation  Decision on the treatment of interest charges 
in the customs value of imported goods 
(G/VAL/5, A.3, last paragraph)  One-off 
5 Decision on carrier 
media (software) - 
application of 
paragraph  2 Decision on the valuation of carrier media 
bearing software for data processing 
equipment (G/VAL/5, A.4, paragraph 2)  Ad hoc  
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
6.30.   The notification requirements in the area of customs valuation are either one -off or ad hoc, 
which means that different approaches are required to estim ate their level of compliance. In addition, 
any estimate must take into account that the European Union notifies on behalf a group of Members, 
and that this number has changed several times since the WTO entered into force.  Taking all these 
elements into account, the maximum number  of one-off notifications as at 16 October 2018  cover 
136 members (counting the EU as one). This denominator has been used to estimate the degree of 
compliance for the following notifications  (i) submission of the complete texts of national legislation; 
(ii) responses to the checklist of issues; and (iii) date of implementation of the Decision on the 
treatment of interest charges in the customs  value of imported goods ( Table 6.9 ).  
6.31.   Because ad hoc  notifications are, by definition, only due when specific circumsta nces occur, 
no maximum number of notifications can be used to estimate the  overall degree of compliance. This 
is the case  regarding : (i) changes in laws and regulations on customs valuation; and (ii) the 
application of paragraph 2 of the Decision on Carrie r Media (software).  
Table 6.9 Compliance regarding  customs valuation notifications  
No Notification requirement  Compliance  
as at 12 October 2018  
1 Submission of complete texts 
of national legislation (laws, 
regulations, etc.)  Currently, 98 Members have notified their legislation and 38 
Members have still to notify. This gives a compliance rate of 72%.  
2 Changes in laws and 
regulations on customs 
valuation  Since this is an ad hoc  type of notification (i.e. a Member is only 
required to notify if there is a change in its national legislation), it is 
not possible to assess the level of compliance.  Thirty -three Members 
have notified changes to their national legislation on customs 
valuation since 1995.  
3 Responses to the checklist of 
issues  Currently, 66 Members have notified responses to the checklist of 
issues and 70 Members have not yet fulfilled this requirement, giving 
a compliance rate of 49%.   
4 Decision on interest charges - 
date of implementation  To date, 48 Members have notified the date from which they will 
apply the Decision on Interest Charges and 88 Members have still to 
notify. This gives a compliance rate of 35%.  
5 Decision on c arrier media 
(software) - application of 
paragraph  2 Since this is an ad ho c notification (i.e. a Member is only required to 
notify if it s imports of carrier media bearing data and software are 
valued as provided for in paragraph 2 of the Decision), it is not 
possible to assess the level of co mpliance.  To date, 41 Members 
have made this notification, but it is not possible to know whether 
Members are applying the paragraph without having submitted the 
notification.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat . 
Preshipment Inspection  
Article 5 of the Agreement on Preshipment Inspection (PSI) provides that Members shall 
submit to the Secretariat copies of the laws and regulations under which they put the Agreement 
into force, as well as copies of any other laws and regulations relating to PSI. Changes in such laws 
and regulations shall also be notified immediately after their publication. No Members have 
submitted notifications relating to PSI to the Committee on Customs Valuation, which is the body 
responsible for administering the impl ementation of the Agreement on PSI , since the last report.   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 125 - 
 
  Table 6.10 Compliance with PSI notifications   
No Notification requirement  Notifications received in 2017 (up to 12 October 2018)  
1 Submission of copies of laws and 
regulations putting the Agreement 
into force  No Member  
2 Other laws and regulations relating 
to PSI  No Member  
3 Changes in laws and regulations 
relating to PSI  No Member  
4 Absence of laws and regulations on 
PSI  Afghanistan  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Integrated Database  (IDB)  
Reliable information on applied tariffs and import statistics are essential to enhance 
transparency and to formulate sound economic policies. The submission of tariff and import 
information to the IDB is a notific ation requirement provided in the General Council Decision of 
16 July 1997.151 To overcome gaps in Members' notifications and to reduce delays in providing the 
information to users, the Committee on Market Access adopted , in July 2009152, a framework to 
enhanc e IDB notifications' compliance. The Decision gave the WTO Secretariat flexibility to collect 
missing information from official sources and after approval from the Member concerned, to integrate 
it into the IDB. Therefore, the information included in the I DB is either directly notified by Members 
or collected by the Secretariat.  The IDB data collection policy could serve as an example of good 
practice for other in -house notification requirements, including where a network of reliable external 
data providers  can help ease the notification burden of Members.  
The completeness of IDB tariff and import' notifications are presented in Charts 6.4 and 6.5 
and show the share of notifications directly submitted by Members to the IDB and the share of those 
collected b y the Secretariat.  
As at 30 September 2018, the coverage of IDB notifications was 81% for tariffs and 72% for 
imports statistics, a slight improvement compared to last year. The highest percentage of tariff data 
availability was for 2012, at 97% ( Chart 6. 5) with more than 40% of information collected from 
framework sources. Regarding import' statistics, the most complete year was 2006, with 87% data 
availability. The highest percentage of collected data was in 2011 , where 40% of the available import 
statis tics were collected by the Secretariat from other available data sources ( Chart  6.6). The import 
statistics that are required for the IDB are very detailed and can only be found in limited other 
sources. For that reason, the share of import statistics coll ected by the Secretariat remain ed low, 
i.e. around  20% between 1996 and 2016 .  
Data availability varies among Members. Table 6.11 shows Members' completeness of their 
IDB information since their accession to the WTO. For applied tariffs, only 38 Members ha ve no data 
gaps. For imports, considering data up to 2016 (2017 figures are not yet due for certain Members), 
48 Members have no gaps. The deadline for submitting the 2017 imports information was 
30 September 2018, but for imports through preferential trad e agreements (reviewed through the 
Preferential Trading Agreements Transparency Mechanis m (PTA -TM)), the deadline was 31 October 
2018. Table 6.11 shows that 72% of Members have at least one outstanding tariff notification, and 
64% have at least one outstan ding import notification.   
Table 6.11 Completeness of IDB notifications  
No. of 
years with outstanding data  Tariff (up to 2018)  Imports (up to 2016)  
No of 
Members  % No of 
Members  % 
None (complete data)  38 28% 48 36% 
1-2 years  27 20% 17 13% 
                                                
151 Document WT/L/225. T he deadlines are 30 March for the tariff of the current year and 30  September  for 
imports of    the previous year (WTO documen t G/MA/IDB/1/Rev.1/Add.1, 4 December  1997).  
152 Document G/MA/239.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 126 - 
 
  No. of 
years with outstanding data  Tariff (up to 2018)  Imports (up to 2016)  
No of 
Members  % No of 
Members  % 
3-5 years  28 21% 22 16% 
6 or more years  42 31% 48 36% 
Total number of schedulesa 135 100%  135 100%  
Memo: With at least one year of outstanding 
data  97 72% 87 
 64% 
a  The completeness of notifications is calculated on the number of Members' schedules and not on 
 the number of WTO Members (i.e. EU member States are included in the EU schedule, and 
 Lichtenstein in Switzerland's schedule).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Chart 6.5 Completeness of IDB tariff notificationsa 
(%) 
 
a  Data for 2018 cover data available from January to September.  
Note:   The completeness of notifications is calculated on the number of Members' schedules and not on the 
number of WTO Members (i.e. EU member States are included in the EU schedule, and Lichtenstein in 
Switzerland's schedule).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
0102030405060708090100
Submitted Collected MissingChart IDB_.[6.4]   Completeness of IDB tariff notificationsa
Source:  WTO Secretariat.(%)
a   Data for 2018 cover data available from January to September.
Note:   [See text].WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 127 - 
 
  Chart 6.6 Completeness of IDB import notificationsa 
(%) 
 
a Data for 2017 were due on 30 September 2018, and on 31 Octo ber 2018 for members of the 
PTA-TM.  
Note:  The completeness of notifications is calculated on the number of Members' schedules and not on the 
number of WTO Members (i.e. EU member States are included in the EU schedule, and Lichtenstein 
in Switzerland's).  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
Timeliness of IDB notifications, defined as obtaining the expected data within the year the 
data are due, is illustrated in Table 6.12 since 2000. In cases where a notification has been received 
on time but has been replaced or revised later, the initial submission is inclu ded in the number of 
timely notifications. The same is true for data collected within the deadline but later replaced either 
by a notification or by data retrieved from another source.153 Timely availability of tariffs was highest 
in 2013, but data punctuali ty has slowed down again and, since 2015, only about half of expected 
data are available within the year they were due. Table 6.12 also shows that import data are 
generally not obtained by the due date. The highest percentage of timeliness was in 2010, whe n 
50% of import data was received within the expected timeframe. The very detailed requirement to 
notify imports by preferential duty scheme for PTA beneficiaries has repercussions on the timeliness 
of imports submissions as Members require more time to co mpile those statistics.  
Table 6.12 Percentage of IDB data available within the year of the deadlinea 
(% of expected schedules)  
 
2000  
2001  
2002  
2003  
2004  
2005  
2006  
2007  
2008  
2009  
2010  
2011  
2012  
2013  
2014  
2015  
2016  
2017  
2018  
Tariff 26 33 42 32 31 28 24 22 26 38 53 69 62 75 52 50 50 48 46 
Imports  29 34 29 26 19 17 22 21 31 27 50 45 43 38 21 42 27 21b n.a. 
a The n umbers differ slightly from those reported in the past, as the review of some submissions 
indicated that data were not suitable for inclusion in the IDB because of technical problems.  
b The deadline for 2017 import data for 23 PTA -TM countries is 31 Octobe r 2018.  
n.a. Not applicable . 
Source:  IDB, 30 September  2018.  
                                                
153 The percentage of timely notifications is also based on the number of expected schedules.  
0102030405060708090100
Submitted Collected MissingChart IDB.[6.5]   Completeness of IDB import notifications
Source:  WTO Secretariat.Note:  [See text]WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 128 - 
 
  
The notification of non -MFN regimes to the IDB, i.e. preferential tariffs resulting from PTAs 
and FTAs/RTAs, is becoming more regular. This is partly due to the requirement under the PTA -TM 
where Members are required to notify non -reciprocal preferences, notably the GSP and LDC 
preferential trading schemes, and the amount of trade that occurs under these regimes. Notification 
of tariffs for other non -MFN trading schemes remains voluntary. However , since 2015, the number 
of preferential tariff schemes included in the IDB has increased consistently from 60% to 71% for 
the 2018 tariffs. The revised format of the Status of Submissions to the IDB document, indicates 
the availability of preferential tra ding regimes in the IDB over the latest 10 years. The IDB is 
available through the Tariff Analysis Online ( https://tao.wto.org ), the Tariff Download Facility 
(http://tdf.wto.org ), and for tariff information and trade statistics related to PTAs, through the PTA 
database ( http://ptadb.wto.org ). The IDB, complemented with additional data from other 
international organizations , such as the ITC and UNCTAD,  is used to calculate the applied tariff and 
trade indicators published in the World Tariff Profiles, a yearly compendium of comprehensive market 
access indicators.  
Balance -of-Payments Restrictions  
Notification obligations in relation to restrictions to SG a country's balance of payments stem 
from Articles XII and XVIII of the GATT 1994 and the Understanding on Balance -of-Payments (BOP) 
Provisions (described in  Table 6.13 ). 
Table 6.13 Notification procedures fo r BOPs restrictions  
Legal source  Notification requirement  Type 
GATT  
Article XII:4(a)  
  
GATT  
Article 
XVIII:12(a)  Any Member applying new restrictions or raising the 
general level of restrictions by a substantial 
intensification of the measures applied under this Article 
shall immediately after instituting or intensifying such 
restrictions (or, in circumstances in whi ch prior 
consultation is practicable, before doing so) consult with 
Members as to the nature of its BOPs difficulties, 
alternative corrective measures which may be available, 
and the possible effect of the restrictions on the 
economies of other Members.  Ad hoc, followed by annual 
consultations  
  
Ad hoc, followed by biennial 
consultations  
Understanding on 
BOP Provisions, 
para. 9  A Member shall notify to the General Council the 
introduction of or any changes in the application of 
restrictive import measures taken for BOPs purposes, as 
well as any modifications in time -schedules for the 
removal of such measures as announced under 
paragraph 1. Significant changes shall be notified to the 
General Council prior to , or not later than , 30 days after 
their announcement.  Ad hoc, followed by a yearly 
consolidated notification  
Source:  WTO Secretariat.  
The BOP consultations with Ecuador were completed in July 2017 and no Member has notified 
the Secretariat of the imposition of measures for BOP purposes since then.  
Regional Trade Agreements  
Following an announcement by the Chair of the CRTA at the Commi ttee meeting of 28 and 
29 June 2011, the Secretariat has continued to circulate a list of agreements that have been verified 
by their parties as being in force through factual presentations prepared by the Secretariat, but not 
notified to the WTO. The list is circulated as a working document of the Committee before each 
meeting. The most recent list was circulated on 10 September 2018 and contained 80 such 
agreements.154 The Secretariat is also aware of a number of other agreements that are in force but 
these have not yet been verified with the parties. Members have intervened in various meetings of 
the CRTA to urge those whose agreements are on the list to notify them to the WTO. The Secretariat 
also continues to keep track of agreements under negotiation , and reminds Members to notify these 
                                                
154 document WT/REG/W/133, 10 September 2018.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 129 - 
 
  agreements when they come into force. The Secretariat's technical assistance work has also been 
used to explain notification requirements and procedures to Members.  
Preferential Trade Arrangements  
Under the Transparency Mec hanism for Preferential Trade Arrangements (PTAs), which was 
established in December 2010155, newly notified PTAs are to be considered in dedicated sessions of 
the Committee on Trade and Development (CTD), on the basis of Secretariat -prepared factual 
present ations. Since the establishment of the Transparency Mechanism, eight PTAs have been 
notified to the WTO. Three of these have been considered by the CTD in dedicated sessions, while 
for several others the notifying Members have yet to provide the Secretaria t with the full set of data 
or information required for the preparation of the factual presentations. The CTD Chair provides an 
update at each CTD meeting on the PTAs that are to be considered in dedicated sessions, and urges 
the notifying Members to provide the data  and information  as soon as possible.   
The Transparency Mechanism for PTAs also stipulates that an electronic database on individual 
PTAs is to be maintained by the Secretariat. The Database on PTAs156 currently contains information 
on 33 PTAs. Table  6.14 provides an overview of the PTAs included in the database, which is updated 
primarily on the basis of the  information provided by the Members implementing PTAs. The CTD 
Chair has urged Members to ensure that they are up -to-date with their not ification and information 
requirements, and has invited them to remain in touch with the Secretariat on this matter.  
Table 6.14 PTAs of WTO Members  
WTO Member  Number of 
PTAs  Name or description of PTA  
Armenia  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
Australia  2 Generalized System of Preferences    
South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreementa 
Canada  2 Generalized System of Preferences    
Commonwealth Caribbean Countries Tariff  
Chile 1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
China  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
European Union  4 Generalized System of Preferences    
Trade preferences for countries of the Western Balkans    
Trade preferences for Pakistanb   
Trade preferences for the Republic of Moldovac 
Iceland  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
India 1 Duty-Free Tariff Preference Scheme for LDCs  
Japan  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
Kazakhstan  1 Generalized System of Preferences 
Republic of Korea  1 Preferential Tariff for LDCs  
Kyrgyz Republic  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
Montenegro  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
Morocco  1 Duty-free treatment for African LDCs  
New Zealand  2 Generalized System of Preferences    
South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreementa 
Norway  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
Russian 
Federation  1 Generalized System of Preferences 
Switzerland  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
Chinese Taipei  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
Tajikistan  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
Thailand  1 Duty-free treatment for LDCs  
                                                
155 Document WT/L/806.  
156 Viewed at: http://ptadb.wto.org . WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 130 - 
 
  WTO Member  Number of 
PTAs  Name or description of PTA  
Turkey  1 Generalized System of Preferences  
United States  6 African Growth and Opportunity Act    
Andean Trade Preference Actd   
Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act    
Former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands    
Generalized System of Preferences  
  Trade preferences for Nepal  
a  Australia and New Zealand both provide preferences under this PTA.  
b  The preferences granted under this PTA expired on 31 December 2013.  
c  The preferences granted under this PTA expired on 31 December 2015.  
d  The preferences granted under this PTA expired on 31 July 2013.  
Source:  Database on  PTAs. 
Government Procurement  
To ensure the transparency and predictability of its Parties' procurement regimes, the 
Agreement on Government Procurement sets out notification obligations for its Parties in five areas: 
(i) national implementing legislation on government procurement ; (ii) procurement thresholds in 
national currencies ; (iii) statistics on procurement activities ; (iv) modifications  to schedules of 
commitments ; and (v) media for the publication of procurement -related information. Numerous 
notifications are made during the year pursuant to each of these requirements.  
Transparency of TRIPS  
The TRIPS Agreement requires WTO Members to no tify to the Council for TRIP S of their IP 
laws and regulations;  to establish and notify contact points in their administrations for the purposes 
of cooperation with each other aimed at the eliminati on of trade in infringing goods;  and to notify 
the Council  if they wish to use certain options under the Agreement relat ing to substantive 
obligations. Members have also undertaken to provide information on specific subjects, through 
Checklists on Enforcement and on the respective Reviews of Articles 24.2 (geogra phical indications) 
and 27.3(b) (biotech patenting and plant variety protection). The Council has also agreed that 
developed country Members will provide reports on technical cooperation and on transfer of 
technology incentives for the benefit of LDCs.  
The bulk of notifications are laws and regulations notified pursuant to Article 63.2. Chart  6.7 
provides information on laws and regulations notified from 1995 to mid-October 201 8. Notifications 
peaked in 1996, when developed country Members notified existing  laws or amendments that 
implemented the TRIPS Agreement. From 2000 onwards n otifications of laws and regulations have 
been predominately from developing countries and recently -acceded Members. The most recent rise 
in notifications also reflects  a trend of diverse approaches by Members to the revision and updating 
of their IP legal and policy settings so as to respond to changing economic, technological and social 
dimensions of IP in the national development and economic context. The cumulative t otal of laws 
and regulations notified as of 15 October 2018  was 2,942  legal texts, representing a wide array of 
distinct national means of adapting and applying TRIPS standards according to national priorities 
and wider policy frameworks.  However, there kn own significant gaps in the coverage of more recent 
laws and legislative amendments, as several Members have not updated to their initial notifications 
for well over a decade.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 131 - 
 
  Chart 6.7 TRIPS Notifications, from 1995 to 15 October 2018  
 
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat (2018 data covers until mid -October).  
Transparency obligations also refer to final judicial decisions and administrative  rulings of 
general application, pertaining to the subject  matter of the TRIPS Agreement, as well as to 
agreements which are in force between the government or a governmental agency of a Member and 
the government or a governmental agency of another Member , as provided for by Article 63.1.  So 
far, very few Members  have shared such information with the TRIPS Council.157 
Following the recommendation made by the TRIPS Council in  March 2010158, Members agreed 
to share information on , and notify bilateral agreements related to , the protection of geographical 
indications to which they are a party . The records indicate that few Members have shared or notified 
such agreements to the TRIPS Council159, despite several such agreements having been concluded.  
TRIPS Checklists  
The TRIPS Council has agreed that Members should provide responses to illustrative lists of 
questions ( i.e. Checklists) on Issues on Enforcement160; as well as on the Review under Article  24.2 
of the Section on Geographical Indications161 and the Review of the Provisions of Article 27.3(b) .162 
These Checklists are cir culated and reviewed by the TRIPS Council. They provide detailed  information 
on measures taken to implement the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement at the national level. More 
specifically, the three Checklist s include trade policy components which touch on many aspects of 
the global economy, amongst them enforcement measures at the border.  Chart  6.8 shows the 
Checklists on Enforcement, Geographical Indications and Article  27.3(b) submitted until 
15 October  2018. Submissions  peaked in 1997 , 1999  and 200 0-2001, when d eveloped -country and 
developing -country Members deposited their respective Checklists.  
                                                
157 See, for example: documents IP/N/1/PHL/2; IP/N/1/GBR/1; and IP/N/1/HKG/3.  
158 Paragraphs  73 and 74 of IP/C/M/62 . 
159 Paragraph 9.2 of IP/C/M/74 . 
160 See Checklist in document IP/C/5; and responses circul ated in the IP/N/6/* series of documents.  
161 See Checklist in documents IP/C/13 and its Addendum; and responses circulated in the 
IP/C/W/117/* series of documents.  
162 See Checklist in documents IP/C/W/ 122, IP/C/W/273 and its Rev.1; and responses circulated i n the 
IP/C/W/125/* series of documents.  
48398
169
103
64328
219 218
140204
453868132
8293
66139209
96
67109
77111
05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,500
0100200300400500
Annual number of IP laws notified
Cumulative numberChart 1.[TRIPS]
TRIPS notifications, 1995 -mid-October 2018
Source: WTO Secretariat (2018 data covers until mid -October).WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 132 - 
 
  Chart 6.8 TRIPS Checklists on enforcement, geographical indications and Article  27.3(b), 
1995 to 15 October 2018  
 
Source:  WTO Secretariat (2018 data covers until mid -October).  
During the review period, Finland and Mauritius submitted, respectively, an updated and an 
initial Checklist on Enforcement.163 Since 1996, 110 Members have  submitted their Checklists; 
15 have notified revisions . However , but a significant number have not updated their reports for 
over 20 years.  
The Checklist on Geographical Indications has been submitted by only 36 Members164, of 
which six have notified updates. During the review period, the Ukraine submitted its Checklist and 
Mexico submitted its updates detailing the implementation of GI -related provisions, which has 
already been notified to the TRIPS Council.165  
The submission of Checklists on Article 27.3(b) peaked with the start of the review o f this 
provision in 1999. So far, 25 Members166 have notified their Checklists, of which only one has 
provided an update. The last submission took place in January 2004.  
e-TRIPS  
e-TRIPS is an online information submission and management system, designed to facilitate 
the processing of , and access to , TRIPS -related information. As a substantial advancement in the 
development of e -TRIPS, the Secretariat is now using the e -TRIPS system to process notifications 
and other types of TRIPS documents internally , to test and fine -tune the system during this initial 
phase of Secretariat -use only, with the aim of making it available  for Members in the near future. 
Implementation of this system will make it sig nificantly easier for Members to review what they have 
notifie d and reported in the past, to identify gaps in their notifications and to provide notifications, 
                                                
163 Documents IP/N/6/FIN/2 and IP/N/6/MUS/1, respectively.  
164 Australia ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chinese Taipei ; Colombia ; Croatia ; Cuba; Czech Republic ; Ecuador ; 
El Salvador ; Estonia ; European Union ; Honduras ; Hong Kong, China ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Japan ; Republic  of 
Korea ; Liechtenstein ; Lithuania ; Mexico ; Republic of Moldova ; Morocco ; New Zealand; Norway; Peru; Poland; 
Romania; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Switzerland; Turkey; United States of America; Ukraine; Ur uguay and the 
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.  
165 Documents IP/C/W/117/Add.35  and IP/C/W/117/Add.14/Rev.1, respectively.  
166 Australia ; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Czech Republic; Estonia; European Union ; Hong Kong, China; 
Hungary ; Iceland; Japan ; the Republic of Korea ; Lithuania;  Moldova, Republic of; Morocco; New Zealand ; 
Norway;  Poland ; Romania ; Slovak Republic; Slovenia ; South Africa; Switzerland; Thailand; United States of 
America and Zambia.  
024681012141618202224262830
IP Enforcement Checklist - First Submissions
GI Checklist - First Submissions
Art. 27.3(b) Checklist - First Submissions
IP Enforcement Checklist - Updates
GI Checklist - Updates
Art. 27.3(b) Checklist - Updates
Source: WTO Secretariat (2018 data covers until mid -October 2018).Chart TRIPS.2
Checklists on enforcement, geographical indications and Article 27.3(b)WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 133 - 
 
  reports, and updates to earlier materials. The Secretariat is providing detailed briefings and 
demonstrations to Members on its use.  
Services  
6.54.   From mid -October  2017 to mid -October 2018, 22 notifications were made under various GATS 
provisions. Out of those, 11 were made under GATS Article  III:3 b y six WTO Members. GATS 
Article  III:3 requires each Member to notify to the Council for Trade in Services at least ann ually 
any regulatory changes that significantly affect trade in services covered by its specific 
commitments.  
6.55.   During the same reporting period, four agreements concerning economic integration in 
services were notified under GATS Article V:7, involv ing eight WTO Members. These agreements 
were referred to the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements for consideration.  
6.56.   Seven notifications were made under GATS Article  VII:4 by  four WTO Members. GATS 
Article  VII:4 requires Members to notify to the Council for Tra de in Services any new or existing 
mutual recognition agreements or arrangements.  
6.57.   No notifications received under other GATS provisions during this period.  
  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 134 - 
 
 ANNEX 1  
MEASURES FACILITATING TRADE1 
(MID-OCTOBER 201 7 TO MID -OCTOBER  2018) 
Confirmed information2 
Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Albania  
Reduction of import tariffs under the 
Expansion of the Information Technology 
Agreement (ITA)  (70 tariff lines at 6 -digit 
level in HS  Chapters 32; 37; 39; 59; 84; 
85; 88; 90)  Permanent Delegation of Albania to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and WTO 
document G/MA/W/117/Add.1,  
28 January 2016  Effective 31 May 2018  
Argentina  
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the implementation of the 
"Authorized Economic Operator" sch eme Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and 
Administración Federal de Ingresos 
Públicos - Resolución General No.   
4150-E (26 October 2017)  Effective  
28 October 2017  
Trade facilitation measure for exporters 
through the implementation of the 
"Authorized Economic Operator" scheme  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and 
Administración Federal de Ingresos 
Públicos - Resolución General  
No. 4150 -E (26 October 2017)  Effective  
28 October 2017  
Eliminatio n of the requirement for 
exporters to settle their foreign currency 
originating from export operations (all 
sectors)   Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Decreto  
No. 893/2017 - Entidades Financieras  
(1 November 2017)  Effective  
2 November 2017  
Elimination of the sworn declaration 
requirement ( Declaración Jurada de 
Ventas al Exterior "DJVE" ) for the export 
of certain products (with small export 
volume) (e.g. rye; oats; millet; worked 
oat grains; certain oil seeds ( cartamo ); 
linseed oils and its fractions; oil -cake and 
other solid residues, whether or not 
ground or in the form of pellets, resulting 
from the extraction of soyabean oil ( tortas 
de soja y expellers de soja ); certain 
oil-cake and other solid residues, resulting 
from th e extraction of vegetable fats or 
oils (lino, nabo y colza ) (NCM 1002; 
1004; 1008; 1104; 1207; 1515; 2304; 
2306)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Resolución 
No. 364 -E/2017 - Ministerio de 
Agroindustria (16 November 2017)  Effective  
23 November 2017  
Elimination of "reference values" for 
exports of all goods  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and 
Administración Federal de Ingresos 
Públicos - Resolución General  
No. 4161 -E (23 November 2017)  Effective  
28 November 2017  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
certain machinery, equipment and goods 
(NCM Chapters 39; 70; 72; 73; 74; 84; 
85; 90) destined for the production of 
renewable energy ( Régimen de Fomento 
de las Energías Renovables )  Permanent Delega tion of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Decreto  
No. 814/2017 (10 October 2017)  Effective  
1 January 2018 for 60 
months   
                                                
1 The inclusion of any measure in this Annex  implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether or 
not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature. Moreover, nothing in the Annex  implies any judgement, 
either direct or indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any WTO agreement.  
2 This Section  includes information which has either been provid ed by the Member concerned or has been 
confirmed at the request of the Secretariat.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 135 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Elimination of the Register Export 
Operation ( Registro de Operaciones de 
Exportación - ROE-ROJO ) for the export of 
certain live  bovine animals, bovine meat 
and edible offal, certain products of 
animal origin, certain prepared or 
preserved meats, extracts and juices of 
meat, soups and broths, gelatine of 
animal origin (NCM 0102; 0201; 0202; 
0206; 0210; 0504; 1602; 1603; 2104; 
3503)  requiring the recording of export 
operations (established in 2006)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Resolución 
Conjunta General No. 4170 -E/2017 - 
Ministerio de Agroindustria y 
Administración Federal de Ingresos 
Públicos (14 D ecember 2017)  Effective  
20 December 2017  
Temporary reduction of import tariffs (to 
2%) on static converters and (to 10%) on 
electrical motor vehicles for the transport 
of 10 or more persons (NCM 8504.40.10; 
8702.40.90). Further reduction of the 
Mercosur Common Tariff depends on 
multiple variables, including local content 
thresholds  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Decreto  
No. 51/2018 (16 January 2018)  Effective  
20 January 2018  
Inclusion in the "Authorized Economic 
Operator" scheme of "in -factory customs 
regime" users ( Plan Piloto Operador 
Económico Autorizado para Usuario del 
Régimen de Aduana en Factoría (RAF )) Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (28  May 2018) and Resolución 
General AFIP No. 4197 -E  
(29 January 2018)  Effective  
31 January 2018  
Elimination of import tax surcharges on 
"high cube" containers  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 65/2018 Administración 
General de Puertos (15 May 2018)  Effective 21  May 2018  
Elimination of export tax surcharges on 
"high cube" containers  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 65/2018 Administración 
General de Puertos (15 May 2018)  Effective 21 May 2018  
Reduction of import tariffs (to 2%) on 
certain parts and accessories of motor 
vehicles not locally produced in Mercosur, 
destined for transformation by local 
industries (128 tariff lines at 8 digit -level 
in NCM 4009; 4016; 7304; 7608; 7616; 
8409; 8412; 8413; 8414; 8418; 8419;  
8481; 8482; 8483; 8501; 8505; 8507; 
8512; 8533; 8536; 8537; 8539; 8547; 
8708; 9026; 9027; 9031; 9032; 9401)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 67/2018 Secretaría de 
Industria, Ministerio de Producción  
(12 July 2018)  Effective 20 July 2018  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
imported capital goods (326 tariff lines at 
8-digit level in NCM Chapters 84; 85; 86; 
87; 90) not locally produced (Mercosur 
Common External Tariff set at 2%)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur - 
Decreto No. 837/2018  
(19 September 2018)  Effective  
20 September 2018  
Amendments introduced in the list of 
machinery, equipment and goods granted 
a temporary reduction of import  tariffs 
(130 tariff lines at 8 -digit level in NCM 
Chapters 73; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 94) 
destined for local transformation and then 
for export  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and Decreto 
No. 854/2018 - Importaciones  
(25 Septe mber 2018)  Effective  
26 September 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 136 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Amendments introduced to the national 
list of exemptions to the Mercosur 
Common Tariff (89 tariff lines at 8 -digit 
level in NCM  Chapters 15; 22; 28; 29; 31; 
32; 37; 38; 39; 40; 45; 48; 54; 55; 59; 
64; 70; 72; 73; 76 ; 84; 85; 87) 
(e.g. palm kernel or babassu oil, whiskies, 
organic chemicals, mineral or chemical 
fertilizers, insecticides, plastics and 
articles thereof, rubber and articles 
thereof, corks and stoppers, paper and 
paperboard, synthetic filament yarn and 
staple fibres, footwear, woven fabrics, 
iron and steel, articles of iron and steel, 
aluminium plates, machinery and 
mechanical appliances, electrical 
machinery and equipment, motor 
vehicles, motorcycles, vehicle parts and 
accessories)  Permanent Delegation of  Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur - 
Decreto No. 847/2018  
(25 September 2018)  Effective  
26 September 2018  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
informatics and telecommunications 
goods (186 tariff lines at 8 -digit level in 
NCM Chapters 74; 84; 85; 90) granted 
elimination of import tariffs  Permanent Delegation of Argentina to 
the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Nomen clatura Común del Mercosur - 
Decreto No. 864/2018  
(26 September 2018)  Effective  
27 September 2018  
Australia  
Elimination of the "special duty" of $A 
12,000 on imports of used passenger 
vehicles (the previous duty was 5% plus 
$A 12,000 and is now 5%)  Permanent Delegation of Australia to the 
WTO (25 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (86 tariff 
lines at 6 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 49; 59; 84; 85; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.2,  
26 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Belize  
Reduction of import tariffs (from 100% to 
70%) on flour; (from 60% to 50%) on 
seats of bamboo and or rattan; (from 
75% to 50%) on upholstered seats with 
wood en frames; and (from 60% to 10%) 
on prefabricated buildings of wood 
(HS 1101.00.90; 9401.52.00; 
9401.53.00; 9401.59.00; 9401.61.00; 
9401.69.00; 9406.10.00)  Permanent Delegation of Belize to the 
WTO (17 October 2018)  Effective 1 April 2018  
Brazil  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
certain vaccines for human medicine, 
under an import quota of 11 million doses 
(NCM 3002.20.27; 3002.20.29) (effective 
1 December 2017 to 30 November 2018); 
and on certain vaccines for human 
medicine ( hepatite A ), under an import 
quota of 2,250,000 doses 
(NCM  3002.20.29) (effective 2 April 2018 
to 1 October 2018). Temporary reduction 
(to 2%) of import tariffs on certain 
polyesters, under an import quota of 
850 tonnes (NCM 3907.99.99) (effective  
18 October 2017 to 17 January 2018); 
and on jute (NCM 5303.10.10), under an 
import quota of 7,000 tonnes (effective 
18 October 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 84/2017 (17 October 2017) and 
89/2017 (30 November 2017) and Se cex 
Portaria Nos. 40/2017  
(19 October 2017), 42/2017 and 
43/2017 (1 December 2017)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 137 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
1,105 capital goods tariff lines 
(NCM  Chapters 84; 85; 86; 87; 89; 90; 
94), and 3 inf ormatics and 
telecommunications goods tariff lines 
(NCM 8517.62.39; 8543.70.99; 
9032.89.81), through the "ex -out" regime 
(mechanism designed to temporarily 
reduce import tariffs on capital goods and 
informatics and telecommunications 
equipment not locally produced)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 80/2017, 81/2017  
(17 October 2017) and 90/2017  
(13 December 2017)  Effective until  
30 June 2019  
Decrease of import tariffs (from 14% to 
2%) on sensitized photographic plates 
and film in the flat for x -ray; and on 
certain polyesters, certain organic 
surface -active agents, and certain acrylic 
polymers in primary forms; (from 16% to 
2%) on plastics of p oly(vinyl butyral), on 
electrical fixed capacitors (i.e. single layer 
ceramic dielectric, multilayer ceramic 
dielectric, dielectric of paper or plastics, 
variable or adjustable (pre -set)), on other 
variable resistors, including rheostats and 
potentiometers , and on other apparatus 
for protecting electrical circuits, fixed 
resistors for a power handling capacity 
not exceeding 20 W (effective  
1 January 2018); and on tantalum, 
multilayer ceramic dielectic and certain 
apparatus for switching or protecting 
electrical circuits (NCM 8532.21.20; 
8532.24.20; 8536.90.60) (effective  
2 March 2018); and (from 4% to 2%) on 
certain supported catalysts (effective  
1 January 2018). Elimination of import 
tariffs (from 6%) on transistors, other 
than photosensitive transistors , with a 
dissipation rate of less than 1 W (NCM 
3701.10.10; 3907.99.93; 3907.99.94; 
3907.99.95; 3920.91.00; 3921.90.13; 
8532.23.10; 8532.24.10; 8532.25.10; 
8532.29.10; 8532.30.10; 8533.40.12; 
8536.30.10; 8541.21.20; 3404.90.22; 
3815.90.93; 3906.90.48; 8533 .21.20)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 54/2017 (5 July 2017) and 95/2017 
(19 December 2017) and 11/2018  
(28 February 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 138 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary reduction (to 2%) of import 
tariffs on certain poly(ethylene 
terephthalate) (NCM 3907.61.00), under 
an import quota of 10,000 tonnes 
(effective 30 December 2017 to  
29 December 2018); on certain printing 
ink (NCM 3215.19.00), under an import 
quota of 600 tonnes  (effective 30 
December 2 017 to 29 December 2018); 
on non -alloyed nickel ( catodos ) 
(NCM  7502.10.10), under an import quota 
of 1,350 tonnes (effective 4 January 2018 
to 3 April 2018); on dimethylamine 
(NCM  2921.11.21), under an import quota 
of 12,000 tonnes (effective  
23 January 2 018 to 22 January 2019); on 
black printing ink (NCM 3215.11.00), 
under an import quota of 350 tonnes 
(effective 23 January 2018 to  
22 January 2019); on non -roasted malt 
(NCM 1107.10.10), under an import quota 
of 156,531 tonnes (effective  
22 December 2017  to 21 December 
2018); on polycarbonates 
(NCM  3907.40.90), under an import quota 
of 35,040 tonnes (effective  
1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018); 
on certain compounded rubber, 
unvulcanized in primary forms or in 
plates, sheets or strip (NCM 4005.99.90), 
under an import quota of 1,300 tonnes 
(effective 2 January 2018 to 1 July 2018); 
on certain synthetic filament yarn (other 
than sewing thread), not for retail sale 
(NCM 5402.47.10), under an import quota 
of 2,200 tonnes (effective 2 January 2018 
to 1 Januar y 2019); and on certain 
boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets 
and other bases, equipped with two or 
more apparatus under heading HS  8535 
or 8536, for electrical control or the 
distribution of electricity, including those 
incorporating instruments or ap paratus 
under HS  Chapter 90, and numerical 
control apparatus, other than switching 
apparatus under heading HS  8517 
(NCM  8537.20.90), under an import quota 
of 31 units (effective 2 January 2018 to  
1 January 2019). Temporary elimination 
of import tariffs on  sardines 
(NCM  0303.53.00), under an import quota 
of 50,000 tonnes (effective 22 December 
2017 to 21 June 2018); on p -xylene 
(NCM  2902.43.00), under an import quota 
of 180,000 tonnes (effective  
22 December 2017 to  
21 December 2018); and on certain 
vaccines for humans ( dengue ) 
(NCM  3002.20.29)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 97/2017 (20 December 2017), 
98/2017 (21 December 2017) and 
99/2017 (29 December 2017), and 
Secex Portaria Nos. 48/2017, 49/2017, 
50/2017,  51/2017 (22 December 2017)  
and 1/2018 (2 January 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 139 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 8%) on 
certain medicines consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for therapeutic or 
prophylactic uses, put up in measured 
doses (including those in the form of 
transdermal administration systems) or in 
forms or packings for retail sale 
(dicloridrato de daclatasvir and 
dasatinibe ) (NCM 3004.90.69; 
3004.90.79) (effective 1 February 2018), 
and on certain medicaments ( idursulfase ) 
(NCM 3003.90.24; 3004.90.14) (effective 
1 February 2018); (from 14%) on certain 
parts for teleferics (NCM 8431.39.00) 
(effective 6 February 2018), and 
teleferics, chair -lifts, ski -draglines, and 
traction mechanisms for funiculars 
(NCM  8428.60. 00) (effective 7 March 
2018); (from 20%) on certain fairground 
amusement parts (NCM 9508.90.90) 
(effective 6 February 2018); and on 
certain industrial robots 
(NCM  8479.50.00) (effective  
28 February 2018); (from 6%) on diodes, 
other than photosensitive or light emitting 
diodes (NCM 8541.10.22; 8541.10.29) 
(effective 28 February 2018); and on 
unwrought aluminium, non -alloyed 
(NCM  7601.10.00), under an import quota 
of 353,000 tonnes (effective until  
30 June 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 1/2018 (15 January 2018), 4/2018 
(5 February 2018), 9/2018  
(28 February 2018),  11/2018  
(28 February 2018) and 16/2018  
(7 March 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Temporary reduction (to 2%) of import 
tariffs on disodium sulphate, under an 
import quota of 910,000 tonnes 
(NCM  2833.11.10) (effective  
31 January 2018 to 30 January 2019); on 
rectangular (including square) aluminium 
plates and sheets of aluminium alloys, 
under an import quota of 2,937 tonnes 
(NCM 7606.12.90) (effective  
1 February 2018 to 31 January 2019); on 
aluminium foil, rolled but not further 
worked, under an import quota of 2,137 
tonnes (NCM 7607.11.90) (effective  
1 February 2018 to 31 January 2019); on 
viscose rayon staple fibres 
(NCM  5504.10.00), under an import quota 
of 40,000 tonnes (effective  
28 March 2018 to 27 March 2019); on 
non-alloyed nickel (catodos) 
(NCM  7502.10.10), under an import quota 
of 7,200 tonne s; on titanium oxides 
(NCM  2823.00.10), under an import quota 
of 8,000 tonnes; on palm kernel or 
babassu oil and fractions thereof 
(NCM  1513.29.10), under an import quota 
of 224,785 tonnes; and on certain 
electrical apparatus for switching or 
protecting el ectrical circuits 
(NCM  8535.90.00), under an import quota 
of 500 units (effective 25 April 2018). 
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
certain pharmaceutical products 
(cloridrato de duloxetina, clavulanato de 
potássio ) (NCM Chapters 3003.90.89), 
under an import quota of 48 tonnes 
(effective 3 May 2018, for 12 months)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), Camex Resolution 
Nos. 3/2018 (30 January 2018), 
17/2018 (27 March 2018), 27/2018  
(24 April 2018) and 32/2018  
(2 May 2018), and S ecex Portaria  
Nos. 4/2018 (31 January 2018) and 
15/2018 (28 March 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 140 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
1,115 capital goods tariff lines, and 97 
informatics and telecommunications 
goods tariff lines ( NCM Chapters 84; 85; 
89; 90), through the "ex -out" regime  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), and Camex 
Resolution Nos. 14/2018 and 15/2018 
(28 February 2018), 22/2018 and 
23/2018 (27 March 2018), and 30/2018 
and 31/2018 (2 May 2018)   Effective until  
31 December 2019  
New legislation streamlining the medical 
device importation process  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018) and Resolucão da 
Diretoria Colegiada - RDC No. 208 - 
Ministério de Saúde -MS, Agência 
Nacional de  Vigilância Sanitária - 
ANVISA (5 January 2018)  Effective  
8 January 2018  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
557 capital goods tariff lines, and 40 
informatics and telecommunications 
goods tariff lines (NCM Chapters 73; 84; 
85; 90; 94), through th e "ex-out" regime  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 October 2018) and Camex 
Resolution Nos. 37/2018, 38/2018  
(5 June 2018) and 44/2018, 45/2018 
(28 June 2018)  Effective until  
31 December 2019  
Temporary reduction (to 2%) of import 
tariffs on  monochloroacetic acids 
(NCM  2915.40.10), under an import quota 
of 4,500 tonnes (effective 25 May 2018 to 
24 May 2019); on isocyanates 
(NCM  2929.10.10), under an import quota 
of 23,000 tonnes (effective 25 May 2018 
to 24 May 2019); on certain mixtures of 
odoriferous substances 
(NCM  3302.90.90), under an import quota 
of 1,250 tonnes (effective 25 May 2018 to 
24 May 2019); on certain polymers of 
vinyl chloride (NCM 3904.90.00), under 
an import quota of 3,794 tonnes (effective 
25 May 2018 to 24 May 2019); on 
poly(methylene phenyl isocyanate) (crude 
MDI, polymeric MDI) (NCM 3909.31.00), 
under an import quota of 105,000 tonnes 
(effective 25 May 2018 to 24 May 2019); 
on certain self -adhesive laminates 
(NCM  3919.90.90), under an import quota 
of 200 tonnes (effectiv e 25 May 2018 to 
24 May 2019); on certain films of 
polymers of propylene (NCM 3920.20.19), 
under an import quota of 600 tonnes 
(effective 25 May 2018 to 24 May 2019); 
on preparations suitable for infants or 
young children, put up for retail sale 
(NCM 1901. 10.90), under an import quota 
of 502 tonnes (effective 29 June 2018 to 
28 June 2019); on certain organic 
chemicals ( ametrina ) (NCM 2933.69.91), 
under an import quota of 7,500 tonnes 
(effective 29 June 2018 to 28 June 2019); 
on lignin sulphonates (NCM 3804. 00.20), 
under an import quota of 72,000 tonnes 
(effective 29 June 2018 to 28 June 2019); 
on other yarn of polyesters partially 
oriented (NCM 5402.46.00), under an 
import quota of 97,500 tonnes (effective 
29 June 2018 to 28 June 2019); on casein 
(NCM 3501.1 0.00), under an import quota 
of 317 tonnes (effective 29 June 2018 to 
28 August 2018); on photographic film in 
rolls for x -ray (NCM 3702.10.20), under 
an import quota of 500 tonnes (effective 
29 June 2018 to 28 December 2018); on 
certain amine -function com pounds 
(NCM  2921.19.23), under an import quota 
of 26,282 tonnes (effective  
14 August 2018 to 13 August 2019); on 
acrylic or modacrylic (NCM 5503.30.00), Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 October 2018), Camex 
Resoluti on Nos.  35/2018  
(24 May 2018), 43/2018 (28 June 
2018),  46/2018 (3 July 2018),  48/2018 
(23 July 2018),  51/2018  
(3 August 2018), 57/2018  
(22 August 2018),  63/2018, 64/2018 
(10 September 2018) and 67/2018  
(21 September 2018), and Secex 
Portaria Nos. 27/2018,  28/2018  
(28 May 2018), 32/2018 (29 June 
2018), 34/2018 (5 July 2018), 39/2018 
(24 July 2018),  44/2018  
(7 August 2018),  47/2018  
(24 August 2018) and 50/2018  
(20 September 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 141 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
under an import quota of 9,000 tonnes 
(effective 14 August 2018 to  
13 August 2019); on uncoated paper  and 
paper board weighing more than 
150 g/m2 but less than 225 g/m2 
(NCM  4805.92.90), under an import quota 
of 31,985 tonnes (effective 4 July 2018 to 
3 July 2019); on flax tow and waste 
(NCM  5501.30.00), under an import quota 
of 6,240 tonnes (effective 4 July 2018 to 
3 July 2019); on high tenacity yarn of 
polyesters, whether or not textured 
(NCM  5402.20.00), under an import quota 
of 8,400 tonnes (effective 24 July 2018 to 
23 July 2019); on hope cones, neither 
ground nor powdered nor in the form of 
pellets (NCM 1210.20.10), under an 
import quota of 1,800 tonnes (effective 
23 August 2018 to 22 August 2019); on 
o-, m-, p-phenylenediamine, 
diaminotoluenes, and their derivatives; 
salts thereof (NCM 2921.51.33), under an 
import quota of 10,440 tonnes (effective 
23 August 2018 to 22 August 2019); on 
acrylic or modacrylic filament tow 
(NCM  5501.30.00), under an import quota 
of 6,240 tonnes (effective 23 August 2018 
to 22 August 2019); on shelled walnuts 
(NCM 0802.22.00), under an import quota 
of 2,500 tonnes (effect ive 23 August 2018 
to 31 December 2018); on yarn of viscose 
rayon, untwisted or with a twist not 
exceeding 120 turns/m 
(NCM  5403.31.00), under an import quota 
of 1,249 tonnes (effective  
20 September 2018 to 19 September 
2019); (to 6%) on pigments and 
preparations based on titanium dioxide 
(NCM 3206.11.10), under an import quota 
of 100,000 tonnes; and (to 2%) on 
pigments ( tipo rutilo ) (NCM 3206.11.10), 
under an import quota og 9,672 tonnes 
(effective 12 September 2018 to  
11 September 2019). Temporary 
elimination of import tariffs (from 6%) on 
not-alloyed unwrought aluminium 
(NCM  7601.10.00), under an import quota 
of 282,500 tonnes (effective 4 July 2018 
to 3 July 2019); (from 10%) on sardines 
(NCM 0303.53.00), under an import quota 
of 50,000 tonnes (effecti ve 6 August 2018 
to 5 February 2019 ); and on vaccines for 
humans ( dengue ) (NCM 3002.20.29), 
under an import quota of 1 million doses 
(effective 23 August 2018 to  
22 February 2019)  
Trade facilitation measures through the 
gradual implementation of the  
single -window platform for all import 
operations  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018)  Effective  
October 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 142 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
All exports procedures processed through 
the Brazilian Single -Window of  Foreign 
Trade system. As from July 2018, export 
operations required to use the Single 
Export Declaration ( Documento Único de 
Exportação - DUE) Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018)  Effective 1 July 2018  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 20%) 
on certain fairground amusements 
equipment (NCM 9508.90.90) (effective 
until 6 October 2018); (from 6%) on 
extracts of glands or other organs or of 
their secretions (NCM 3001.20.90) 
(effective 4 July 2018); and (fro m 2%) on 
immunological products, put up in 
measured doses or in forms or packings 
for retail sale (NCM 3002.15.90) (effective 
4 July 2018). Reduction of import tariffs 
(from 18% to 2%) on artificial filament 
yarn of viscose rayon, untwisted or with a 
twist not exceeding 120 turns/m 
(NCM  5403.31.10) (effective  
2 October 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution Nos. 36/2018 (4 June 2018), 
46/2018 (3 July 2018) and 71/2018  
(2 October 2018)  Effective: see 
individu al dates in 
measure  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs 
(from 18%) on lithium -ion accumulators  
(NCM 8507.60.00) (effective 24 July 2018 
to 31 December 2021); and (from 35%) 
on fire fighting vehicles (NCM 8705.30.00) 
(effective 24 July 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 49/2018  (23 July 2018)    
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
930 capital goods tariff lines, and 68 
informatics and telecommunications 
goods tariff lines (NCM Chapters 84; 8 5; 
87; 89; 90; 94), through the "ex -out" 
regime  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution Nos. 54/2018, 55/2018   
(10 August 2018), 60/2018, 61/2018 
(31 August 2018), 72/2018 and 73/2018 
(5 October 2018)  Effective unt il  
30 June 2020  
Elimination of export taxes on wet blue 
leather (NCM Chapter 41) (originally 
implemented in May 2001)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 65/2018   
(12 September 2018)  Effective  
13 September 2018  
Canada  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (56 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 35; 
37; 39; 84; 85; 88; 90)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.3,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Chile  
New law updating import customs 
procedures and establishing the 
"Authorized Economic Operator" (AEO) 
scheme (e.g. AEO certification 
requirements, activities liable to be taken 
into consideration for certification, and the 
requirem ents, conditions, rights and 
obligations of the AEO terms and 
procedures)  Permanent Delegation of Chile to the 
WTO (18 May 2018)  Effective  
12 January 2018  
New law updating export customs 
procedures and establishing the 
"Authorized Economic Operator" (AEO) 
scheme (e.g. AEO certification 
requirements, activities liable to be taken 
into consideration for certification, and the 
requirements, conditions, rights and 
obligations of the AEO terms and 
procedures)  Permanent Delegation of Chile to the 
WTO (18 Ma y 2018)  Effective  
12 January 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 143 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
China  
Imposition of interim tariffs resulting on 
temporary reduction of import tariffs on 
certain products, e.g.  fish and 
crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic 
invertebrates (HS  Chapter 03); on cheese 
and curd (HS  Chapter 04); on certain 
edible fruit and nuts (HS  Chapter 08); on 
sausages and similar products 
(HS 1601.00.10; 1601.00.20); on certain 
preparations of cereals, flour, starch or 
milk (HS  1901.10.90; 1902.19.00); on 
jams (HS  2007.10.00); on other food 
preparat ions (HS  2106.90.50; 
2106.90.90); on certain beverages, spirits 
and vinegar (HS  2201.10.10; 2205.10.00; 
2208.20.00; 2208.30.00); on 
medicaments (HS  3004); on certain 
essential oils and resinoids (HS  Chapter 
33); on certain articles of leather 
(HS Chapter 4 2); on certain articles of 
apparel and clothing accessories 
(HS Chapters 61 and 62); on blankets 
and travelling rugs (HS  6301.20.00); on 
certain footwear (HS  Chapter 64); on 
certain nuclear reactors, boilers, and 
machinery (HS  Chapter 84); on certain 
electrical machinery and equipment 
(HS Chapter 85); on baby carriages 
(HS 8715.00.00); on certain optical, 
photographic, cinematographic, 
measuring, checking, precision medical or 
surgical instruments (HS  9004.90.10; 
9021.29.00); on certain toys, games and 
sports requisites (HS  9506.11.00; 
9506.12.00; 9506.19.00; 9506.70.10; 
9506.70.20); and on certain 
miscellaneous manufactured articles 
(HS Chapter 96)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (28 May 2018)  Effective  
December 2017  
Reduction of import taxes (from 5% to 
2%) on raw donkey skins 
(HS 4101.20.20)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (28 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement  (ITA) (289 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 49; 59; 84; 85; 88; 90)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.4,  
28 January 2016 and Permanent 
Delegation of China to the WTO  
(29 October 2018)  Effective 1 July 2018  
Reduction of import tar iffs (to 15%) on 
certain vehicles (139 tariff lines) 
(HS Chapter 87) and (to 6%) on certain 
components (79 tariff lines)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25 October 2018). Viewed at: 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhe
ngcefabu/201805/P02018052 250650878
6661.pdf  Effective 1 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 144 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Reduction of import tariffs on certain 
products (1,449 tariff lines), e.g. fish and 
crustaceans; prepared foodstuffs; pasta; 
preparations of cereals; preparations of 
vegetables and fruits; miscellaneous 
edible preparations; waters; 
pharmaceutical products;  printing ink; 
perfumery and cosmetic preparations; 
soaps; plastics and articles thereof; 
rubber and articles thereof; articles of 
leather; travel goods; furskins and 
artificial fur; plaiting materials; paper and 
paperboard; carpets; articles of apparel 
and clothing accessories; blankets; bed 
linen; footwear; headgear and parts 
thereof; umbrellas; prepared feathers and 
down and articles made of feathers or of 
down; ceramic products; glass and 
glassware; articles of jewellery; articles of 
iron or steel; copp er household articles; 
aluminium household articles; tools, 
implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of 
base meats, parts thereof of base metal; 
miscellaneous articles of base metal; 
machinery and mechanical appliances; 
electrical machinery and equipment; 
bicycles and other cycles; optical fibres; 
frames and mounting for spectacles; 
cameras; clocks and watches and parts 
thereof; musical instruments; mattresses; 
skis; miscellaneous manufactured 
articles; and paintings (HS  Chapters 03; 
16; 19; 20; 21; 22; 30; 3 2; 33; 34; 36; 
37; 39; 40; 42; 43; 44; 46; 48; 49; 57; 
58; 59; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 69; 
70; 71; 73; 74; 76; 82; 83; 84; 85; 87; 
90; 91; 92; 94; 95; 96; 97)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25 October 2018), and State 
Council  Tariff Commiss ion Circular 
(2018 -4) on reduction of import tariff for 
certain consumables. Viewed at: 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhe
ngcefabu/201805/t20180531_2914284.
html  Effective 1 July 2018  
VAT rebate rates increased on exports of 
certain electromechanical and cultural 
products (in Chapters HS  28; 29; 32; 34; 
35; 38; 39; 40; 44; 48; 49; 68; 70; 72; 
73; 74; 75; 76; 78; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 
85; 87; 89; 90; 91; 93; 94; 96)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25  October  2018)  Effective  
15 September 2018  
Colombia  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
raw materials and capital goods not 
produced locally (3,650 tariff lines)  
(HS Chapters 03; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 
31; 32; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 
42; 43; 44; 45; 47; 48; 50; 51; 52; 53; 
54; 55; 56; 58; 59; 60; 63; 65; 66; 67; 
68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 78; 
79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 
89; 90; 91; 92;  94; 96)  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 272 Ministerio de Comercio, 
Industria y Turismo (13 February 2018)  Effective  
13 February 2018  
New law updating customs procedures, 
resulting in improvement of import 
procedures  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 349 Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito 
Público (20 February 2018)  Effective  
7 March 2018  
New law updating customs procedures, 
resulting in improvement of export 
procedures  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 349 Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito 
Público (20 February 2018)  Effective  
7 March 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 145 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
certain equipment and goods (245 
HS tariff lines) for the construction of 
ships, boats and floating structures 
(Programa de Fomento de la Industria de 
Astilleros ) (HS  Chapters 27; 28; 32; 34; 
35; 38; 39; 40; 44; 48; 56; 59; 63; 68; 
69; 70; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 79; 80; 81; 
82; 83; 84; 85; 87; 89; 90;  91; 94; 96)  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 590 Ministerio de Comercio, 
Industria y Turismo (2 April 2018)  Effective 2 April 2018  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
certain chemicals and insecticides 
(HS 3102; 3808)  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (28 September 2018)  Effective  
18 June 2018 to  
18 June 2020  
Costa Rica  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs on 
rice in the husk (paddy or rough) 
(HS 1006.10.90), under an import quota 
of 62.507 metric tonnes  Permanent Delegation of Costa Rica to 
the WTO (27 September 2018)  Effective  
January 2018 to 
August 2018  
Dominican Republic  
Trade facilitation measures through the 
establishment of the National Trade 
Facilitation Committee and the in terlink to 
the single -window system ( ventanilla 
única de comercio exterior "VUCE" ) of 
agencies associated with import 
operations  Permanent Delegation of the Dominican 
Republic to the WTO (1 May 2018)  Effective  
December 2017  
Trade facilitation measures th rough the 
establishment of the National Trade 
Facilitation Committee and the interlink to 
the single -window system ( ventanilla 
única de comercio exterior "VUCE" ) of 
agencies associated with export 
operations  Permanent Delegation of the Dominican 
Republic t o the WTO (1 May 2018)  Effective  
December 2017  
Egypt  
Elimination of export duties (L 
3,000/tonne) on sugar (HS  1701)  Permanent Delegation of Egypt to the 
WTO (25 October  2018)  Effective  
5 August 2018  
European Union  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (126 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 35; 
37; 39; 84; 85; 88; 90)  WTO document 
G/MA/W/117/Add.7/Rev.1,  
20 February 2017  Effective from  
1 July 2018  
Guatemala  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (206 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 49; 68; 84; 85; 88; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.8,  
28 January 2016  Effective  
1 January  2018, with 
all covered tariffs to 
be phased out by no 
later than 1 July 2024  
India  
Elimination of export duties on electrodes 
of a kind used for furnaces 
(HS 8545.11.00)  Notification No. 23/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Elimination of import tariffs on specified 
parts of cellular mobile phones and other 
electronic goods (e.g. inputs or parts for 
use in the manufacture of chargers or 
adapters for cellular mobile phones 
(HS 8504.90 .90; 3926.90.99)  Notification No. 22/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 146 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Decrease of import tariffs on motor cycles 
(including mopeds) and cycles fitted with 
an auxiliary motor, with or without side 
cars, and side cars, new, which have not 
been registered anywhere prior to 
importation - (1) as a completely knocked 
down (CKD) ki t containing all the 
necessary components, parts or sub -
assemblies for assembling a complete 
vehicle with: (from 30% to 25%) 
(i) engine, gearbox or transmission 
mechanism in pre -assembled form, not 
mounted on a body assembly; and (from 
60% to 50%) (ii) in a form other than 
included in (1) above (HS  8711)  Notification No. 26/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (12 February 2018)  Effective  
12 February 2018  
Decrease of import tariffs (from 10% to 
7.5%) on bricks, blocks, tiles and oth er 
ceramic goods of siliceous fossil metals 
(e.g. kieselguhr, tripolite or diatomite) or 
of similar siliceous earths  (HS 6901). 
Elimination of import tariffs (from 5%) on 
solar tempered glass or solar tempered 
(anti-reflective coated) glass for the 
manufac ture of solar cells/panels/modules 
(HS Chapter 70)  Notification No. 6/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and Finance 
Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Elimination of import tariffs on inputs or  
parts for the manufacture of printed 
circuit board assembly (PCBA) and 
moulded plastics of chargers or adapters 
of cellular mobile phones (HS  3926.90.99; 
8504.90.90)  Notification No. 22/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 Februa ry 2018) and Finance 
Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Extension of the concessional rate (2.5% 
of the basic customs tariff) on certain 
products, i.e. ball screws 
(HS 8483.40.00), linear motion guides 
(HS 8466.93.90), and CNC systems 
(HS 8537.10.00) for the manufacture of 
all types of CNC machine tools falling  
under HS  8456 and 8463  Notification No. 6/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and Finance 
Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Elimination of the import ban on second 
hand goods imported for the purpose of 
repair/refurbishing/re -conditioning or 
re-engineering, subject to items being 
re-exported  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018) and Notification 
No. 58/2015 -2020, Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Foreign  Trade  
(28 March 2018)  Effective  
28 March 2018  
Elimination of import tariffs on auxiliary 
textile machinery (HS  8448)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and Notification 
F. No. 72/2018 -Customs, Ministry of 
Finance - Department o f Revenue  
(28 September 2018)  Effective  
28 September 2018  
Decrease of import tariffs on certain 
machines for the reception, conversion 
and transmission or regeneration of voice, 
images or other data, including switching 
and routing apparatus (HS  8517.62 .90; 
8517.69.90)  Notification No. 75/2018 -Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (11 October 2018)  Effective  
12 October 2018  
Indonesia  
Elimination of VAT on imports of certain 
products, e.g. certain products of animal 
origin; maize; oil seeds; miscellaneous 
grains, fats and oils and their fractions, of 
fish or marine mammals; inactive yeasts; 
residues and waste from food industries, 
prepared animal fodder; and lecithins and 
other phosphor -aminolipids (HS  0505; 
0511; 1005; 1201; 1212; 1504 ; 2102; 
2301; 2302; 2303; 2304; 2306; 2308; 
2923)  Permanent Delegation of  Indonesia to 
the WTO (28 May 2018) and Regulation 
142/PMK.010/2017  Effective  
23 November 2017  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 147 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Reduction of import tariffs (under the 
APEC Environmental Goods Initiative) (to 
8%) on  auxiliary plants for use with 
boilers; condensers for steam or other 
vapour power units; non -electric 
instantaneous or storage water heaters; 
automatic vending machines; AC 
generators (alternators) of an output 
exceeding 750 kVA; and wind -powered 
generati ng sets (HS  Chapters 44; 84; 85; 
90) Permanent Delegation of  Indonesia to 
the WTO (25 April 2018) and Regulation 
213/PMK.010/2017 (29 December 2017)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 10%) 
on non -industrial diamonds, unworked or  
simply sawn, cleaved or bruted  Permanent Delegation of  Indonesia to 
the WTO (25 April 2018) and  Regulation 
17/PMK.010/2018 (1 March 2018)  Effective  
1 March 2018  
Iraq, Rep. of  
Reduction of the customs duty rates to 
four levels (0.5%, 10%, 15% and 30%), 
and adoption of the Harmonized System 
Nomenclature (21 Categories), resulting 
in the decrease of import tariffs for 
certain products  Permanent Delegation of the Republic of 
Iraq (24 April 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Israel  
Further reduction of import  tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (119 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 49; 84; 85; 88; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.11,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Japan  
On 31 March  2018, elimination of "tariff 
emergency measures" (applied tariff rate 
(38.5%)  back to the bound tariff rate 
(50%)) on frozen beef (HS  0202) 
(implemented on 1 August 2017)   Permanent Delegation of Japan to the 
WTO (25 May 2018)    
Elimination of import tariffs on aluminium 
hydroxide (HS  2818.30),  zirconium 
oxychloride (HS  2827.49),  
p-tertiary -butylphenol (HS  2907.19),  
1-adamantyl trimethylammonium 
hydroxide "ADAH" and 
tetraethylammonium hydroxide "TEAH" 
(HS 2923.90), dysprosium iron alloys 
(HS 3824.99) , single flax yarn 
(HS 5306.10), ramie yarn (HS  5308.90), 
and kote for kendo (HS  6216.00). 
Reduction of import tariffs on certain 
cosmetics (HS  3307.90) and on apparel 
and clothing accessories (HS  Chapters 61; 
62; 63)  Permanent Delegation of Japan to the 
WTO (25 May 2018)  Effective 1 April 2018  
Kazakhstan  
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the establishment of the National 
Trade Facilitation Committee and the 
implementation of the Customs Code of 
the Eurasian Economic Union, resulting in 
quicker release of goods from one day to 
four hours  Permanent Delegation of Kazakhstan  
(2 May 2018)  Effective  
25 January 2018  
Trade facilitation measure for exporters 
through the establishment of the National 
Trade Facilitation Committee and the 
implementation of the Customs Code of 
the Eurasian Economic Union, resulting in 
quicker release of goods from one day to 
four hours  Permanent Delegation of Kazakhstan  
(2 May 2018)  Effective  
25 January 2018  
Korea, Rep. of  
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the extension of the electronic 
clearance examination to all goods 
imported by Authorized Economic 
Operator companies  Permanent Delegation of Korea to the 
WTO (4 June 2018)  Effective  
23 October 2017  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 148 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (443 tariff 
lines at 10 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 59; 63; 84; 85; 88; 90)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.13,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Malaysia  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
prohibited export products, resulting in 
the removal of certain items (e.g. certain 
miscellaneous edible preparations; 
pharmaceutical goods; certain articles of 
iron and steel; certain articles of copper; 
nickel bars, r ods, profiles and wire; 
aluminium and articles thereof; certain 
articles of lead; certain articles of zinc; 
split air conditioning; certain freezers)  
(18 tariff lines) (HS  2103; 3006; 7310; 
7419; 7505; 7612; 7806; 7611; 7907; 
8418; 8415)  Permanent Delegat ion of Malaysia to the 
WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
20 October 2017  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
prohibited import products, resulting in 
the removal of certain items 
(e.g. flat-rolled products of iron or 
non-alloy steel; miscellaneous edible 
preparations; certain products of animal 
origin; coral; cereal pellets; oil -cake and 
other solid residues, resulting from the 
extraction of soyabean oil; organic or 
inorganic compounds of mercury; plastic 
articles for the conveyance or packing of 
goods; iron and steel reservoirs; certain 
articles of copper; certain articles of 
nickel; aluminium reservoirs; certain 
articles of lead; certain articles of zinc; 
drying machines; washing, bleaching or 
dyeing machines; and certain  
preparations of fish and crustaceans  
(29 tariff lines) (HS  7211; 2103; 0507; 
0508; 0511; 1103; 2304; 2852; 3923; 
7309; 7310; 7419; 7508; 7611; 7612; 
7806; 7907; 8451; 1604; 1605)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to the 
WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
23 Feb ruary 2018  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (50 tariff 
lines at 9 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 35; 
37; 39; 49; 84; 85; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.14,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1  July 2018  
Mauritius  
Elimination of import tariffs on knock -
down furniture under certain 
requirements such as the integration of 
20% local value addition  Permanent Delegation of Mauritius to the 
WTO (24 April 2018)  Effective  
11 November 2017  
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the implementation of the  
"E-Customs Strategy", e.g. mobile 
application for bill of entry and online 
currency declaration platform  Permanent Delegation of Mauritius to the 
WTO (24 April 2018)  Implemented a s from 
February 2018  
Trade facilitation measure for exporters 
through the implementation of the  
"E-Customs Strategy", e.g. mobile 
application for bill of entry and online 
currency declaration platform  Permanent Delegation of Mauritius to the 
WTO (24 Apr il 2018)  Implemented as from 
February 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 149 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 10%) 
on bars and rods, hot -rolled, in irregularly 
wound coils, of iron or non -alloy steel, 
containing indentations, ribs, grooves or 
other deformations produced during the 
rolling process; and other bars and rods 
of iron or non -alloy steel, not further 
worked than forged, hot -rolled, hot -drawn 
or hot -extruded, but including those 
twisted after rolling, containing 
indentations, ribs, grooves or other 
deformations produced during the rolling 
process or twisted after rolling; (from 
15%) on acoustic doors (HS  7213.10.20; 
7214.20.20; 4418.20.00; 3925.20.00; 
7308.30.00; 7610.10.00)  Permanent Delegation of Mauritius to the 
WTO (28 September 2018)  Effective  
15 June 2018  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (4 tariff lines 
at 8-digit level, in HS  Chapters 49; 85; 
95) WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.15,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Mexico  
Temporary elimination  of import tariffs on 
onions and lemons (HS  0703.10.01; 
0805.50.01; 0805.50.02; 0805.50.99), 
under certain import quotas  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to the 
WTO (30  May 2018) and Diario Oficial de 
la Federación (Official Journal),  
26 December 2017    Effective  
27 December 2017  
Extension of the temporary elimination of 
import tariffs on certain toys and baby 
products (HS  3924.90.99; 8715.00.01; 
9401.80.01; 9503.00.01; 9503.00.02; 
9503.00.03; 9503.00.04; 9503.00.05; 
9503.00.06; 9503.00.11; 9503.00.12; 
9503.00.14; 9503.00.15; 9503. 00.16; 
9503.00.20; 9503.00.24; 9503.00.36; 
9503.00.99; 9504.90.99; 9506.62.01), 
under certain import quotas (originally 
effective from March 2015 to  
31 December 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to the 
WTO (30  May 2018) and Diario Oficial de 
la Federa ción (Official Journal),  
26 December 2017    Effective  until  
31 December 2020  
Elimination of import tariffs on microwave 
ovens (HS  8516.50.01)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to the 
WTO (30  May 2018)  Effective  
December 2017  
Temporary elimination of impo rt tariffs on 
meat of swine chilled or frozen (HS  0203), 
under an import quota of 350,000 tonnes  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to the 
WTO (26 October 2018), and Diario 
Oficial de la Federación (Official Journal), 
5 June 2018  Effective 5 June 2018  
Creatio n of two tariff lines, resulting in the 
elimination of import tariffs on I and H 
sections of iron or non -alloy steel 
(perfiles ) (HS  7216.32.04; 7216.33.02)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to the 
WTO (26 October 2018) and Diario 
Oficial de la Federación (Of ficial Journal), 
17 August 2018  Effective  
18 August 2018  
Montenegro  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (109 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 59; 84; 85; 88;  90) WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.16,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
New Zealand  
Trade facilitation measure through: 
(i) cooperation in customs procedures; 
(ii) supply chain security and risk 
management; (iii) mutual administrative 
assistance; (iv ) information exchanges; 
and (v) exchange of personnel with 
European Union counterparts (imports)  Permanent Delegation of New Zealand to 
the WTO (20 April 2018)  Effective 1 May 2018  
Trade facilitation measure through: 
(i) cooperation in customs procedures; 
(ii) supply chain security and risk 
management; (iii) mutual administrative 
assistance; (iv) information exchanges; 
and (v) exchange of personnel with 
European Union counterparts (exports)  Permanent Delegation of New Zealand to 
the WTO (20 Apri l 2018)  Effective 1 May 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 150 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (193 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 84; 85; 88; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.17,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Trade facilitation measures through the 
introduction of; (i) Advance Rulings, in 
respect of a particular set of facts or 
circumstances concerning the valuation of 
imported goods for the purposes of the 
tariff; and (ii) pr ovisional value for 
imported goods using transfer pricing 
system  Permanent Delegation of New Zealand to 
the WTO (19  October  2018)  Effective  
1 October 2018  
Pakistan  
Implementation of the Budget 2018 -19 
resulting in the decrease of import tariffs 
on certain products, e.g. pepper, 
cinnamon, gypsum, bituminous coal, 
carbon, organic chemicals, tanning or 
dying extracts, miscellaneous chemical 
products, plastics and articles thereof, 
medium density fibreboard of wood, 
cotton, woven fabrics of flax, rubber ized 
textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted 
fabrics, press -fasteners and buttons (74 
tariff lines at 8 -digit levels in HS  Chapters 
09; 25; 27; 28; 29; 32; 34; 38; 39; 44; 
52; 53; 59; 60; 90; 96)   Permanent Delegation of Pakistan to the 
WTO (29 October 2018)  Effective 1 July 2018  
Panama  
Implementation of the Central American 
Import Tariff (for 2,200 tariffs lines), 
resulting in the decrease of tariffs for 
certain products  Permanent Delegation of Panama to the 
WTO (24 April 2018)  Effective  
1 March 2018  
Peru 
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the implementation of the Multi -
sectoral Commission for Trade Facilitation 
on a permanent basis. The aims of the 
Commission are to strengthen the 
coordination between state entities linked 
to foreign tra de, to reduce logistic costs, 
and to increase transparency and 
predictability in the operations of foreign 
trade Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (23 May 2018) and Decreto 
Supremo No. 122/2017/PCM  
(20 December 2017)    
Trade facilitation measure for exporters 
through the implementation of the 
Multi-sectoral Commission for Trade 
Facilitation on a permanent basis. The 
aims of the Commission are to strengthen 
the coordination between state entities 
linked to foreign trade, to reduce logistic 
costs, a nd to increase transparency and 
predictability in the operations of foreign 
trade Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (23 May 2018) and Decreto 
Supremo No. 122/2017/PCM  
(20 December 2017)    
Philippines  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (163 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 35; 
37; 39; 49; 84; 85; 88; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.19,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 151 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Elimination of import tariffs on capital 
equipment, spare parts and accessories 
(HS Chapters  40; 59; 68; 69; 70; 73; 76; 
82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 89; 90; 96) 
imported by board of investments 
registered new and expanding 
enterprises. Imports subject to certain 
conditions: (i) not manufactured 
domestically in sufficient quantity, of 
comparable qualit y, and at reasonable 
prices; and (ii) items are reasonably 
needed and will be used by the enterprise 
in its registered activity  Permanent Delegation of the Philippines 
to the WTO (27  September  2018)  Effective 7 July 2018  
Russian Federation  
Introduction  of import tariff quotas on 
wood in the rough, whether or not 
stripped of bark or sapwood, or roughly 
squared (HS  4403). In -quota rate fixed at 
6.5% but not less than €4/m3  
(out-of-quota rate for the year 2018 fixed 
at 25% but not less than €15/m3) Perman ent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Russian Federation (for Eurasian Economic Union)  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs 
(from 8%) on magnetrons with an 
operating frequency of at least 2.44 GHz 
but not more than 2.47 GHz and an 
output power of not less than 600 W but 
not more than 1 kW (effective  
6 February 2018 to 31 December 2019); 
(from 5%) on turbo -jets of a kind used in 
civil aircraft of a thrust exceeding 110 kN 
but not exceeding 132 kN, and turbo -jets 
of a kind used in civil aircraft of a thrust 
exceeding 132 kN but not exceeding 
145 kN (effective 1 January 2018 to  
31 December 2020); (from 8%/7%/3%) 
on certain fish and crustaceans, molluscs 
and other aquatic invertebrates (effective  
29 December 2017 to  
31 December 2019); (from 8%/5%) on 
certain preparations of fish or of 
crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic 
invertebrates (ef fective  
29 December 2017 to  
31 December 2019); (from 6.5%) on 
polyethylene of a kind used for applying 
three -layer anti -corrosion coating on 
pipes (effective 1 January 2018 to  
30 September 2018); and (from 5%) on 
compressors of a kind used in 
refrigerat ing equipment of a power not 
exceeding 0.4 kW (effective 3 March 2018 
to 31 December 2019) (HS  8540.71.00; 
8411.12.30; 8411.12.80; 0306.19.90; 
0307.43.19; 0307.43.38; 0307.43.90; 
0307.52.90; 1605.40.00; 1605.53.90; 
3901.20.90; 8418.30.20)  Permanent Delegat ion of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 152 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Reduction of import tariffs (from 10% but 
not less than €0.25/ kg to 10% plus 
€0.08/kg) on linoleum; (from 15% but 
not less than €0.165/l to 15%) on 
household refrigerators; (from 15% but 
not less than €0.165/l to 15%) on 
household freezers of a capacity 
exceeding 400 l but not exceeding 800 l; 
(from 15% but not less than €0.16/l to 
15%) on household freezers of a capacity 
exceeding 250 l but not excee ding 900 l; 
(from 5% but not less than €0.5/1 cm3 of 
cylinder capacity to 5%) on dumpers 
designed for off -highway use with 
compression -ignition internal combustion 
piston engines (diesel or semi -diesel 
engines) and of a cylinder capacity 
exceeding 2,500 cm3 or with spark -
ignition internal combustion piston 
engines and of a cylinder capacity 
exceeding 2,800cm3 with a number of 
axles not exceeding two; (from 15% but 
not less than €2,907 per1 p/st to 15%) 
on car bodies; (from 9% but not less than 
€13.8 per 1 t  of total weight to 9%) on 
automobile semi -trailers, with a total 
weight more than 15 tonnes and with an 
overall length of less than 13.6 m; and 
(from 9% but not less than €9.7/m3 of 
internal body space to 9%) on 
refrigerating equipment, with an internal 
body space of not less than 76 m3 Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective  
24 March 2018  
Extension of the temporary elimination of 
import tariffs on cocoa paste and cocoa 
butter (HS  1803.10.00; 1804.00.00) 
(origina lly implemented on 26 March 2016 
until 31 December 2017)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018 to  
31 December 2019  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs 
(from 3%) on precious metal ores and 
concentrates (effective 24 June 2018 to 
30 June 2020); (from 12.5%) on silver 
(effective 24 June 2018 to 30 June 2020), 
(from 12% -12.5%) on gold (effective  
24 June 2018 to 30 June 2020); (from 
12%-15%) on platinum (effective  
24 June 2018 to 30 June 2020); (from 
3%-8%) on fish and crustaceans 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 3%) on cocoa 
paste (effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 5%) on cocoa 
butter (effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 15%) on 
waste and scrap of precious metals 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 5%) on 
compressors used in refrigerating 
equipment (effective 1 September 2018 
to 31 December 2019); (from 5%) on 
sultanas, veering sheets, magnetrons 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 May 2019); (from 7.5%) chemical 
wood pulp, so da or sulphate, other than 
dissolving grades (effective  
1 September 2018 to 31 May 2019); 
(from 85%) cases of base metal (effective 
1 September 2018 to 31 May 2019); 
(from 10%) on dials (effective  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 153 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
1 September 2018 to 31 May 2019); 
(from 5%) on photograph ic plates and 
film, cruise ships (effective  
1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2018); (from 5%) on 
natural calcium phosphates, natural 
aluminium calcium phosphates and 
phosphatic chalk (effective  
1 September 2018 to 4 January 2019); 
(from 3%) on lead ores and concentrates 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
24 May 2019); (from 5%) on parts of 
railways or tramways locomotive or 
rolling -stock (effective 1 September 2018 
to 30 June 2020); (from 3%) on parts 
suitable for use solely or principally with 
spark -ignitio n internal combustion piston 
engines (effective 1 September 2018 to 
31 December 2020); (from 5%) 
turbo -propellers jets (effective  
1 September 2018 to 31 December 
2020); (from 5%) on paints and 
varnishes, stamping foils, turbines for 
aircraft (effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 August 2019); (from 14%) on rods of 
optical glass (effective 1 September 2018 
to 31 August 2019); (from 6.5%) on 
organic surface -active agents (other than 
soap); surface - active preparations, 
washing preparations (including auxiliary 
washing preparations) and cleaning 
preparations, whether or not containing 
soap (effective 1 September 2018 to  
28 February 2019); (from 5%) on frames 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 August 2020); (from 8%) on cases, 
clock or watch parts (effective  
1 September 2018 to 31 May 2019); 
(from 5%) on nuts (effective 2 September 
2018 to 31 August 2021); (from 5%) on 
industrial fatty alcohols (effective  
2 September 2018 to 31 August 2021); 
(from 6.5%) on acrylic polymers in 
primary forms (effective 28 July 201 8 to 
31 August 2021); (from 6.5%) on certain 
articles of plastic (effective  
17 August 2018 to 31 August 2019); 
(from 8%) on transformers (effective  
31 August 2018 to 31 December 2020); 
(from 6%) on fish and crustaceans 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 5%) on 
hydrides and nitrides, terephthalic acid 
and its salts, halides and halide oxides of 
non-metals, artificial staple fibres 
(effective 1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 3%) on 
organo -inorganic compounds (effective  
1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 8%) on 
military transport aircraft (effective  
1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); (from 10%) on fruit 
or nut purée (effective 1 September 2018 
to 31 December 2018); (from 5%) on 
fluoride of aluminium (effect ive  
1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2020); (from 6.5%) on 
super -absorbents (effective  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 154 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
1 September 2018 to  
31 December 2020); (from 7%) on 
pressure -reducing valves (effective  
1 September 2018 to 31 December 
2020); (from 8%) on transformers 
(effective 1  September 2018 to  
31 December 2020); (from 5%  on 
ether -alcohols (effective 1 September 
2018 to 31 March 2019); (from 5%) on 
inorganic tanning substances and tanning 
preparations (effective 1 September 2018 
to 30 June 2019); (from 6.2%) on 
polyethylene (effective 1 September 2018 
to 30 September 2018); (from 6.5%) on 
cylinders (effective 1 September 2018 to 
31 August 2019); (from 5%) on 
high-tenacity yarn of nylon or other 
polyamides (effective 1 September 2018 
to 31 July 2019); (from 10%) on vessels 
(effective 23 September 2018 to  
31 December 2019); and on certain 
furskins and artificial fur; manufactured 
thereof (HS  4301; 4302) (effective  
12 October 2018 to 30 September 2020)  
Temporary reduction of import tariffs 
(from 10% -13% to 5%) on watch straps, 
bands and bracelets, and parts thereof; 
(from 10% to 5%) on springs, including 
hair-springs, plates and bridges (effective 
1 September 2018 to 31 May 2020)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 155 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Reduction of import tariffs (from 20%, but 
not less €0.5/kg to 17%, but not less 
€0,43/kg) on homogenized preparations; 
(from 10.8% but not less than €0.054/kg  
to 10% but not less than €0.05/kg) on 
mango chutney; (from €0.04/l to €0.018/l 
on beer; (from 7.9% to 6.5%) on waxes 
and polishes, creams and similar 
preparations, for footwear or leather; 
(from 8.8% to  6.5%) on propellent 
powders, fireworks, liquid or liquefied -gas 
fuels, ferro -cerium and other pyrophoric 
alloys in all forms; (from 7.9% to 6.5%) 
on tall oil fatty acids; (from €15.84/1,000 
units to €15/1,000 units) on cans; (from 
11.7%, but not less than  €0.55/ kg to 
10%) on mattress supports; (from 
13.3%. but not less than €0.48/kg to 
12%) on mattresses; (from 15%, but not 
less than €0.96 euro/kg) on articles of 
bedding and similar furnishing; (from 
6.3% to 5.5%) on ethylene glycol; (from 
8.8% to 6.5%) o n prepared explosives, 
other than propellent powders, safety 
fuses; detonating fuses; percussion or 
detonating caps, igniters, electric 
detonators, matches; (from 8.8%, but not 
less than €0.13/kg to 6.5%, but less than 
€0.096/kg) on floor coverings of plas tics; 
(from 6%, but not less than €0.13/kg to 
€0.096/kg) on floor coverings of polymers 
of vinyl chloride; (from 20%, but not less 
than €0.33 – €0.78/cm3 volume of engine 
to 17%) on motor cars and other motor 
vehicles; (from 25%, but not less than 
€0.4 – €1/cm3 volume of engine to 22%, 
but not less than €0.36 – €0.88/cm3 
volume of engine) on motor cars and 
other motor vehicles; (from 12.9% – 
16.4% to 11.4% – 15.7%) on helicopters; 
(from 12.9% to 11.4%) on  aeroplanes; 
(from 14.6% to 13.6%) on aeroplanes 
and other aircraft; on seats; and on  
furniture and parts thereof  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Effective  
1 September 2018  
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
Trade facilitation measure for importers 
through the implementa tion of a National 
Single Window and the "Authorized 
Economic Operator" scheme  Permanent Delegation of Saudi Arabia to 
the WTO (30  May 2018)  Effective  
31 December 2017  
Trade facilitation measure for exporters 
through the implementation of a National 
Single Window and the "Authorized 
Economic Operator" scheme  Permanent Delegation of Saudi Arabia to 
the WTO (30  May 2018)  Effective  
31 December 2017  
Seychelles  
Eliminatio n of import tariffs on dietary 
supplements; certain food preparations; 
asbestos -cement corrugated sheets; 
bicycles and other cycles (including 
delivery tricycles) with motors for 
propulsion (effective 1 January 2018); 
and protective clothing for industrial , 
agriculture or marine use (effective  
1 April 2018) (HS  2106; 6811; 8711; 
6211)  Permanent Delegation of Seychelles to 
the WTO (9 May 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Elimination of import tariffs on articles of 
apparel and clothing acce ssories 
(HS Chapters 61 and 62)  Permanent Delegation of Seychelles to 
the WTO (28 September 2018)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 156 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
South Africa (for SACU – Southern African Customs Union)  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 10%) 
on canola seeds (HS  1205.10.20) 
(effective 25 May 2018); on slings and 
the like, of rope of a diameter not 
exceeding 4 mm (excluding that of wire 
plated, coated or clad with copper and 
that identifiable as conveyor belt cord) 
(HS 7312.90.10) (effective  
15 June 2018); and on ethylene -alpha -
olefin copolymers (HS  3901.40) (effective  
3 August 2018)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa to 
the WTO (25 October 2018), and 
International Trade Administration 
Commission Notic e Nos. R. 538  - 
Government Gazette No. 41651  
(25 May 2018), R. 603 – 
Government Gazette  
No. 41705 (15 June 2018), and R. 794 -
Government Gazette No. 41812  
(3 August 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Sri Lanka  
Temporary reduction of the special 
commodity levy (SCL) on imports of 
certain fish (HS  0302; 0303)  Permanent Delegation of Sri Lanka to 
the WTO (25 October 2018) and Gazette 
Extraordinary No. 2028/31  - 
Government Notifications - Special 
Commodity Levy Act (1 August 2018)  Effective  
1 August 2018, for  
2 months  
Temporary reduction of import tariffs on 
certain products, e.g. milk powder 
(0402.10; 0402.21; 0402.29)  Permanent Delegation of Sri Lanka to 
the WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective  
September 2018  
Reduction of VAT (to 5%) on imports of 
certain textiles and textiles articles 
(HS 5007; 5111; 5112; 5113.00; 5208; 
5209; 5210; 5211; 5212; 5309; 5310; 
5311.00.00; 5407; 5408; 5512; 5513; 
5514; 5515; 5516; 5801; 5802; 5804; 
5806; 5809.00; 5811.00; 5903; 6001; 
6002; 6003; 6004; 6005; 6 006) Gazette Extraordinary No. 2098/13  - 
Government Notifications, Valued Added 
Tax Act (17 September 2018)  Effective  
17 September 2018  
Switzerland  
Increase of the import quota (by 1,000 
tonnes to 17,428 tonnes) on eggs for 
consumption (HS  0407.21.10; 
0407.29.10; 0407.90.10)  Permanent Delegation of Switzerland to 
the WTO (14 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 20%) 
on palm kernel shell (HS1404.90.99); 
(from 5%) on silicone adhesive 
(HS 3214.10.90); and on certain plastics 
and articles thereof (HS  3920.59.10); 
(from 8%) on glass (HS  7007.19.00); 
(from 10%) on raw silk products 
(HS 5002; 5003; 5004); (from 4%) on 
other machinery under heading HS  8479 
(HS847 9.89.99); and (from 4.5%) on 
other electrical machines and apparatus 
(HS 8543.70.99)  Permanent Delegation of the Separate 
Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu  to the WTO  
(30 May 2018)  Effective  
24 November 2017  
Trade facilitation measure for importers to 
allow cargo to be examined and released 
next to the airplane through the 
implementation of joint examination by 
licensing agencies (quarantine and 
sanitation authorities)  Permanent Delegation of the Separate 
Customs Territory of Ta iwan, Penghu, 
Kinmen and Matsu  to the WTO  
(20 April 2018)  Effective  
11 December 2017  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (124 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39;  59; 84; 85; 90)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.22,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
Thailand  
Introduction of automatic import license 
for certain minerals  Permanent Delegation of Thailand to the 
WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
31 January 2018  
Introduction of automatic export license 
for certain minerals  Permanent Delegation of Thailand to the 
WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
31 January 2018  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (176 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 35; 
37; 39; 59; 68; 84; 85; 90; 95)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.23,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 157 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Turkey  
Temporary elimination of import tariffs 
(from 19.3%) on certain dried leguminous 
vegetables (e .g. chickpeas ( garbanzos ), 
beans) (effective 2 December 2017 to  
1 June 2018); and (from 35%) on barley 
(effective 31 December 2017 to  
1 April 2018). Temporary reduction of 
import tariffs (from 34% to 5%) on paddy 
or rough rice; (from 45% to 10%) on 
brown  rice; and (from 45% to 15%) on 
semi-milled or wholly milled rice, and 
broken rice (effective 31 December 2017 
to 1 July 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Turkey to the 
WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Elimination of import tariffs (from 4%) on 
bran of maize (corn); (from 5%) on bran 
of other cereals or leguminous plants; 
(from 2%) on flours of fish (effective  
22 November 2017); (from 7.8%) on 
pure-bred breeding bovine animals; and 
(from 10%) on live bo vine animals for 
stockbreeding (effective  
31 December 2017). Reduction of import 
tariffs (from 30% to 10%) on cashew 
nuts; (from 43.2% to 15%) on almonds 
and walnuts; and (from 13.5% to 6.5%) 
on certain residues of cotton seeds, 
linseed, sunflower seed, r ape or colza 
seed;  and on residues of other seeds 
(effective 31 December 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Turkey to the 
WTO (30 May 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Ukraine  
Trade facilitation measures through the 
establishment of the single -window 
system for import operations  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to the 
WTO (17 October 2018)  Effective  
4 October 2018  
Trade facilitation measures through the 
establishment of the single -window 
system for export operations  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to the 
WTO (17 October 2018)  Effective  
4 October 2018  
United States of America  
Tariff reclassifications resulting in the 
elimination of import tariffs on LG 
Chromebase (HS  8471.49.00) (effective 
23 June 2018); on knife c are set 
(HS 6815.99.20) (effective  
15 August 2018); and on floor sinks 
(HS 7324.90.00) (effective 11 July 2018)  US Customs and Border Protection  
19 CFR PART 177  - Customs Bulletin and 
Decisions, Vol. 52 Nos. 23  
(23 June 2018), 28 (11 July 2018) and  
33 (15 August 2018)  Effective: see 
individual dates in 
measure  
Further reduction of import tariffs under 
the Expansion of the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) (92 tariff 
lines at 8 -digit level, in HS  Chapters 32; 
35; 37; 39; 85; 90; 94)  WTO document G/MA/W/117/Add.24,  
28 January 2016  Effective 1 July 2018  
 
Recorded, but non -confirmed information3 
Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Algeria  
Temporary special authorization 
(exclusion du régime des restrictions à  
l'importation ) to import self-adhesive 
plates, sheets, film, foil, tape, strip and 
other flat shapes, of plastic, whether or 
not in rolls ( HS 3919.90.11; 3919.90.12; 
3923.21.30; 3923.21.90; 3923.29.30)  Press reports referring to Communiqué 
relatif aux Mécanismes d'Encadrement 
des Opérations d'Importation de 
Marchandises - Ministère du Commerce  Effective  
1 January 2018  
                                                
3 This Section includes information which has been obtained from public sou rces but has not yet been 
confirmed by the delegation concerned.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 158 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Sudan  
Implementation of the National Budget 
2018 resulting in the decrease/elimination 
of import tariffs (to 10%) on new 
pneumatic tyres of rubber ( HS 4011) and 
parts and accessories of vehicles 
(HS Chapter 87); (to zero) on bovine 
semen and other semen for bre eding 
(HS 0511.10.00; 0511.99.10), on glucose 
and glucose syrup ( HS 1702.30; 
1702.40), on tomato prepared for 
industry ( HS 2002.90.10), on essences 
and concentrates for mineral water 
(HS 2106.90.10), on bread improver 
(HS 2106.90.40), on chemical industry 
products ( HS Chapter 28 except 
2805.40.00), on organic chemical 
products ( HS Chapter 29 except 
2922.30.00), on tanning extracts, dying 
and colouring mat ters ( HS 3201; 3202; 
3203; 3204 (except 3204.90.10); 
3206.50; 3207), on printing ink 
(HS 3215), on mixtures of kind used for 
food or drink industries ( HS 3302), on 
preparations for dental hygiene 
(HS 3306.90.20), on preparations for 
artificial eyes and len ses 
(HS 3307.90.10), on dextrin and other 
modified starches, prepared glues and 
adhesives ( HS 3505; 3506), on insect 
sides fungicides, herbicides ( HS 3808), on 
finishing agents ( HS 3809), on diagnostic 
or laboratory reagents ( HS 3822), on 
polymers in prima ry forms ( HS 3901; 
3902; 3903; 3904; 3905; 3906; 3907; 
3908; 3909; 3910; 3911; 3912; 3913; 
3914), on articles for conveyance packing 
of goods ( HS 3923.10; 3923.50; 
3923.30; 3923.40), on new pneumatic 
tyres of rubber for trucks and buses 
(HS 4011), on artic les of apparel and 
clothing accessories ( HS 4015), on pulps 
of fibres ( HS 4701; 4702; 4703; 4704; 
4705; 4706), on newsprint, papers, 
uncoated craft paper and paperboard, 
carbon paper, paper and paperboard 
cellulose ( HS 4801; 4802; 4804; 4805; 
4809; 4810; 4 811; 4813; 4816; 4821) on 
apparel and clothing for surgery and 
operation theatres ( HS 4818.50.10), on 
yarn ( HS 5106; 5107; 5108), on cotton 
(HS 5201; 5202; 5203; 5205), on 
synthetic and artificial yarn ( HS 5402; 
5403), on synthetic tow and artificial and 
waste yarn ( HS 5501; 5502; 5503; 5504; 
5505; 5506; 5507; 5509; 5510), on sacks 
and bags ( HS 6305), on shoe parts 
(HS 6406), on parts of industrial and 
agricultural machineries ( HS Chapter 84) 
and on medical operations theatre lamps 
(HS 9405)  Press reports r eferring to Ministerial 
Decree No. 20/2017 (7 December 2017)    
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 159 - 
 
 ANNEX 2  
TRADE REMEDIES1 
(MID-OCTOBER 2017 TO MID -OCTOBER  2018) 
Confirmed information2 
Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Argentina  
Initiation on 7 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of vacuum cleaners 
(NCM  8508.11.00; 8508.19.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Termination on 1 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of woven fabrics of wool 
(NCM  5112.11.00; 5112.19.10; 
5112.20.10; 5112.30.10; 5112.90.00; 
5515.13.00) from Brazil, China and Peru 
(investigation initiated on  
31 May 2016 and provisional duty imposed 
on 7 December 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/ARG,  
16 February 2018    
Termination on 31 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of electrical connection 
terminals for cable diameters of up to 
35 mm2 (NCM  8536.10; 8536.50; 8536.90) 
from Germany (imposed on  
4 September 2009)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/ARG,  
16 February 2018    
Termination on 16 February 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
electrical transformers having a power 
handling capacity exceeding 10,000  kVA 
but not exceeding 600,000 kVA 
(NCM  8504.23.00) from India (initiated on 
19 August 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Termination on 21 February 2018  of AD 
duties on imports of men's or boys' suits, 
blazers and jackets (NCM  6203.11.00; 
6203.12.00; 6203.19.00; 6203.22.00; 
6203.23.00; 6203.29.10; 6203.29.90; 
6203.31.00; 6203.32.00; 6203.33.00; 
6203.39.00) from China (investigation 
initiated on 16 February 2010 and definitive 
duty imposed on 3 January 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 22 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of denim fabrics 
(NCM  5208.43.00; 5209.42.10; 
5209.42.90; 5209.49.00; 5210.49.10; 
5211.42.10; 5211.42.90; 5211.49.00) from 
Brazil, China and Peru  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 1 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of zinc oxide 
(NCM  2817.00.10) from Brazil and Peru  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 6 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of hand pincers 
(NCM  8203.20.90)  from China and India  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
                                                
1 The inclusion of any measure in this Annex  implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether or 
not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature. Moreover, nothing in the Annex implies any judgement, 
either direct or indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any WTO agreement.  
2 This Section  includes information which has either been provid ed by the Member concerned or has been 
confirmed a t the request of the Secretariat.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 160 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 23 April 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
emergency lighting devices 
(NCM  9405.10.99) from China (initiated on 
5 September 2017)  WTO document G /ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 24 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of shock absorbers 
for motorcycles (NCM  8714.10.00; 
8714.99.90) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018; and Resolución 
No. 50/2018, Ministerio de 
Producción y Trabajo  
(5 October 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
9 October 2018  
Termination on 17 May 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
plates, sheets, film, foil and strip of 
poly(methyl methacrylate), non -cellular and 
not reinforced, laminated, supported or 
similarly combined with other materials 
(NCM  3920.51.00; 3926.90.90) from Brazil 
and China (initiated on 8 December 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 Septemb er 2018    
Termination on 7 June 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
metal protection grilles (NCM  8414.90.20) 
from China and Chinese  Taipei 
(investigation initiated on  
 8 December 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 14 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of voltage isolators 
(NCM  8535.30.17; 8535.30.18; 
8535.30.19; 8535.30.27; 8535.30.28; 
8535.30.29) from Italy  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 29 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of parenteral 
solutions (NCM  3004.90.99) from Brazil and 
Mexico  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018; and Resolución 
No. 47/2018, Ministerio de 
Producción y Trabajo  
(5 October 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
9 Octob er 2018  
Initiation on 29 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of aluminium 
radiators (NCM  7615.10.00) from China, 
Italy and Spain  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ARG,  
27 September 2018    
Termination on 7 September 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation  on imports of 
textured yarn of polyesters 
(NCM  5402.33.00) from India and 
Indonesia (initiated on 13 September 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 529/2018 Secretaría 
de Comercio, Ministerio de 
Producció n (5 September 2018)    
Initiation on 24 September 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of central heating 
boilers other than those of heading 
HS 8402 (NCM  8403.10.10) from Italy and 
Slovak Republic  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 35/2018 Secretaría 
de Comercio, Ministerio de 
Producción y Trabajo  
(20 September 2018)    
Initiation on 28 September 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain 
polyesters ( resina de poliéster insaturadas 
alcídicas sin aceite ) (NCM  3907.91.00) from 
Brazil  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 46/2018 Secretaría 
de Comercio, Ministerio de 
Producción y Trabajo  
(26 Septemb er 2018)    
Termination on 4 October 2018 (without 
measure)  of AD investigation on imports of 
phthalic anhydride and bis(2 -ethylhexyl) 
phthalates "DOP" (NCM  2917.32.00; 
2917.35.00) from Chile; Korea, Rep. of and 
Mexico (initiated on  
5 April 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 45/2018, Ministerio 
de Producción y Trabajo  
(3 October 2018)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 161 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 5 October 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
ceramic sanitary ware (NCM  6910.10.00; 
6910.90.00) from China (initiated on  
20 May 2017)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución No. 56/2018 Secretaría 
de Comercio, Ministerio de 
Producción y Trabajo  
(4 October 2018)    
Australia  
Initiation on 19 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain 
aluminium extrusions (HS  7604.10.00; 
7604.21.00; 7604.29.00; 7608.10.00; 
7608.20.00; 7610.10.00; 7610.90.00) from 
China and Thailand  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (25 October 2018)  and 
Australia Customs Anti -dumping 
Notice No. 2018/120 (24 July 2018)  Terminated on  
24 July 2018 (without 
measure)  
Initiation on 13 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of steel pallet 
racking (HS  7308.90.00) from China and 
Malaysia  WTO document  G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 June 2018  
Termination on 20 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of hot -rolled coil steel 
"HRC" (HS  7208.25.00; 7208.26.00; 
7208.27.00; 7208.36.00; 7208.37.00; 
7208.38.00; 7208.39.00; 7208.53.00; 
7208.54.00; 7208.90.00; 7211.14.00; 
7211.19.00) from Japan; Korea, Rep. of 
and Malaysia  (investigation initiated on 15 
June 2012. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 5 October and  
20 December 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/AUS, 
13 March 2018    
Termination on 6 February 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
certain wind towers (HS  7308.20.00; 
7308.90.00; 8502.31.10) from Viet Nam 
(initiated on 8 June 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018    
Initiation on 19 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of A4 copy paper 
(HS 4802.56.10) from Austria; Finland; 
Korea, Rep. of; the Russian Federation and 
the Slovak Republic  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 May 2018 on imports 
from Finland; Korea, 
Rep. of; the Russian 
Federation and the 
Slovak Republic  
Termination on 26 March 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
steel rod in coils (HS  7213.91.00; 
7227.90.90) from Indonesia; Korea, Rep. of 
and Viet Nam (investigation initiated on  
7 June 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018    
Initiation on 18 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of railway wheels 
(HS 8607.19.00) from China and France  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 June 2018  
Initiation on 18 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of railway wheels 
(HS 8607.19.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/AUS, 
12 September  2018 Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 June 2018  
Resumption on 2 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of alloy round steel 
bars (HS  7228.20.10; 7228.20.90; 
7228.30.10; 7228.30.90; 7228.60.10; 
7228.60.90) from China (originally initiated 
on 10 January 2017 and terminated on  
25 January 2018)  WTO docume nt G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018    
Initiation on 4 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of PVC flat 
electrical cables (HS  8544.49.20) from 
China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018    
Initiation on 4 June 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of PVC flat 
electrical cables (HS  8544.49.20) from 
China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/AUS, 
12 September  2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 162 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 25 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of ammonium 
nitrate (HS  3102.30.00) from China, 
Sweden and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/AUS, 
28 August 2018; and Australia 
Customs Anti -dumping Notice 
No. 2018/166 (24 October 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
25 October 2018  
Termination on 5 August 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of aluminium zinc coated steel 
(HS 7210.61.00) from  Korea, Rep. of  
(investigation initiated on  
5 September 2012. Provisional and 
definitive duties imposed on  
6 February and 5 August 2013)  Permanent Delegation of Australia to 
the WTO (25 October 2018) and 
Australia Customs Anti -dumping 
Notice No. 2018/97 (17 July 2018)    
Brazil  
Initiation on 17 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of plasterboards or 
plaster compositions, faced or reinforced 
with paper or paperboard only 
(NCM  6809.11.00) from Mexico  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018; and Camex 
Resolution No. 69/2018  
(25 September 2018)  Provisional and 
definitive  duties 
imposed on  
28 March and  
25 September 2018  
Termination on 18 October 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of cold polymerized 
emulsion styrene -butadiene rubber (ESBR) 
(NCM  4002.19.11; 4002.19.19) from the 
European Union (investigation initiated on 
27 May 2014 and definitive duty imposed 
on 20 November 2015)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/BRA, 
11 April 2018   
Termination on 7 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of stainless steel cutlery 
of a high standard (NCM  8211.10.00; 
8211.91.00; 8215.20.00; 8215.99.10) from 
China (investigation initiated on  
13 June 2011 and definitive duty imposed 
on 6 December 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/BRA, 
11 April 2018   
Initiation on 2 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of poly(ethylene 
terephthalate) films (NCM  3920.62.19; 
3920.62.91; 3920.62.99) from the Kingdom 
of Bahrain and Peru  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Temporary suspension on 19 January 2018 
of AD duties on imports of hot -rolled steel 
(NCM  7208.10.00; 7208.25.00; 
7208.26.10; 7208.26.90; 7208.27.10; 
7208.27.90; 7208.36.10; 7208.36.90; 
7208.37.00; 7208.38.10; 7208.38.90; 
7208.39.10; 72 08.39.90; 7208.40.00; 
7208.53.00; 7208.54.00; 7208.90.00; 
7225.30.00; 7225.40.90) from China and 
the Russian Federation (investigation 
initiated on 20 July 2016 and definitive duty 
imposed on 19 January 2018)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Initiation on 26 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of rolls for rolling 
mills (NCM  8455.30.10; 8455.30.90) from 
China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Termination on 9 April 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of lightweight coated paper 
(NCM  4810.22.90) from Canada and the 
United States (investigation initiated on 10 
December 2010. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 10 November 2011 and 
23 April 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 163 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 8 May 2018 of AD investigation 
on imports of iron pipes (NCM  7303.00.00) 
from China, India and the United Arab 
Emirates  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Initiation on 10  May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of non -oriented 
silicon steel (NCM  7225.19.00; 7226.19.00) 
from Germany  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Temporary suspension on 21 May 2018 of 
CVD duties on imports of hot -rolled steel 
(NCM  7208.10.00; 7208.25.00; 
7208.26.10; 7208.26.90; 7208.27.10; 
7208.27.90; 7208.36.10; 7208.36.90; 
7208.37.00; 7208.38.10; 7208.38.90; 
7208.39.10; 7208.39.90; 7208.40.00; 
7208.53.00; 7208.54.00; 7208.90.00; 
7225.30.00; 7225.40.90) from China 
(investigation initiated on  
21 November 2016 and definitive duty 
imposed on 21 May 2018)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/BRA,  
3 September 2018    
Termination on 21 May 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of one piece crank 
(NCM  8714.96.00) from China (imposed on 
11 October 2007. Duties suspended from 
23 May 2014 to 22 May 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Temporary suspension on 19 June 2018 of  
AD duties on imports of basic r efractories 
(NCM  6902.10.18; 6902.10.19) from China 
and Mexico (investigation initiated on  
2 July 2012 and definitive duty imposed on 
19 December 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/BRA, 
11 September  2018   
Temporary suspension on 13 July 2018 of 
AD duties on  imports of unrefined salt 
"sal grosso " (NCM  2501.00.19) from Chile 
(investigation initiated on 12  March  2010 
and definitive duty imposed on  
8 September 2011)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 47/2018  
(12 July 2018)    
Temporary suspension on 20 September 
2018 of AD duties on imports of graphite 
electrodes (NCM  8545.11.00; 3801.10.00) 
from China (imposed on 9 April 2009)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 66/2018  
(20 September 2018)    
Termination on 17 July 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of manual hoist up to 3 tons 
without lever (NCM  8425.19.10) from China 
(imposed on 24 August 2007)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Secex 
Circular No. 64/2017  
(30 November  2017)    
Termination on 1 October 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of optical frames with or without 
lenses (NCM  9003.11.00; 9003.19.10; 
9003.19.90; 9004.90.10; 9004.90.90) from 
China (imposed on 8 October 2007)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Secex 
Circular No. 64/2017  
(30 November 2017)    
Canada  
Initiation on 27 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain copper 
pipe fittings (HS  7412.10.00; 7412.20.00) 
from Viet Nam  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018 Provisional and 
definitive  duties 
imposed on 25 January  
and 25 May 2018  
Initiation on 27 October 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain copper 
pipe fittings (HS  7412.10.00; 7412.20.00) 
from Viet Nam  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September  2018 Provisional and 
definitive  duties 
imposed on 25 January  
and 25 May 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 164 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 2 November 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of certain silicon metals 
(HS 2804.69.00) from Brazil, Kazakhstan, 
Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia 
and Thailand  (investigation initiated on  
20 February 2017 and provisional duty 
imposed on 5 July 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/CAN, 
14 March 2018    
Termination on 2 November 2017 of CVD 
duties on imports of certain silicon metals 
(HS 2804.69.00) from Brazil, Kazakhstan, 
Malaysia and Norway (investigation initiated 
on 20 February 2017 and provisional duty 
imposed on 5 July 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/328/CAN, 
26 March 2018    
Initiation on 28 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain dry 
wheat pasta (HS  1902.19.21; 1902.19.22; 
1902.19.23; 1902.19.29; 1902.19.93; 
1902.19.91; 1902.19.99; 1902.19.92) from 
Turkey  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018; and Permanent 
Delegation of Canada to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Provisional and 
definiti ve duties 
imposed on 28 March 
and 26 July 2018  
Initiation on 28 December 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain dry 
wheat pasta (HS  1902.19.21; 1902.19.22; 
1902.19.23; 1902.19.29; 1902.19.93; 
1902.19.91; 1902.19.99; 1902.19.92) from 
Turkey  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September 2018; and Permanent 
Delegation of Canada to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Provisional and 
definitive  duties 
imposed on 28 March 
and 26 July 2018  
Termination on 14 February 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of certain po lyethylene 
terephthalate (PET resin) (HS  3907.61.00; 
3907.69.00) from Oman and Pakistan 
(investigation initiated on  
18 August 2017 and provisional duty 
imposed on 16 November 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September 2018    
Termination on 16 March  2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain 
polyethylene terephthalate (PET resin) 
(HS 3907.61.00; 3907.69.00) from China, 
India, Oman and Pakistan (investigation 
initiated on 18 August 2017 and provisional 
duty imposed on 16 November 2017)  WTO documen t G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018    
Termination on 16 March 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of certain polyethylene 
terephthalate (PET resin) (HS  3907.61.00; 
3907.69.00) from China and India 
(investigation initiated on  
18 August 2017 and provisional duty 
imposed on 16 November 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September 2018    
Initiation on 18 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain sucker 
rods (HS  8413.91.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018; and Canada 
Border Service Agency Notices 
SR 2018 IN (16 August 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
16 August 2018  
Initiation on 18 May 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain sucker 
rods (HS  8413.91.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September 2018; and Canada 
Border Service Agency Notices 
SR 2018 IN (16 August 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
16 August 2018  
Initiation on 25 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain 
cold-rolled steel (HS  7209; 7211; 7225) 
from China; Korea, Rep. of and Viet Nam  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018; and Canada 
Border Service Agency Notice 
CRS 2018 IN (23 August 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
23 August 2018  
Initiation on 25 May 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain 
cold-rolled ste el (HS  7209; 7211; 7225) 
from China; Korea, Rep. of and Viet Nam  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CAN, 
19 September 2018; and Canada 
Border Service Agency Notice 
CRS 2018 IN (23 August 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
23 August 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 165 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 21 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain 54 inch 
gypsum board (HS  6809.11.00) from the 
United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CAN, 
14 September 2018; and Canada 
Border Service Agency Notice GB2 
2018 IN (23 August 2018)  Terminated on  
23 August 2018 
(witho ut measure)  
Initiation on 20 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain carbon 
steel welded pipe (HS  7306.30.00) from 
Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey and Viet Nam  Permanent Delegation of Canada to 
the WTO (26 October 2018) and 
Canada Border Service Agency Notice 
CSWP3 2018 IN (20 July and  
18 October 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 October 2018  
Initiation on 26 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of 
corrosion-resistant steel sheet 
(HS 7210.30.00; 7210.69.00; 7212.50.00; 
7210.49.00; 7210.69.00; 7225.91.00; 
7212.20.00; 7225.92.00; 7212.30.00; 
7226.99.00; 7210.61.00) from China; 
India; Korea, Rep. of and Chinese Taipei  Permanent Delegation of Canada to 
the W TO (26 October 2018) and 
Canada Border Service Agency Notice 
COR 2018 IN (26 July 2018)    
Initiation on 21 September 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of nitisinonbe 
capsules (HS  3004.90.00) from Sweden  Permanent Delegation of Canada to 
the WTO (26 October 2018) and 
Canada Border Service Agency Notice 
NIT 2018 IN (21 September 2018)    
Initiation on 11 October 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
products (HS  7208; 7210; 7211; 7212; 
7213; 7214; 7223; 7225; 7226; 7227; 
7304; 7305; 7306 ) WTO document G/SG/N/6/CAN/4,  
15 October 2018; and Permanent 
Delegation of Canada to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
25 October 2018  
Chile  
Termination on 17 November 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of  steel bars 
(HS 7213.10.00; 7214.20.00; 7227.90.00; 
7228.30.00) from Mexico (investigation 
initiated on 27 November 2015. Provisional 
and definitive duties imposed on 19 May 
and 17 November 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/CHL, 
22 March 2018    
Initiation on 8 March  2018 of SG 
investig ation on imports of powdered milk 
and Gouda cheese (HS  0402; 0406)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/CHL/20,  
9 March 2018    
Initiation on 8 March 2018  of AD 
investigation on imports of  steel bars 
(HS 7213.10.00; 7214.20.00; 7227.90.00; 
7228.30.00) from Mexico  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHL, 
27 August 2018    
Termination on 22 April 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of steel wire rod  
(HS 7213.20.00; 7213.91.10; 7213.91.20; 
7213.91.90; 7213.99.00; 7227.10.00; 
7227.20.00; 7227.90.00) from China 
(investigation initiated on 22  August 2016. 
Provisional and definitive duties imposed on 
22 February and 22 April 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHL, 
27 August 2018    
Initiation on 8 June 2018 of anti -dumping 
investigation on imports of steel grinding 
balls forged for mills of less than 4 inches in 
diameter  (HS 7326.11.10) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHL, 
27 August 2018    
China  
Initiation on 16 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of hydriodic acid 
(HS 2811.1 9.90) from Japan and the 
United  States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
16 June 2018  
Initiation on 30 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of ethanolamines 
(HS 2922.11.00; 2922.12.00; 2922.13.10) 
from Malaysia, the Kingdom of 
Saudi  Arabia, Thailand and the 
United  States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
16 June 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 166 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 9 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of 
acrylonitrile -butadiene rubber (NBR) 
(HS 4002.59.10; 4002.59.90) from Japan 
and Korea, Rep. of  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/CHN, 
18 April 2018; and MOFCOM 
Announcement No. 61/2018  
(16 July 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
16 July 2018  
Initiation on 29 December 2017 of AD 
investigation o n imports of butan -1-ol 
(n-butyl alcohol)  (HS 2905.13.00) from 
Malaysia, Chinese Taipei and the United 
States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018; and MOFCOM 
Announcement No. 67/2018  
(4 September 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
4 September 20 18 
Initiation on 23 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of ortho 
dichlorobenzene (ODCB) (HS  2903.91.10) 
from India and Japan  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018; and MOFCOM 
Announcement Nos. 6/2018  
(24 January 2018) and 70/2018  
(10 October 2018)  Provisional and 
definitive  duties 
imposed on 20 April and 
12 October 2018  
Initiation on 4 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of grain sorghum 
(HS 1007.90.00) from the United States 
(provisional duty imposed on 18 April 2018)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018  Terminated on  
18 May 2018  
Initiation on 4 February 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of grain sorghum 
(HS 1007.90.00) from the United States 
(provisional duty imposed on 18 April 2018)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CHN, 
22 October  2018 Terminated on  
18 May 2018  
Termination on 27 February 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of broiler chicken 
products (HS  0207.11.00; 0207.12.00; 
0207.13.11; 0207.13.19; 0207.13.21; 
0207.13.29; 0207.14.11; 0207.14.19; 
0207.14.21;  0207.14.22; 0207.14.29; 
0504.00.21) from the United States 
(investigation initiated on  
27 September 2009. Provisional and 
definitive duties imposed on 5  February  and 
27 September  2010)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018    
Termination on 27 February 2018 of CVD 
duties investigation on imports of broiler 
chicken products (HS  0207.11.00; 
0207.12.00; 0207.13.11; 0207.13.19; 
0207.13.21; 0207.13.29; 0207.14.11; 
0207.14.19; 0207.14.21; 0207.14.22; 
0207.14.29; 0504.00.21) from the United 
States (investigation initiated on 27 
September 2009. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 28  April and  
29 August 2010)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/CHN, 
22 October  2018   
Termination on 13 March 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of toluene diisocyanate 
(TDI80/20) (HS  2929.10.10) from the 
European Union (investigation initiated on 
23 March 2012. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 13 November 2012 and 
12 March 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018    
Initiation on 26 Ma rch 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of phenol 
(HS 2907.11.10) from the European Union; 
Japan; Korea, Rep. of; Thailand and the 
United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018    
Termination on 8 June 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of sulfamethoxazole 
(HS 2935.00.30) from India (imposed on  
16 June 2007)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/CHN, 
23 October 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 167 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 23 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of stainless steel 
billet and hot -rolled stainless steel plate 
(coil) (HS  7218.91.00; 7218.99.00; 
7219.11.00; 7219.12.00; 7219.13.12; 
7219.13.19; 7219.13.22; 7219.13.29; 
7219.14.12; 7219.14.19; 7219.14.22; 
7219.14.29; 7219.21.00; 7219.22.00; 
7219.23.00; 7219.24.10; 7219.24.2 0; 
7219.24.30; 7220.11.00; 7220.12.00) from 
the European Union; Indonesia; Japan and 
Korea, Rep. of  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and 
MOFCOM Announcement 
No. 62/2018 (23 July 2018)    
Colombia  
Initiation on 13 March 2018 of AD  
investigation on imports of citric acid 
(HS 2918.14.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/COL, 
3 October  2018   
Initiation on 26 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of welded carbon 
steel tubes and pipes (HS  7306.30.10; 
7306.30.92; 7306.30.99; 7306.50.00; 
7306.61.00; 7306.69.00; 7306.90.00) from 
China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/COL, 
3 October  2018   
Termination on 12 June 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of radial tyres for buses or 
lorries (HS  4011.20.10) from China 
(investigation initiated on 22 June 2012. 
Provisional and definitive duties imposed on 
25 September 2012 and 12 June 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/COL, 
3 October  2018   
Initiation on 6 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of paper and 
paperboard coated, impregnated or covered 
with plastics "tetra brick aseptic" 
(HS 4811.59.20) from Brazil  Resolución No. 198 Ministerio de 
Comercio, Industria y Turismo  
(6 August 2018)    
Costa Rica  
Initiation on 29 March 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of bars and rods of 
steel for concrete  reinforcement 
(HS 7214.20.00; 7214.99.20; 7228.30.00; 
7228.50.00; 7228.60.00)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/CRI/4, 
26 March  2018    
Dominican Republic  
Initiation on 30 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of corrugated or 
deformed steel rods and bars for concrete 
reinforcement (HS  7213.10.00; 
7214.20.00; 7214.30.00; 7214.91.00; 
7214.99.00) from Costa Rica  Permanent Delegation of the 
Dominican Republic to the WTO  
(28 September 2018)    
Egypt  
Termination on 23 October 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
polyvinyl chloride (HS  3904.10.00) from the 
United States (initiated on  
16 November 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/EGY, 
31 January 2018    
Termination on 15 January 2018 of  AD 
duties on imports of ball point pens 
(HS 9608.10.00) from China (imposed on 
22 January 2007)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EGY, 
13 July 2018    
Termination on 5 March 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of tyres for buses and lorries 
from China (HS  4011.20)  (imposed on  
10 March 2008)  WTO document 
G/ADP/N/314/EGY/Rev.1, 
1 October  2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 168 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 3 April 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy 
steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, 
cold-rolled (cold -reduced), not clad, plated 
or coated (HS  7209) from Belgium, China 
and the Russian Federation (initiated on  
5 October 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EGY, 
13 July 2018    
Initiation on 26 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of pile weath er 
strip (HS 5404.12.00; 5404.19.00; 
5404.90.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EGY, 
13 July 2018    
Termination on 26 April 2018 (without 
measure) of CVD investigation on imports 
of bars and rods of iron alloy or non -alloy 
steel rebar, hot -rolled in wound coil or bars 
or rods (steel rebar for construction) 
(HS 7213; 7214; 7227; 7228) from China 
and Turkey (initiated on  
22 December 2016)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/EGY, 
13 July 2018    
El Salvador  
Initiation on 16 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of liquid ultra -
high-temperature (UHT) processed milk in 
long-life containers (HS  0401.10.00; 
0401.20.00) from Costa  Rica WTO document G/ADP/N/308/SLV, 
22 January 2018    
European U nion 
Initiation on 20 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of electric bicycles 
"e-bikes" (HS  8711.60.10; 8711.60.90) 
from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/EU,  
29 March 2018; and Commission 
Implementing Decision 
No. 2018/1012 (17 July 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
18 July 2018  
Initiation on 19 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of silicon 
(HS 2804.69.00) from Bosnia and 
Herzegovina and Brazil  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/EU,  
29 March 2018; and Commission 
Implementing Decision 
No. 2018/1193 (21 August 2018)  Terminated on  
22 August 2018 
(without measure)  
Initiation on 21 December 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of electric bicycles 
"e-bikes" (HS  8711.60.10; 8711.60.90) 
from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/328/EU,  
28 March 2018    
Termination on 30 January 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
certain cast iron articles (HS  7325.10.00; 
7325.99.10) from India (initiated on  
10 December 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EU,  
23 October 2018    
Initiation on 31 January 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of biodiesel 
(HS 1516.20.98; 1518.00.91; 1518.00.95; 
1518.00.99; 2710.19.43; 2710.19.46; 
2710.19.47; 2710.20.11; 2710.20.15; 
2710.20.17; 3824.99.92; 3826.00.10; 
3826.00.90) from Argentina  WTO document G/SCM/N/33 4/EU,  
4 October 2018    
Initiation on 26 March 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
products (HS  Chapters 72 and 73)  Commission Notices 2018/C 111/10 
(26 March 2018) and 2018/C 225/07 
(28 June 2018); Commission 
Implementing Regulation 
No. 2018/1013 (17 July 2018); and 
WTO documents G/SG/N/6/EU/1, 
27 March  2018;  
G/SG/N/6/EU/1/Suppl.1,  
29 June 2018; and G/SG/N/7/EU/1, 
18 July 2018  Provisional measure 
imposed on  
19 July 2018  
Initiation on 23 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of so lar glass 
(HS 7007.19.80) from Malaysia  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EU,  
23 October 2018    
Initiation on 24 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of hot -rolled steel 
sheet piles (HS  7301.10.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EU,  
23 October 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 169 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 5 June 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
ferro-silicon (HS  7202.21.00; 7202.29.10; 
7202.29.90) from Egypt and Ukraine 
(investigation initiated on  
2 August 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/EU,  
23 October 2018    
Termina tion on 23 July 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
low carbon -ferro-chrome (HS  7202.49.50) 
from China, the Russian Federation and 
Turkey (initiated on 23 June 2017)  Commission Implementing Decision 
No. 2018/1037 (20 July 2018)    
Initiation on 13 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of mixtures of urea 
and ammonium nitrate (HS  3102.80.00) 
from the Russian Federation, Trinidad and 
Tobago and the United States  Commission Notice 2018/C 284/08 
(13 August 2018)    
Termination on 3  September 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of crystalline silicon 
photovoltaic modules or panels and cells 
and wafers of the type used in crystalline 
silicon photovoltaic modules or panels with 
a thickness not exceeding 400 µm 
(HS 3818.00.10; 8501.31.00; 8501 .32.00; 
8501.33.00; 8501.34.00; 8501.61.20; 
8501.61.80; 8501.62.00; 8501.63.00; 
8501.64.00; 8541.40.90) from China 
(investigation initiated on 6 September 
2012. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 5 June and 5 December 2013 
(undertaking and provis ional measures 
amended on 3 August 2013))  Commission Notice 2018/C 310/06 
(3 September 2018)    
Termination on 3 September 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of crystalline silicon 
photovoltaic modules or panels and cells 
and wafers of the type used in crystalline 
silicon photovoltaic modules or panels with 
a thickness not exceeding 400 µm 
(HS 3818.00.10; 8501.31.00; 8501.32.00; 
8501.33.00; 8501.34.00; 8501.61.20; 
8501.61.80; 8501.62.00; 8501.63.00; 
8501.64.00; 8541.40.90) from China 
(investigation initi ated on 8 November 
2012. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 6 June and 5 December 2013)  Commission Notice 2018/C 310/07 
(3 September 2018)    
Termination on 8 September 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of stainless steel wires 
"SSW" (HS  7223.00.19; 7223.00.99) from 
India (investigation initiated on 10 August 
2012. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 8 May and 7 September 2013)  Commission Notice 2018/C 315/11 
(7 September 2018)    
Initiation on 28 September 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of welded tubes, 
pipes and hollow profiles of square or 
rectangular cross -section, of iron other than 
cast iron or steel other than stainless 
(HS 7306.61.92; 7306.61.99) from the 
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the 
Russian Federation and  Turkey  Commission Notice 2018/C 347/06 
(28 September 2018)    
India  
Initiation on 2 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of uncoated copier 
paper (HS  4802) from Indonesia, Singapore 
and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 170 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 28 November 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
n-butyl alcohol (HS  2905.13.00) from the 
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (investigation 
initiated on 2 September 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 9 November 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of metronidazole 
(HS 3004.90.22)  from China (imposed on 
17 April 2000)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 9 November 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of cellophane transparent 
film (HS  3920.71.11) from China (imposed 
on 30 March 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 9 November 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of 
geogrid/geostrips/geostraps made of 
polyester or glass fibre in all its forms 
(including all widths  and lengths) 
(HS 3902.10.00; 3914.00.90; 3920.10.19; 
3926.90.99;  5503.40.00; 5603.13.30; 
5603.94.00; 5604.90.00; 5903.10.90; 
5911.10.00; 5911.31.50; 5911.31.90; 
5911.90.90; 7019.40.00; 7019.59.00; 
7019.90.10; 7019.90.90) from China 
(investigation initiated on 20 December 
2010 and definitive duty imposed on  
24 January 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 9 November 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of phosphoric acid of all 
grades and all concentrations (excluding 
agriculture/fertilizer grade) 
(HS 2809.20.10) from Israel and Chinese 
Taipei (inv estigation initiated on 4 February 
2011. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 13 January and 4 April 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 23 November 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of phosphoric 
acid-technical grade and food grade 
(HS 2809.20.10) from China (imposed on 
14 September 2007)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 25 November 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of caustic soda -I 
(HS 2815.11.10; 2815.11.20) from Iran, 
Islami c Rep. of (imposed on  
26 December 2000)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 11 December 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
polybutadiene rubber (butadiene rubber 
"PBR")  (HS 4002.20.00) from Iran, Islamic 
Rep. of; Korea, Rep. of; the Russian 
Federation; Singapore and South Africa 
(investigation initiated on  
16 September 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 13 December 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of sodium hydrosulphite –I 
(HS 2831; 2832) from China (imposed on 
28 March 2001)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Initiation on 19 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of sodium nitrite 
(HS 2834.10) from the Russi an Federation  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/29/2017 -DGAD, 
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 
Department of Commerce   
(30 July 2018)  Terminated on  
30 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 171 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 19 December 2017 of SG 
investigation on imports of solar cells, 
whether or not assembled in modules or 
panels (HS  8541.40.11)  WTO documents  
G/SG/N/6/IND/44,  
3 January 2018; and 
G/SG/N/8/IND/31/Suppl.2,  
6 August 2018  Definitive duty imposed 
on 30 July 2018  
Termination on 20 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of choline chloride, in all 
forms and concentrations, used for animal 
feed (HS  2309.90.10; 2923.10.00) from 
China (investigation initiated on 25 October 
2011 and definitive duty imposed on  
21 Decembe r 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 30 December 2017 of  AD 
duties on imports of saccharin 
(HS 2925.11.00) from China (imposed on  
6 June 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/IND, 
19 April 2018   
Termination on 31 December 2017  of SG 
duties on imports of sodium citrate 
(HS 2918.15.20) (investigation initiated on 
4 March 2014 and definitive duty imposed 
on 31 December 2014)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018)    
Initiation on 2 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of zeolite 4A  
(HS 2839.90.90) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 2 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of fluoroelastomers 
"FKM" (HS  3904) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 10 January 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
caustic soda (HS  2815.11.01; 2815.11.02; 
2815.12.00) from Japan and Qatar 
(initiated on 14 October 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 12 January 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of nylon filament yarn 
(HS 5402.10; 5402.11; 5402.19) from 
China; Indonesia; Korea, Rep. of; Malaysia; 
Chinese Taipei and Thailand (imposed on  
29 March 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 17 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of sun -dust control 
film (HS  3920.69.29) from China; 
Hong Kong, China; Korea, Rep. of and 
Chinese Taipei  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 22 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of 
dimethylformamide "DMF" (HS  2921.11.10) 
from China, Germany and the Kingdom of 
Saudi Arabia  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018) and Notification 
F. No. 6/37/2017 -DGAD - Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Anti -Dumping and Allied 
Duties (22 January 2018)    
Initiation on 23 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of coated paper 
(HS 4810) from China, the European Union 
and the United States  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 24 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of meta -phenylene 
diamene -4-sulphonic acid "MPDSA" 
(HS 2922.29.26) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018 Terminated on  
16 May 2018 (without 
measure)  
Termination on 25 January 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
polyester staple fibre "PSF"  
(HS 5503.20.00) from China, Indonesia, 
Malaysia and Thailand (initiated on  
2 February 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 172 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 6 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of textured 
tempered coated and uncoated glass 70 
(HS 7007.19.00; 7003.19.90; 7005.10.10; 
7005.10.90; 7005.21.90; 7005.29.90; 
7005.30.90) from Malaysia  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 7 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of flax yarn of 
below 70 lea count (HS  5306.10.90; 
5306.20.90) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018; and Notification 
No. 53/2018 Customs (ADD)  Ministry 
of Finance (Department of Revenue) 
(18 October 2018)  Definitive duty imposed 
on 18 October 2018  
Termination on 7 March 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
playing cards (HS  9504.40.00) from China 
(initiated on 30 March 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 13 March 2018 of SG duties 
on imports of hot -rolled flat products of 
non-alloy and other alloy steel in coils of a 
width of 600 mm or more (HS  7208; 
7225.30.90) (initiated on  
7 September 2015. Provisional and 
definitive duties imposed on  
14 September 2015 and 29 March 2016)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018)    
Termination on 19 March 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of melamine (HS  2933.61.00) 
from the European  Union; Indonesia; Iran, 
Islamic Rep. of and Japan (investigation 
initiated on 7 December 2010 and definitive 
duty imposed on 8 October 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 23 March 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation  on imports of 
solar cells (HS  8541.40.11) from China, 
Malaysia and Chinese Taipei (initiated on  
21 July 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 27  March  2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of new pneumatic 
tyres for buses and lorries (HS  4011.20) 
from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/IND, 
12 September 2018    
Initiation on 4 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain epoxy 
resins (epoxide resins) (HS  3907.30.10; 
3907.30.90) from China; the European 
Union; Korea, Rep. of; Chinese Taipei and 
Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 4 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of ethylene vinyl 
acetate (EVA) sheet for solar modules 
(HS 3901; 3902; 3921) from China; Korea, 
Rep. of; Malaysia; the Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 10 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of non -plasticized 
industrial grade nitrocellulose (excluding 
nitrocellulose damped in ethanol and 
waterwet) (HS  3912.20.19) from Brazil, 
Indonesia and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 16 April 2018 (without 
measure)  of AD investigation on imports of 
acrylic fibre (HS  5501.30; 5503.30; 
5506.30) from Belarus, China, the 
European Union, Peru and Ukraine (initiated 
on 19 April 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 173 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 23 April 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
saturated fatty alcohols (HS  3823.70.10; 
3823.70.20; 3823.70.40; 3823.70.90) from 
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (initiated on 
24 April 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018  
Termination on 27 April 2018 (withou t 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
dioctyl phthalate "DOP" (HS  2917.39.20) 
from Korea, Rep. of and Chinese Taipei 
(initiated on 1 June 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 1 May 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of partially oriented yarn (POY) -III 
(HS 5402.42) from China (imposed on  
2 August 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 3 May 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of viscose filament yarn (HS  5403) 
from China (imposed on 24 May 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 15 May 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of peroxosulphates 
(persulphates) (HS  2833.40) from Japan 
(imposed on 19 March 2007)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 1 June 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of digital offset printing plates 
(HS 3701.30.00; 3704.00.90; 3705.10.00; 
7606.91.90; 7606.92.90; 8442.50.20) from 
China (investigation initiated on  
13 June 2011. Provisional and definitive 
duty imposed o n 4 June and  
3 December 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 6 June 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of plain gypsum plaster boards 
(HS 6809.11.00; 6809.19.00; 6809.90.00) 
from China, Indonesia, Thailand and the 
United Arab Emirates (investigation initiated 
on 21 July 2011. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 7 June 2012 and  
12 April 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Termination on 7 June 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
sodium dichromate (HS  2841.30.00) from 
Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, South 
Africa and Turkey (initiated on 4 July 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 14 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of saccharin 
(HS 2925.11.00) from Indonesia  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F.  No. 
6/13/2018 -DGAD - (Case 
No. OI-10/2018) Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Anti -Dumping and Allied 
Duties (14  June 2018)    
Termination on 30 June 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
belting fabric (HS  5910.00.90) from China 
(initiated on 23 August 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/IND, 
4 October  2018   
Initiation on 9 August 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imp orts of welded stainless 
steel pipes and tubes (HS  7306.40.00; 
7306.61.10; 7306.11.00; 7306.21.00) from 
China and Viet Nam  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/22/2018 -DGAD  - 
(Case No. OI -8/2018) Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Trade Remedies  
(9 August 2018)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 174 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 10 August 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of saccharin 
(HS 2925.11.00) from China  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/18/2018 -DGAD - 
(Case No. (CVD) 5/2018) Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Trade Remedies  
(10 August 2018)    
Initiation on 14 August 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of fluoroelastomers 
"FKM" (HS 3904.69.90) from China  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/21/2018 -DGTR - 
(Case No. (CVD) 7/2018) Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Trade Remedies  
(14 August 2018)    
Initiation on 14 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of high speed steel 
of non -cobalt grade (HS  7228.10.10; 
7228.10.90) from Brazil, China and 
Germany  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/23/2018 -DGTR, 
Department of Commerce - 
Directorate General of Trade 
Remedies (14 August 2018)    
Initiation on 27 August 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of  atrazine 
technical (HS  3808.91.99; 3808.93.90; 
3808.99.90) from China  Permanent Delegation of India to the  
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/19/2018 -DGAD  - 
(Case No. (CVD) 6/2018) Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Trade Remedies  
(27 August 2018)    
Termination on 6 September 2018 of  AD 
duties on imports of graphite electrodes of 
all diameters (HS  3801.10.00; 3801.90.00; 
8311.90.00; 8535.40.10; 8545.11.00; 
8545.19.00; 8545.90.90; 8547.10.90) from 
China (investigation initiated on  
20 May 2013 and definitive duty imposed 
on 13 February 2015)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 44/2018 Customs 
(ADD) Ministry of Finance, 
Department of Revenue  
(6 September 2018)    
Initiation on 10 September 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of continuous cast 
copper wire rods (HS  7407.10.10; 
7407.10.20; 7408.11.90; 7408.19.20; 
7408.19.90; 7409.11; 7409.19) from 
Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. No. 6/17/2018 -DGAD - 
(Case No. OI (CVD) 4/2018) Ministry 
of Commerce and Industry  -
Directorate General of Trade 
Remedies (10 September 2018)    
Indonesia  
Initiation on 27 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of spin drawn yarn 
"SDY" (HS  5402.47.00) from China  WTO document  G/ADP/N/308/IDN, 
20 April 2018   
Initiation on 29 March 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of ceramic flags 
and paving, hearth or wall tiles; and 
ceramic mosaic cubes and the like, whether 
or not on a backing  (HS 6907)  WTO document 
G/SG/N/10/IDN/20/Suppl.1, 
8 October  2018  Definitive duty imposed 
on 12 October 2018  
Initiation on 9 October 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of aluminium foil 
(HS 7607.11.00; 7607.19.00)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/IDN/29, 
12 October  2018    
Israel  
Termination on 25 October 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on cocoa 
spread (HS  1806.90.99; 1806.90.20) from 
the European Union (initiated on  
27 September 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/ISR, 
14 February  2018   
Korea, Rep. of  
Termination on 2 April 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of PET film (HS  3920.62) from 
Japan (investigation initiated on  
2 December 2013 and definitive duty 
imposed on 30 December 2014)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/KOR,  
4 October 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 175 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 18 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of stainless steel 
bar (HS  7222.11; 7222.19; 7222.20; 
7222.30) from Italy and Chinese Taipei  WTO document 
G/ADP/N/314/KOR/Rev.1,  
22 October 2018    
Madagascar  
Initiation on 20 September 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of pasta 
(HS 1902.19.90; 1902.30.90)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/MDG/1, 
9 October  2018    
Initiation on 20 September 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of blankets and 
travelling rugs (HS  6301.10.00; 
6301.20.00; 6301.30.00; 6301.40.00; 
6301.90.00)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/MDG/2, 
9 October  2018    
Malaysia  
Termination on 19 February 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of steel wire rods 
(HS 7213.10.00; 7213.20.00; 7213.91.00; 
7213.99.00) from China; Indonesia; Korea, 
Rep. of and Chinese  Taipei  (investigation  
initiated on 26 June 2012. Provisional and 
definitive duties imposed on  
23 October 2012 and 20 February 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/MYS, 
16 October  2018   
Termination on 22 April 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of biaxially oriented 
polypropylene films "BOPP" 
(HS 3920.20.10; 3920.20.20) from China, 
Indonesia, Chinese Taipei, Thailand and 
Viet Nam (investigation initiated on  
27 July 2012. Provisional and defini tive 
duties imposed on 24 November 2012 and 
23 April 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/MYS, 
16 October  2018   
Initiation on 25 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of flat -rolled 
products of iron alloy or non -alloy steel, 
plated or coated with zinc, using hot dip 
process (galvanized iron coils/sheets or 
galvanized steel coils/sheets) (HS  7210; 
7212; 7225; 7226)  from China and 
Viet Nam Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (29 October 2018) and 
Federal Government Gazette - Notice 
AD 01/18 (25 Jul y 2018)    
Mexico  
Initiation on 14 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of steel plate in 
sheets (HS  7208.51.01; 7208.51.02; 
7208.51.03; 7208.52.01; 7225.40.99)  from 
Italy and Japan  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/MEX, 
12 March 2018    
Termination on 15 January 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of  graphite electrodes for 
electric arc furnaces (HS  8545.11.01)  from 
China (investigation initiated on  
1 September 2010. Provisional and 
definitive duties imposed on 31  May 2011 
and 1 March 2012)   WTO document G/ADP/N/314/MEX, 
17 August 2018    
Initiation on 6 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of  short-fibre 
polyester  (HS 5503.20.01; 5503.20.99)  
from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/MEX, 
17 August 2018    
Termination on 6 March 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of monobutyl ether of ethylene 
glycol (HS 2909.43.01) from the 
United  States (investigation initiated on  
11 March 2011. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 9 April and  
11 September 2012)  WTO do cument G/ADP/N/314/MEX, 
17 August 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 176 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 28 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of aluminium foil 
coils (HS  7607.11.01)  from China  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (26 October 2018) and 
Diario Oficial de la Federación 
(Official Journal), 28 August 2018    
Morocco  
Termination on 9 November 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
ceramic tiles (HS  6908.90.00) from Spain 
(initiated on 18 May 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/MAR, 
29 March 2018    
Initiation on 31  July 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of coated wood 
board (HS  4410.11.20; 4410.11.30; 
410.19.92; 4410.19.93)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/MAR/10, 
31 July 2018    
New Zealand  
Termination on 8 February 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of preserved peaches 
(HS 2008.70.09) from China (imposed on 
21 August 2006)   WTO document G/ADP/N/314/NZL, 
13 September 2018    
Termination on 3 March 2018 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
reinforcing steel bar and coil (rebar) 
(HS 7213.10.90; 7213.91.90; 7213.99.90; 
7214.20.90; 7214.99.90; 7227.90.00; 
7228.30.00; 7228.50.00; 7228.60.00) from 
China and Malaysia ( initiated on  
15 August 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/NZL, 
13 September 2018    
Termination on 3 March 2018 (without 
measure) of CVD investigation on imports 
of reinforcing steel bar and coil (rebar) 
(HS 7213.10.90; 7213.91.90; 7213.99.90; 
7214.20.90; 7214.99.90; 7227.90.00; 
7228.30.00; 7228.50.00; 7228.60.00) from 
China (initiated on 15 August 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/NZL, 
13 September 2018    
Initiation on 9 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain hollow 
steel sections (HS 7306.30.19; 7306.61.00; 
7306.69.00) from China and Malaysia  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/NZL, 
13 September 2018  Provisional duties 
imposed on  
26 July 2018 on imports 
from Malaysia  
Initiation on 9 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain hollow 
steel sections (HS  7306.30.19; 7306.61.00; 
7306.69.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/NZL, 
13 September 2018    
Pakistan  
Termination on 18 October 2017 of CVD 
duties on imp orts of fine cotton yarn 
(HS 5205.15.00; 5205.27.00; 5205.28.00; 
5205.35.00; 5205.47.00; 5205.48.00) from 
India (investigation initiated on  
20 April 2016 and provisional duty imposed 
on 18 January 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/328/PAK, 
26 February 2018    
Initiation on 13 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of lead pencils 
(HS 9609.10.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/PAK, 
28 August 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
6 June 2018  
Termination on 16 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of phthalic anhydride 
(HS 2917.35.00) from the Russian 
Federation (investigation initiated on  
13 February 2016 and provisional duty 
imposed on 31 May 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/PAK, 
26 February 2 018   
Termination on 8 February 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of formic acid 85% and 
above (HS  2915.11.00) from China and 
Korea, Rep. of (investigation initiated on  
23 February 2011 and definitive duty 
imposed on 10 February 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/PAK, 
28 August 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 177 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 20 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of tinplate of a 
width of 600 mm or more and of a 
thickness of less than 0.5 mm  
(HS 7210.12.10; 7210.12.90)  from China, 
the European Union, South Africa and the 
United States  Notice ADC No. 53/2018/NTC/TP, 
National Tariff Commission  
(20 August 2018)    
Peru  
Termination on 25 October 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of all types of footwear 
(other than sandals and flipflops) with 
uppers of materials other than plastic, 
rubber and leather (except textile 
materials)  (HS 64) from China (imposed on 
31 January 2000)  Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (23 May 2018)    
Initiation on 2 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
bars (HS  7213; 7214; 7217; 7228) from 
Brazil and Mexico  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/PER, 
17 April 2018    
Initiation on 25 July 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of maize 
(HS 1005.90.11) from the United States  Permanent Delegation of Peru to the 
WTO (25 October 2018) and  
INDECOPI Resolución 
No. 088-2018/CDB -Indecopi  
(13 July 2018)    
Philippines  
Termination in May 2018 of SG duties on 
imports of newsprint (HS  4801.00.10; 
4801.00.90) (investigation initiated on  
20 September 2013 and definitive duty 
imposed on 5 May 2015)  Permanent Delegation of Philippines 
to the WTO (24 April 2018)    
Initiation on 10 September 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of cement 
(HS 2523.29.90; 2523.90.00)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/PHL/11, 
24 September 2018    
Russian Federation (for the Eurasian Economic Union)  
Termination on 25 January 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of enamelled baths  of 
cast-iron (HS  7324.21.00) from China 
(investigation initiated on 15 June 2012. 
Provisional and definitive duties imposed on 
26 January and 26 May 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/RUS,  
4 October 2018    
Initiation on 2 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of aluminium alloy 
wheels (HS  8708.70) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/RUS,  
4 October 2018    
Initiation on 26 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of single mode 
optical fibre (HS  9001.10) from Japan and 
the United Sates  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/RUS,  
4 October 2018    
Initiation on 29 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of zinc plated or 
coated flat -rolled steel products 
(HS 7210.49; 7210.61; 7212.30; 7212.50; 
7225.92) from China and Ukraine  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/RUS,  
4 October 2018    
Initiation on 7 August 2018 of SG 
investigation  on imports of certain 
flat-rolled steel products (HS  7208; 7209; 
7210; 7211; 7212; 7225; 7226)  WTO document G/SG/N/6/RUS/5,  
4 September 2018    
Termination on 14 June 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of light commercial vehicles 
(HS 8704.21.31; 8704.21.91) f rom 
Germany, Italy and Turkey (investigation 
initiated on 16 November 2011 and 
definitive duty imposed on 15 June 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/RUS,  
4 October 2018    
South Africa (for SACU - Southern African Customs Union)  
Initiation on 20 April 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of other screws 
fully threaded with hexagon heads made of 
steel (HS  7318.15.39)  WTO documents G/SG/N/6/ZAF/6, 
24 April 2018 and 
G/SG/N/7/ZAF/3/Suppl.1,  
7 August 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
3 August 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 178 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 4 May 2018 of AD duties on 
imports of fully threaded screws with 
hexagon heads, excluding those of stainless 
steel (HS  7318.15.39) from China 
(investigation initiated on 18 November 
2011. Provisional and definitive duties 
imposed on 4  May and 16 November 2012)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/ZAF, 
26 July 2018    
Initiation on 17 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of clear float glass 
with a thickness of 3 mm to 6  mm 
(HS 7005.29.17; 7005.29.23; 7005.29.25; 
7005.29.35) from the Kingdom of Saudi 
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates  Permanent Delegation of  South Africa 
to the WTO (25  October  2018)    
Termination on 24 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of shock tubes 
(HS 3603.00) from China (initiated on  
3 July 2009)  Permanent Delegation of  South Africa 
to the WTO (25  October  2018)    
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu  
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain carbon 
cold-rolled steel products  (HS 7209.15; 
7209.16; 7209.17; 7209.18; 7209.25; 
7209.26; 7209.27; 7209.28; 7209.90; 
7210.70; 7210.90; 7211.23; 7211.29; 
7211.90; 7212.40; 7212.50; 7212.60; 
7225.19; 7225.50; 7225.99; 7226.19; 
7226.92; 7226.99) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/TPKM, 
27 August  2018    
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain flat -
rolled products of stainless steel, hot -rolled 
(HS 7219.11; 7219.12; 7219.13; 7219.14; 
7219.21; 7219.22; 7219.23; 7219.24; 
7220.11; 7220.12) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/T PKM, 
27 August  2018    
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain carbon 
cold-rolled steel products  (HS 7209.15; 
7209.16; 7209.17; 7209.18; 7209.25; 
7209.26; 7209.27; 7209.28; 7209.90; 
7210.70; 7210.90; 7211.23; 7211.29; 
7211.90; 7212.40; 7212.50; 7212.60; 
7225.19; 7225.50; 7225.99; 7226.19; 
7226.92; 7226.99) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TPKM, 
13 September  2018    
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain 
flat-rolled products of stainle ss steel, hot -
rolled (HS  7219.11; 7219.12; 7219.13; 
7219.14; 7219.21; 7219.22; 7219.23; 
7219.24; 7220.11; 7220.12) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TPKM, 
13 September  2018    
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain 
flat-rolled products, plated or coated with 
zinc or zinc alloys  (HS 7210.30; 7210.41; 
7210.49; 7210.61; 7210.90; 7212.20; 
7212.30; 7212.50; 7225.91; 7225.92; 
7225.99; 7226.99) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TPKM, 
13 September  2018    
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of carbon steel 
plate (HS 7208.51; 7208.52; 7208.90; 
7211.14; 7225.40; 7226.91) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TPKM, 
13 September  2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 179 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 16 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of flat-rolled 
products of stainless steel, whether in coils 
or sheets (HS  7219.32; 7219.33; 7219.34; 
7219.35; 7220.20) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TPKM, 
13 September  2018    
Thailand  
Initiation on 29 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of flat hot -rolled 
steel, in coils and not in coils (HS  7208.10; 
7208.36; 7208.37; 7208.38; 7208.39; 
7208.40; 7208.51; 7208.52; 7208.53; 
7208.54; 7208.90; 7211.13; 7211.14; 
7211.19) from Australia and Egypt  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/THA, 
2 February  2018   
Initiation on 29 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of melamine 
tableware (HS  3924.10.10) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/THA, 
2 February  2018   
Termination on 7 March 2018 (without 
measure) of anti -dumping investigation on 
imports of  galvanized flat sheet and coil (HS 
7210.49.12; 7210.49.13; 7210.49.19; 
7210.49.99; 7212.30.10; 7212.30.20; 
7210.30.99; 7225.92.90) from China; 
Korea, Rep. of and Chinese Taipei 
(investigation initiated on  
14 September 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/THA, 
10 September  2018   
Initiation on 22 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of  certain iron or 
steel pip e and tubes (HS  7306) from 
Viet Nam Permanent Delegation of Thailand to 
the WTO (1 October 2018)    
Turkey  
Termination on 28 November 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
tubes and pipes of cast iron 
(HS 7303.00.10; 7303.00.90) from India 
and the United Arab Emirates (initiated on 
31 July 2016)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/TUR, 
14 March 2018    
Initiation on 28 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of polycarboxylate 
polymers (HS  3824.40; 3906.90.90) from 
Korea, Rep. of  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/TUR, 
14 March 2018    
Initiation on 30 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of lighters (gas, 
oven and cooker component) 
(HS 9613.80.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/TUR, 
18 September 2018  Definitive duty imposed 
on 19 June 2018  
Termination on 29 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of copper wired rod 
(HS 7408.11) from the Russian Federation 
(imposed on 9 November 2005)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/TUR, 
14 March 2018    
Termination on 29 December 2017 of AD 
duties on imports of copper wired rod 
(HS 7408.11) from Ukraine (imposed on  
8 June 2006)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/TUR, 
14 March 2018    
Termination on 5 January 2018 (without 
measure) of SG investigation on imports of 
pneumatic tyres (HS  4011.10; 4011.20; 
4011.70; 4011.80; 4011.90; 8708.70) 
(initiated on 6 April 2017)  WTO document 
G/SG/N/6/TUR/22/Suppl.1,  
17 January 2018    
Initiation on 6 March 2018 of  AD 
investigation on imports of cored wire of 
base metal (HS  8311.20.00) from Viet Nam  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/TUR, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 20 March 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of acrylic or 
modacrylic (HS  5501.30.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/TUR, 
19 September 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 180 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 21 March 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of acrylic or 
modacrylic (HS  5501.30.00) from China; 
Germany; Korea, Rep. of and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/TUR, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 27 April 2018 of SG 
investigation on imports of iron and steel 
products (HS  7208; 7209; 7210; 7211; 
7212; 7225; 7226; 7213; 7214; 7215; 
7216; 7217; 7227; 7228; 7302; 7303; 
7304; 7305; 7306; 7219; 7220)  WTO documents G/SG/N/6/TUR/24, 
3 May 201 8 and G/SG/N/7/TUR/13, 
5 October 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
17 October 2018  
Initiation on 22 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of polystyrene 
(HS 3903.19.00) from Iran, Islamic Rep. of  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/TUR, 
18 September 2018    
Ukraine  
Initiation on 2 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of syringes 
(HS 9018.31.10) from China, India and 
Turkey  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/UKR, 
19 March  2018   
Initiation on 3 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of kitchen salt, 
extra class (HS  2501.00.91) from Belarus  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/UKR, 
19 March  2018   
Initiation on 29 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of electric 
incandescent lamps (HS  8539.22.90) from 
Belarus  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/UKR, 
19 March  2018   
Initiation on 27 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of medical rubber 
plugs (HS  4016.99.97) from China and 
Poland  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/UKR, 
18 September  2018   
Termination on 27 April 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of cement -asbestos board 
corrugated (HS  6811.40.00) from the 
Russian Federation (imposed on  
28 May 2007)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/UKR, 
18 September  2018   
Termination on 28 May 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of citric acid (monohydrate) 
(HS 2918.14.00) from China  (investigation 
initiated on 27 January 2012 and definitive 
duty imposed on 27 April 2013)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/UKR, 
18 September  2018   
Initiation on 2 July 2018 of AD investigation 
on imports of cement (HS  2523.10.00; 
2523.29.00) from Belarus, Republ ic of 
Moldova and the Russian Federation  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the WTO (17 October 2018)    
Initiation on 2 July 2018 of AD investigation 
on imports of rods made of carbon and 
other steel alloys (HS  7213; 7214; 7227; 
7228) from Belarus and Republic of 
Moldova  Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to 
the WTO (17 October 2018)    
United States of America  
Termination on 16 October 2017 (without 
measure) of AD investigation on imports of 
titanium sponge (HS  8108.20.00) from 
Japan and Kazakhstan (initiated on  
20 September 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/308/USA, 
21 March 2018    
Termination on 16 October 2017 (without 
measure) of CVD investigation on imports 
of titanium sponge (HS  8108.20.00) from 
Kazakhstan (initiated on  
20 September 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/328/USA, 
22 February 2018    
Initiation on 23 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of polyethylene 
terephthalate "PET" resin  (HS 3907.61.00; 
3907.69.00) from Brazil; Indonesia; Korea, 
Rep. of; Pakistan and Chinese Taipei  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
4 May 2018  
Initiation on 26 October 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of 
polytetrafluoroethylene "PTFE" resin  
(HS 3904.61.00; 3904.69.50) from China 
and India  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
7 May 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 181 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 26 October 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of 
polytetrafluoroethylene "PTFE" resin  
(HS 3904.61.00; 3904.69.50) from India  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
8 March 2018  
Initiation on 1 November 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of forged steel 
fittings  (HS 7307.99.10; 7307.99.30; 
7307.99.50; 7307.92.30; 7307.92.90; 
7326.19.00) from China, Italy and 
Chinese  Taipei  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018; and 
Department of Commerce, 
International T rade Administration 
A-583-863, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 48280 (24 September 2018)  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
17 May 2018. Definitive 
duty imposed on  
24 September 2018  on 
imports from 
Chinese  Taipei  
Initiation on 1 November 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of forged steel 
fittings  (HS 7307.99.10; 7307.99.30; 
7307.99.50; 7307.92.30; 7307.92.90; 
7326.19.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
14 March 2018  
Initiation on 4 December 2017 of AD 
investigation on imports of common alloy 
aluminium sheet (HS  7606.12.30; 
7606.11.30; 7606.11.60; 7606.12.60; 
7606.91.30; 7606.91.60; 7606.92.30; 
7606.92.60; 7607.11.90) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 Septem ber 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
22 June 2018  
Initiation on 4 December 2017 of CVD 
investigation on imports of common alloy 
aluminium sheet (HS  7606.12.30; 
7606.11.30; 7606.11.60; 7606.12.60; 
7606.91.30; 7606.91.60; 7606.92.30; 
7606.92.60; 7607.11.90) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 Septe mber 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
23 April 2018  
Initiation on 4 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of sodium 
gluconate, gluconic acid and derivative 
products (HS  2918.16.10; 2918.16.50; 
2932.20.50; 2918.16.50; 3824.99.28; 
3824.99.92) from Ch ina and France  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018  Terminated on  
22 January 2018 on 
imports from France  
Initiation on 4 January 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of sodium 
gluconate, gluconic acid and derivative 
products (HS  2918.16.10; 2918.16.50; 
2932.20.50; 2918.16.50; 3824.99.28; 
3824.99.92) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
23 May 2018  
Initiation on 23 January 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain plastic 
decorative ribbon (HS  3920.20.00; 
3926.40.00; 3920.10.00; 3920.30.00; 
3920.43.50; 3920.49.00; 3920.62.00; 
3920.69.00; 3921.90.11; 3921.90.15; 
3921.90.19; 3921.90.40; 3926.90.99 ; 
5404.90.00; 9505.90.40; 4601.99.90; 
4602.90.00; 5609.00.30; 5609.00.40; 
6307.90.98) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 182 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 23 January 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain plastic 
decorative ribbon (HS  3920.20.00; 
3926.40.00; 3920.10.00; 3920.30.00; 
3920.43.50; 3920.49.00; 3920.62.00; 
3920.69.00; 3921.90.11; 3921.90.15; 
3921.90.19; 3921.90.40; 3926.90.99; 
5404.90.00; 9505.90.40; 4601.99.90; 
4602.90.00; 5609.00.30; 5609.00.40; 
6307.90.98) from China  WTO docu ment G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
22 June 2018  
Initiation on 20 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of large diameter 
welded pipe (HS  7305.11.10; 7305.11.50; 
7305.12.10; 7305.12.50; 7305.19.10; 
7305.19.50; 7305.31.40; 7305.31.60; 
7305.39.10; 7305.39.50) from Canada; 
China; Greece; India; Korea , Rep. of and 
Turkey  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 20 February 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of large diameter 
welded pipe (HS  7305.11.10; 7305.11.50; 
7305.12.10; 7305.12.50; 7305.19.10; 
7305.19.50; 7305.31.40; 7305.31.60; 
7305.39.10; 7305.39.50) from China; 
India; Korea, Rep. of and Turkey   WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Provisional duty 
imposed on  
29 June 2018  
Termination on 20 February 2018 of AD 
duties on imports of 100 to 150seat large 
civil aircraft (HS  8802.40.00) from Canada 
(investigation initiated on 26 May 2017 and 
provisional duty imposed on  
13 October 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Termination on 20 February 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of 100 to 150seat large 
civil aircraft (HS  8802.40.00) from Canada 
(investigation initiated on 26 May 2017 and 
provisional duty imposed on  
2 October 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018   
Initiation on 23 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of cast iron soil 
pipes (HS  7303.00.00) from China   WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 23 February 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of cast iron soil 
pipes (HS  7303.00.00) from China   WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September  2018  
Initiation on 27 February 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of rubber bands 
(HS 4016.99.35; 4016.99.60) from China, 
Sri Lanka and Thailand   WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018  Terminated on  
22 March 2018 on 
imports from Sri Lanka  
Initiation on 27 February 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of rubber bands 
(HS 4016.99.35; 4016.99.60) from China, 
Sri Lanka and Thailand  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018  Terminated on  
22 March 2018 on 
imports from Sri Lanka  
Initiation on 3 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of laminated 
woven sacks (HS  6305.33.00; 3923.21.00; 
3923.29.00; 3917.39.00; 3921.90.11; 
3921.90.15; 5903.90.25; 4601.99.05; 
4601.99.90; 4602.90.00) from Viet Nam  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 3 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of laminated 
woven sacks (HS  6305.33.00; 3923.21.00; 
3923.29.00; 3917.39.00; 3921.90.11; 
3921.90.15; 5903.90.25; 4601.99.05; 
4601.99.90; 4602.90.00) from Viet Nam  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 183 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Termination on 16 April 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of silicon metals 
(HS 2804.61.00; 2804.69.10; 2804.69.50) 
from Australia, Brazil and Norway 
(investigation initiated on 4 April 2017 and 
provisional duty imposed on  
12 October 2017)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Termination on 16 April 2018 of CVD duties 
on imports of silicon metals 
(HS 2804.61.00; 2804.69.10; 2804.69.50) 
from Australia, Brazil and Kazakhstan 
(investigation initiated on  
4 April 2017 and provision al duty imposed 
on 14 August 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 24 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
wheels (HS  8708.70.45; 8708.70.60; 
8716.90.50; 4011.20.10; 4011.20.50; 
8708.99.48) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 24 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
wheels (HS  8708.70.45; 8708.70.60; 
8716.90.50; 4011.20.10; 4011.20.50; 
8708.99.48) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 25 April 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of glycine 
(HS 2922.49.43; 2922.49.80) from India, 
Japan and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 25 April 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of glycine 
(HS 2922.49.43; 2922.49.80) from China, 
India and Thailand  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 16 May 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain quartz  
surface products (HS  6810.99.00; 
6810.11.00; 6810.19.12; 6810.19.14; 
6810.19.50; 6810.91.00; 6815.99.40; 
2506.10.00; 2506.20.00) from China  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    
Initiation on 16 May 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain quartz 
surface products (HS  6810.99.00; 
6810.11.00; 6810.19.12; 6810.19.14; 
6810.19.50; 6810.91.00; 6815.99.40; 
2506.10.00; 2506.20.00) from China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 Septem ber 2018    
Termination on 5 June 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of citric acid and 
certain citrate salts (HS  2918.14.00; 
2918.15.10; 2918.15.50; 3824.99.92) from 
Thailand (investigation initiated on  
30 June 2017 and provisional duty imposed 
on 3 November 2017)  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    
Initiation on 18 June 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of  steel propane 
cylinders (HS  7311.00.00) from China, 
Chinese Taipei and Thailand  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018  Terminated on  
26 June 2018 on 
imports from 
Chinese  Taipei  
Initiation on 18 June 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
propane cylinders (HS  7311.00.00) from 
China  WTO document G/SCM/N/334/USA, 
27 September 2018    
Termination on 18 June 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of solid agricultural grade 
ammonium nitrate (HS  3102.30.00) from 
Ukraine (imposed on 12 September 2001)  WTO document G/ADP/N/314/USA, 
18 September 2018    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 184 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 10 July 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
racks (HS  7326.90.86; 9403.20.00; 
9403.90.80; 7308.90.30; 7308.90.60; 
7308.90.95) from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-570-088, Federal Register/ Vol 83 
FR No. 33195 (17 July 2018)    
Initiation on 10 July 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
racks (HS  7326.90.86; 9403.20.00; 
9403.90.80; 7308.90.30; 7308.90.60; 
7308.90.95) from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
C-570-089, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 33201 (17 July 2018)    
Termination on 21 July 2018 of CVD duties 
on imports of certain new pneumatic off -
the-road tires  (HS 4011.20.10; 
4011.20.50; 4011.61.00; 4011.62.00; 
4011.63.00; 4011.69.00; 4011.92.00; 
4011.93.40; 4011.93.80; 4011.94.40; 
4011.94.80; 4011.99.45; 4011.99.85; 
8424.90.90; 8431.20.00; 8431.39.00; 
8431.49.10; 8431.49.90; 8432.90.00; 
8433.90.50; 8503.00.95; 8708.70.05; 
8708.70.25; 8708.70.45; 8709.90.00; 
8716.90.10; 8716.90.50) from Sri Lanka 
(investigation initiated on  
10 February 2016. Provisional and definitive 
duties imposed on 20 June 2016 and  
6 March 2017)  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade A dministration 
C-542-801, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 35213 (25 July 2018)    
Termination on 3 August 2018 of CVD 
duties on imports of super -calendered 
paper (HS  4802.61.30; 4802.62.30; 
4802.62.60; 4802.69.30) from Canada 
(investigation initiated on 26 M arch 2015. 
Provisional and definitive duties imposed on 
3 August and 10 December 2015)  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
C-122-854, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 32268 (12 July 2018)    
Termination on 9 August 2018 of AD duties 
on imports of stainless steel bar (SSB)  
(HS 7222.10.00; 7222.11.00; 7222.19.00; 
7222.20.00; 7222.30.00) from Brazil and 
Japan (imposed on 21 February 1995) and 
Spain (imposed on 2 March 1995)  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-351-825, A -533-810, A -588-833 
and A -469-805, Federal 
Register/Vol  83 FR No. 49910  
(3 October 2018)    
Initiation on 28 August 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
wheels 12 to 16.5 inches in diameter 
(HS 8716.90.50) from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-570-090, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 45095 (5 September 2018)    
Initiation on 28 August 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of certain steel 
wheels 12 to 16.5 inches in diameter 
(HS 8716.90.50) from China   Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
C-570-091, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 45100 (5 September 2018)    
Initiation on 25 September 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of strontium 
chromate (HS  2841.50.91; 3212.90.00) 
from Austria and France  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-433-813 and A -427-830, Federal 
Register/Vol 83 FR No. 495 43  
(2 October 2018)    
Initiation on 9 October 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of mattresses 
(HS 9404.21.00; 9404.29.10; 9404.29.90; 
9401.40.00; 9401.90.50) from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-570-092, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 52386 (17 October 2018)    
Initiation on 10 October 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of refillable 
stainless steel kegs (HS  7310.10.00; 
7310.29.00) from China, Germany and 
Mexico  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-570-093, A -428-846 and 
A-201-849, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 52195 (16 October 2018)    
Initiation on 10 October 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of refillable 
stainless steel kegs (HS  7310.10.00; 
7310.29.00) from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
C-570-094, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 52192 (16 October 2018)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 185 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Initiation on 11 October 2018 of AD 
investigation on imports of aluminium wire 
and cables (HS  8544.49.90; 8544.42.90) 
from China  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
A-570-095, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 52811 (18 October 2018)    
Initiation on 11 October 2018 of CVD 
investigation on imports of aluminium wire 
and cables (HS  8544.49.90; 8544.42.90) 
from Chin a  Department of Commerce, 
International Trade Administration 
C-570-096, Federal Register/Vol 83 
FR No. 52805 (18 October 2018)    
 
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 186 - 
 
 ANNEX 3  
OTHER TRADE -RELATED MEASURES1 
(MID-OCTOBER 201 7 TO MID -OCTOBER  2018) 
Confirmed information2 
Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Algeria  
Amendment introduced to the list of 
products subject to a temporary import ban 
(877 tariff lines at 10 -digit level, in 
HS Chapters 02; 04; 07; 08; 11; 16; 17; 
18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 25; 39; 44; 48; 57; 
68; 69; 70; 76; 84; 85; 87; 94; 96) (e.g. 
meat and edible meat offal; dairy produce; 
natural honey; edible vegetables and 
certain roots and tubers; edible fruit and 
nuts; products of the milling industry; 
preparations of meat, fish or crustaceans; 
sugar and sugar confectionery; chocolates; 
preparations of cereals, flours, starch or 
milk; preparations of vegetables, fruit, 
nuts; miscellaneous edible preparations; 
waters; cement; plastics and articles 
thereof; articles of wood; paper and 
paperboard; carpe ts; marble; ceramic 
products; laminated safety glass; 
aluminium and articles thereof; machinery 
and mechanical appliances; electrical 
machinery and equipment; vehicles; 
furniture; miscellaneous manufactured 
articles)  Décret Exécutif No. 18 -139 portant 
désignation des marchandises 
soumises au régime de restrictions à 
l'importation - Journal Officiel 
(traduction Française) No. 29  
(23 May 2018)  Effective 23 May 2018  
Argentina  
Temporary export ban on iron and steel 
ferrous waste and scrap (NCM 7204; 7404; 
7602)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (28  May 2018) and 
Decreto No. 848/2017  
(23 October 2017)  Effective  
27 October 2017, for 
360 days  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
products requiring non -automatic import 
licensing requirements  Perma nent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (28  May 2018) and  
Resolución Secretaría de Comercio 
Nos. 898/2017 (24 November 2017),  
E-8/2018 (8 January 2018) and 
170/2018 (27 March 2018)  Effective  
1 December 2017  
                                                
1 The inclusion of any measure in this Annex  implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether or 
not such measure, or its intent, is protectionist in nature. Moreover, nothing in the Annex  implies any judgement, 
either direct or indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any WTO agreement.  
2 This Section  includes information which has either been provid ed by the Member concerned or has been 
confirmed at the request of the Secretaria t. WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 187 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary suspension of the registration 
(registración ) requirement from the sworn 
declaration requirement ( Declaración 
Jurada de Ventas al Exterior "DJVE" ) for the 
export of certain products  (e.g. flours and 
meals of soya beans; soya bean oil and its 
fractions; residues and waste from the food 
industr ies; prepared animal fodder; cereals; 
other worked grains of oat; certain oil seeds 
and oleagineous fruits, whether or not 
broken; certain animal fats and oils; 
oil-cake and other solid residues, whether 
or not ground or in the form of pellets, 
resulting f rom the extraction of soyabean 
oils; and oil -cake and other solid residues, 
whether or not ground or in the form of 
pellets, resulting from the extraction of 
vegetable fats and oils  (NCM 1002; 1004; 
1008; 1104; 1207; 1208; 1507; 1515; 
1518; 2302; 2304; 230 6; 2309)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Resolución Ministerio de 
Agroindustria Nos. 249/2018  
(13 August 2018) and 290/2018  
(31 August 2018)  Effective  
13 August 2018  
Temporary export duties ( derechos de 
exportación ) on certain products, e.g. soya 
beans flours; soya -bean oils and its 
fractions; certain animal and vegetable fats 
and oils; residues and waste from the food 
industries, prepared animal fodder (NCM 
1208.10.00; 1507.10.00; 1507.90.19; 
1507.90.90; 1517.90.90; 1518.00.90; 
2302.50.00; 2304.00.10; 2304.00.90; 
2308.00.00; 2309.90.10; 2309.90.60; 
2309.90.90)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Decreto 757/2018 (DCTO -2018-APN-
PTE-Posiciones arancelarias)  
(14 August 2018)  Effective  
15 August 2018 to  
28 February 2019  
Inclusion of 2 new tariff lines "undenatured 
ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by 
volume of 80% vol. or higher; ethyl alcohol 
and other spirits, denatured, of any 
strength" (NCM 2207.10.10; 2207.10.90) 
to the list of products requiring non -
automatic import licensing requirements  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
and Resolución Ministerio de 
Comercio - Secretaría de Comercio 
Nos. 507/2018  (27 August 2018) and 
526/2018 (3 September 2018)  Effective  
27 August 2018  
Temporary increase of export duties 
(derechos de exportación ) for all products 
(NCM Chapters 01 to 99). Ce rtain capital 
goods exempted  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October2018) and 
Decreto Nos.793/2018 (DCTO -2018-
793-APN-PTE-Derechos de 
exportación. Modificación)  
(3 September 2018) and 
Nomenclatura Común  del Mercosur 
865/2018 (27 September 2018)  Effective  
4 September 2018 to 
31 December 2020  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 188 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
products granted temporary authorization 
to increase the Mercosur Common External 
Tariff (but not above their bound levels), 
(90 tariff lines at 8 -digit level in 
NCM Chapters 7; 9; 11; 15; 21; 22; 23; 
24; 29; 33; 36; 38; 40; 44; 64; 68; 71; 
73; 82; 83; 84; 85; 87; 89; 90; 92; 94; 
95; 96) (e.g. garlic; roasted coffee; wheat 
gluten; olive oil and its fractions; 
margarine; miscellaneous edible 
preparations; waters, wines; preparations 
of a kind used in animal feeding; 
unmanufactured tobacco; fireworks; 
herbicides, anti -sprouting product s and 
plant-growth regulators; new rubber 
pneumatic tyres; wood and articles of 
wood; parts of footwear; granite; refractory 
bricks; imitation jewellery; articles of iron 
and steel; miscellaneous articles of base 
metal; machinery and mechanical 
appliances;  electrical machinery and 
equipment; motorcycles; boats; 
sunglasses; musical instruments; 
miscellaneous manufactured articles)  Permanent Delegation of Argentina 
to the WTO (25  October  2018) and 
Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur - 
Decreto No. 847/2018  
(25 Se ptember 2018)  Effective  
26 September 2018  
Brazil  
Elimination of the temporary reduction of 
import tariffs (to 2%) on certain 
isocyanates (NCM 2929.10.30), under an 
import quota of 1,000 tonnes (originally 
effective 23 January 2017 to  
22 January 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 94/2017  
(13 December 2017)  Eliminated on  
13 December 2017  
Increase of import tariffs (from 2% to 14%) 
on industrial fatty alcohols ( láurico)  (NCM 
3823.70.20) and ácido caprílico  (NCM 
3823.19.10); (from zero to 14%) on 
sinkers, needles and other articles used in 
forming stitches  (NCM 8448.51.10) 
(effective 1 January 2018); (from 2% to 
12%) on certain acyclic monoamines and 
their derivatives (NCM 2921.19.94) 
(effective 2 M arch 2018); and (to 25%) on 
onions and shallots (NCM 0703.10.19) 
(effective 22 December 2017 to  
31 December 2018)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25 May 2018), and Camex 
Resolution Nos. 54/2017  
(5 July 2017)  95/2017  
(19 December 2017), 98/201 7  
(21 December 2017) and 11/2018 
(28 February 2018)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  
Increase of import tariffs (from 2% to 14%) 
on acyclic ethers and their halogenated, 
sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated 
derivatives ( sevoflurano ) (NCM 
2909.19 .20); (from 8% to 14%) on certain 
pharmaceutical products (sevoflurano) 
(NCM 3003.90.97; 3004.90.97)  Permanent Delegation of Brazil to the 
WTO (25  October  2018) and Camex 
Resolution No. 71/2018  
(2 October 2018)  Effective  
2 October 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 189 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Canada  
Imposition of countermeasures  (surtaxes of 
25% and 10%) against the United States in 
response to U.S. tariffs imposed on 
Canadian steel and aluminium products. 
Surtax of 25% on 131 steel tariff lines (in 
HS Chapters 7206; 7207; 7208; 7209; 
7210; 7211; 7212 ; 7213; 7214; 7215; 
7216; 7217; 7218; 7221; 7222; 7223; 
7224; 7225; 7226; 7227; 7228; 7229; 
7304; 7305; 7306),  surtax of 10% on 19 
aluminium tariff lines (in HS  Chapters 7604; 
7610; 7611; 7612; 7613; 7615; 7616); 
and surtax of 10% on 79 tariff lines (in 
Chapters HS  0403; 0901; 1602; 1702; 
1704; 1806; 1905; 2001; 2007; 2009; 
2103; 2104; 2202; 2208; 3304; 3305; 
3307; 3401; 3402; 3406; 3506; 3808; 
3923; 3924; 4412; 4802; 4811; 4818; 
4822; 4909; 7321; 8418; 8419; 8422; 
8433; 8450; 8903; 9401; 9404; 9504; 
9608)   Permanent Delegation of Canada to 
the WTO (26 October 2018)  and 
Canada Gazette, Part II, Volume 
152, Number 14, United States 
Surtax Order (Steel and Aluminium): 
SOR/2018 -152 (28 June 2018); 
Canada Border Service Agency 
Customs Notice 18 -08 Surtaxes 
Impos ed on Certain Products 
Originating in the United States  
(29 June 2018)  Effective 1 July 2018  
China  
The tariff reduction obligation for 128 items 
imported from the United States was 
suspended on 2 April 2018, and the tariff 
was hereafter imposed on the basis of the 
current tariff rate (15% on edible fruits and 
nuts; wine of fresh grapes; undenatured 
ethyl alcohol; ginseng roots; iron or steel 
seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles; 
and 25% on pork products; and aluminium 
waste and scrap)  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (28  May 2018)  Effective 2 April 2018  
Decrease of VAT rebate rates (from 1 7% to 
16% and from 11% to 10%) on exports of 
certain products  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (28  May 2018)  Effective 1 May 2018  
Imposition of an additional 25% ad valorem  
rate of duty on certain agricultural goods, 
automobiles, aquatic products (545 tariff 
lines) (HS  Chapter 02; 03; 04; 05; 07; 08; 
10; 11; 12; 14; 16; 20; 22; 23; 24; 52; 
87) from the United States  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25 October 2018) , and Notice 
of the Customs Tariff Commission of 
the States Council (Tariff Commission 
Circular 2018 -3). Viewed at: 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/
zhengcefabu/201806/t20180616_29
30325.html  Effective 6 July 2018  
Imposition of an additional 25% ad 
valoremrate of duty on certain chemical 
products, medical equipment and energy 
products (333 tariff lines) (HS  Chapter 23; 
26; 27; 29; 34; 35; 39; 40; 44; 45; 47; 
51; 52; 55; 63; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 
76; 79; 80; 81; 85; 87; 89; 90) from the 
United States  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25  October  2018), and Notice 
of the Customs Tariff Commission of 
the States Council (Tariff Commission 
Circulars 5/2018 and 7/2018. Viewed 
at: 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/
zhengcefabu/201806/t20180616_29
30325.h tml; 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/
zhengcefabu/201808/t20180808_29
83770.html; and 
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article
/newsrelease/significantnews/201808
/20180802775598.shtml  Effective  
23 August 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 190 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Further increase of import tariffs (to 10%) 
on 3,571 tariffs lines (in HS  Chapters 01; 
02; 03; 04; 05; 06; 07; 08; 09; 11; 12; 
13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 
23; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 
34; 35; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 
45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 
55; 56; 57; 58; 59 ; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 
65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 
75; 76; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 
86; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97); 
(to 20%); and (to 5%) on 1,636 tariffs 
lines (in HS  Chapters 01; 04; 05; 07; 09; 
11; 12; 13; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 
22; 23; 25; 26; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 
34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 43; 44; 
47; 48; 49; 52; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 
60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 
70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 78; 79; 80; 
81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 
91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97) on imports 
from the United States  Permanent Delegation of China to the 
WTO (25  October  2018), and 
Announcement of the Taxation 
Committee Nos. 6/2018 and 8/2018. 
Viewed at: 
http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/a
e/ai/201808/20180802772616 . 
shtml;  
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/
zhengcefabu/201808/t20180803_29
80950.html ; and 
http://gss.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/
zhengcefabu/201809/t20180918_30
22592.html  Effective  
24 September 2018  
Colombia  
Amendments introduced to import tariffs on 
articles of apparel and clothing accessories 
(HS 61; 62; 64). Ad valorem tariff (40%) 
on apparel and clothing accessories for FOB 
value declared of US$10/kg or less. For 
waterproof footwear; certain footwear with 
outer soles and uppers of rubber or plastic; 
and footwear with outer soles of rubber, 
plastic, leather or compositio n leather and 
uppers of textile materials (HS  6401; 6402; 
6404), ad valorem  tariff (35%) for FOB 
value declared of US$6/pair or less. For 
"other footwear" (HS  6405), ad valorem 
tariff (35%) for FOB value declared of 
US$7/pair or less. For footwear with out er 
soles of rubber, plastic, leather or 
composition leather and uppers of leather 
(HS 6403), ad valorem  tariff (35%) for FOB 
value declared of US$10/pair or less  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 1786 Ministerio de  Comercio, 
Industria y Turismo  
(2 November 2017)  Effective  
2 November 2017  
Introduction of specific import tariffs for 
certain textiles and textile products to avoid 
customs fraud and the use of arbitrary 
customs value (HS  Chapter 52; 54; 55; 56; 
58; 59 ; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64)  Permanent Delegation of Colombia to 
the WTO (24  April 2018) and Decreto 
No. 2218 Ministerio de Hacienda y 
Crédito Público (27 December 2017)  Effective  
27 December 2017  
Costa Rica  
Imposition of a temporary special 
agricultural SG (11.67%) on imports of 
husked (brown) rice (HS  1006.20.00)  Permanent Delegation of Costa Rica 
to the WTO (24 October 2018)  Effective  
21 September 2018 to 
31 December 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 191 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Egypt  
Extension of the temporary export taxes 
(LE 5,000/tonne) on waste, parings a nd 
scrap of plastics except crushed plastics 
(pranged or granular) (effective  
31 August 2018 to 31 August 2019); (LE 
12,000/tonne) on fresh, chilled, or frozen 
fish (effective 25 August 2018 to 24 August 
2019);  (LE 500/tonne) on azotic fertilizers 
(exclud ing pure ammonium nitrate with a 
concentration higher than 34.2% nitrogen) 
(effective 18 September 2018 to  
17 September 2019); and on crust leather  
(effective 2 May 2018) (HS  3915; 0302; 
3102; 4104; 4105; 4106)  Permanent Delegation of Egypt to 
the WTO (25  October  2018)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  
Temporary export taxes (LE 20,000/tonne) 
on copper aluminium rods, angles and 
special shapes (HS  7407)  Permanent Delegation of Egypt to 
the WTO (25 October  2018)  Effective  
14 September 2018  
Euro pean Union  
Imposition of additional ad valorem  import 
custom s duties (25%) on certain products, 
e.g. on vegetables; on maize (corn); on 
rice; on prepared foods obtained by 
swelling or roasting of cereals or cereal 
products; on vegetables, fruit, nuts and 
other edible parts of plants; on fruit juices 
and vegetables j uices; on undenatured 
ethyl alcohol; on tobacco and manufactured 
tobacco substitutes; on beauty or make -up 
preparations and preparations for the care 
of the skin; on articles of apparel and 
clothing accessories; on bed linen, table 
linen, toilet linen and kitchen linen; on 
footwear; on iron and steel; on articles of 
iron and steel; on aluminium and articles 
thereof; on motorcycles; on yachts and 
other vessels for pleasure or sports; (to 
10%) on playing cards (HS  9504.40.00) 
from the United States (in Chapte rs 07; 10; 
19; 20; 22; 24; 33; 61; 62; 63; 64; 72; 
73; 76; 87; 89; 95)  WTO document G/SG/N/12/EU/1,  
18 May 2018; and Commission 
Implementing Regulation 
Nos. 2018/724 (16 May 2018) and 
2018/886 (20 June 2018)  Effective on  
22 June 2018  
India  
Increase of  import tariffs (to 50%) on peas 
(pisum sativum ) (HS  0713.10.00) (effective  
8 November 2017) and (to 45%) on soya 
beans, whether or not broken 
(HS 1201.10.00; 1201.90.00) (effective  
17 November 2017)  Notification Nos. 84/2017 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finan ce  
(8 November 2017) and 88/2017 -
Customs - Ministry of Finance  
(17 November 2017)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 192 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 
20%) on footwear (HS  6401; 6402; 6403; 
6404; 6405) and on certain toys, games 
and sport requisites (HS  9503; 9504; 
9505.90.10; 9506; 9507; 9508); and (from 
10% to 15%) on certain footwear with 
uppers of leather or co mposition leather, 
and with uppers of textiles materials 
(HS 6406); on key pads, and GSM antennas 
of any technology (HS  8517.70.90); on 
certain clocks and watches (HS  9101; 
9102; 9103; 9105); on microphone rubber 
cases, sensor rubber cases, sealing 
gaskets , and silicone for use in the 
manufacture of cellular mobile phones 
(HS 4016.99.90); and on truck and bus 
radial tyres (HS  4011.20.10); and (from 
15% to 20%) on cellular mobile phones 
(HS 8517.12.10; 8517.12.90)  Indian Budget 2018 -19, Finance Bill 
2018, C lause 101(a)  
(14 March 2018)  Effective February 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 
15%) on certain parts, sub -parts or 
accessories of cellular mobile phones 
(e.g. heat dissipation sticker; battery cover; 
sticker -battery slot; protective film fo r main 
lens; Mylar for LDC FPC; film -front flash 
(HS 3919.90.90); battery cover; front 
cover; front cover (with zinc casting); 
middle cover; back cover; main lens; 
camera lens (HS  3920.99.99); PU case; 
sealing gasket (HS  3926.90.91), sealing 
gaskets/cases from PE, PP, EPS, PC and all 
other individual polymers or 
combination/combination of polymers; SIM 
sockets/other mechanical items (plastic); 
conductive cloth; LCD conductive foam; 
LCD foam; and BT foam (HS  3926.90.99)  Notification No. 22/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 
20%) on kites (HS  4823.90.90); (from 5% 
to 7.5%) on refractory bricks, blocks, tiles 
and s imilar refractory ceramic 
constructional goods (HS  6902); and on 
other refractory ceramic goods (e.g. 
retorts, crucibles, muffles, nozzles, plugs, 
supports, cupels, tubes, pipes, sheaths  and 
rods) other than those of siliceous fossil 
metals or of similar s iliceous earths 
(HS 6903); (from zero to 5%) on preform 
of silica for use in the manufacture of 
telecommunication grade optical fibres or 
optical fibre cables (HS  Chapter 70); (from 
7.5% -10% to 15%) on USB cables of 
cellular mobile phones (HS  8544) and on 
LCD/LED/OLED panels of television and 
certain parts (HS  8529); and (from 30% to 
50%) on certain food preparations 
(excluding compound alcoholic preparations 
of a kind used for the manufacture of 
beverages, of an alcoholic strength 
exceeding 0.5% by volume,  determined at 
a temperature of 20° centigrade) 
(HS 2106.90)   Notification No. 6/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 193 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Increase of import tariffs (from zero to 
10%) on 11 specified parts used in the 
manufacture of liquid crystal display and 
light emitting diode TV panels of HS  8529 
(e.g. open cell (15.6'' and above), plate 
diffuser, film diffuser, reflector sheet, 
film-top, film-middle, film -bottom, bar led, 
bezel, back cover sheet, and black light unit 
modules (HS  8529); and on 
cushions/gaskets of liquid crystal display 
and light emitting diode TV panels 
(HS 4016)  Notification No. 6/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Dep artment of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 
15%) on certain parts and accessories for 
cellular mobile phones: screws 
(HS 7318.15.00); SIM sockets/other 
mech anical items (metal) (HS  7326.90.99); 
chargers or adapters (HS  8504.40 except 
HS 8504.40.21); cells or batteries (HS  8506 
except HS  8506.90.00); battery packs 
(other than lithium -ion batteries) (HS  8507 
except 8507.90); microphones, wired 
headsets and rece ivers (HS  8518); and side 
key (HS  8538.90.00); and (from 10% to 
20%) on lithium -ion batteries (8507.60.00) 
and wrist wearable devices "smart watches" 
(HS 8517.62.90)  Notification No. 22/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 Februar y 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 7.5% to 
15%) on spark ignition engines and 
compression ignition engines (HS  8407; 
8408) of motor vehicles  falling under 
HS 8702; 8703; 8704; 8711; on  parts 
suitable for use (HS  8409) principally with 
the engines of HS  8407; 8408, of a kind 
used in motor vehicles falling under 
HS 8702; 8704, motor cars falling under 
HS 8703, or motor cycles falling under 
HS 8711; on crank shafts (HS  8483.10.91; 
8483.10. 92) for engines falling under 
HS 8407 and 8408 and used in motor 
vehicles falling under HS  8702; 8703; 
8704; 8711; and on electrical ignition or 
starting equipment and cut -outs (HS  8511) 
of motor vehicles falling under HS  8702; 
8703; 8704; 8711  Notificatio n No. 6/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective 2 February 
2018 
 
Elimination of the exemption of customs 
duties on printed circuit board assembly 
(PCBA) and moulded plastics for the 
manufacture of chargers or adapters of 
cellular mobile phones. Basic customs tariff 
(BCD) set at 10%  Notification No. 22/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (2 February 2018) and 
Finance Bill 2018 (14 March 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
 
Imposition of "Social Welfare Surcharge" 
(10%) on imported goods  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
2 February 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 30% to 
40%) on chickpeas ( garbanzos ) 
HS 0713.20.00) (effective  
6 February 2018). On 1 March 2018, 
further increase of import tariffs (from 40% 
to 60%)  Notification Nos. 25/2018 -Customs 
(6 February 2018) and 28/2018 -
Customs (1 March 2018) - Ministry of 
Finance (Department of Revenue)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  
On 6 February 2018, further increase of 
import tariffs (from 50% to 100%) on raw 
sugar and refined or white sugar (raw sugar 
if imported by bulk consumer) (HS  1701). 
On 20 March 2018, import tariffs eliminated  Notification Nos. 24/2018 -Customs 
(6 February 2018) and 30/2018 (20 
March 2018) - Ministry of Finance 
(Department of Revenue)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 194 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Increase of import tariffs (from 10% to 
15%) on motor cycles (including mopeds) 
and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor, 
with or without side cars, and side cars, 
new, which have not been registered 
anywhere prior to importation - (1) as a 
completely knocked down (CKD) kit 
containing all the necessary components, 
parts or sub -assemblies for assembling a 
complete vehicle with: ( a) engine, gearbox 
and transmission mechanism not in a pre -
assembled condition (HS  8711)  Notification No. 26/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue) (12 February 2018)  Effective  
12 February 2018  
Imposition of minimum import price "MIP " 
on peppers resulting in an import ban on 
imports if their c.i.f. MIP is below Rs 500/kg 
(imports with a c.i.f. MIP of Rs 500/kg or 
above are free) (HS  0904)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018) and Notification 
No. 53/2015 -2020, Ministry  of 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Foreign Trade  
(21 March 2018)  Effective 21 March 2018  
Import ban on seal skins (HS  Chapters 41; 
42; 43)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (9 May 2018) and Notification 
No. 59/2015 -2020, Ministry o f 
Commerce and Industry - Directorate 
General of Foreign Trade  
(28 March 2018)  Effective 28 March 2018  
Increase of tariff (from zero to 10%) on 
camera modules for use in the manufacture 
of cellular mobile phones; connectors for 
use in manufacture of cellular mobile 
phones; and populated, loaded or stuffed 
printed circuit boards (HS  8517; 8525; 
8529)  Notifi cation Nos. 36/2018 and 
37/2018 - Customs (2 April 2018) - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue)  Effective 2 April 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (from 30% to 
40%) on whey and modified whey, whether 
or not concentrated or containing added 
sugar or  other sweetening matter 
(HS 0404) (whey, concentrated, evaporated 
or condensed, liquid or semi -solid 
exempted)  Notification Nos. 43/2018 -Customs 
and 44/2018 -Customs  
(10 April 2018) - Ministry of Finance 
(Department of Revenue)  Effective 10 April 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (to 100%) on 
walnuts in shell (HS  0802.31.00) and (to 
40%) on protein concentrates and textured 
protein substances (HS  2106.10.00)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and  
Notification Nos. 45/2018 -Customs 
and 46/2018 - Customs, Ministry of 
Finance (Department of Revenue) 
(23 May 2018)  Effective 23 May 2018  
Imports of natural rubber, balata, gutta -
percha, guayule, chicle and similar natural 
gums, in primary forms or in plates, sheets 
or strip (HS  4001) only p ermitted through 
sea ports in Chennai and Nhava Sheva 
(Jawaharlal Nehru). Port restrictions not 
applicable for imports under Advance 
Authorization  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No.  11/2015 -2020, 
Ministry of C ommerce and Industry - 
Department of Commerce 
(12 June 2018)   Effective 12 June 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (to 35%) on soya -
bean oil and its fractions; crude and edible 
grade oils (e.g. of ground -nut, olive, 
sunflower -seed, coconut (copra), rape, 
colza, mustard, and other fixed vegetables 
fats); (to 45%) on refined and edible grade 
oils (e.g. ground -nut, olive, sunflower -seed, 
coconut (copra), rape, colza, mustard, and 
other fixed vegetables fats) (HS  1507; 
1508; 1509; 1510; 1512; 1513; 1514; 
1515; 1516; 1517; 1518)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 47/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue)  (14 June 2018)  Effective 14 June 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 195 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Further increase of import tariffs (to 70%) 
on certain chickpeas (garbanzos) 
(HS 0713.20.10; 0713.20.20; 0713.20.90); 
(to 40%) on lentils (HS  0713.40.00); (to Rs 
42/Kg) on almonds in shell, (to Rs 120/Kg) 
on shelled almonds (HS  0802.12.00); (to 
120%) on walnuts in shell 
(HS 0802.31.00); (to 75%) on apples 
(HS 0808.10.00); (to 20%) on phosphoric 
acid (HS  2809.20.10), on certain diagnostic 
or labora tory reagents (HS  3822.00.90), 
and grain -oriented silicon -electrical steel 
(HS 7225.11.00); (to 17.5%) on boric acid 
(HS 2810.00.20) and on certain 
miscellaneous chemical products 
(HS 3824.99.90); (to 27.5%) on flat -rolled 
products of iron or non -alloy ste el of a 
thickness of less than 0.5 mm 
(HS 7210.12.10; 7210.12.90); (to 22.5%) 
on certain flat -rolled products of stainless 
steel, of a width of 600 mm or more 
(HS 7219.12.00, 7219.13.00; 7219.21.90; 
7219.90.90); (to 25%) on certain articles of 
iron and ste el (HS  7307.29.00; 7307.99.90; 
7308.90.90; 7310.29.90; 7318.15.00; 
7318.16.00; 7318.29.90; 7320.90.90; 
7325.99.99; 7326.19.90; 7326.90.99)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 48/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finan ce (Department of 
Revenue) (20 June 2018)  Effective 20 June 2018  
Import prohibition on oxytocin 
(HS 2937.19.00; 2937.29.00; 2937.90.19; 
2937.90.90; 3004)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 19/2015 -2020  
(12 July 2018) - Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry (Department 
of Commerce)  Effective 12 July 2018  
Addition of Vishakhapatnam port to the list 
of 15 existing ports/inland container depots 
through which imports of new vehicles is 
permitted (HS  87) Permanent De legation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective 12 July 2018   
Increase of import tariffs (to 20%) on 
certain textiles and textile articles (504 
tariff lines at 8 -digit), e.g. woven fabrics; 
wadding of textile materials and articles 
thereof; nonwovens; carpets and other 
textile floor coverings; impregnated, 
coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; 
articles of apparel and clothing accessories 
(HS 5310; 5407; 5601; 5603; 5701; 5702; 
5703; 5704; 5705; 5901; 5910; 6004; 
6103; 6104; 6105; 6106 ; 6108; 6109; 
6110; 6111; 6114; 6115; 6116; 6117; 
6201; 6203; 6204; 6205; 6206; 6209; 
6210; 6212; 6217; 6301)   Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 53/2018 -Customs 
(16 July 2018) - Ministry of Finance 
(Department of Revenue)  Effective 16 July 2018  
Amendments introduced to the import 
policy of areca nut (HS  0802.80.10), 
resulting in an import prohibition, except 
for imports with a minimum import price 
c.i.f. equal or above Rs 251/kg  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective 25 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 196 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Amendments introduced to the policy 
condition of "pepper" (HS  0904.11; 
0904.12), resulting in an exemption of the 
import prohibition for: (i) imports under the 
Advance Authorization scheme; (ii) imports 
by 100% Export Oriented Units (EOUs); and 
(iii) imports by units in the Special 
Economic Zones. As from  
17 September 2018, imports of long pepper 
(HS 0904.11.10) are also exempted  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective 25 July 2018  
Amendments introduced to the policy 
condition of urea (HS  3102.10.00), 
resulting in an exemption of the import 
prohibition for: imports of urea for 
industrial/non -agricultural/technical grade  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective 27 July 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (to 15%) on screw 
or SIM socket/other mechanical items 
(metal) for cellular mobile phones 
(HS 7318.15.00; 7326.90.99)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No.  57/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue)  (7 August 2018)  Effective 7 August 2018  
Increase of ad valorem  import tariffs (from 
10% to 20%) on 328 tariff lines of carpets, 
apparels and other textiles products 
(HS Chapters 57; 61; 62)   Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification No. 58/2018 -Customs - 
Ministry of Finance (Department of 
Revenue)  (7 August 2018)  Effective 7 August 2018  
Import prohibition on petroleum coke 
(HS 2713.11.00; 2713.12.00). Imports  
exempted only for cement, lime kiln, 
calcium carbide, and gasification industries, 
when used as feed stock or in the 
manufacturing process. As from 28 August 
2018, imports of petroleum bitumen and 
other residues of petroleum oils exempted 
(HS 2713.20.00; 2 713.90.00)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification Nos. 25/2015 -2020  
(17 August 2018) and 30/2015 -2020 
(28 August 2018) - Ministry of 
Commerce and Industry (Department 
of Commerce)  Effective  
17 August 2018  
Amendments  introduced to the import 
policy of biofuels (HS  2207.20.00; 
2710.20.00; 3826.00.00), resulting in an 
import restriction. Imports for non -fuel 
purposes exempted  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective  
21 August 2018  
Amendment s introduced to the import 
policy of peas (including yellow peas, green 
peas, dun peas and kaspa peas)  
(HS 0713.10.00), resulting in an extension 
of the import restriction of until  
30 September 2018  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective  
30 August 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 197 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Increase of import tariffs (to 15%) on 
baths, shower -baths, sinks, wash -basins, 
bidets, lavatory pans, seats and covers, 
flushing cisterns and similar sanitary ware, 
of plastics; articles for the conveyance or 
packing of go ods, stoppers, lids, caps and 
other closures of plastics; tableware, 
kitchenware, other household articles and 
hygienic or toilet articles, of plastic; new 
pneumatic rubber tyres for motor cars; 
leather travel goods, handbags and similar 
containers; (to 25 %) footwear; (to 20%) 
jewellery, goldsmiths' and silversmiths' 
wares and other articles; air conditioning 
machines; refrigerators, freezers and other 
refrigerating or freezing equipment; 
laundry -type washing machines; (to 10%) 
compressors of a kind used in  refrigerating 
equipment; (from 2.5% to 7.5%) on cut 
and polished coloured gemstones; 
diamonds and non -industrial diamonds; (to 
10%) all goods other than: (i) speakers and 
(ii) the following parts of cellular mobile 
phones (namely microphone, wired headset  
and receiver);  and (from zero to 5%) on 
aviation turbine fuel (HS  3922; 3923; 
3924; 3926; 4011.10.10; 4202; 6401; 
6402; 6403; 6404; 6405; 7113; 7114; 
8414.30.00; 8414.80.11; 8415.10; 
8415.20; 8415.81; 8415.82; 8415.83; 
8418.10.90; 8418.21.90; 8418.29.00; 
8450.11.00; 8450.12.00; 8450.19.00; 71; 
8518; 2710.19.20)  Permanent Delegation of India to the 
WTO (25 October  2018), and 
Notification F. Nos. 67/2018 -
Customs, 68/2018 -Customs, 
69/2018 -Customs and 70/2018 -
Customs, Ministry of Finance - 
Department of Reven ue  
(26 September 2018)  Effective  
27 September 2018  
Increase of import tariffs (to 20%) on other 
apparatus for transmission or reception of 
voice, images or other data, including 
apparatus for communication in a wired or 
wireless network (such as a local  or wide 
area network)  (HS 8517.61.00; 
8517.69.00)  Notification No. 74/2018 -Customs, 
Ministry of Finance - Department of 
Revenue (11 October 2018)  Effective  
12 October 2018  
Indonesia  
Imposition of import tariffs on certain digital 
goods  Permanent Delegation of  Indonesia 
to the WTO (25 April 2018)    
Increase of import taxes on certain 
products (1,084 tariff lines at 8 -digit in 
Chapters 09; 10; 11; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 
20; 21; 22; 27; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 39; 
40; 42; 43; 44; 46; 57; 58; 59; 61; 62; 
63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 73; 
76; 82; 84; 85; 87; 89; 90; 91; 92; 94; 
95; 96)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia 
to the WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective  
13 September 2018  
Increase of export taxes on mineral 
products; ores, slag and ash; mineral fue ls 
and lignite (70 tariff lines at 8 -digit in 
Chapters 25; 26; 27)  Permanent Delegation of Indonesia 
to the WTO (25 October 2018)  Effective  
13 September 2018  
Iraq, Rep. of  
Reduction of the customs duty rates to four 
levels (0.5%, 10%, 15% and 30%), and 
adoption of the Harmonized System 
Nomenclature (21 categories), resulting in 
the increase of import tariffs for certain 
products  Permanent Delegation of the 
Republic of Iraq ( 24 April 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 198 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Extension of the temporary import ban on 
certain vegetables and fruits, e.g. potatoes, 
tomatoes, lettuces, carrots, and melons (to 
protect local production) (HS  0701; 0702; 
0705; 0706; 0807)  Permanent Delegation o f the 
Republic of Iraq (24 April 2018)    
Malaysia  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
prohibited export products, resulting in the 
addition of palm oil and its fractions, 
whether or not refined, but not chemically 
modified (3 tariff lines) (HS 1511.90.31; 
1511.90.32; 1511.90.41)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
20 October 2017  
Amendments introduced to the list of 
prohibited import products, resulting in the 
addition of certain items (e.g. preparations 
of a kind used in animal feed; certain 
antibiotics; and certain medication) (7 tariff 
lines) (HS  2309; 2941; 3003; 3004; 2852; 
2933)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (5 June 2018)  Effective  
23 February 2018  
Import requirement (e.g. import licensi ng, 
certificate of approval) on certain products, 
e.g. certain heterocyclic compounds with 
nitrogen hetero -atom(s) only; iron and 
steel; and  aluminium and articles thereof 
(HS 2933; 7227; 7215; 7228; 7604; 7606)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (29 October 2018) and 
Federal Government Gazette, 
Customs (prohibition of imports 
(amendment) (No.2)) Order 2018  
(29 August 2018)  Effective  
1 September 2018  
Export requirement on certain heterocyclic 
compounds with nitrogen hetero -atom(s) 
only (HS 2933.39.90)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WTO (29 October 2018) and 
Federal Government Gazette, 
Customs (prohibition of exports 
(amendment) (No.2)) Order 2018  
(29 August 2018)  Effective  
1 September 2018  
Imposition of sale taxes on import of 
certain products, e.g. wine, spirit, malt 
liquor, tobacco and tobacco products, 
marble and anchovies (for Langkawi area); 
and motor vehicles (for Tioman area) 
(HS 2203; 2402; 6802; 0305.59.21; 
0305.63.00; 8703)  Permanent Delegation of Malaysia to 
the WT O (29 October 2018) and 
Federal Government Gazette, Sale 
Tax (imposition of sale tax in respect 
of designated areas)  Order 2018  
(28 August 2018)  Effective  
1 September 2018  
Mauritius  
Increase of import tariffs (from zero to 
10%) on blended oil; and (fro m zero to 
80%) on cane or beet sugar and chemically 
pure sucrose, in solid form (HS  1517.90.10; 
1701.12.00; 1701.13.00; 1701.14.90; 
1701.91.00; 1701.99.10; 1701.99.90)  Permanent Delegation of Mauritius to 
the WTO (28 September 2018)  Effective 15 June 2018  
Mexico  
Further extension of the temporary increase 
of import tariffs (from zero to 15%) on 97 
iron and steel tariff lines (HS  Chapter 72) 
(originally implemented on 7 October 2015 
for 180 days, extended on 4 April 2016  for 
an additional period of 180 day s, and 
extended again on 6 April 2017 for 180 
days)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (30  May 2018); Diario 
Oficial de la Federación (Official 
Journal), 17 October 2017; and WTO 
document WT/TPR/OV/20,  
16 November 2017  On 17 October 2017, 
the measure was again 
extended for 180 days. 
On 16 April 2018, the 
measure was 
terminated  
Establishment of a list of petroleum and oil 
products (HS  2709; 2710; 2711) subject to 
mandatory prior import authorization by the 
Ministry of Energy  Permanent Delegati on of Mexico to 
the WTO (30  May 2018)  Effective  
5 December 2017  
Establishment of a list of petroleum and oil 
products (HS  2709; 2710; 2711) subject to 
mandatory prior export authorization by the 
Ministry of Energy  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the W TO (30  May 2018)  Effective  
5 December 2017  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 199 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Amendments introduced in the Law of 
general taxes of import and export resulting 
in the temporary increase of import tariffs 
on certain iron and steel, and products of 
iron and steel (HS  Chapters 72 and 73)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (26 October 2018)  Effective 5 July 2018 to 
31 January 2019  
Temporary increase of import tariffs (to 
15%) on certain semi -finished products of 
iron or non -alloy steel ( planchón de acero ) 
(HS 7207.12.01; 7207.12.99;  7224.90.02)  Permanent Delegation of Mexico to 
the WTO (26 October 2018), and 
Diario Oficial de la Federación 
(Official Journal), 17 August 2018  Effective  
17 August 2018 to  
30 November 2018  
Myanmar  
List of products subject to non -automatic 
import licen sing (4,818 tariff lines in 
Chapters HS  01 to 31; 34; 38; 40; 41; 43; 
47; 50; 51; 52; 55; 63; 70; 71; 72; 74; 
75; 76; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 84; 85; 87; 
88; 89; 90; 93; 95; 96; 97)  Permanent Delegation of Myanmar to 
the WTO (16  October  2018)  Effective 14 March 2018  
List of products subject to non -automatic 
export licensing (3,345 tariff lines in 
Chapters HS  01 to 07; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 
15; 17; 23; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 
36; 38; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 47; 49; 51; 
52; 67; 68; 69; 71; 72; 74; 75; 76; 78; 
79; 80; 81; 83; 84; 85; 87; 88; 89; 90; 
93; 95; 96; 97)  Permanent Delegation of Myanmar to 
the WTO (16  October  2018)  Effective 8 May 2018  
New Zealand  
Amendments introduced in the Climate 
Change (Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levies) 
Regulation, resulting in the incorporation of 
additional goods and also the increase on 
certain levy rates (HS  3909; 8415; 8418; 
8476; 8479; 8479; 8609; 8704; 8716; 
8901; 8902)  New Zealand - Climate Change 
(Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levies) 
Regulation 2013 (SR 2013/46)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Pakistan  
Implementation of the Budget 2018 -19 
resulting in the increase of import tariffs on 
certain products, e.g. fish and crustaceans, 
soya-beans crude oil, petroleum oils, 
self-adhesive plates in rolls, and accessories 
of paper (53 tariff lines at 8 -digit levels in 
HS Chapters 03; 15; 27; 39; 48)   Permanent Delegation of Pakistan to 
the WTO (29 October 2018)  Effective 1 July 2018  
Panama  
Implementation of the Central American 
Import Tariff (for 2,200 tariffs lines), 
resulting in the  increase of tariffs for certain 
products  Permanent Delegation of Panama to 
the WTO (24 April 2018)  Effective 1 March 2018  
Russian Federation  
Government Resolution No. 1469 
established restrictions and conditions of 
access of bare metal stents for coron ary 
arteries, stents for coronary arteries, 
releasing drugs, balloon standard catheters 
for coronary angioplasty, and aspirating 
catheters for embolectomies, originating 
from foreign states, for the purpose of 
procurement for state and municipal needs  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(30 May 2018)  Effective  
4 December 2017 to  
1 July 2018  
Introduction of temporary export duties 
(from zero to 7.5%) on waste and scrap of 
tungsten (wolfram) and waste and scrap of 
cermets (HS  8101.97.00; 8113.00.40)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(30 May 2018)  Effective  
30 December 2017 to 
30 December 2018  
Further extension of the temporary export 
ban on tanned leather (HS  4104.11; 
4104.19) (originally effective fro m  
1 February 2017 to 1 August 2017)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Effective 10 June 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 200 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Suspension of substantially equivalent 
concessions and other obligations under 
GATT 1994 to the trade with the United 
States in the form of an increase in tariffs 
on selected products (e.g. tools for tapping 
or threading; tools for drilling; tools for 
milling; tools for boring or broaching; tools 
for turning; hoods; cranes; trucks fitted 
with lifting or handling eq uipment; 
bulldozers; machining centres; lathes 
(including turning centres) for removing 
metal; machine -tools; valves and similar 
appliances; motor vehicles for the transport 
of goods; optical fibres, optical fibre 
bundles and  cables) (79 tariff lines at 
10-digit level, in Chapters 82; 84; 87; 90)  WTO document G/SG/N/12/RUS/2, 
22 May 2018; Permanent Delegation 
of the Russian Federation to the WTO 
(26 October 2018); and Decree 
No. 788 of the Government of the 
Russian Federation (6 July 2018)  Effective 5 Augus t 2018  
Russian Federation (for Eurasian Economic Union)  
Temporary increase of import tariffs (from 
zero to 5%) on injection -moulding 
machines with a clamping force of not more 
than 2,200 tonnes (22,000 kN) and an 
injection volume of not more than 
28,200  kN (HS  8477.10.00)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(30 May 2018)  Effective  
15 December 2017 to 
15 December 2019  
Elimination of the temporary reduction of 
import tariffs (from 13% to 5%) on 
Brussels sprouts (HS  0704); and (from 5% 
to zero) on nuts, dates, and dried grapes 
(HS 0802; 0804; 0806) (originally 
implemented on 22 April 2016)  Permanent Delegation of the Russian 
Federation to the WTO  
(30 May 2018)  Effective  
1 February 2018  
Temporary increase of import tariffs on 
injection -moulding machines  Permanent Delegation of the Russ ian 
Federation to the WTO  
(26 October 2018)  Effective  
1 September 2018 to 
15 December 2019  
South Africa (for SACU - Southern African Customs Union  
(Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Eswatini)  
Increase of import tariffs (from 5% to 15%) 
on certain aluminium bars, rods and profiles 
(HS 7604.21.15; 7604.29.15; 7604.29.65) 
(effective 17 November 2017); and (from 
zero to 20%) on pre -fabricated buildings of 
iron or steel  (HS 9406.90.10; 9406.90.90) 
(effective 17 November 2017) and 
self-adhesive t apes (HS  3919.10.41; 
3919.10.43) (effective 29 December 2017). 
Imports from the European Union, EFTA 
and Southern African Development 
Community (SADC) members exempted  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (28 May 2018), 
International Trade Admi nistration 
Commission Notice Nos. R. 1282 and 
R. 1283 - Government Gazette 
No. 41257 (17 November 2017) and 
R. 150 - Government Gazette 
No. 41363 (29 December 2017)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 201 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Increase of import excise duties (from 5% 
to 7% ) on certain perfumes and toilet 
waters; beauty or make up preparations; 
and certain motorcycles; (from 7% to 9%) 
on machines for the reception, conversion 
and transmission of voice, image or other 
data; certain perfumes and toilet waters; 
fireworks; certa in furskin articles; 
machinery and mechanical appliances; 
electrical machinery and equipment; water 
scooters; and arms, toys and games 
(HS 8517.62.20; 8517.69.10; 3303.00.90; 
3304.10.90; 3304.20.90; 3304.30.90; 
3304.91.90; 3304.99.90; 3604.10; 
4303.10; 430 4.00.10; 8415.10.10; 
8415.10.20; 8415.81.10; 8415.82.10; 
8415.83.10; 8415.90.05; 8517.11; 
8517.12.10; 8518.21; 8518.22; 8518.29; 
8518.40; 8518.50; 8519.81.90; 
8519.89.90; 8521.90.90; 8525.80.90; 
8527.13.10; 8527.19.10; 8527.21; 
8527.29; 8527.91.10; 8527.92 .10; 
8527.99.10; 8528.49.10; 8528.49.90; 
8528.52.20; 8528.52.90; 8528.59.15; 
8528.59.90; 8528.69.90; 8528.71.10; 
8528.71.90; 8528.72.20; 8528.72.50; 
8528.72.90; 8528.73.20; 8528.73.50; 
8528.73.90; 8711.20.90; 8711.30; 
8711.40; 8711.50; 8711.90.20; 
8711.90. 30; 8903.99.10; 9302.00.10; 
9302.00.25; 9302.00.29; 9302.00.39; 
9303.10; 9303.20.11; 9303.20.12; 
9303.20.13; 9303.20.20; 9303.30.10; 
9303.30.20; 9303.30.90; 9304.00.20; 
9504.30.10; 9504.50.10; 9506.32); and 
(from 25% to 30%) on motor vehicles 
(HS Chapter 8 7)  Permanent Delegation of South Africa 
to the WTO (28 May 2018) and 
International Trade Administration 
Commission Notice No. R. 347  - 
Government Gazette No. 41515  
(23 March 2018)  Effective 23 March 2018  
Sri Lanka  
Increase of the excise duties on imports of 
certain motor vehicles  (HS 8703)  Gazette Extraordinary No. 2082/10  - 
Government Notifications, Excise 
(special provisions) (31 July 2018)  Effective 1 August 2018  
Temporary increase of the special 
commodity levy (SCL) on imports of certain 
veget able fats and oils and their cleavage 
(e.g. soya -bean, sunflower seed, coconut, 
palm kernel) (HS  1507; 1511; 1512; 1513)  Permanent Delegation of Sri Lanka to 
the WTO (25 October 2018) and 
Gazette Extraordinary No. 2085/36  - 
Government Notifications - Special 
Commodity Levy Act  
(24 August 2018)  Effective  
25 August 2018, for 6 
months  
Switzerland  
Decrease of the import quota (by 1,000 
tonnes to 16,307 tonnes) on eggs for 
further processing (HS  0407.21.10; 
0407.29.10; 0407.90.10)  Permanent Delegation of Switzerland 
to the WTO (14 May 2018)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Regular Amendments of the agricultural 
components ( éléments mobiles ) of customs 
duties  on certain agricultural products 
based on updated reference prices 
(HS 0403; 0405; 0710; 1517; 1704; 1806 ; 
1901; 1902; 1904; 1905; 2001; 2004; 
2005; 2007; 2008; 2101; 2104; 2105; 
2106; 2905; 3501)  Permanent Delegation of Switzerland 
to the WTO (12 October 2018)  Effective 1 May 2018  
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu  
Special SG measure (volume -based)  on 
imports of poultry offal (HS  0207; 0210; 
0504; 1602)  WTO document G/AG/N/TPKM/164,  
7 August 2018  Effective 18 July 2018 
to 31 December 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 202 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Special SG measure (volume -based)  on 
imports of fresh milk (HS  0401.10.10; 
0401.20.10; 0 401.40.10; 
0401.50.10;  0402.99 10)  WTO document G/AG/N/TPKM/166, 
22 August 2018  Effective 3 August 2018 
to 31 December 2018  
Turkey  
Increase of import tariffs on certain 
products; (to 5%) on paracetamol; (from 
2.3% to 20%) on hair clippers and other 
articles of base metal cutlery; (to 25%) on 
coated electrodes of base metals such as 
nickel and others for electric arc -welding; 
(to 14.9%) on other kind of centrifugal 
pumps; (from 6% to 7.6%) on works trucks 
fitted with mechanic lifting equipment; (to 
20%) on pressure -reducing valves; valves 
for oleohydraulic or pneumatic 
transmission; and check "non -return" 
valves composed of cast iron or steel; 
safety or relief valves; appliances for pipes, 
boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like 
(excluding pressure -reducing valves, valves 
for the control of pneumatic power 
transmission, check "non -return" valves 
and safety or relief valves) and parts of 
valves; (to 9.3%) on AC motors, single -
phase, of an output > 7,5 kW; (to 11.3%) 
and other AC motors, multi -phase, of an  
output > 750 W but <= 75 kW; (to 16.8%) 
on certain single axle tractors' pedestrian 
controlled agricultural tractors and similar 
tractors for industry (excluding tractor units 
for articulated lorries); (to 13.3%) on 
hydraulic steering boxes; (to 20%) on 
syringes, with or without needles, used in 
medical, surgical, dental or veterinary 
sciences; (to 23.4%) on artists' brushes 
and writing brushes; (to 20%) on vacuum 
flasks and other vacuum vessels, and parts 
thereof (excluding glass inners) 
(HS Chapters 82; 83; 84; 85; 87; 90; 96); 
on plywood, veneered panels and similar 
laminated wood (HS  4412); and on tools, 
tool bodies, tool handles, broom or brush 
bodies and handles, of wood; boot or shoe 
lasts and trees, of wood (HS  4417)  Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (26 October 2018)  Effective 28 March 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 203 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Suspension of substantially equivalent 
concessions and other obligations under 
GATT 1994 to the trade with the United 
States in the form of an increase in tariffs 
on selected products (e.g.  nuts (HS  0802); 
rice (HS  1006); food preparations 
(HS 2106.90); undenatured ethyl alcohol of 
an alcoholic strength of < 80% (HS  2208); 
unmanufactured tobacco (HS  2401); 
mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of 
their distillation (HS  2701; 2704.00; 
2713.11); beauty  or make -up preparations 
and preparations for the care of the skin 
(HS 3304); plastics and articles thereof 
(HS 3904.10; 3908.10; 3926); fuel wood 
(HS 4401); paper and paperboard 
(HS 4802; 4804; 4811); artificial filament 
tow of cellulose acetate (HS  5502. 10); iron 
or steel structures and parts of structures 
(HS 7308.90); nuclear reactors, boilers, 
machinery and mechanical appliances 
(HS 8413.70; 8479.89); motor cars and 
other motor vehicles (HS  8703); apparatus 
based on the use of x -rays (HS  9022.19))  WTO documents G/SG/N/12/TUR/6, 
22 May 2018 and 
G/SG/N/12/TUR/6/Suppl.1,  
15 August 2018  Effective 21 June 2018  
Implementation of registration procedures 
on exports of worked grains of wheat, 
maize and barley (effective  
1 September 2018), rice and rye (effect ive 
28 September 2018) (HS  1006; 1103; 
1104)  Permanent Delegation of Turkey to 
the WTO (26 October 2018)  Effective: see individual 
dates in measure  
United States of America  
Imposition of an additional 25% ad valorem  
rate of duty on certain steel articles 
(HS Chapters 72 and 73) for national 
security reasons. See Presidential 
Proclamations for country specific 
exemptions  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (4  June 2018) and 
Presidential Proclamation o n 
adjusting imports of steel into the 
United States (8, 22 March 2018,  
30 April 2018, 31 May 2018). Viewed 
at: 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
steel-united -states/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/ preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
steel-united -states -2/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
steel-united -states -3/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
steel-united -states -4/  Effective  
23 March 2018. See 
Presidential 
Proclamations and WTO 
document 
G/MA/QR/N/USA/4,  
3 October 2018 for 
country specific 
exemptions  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 204 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Imposition of an additional 10% ad valorem  
rate of duty on certain aluminium articles 
(e.g. unwrought aluminium; aluminium 
bars, rods, and profiles; aluminium wire; 
aluminium plat e, sheet, strip, and foil 
(flat-rolled products) (HS  Chapter 76); 
aluminium tubes and pipe fittings; and 
aluminium castin gs and forgings) for 
national security reasons. See Presidential 
Proclamations for country specific 
exemptions  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO (4  June 2018) and 
Presidential Proclamation on 
adjusting imports of aluminium into 
the Unite d States (8 and 22 March 
2018, 30 April 2018, 31 May 2018). 
Viewed at: 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
aluminum -united -states/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
aluminum -united -states -2/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
aluminum -united -states -3/ and 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/preside
ntial-actions/presidential -
proclamation -adjusting -imports -
aluminum -united -states -4/ Effective 23 March 
2018. See Presidential 
Proclamations and WTO 
document 
G/MA/QR/N/USA/4,  
3 October 2018 for 
country specific 
exemptions  
Imposition of an additional duty of 25% on 
a list of 818 products from Chin a  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO 
(29 October  2018); Office of the 
USTR, Docket No. USTR -2018-0005 - 
Notice of Determination and Request 
for Public Comment Concerning 
Proposed  
Determination of Action Pursuant to 
Section 301  
(3 April 2 018). Viewed at:  
https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/fil
es/Press/Releases/301FRN.pdf; and  
Office of the USTR, Docket No. 
USTR -2018-0018 - Notice of Action 
and Request for Public Comment 
Concerning Proposed Determination 
of Action Pursuant to Section 301:  
China 's Acts, Policies, and Practices 
Related to Technology Transfer, 
Intellectual Property, and Innovation  
(20 June 2018)  Effective 6 July 2018  
Tariff reclassifications resulting in the 
increase of import tariffs (to 5%) on 
natamycin (HS  3808.92.50) ; (to 1.5%) on 
cordierite pizza stones (HS  7116.20.40); 
(to 30%) on glass candle jar 
(HS 7013.99.50); (to 6.5%) on butadiene 
rubber (HS  3902.90.00); (to 4.6%) on 
jump smart trampoline and trampoline 
safety enclosures (HS  9506.91.00)  US Customs and Border Pro tection 
19 CFR PART 177  - Customs Bulletin 
and Decisions, Vol. 52 No. 28  
(11 July 2018)  Effective 11 July 2018  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 205 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
An additional 10% ad valorem  duty on 
products of China, e.g. (5,745 tariff lines at 
8-digit level in HS  Chapters 02; 03; 04; 05; 
07; 08; 10; 11 ; 12; 14; 15; 16; 17; 19; 
20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 
31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 
41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 50; 51; 
52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 65; 
67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 
78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85 ; 86; 87; 
88; 89; 90; 91; 94; 96)  Permanent Delegation of the United 
States to the WTO 
(29 October  2018); Office of the 
USTR, Docket No. USTR -2018-0026 - 
Billing Code 3290 -F8, Request for 
Comments Concerning Proposed 
Modification of Action Pursuant to 
Section 301: China's Acts, Policies, 
and Practices Related to Technology 
Transfer, Intellectual Property, and 
Innovation  
(10 July 2018) and Press Release 
(September 2018). Viewed at: 
https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/30
1/2018 -
0026%20China%20FRN%207 -10-
2018_0.pdf and 
https://ustr.gov/about -us/policy -
offices/press -office/press -
releases/2018/september/ustr -
finalizes -tariffs -200  Effective  
24 September 2018  
 
Recorded, but non -confirmed information3 
Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Algeria  
Extension of the list of  imported products subject to 
the Internal Consumption Tax (30%) ( Taxe 
Intérieure de Consommation "TIC ") (e.g.  salmon, 
cashew nuts, almonds, grapes, prunes, peppers, 
sugar confectionery, certain miscellaneous edible 
preparations, modems and decoders, burgl ar or fire 
alarms and similar apparatus, automatic data 
processing machines, yachts and other vessels for 
pleasure or sport) (HS  Chapters 03; 08; 09; 17; 21; 
84; 85)  Press reports referring 
to Communiqué relatif 
aux Mécanismes 
d'Encadrement des 
Opérations  
d'Importation de 
Marchandises - 
Ministère du Commerce  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Increase of import tariffs on certain finished goods 
(129 HS  tariff lines ), e.g. sunflower seeds, whether 
broken or not; certain articles of plastic;  industrial 
furnaces; filtering or purifying machinery and 
apparatus; overhead travelling cranes, transporter 
cranes, gantry cranes, bridge cranes, mobile lifting 
frames and straddle carriers; printing machinery; 
automatic data processing machines and units 
thereof; taps, cocks , valves and similar appliances 
for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, 
including pressure -reducing valves and 
thermostatically controlled valves;  modems;  
telephone sets;  certain apparatus for communication 
in a wired or wireless network; cards incorporating a 
magnetic strip; smart -cards; electrical apparatus for 
switching or protecting electrical circuits; insulated 
wire and cables (including co -axial cables);  bodies 
for certain vehicles; trailers and semi -trailers, other 
vehicles, not mechanica lly propelled, and parts 
thereof; prepared or preserved ground -nuts; jams 
and marmalades; liquid dielectric transformers; 
water; primary cells and primary batteries; and beer 
made from malt (HS  Chapters 12; 20; 21; 22; 39; 
84; 85; 87)  Press reports referri ng 
to Communiqué relatif 
aux Mécanismes 
d'Encadrement des 
Opérations 
d'Importation de 
Marchandises - 
Ministère du Commerce  Effective  
1 January 2018  
                                                
3 This Section includes information which has been obtained from public sources but has not yet been 
confirmed by the delegation concerned.  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 206 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Temporary import ban on 45 products, e.g. dairy 
produce, edible fruits and nuts (except bananas), 
vegetables, meats, corn derivatives, meat and fish 
preparations, glucose syrup, sugar and sugar 
confectionery, pasta, preparations of cereals, 
preserved vegetables, miscellaneous edible 
preparations, mineral waters, tanning or dyeing 
extracts, paper and pa per board, plastics and 
articles thereof, carpets, marble, granite, ceramics, 
glass and glassware, certain vehicles, furniture, 
cement, electrical appliances and certain machinery  Press reports referring 
to Communiqué relatif 
aux Mécanismes 
d'Encadrement d es 
Opérations 
d'Importation de 
Marchandises - 
Ministère du Commerce  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Imposition of import quota on certain vehicles, 
e.g. tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of 10 
or more persons, motor cars, motor vehicles for the 
transport of goods, and special purpose motor 
vehicles (semi -knocked -down "SKD" excepted) 
(HS 8701; 8702; 8703; 8704; 8705)  Press reports referring 
to Communiqué relatif 
aux Mécanismes 
d'Encadrement des 
Opérations 
d'Importation de 
Marchandises - 
Ministère du Commerce  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Angola  
Temporary export ban on scraps  Press reports referring 
to Ordinance 76/18, 
Ministry of Industry 
(March 2018)    
Philippines  
Elimination of the special treatment for rice 
(HS 1006), granting minimum market access for rice 
imports and establishing country -specific quotas 
(originally effective from 17 June 2017 to  
30 June 2020)  WTO document 
WT/TPR/OV/20,  
16 November 2017 and 
Philippines Daily 
Inquirer (29 April 2018)  Effective  
29 April 2018  
Russian Federation  
Imposition of certain counter -restrictive measures to 
maintain the volume of metallurgical production  World Service Wire  
(13 April 2018)    
Russian Federation (for Eurasian Economic Union)  
Temporary increase (to 5%) of import tariffs on 
certain types of components of double -decker 
passenger railcars of locomotive traction  Eurasian Economic 
Commission press 
release  
(24 April 2018)  Effective for two years  
Rwanda  
Temporary import ban on second hand garments  The Guardian  
(29 December 2017)  Effective  
January 2018  
Sudan  
Temporary import ban of 19 commodity groups (541 
tariff lines), e.g. meat products, live animals, dairy 
products except powder milk and infant milk, juices, 
sugar, fish, fruits and nuts, vegetables, cocoa 
preparations, pasta, seeds oil except crude oil, 
artificial flowers, plaiting materials products, toys 
and games, ornamental birds, natural plants and 
flowers, umbrellas, detergents and sponge 
mattresses (HS  Chapters 01; 03; 04; 06; 07; 08; 
14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 34; 66; 67; 94; 95)  Press reports  referring 
to Ministerial Decree 
No. 20/2017  
(7 December 2017)  Effective  
7 December 2017 to  
31 December 2018  
Implementation of the National Budget 2018 
resulting in the increase of import tariffs (from zero 
to 10%) on wheat flour (HS  1101); (from 10% to 
40%) on plants and parts of plants (HS  1211) and 
(from 3% to 40%)on glutamic acid (HS  2922.42.10)  Press report s refe rring 
to Ministerial Decree 
No. 20/2017  
(7 December 2017)    
Implementation of the National Budget 2018 
resulting in the increase of additional import taxes 
(from zero to 20%) on household articles of 
porcelain (HS  6911; 6912; 6913; 6914) and 
household articles of aluminium products (HS  7615); 
(from 150% to 230%) on other manufactured 
tobacco (HS  2403) and water pipe tobacco 
(HS 2403.11.00)  Press reports refe rring 
to Ministerial Decree 
No. 20/2017  
(7 December 2017)    WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 207 - 
 
 Measure  Source/Date  Status  
Suriname  
Increase of import tariffs (from 20% to 40%) on 
poultry products  Press reports    
Tunisia  
Increase of import tariffs (to 20%) on IT products   Agence Ecofin  
(21 September 2017)  Effective  
1 January 2018  
Zimbabwe  
Temporary import ban on fruits and vegetables   Reuters (October 2017)  Effective  
October 2017  
 
  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 208 - ANNEX 4 
MEASURES AFFECTING TRADE IN SERVICES1 
(MID-OCTOBER 201 7 TO MID -OCTOBER  2018) 
Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
MEASURES AFFECTING VARIOUS SECTORS  
Angola  
Angola created a new single agency to 
facilitate private investment in the country 
and to promote exports. The Private 
Investment and Export Promotion Agency 
(AIPEX) replaces the Technical Unit for 
Private Investment (UTIP), the Investment 
Promotion Agency (Apiex) and the 
Technical Units to Support Private 
Investment (UTAIP).  
 Mode 3  All sectors  Presidential Decree no. 81/18  
 
Viewed at:  
https://macauhub.com.mo/2018/03/14/
pt-agencia -de-angola -para-o-
investimento -privado -e-promocao -das-
exportacoes -formalmente -criada/   
 
 3 March 2018   
The National Assembly approved a new 
investment law that liberalizes access 
conditions for foreign investment and 
eases bureaucratic burdens in relation to 
foreign and domestic investment. The new 
law eliminates rules that previously 
required foreign investors to partner with 
domestic firms, and withdraws the 
requirement that at least 35% of capital 
come from domestic partners. It also ends 
the minimum investment requirement of 
AOA 50 million.  Mode 3  All sectors  Law 10/ 18  
 
Viewed at:  
https://citizen.co.za/news/news -
africa/1900561/angola -passes -law-to-
attract -foreign -investment/  
 
http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/I
PM/MeasureDetails?id=3235&hubc=null
&rgn=&grp=&c=99&t=&s=&df=&dt=&p
g=1&map=true&isSearch=true  
 
 Adopted on  
19 April 2018   
                                                
1 The inclusion of any measure in this Annex  implies no judgement by the WTO Secretariat on whether or not such m easure, or its intent, is protectionist in 
nature. Moreover, nothing in the Annex  implies any judgement, either direct or indirect, on the consistency of any measure referred to with the provisions of any WT O 
agreement.   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 209 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Argentina  
The Government adopted a series of 
measures simplifying administrative 
procedures in order to encourage private 
investment. Among the changes, the 
Decree eliminates the Registro Industrial 
de la Nación , which required the 
registration of all companies, a process 
taking eight months.  Mode 3  All sectors  Decreto 27/2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.boletinofic ial.gob.ar/#!Det
alleNormaBusquedaAvanzada/177429/2
0180111  Published in the 
Official Gazette on 
11 January 2018  YES 
Botswana  
Botswana established a new "One Stop 
Service Centre" aimed at facilitating 
investment by minimizing inconveniences 
and impediments, and improving the ease 
of doing business.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Viewed at:  
http://www.bitc.co.bw/botswana -
launches -one-stop-service -centre   
 
 Effective  
26 October 2017  
China  
The State Council published a new Circular 
to facilitate the implementation of reforms 
within the country's free trade zones. 
Changes include, but are not limited to, 
the following:  
- foreign -invested enterprises are allowed 
to engage in printing activities;  
- foreign investors are allowed to establish 
wholly foreign -owned air transport sales 
agencies and wholly -foreign owned 
enterprises to operate freight storage, 
ground services, in -flight meals and car 
parks;  
- wholly foreign -owned ente rprises are 
allowed to operate entertainment venues;  
- joint Chinese -foreign travel agencies that 
meet required conditions are permitted to 
provide foreign travel services (except for 
travel in Chinese Taipei);  Mode 3  Various sectors  Decision on Temporari ly Adjusting 
Relevant Administrative Regulations, 
State Council Documents and 
Department Rules Approved by the 
State Council within FTZs (State Council 
Circular No. 57, 2017)  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.china -
briefing.com/news/2018/02/08/china -
eases -foreign -investment -restrictions -
free-trade -zones.html  9 January 2018  YES 
- with respect to direct selling, the 
requirement that foreign investors have at 
least 3 years of prior experience is 
suspended;  
- foreign investors are permitted to 
establish wholly foreign -owned enterprises 
to construct and operate petrol stations;        
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 210 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
- foreign investors are permitted to 
establish wholly foreign -owned enterprises 
to undertake international shipping, 
international ship management, 
international marine cargo handling, and 
international maritime container freight 
station and container yard businesses;       
- foreign investors are allowed to establish 
equity joint ventures or cooperative joint 
ventures to undertake international 
shipping agency business, with the 
proportion of foreign shareholding relaxed 
to 51%.  
      
China's new E -Commerce Law was 
published on 31 August 2018. It refers to 
e-commerce as activities of selling goods 
and providing services through the 
Internet or other information network. It 
covers, inter alia , registration, data 
protection, rights and interests of 
intellectual property rights holders, 
competition an d consumer protection.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  E-Commerce Law  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/201
8-08/31/content_2060172.htm  
 Effective 
1 January 2019  YES 
It stipulates the responsibilities and 
obligations of e -commerce operators, and 
requires them to register with the 
government agency, the Administration of 
Industry and Commerce (AIC), and pay 
taxes on their e -commerce revenue. It 
prohibits any e -commerce operator from 
abusing its dominant position to exclude or 
restrict competition. Platform operators are 
liable to consumers if they fail to verify the 
qualifications of operators on their 
platforms or to protect consumers' safety 
in respect of goods or services that may 
affect human health.  
       
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 211 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The Government released a new negative 
list for foreign investment, which provides 
for 22 opening -up measures in various 
sectors, and reduces, from 63 to 48, the 
number of activities where foreign 
investment is restricted or prohibited.  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  Special Administrative Measures 
(Negative List) for Foreign Investment 
Access (2018 Edition) (Order of the 
NDRC and the MOFCOM No.18 of 2018)  Effective 28 July 
2018 
 YES 
As regards services sectors, the new 
Negative List, e.g.:  
 
- increases the foreign shareholding limit 
to 51% in securities companies, security 
investment fund management companies, 
futures companies, and life insurance 
companies. In 2021, all restrictions in the 
financial sector, including foreign 
ownership limits, are to be withdrawn;  
- removes limits on foreign investment in 
passenger railway transport, international 
maritime transport, and international 
shipping agency companies;  
- removes restrictions on the const ruction 
and operation of petrol stations, and on 
grain purchasing and wholesaling;  
- repeals the prohibition on investment in 
Internet cafes;  
- eliminates restrictions on investment in 
surveying and mapping companies.  
     
  
At the same time, the revised Negative List 
further clarifie s restrictions on foreign 
investment in certain services sectors.   
       
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 212 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
A new Circular extended across the 
territory the corporate income tax 
incentives for advanced technology service 
enterprises (ATSEs) that provide, e.g. 
computer and information services, 
research and development technical 
services, cultural activity -relate d technical 
services, and medical services linked to 
traditional Chinese medicine.  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  Circular of the Ministry of Finance, State 
Administration of Taxation, Ministry of 
Commerce, Ministry of Science and 
Technology and National Develo pment 
and Reform Commission on Promoting 
the Nationwide Implementation of 
Income Tax Policy for Technologically 
Advanced Service Enterprises in Pilot 
Areas of Service Trade Innovation and 
Development (Cai Shui [2018] No. 44)  
 
Viewed at:  
https://home.kpmg.com/cn/en/home/in
sights/2018/06/china -tax-weekly -
update -22.html   
 Issued on 19 May 
2018 YES 
China's new standards on personal data 
protection came into force  on 1 May 2018. 
The measure requires that personal data 
subjects be notified of the type of 
information being collected, and that the 
subjects' consent be obtained prior to 
collecting the personal information. 
Collection of sensitive personal information 
can only take place with explicit consent. 
The new policy also requires security 
impact assessments for the outsourcing of 
data processing, the sharing and transfer 
of personal information, and the disclosure 
of personal information to the public. 
Requests to access, collect or delete 
personal information must receive a 
response within 30 days.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  Information Security Technology - 
Personal Information Security 
Specification (Personal Information 
National Standards)  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.iflr.com/Article/3807448/PR
IMER-Chinas -national -standards -for-
personal -data-protection.html   
 
http://www.mondaq.com/china/x/69709
6/Data+Protection+Privacy/China+Issue
s+New+Standards+On+Personal+Infor
mation+Security  
 
 Effective  
1 May 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 213 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Cuba  
The government of Cuba amended certain 
rules governing foreign investment, with 
the aim improving the ease of doing 
business for foreign -owned companies. The 
new rules simplify procedures for the 
approval of projects, including through 
elimination of the r equirement of a 
feasibility study.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  Decree 347 from 5 March 2018, 
amending complementary rules of Law 
118 on Foreign Investment (Decree 325 
of 9 April 2014).  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/201
8-08/03/c_137365873.htm  
 
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/201
8/08/02/inversion -extranjera -modifican -
normas -juridicas -para-agilizar -el-
proceso -inversionista/#.W6oxPKYzZPY  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 Effective  
1 September 2018  
 YES 
Egypt  
Egypt enacted  a new anti -cybercrime law 
that regulates online activities. It 
addresses various types of offences, 
including infringement of privacy, immoral 
content, hacking, and threats to national 
security. It grants the investigative 
authority the power to block for eign or 
domestic websites that publish content 
threatening national security or the 
national economy. P roviders of 
communication and IT services are 
required to store IT system records for 180 
consecutive days.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled  
services  Law No. 175/2018 on Combating 
Information Technology Crimes ("Anti -
Cybercrime Law")  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=904 40972 -f53e-46dd-b225-
7f7cbdea7d73  
 
https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/mi
ddleeast/egypt -sisi-internet -cyber -law-
terrorism/index.html  
 Effective 15 August 
2018 
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 214 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
European Union  
The new General Data Protection 
Regulation (GDPR), which entered into 
force on 25 May 2018, overhauls the EU 
data protection regime by strengthening 
data subject rights and imposing new 
requirements on organizations that process 
personal data.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the 
European Parliament and of the Council 
of 27 April 2016  
 
Viewed at:  
http://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -
content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R
0679 
 Effective  
25 May 2018  YES 
France  
France enacted a new data protection law, 
which broadens the supervisory power of 
the French Data Protection Authority 
(CNIL) in accordance with Article 57(1) of 
the GDPR, and transposes the Police -
Justice Directive into French Law. The law 
complements the GDPR by addressing the 
processing of data related to criminal 
convictions, security measures, health 
data, genetic data, biometr ic data, and 
social security numbers. Under this law, 
class action lawsuits can, in accordance 
with Article 80(1) of the GDPR, be lodged 
to claim compensation, including for 
material and moral damage related to data 
protection breaches. The law applies to 
data subjects residing in France regardless 
of the location of the data controller.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  Law No. 2018 -493 
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.cnil.fr/fr/entree -en-
vigueur -de-la-nouvelle -loi-informatique -
et-libertes  
 
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/loi/20
18/6/20/JUSC1732261L/jo/texte  
 Effective 21 June 
2018 
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 215 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
India  
The Union Cabinet approved changes to 
India's FDI policy. Among the 
modifications, FDI in single brand retailing 
is permitted up to 100% under the 
automatic route. Previously, FDI above 
49% required government approval. Under 
the new measure, a foreign single brand 
retailer can, for the first 5 years, satisfy 
the obligation to source 30% of its 
purchases from India through incremental 
sourcing of goods from India by its foreign 
operations.2 After 5 years, the re tailer will 
be required to meet the 30% sourcing 
norms directly by its Indian operation on 
an annual basis. Further, foreign airlines 
are allowed to invest up to 49% in Air 
India under the approval route, subject to 
certain conditions. The amendments also 
clarify that real estate broker services do 
not amount to real estate business, and 
are therefore eligible for 100% FDI under 
the automatic route.  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  
 
 Amendments to the Consolidated FDI 
Policy  
 
Viewed at:  
http://dipp.nic.in/policies -rules-and-
acts/press -notes -fdi-circular  
 
 Approved on  
10 January 2018   
Indonesia  
A new regulation provides that only 
Indonesian -flag vessels can be used for 
exports of coal and crude palm oil, and for 
imports of rice and goods of government 
procurement. Further, such transport can 
only be insured by national insurance 
companies. Foreign vessels and insurance 
services may be used if domestic sup ply is 
insufficient.  
 Modes 1 -3 Maritime transport 
services and 
insurance services  Trade Ministry Regulation No. 82/2017 
on the Terms of Use of National 
Shipping and Insurance Companies for 
the Export and Import of Certain Goods  
 
 Effective  
31 October 201 7 YES 
                                                
2 For this purpose, incremental sourcing has been defined to mean the increase , in terms of value , of such global sourcing from India for that single brand in a 
particular financial year over the preceding financial year, by the non -resident entities undertaking single brand retail trading, either directly or through their group 
companies.    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 216 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The Government implemented two 
amendments to Regulation 82 from 2017, 
which mandate the utilization of vessels 
controlled by Indonesian shipping 
companies, and the procurement of 
insurance from Indonesian insurance 
companies, in relation to the export of c oal 
and crude palm oil, and the import of rice 
and goods of government procurement.  
 
The first amendment provides that 
Indonesian insurance companies must be 
utilized without exception, thereby 
removing the possibility of obtaining 
insurance from foreign companies even if 
domestic services are not available. With 
respect to the mandatory utilization of 
vessels controlled by Indonesian shipping 
companies, the effective date has been 
postponed to 1 May 2020.  
 Modes 1 -3  Maritime transport 
services and 
insurance services  Ministry of Trade Regulation No. 
48/2018 (the "First Amendment 
Regulation") and Ministry of Trade 
Regulation No. 80/2018 (the "Second 
Amendment Regulation")) to amend 
Ministry of Trade Regulation No. 
82/2017 on the Utilisation of Indones ian 
Sea Carriage and Insurance for Export 
of Certain Goods (Regulation 82/2017)  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=95493964 -68d0-4055-b1ba-
e5e3db776813  
 
 Effective 1 August 
2018  
The second amendment introduces 
additional requirements for the verification 
of compliance with Regulation 82 before 
imports or exports are effected. A technical 
search procedure must be carried out 
before the loading of goods for import or 
export, and can  only be conducted by 
authorized surveyors. An importer or 
exporter must submit an application to the 
designated surveyor to organize the 
verification procedure.  
       
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 217 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Italy  
A new measure extends the Government's 
"golden powers", which allow the blocking 
of, and imposing of conditions on, 
takeovers by non -EU companies, in high 
technology sectors in the case of threats to 
national security or public order, subject to 
the prior adoption of administrative 
regulations. Sectors concerned can now 
include, if individuated by a regulation:  
critical or sensitive infrastructure such as 
the storage and management of data; 
critical technology, including robotics and 
artificial intelligence; security of the supply 
of critical inputs; access to sensitive 
information or the ability to control 
sensitive information.  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  Legislative Decree No. 148/2017  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/20
17/12/05/17A08254/SG   Approved on  
4 December 2017  
 YES 
Kenya  
Kenya adopted a new cybercrime law that 
covers the investigation and prosecution of 
cybercrimes, including cyber -harassment, 
child pornography, computer -borne 
forgery, cyber -stalking, cyber -bullying, and 
the publication of false information.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Law  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.re uters.com/article/us -
kenya -lawmaking/kenyas -president -
signs-cybercrimes -law-opposed -by-
media -rights -groups -idUSKCN1IH1KX   
 Adopted on 16 May 
2018 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Lao People's Democratic Republic  
The Government abolished the minimum 
registered capital requirements  for foreign 
investors, contained in the Law on 
Investment Promotion of 2009. The 
previous requirement that foreign investors 
invest at least USD 120,000 was abolished 
for foreign investors seeking to register a 
company in the country, except where 
such mi nimum requirements are imposed 
through sector -specific regulations.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Notification No. 2633/Cabinet/MOIC  7 November 2017    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 218 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Myanmar  
The new Companies Law adopted by the 
Government will allow companies that 
have up to 35% of their shares held by 
foreign nationals to be considered a 
domestic company. This will permit foreign 
investors to participate in business 
activities that were previously limited to 
100% domestically -owned companies.  
  Mode 3  All sectors  Companies Law 2017  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.dica.gov.mm/en/news/mya
nmar-companies -law-2017 
 Approved on  
6 December 2017. 
Date of entry in 
effect to be 
determined.   
Nigeria  
A new executive order prohibits the 
Ministry of Interior from giving visas to 
foreign workers whose skills are readily 
available in Nigeria.  
 
The new measure, which aims to promote 
science, technology and innovation in 
national economic development, also 
instructs all procuring authorities to give 
preference to Nigerian companies in the 
award of contracts. Further, Nigerian 
companies shall lead in any consultancy 
services involving joint ventures relating to 
such matters as law, engineering, ICT, and 
architecture.  
 Multiple 
modes  All sectors  
 Presidential Executive Order 5 for 
Planning and Execution of Projects, 
Promotion of Nigerian Content in 
Contracts and Science, Engineering and 
Technology.  
 
Viewed at:  
http://statehouse.gov.ng/news/press -
release -president -buhari -signs-
executive -order -to-improve -local-
content -in-science -engineering -and-
technology -procurement/   
 
 Effective  
5 February 2018   
Norway  
The new National Security Law provides 
the Government with the authority to 
control acquisitions of Norwegian 
companies that play a crucial role in 
supporting critical national services. 
Acquisitions of at least one third of any 
such businesses are required to be notified 
to the relevant ministry. The ministry will 
then have 60 business days to decide 
whether to approve or prohibit the 
transaction, or impose conditions.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 
 Decree on the National Security Act  
 
Viewed at:  
http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/I
PM/MeasureDetails?id=3248&rgn=&grp
=&t= &s=&pg=&c=&dt=&df=&isSearch=
false 
 
 Adopted in June 
2018 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 219 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Philippines  
Through Memorandum Order No. 16, the 
President of the Philippines directed the 
National Economic and Development 
Authority (NEDA) Board to take immediate 
steps to lift or ease existing restrictions on 
foreign participation in the following areas: 
private recruitment; practice of professions 
where foreign participation would be of 
public benefit; contracts for the 
construction and repair of locally -funded 
public works; publi c services, except where 
recognized as public utilities, such as the 
transmission and distribution of electricity, 
water distribution, and sewage services; 
culture, production, milling, processing, 
and trading (except retailing) of rice and 
corn; teaching at higher education levels; 
retail trade enterprises; and domestic 
market enterprises. The Order also calls for 
new measures to clarify the definition of 
"public utilities".  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  
 Memorandum Order No. 16  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.manilatimes.net/duterte -lift-
limits -foreign -investment/364705/  21 November 2017  
 YES 
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
The Saudi  Arabian General Investment  
Authority (SAGIA) extended the duration of 
foreign investment licences to 5 years, up 
from 1 year. The licensing period continues 
to be renewable.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=fc92f8a2 -23c0-4e6d-a115-
58324ede1d2c  Effective  
27 February 2018  YES 
Tanzania  
The Government's new regulations for the 
mining sector impose preferences for local 
services and suppliers. For example, they 
require a non -indigenous Tanzanian 
company wishing to provide goods or 
services in the mining industry to 
incorporate a joint venture company in 
which an indigenous company holds equity 
of at least 20%.  
 
 Modes 1 
and 3  Various sectors  
 Mining (Local Content) Regulations, G.N. 
No. 3 of 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.tcme.or.tz/resources/view/t
he-mining -local-content -regulations -
2018 
 Published on  
10 January 2018  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 220 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The regulations also require all insurable 
risks relating to mining activities to be 
insured through an indigenous brokerage 
company and, where applicable, an 
indigenous reinsurance broker. Companies 
engaged in mining activities can only retain 
the services of a Tanzanian legal 
practitioner, or a legal firm whose principal 
office is located in Tanzania. In a similar 
fashion, the regulations require the 
maintenance of a bank account with an 
indigenous Tanzanian bank, and  the 
conduct of financial transactions with 
banks in the country.  
      
Indigenous companies are defined as those 
with at least 51% of equity owned by 
Tanzanian citizens, and at least 80% of 
executive and senior management 
positions and 100% of other positions held 
by Tanzanian citizens.  
      
A new licensing regime was introduced for 
online content creators, including 
traditional media websites, online TV and 
radio channels, bloggers, and podcasters. 
Providers of online content are required to 
store providers' details for 12 months, and 
have means to identify their sources and 
disclose financial sponsors. The measure 
also forbids online content that is false, 
indecent, causes annoyance, or threatens 
public disorder or national security.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  
 
 Electronic and Postal Communications 
(Online Content) Regulations 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.africanews.com/2018/04/12
/tanzania -cyber -law-introduces -900-
fees-for-bloggers -compulsory -
passwords/  
 
https://techweez.com/2018/04/10/ tanz
ania-electronic -and-postal -
communications -regulations -2017/   
 
 May 2018  
 
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 221 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Thailand  
The Cabinet approved the principle of the 
Draft Data Protection Act, which 
establishes requirements for both data 
controllers and processors, regardless of 
their locations, as long as they collect, use, 
or disclose personal data of individuals in 
Thailand. Data controllers must inform the 
data subject of the purpose for the 
collection of personal data, and obtain the 
data subject's consent. Cross -border data 
transf er is only allowed to countries that 
provide sufficient personal data protection, 
in compliance with the guideline prescribed 
by the Personal Data Protection 
Committee.  
 Modes 1 -3 All sectors  Data Protection Act  
 
Viewed at: 
http://www.lawamendment.go.th/index.
php/component/k2/item/1297 -5-20-
2561 
 Approved by 
Cabinet on 22 May 
2018 
 YES 
The new Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) 
Act sets out rules and procedures for 
promoting and easing investment in 10 
targeted industries, including automotive, 
smart electronics, robotics, aviation and 
logistics. The EEC area covers Chonburi, 
Rayong, Chacheongsao, and other 
provinces to be announced by royal 
decree. Among other incentives, foreign 
investors are allowed to own land in special 
economic promotion zones (SEPZs), and to 
lease land for 50 years, with renewal for an 
additional 49 years. The Act also allows the 
waiving of work permit requirements for 
certain skilled labour in SEPZs.  
 Modes 3 
and 4  Various sectors  Eastern Economic Corridor Act B.E. 2561  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2
018/03/09/thailand -eastern -economic -
corridor -eec.html  
 Adopted on  
8 February 2018  
 YES 
The Board of Investment of Thailand 
published a series of announcements 
adding new sectors, and withdrawing 
others, from the list of activities eligible for 
investment incentives.  
 Mode 3  Various sectors  Announcements of the Board of 
Investment No. Sor. 3/B.E. 2560 
(2017), No. Sor. 1/B.E. 2561 (2018), 
No. Por. 4/B.E. 2560 (2017).  October 2017 – 
February 2018  
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 222 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Uganda  
The Government introduced a tax on users 
accessing 60 OTT social media mobile 
apps. Users are required to pay UGX 200 a 
day, a fee that is collected by telecom 
companies. The Government also 
introduced a 0.5% excise duty on mobile 
money transactions.  
 Modes 1 -3  Various sectors  
 Viewed at:  
http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/busines
s/Uganda -nets-millions -from-social -
media -mobile -money -tax/2560 -
4669442 -dil001z/index.html  Effective 1 July 
2018 
  
United Arab Emirates  
Amendments to the Commercial 
Companies Law give the Government the 
power to relax the requirement that at 
least 51% of shares in limited liability 
companies be held by nationals of the 
United Arab Emirates. The sectors 
concerned will be identified through 
subsequent regulations.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Federal Law No. 18 of 2017  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=6cd7f244 -17de-4581-9a9d-
59cad9275201  Effective  
28 October 2017  
  
United Kingdom  
New legislation lowers the threshold for the 
review of mergers and takeovers in certain 
key strategic sectors relating to national 
security. Transactions involving military 
use and dual use technologies, as well as 
computing hardware and quantum 
technology, will be subject to review where 
the UK turnover of the target exceeds 
GBP 1 million (previously GBP  70 million), 
or where the acquirer obtains an equity 
stake of 25% or more.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Viewed at: 
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/
new-merger -and-takeover -rules-come -
into-force 
 
 Effective 11 June 
2018 
 YES 
United States  
A new law expands the jurisdiction and 
powers of the Committee on Foreign 
Investment in the United States (CFIUS), 
which reviews foreign investments for 
potential national security issues.  
 
FIRRMA expands the scope of CFIUS' 
purview by covering "emerging or 
foundational technologies", as well as non -
controlling investments by foreign entities Mode 3  All sectors  
 
 Foreign Investment Risk Review 
Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA)  
 
Viewed at:  
https://home.treasury.gov/sites/default/
files/2018 -08/The -Foreign -Investment -
Risk-Review -Modernization -Act-of-2018-
FIRRMA_0.pdf  
 Effective 13 August 
2018. Certain 
provisions of the 
new law will 
become effective 
after 
implementation 
regulations are 
adopted . 
    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 223 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
that involve critical technologies, 
infrastructure or personal data of American 
citizens. CFIUS is no longer voluntary, as 
the reporting of certain transactions is no w 
mandatory.  
  
 
 
 
On 28 June 2018, the State of California 
adopted the California Privacy Act of 2018, 
providing users with control over their 
personal information. It affords Californian 
residents the right to be informed of the 
types of information collected, the purpose 
of collection, and whether their personal 
information is sold or disclosed, and to 
whom. It also establishes the right to 
delete personal information, opt out of the 
sale of personal information, and receive 
equal service and pricing from a bus iness.  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  California Consumer Privacy Act 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/b
illTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB
375  
 Effective 1 January 
2020 
 
  
  
The new measure enables U.S. law 
enforcement to compel, through a warrant, 
access to data that is within the provider's 
possession, custody, or control, regardless 
of the location of the data. It also 
establishes a framework for foreign 
governments to enter into bilateral 
agreements with the United States to 
access data in lieu of using the existing 
mutual legal assistance treaties (ML ATs).  
 Modes 1 -3 Internet and other 
network -enabled 
services  The Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of 
Data Act (CLOUD Act), amending the 
1986 Stored Communications Act (SCA).  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th -
congress/house -bill/4943/text  
 
 Effective  
23 March 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 224 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of  
The Government adopted measures to 
modify its foreign investment regime. 
Among changes introduced, the minimum 
term required for foreign investment to 
remain in the country was reduced from 5 
to 2 years. After such term, investors can 
send remittances abroad in relation to the 
capital originally inves ted. The law 
specifies that foreign investors may not 
participate, directly or indirectly, in the 
national political debate, or contribute to 
the formation of an opinion on matters of 
public interest in social media.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Constitutional Law  on Productive Foreign 
Investment  
 
Viewed at:  
http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/I
PM/MeasureDetails?id=3178&rgn=&grp
=&t=&s=&pg=1&c=121%2C122&dt=&d
f=&isSearch=true  Effective  
29 December 2017  
  
Viet Nam  
On 12 June 2018, the National Assembly 
approved a law on cybersecurity that 
requires relevant domestic and foreign 
companies to store data in Vietnam for a 
certain duration of time required by the 
government.  
 
The law applies to companies that:  
1) provide  services over telecom networks, 
Internet networks, or value -added services 
in cyberspace in Viet Nam, and;  
2) engage in the collection, exploitation, 
analysis, and processing of personal 
information, data about users' 
relationships, and data generated by users 
in Viet Nam.  
 
The law also requires foreign companies to 
establish either a branch or representative 
office in Viet Nam.  
 Modes 1 -3 Various sectors  Law No. 24/2018/QH14  
 
Viewed at:  
http://moj.gov.vn/en/Pages/Activities -
of-public -administrative -and-justice -
reform.aspx?ItemID=3255  
 
 Effective  
1 January 2019  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 225 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Zimbabwe  
The Government removed the requirement 
that at least 51% of all businesses be 
owned by indigenous Zimbabweans. The 
requirement is only maintained for 
companies involved in the diamond and 
platinum extractive industries. In addition, 
only Zimbabwean citizens may own a 
business in 12 reserved sectors, including 
passenger  transportation, retail and 
wholesale trade, packaging, and 
advertising agencies. Reserved sectors 
were previously limited to "indigenous 
locals" instead of citizens.  
 Mode 3  All sectors  
 Amendments to the Indigenisation and 
Economic Empowerment Act, Chapt er 
14:33  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=264798c1 -24b0-4b7f-b7f9-
6a2403345085  
 Effective  
14 March 2018  
  
POSTAL AND COURIER SERVICES  
Argentina  
The Government increased, from 
USD 1,000 to USD  3,000, the maximum 
limit for purchases abroad that are 
imported through courier services. The 
maximum limit for sending products 
abroad under the same modality remains 
at USD  1,000. The new limit applies to 
goods not exceeding 50  kg that are 
imported through the import regime for 
suppliers of postal and courier services.  Modes 1 -3  
 
 Postal and courier 
services  AFIP General Resolution 4259/2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.cronista.com/negocios/La -
AFIP-actualizo -el-monto -tope-para-
recibir -productos -del-exterior -
20180601 -0079.html  
 
https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativ
a/resoluci%C3%B3n -4259-2018-
311069/texto  
 Effective 1 June 
2018 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 226 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
European Union  
The new measure aims to establish 
regulatory principles and rules necessary 
to improve the regulatory oversight and 
transparency of tariffs, to support 
competition, and to increase consumer 
confidence in cross -border e -commerce. It 
requires all parcel delivery service 
providers to submit to national regulatory 
authority of the Member State in which 
they are established the information about 
the characteristics of services offered, as 
well as their general terms and conditions, 
including complaints procedures for users 
and any potential limitations of liability.  
 
All cross -border parcel delivery service 
providers shall also provide the public list 
of tariffs for the delivery of single -piece 
postal items each calendar year. On the 
basis of the public lists of tariffs, the 
national regulatory authority shall 
undertake an asse ssment, identify those 
cross-border tariffs that it considers to be 
unreasonably high, and submit its 
assessment to the EU Commission. The 
Commission shall then publish the non -
confidential version of such assessment.  Modes 1 -3  Postal and courier 
service s Regulation 2018/644 on cross -border 
parcel delivery services  
 
Viewed at:  
https://eur -lex.europa.eu/legal -
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018
R0644&from=NL  
 
 Effective 22 May 
2018 YES 
      
TELECOMMUNICATIONS/ICT/AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES  
Algeria  
The new Law on Post and Electronic 
Communications mandates Algeria's 
incumbent telecom operator (Algérie 
Telecom) to offer access under transparent 
and non-discriminatory terms upon request 
from a licensed operator for the supply of 
Internet access. The Law also establishes 
the legal framework for the establishment 
of an independent regulator, and 
guarantees number portability for voice 
telephony.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Law No. 18-04 setting General Rules 
with respect to Post and Electronic 
Communications  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.arpce.dz/fr/doc/reg/loi/Loi
18-04.pdf   Effective 6 June 
2018 
 
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 227 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Australia  
A new measure requires foreign persons 
with an interest of 2.5% or more in certain 
regulated media assets to notify the 
Australian Communications and Media 
Authority (ACMA). The new notification 
requirement aims to improve transparency 
with respect to foreign investment in 
Australian media companies. It applies to 
media companies holding a commercial 
television broadcasting licence or a 
commercial radio broadcasting licence, as 
well as companies publishing certain 
newspapers . 
 Mode 3  Audiovisual 
services  Broadcasting Legislation Amendment 
(Foreign Media Ownership, Community 
Radio and Other Measures) Act 2018 
("Registration Act")  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/73
2934/broadcasting+film+television+radi
o/THE+NEW+FOREIGN+OWNERSHIP+O
F+AUSTRALIAN+MEDIA+INTERESTS+R
EGISTER+AN+OVERVIEW  
 Effective  
1 September 2018  YES 
Belgium  
The Belgian national regulatory authority 
(the Conference of Regulators of the 
electronic communications sector (CRC)) 
received approval from the European 
Commission on new regulations to open up 
cable and fibre access in Belgium, 
improving competition in the market.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/doc
ument.cfm?doc_id=52747  
 25 May 2018  
  
Benin  
Benin entered the free mobile roaming 
zone established by countries in West 
Africa (Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Burkina 
Faso, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo). 
Travellers among the above countries 
benefit from outgoing calls billed at local 
rates, plus free inco ming calls (currently 
capped at 300 incoming minutes per 
month).  
 Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
https://arcep.bj/free -roaming -de-
lafrique -de-louest/  
 
 25 May 2018  
  
The Government withdrew a decree 
adopted in August 2018 that imposed a tax 
of XOF 5 per megabyte of data used for 
OTT and social media apps, as well as a 
5% levy on the value of voice and SMS 
communications.  
 Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  
 
 Viewed at: 
https://face2faceafrica.com/article/beni
n-becomes -first-african -country -to-
listen -to-its-citizens -and-cancel -
internet -tax September 2018  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 228 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Botswana  
Cellular operators in Botswana have been 
required to reduce interconnection charges 
by 41%. The Botswana Communications 
Regulatory Authority (BOCRA) ruled, in 
March 2017, that mobile termination rates 
(MTRs) were to fall from BWP 295 to BWP 
220 on 1 June 2017, and then drop further 
to BWP 130 from 1 June 2018.  
 Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  Regulatory Directive 1/2017  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.bocra.org.bw/sites/default/fi
les/documents/Directive%20No.%201%
202017.pdf  
 Effective  
24 March 2018  
 YES 
Chile  
The Parliament approved a bill modifying 
the General Telecommunications Law, in 
order to establish an obligation for 
providers of fixed and mobile Internet 
services to provide guaranteed minimum 
access speed of the Internet.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Law No. 21.046 " Establece La Obligación 
De Una Velocidad Mínima Garantizada 
De Acceso A Internet", modifying Law 
No. 18.168 "General De 
Telecomunicaciones L " 
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorm
a=1111298  
 25 November 2017  YES 
China  
As of 1 April 2018, the use of unlicensed 
virtual private networks (VPNs) is banned. 
In January 2017, a Circular required all 
VPN providers to be licensed by the 
Ministry of Industry and Information 
Technology (MIIT). Providers were given 
up until 31 March  to comply, after which 
unlicensed services would be blocked.  
 
The Circular requires pre -approval for 
cross-border business operations intending 
to set up their own or lease private leased 
circuits (PLCs), including VPNs. If 
approved, PLCs can only be use d to handle 
internal official business, and not to 
connect onshore or offshore data centres 
or business platforms to carry out telecom 
business operations.  
 Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  Circular on Cleaning Up and Regulating 
the Internet Access Se rvice Market 
(Circular 32), issued on 17 January 
2017.  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.techradar.com/news/china -
will-block-all-non-approved -vpns-from-
next-month  
 
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=9716093a -89af-46a3-b72b-
84023241a8f7  
 Effective  
1 April 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 229 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Dominica, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  
The governments signed a Protocol 
amending the Treaty Establishing the 
Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications 
Authority (ECTEL) to reflect the changes in 
the telecom industry, including the 
convergence between  services, networks 
and technologies in the sector. The 
Protocol paves the way for ECTEL to 
address such issues as the quality of 
telecommunication services, consumer 
protection, and more affordable access to 
retail and wholesale telecom services.  Mode s 1-3 Telecommunication 
services  Protocol Amending Treaty Establishing 
Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications 
Authority (ECTEL)  
 
Viewed at:  
http://ntrc.vc/docs/news/Protocol%20A
mending%20Treaty%20Establishing%20
ECTEL/ECTEL%20Press%20Release%20
-
%20Protocol%20Amending%20ECTEL%
20Treaty%20signed%20by%20Prime%2
0Ministers.pd f 
 
 Signed on 6 July 
2018  
Egypt  
Egypt adopted new legislation regulating 
the press and media. The law treats social 
media accounts of over 5,000 followers as 
media outlets, and places them under the 
supervision of the media regulator (the 
Supreme Council for the Administration of 
the Media). Newspapers, media outlets or 
websites can be blocked, if found to be 
disseminating false news or inciting 
violence, discrimination, or violation of 
laws. The new measure requires a 
company seeking to establish on online 
video channel on a website to have capital 
of EGP 2.5 million. The newly -adopted law 
cancels Laws 96/1996 and 92/2016.  
 Multiple 
modes  Audiovisual and 
telecommunication 
services  
 Law 180/2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/mi
ddleeast/egypt -sisi-internet -cyber -law-
terrorism/index.html  
 
http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsConte
nt/1/64/310663/Egypt/Politics -/Sisi-
ratifies -new-law-on-press -and-media -in-
Egypt -.aspx  
 
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/new
s/world/egypt -president -approves -law-
clamping -down -on-social -media -
10676410  
 Effective  
28 August 2018  
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 230 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
European Union  
The European Commission announced that 
preliminary agreement was reached with 
the European Parliament and Council on 
the main elements of revised audiovisual 
rules that will apply to broadcasters, video -
on-demand and video -sharing platforms. 
Revisions incl ude:  
- a requirement that on -demand 
catalogues contain at least a 30% share of 
European content;  
- the possibility for Member States to 
impose financial contributions (direct 
investments in content or levies paid to a 
national fund) upon media service 
providers to contribute to the development 
of European productions;  Modes 1 -3 Audiovisual 
services  Viewed at:  
http://europa.eu/rapid/press -
release_IP -18-3567_en.htm  26 April 2018  YES 
- alignment of the procedures for 
exceptions to the country -of-origin 
principle for on -demand service providers 
as for TV broadcasters;  
- increased protections of minors and rules 
against hate speech for TV and on -demand 
services;  
- extension of certain a udiovisual 
commercial communications rules to video -
sharing platforms;       
- extension of the scope to cover video -
sharing platforms, and the obligation for 
them to put in place measures to protect 
the general public, including minors, from 
certain content;  
- new rules to ensure that audiovisual 
regulators are legally distinct from the 
Government, and functionally independent 
from the Government and any other public 
or private body;  
- increased flexibility regarding the airing 
of TV advertising.  
       
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 231 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
France  
French telecoms regulator, Arcep, adopted 
decisions aimed at ensuring greater 
competition in the fixed markets for the 
period 2017 -20, including by allowing 
alternative operators better access to 
Orange France's infrastructure.  Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Decision No. 2017 -1347 
Decision No. 2017 -1348 
Decision No. 2017 -1349 
Decision No. 2017 -1488 
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gsavis/
17-1347.pdf  
https://www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gsavis/
17-1348.pdf  
https://www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gsavis/
17-1349.pdf  
https://www.arcep.fr/uploads/tx_gsavis/
17-1488.pdf  
 Effective  
14 December 2017  YES 
Guyana  
The Minister of Public Telecommunications 
signed a commencement order to establish 
the National Telecommunications Agency 
(NATA), a new independent regulatory 
body for telecoms . This represents the first 
phase in the implementation of the 
Telecommunications Act of 2016. The 
Agency will be responsible for the 
finalization of licensing procedures, in 
preparation for the liberalization and 
issuance of new licences to 
telecommunication entities.  
 Mode 3 Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
https://mopt.gov.gy/news/related -
news/national -telecommunications -
agency -in-effect/  
 Effective  
19 January 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 232 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
India  
The Department of Telecommunications 
(DoT) approved the recommendations on 
net neutrality put forward by the Telecom 
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). The 
new policy directives issued by the DoT 
provide that Internet access services are to 
be go verned by a principle that restricts 
any form of discrimination, restriction, or 
interference in the treatment of content, 
including practices like blocking, 
degrading, slowing down, or granting 
preferential speeds or treatment to any 
content. The new meas ure does not apply 
to critical IoT or specialized services, 
including autonomous vehicles and remote 
surgery operations.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Policy Directives on Net Neutrality  
DoT letter no. 12 -30/NT/2015/OTT(Pt), 
dated 31 July 2018  
 
Viewed  at: 
www.dot.gov.in   
 
https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/CP_
NetNeutrality2017_01_04.pdf  
 
 
 
 
 31 July 2018  YES 
The TRAI issued an amendment to the 
interconnection regulations, which allows a 
service provider to request additional ports 
at a point of interconnection (POI) if the 
expected utilization of the POI over a 60 -
day period is likely to be more than 85%.  
Every service provider will now be required 
to deliver to its interconnecting service 
providers a forecast of "busy -hour" 
outgoing traffic for the following six 
months at each POI.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  The Telecommunication Interconnection 
(Amendment) Regulations, 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reg
ulationEngTIAR05072018.pdf  
 
https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/file
s/PRNo73Eng05072018.pdf  
 5 July 2018  
 YES 
The DoT issued a notice clarifying that 
tower companies are covered by the Right 
of Way (RoW) rules introduced in 
November 2016. The rules simplified the 
process for operators to secure 
permissions to install infrastructure or 
purchase land from state governments, by 
establishing a nationwide, standardized 
framework of procedures for granting 
approvals and settling disputes within a 
specific time-frame.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files
/IP-1RoWOrder_0.PDF  
 
 
 
 Effective 22 May 
2018 
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 233 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Italy  
The Government adopted new measures 
regulating the audiovisual sector, including 
increased quotas for Italian and EU 
content. The overall quota for the 
broadcasting of EU works will increase 
from 50% to 53% in 2019, to 56% in 
2020, and to 60% in 2021. For public 
broadcas ters, at least half of that quota 
must be used for works of Italian original 
expression, and at least one third in the 
case of private broadcasters. The new rules 
also set out the minimum number of works 
of Italian original expression to be 
broadcast durin g prime -time hours, and 
require additional investment by 
broadcasters in works of Italian original 
expression and European productions from 
independent producers.  
 
The rules further lay down specific quotas 
(30%) for European works and investment 
obligatio ns for on -demand services.  
 Modes 1 -3 Audiovisual 
services  Legislative Decrees No. 202 on 
Provisions on Employment in the Film 
and Audiovisual Sector; No. 203 on the 
Reform of Legislation on the Protection 
of Minors in the Film and Audiovisual 
Sector; and  No. 204 on the Reform of 
Legislation on the Promotion of 
European and Italian Works by Providers 
of Film and Audiovisual Works.  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.medialaws.eu/three -new-
pieces -of-legislation -implementing -
franceschini -act-on-cinema -and-audio -
visual -media -services/  
 Effective  
1 December 2017  YES 
Niger  
The Government voted to abolish the tax 
on incoming international traffic, under the 
Finance Act 2018.  Mode 1  Telecommunication 
services  Finance Act 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.finances.gouv.ne/index.php/
lois-de-finances/file/365 -2016-josp-n-
26-loi-de-finances -2018-1er 
 Effective  
1 March 2018  
  
Portugal  
Portugal's National Communications 
Authority (ANACOM) issued a decision to 
deregulate the wholesale market for fixed-
line call origination for the provision of 
retail telephone services through indirect 
access (including carrier pre -selection, call -
by-call carrier selection, and subscriber line 
reference offer services)  Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  Viewed a t: 
https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?cont
entId=1458118  
 
https://www.anacom.pt/streaming/Proj
Decisaofinal_MercadoOriginacao9ago201
8.pdf?contentId=1458114&field=ATTAC
HED_FILE  
 9 August 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 234 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
ANACOM confirmed that there is no longer 
a justification for identifying universal 
service providers within the fixed -line 
sector, due to low level of usage.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
https://www.anacom.pt/render.jsp?cont
entId=1435604   18 May 2018   
Russian Federation  
The Government introduced new rules for 
owners of electronic messenger services. 
Owners must register with the national 
regulator, and are required to maintain 
certain information on local servers. They 
are also required to identify users through 
mobile ph one numbers, and to store this 
information in the Russian Federation.  
 
Electronic messenger services are defined 
in the law as any technology or software 
designed or used to exchange electronic 
messages among users.  Modes 1 -3 Electronic 
messaging service s 
 Federal Law of 29 July 2017 No. 241 -FZ 
on Amendments to Articles 10.1 and 
15.4 of the Federal Law of 27 July 2006 
No. 149 -FZ on Information, Information 
Technologies and Data Protection (the 
"Messengers Law")  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.gorodissky.com/publications
/articles/russia -further -regulates -
instant -messaging -services -providers/   
 
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=6d53e547 -d732-4314-9b65-
c9508b093263  
 Effective  
1 January 2018  
  
A new measure requires operators of 
virtual private networks (VPNs) and similar 
technologies to prevent Russian users from 
accessing websites and other resources 
that have been blocked by Russian 
authorities.  
 Modes 1 -3 VPN services  Law on Amendments to IT Law No. 276 -
FZ, dated 29 July 2017 (the "La w on 
Amendments")  
 
Viewed at:  
https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russi
an-law-banning -anonymous -online -
surfing -comes -into-effect -59434   
 Effective  
1 November 2017    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 235 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
The Government introduced a new 
technology - and service -neutral licensing 
regime. The "Facilities Based Unified 
Licence" allows a holder to provide a range 
of fixed, mobile, data and other services 
and networks, using any type of 
communications infrastruct ure and 
technology capable of delivering the 
desired service.  
 
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  
 CITC Decisions 337/1438, 336/1438, 
335/1438;  
Decision by Minister of Communications 
and Information Technology  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.citc.gov.sa/en/RulesandSyst
ems/RegulatoryDocuments/Licenses/Lic
ensingRegulatoryFrameworks/D ocument
s/PL-SP-020-E-Licensing.pdf  
 
http://www.citc.gov.sa/en/RulesandSyst
ems/RegulatoryDocuments/Licen ses/Lic
ensingRegulatoryFrameworks/Document
s/PL-SP-019-E-Licensing.pdf  
 
http://www.citc.gov.sa/ar/Decisionsoffer
s/Decisions/Pages/335 -1438.aspx  
 
http://www.citc.gov.sa/ar/MediaCenter/
PressReleases/Pages/2017092402.aspx  
 November  2017-
January 2018  YES 
The Government approved licensing 
regulations for cinemas, lifting the long -
standing prohibition on this activity.  
 Mode 3  Audiovisual 
services  Viewed at:  
http://www.gcam.gov.sa/ar/MediaCente
r/News/Pages/default.aspx  
 Effective  
11 December 2017  
 
  YES 
South Africa  
A new measure adopted by Parliament 
gives the Film and Publications Board (FPB) 
the regulatory power to monitor and 
classify online content, including online 
videos, streaming services, and social 
media. The Bill has been transmitted to the 
National Council of Provinces for approval, 
before the President can sign it into law.  
 Modes 1 -3  
 Online content  Films and Publications Amendment Bill  
 
Viewed at:  
https://altadvisory.africa/2018/03/07/so
uth-africas -national -assembly -passes -
the-films-and-publications -amendment -
bill/ Adopted by the 
National Assembly 
on 6 March 2018  
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 236 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Togo  
The Council of Ministers adopted a decree 
establishing new minimum levels of service 
required under the universal service 
scheme. The decree updates the scope of 
universal service, most notably, to include 
Internet access and set minimum Internet 
bandwidth  requirements.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
http://numerique.gouv.tg/article/adopti
on-du-decret -sur-le-service -universel -
pour-garantir -un-acces -minimum -aux 
 Adopted on  
18 April 2018  
  
Turkey  
A new measure requires media service 
suppliers to obtain a broadcasting licence, 
and platform operators to obtain an 
authorization, for transmission from 
Turkey's Radio and Television Supreme 
Council (RTÜK), in order to provide radio, 
television and on -demand broadcasting 
services on the Internet. Lack of a valid 
licence can result in removal of the content 
or blocking of access.  
 
The measure applies to the media service 
suppliers and platform operators who wish 
to broadcast only via Internet.  
 
If the con tent is provided from abroad, or 
the service supplier is based abroad, the 
licence requirement applies in the following 
cases:  
a) service providers or platforms that 
broadcast in violation of international 
agreements and the Broadcasting Law;  
b) broadcas ters of Internet content in 
Turkish and aimed at persons in Turkey; 
and  
c) broadcasting organizations that do not 
broadcast in Turkish but include 
commercial communications aimed at 
persons in Turkey.  Modes 1 -3 Internet 
broadcasting 
services  Addition of A rticle 29/A to Law No. 6112 
on the Establishment of Radio and 
Television Enterprises and Media 
Services  
  
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail .
aspx?g=9cdac9b6 -6923-4bf3-9d47-
3b9fbaa6f58f   
 
http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMeti
n/1.5.6112.pdf  
 Effective  
2 March 2018  
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 237 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
United Kingdom  
Ofcom published a Statement containing a 
set of measures aimed at increasing 
investment in full -fibre broadband 
networks and lowering the upfront building 
costs. The main measures cover 
competitors' access to BT's infrastructure, 
price deregulation of Openreach's 
wholesale superfast broadband pro ducts, 
price cuts for entry -level superfast 
broadband service, and stricter 
requirements on Openreach to fix faults 
and install new broadband lines.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Quality of service for WLR, MPF and 
GEA: Statement on quality of service  
remedies  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/asset
s/pdf_file/0007/112210/statement -qos-
wlr-mpf-gea2.pdf  Effective  
1 April 2018   
United States  
The FCC released a ruling on Restoring 
Internet Freedom, thereby repealing net 
neutrality rules previously put in place. As 
part of the means of doing so, the FCC 
ruling reversed the previous 
administrations classification of Internet as 
a common c arrier service.  
 Mode 3  Telecommunication 
services  Declaratory Ruling, Report and Order, 
and Order (FCC 17 -166) 
 
Viewed at:  
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attac
hmatch/FCC -17-166A1.pdf  4 January 2018   
Zambia  
Zambia approved the issuance of a 
Statutory Instrument to introduce a daily 
levy of ZMK 0.30 for Internet phone calls. 
The levy will be collected by the national 
fixed-line incumbent, Zamtel, and Internet 
services providers.  
 Modes 1 -3 Telecommunication 
services  Viewed at:  
https://arcep.bj/wp -
content/uploads/2018/08/De%CC%81cr
et-N%C2%B02018 -341-du-25-Juillet -
2018.pdf  Approved  
12 August 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 238 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
FINANCIAL SERVICES  
China  
The measure removes various approval 
requirements and replaces them by 
reporting requirements. The services and 
activities concerned include the following: 
a) custody services provided to securities 
invested funds by locally incorporated 
foreign -invested b anks; b) custody 
services provided to overseas wealth 
management products issued by banks for, 
and on behalf of, customers by foreign -
invested banks (including locally 
incorporated foreign -invested banks and 
foreign banks' PRC branches); and c) 
overseas we alth management services 
issued for, and on behalf of, customers by 
foreign -invested banks. The measure also 
allows locally incorporated foreign -invested 
banks to establish or invest in CBRC -
regulated banking financial institutions.  
Finally, the measure u nifies, to a great 
extent, the market access standards for 
foreign -invested banks and domestic -
funded banks, by 1) consolidating the 
various approval procedures for the 
establishment and opening of sub -
branches into one approval for business 
commencement; 2) optimizing the 
conditions regarding the raising and 
issuing of debt and capital supplement 
instruments by locally incorporated 
foreign -invested banks; and 3) simplifying 
the qualification review procedures for the 
authorization of executives.  
 Mode 3  Banking services  Decision of the China Banking 
Regulatory Commission on Revising the 
China Banking Regulatory Commission 
Implementing Measures for the 
Administrative Licensing Items of 
Foreign -funded Banks (Order No. 3 
[2018] of the China Banking Regulatory 
Commission)  Effective  
13 February 2018  YES 
Crude oil futures were listed for trade on 
the subsidiary of the Shanghai Futures 
Exchange, the Shanghai International 
Energy Exchange Co., Ltd., on 26 March 
2018. Overseas traders and overseas 
brokerage agencies can now legally 
participate in crude oil futures trading.  Mode 1  Financial services  Interim Measures on Administration of 
Trading of Specific Kind of Futures in 
China by Overseas Traders and 
Overseas Brokers  (Order No. 116 of 
China Securities Regu latory 
Commission)  26 March 2018  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 239 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
A new measure lifts market access 
restrictions on non -banking payment 
institutions. Foreign suppliers wishing to 
provide electronic payment services for 
domestic transactions and cross -border 
transactions must obtain a payment 
service licence and establish foreign -
invested enterprises within the territory of 
of China. The foreign -invested payment 
institution shall be capable of 
independently completing the payment 
business within the territory of China. The 
storage, proc essing and analysis of 
personal and financial information collected 
and generated by foreign investment 
payment agencies in China must be 
conducted within the territory. In order for 
the information to be transferred overseas, 
the supplier must comply with  the laws and 
regulations of the relevant regulatory 
authorities, fulfil corresponding information 
confidentiality obligations, and obtain the 
consent of the personal information 
subject.  
 Modes 1 -3 Banking and other 
financial services  The Announcement on Matters 
Concerning Foreign Investment and 
Payment Institutions.  Announcement by 
People's Bank of China (2018 No. 7)  Effective 19 March 
2018  
The Government now allows foreign 
investors to engage in the insurance 
agency business and the public insurance 
loss adjustment business in China.  
 
 Mode 3  Insurance services  Notice on Allowing Foreign Investors to 
Engage in the Insurance Agency 
Business  in China; Notice on Allowing 
Foreign Investors to Engage in the 
Public Insurance Loss Adjustment 
Business in China.  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.clydeco.com/insight/article
/cbirc -issues -notices -allowing -foreign -
invested -insurance -agencies -and-loss 
 Effective 28 June 
2018 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 240 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
A new measure removes foreign ownership 
limits on new financial asset investment 
companies established by commercial 
banks. The caps on foreign holdings in 
such financial institutions were previously 
20% for a single overseas institution and 
25% for group investors.  
 
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Measures for the Administration of 
Financial Asse t Investment Companies 
(for Trial Implementation)  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.moodysanalytics.com/regul
atory-news/ju ne-29-18-cbirc-issues -
rules-for-financial -asset-management -
companies -in-china  
 Effective 29 June 
2018 YES 
A new measure removed the limit on 
foreign ownership in Chinese banks and 
financial asset management companies, 
uniting the ownership proportion rule  for 
domestic and foreign capital.  
 
 
 
 
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Decision of  China Banking and Insurance 
Regulatory Commission on Annulling 
and Amending Some Rules  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.jqknews.com/news/60508 -
China_cancels_restrictions_on_foreign_s
hareholding_of_Chinese_ban ks_and_fin
ancial_Asset_Management_Co.html   Effective 23 August 
2018 YES 
A new measure allows foreign investors to 
be controlling shareholders in joint venture 
securities companies, expands the 
business scope for joint venture securities 
companies, offers equal treatment between 
companies with and without foreign 
investment, and removes the requirement 
that, for joint venture securities 
companies, one of the domestic 
shareholders must be a securities 
company.  
 Mode 3  Financial services  Administrative Measur es for Foreign -
Invested Securities Companies  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.ft.com/content/0efc397a -
4b89-11e8-8a8e-22951a2d8493  
 
 Effective 28 April 
2018   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 241 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
India  
The Reserve Bank announced that sub -
targets for lending to small and marginal 
farmers and micro enterprises will be 
applied to foreign banks with 20 branches 
or more. The sub -target of 8% of Adjusted 
Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit 
Equivalent Amount of Of f-Balance Sheet 
Exposure (CEOBE), whichever is higher, 
will apply to lending to small and marginal 
farmers from fiscal year 2018 -19. The 
lending target for micro enterprises will be 
7.5% of ANBC or CEOBE, whichever is 
higher. The new measure also removes t he 
credit caps on MSMEs (Services) under the 
Priority Sector.  
 Mode 3  Banking services  Reserve Bank of India, Statement on 
Developmental and Regulatory Policies – 
February 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRel
ease/PDFs/PR2147D452F23A943B4865A
3C8C775F9D7EF8D.PDF  
 Effective from fiscal 
year 2018 -19 YES 
The Reserve Bank issued a Directive on 6 
April 2018 requiring all payment systems 
operators to store data within the country. 
Operators are given a maximum of 6 
months to comply with the requirement 
and to submit an audit report certifying 
compliance.  Modes 1 -3 Banking and other 
financial services  Directive from the Reserve Bank  of India 
issued under Section 10(2), read with 
Section 18 of the Payment and 
Settlement Systems Act 2007, (Act 51 
of 2007).  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/Not ificatio
nUser.aspx?Id=11244&Mode=0   
 6 April 2018  YES 
Indonesia  
A new measure requires domestic retail 
debit and credit transactions to be 
processed through switching institutions 
located in Indonesia and licensed by the 
Bank of Indonesia. The measure also 
imposes a 20% foreign equity cap on firms 
that wish to obtain s witching licences to 
participate in the National Payment 
Gateway (NPG). Foreign firms wishing to 
process transactions through the NPG must 
form partnership agreements with licensed 
NPG switch institutions, and agree to 
transfer technology as part of these 
agreements.  Modes 1 -3  
 Banking and other 
financial services  Bank Indonesia Board of Governors 
Regulation 19/10/PADG/2017 
concerning National Payment Gateway  
 Bank Indonesia has 
begun the 
implementation of 
these measures, 
requiring 
Indonesian issuers 
to begin issuing 
ATM and/or debit 
cards with the NPG 
national logo by 1 
January 2018.  
 
  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 242 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
A new measure limits foreign ownership in 
a privately -owned insurance company to 
80%. It allows foreigners that exceeded 
this level at time of entry into force of the 
measure to retain their stakes. Any capital 
injections in insurance companies must 
comply  with the 80% limit on foreign 
ownership. The initial regulation from 1992 
had capped foreign ownership at 80%, but, 
in 1999, authorities allowed foreign 
investors to exceed the ceiling in the wake 
of the financial crisis.  
 Mode 3  Insurance services  Regulation No. 14/2018 on Foreign 
Ownership of Insurance Companies  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.indonesia -
investments.com/finance/financial -
columns/indonesia -caps-foreign -
ownership -in-insurance -companies -at-
80/item8812 ? 
 Effective  
18 April 2018  
  
Jordan  
The Government adopted a new law 
limiting the entities that are allowed to 
broker or mediate on behalf of third parties 
in foreign stock exchanges. Only banks and 
financial services companies licensed by 
the Jordan Securities Commission are 
allowed to carry out these activities. Since 
the adoption of the law, 14 companies 
have been licensed for these activitie s. 
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Law No. 1 of 2017, Regulating Dealings 
with Foreign Stock Exchanges  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=92fd4b56 -3fba-4281-a8a8-
aa9fd0f17b1b  October 2017  YES 
Moldova, Republic of  
The Republic of Moldova adopted a series 
of measures in relation to financial 
services, including new rules regarding 
access to the activity of credit institutions, 
and the prudential supervision of credit 
institutions and investment firms.  Modes 1 -3 Financial services  Law No. 242 of 23 November 2017 
amending Article 29 of the Law on 
Insurance (No. 407/2006);  
Law No. 33 amending the Ca pital Market 
Law; 
Law No. 225 of 15 December 2017 
amending some legislative acts (Fiscal 
Code, Customs Code, Law on NCFM) in 
the context of the Capital Market Law 
(No. 171/2012);  
Law on Non -banking Credit 
Organizations (No. 1 of 16 March 2018);  
Law Amendi ng Certain Legal Acts (Law 
on NCFM, Law on Leasing) (No. 35 of 16 
March 2018);  
NCFM Decision No. 13/10 of 13 March 
2018 
 November 2017 – 
April 2018  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 243 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Myanmar  
The Government recently permitted 7 of 
the 13 foreign banks operating in Myanmar 
to provide export -financing services. This 
puts the foreign banks on a par with their 
local counterparts. Besides providing 
export -financing services, the selected 
foreign banks will be allowed to extend 
credit to foreign businesses as well as local 
banks.  
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  ASEAN briefing, 21 March 2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2
018/03/21/banking -sector -reforms -
myanmar.html  December 2017   
Philippines  
The Central Bank of the Philippines 
adopted a series of new measures affecting 
banking and other financial services. For 
example, the requirements on the issuance 
of bonds and commercial papers by banks 
and quasi -banks (QBs) were streamlined, 
by removing the minimum bond features, 
such as the requirement on eligible 
collateral, which could constrain banks and 
QBs from issuing debt securities.  
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Circular Nos. 975 -976, 978 -985, and 
988-999. 
 
  Implemented 
between October 
2017 and April 
2018 YES 
The Central Bank of the Philippines 
adopted a series of new measures affecting 
banking and other financial services, 
relating, for example, to the settlement of 
instant retail payments, credit exposure 
limits, and the operation of credit card 
issuers.  
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Circular Nos. 1000 -1011 
 Implemented 
between April and 
September 2018   
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
Foreign investors are allowed to invest 
directly in the Parallel Market (NOMU). 
Foreign investors in NOMU are no longer 
required to qualify as foreign institutional 
investors, but must meet eligibility criteria. 
NOMU is an alternative equity market with 
lighter listing requirements than the main 
market; it is especially used by small and 
medium -sized companies.  
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Resolution from the Capital Market 
Authority (CMA) Board  
 
Viewed at:  
https://cma.org.sa/en/Pages/d efault.asp
x  Effective  
1 January 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 244 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The CMA's Board of Commissioners 
adopted revised regulations on mergers 
and acquisitions, new regulations in 
relation to the establishment and licensing 
of special purpose entities in the financial 
services sector, and updated rules for 
Qualified Foreign Financial Institutions 
Investment in Listed Securities.  Mode 3  Financial services  Merger and Acquisition Regulations;  
Rules for Special Purposes Entities;  
Rules for Qualified Foreign Financial 
Institutions Investment in Listed 
Securities.  
Viewed at:  
https://cma.org.sa/en/   
 Effective  
23 April 2018;  
1 April 2018; and  
13 January 2018.  YES 
Saudi Arabia adopted a series of new 
measures in relation to financial services:  
- the CMA's Board of Commissioners 
updated information on the rules for 
qualified foreign financial institutions' 
investment in listed securities;  
- the Board approved amend ments to the 
Instructions for Listed Companies 
Announcements, aimed at enhancing the 
level of transparency and disclosure 
adequacy in the capital market;  
- the Board approved the amendment of 
paragraph (C) of Article 5 of the 
"Procedures and Instructions R elated to 
Listed Companies with Accumulated Losses 
Reaching 20% or More of their Share 
Capital". The amendment clarifies the 
periods to be announced by the company 
in accordance with Article 150 of the 
Companies Law;  
- the Board approved the instructions o n 
the Price Stabilization Mechanism for Initial 
Public Offerings.  
 Mode 3  Financial services  Viewed at:  
https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/NEWS/Pa
ges/CMA_N_2424.aspx  
 
https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/NEWS/Pa
ges/CMA_N_2437.aspx  
 
https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/NEWS/Pa
ges/CMA_N_2448.aspx  
 
https://cma.org.sa/en/Market/NEWS/Pa
ges/CMA_N_2447.aspx  
 
 June-August 2018  YES 
South Africa  
The new Insurance Act introduced 
regulations on the activities of foreign -
based insurers. It prohibits such insurers 
and reinsurers from soliciting business in 
South Africa on a cross -border basis, 
except where foreign reinsurers conduct 
business through a  branch established in 
South Africa.  
 Modes 1 -2 
 Insurance services  Insurance Act 2017.  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.clydeco.com/insight/article
/south -african -insurance -bill-signed -
into-
law?utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium
=syndication&utm_campaign=View -
Original  Effective  
18 January 2018  
 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 245 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Chinese Taipei  
The Government relaxed certain limits on  
the activities of foreign bank branches. 
First, t he TWD credit limit that a foreign 
bank branch may extend to a same juristic 
person, same related party or same 
affiliated entity was increased. While the 
original credit limit was capped at  Mode 3  Banking  services  Article 14 of the Regulations Governing 
Foreign Bank Branches and 
Representative Offices  
 
Article 19 -3 of the Regulations 
Governing Foreign Bank Branches and 
Representative Offices  Effective 31 March 
2018  
TWD 7 billion, the new measure relaxed 
the credit limit to TWD 7 billion or two 
times the net worth of that foreign bank 
branch, whichever is higher. Second, a 
new measure relaxed foreign bank 
branches' outstanding TWD loan limits. For 
branches that do not offer retail deposit 
business or that do not meet a certain 
threshold of retail activities, the liming of 
outstanding TWD loans has been 
increased, but not exceed 40 times the 
branch's net worth.  
      
Thailand  
A new measure by the Bank of Thailand 
modifies the quantifying criteria with 
respect to limits on foreign banks' physical 
branches and ATMs.  
 Mode 3  Banking and other 
financial services  Notification of the Bank of Thailand No. 
FPG. 4/2561 (Number and quan tifying 
criteria of service locations of foreign 
commercial bank's subsidiary and 
branch of a foreign commercial bank)  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.bot.or.th/English/Pages/def
ault.aspx   
 Effective   
6 March 2018  
 YES 
DISTRIBUTION SERVICES  
Irak, Republic of (observer)  
The New Commercial Agency Law specifies 
that goods for resale can only be imported 
by a registered commercial agent. Only an 
Iraqi national, or a company wholly -owned 
by Iraqi nationals, can be a commercial 
agent. The Law also protects commercial 
agents fr om the termination or non -
renewal of contracts with foreign entities.  
 Mode 3  Distribution 
services  Law No. 79 of 2017 (the New 
Commercial Agency Law)  
 
 Effective  
13 November 2017  
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 246 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Myanmar  
The Government allows joint ventures 
between foreign and domestic companies 
for the retail and wholesale trade of 
agricultural machinery.  
 Mode 3  Retail and 
wholesale trade 
services  Ministry of Commerce, Notification No. 
55/2017  
 
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=69014aa8 -a1ac-4ca7-872f-
bff16be68b79  
 Effective  
17 November 2017   
A new measure allows wholly foreign -
owned enterprises to operate retail and 
wholesale trade businesses in the country. 
Previously, foreign suppliers were required 
to form joint ventures with domestic 
investors. The measure also provides that 
wholly foreign -owned enterprises and joint 
ventures may now conduct trading and 
distribution of all commodities, subject to 
certain capital and registration 
requirements. However, neither foreign -
owned enterprises nor joint ventures are 
allowed to operate minimarts or 
convenience stores with a floor area of less 
than 929 m2. 
 Mode 3  Retail and 
wholesale trade 
services  
 
 Notification 25/2018  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/201
8-05/11/c_137172463.htm   
 Effective 8 May 
2018 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 YES 
Viet Nam  
The Government eased certain regulations 
in relation to the activities of foreign -
invested enterprises engaged in trade in 
goods and related activities. The decree 
clarifies that a business licence is required 
for such activities as retail distribution, 
trade intermediation services and e -
commerce services. It also expands 
distribution rights for certain commodities 
to foreign -invested enterpri ses meeting 
specified conditions. For example, foreign 
supermarkets and convenience stores may 
receive retail distribution rights for rice, 
sugar, media recordings, books, 
newspapers and magazines.  
 Mode 3  Distribution 
services  Decree No. 9/2018/ND -CP Effective 
15 January 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 247 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
EDUCATION SERVICES  
Egypt  
The Government adopted a new law 
regulating the establishment of foreign 
universities and their branches. The 
objective of the law is to improve the 
quality of higher education services and 
scientific research activities in Egypt. 
Foreign universities are now allowed to 
provide their services through commercial 
presence, either as a branch of a foreign 
university or as a "u niversity institution".  
  Mode 3  Higher education 
services  Law 162/2018  
 
Viewed  at: 
http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/5
5380/Sisi -approves -regulations -for-
foreign -universities -in-Egypt   Effective 3 August 
2018 YES 
Indonesia  
The President of Indonesia instructed his 
Cabinet to allow 100% foreign -ownership 
in universities, and to permit foreign 
institutions to open campuses in the 
country.  Mode 3  Education services  Viewed at:  
https://www.reuters.com/article/us -
indonesia -investment -
education/indonesia -plans -to-open-
university -sector -to-100-percent -
foreign -ownership -idUSKCN1HB0T4  
 4 April 2018  
 
  
Myanmar  
The Myanmar Investment Commission 
(MIC) allows full foreign capital 
participation in private education 
institutions. The new measure applies to 
basic education schools, technical, 
vocational and training schools, higher 
education institutions, subject -based 
schools, and private schools designated by 
the Ministry of Education.  
 Mode 3  Education services  MIC Notification 7/2018  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myan
mar-permits -full-foreign -capital -
investments -education -sector.html  Notification issued 
on 20 April 2018  
 
   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 248 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES  
India  
The Supreme Court of India rendered a 
judgment in which it held that foreign law 
firms cannot set up offices in India or 
practice in Indian Courts. Foreign law firms 
or foreign lawyers are not prohibited from  Modes 3 -4 Legal Services  Supreme Court o f India, judgment dated 
13 March 2018, Civil Appeal Nos. 7875 -
7879 of 2015, entitled Bar Council of 
India vs. A.K. Balaji and Ors.  13 March 2018  YES 
visiting India for a temporary period, in 
order to provide legal advice regarding 
foreign law on diverse international legal 
issues, on a "fly in and fly out" basis if it 
does not amount to practice including 
appearances in Courts of India. The 
Supreme Court also held that foreign 
lawyers are not barred if the matter is 
governed by particular rules of an arbi tral 
institution, or if the matter otherwise falls 
under Section 32 or 33 of the Arbitration 
and Conciliation Act. Even in such cases, 
the Code of Conduct applicable to the legal 
profession in India must be followed.  
   Viewed at:  
https://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2012/1
3890/13890_2012_Judgement_13 -Mar-
2018.pdf    
HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES  
China  
China's health authorities issued new 
guidelines to further regulate online 
medical diagnoses and treatment. The 
guidelines allow medical institutes that are 
licensed to practice to provide online 
services. Medical staff providing online 
services must be r egistered in the national 
e-registration system, and physicians must 
possess at least 3 years of independent 
clinical experience. The guidelines also 
provide that patients must first receive a 
diagnosis in person before accessing online 
medical diagnosis a nd treatment services.  
 Modes 1 -3 Health and medical 
services  Viewed at:  
http://en.nhfpc.gov.cn/2018 -
09/17/c_73776.htm  
 
 Effective 14 
Septe mber 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 249 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
RECREATIONAL SERVICES  
Japan  
Japan adopted new legislation allowing 
casino gambling at integrated resorts. A 
maximum of three development plans will 
be allowed to grant licences for the 
establishment of casinos along with MICE 
facilities (meetings, incentive travel, 
conventions and exhibitions  
hotels).  
 Mode 3  Gambling services  Integrated Resort Implementation Law  
 
Viewed at:  
https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Five -
things -to-know -about -Japan -s-new-
casino -law 
 
 Adopted on 20 July 
2018 YES 
TRANSPORT SERVICES  
China  
Foreign services suppliers may set up 
wholly -owned enterprises in China to 
operate international shipping 
transportation, international ship 
management business, international 
shipping agencies, international maritime 
cargo handling business, and international 
maritime container station and depot 
services. The measure effectively extends 
nationally increased f oreign limits that had 
been put in place for the country's free 
trade zones in January 2018.  
 Mode 3  Maritime transport 
services  Notice of the State Council on Effectively 
Replicating and Promoting the Fourth 
Group of Experience in the Reform Pilot 
Programs of Pilot Free Trade Zones (Guo 
Fa [2018] No. 12) and Special 
Administrative Measures (Negative List) 
for Foreign Investment Acc ess (2018 
Edition) (Order of the NDRC and the 
MOFCOM No. 18 of 2018)  Issued on 23 May 
and 28 June 2018, 
respectively.  
To be implemented 
after the revision of 
the Regulations on 
International 
Maritime Transport.  YES 
India  
A foreign -flag ship is no longer required to 
obtain a licence from the Director General 
of Shipping to engage in coastal trade in 
India for the carriage by sea of specified 
agricultural, fisheries, animal husbandry 
and horticultural commodities.  
 
 Modes 1 -2 Maritime transport 
services  General Order (No. 2 of 2018) with respect 
to the Relaxation under Section 407 of 
the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, for 
coastal movement of agriculture, 
horticulture, fisheries and animal 
husbandry commodities  
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.dgshipping.gov.in/WriteRea
dData/News/201805230236156996537
GeneralOrderNo02of2018_sd.pdf  
 Effective 22 May 
2018 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 250 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Philippines  
The Civil Aeronautics Board of the 
Department of Transportation adopted new 
guidelines on the granting of permits to 
domestic carriers intending to operate 
scheduled or non -scheduled international 
or domestic air transport services. The 
guidelines cover, amon g other things, 
minimum capital requirements. The Board 
also adopted a new measure on passenger 
fuel surcharges for domestic and 
international flights.  
 Mode 3  Air transport 
services  Resolution No. 32 (BM 03 -05-25-2018)  
 
 
Resolution No. 44 (SBM -05S-08-17-
2018) 
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.cab.gov.ph/   Adopted  
25 May 2018  
 
Adopted  
17 August 2018   
Russian Federation  
A new f ederal law introduced changes to 
the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian 
Federation. The measure grants to vessels 
sailing under the flag of the Russian 
Federation the exclusive right to transport 
by sea oil, natural gas, gas condensate, 
and coal produced in the Russian 
Federation or in an area which is under the 
jurisdiction of the Russian Federation  and 
loaded onto vessels located in the Northern 
Sea Route area. This exclusive right is 
exercised unless otherwise provided under 
international law, international treaties of 
the Russian Federation, and decisions on 
the sea transport of other cargoes in o ther 
water areas using vessels sailing under the 
flag of the Russian Federation.  
 
The law regulates how vessel documents 
are issued, including electronically. For 
vessels bought outside the Russian 
Federation, a temporary certificate 
regarding the right t o sail under the flag of 
the Russian Federation, which would 
remain valid until the registration of the 
vessel occurs, can no longer be obtained 
from one of Russia's consular institutions. 
Right to sail is granted from the date of 
registration.  Modes 1 -2 Maritime transport 
services  
 
 Amendments to the Merchant Shipping 
Code of the Russia Federation  
 
Viewed at:  
http://en.kremlin.ru/acts/news/56546  
 
 Effective  
1 February 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 251 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The new amendments  establish an open 
register of  ships, which provides for the 
granting of the  right to  sail under 
the national flag of  the Russian Federation 
to ships that are owned by  foreign citizens, 
foreign legal entities or  legal persons 
registered in  accord ance with the  Federal 
Law on  International Companies.  
 Mode 3  
 Maritime transport 
services  Amendments to  the Merchant Shipping 
Code as  regards the  formation 
of the Russian Open Register of  Ships  
 
Viewed at:  
http://en.kremlin.ru/acts/news/copy/58
219 Effective  
3 August 2018  YES 
Viet Nam  
The Government issued regulations for 
logistics services. They eliminate the 
requirement that foreign investors 
establish through joint -ventures with local 
enterprises. Logistics services are defined 
in the regulations as covering an array of 
services, inc luding container handling, 
warehousing, freight transport agencies, 
delivery, customs brokerage, and 
maritime/rail/road/air freight transport 
services. Foreign ownership limits remain 
for some of these services. The regulations 
state that logistics service s supplied partly 
or entirely over electronic networks must 
comply with e -commerce regulations, 
which include a registration requirement.  
 Mode 3  Logistics and 
transport services  Decree No. 163/2017/ND -CP 
 
Viewed at:  
http://www.vietnam -
briefing.com/news/vietnam -allows -
foreign -investors -establish -logistics -
firms.html/  
 Effective  
20 February 2018    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 252 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
SERVICES SUPPLIED THROUGH THE MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS  
Australia  
On 18 March 2018, the Government 
replaced the Temporary Work (Skilled) 
(subclass 457) visa with the new 
Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) visa.  
 
The TSS visa facilitates the targeted use of 
overseas workers to address temporary 
skill shortages, while ensuring that 
Australian workers get priority. TSS visa 
holders can work in Australia in their 
nominated occupation for their approved 
sponsor under one of three streams:  
- the Short -term stream, underpinned by 
the Short -term Skilled  Occupations List 
(STSOL);  
- the Medium -term stream, underpinned 
by the Medium and Long -term Strategic 
Skills List (MLTSSL);  
- the Labour agreement stream: labour 
agreements are developed between the 
Department and employers where there is 
a demonstrated  need that sits outside the 
standard TSS visa programme.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Work/4
57-abolition -replacement  
 
https://www.jobs.gov.au/SkilledMigratio
nList 
 18 March 2018  YES 
Employers in regional areas may nominate 
overseas workers in the Medium -term 
stream in occupations on the Regional 
Occupation List (ROL), in addition to 
occupations on the MLTSSL.       
 
The Short -term stream is eligible for stay 
periods of up to two years, and can be 
renewed on one occasion onshore, unless 
an international trade obligation applies.  
 
The Medium -term stream is eligible  for 
stay periods of up to four years, with no 
restrictions to onshore renewals.  
       
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 253 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
The STSOL, MLTSSL, and ROL are subject 
to regular review by the Department of 
Jobs and Small Business. The TSS visa is 
also supported by such measures as: 
enhanced labour market testing; 
mandatory police checks; and a 2 -year 
work experience requirement.  
      
The Global Talent Scheme (GTS), a new 
12-month pilot scheme, was launched on  
1 July 2018 to provide businesses with a 
way to sponsor overseas workers to fill 
highly -skilled and specialized positions that 
cannot be filled by Australian workers or 
through other visa programmes, in 
particular the TSS visa. The GTS provides 
faster proc essing and more flexible 
concessions, and is not restricted to the 
occupations lists used in the TSS visa. 
Once a GTS agreement is in place, 
employers can sponsor overseas workers 
for a 4 -year TSS visa, and workers can 
apply for permanent residence after 3  
years.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/  
 Effective July 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 254 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Brazil  
The new Migration Law simplifies 
procedures for the entry and residence of 
foreigners in Brazil. The Law reorganizes 
Brazil's visa system into the following 
categories: visitor visas, temporary visas, 
and official, diplomatic and courtesy visas.  
 
Visitor visas are applicable to foreigners 
who do not intend to establish residence in 
Brazil, but carry out t ourist, business, 
transit, artistic or sporting activities. 
Remunerated activities cannot be 
performed under this visa category. Initial 
stays are granted for a maximum of 90 
days, with the possibility of extending 
stays for a further 90 days, except for 
foreigners conducting auditing and 
consulting, maritime, artistic or 
sports/athletic activities.  
 
Temporary visas are designed for 
employment, research, health treatment, 
study, vacation, summer jobs, family 
reunions and investment. They are valid 
for up t o 2 years, and can be renewed for 
an additional 2 -year period. Foreigners 
may apply for temporary visas without a 
formal job offer if they provide evidence of 
a higher degree diploma or equivalent.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Migration Law 13.445  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/p
eople -
organisation/publications/assets/pwc -
brazil -new-migration -law-to-affect -
visas-tax-residence -rules.pdf  
 Effective  
21 November 2017  YES 
Brazil's Ministry of Labour increased the 
validity of its Short -Term Technical Visa to 
180 cumulative, rather than consecutive, 
days per year, and allows foreign nationals 
travelling under the visa to provide 
technical assistance to multiple companies.  Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.fragomen.com/insights/ale
rts/technical -visa-rules-relaxed  Effective May 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 255 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Chile  
A new temporary "Opportunity Visa" 
(Temporary Residence Visa for Workers) 
was introduced for foreigners holding 
graduate degrees who wish to work in 
Chile. 3,000 such visas are available 
between 1  August and 30 November  2018. 
Visas are granted based on a scoring 
system that evaluates education, age, 
language, occupation and territory. Fluency 
in Spanish is required.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://investchile.gob.cl/es/visa -tech-
chile/  
 
 
 Effective  
1 June 2017  YES 
  Colombia  
Colombia's new Immigration Law (Law 
6045 of 2017) replaces the previous 21 
visa categories with three types of visas, 
namely visitor visas, migrant visas and 
resident  visas, each with corresponding 
sub-categories.  
 
As part of the reorganization, the duration 
of stay for short -term technical visitors has 
been increased from 180 days to up to 2 
years. Moreover, immigration authorities 
are now required to adjudicate a com plete 
visa application within 5 business days of 
submission, or within 30 days of 
submission of any additional information or 
documentation that may have been 
required.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/def
ault/files/Normograma/docs/resolucion_
minrelaciones_6045_2017.htm  Effective  
15 December 2017   
Estonia  
The latest amendments to the Aliens Act 
1993 facilitate the arrival of top foreign 
specialists, by exempting them from the 
annual immigration quota. A top specialist 
must have appropriate professional 
training or experience, be employed by a 
qualifying company, and be paid at least 
twice the nationa l gross average wage.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Amendments to the Aliens Act 1993  
 
Viewed at:   
https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/50
5072018004/consolide/current,%20%C2
%A7106%20and%20%C2%A7115  
 
 Effective 15 July 
2018 YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 256 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
In addition,  the amended rules now allow 
short-term employees to carry out work 
without a work permit for up to 12 months 
(365 days during a 455 -day period), rather 
than 9 months previously, with possible 
longer periods in some instances.  
      
Hong Kong, China  
The Government launched the Technology 
Talent Admission Scheme (TechTAS), 
which provides a fast -track arrangement 
allowing for eligible technology companies 
and institutes to contract technology talent 
from outside the territory. In the first year 
of opera tion, a maximum of 1,000 persons 
could be admitted. Normal processing time 
for complete applications is 2 weeks. 
Approval is valid for 6 months.  
 Mode 4  Selected sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.it c.gov.hk/en/techtas/index
.htm 
 Effective 25 June 
2018 YES 
Israel  
The Israeli Ministry of Interior created a 
new "Hi -Tech" (HIT) visa in February 2018 
for employees of hi -tech companies 
approved by the Israeli Innovations 
Authority. The new visa has an initial 
validity period of up to 1 year, renewable 
for up to a total of 5 years and 3 months, 
and a streamlined applications process. 
Under recently -amended rules, non -Israeli 
registered hi -tech companies, as well as 
their local Israeli branches, are not e ligible 
to apply for the HIT visa.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Viewed at:  
https://blog.newlandchase.com/israel -
changes -to-hi-tech-hit-visa-applications -
process  
http://fgiimmigration.com/2018/09/07/i
srael-new-guidelines -for-hi-tech-visas/ 
 Effective February 
and September 
2018, respectively.    
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 257 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Oman  
The Ministry of Manpower banned the 
recruitment of foreign workers by private 
companies for a range of occupations 
across several sectors, such as the 
information and technology sector, and 
insurance, media, aviation, engineering 
and medical services.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  
 Viewed at:  
http://gulfbusiness.com/oman -extend -
foreign -worker -ban-new-sectors/  Effect ive  
24 January 2018   
The Ministry of Manpower has extended, 
by 6 months, the temporary suspension of 
the recruitment of foreign nationals with 
respect to: private sector establishments in 
the construction and cleaning sectors, as 
specified in Ministerial  Resolution No. 
338/2014, starting from 1 June 2018; 
private sector establishments for certain 
professions, as specified in Ministerial 
Resolution No. 608/2013, starting from 31 
May 2018; and private sector 
establishments for activities specified in 
Minist erial Resolution No. 122/2014, 
beginning on 1 July 2018.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Viewed at:  
http://www.omanobserver.om/ban -on-
hiring -expats -extended -for-six-months/  
 Effective 1 May and 
1 July 2018   
Poland  
Poland's Ministry of Family, Labour and 
Social Policy has designated approximately 
200 job titles  as shortage occupations, 
including in the information technology, 
healthcare and transportation sectors. 
Employers filing a Work Permit, Single 
Permit or EU Blue Card application for 
locally -hired foreign workers in these titles 
are now exempt from conduc ting a labour 
market test, and may enjoy a faster 
application process as a result.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.fragomen.com/insight s/ale
rts/labor -market -testing -waived -
shortage -occupations  Effective 1 July 
2018   
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 258 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of  
The Ministry of Labour and Social 
Development introduced a new prohibition 
on foreign workers in 12 additional sectors: 
automobile and mobile shops;  shops 
selling home furniture and ready -made 
office materials; sale outlets of ready -
made garments; children's clothes and 
men's suppliers; watch shops; optical 
stores; electrical and electronics shops; 
medical equipment stores; outlets selling 
car spare p arts; building material shops; 
outlets selling all types of carpets; 
household utensils shops; and pastry 
shops.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Ministerial decision  
 
Viewed at:  
https://www.financialexpress.com/world
-news/big -setback -to-indians -saudi -
arabia -bans-foreign -workers -in-12-
sectors -check -full-list-of-expatriates -
affected/1054178 /  
 
https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.
aspx?g=8a369bc1 -b793-42db-9902-
93475690a6d4  To be effective 
from 11 September 
2018, 9 November 
2018 and 7 
Januar y 2019, 
depending on the 
sector.  YES 
Employment visas issued for foreign 
private sector workers in Saudi Arabia are 
now valid for 1 year, down from 2 years.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
http://www.arabianbusiness.com/politic
s-economics/381916 -saudi -expat -work-
visas-limited -to-one-year 
 Effective  
1 November 2017  YES  
Serbia (observer)  
A number of changes have been introduced 
in relation to the employment of foreign 
workers. Work permits for posted workers 
and for inter -corporate transferees can 
now be issued for period of 1 year, and 
renewed for 2 additional periods of a 
maximum of 2 ye ars. Further extensions 
are subject to consent by the authorities. 
The Government also introduced a new 
work permit for special cases of 
employment, which concern training, 
apprenticeship, professional practice, and 
vocational training.  
 Mode 4  All sector s 
 Amendments to the Law on Employment 
of Foreigners   
 
Viewed at:  
https://zuniclaw.com/en/work -permit -
serbia/  
 
 
 Effective  
25 December 2017  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 259 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Singapore  
The 14 -day job advertising requirement for 
"Employment Pass" applicants has been 
extended to cover companies with at least 
10 employees (compared with the previous 
threshold of at least 26 employees). 
Positions  for ICTs and jobs paying a fixed 
salary of SGD 15,000 or more a month are 
exempted from this advertising 
requirement.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mo
m/documents/budget2018/factsheet -
foreign -workforce -policy -
announcements.pdf?la=en  
 Effective 1 July 
2018 YES 
Slovak Republic  
Parliament adopted new measures making 
it easier to employ workers from non -EU 
countries. Simpler procedures apply to 
certain professions with shortages of 
workers and in districts/regions where the 
unemployment rate is below 5%. Foreign 
workers in these p rofessions/regions 
cannot constitute more than 30% of the 
total number of workers in any company.  
This temporary measure was taken in 
order to solve a temporary shortage of 
workforce. A list of professions is expected 
to be set in due course.  
 Mode 4  
 Various sectors  Amendments to the Law on Employment 
Services  
 
Viewed at:  
https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20756618/sl
ovakia -simplifies -rules-for-import -of-
foreign -workers.html   
 
 Effective  
1 May 2018  
 YES 
     
Switzerland  
The yearly ceilings for work permits for 
highly -qualified workers from non -EU/EFTA 
States increased by 500 in 2018, reaching 
a total of 8,000. 4,500 work permits are 
allocated for short stays (L permits), and 
3,500 for long stays (B permits).  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/fr/hom
e/aktuell/news/2017/ref_2017 -09-
290.html 
 
https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/fr/hom
e/aktuell/news/2017/ref_2017 -11-
222.html  
 Effective  
1 January 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 260 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Employers hiring foreign workers will be 
required to undertake a labour market test 
for certain occupations where the rate of 
unemployment is above 8%. This threshold 
will be lowered to 5% on 1 January 2020. 
Employers will need to advertise vacancies 
with Switzerland's Employment Service for 
at least 5 days.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/fr/hom
e/aktuell/news/2017/ref_2017 -12-
081.html  Effective  
1 July 2018  YES 
Chinese Taipei  
The duration of work permits for foreign 
special professionals was increased from 3 
to 5 years. Furthermore, foreign special 
professionals may apply for a new visa 
category ("Employment Gold Card") that 
combines work permit, residence visa, 
residency permi t and re -entry permit in a 
single card, and with a single online 
application process. The Gold Card is valid 
for 1 to 3 years, and can be obtained in 
the following fields: science and 
technology, economics, education, culture, 
arts, sports, finance, law an d architectural 
design.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Viewed at:  
https://foreigntalentact.ndc.gov.tw/en/C
ontent_List.aspx?n=24C15F2CEE245632   Effective  
8 February 2018  YES 
Thailand  
A new SMART visa programme has been 
created to attract qualified foreigners who 
are experts, senior executives, investors 
and start -up entrepreneurs. The 
improvements introduced by the new visa 
programme include the possibility of 
multiple entries, and the option for foreign 
nationals to work during the validity of the 
visa without needing to obtain a separate 
work permit.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Viewed at:  
http://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/B
OI-brochure%202018 -smart%20visa -
EN-20180125_97687.pdf  
 Effective  
1 February 2018  YES  
  WT/TPR/OV/21  
 
- 261 - Measure  Mode(s) 
of supply  Sectoral 
classification  Source  Date  Verified 
by 
Member  
Under a new measure, if urgent and 
necessary work or business activities 
cannot be completed within 15 days, a 
foreigner may request an extension of up 
to 15 days by notifying the work permit 
official before the end of the initial 15 -day 
period. Foreign nationals no longer need to 
exit the country and re -enter to apply for a 
new UWP.  
 Mode 4  Various sectors  Emergen cy Decree on Managing the 
Work of Aliens B.E. 2561  
 
Viewed at:  
https://taxinsights.ey.com/archive/archi
ve-news/thailand -revises -regulations -
on-foreign -workers.aspx  
 Effective 
28 March  2018 YES 
A new decree has exempted 3 additional 
categories of foreign natural persons from 
the requirement to obtain a work permit. 
The three categories are:  
- foreigners entering Thailand irregularly 
for the arrangement or attendance of 
meetings, the expression of views, the 
lecture or presentation in a meeting, 
training, a visit or seminar, or for the 
participation in arts, culture, or sports 
competition;  
- foreigners entering Thailand to operate or 
invest in  a business, or possessing 
knowledge, capacity and skills that will 
benefit the country's development;  
- representatives of foreign juridical 
persons with a licence to operate a 
business under the law.  
 
The decree also allows the electronical 
submission of  work permit applications.  
 Mode 4  All sectors  Amendment to the Emergency Decree 
on Managing the Work of Aliens B.E. 
2560 (2017)  Effective  
28 March 2018  YES 
United Kingdom  
Non-EU doctors and nurses are exempt 
from the UK Tier 2 visa cap.  
 Mode 4  Health and medical 
services  Viewed at:  
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/
government/uploads/system/uploads/att
achment_data/file/726265/Tier_2_Policy
_Guidance_07_2018_Revised.pdf   
 Effective 6 July 
2018 YES 
 
 WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 262 - 
 
  APPENDIX 1  PARTICIPATION  
 
Member/  
Observer  Replies to 
DG fax  
(OV/W/12)  
(√ = replies 
received)  Replies 
to DG fax  
(OV/21)  
(√ = 
replies 
received)  Annual 
overview  
(OV/21) – 
Replies to 
request for 
verification  
(√ = replies 
received)  New 
measures  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  Services  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  General 
economic 
support 
(√ = 
information 
sent)  Summary  
and 
status  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  
1. Albania    √ √    
2. Algeria*     √ √   
3. Angola     √ √   
4. Argentina  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
5. Armenia 
(EEU)     √    
6. Australia  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
7. Bahrain, 
Kingdom of         
8. Bangladesh         
9. Belarus (EEU)     √    
10. Belize    √ √    
11. Benin      √   
12. Botswana  
(SACU)    √ √ √   
13. Brazil  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
14. Canada  √ √ √ √  √ √ 
15. Chile √ √ √ √ √  √ 
16. China  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
17. Colombia  √ √  √  √ √ 
18. Costa Rica  √ √ √ √    
19. Cuba   √  √   
20. Democratic 
Rep. of the 
Congo         
21. Dominica      √   
22. Dominican 
Republic  √ √  √  √  
23. Ecuador    √   √  
24. Egypt   √ √     
25. Eswatini 
(SACU)     √    
26. European 
Union  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
27. Georgia         
28. Ghana       √  
29. Grenada      √   
30. Hong Kong, 
China  √ √ √  √ √  
31. Iceland         
32. India   √ √ √ √ √ 
33. Indonesia  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
34. Iraq, Rep. of * √ √      
35. Israel     √ √  √ 
36. Japan  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
37. Jordan       √  
38. Kazakhstan 
(EEU)  √ √  √  √  
39. Kenya      √   
40. Korea, 
Republic  of √ √ √ √  √ √ 
41. Kuwait, the 
State of         
42. Kyrgyz 
Republic 
(EEU)     √    
43. Lesotho 
(SACU)     √    
44. Macao, China  √ √      
45. Madagascar     √    
46. Malaysia  √ √ √ √   √ 
47. Mali        
48. Mauritius  √ √  √  √  WT/TPR/OV/ 21 
 
- 263 - 
 
  Member/  
Observer  Replies to 
DG fax  
(OV/W/12)  
(√ = replies 
received)  Replies 
to DG fax  
(OV/21)  
(√ = 
replies 
received)  Annual 
overview  
(OV/21) – 
Replies to 
request for 
verification  
(√ = replies 
received)  New 
measures  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  Services  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  General 
economic 
support 
(√ = 
information 
sent)  Summary  
and 
status  
(√ = 
information 
sent)  
49. Mexico  √ √ √ √  √ √ 
50. Moldova, 
Republic  of √       
51. Mongolia         
52. Montenegro     √    
53. Morocco    √ √  √ √ 
54. Myanmar    √  √   
55. Namibia 
(SACU)     √    
56. Nepal         
57. New Zealand  √ √ √ √   √ 
58. Nigeria         
59. Norway  √ √ √  √ √  
60. Oman      √   
61. Pakistan   √ √ √  √ √ 
62. Panama  √       
63. Peru √ √ √ √  √ √ 
64. Philippines   √  √ √   
65. Russian 
Federation  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
66. Rwanda         
67. Saint Kitts 
and Nevis      √   
68. Saint Lucia      √   
69. Saint Vincent 
and the 
Grenadines      √   
70. Saudi Arabia, 
Kingdom of  √ √ √  √ √ √ 
71. Serbia*  √       
72. Seychelles  √ √  √    
73. Singapore  √ √   √   
74. Somalia*         
75. South Africa 
(SACU)  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
76. Sri Lanka    √ √    
77. Sudan     √    
78. Suriname     √    
79. Switzerland  √  √ √    
80. Chinese 
Taipei  √ √ √ √ √  √ 
81. Tanzania      √   
82. Thailand  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
83. The former 
Yugoslav 
Republic of 
Macedonia    √   √  
84. Togo  √      
85. Tunisia     √    
86. Turkey  √ √ √ √  √ √ 
87. Uganda      √   
88. Ukraine  √ √ √ √   √ 
89. United States 
of America  √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 
90. Uruguay    √   √  
91. Viet Nam    √ √ √   
92. Zambia      √   
93. Zimbabwe      √   
* Observer .  
__________