KENYA STANDARD           DKS 2865:2019  
 
 
© KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved    1  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anhydrous Ammonia -Storage and 
handling  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© KEBS 201 9 /////Edition , 2019 
 
 
   
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRES ENTATION  
 
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:  
 
Government chemist  
National Environmental Management Authority  
National Transport and Safety Authority  
Kenya Railways  
Directorate occupational health and safety service  
Ministry of Health  
Ministry of Transport  
Keny a Maritime Authority  
Kenya Airways  
Kenya Transport Association  
Kenya ports authority  
Radiation protection board  
National Corridor Transit and transport authority  
Nairobi University  
Kenya police Service (Traffic department)  
Dangerous goods management ltd.  
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat.  
 
Kenya Bureau of Standards — Secretariat  
 
 
 
 
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS  
 
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya Standards shall be regularly reviewed.  Suggestions for 
improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau of Standards, are 
welcome.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 201 9 
Copyright. Users are reminded that by virtue of Section 25 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of 2001  of the Laws of Kenya, copyrigh t subsists 
in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under Section 25 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya Bureau of Sta ndards 
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from the 
Managing Director.  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anhydrous Ammonia -Storage and handling  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS)  
 
Head Office: P.O. Box 54974, Nairobi -00200, Tel.: (+254  020) 605490, 602350, Fax: (+254 020)  604031  
E-Mail: info@kebs.org, Web:http://www.kebs.org  
 
Coast Region     Lake Region     Rift Valley Region  
P.O. Box 99376, Mombasa -80100   P.O. Box 2949, Kisumu -40100   P.O. Box 2138, Nakuru -20100  
Tel.: (+254  041) 229563, 230939/40  Tel.: (+254 057) 23549, 22396   Tel.: (+254 051) 210553, 210555  
Fax: (+254  041) 229448    Fax: (+254 057) 21814  
 
   
 
Foreword  
 
This Kenya Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Transport of dangerous goods  under the 
guidance of the Standards Projects Committee, and it is in accordance with the procedures of the Kenya 
Bureau of Standards.  
During the preparation of this standard, reference was  made to the following document s: 
 
The objective  of this  Standard  is to provide  distributors  and users  with procedures  for the safe storage and 
handling of anhydrous  ammonia.  
. 
The terms  'normative ’ and  'informative ’ have  been  used  in this  Standard  to define  the application  of the  
annexes  to which they apply. A 'normative ’ annex is an integral  part of a Standard,  whereas an 'informativ e' 
annex  is only for information  and guidance  
 
 
Acknowledgement is hereby made for the assistance derived from these sources . 
 
SAS/NZS 2022:2003  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
1.1 Scope   
 
This Kenya Standard r equirements for the design, repair , alteration,  location,  installation and operation  of 
plant used for the storage, handling  and transport  of anhydrous ammonia  in industrial  and rural situations.  
 
This Standard is not applicable to- 
 
(a) ammonia manufacturing plants;  
 
(b) manufacturi ng plants and other systems involving the use of ammonia; and 
 
(c) refrigeration  systems, where anhydrous ammonia is used solely as a refrigerant.  
 
The storage, handling and transport of anhydrous ammonia associated with these  plants are not excluded.  
NOTE : A guide to t he properties  of anhydrous ammonia  is given in Appendix A. 
 
1.2 Normative references  
 
 
 
1.3 Definitions  
 
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given  below apply.  
 
1.3.1  Authorized person  
 
A person specifically  appointed by an anhydrous ammonia distributor or  the distributor' s agent to perform the 
duties of that position.  
 
1.3.2 Capacity (of tank , cylinder  or drum)  
The total volume,  of the space  enclosed  within  the tank or cylinder,  expressed  in litres  or cubic  metres.  · 
NOTES:  
This is  synonymous  with and numerically equal to water capacity.  
2 Capacity -is sometimes expressed as the equivalent  mass of water.  
 
1.3.3.  Container  
 
A cylinde r or tank specifically  designed and constructed  for the storage  or transport  of anhydrous ammonia.  
 
1.3.4  Depot  
 
A stationary anhydrous ammonia storage system, including  the container  or containers, container fittings  and 
the ancillary  equipment  essential  for the safe operation of the system.  
 
1.3.5  Filler  
 
A competent person authorized  to fill contai ners with anhydrous ammonia.  
 
1.3.6  Mass filling ratio  
 
The ratio of the greatest mass of anhydrous ammonia permitted in a container and the mass of water at l 
5°C, which would completely fill the container.  
 
1.3.7  Protected places  
 
These are deemed to include - 
  
(a) a dwelling, place  of worship, public building,  school  or college, childcare facility, hospital, theatre, or any 
building or open area in which people are accustomed to assemble, whether wi thin or outside the property 
boundary of  the installation;  
 
(b) a factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop or building where people who are not  associated  with 
the operation  of the anhydrous ammonia; installation  are 
employed;   
 
(c) a ship lying at permanent berthing facilities; and 
 
(d) any storage facility for dangerous goods that exceeds minor storage quantities and is outside  the 
property boundary of the installation.  
 
e) Water  bodies, National park · 
 
1.3.8  Rail tank vehicle  
A railway vehicle with a tank or tanks mounted thereon, either permanently or temporarily.  
 
1.3.9 Road tank vehicle  
 
A truck, trailer or semitrailer, or unit in a road train incorporating a tank or having  a tank or tanks mounted 
thereon, either permanently or temporarily . 
1.3.10  System  
 
An assembly of equipment consisting of con tainers, interconnecting piping and all ancillary e quipment  
including  pumps, compressors, valves and  measuring  devices  and any  part thereof.  
 
1.3.11  Tank  
 
A container, other than a cylinder , designed for  the storage and transport of anhydrous a mmonia. Some 
specific sub -types  of tank are as follows:  
 
(a) Static storage tank - a tank intended  to be operated from a fixed  position  once  
installed.  (Includes b oth permanent and temporary installations.)  
(b) Applicator tank -a. tan k mounted on a trailer, tractor  and used for the application  of anhydrous ammonia 
as a fertilizer.  
 
(c) Nurse tank' -tank permanently  mounted  on a towed wheeled  vehicl e. When towed into position , it operates  
independently  for filling  skid tanks,  applicator  tanks  and portable tan ks. 
 
(d) Demountable delivery  tank - a tank intended to be placed  on a v ehicle from time  to time to enable use as 
a temporary  delivery tanker  
  
(e) Skid tank-a portable tank fitted with suitable skids or supports  
 
(f) ·Relocatable  tank-a tank not licensed  to transport  anhydrous  ammonia but which can be relocated  from 
site to site and used as a temporary  storage tank or a nurse tank.  
 
 (g) Drum -a tank with a  capacity  between 500  and 1 000 L water capacity without safety devices  except  for 
fusible  plugs,  
 
1.3.12  Maximum filling level  
 
The highest  liquid  surface  level permitted  in a tank,  account  being  taken  of its actual temperature  at the time 
of loading.  
 
1.3.13  Standard filling  level  
 
The highest  liquid  surface  level permitted  in a tank  for liquid  at a temperature  of 5°C. It represents  a safe but 
conservative  filling  level for liquid whose temperature  is 5°C or more. It provides  the location  for the fixed 
liquid  level gauge and a calibration  checkpoint  for any variable  liquid  level gauge that may be provided.  
  
 
1.3.14  Temporary installation  
A storage tank with  a capacity not  greater than  100 m3,  which is installed  for a period of not more than  12 
months.  
 
1.3.15  Volume filling  percentage  
 
The maximum volume of liquid  permitted  in the container,  expressed  as a percentage  of the volume  of water,  
which would completely  fill the tank.  It is a variable,  being dependent  on the  temperature  of the liquid,  and is 
the basis  for determining  the maximum or the sta ndard filling  level.  
 
SECTION  2 GENERAL SYSTEMS AND REQUIREMENTS EQUIPMENT  
  
2.1 APPLICATION  
 
Equipment,  systems  and ancillary  fittings  handling  anhydrous  ammonia  shall comply  with the applicable 
requirements  of this  Section,  and with  the requirements  of any other Section, where applicable.  · 
 
2.2 OPERATING  PRESSURE  AND DESIGN  PRESSURE  
 
2.2.1  Operating pressure  
 
The ambient  temperature  in addition  to pump or compressor  discharge  pressures  shall be considered  when  
determining  the operating  pressure  of an anhydrous  ammonia  system. Where the temperature  of anhydrous  
ammonia in a system could reach  46°C,  the operating pressure shall be not less than  1.73 MPa.  · 
 
2.2.2  Design pressure  
 
In selecting  the design  pressure,  a suitable  margin  above -the maximum  operating  pressure should  be made 
to allow  for probable  surges  in pressure  during  operating  and to prevent  
unnecessary  operating  of pressure relief devices  
 
2.3 MATERIALS  
 
2.3.1  General  
 
Materials  shall be suitable  for the  conditions  of use, and, in particular,  any material  in contact with ammonia 
shall be compatible  with ammonia.  
NOTE:  Appendix  C gives  guidance  on the  control  of risks of stress corrosion  cracking  of carbon steel in the 
presence  of ammonia.  ' 
 
2.3.2  Minimum  design  temperature  
 
Materials  shall be selected  arid equipment  shall be designed  for a minimum  temperature appropriate  for the 
duty· and  in accordance  with the applic able design  Standard.  The atmospheric  boiling  point  of ammonia  is -
33.35°C  and this temperature would  usually represent  the minimu m oper ating  temperature for  tanks  and 
other  equipment  containing liquid anhydrous ammonia'  capable  of being depressurized  to atmospheric  
conditions.  Lower equilibrium  temperatures are possible  at ammonia  partial  pressures  less than atmo spheric. 
(See Appendix A.  
 
2.4 ELECTRIC  EQUIPMENT  AND WIRING  
 
Electrical  equipment  and wiring  for use in anhydrous  ammonia  installations  shall be installed and maintained  
. 
2.5 PROTECTION OF FITTINGS  
 
Fittings  shall be arranged  and protected  so that the  possibility  of their  sustaining  physical damage  as the  
result  of activities  on the site, or of accident  in the  case  of transportable tanks,  shall be minimized.  Safety  
valves  and relief  valves  of transportable  tanks  shall be protected  so that in the event of overturn  of a vehicle  
onto a hard surface,  their opening will not be prevented  and their discharge not restricted.  
  
 
2.6 FILLING AND DISCHARGE  CONNECTIONS  
 
Each  connection  shall be provided  with a screwed  cap or plug,  secured  by a chain,  and incorporat ing a vent  
hole arranged  so that  it becomes  uncovered  when  the cap is partly unscrewed,  giving warning of leakage  or 
pressure within the fitting.  
 
2.7 VALVES  AND FITTINGS  
 
2.71 General  
 
Any valve,  fitting  or accessory  used  for anhydrous  ammonia  service  shall comply  with or an appropriate  
application  Standard.  
 
The pressure  rating  of any valve or fitting  shall be not less than the  design pressure  of the container,  the 
maximum  total discharge  pressure  of a pump  or compressor,  or l73 MPa, whichever  is the g reatest.  
 
2. 72  Hydrostatic  relief valves  
 
A hydrostatic  relief  valve  shall be installed  between  each  pair of shut off valves  on anhydrous  ammonia  liquid  
piping,  so as to relieve  hydrostat ic pressure.  The start to discharge  pressure of such valves  shall be  less 
than or equal to the design pressure.  
NOTE: Where  piping may be  subject to  high ambient tempe ratures,  it may be necessary to increase  the 
margin between the operating pressure and the design pressure (see Clause 2.2.2).  
 
A hydrostatic relief  valve  is not required  between  isolation valves  in small bore piping  of 
20 mm or  smaller,  providing  the distance  between  the valves  is less  than 0.5 m and  the valves  are either 
drain  valves in series or a bleed valve is located  between them.  
 
The discharge  from hydrostatic  relief  valves: shall  be directed  to a safe location  and away from the 
operators.  
NOTE: Where ball valves are used for li quid anhydrous ammonia service,  the potential exists  for anhydrous 
ammonia to be trapped within the valves  
 ' 
2.7.3  Pipel ine shut  off valve   
 
Where  a liquid transfer line,  loading  or hose is not drained  of liquid on the completion of  the transfer  
operation,  such line  or hose  shall be fitted  with a shut  off valve  at the discharge  end. '. · 
 
2.7.4 Bleed valves   
A bleed  valve  shall b e provided  at the end of each  flexible  transfer  hose  to permit depressurizing and the 
draining of residual  liquid.  The orifice of the bleed valve shall be not g reater than 6 mm.  
 
NOTE: Where discharge to  atmosphere should  be avoided, the  use of a low pressure drain collection 
system. is  recommended . 
 
2.8 EXCESS.FLOW  VALVE S AND EXCESS  FLOW  PROTECTION  
 
2.8.1 General  
Anhydrou s ammonia  tanks  shall be fitted  with excess  flow protection  as specified  in 
Clause3.4.  
Excess  flow protection  may be required  in pipelines  downstream  or upstream  of storage containers  to reduce 
the risk levels to acceptable  limits in the event of a pipeline rupture.  
 
2.8.2  Capacity  of excess flow valves  
 
The rate-of-flow capacity  of an excess  flow valve  shall be not  greater  than 1.5 times the design  flow rate of 
the system.  
 
2.8.3  Design of excess flow valves  
  
 
Each  excess  flow valve  shall incorporate  a bypass  that has an opening  not greater  than I mm in diameter  to 
allow  equalization  of pressure.  Wher e an excess flow valve  forms  an integral  part of an internal  quick -closing  
valve,  a permanent  bypass  is not required, provided that the valve has a manual means for equalization  of 
pressure.  
 
Where  the piping  volume  downstream  of an excess  flow valve  is greater  than 200 L,  a 
15 mm bo re bypass  line fitted with  a globe  valve  and a restriction  orifice with  a diameter not  greater  than 6 
mm, may be used  to enable  quicker  equalization  of pressure  across  the excess  flow valve.  The globe  valve  
shall be locked  closed when  the bypass  line is not in use. 
 
2.8.4  Installation of excess flow valves  
 
Any excess flow valve installation  shall comply with the following  requirements:  
 
(a)Excess flow valves  shall close automatically  at the rated  flows of vapour or liquid as specified by the 
manufacturer.  The connections  and line, including valves and fittings protected  by excess  flow valve,  shall 
have  a greater  capacity  than the  rated flow  of the excess flow valve.  
 
(b)Shut off valves  with an integral  excess  flow valve  shall be designed  for proper installation  in a container  
opening  so that  the excess  flow valve  shall close  in the event that the val ve body, extending above the 
coupling,  is sheared or broken off.  
 
(c)Each liquid filling  connection  shall have a positive  shut off valve in conjun ction  with either  an internal  
backpressure  check valve  or an internal  excess flow valve. Vapor  connections  shall have a positive  shut off 
valve  together  with an internal excess flow  
valve.  · 
 
(d)Where  the capacity  of any  individu al connection  of a multiple  connection  system downstream  of an 
excess  flow valve  is less than  that of the  excess  flow valve,  an additional  excess flow valve shall  be fitted in 
the connection.  
 
(e)Where  a pipe  run is unusually long  or restricted  due to the number  of fittings  and valves  and it is possible 
that the flow resulting  from a rupture at the downstream  end is  not sufficient  to activate the excess  flow valve  
at the  upstream  end, one or more additional  excess flow valves shall be fitted in the line.  
 
Where  a pipe  may contai n a large  quantity  of ammonia  consideration  should  be given  to fitting  additional  
excess flow valves or remote activated fail -safe actuated shut off valves in the pipe to reduce  the loss of the 
contents  in the event  of a pipeline  rupture.  Other factors such  as proximity  to roads  and other  possible  
sources  of pipeline  damage should  also be assessed  when considering  the need for additional  pipe line 
rupture protection.  
 
2.8.5  Alternative excess flow protection  system  
 
Remote  actuated  fail-safe valves  which  are closed  automatically  by pipe or loading connection rupture  
detection  systems  such as high flow trips,  high differential  flow across the  pipeline,  or ·low  line pressure  trips 
may be used  in place  of excess flow valves.  Such automatic trips shall fail t o a safe state.  
 
High flow trip settings  shall be not greater than  I5 times the design flow of the system. Trip sensors shall be 
located so that they will reliably detect a pipeline rupture.  
Remote actuated shut off valves  shall be installed  at the upstream  end of the section of pipe being protected.  
 
Such systems shall be subject to periodic testing  at intervals  not exceeding 12 months.  
 
2.9 PIPING  
 
2.9.1  Design,  fabrication and installation  
 
The design of piping,  flanges and fittings  shall comply  with the requirements  of relevant standard , and the 
design pressure,  except for vapour  lines from refrigerated  storage tanks with design pressures  less than I 00 
kPa, shall be not less than the design  pressure  of the  tank,  the maximum  total discharge  pressure  of a pump   
or compressor  in the  system  or 1. 73 MPa whichever  is the greatest.  Where  stress  corrosion  cracking  of 
pipelines  may occur  in service,  heat treatment  should  be carried  out in accordance  with relevant standard . 
(See  also Appendix  C.) 
The design  pressure  of vapour  lines connected  to refrigerated  storage  tanks  with design pressures  less than  
100 kPa, which under no circumstances  could contain  liquid and where the vapour flow is out of the tank 
shall be not less than 200 kPa.  
NOTE: Any piping  downstream of a pressure regulator, and not open ended, is part of a process involving  
the use of anhydrous ammonia and is not covered by this Standard.  
 
2.9.2  Joints  
 
Joints  in rigid pipework  larger than  12 mm internal  diameter. Shall  be welded,  screwed with threads  in 
accordance  with relevant standards  as appropriate  for the sealing arrangements  or flanged, provided that - 
 
(a) where the nomina l bore of the pipe exceeds  50mm screwed joints  shall not be used;  
 
(b)screwed joints  for use at pressures  above 140 kPa, where the  sealing  is provided  by the  screw  threads  
shall be taper -to-taper- in accordance  with relevant standard . 
 
(c) jointing  compounds  shall be resistant to anhydrous  ammonia; and  
 
(d)gaskets shall comply with and shall  relevant standard  not contain any copper -bearing  material. 
Compression  fittings may be use d for joints  in pipework  12 mm or less internal diameter.  
Joint ing materials  containing  asbestos  should be avoided.  
 
2.9.3  Pipe  runs  
 
All pipelines  shall be designed,  fabricated  and instal led in accordance  with relevant standard . All exposed 
pipework  shall.be  adequately  protected  from physical  damage. Tanks forming  part of a temporary  system 
shall not be coupled or interconnected  by rigid piping.  
 
2.9.4  Concealed pipin g 
Where  piping) is placed  in tunnels,  ducts  and similar  enclosed  spaces,  provision shall be made for adequate 
ventilation  and emerg ency  exit.  
 
2.9.5  Pipework testing  
 
All pipework  shall be subject to  an installation  examination  and test  in accordance  with 
 an equivalent  Standard.  
 
Where  it is necessary  to enter a confined  space  containing  anhydrous  ammonia  piping  an entry permit shall 
be issued and t he requirements  of standards shall be complied  with. 
 
2.9.6  Marking  
 
All piping  carrying  anhydrous  ammonia  should be identifie d in accordance  with relevant standard.  Liquid  and 
vapour  lines shall be further  identified  so as to be readily  distinguishable  from each other.  
 
2.10 LIQUID  LOADING  AND UNLOADING  CONNECTIONS  
 
2.10.1  General  
 
Wherever  possible,  liquid  loading  and unloading  connections  should  be made  either  with rigid steel  piping  in 
combination  with one, two or three swivel  joints,  or with  flexible  steel pipe  or hose.  Rubber  hose  connections  
may be used  for piping  up to 50 mm internal diameter,  where  it is not pra cticable  to use a more durable type 
of flexible pipe  connection.  
 
Where  it is necessary  to absorb  vibration,  or where  rigid connections  are impracticable, flexible  steel  piping,  
such  as the expansion  bellows  type,  may be  used provided  that its length  is as short  as practicable  and in 
any case does not exceed  I m. ·· 
  
 
Articulated  pipelines  shall be counter -balanced  to permit  free manipulation:  of the line, and shall be provided  
with a bleed valves.  ' 
 
2.10.2  Materials and  construction  
 
Swivel  joint bodies  shall be of forged  steel,  ductile  iron, cast steel  or stainless  steel,  and shall be tested for 
freedom from porosity  and leaks  at a pressure  not less  than 1.5 times  the piping  design  pressure.  The 
manufacturer  shall provide  material  and test  certificates,  and shall  certify  and mark the joints  as being 
suitable for anhydrous  ammonia  service.  
The bodies  of swivel  joints  shall be of either  screwed  or bolted  construction.  The screwed type shall be fitted 
with locking  devices.  · 
Welded -on type swivel  joints  are preferred  althouglfs9rewed  or flange types  may be used.  
 
2.10.3  Installation  testing  
 
Swivel joints  and fle xible steel  piping  assemble s shall be tested  to a pressure equal  to 1.5 times the piping 
design pressure.  · 
 
2.11 FLEXIBLE  STEEL  HOSE  
 
2.11.l  Design pressure  
 
Flexible  steel  hose  assemblies.  subject  to container  pressure  shall be designed  for a minimum  design 
pressure  of 2.4m Pa 
  
2.11.2  End connectors  
 
Flexible  steel  hose  end-connectors  shall be forged  steel  welded -on flange  connecto rs or forged steel welded 
on screw  connectors.  
2.11.3 Installation testing  
 
Flexible  steel  hose  assemb lies shall be tested  for leaks  after assembly  with the hose  end• 
connectors,  at a pre ssure  of 1.5  times the design  pressure.  
 
2.11.4  Marking  
Flexible  steel  hose  assemblies  shall be marked  with the date of original  instal lation.  The date of subsequent  
testing  shall be recorded  on a tag attached to the hose or valves.  
 
2.12. RUBBER  HOSE  
 
2.12.l  Hose subject  to container  pressure  
 
Any hose  and hose  assembly  that is subject  to container  pressure  whether  for liquid  or vapour  service, shall  
comply with the following  requirements:  
 
(a) The hose shall  be a Type 2 ho se in accordance  with relevant  standard  or shall comply  with the  
requirements  for anhydrous  ammonia hose  given  in relev ant standard  where  relevant for a hose  under 
container  pressure.  
 
{b)Any installation  incorporating  such a hose shall be tested for leaks at a pressure of I5 times the design 
pressure before being put into service.  
 
(c)Any coupling  for connecting  a transfer  hose  of this  type shall have an Acme screw thread  in accordance  
with relevant standard  
NOTE: The following sizes of Acme  thread are recommended:  
 
For liquid service:  3 1/4. in or 1 3/4 in.  
For vapour service:  21/4. in or 1 3/4 in. 
 
2.12.2  Low pressure hose .  
 
2.13 PUMPS  
 
2.13.1  Design pressure  
 
The design  pressure  of any  pump  shall be not  less than the total discharge  pressure  or 
1.73 MPa, whichever  is the greater.  
NOTE: This does not relate to the pressure differential that may be obtained with  the pump.  
 
2.13.2  Positive  displacement pumps  
 
Positive  displacement  pumps  shall have a constant -differential  bypass valve installed  on the pump 
discharge,  delivering  through a line of sufficient  size to carry the full capacity of the pump at the  relief v alve 
pressure  setting to the pump supply tank  or the suction side of the pump.  
 
2.13.3  Centrifugal  pumps  
 
Centrifugal  pumps  shall have  a line fitted with  a shut off valve  installed  on the  discharge side of the pump 
delivery to the vapour space of the pump supply tank.  
 
2.13.4  Pressure  gauge  
 
A pressure  gauge,  with a minimum  range  from 0 to 2.5 MPa shall be installed  on the discharge side of all 
pumps  upstream  of any pressure relief or shut off valves.  
 
2.13.5  Shut  off valve  
 
Shut off valves should be installed  as close as practicable  to all pump suction and discharge connections.  A 
bleed valve shall be also installed  to permit release of pressure in the pump.  
 
2.14 COMPRESSORS  
 
2.14.1  General  
 
The design pres sure of any compressor  shall be not less tha n the total discharge pressure or  
1.73 MPa  whichever  is the  greater.  Compressors  shall be provided wi th means to minimize the entry o f 
liquids.  
NOTES:  
1 The design pressure does not relate to the pressure differential that may be obtained within the 
compressor.  
2 A drainable liquid trap of sufficient capacity is one means of providing protection against liquid entering the 
compressor.  
 
2.14.2  Valves  
 
Vapour piping  shall contain shut off valves located as close as practicable  to the compressor connecti ons. A 
bleed valve  shall be included to release pressure  in the compressor.  
 
A safety  valve  large  enough  to discharge  the full capacity  of the  compressor  shall be connected to the 
discharge  before any shut off valve.  The discharging pressure  of this  valve  shall not exceed 2 MPa.  
 
2.14.3  Pressure  gauges  
 
Compressors  shall be provided  with pressure  gauges  with a minimum range of 0 to 2.5 MPa at both the 
suction  and discharge sides.  
 
2.15 VAPORIZERS  
 
2.15.1  Type  
 
Vaporizers  shall be indirect -fired.  
  
 
2.15.2  Design  
 
Vaporizers  shall be designed  and constructed  in accordance  with an 
equivalent  Standard.  The design  pressure on the ammonia  side of’ any  vaporizer  shall be not less  than that 
determined  in accordanc e with Clause 32.1  or the· d esign  pressure of any tank or vessel  to which the  
vaporizer  is connected,  whichever  is the greater . Where  steam  or water  is used  as a source  of heat,  it should  
be supplied. at a pressure  below  that of the ammonia that it heats.  · 
 
2.15.3  Installation  
Vaporizers  may be connected  to the  liquid  or the gas section  of the storage tank,  or both,  
provided  that there  is, in each connection  to the. stora ge tank,  a manually  operated  valve which  shall be 
capable  of completely  shutting 'o ff all gas or liquid  flow from the  storage tank to the  vaporizer.  · 
 
A safety valve  with a discharge  capacity deter mine d in accordance  with relevant standard  shall be fitted at o r 
near the vapour outlet of a vapor izer. 
 
A simplified  equation  derived  from general  equatio n given  for the determina tion of discharge  capacity given  
in Annex C . 
Any direct -fired device  that supplies  the necessary  heat to the heating  medium  shall be located  not less t han 
15 m for  anhydrous ammonia  storage tank.  
 
2.15.4  Safety  devices  
 
Vaporizers  shall be fitted with  either - 
 
(a)a temperature  opera ted or a pressure  operated  safety device, which shall  be set to  cut off the  vapour 
source  of heat at a tank  pressure  less than the relief  valve  setting, where the temperature of the heating  
medium may be such that an exc essive  pressure could be deve loped in the vaporizer;  or  
 
(b)suitable  automatic  means  for preventing  any liquid  from passing  through  the vaporizer; to  'the ammonia 
gas discharge  piping  
Vaporizers  shall not be fitted with fusible plugs  
 
2.15 Marking  
 
Vaporizers  shall be marked  in accordance with relevant standard . 
 
2.16 EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN SYSTEM  
 
In addition  to the manual  shut off valves  specified  in Clause  35, storage  tanks  with a capacity  greater than 35 
m3 shall be fitted with an emergency  shut down (BSD) system.  
 
The minimum  requirements  of the ESD system shall be as follows:  
 
(a) An actuated -fail-closed  shut off valve shall be fitted to the liquid  line downstream  of the manual  shut off 
valve  fitted in accordance  with Clause 3.5.  
 
(b)ESD stations  shall be located  at each loading bay or control  panel  and at the exit gates of the storage 
depot,  or similar  locations.  
 
(c)A link shall be provided  so that  in the  event  of activation  of the  BSD system,  the internal  self-closing  (ISC)  
valve  on any tanker  or nurse  tank greater  than 11m3 ' capacity shall close  at the same time as the storage 
tank shut off valve.  
 
The ESD system shall  be designed  to fail to a safe condition.  
 
2.17 DRIVE -AWAY  PROTECTION  
 
When filling  or discharging  at static  storage tanks,  a drive -away prote ction  system shall be fitted  to road  tank 
vehicles  to ensure  that they cannot  be moved  when transfer  hoses  or loading  arms are connected.   
 
The minimum  requirement  for driv e-away  protection  shall be  as follows:  
 
(a)Vehicles  fitted  with air-activated  brakes  shall incorporate  a brake  interlock  system that prevents  the spring 
brakes  from being  released,  while hoses or a loading  arm are still attached.  
 
(b)Hoses and  loading  arms at static  storage tanks u sed to transfer  anhydrous  ammonia to and from vehicles  
other than those covered  by Item (a) shall be  fitted with  breakaway couplings.  Fixed piping  associated  with 
breakaway  couplings  shall be supported  to ensure the correct activation  of the couplings.  
 
2.18 SAFETY  EQUIPMENT  
 
Any safety equipment  prescribed  in this Standard  for specific types  of systems shall comply with the 
following  requirements: ·  
 
(a) A face-shield  shall provide pro tection  to all the face but shall be worn  only as secondary  eye protection 
Gas tight goggles  or chemical  goggles  shall provide primary  eye protection.  '; 
 
(b) Chemical  splash  goggles  shall be flexible  fitting  and designed  to provide  primary protection  to the  eyes 
and eye socket  from the splash  of hazardous  liquids.  Direct  vented  goggles  do riot comply  with this 
requirement.  
 
(c) A gas  filter respirator  shall have  a half -face piece  or a full -face piece  and a filter contained  ~in a 
renewable  canister,  sufficient  to provide  protection  against  low 
concentrations  of anhydrous  ammonia  for a limited  period.  Gas tight goggles  or chemical -splash  goggles  
shall be used with  a half -face piece respirator.  
 
(d) Gauntlet  gloves  shall have  separate  fingers  and thumb,  shall protect  hands  and 
forearms  and shall be made of rubber or plastic  impervious  to anhydrous  ammonia.  
 
(e) 'thermal  gloves  shall have  sufficient  insulation  to prevent  injury  resulting  from 
contact  with components at a temperature  of 0°C.  
 
(f) Protective  clothing  shall consist  of normal  work clothing  that can be buttoned  up at the wrist and throat to 
provide  some skin protection  in low  ammonia concentrations.  
 
(g) A protective su it shall comply with relevant standard   
 
(h) Self-contained  breathing  apparatus  or rebreathing  apparatus  shall comprise  a respirator  which  supplies  
the wearer  with air or oxygen  from c ontainers  carried  by him and shall have  an effective  life of at least  25 
min. Speech  diaphragms  shall be incorporated.  Where required to be used on a vehicle,  the apparatus shall 
be suitable for use  when driving.  
 
(i) A safety shower or bath shall  be either  a shower having  a spray fitting  2 m above the base,  or a bath  in 
which  a person  can be fully immersed.  A shower  unit shall be capable of delivering  75 L of water for at least  
15 min.  
 
An eye fountain  shall be a fountain  designed  to effectively  irrigate both eyes for a period  of at least  30 min. 
An eye irrigator  shall be an eyecup  or other  device  to irrigate the eyes.  
 
(k) Rubber  or plastic boots  impervious  to anhydrous  ammonia  shall be  at least  mid-calf length.  
 
2.19 PERSONAL PROTECTION  EQUIPMENT  
 
Guidance  on the selection of and specifications  for personal  protection  equipment are given in the following  
Standards:  for eye protectors, for respiratory  protector ( on devices, for protective  helmets, for protective  
glove s, for protective  footwear  (refer  to normative references)  
 
 
SECTION  3: TANK  STORAGE  
 
3.1 APPLICATION   
 
 
Installations  for the storage  of anhydrous  ammonia  m tanks  shall comply  with the requirements  of Section 2 
and with  this Section.  
 
3.2 TANKS  
 
3.2.1  General  requirements  
 
Tanks and supports  shall comply  with equivalent  international Standard,  subject to the following  
qualifications:  
 
(a) The design pressure  of tanks  for other than  refrigerated  or insulated  storage  shall be not less than  1.73 
MPa.  ' 
 
The design pressure  of tanks  located  in areas  where the  temperature  of the contents could  exceed 46°C 
shall be greater  than the estimated  maximum vapour pressure.  The estimated  maximum  vapour  pressure  
shall be determined  in accordance  with relevant standard . 
(b) Welding procedures  shall be qualified  in accordance  with relevant standard  
 
(c) Carbon  steel  tanks  shall be heat-treated  after construction  in accordance  with 
AS 4458.  (See also  Appendix C.)  
 
(d) Heating coils  shall not be installed  in every storage  tank.  
 
3.2.2  Tank  markings  
 
Any anhydrous  ammonia  tank shall be ·marked  in accordance  with the equivalent  Standard to which  it was 
manufactured.  
 
Static storage tanks shall be placarded.in  accordance  with Any t ank openings  except those of ' safety valves,  
pressure  gauges and liquid level gauges sh all be marked to indicate whether  the openings connect with 
liquid or vapour spaces.  
3.2.3  Tank  painting  
 
All uninsulated  aboveground  tanks  shall have  a reflective  surface  maintained  m good condition.  White is 
recommended  for painted surfaces.  
 
3.3 PRESSURE.RELIEF  VALVES  
 
3.3.1  General  
Each tank except  a drum shall be provided  with at least  one safety valve,  which shall be in  
direct  communication  with the vapour  space  of the tank when  the tank is at rest in its 
normal operating  position.  
 
3.3.2 S et pressure  
Safety  valves  shall be set to start to discharge  in accordance  with the requirements  of 
Relevant international standard . 
 
3.3.3  Locking  or sealing  
 
Safety valves  shall be arranged  so that the possibility  of altering  the setting  is minimized. Where the 
pressure setting  or adjustment  is external,  the safety valve  shall be provided with a means of sealing  the 
adjustment.  
 
3.3.4  Discharge capacity  
 
The aggregate  discharge capa city of any safety valves shall  be not less than that determ ined in accordance  
with relevant standard . A simplified  equation derived from the gene ral equation  given in relevant standard  for 
the determination  of discharge capacity  is specified  in Appendix D.  
  
3.3.5  Reserve  safety valves  
 
Where additional  safety valves are provided for servicing  convenience, the  valve  system used to isolate  any 
such devices  shall be  designed  so that  it is not at any time possible  to operate  the system  with Jess 
aggregate  pressure  relief  capacity  than that required  under Clause 3.3.4.  
 
3.4 EXCESS FLOW VALVES AND  NON RETURN VALVES  
 
3.4.1  General  
 
Every  vapour  or liquid  opening  in a tank  except refrigerated  storage  tanks with  a design pressure  less than 
20 kPa and drums shall be provided  with an internal  excess flow valve,  or where flow is inward  only, with  an 
internal non return valve, e xcept  that excess flow valves or non -return valves  are not required  on the 
following:  
 
(a) Openings to which safety valves are fitted.  
 
(b) Plugged openings.  
 
(c) Openings not greater than 1 .4 mm diameter'.'  
 
(d) Vapour bleed  and liquid  withdrawal  openings  of applicator  tanks of I m3 capacity  or less which  are 
mounted  on farm  vehicles/and  used for the  application  of anhydrous ammonia, provided  that the controlling 
orifice is not greater than 11 mm diameter and the valve is a hand -operated (attached hand whe el or 
equivalent) shut off valve (see Note 1).  
Tanks with  a capacity  of less than  7.5 m3 may be fitted with  a combination  positive shut of f valve and excess 
flow valve  
NOTES:  
1 To assist  in filling  applicator tanks  it is permissible  to bleed vap ours to the open air, provided  
that the foregoing  requirements  are complied with.  
2 For installation  in an opening  designed  for inward  flow only, a non-return  valve  is preferred to an excess  
flow valve since it gives  more positive  protection.  
 
3.4.2  · Multiple -tank systems  
Where  two or more tanks  have  common  loading  or unloading  connections,  the common  
liquid  and vapour  line shall be fitted with excess  flow valves,  unless  the common  line has flow  capacity  in- 
exce ss of, the  combined  flow capacities  of the  individual  tank lines,  in which case the, excess  flow valve in 
the tank shall suffice.  
 
3.5 MANUAL  SHUT OFF VALVES  
 
All connection to  tanks  shall have manual  shut off valves  located  as close as practicable  to the tank  except in 
the following cases:  
(a)Safety  relief  valves.  
 
(b) Openings protected  by a 1.4  mm diameter controlling -orifice.  
 
(c) Plugged openings.  
 
(d) Where  the filling  connection  is mounted  directly  on to  a tank  of less than  75 m3 capacity,  an external  shut 
off valve  need  not be fitted,  provided  that the opening  is fitted with either -s- 
 
(i) a combination  non-return  valve and excess flow valve;  or 
(ii) one double or two single  non-return valves.  
 
(e) Where an internal  quick  closing  remotely  controlled  shut off valve is  fitted on a rail tank vehicle  or a road 
tank vehicle.  
 
3.6 VAPOUR  RETURN VALVE  
 
Any tank of capacity  I m3 or more shall be equipped  with a vapour return valve.  
  
 
3.7 LIQUID  LEVEL  GAUGES  
 
3.7.1  General  
 
Any tank that is to be filled on a volumetric  basis shall be fitted with not less than one fixed liquid  level gauge,  
and not less than one variable  liquid level  gauge. H shall be possible  to use the fixed liq uid level  gauge to 
check the variable liquid  level gauge. ··  
 
3.7.2  Fixed  liquid  level gauges  
 
One fixed  liquid  level gauge shall  indicate  the standard  filling.  level.  This gauge  shall be located  at the 
standard  filling  level unless any dip tube or extension  used to permit another location  is attached  in such a 
manner that  it cannot  be inadvertently  detached.  A marking reading  'SFL. %' shall be provided on or near this 
gauge.   
 
3.7.3  Standard  filling  level  
 
The standard  filling  level shall indicate  the liquid  level for 85  percent  of the  container's volume  for tanks  up to  
5 m3  total capacity,  and 87 percent  for tanks exceeding  5 m3  total capacity.  
 
3.7.4  Variable level gauges  
 
Any variable -level gauge  on the  tank shall be-; designed  and installed  so as to  permit  the reading  of the 
liquid level  in the tank to ~fr accuracy  of ±1  percent between  80 percent  and 
98 percent of the tank's  capacity.  
 
NOTES:  
I. Readings  below  this level are usually  desirable  to indicate the tank content.  
2.Variable -level gauges  will not~ provide  an accurate  indication  of the filling  level and it is recommended  that 
a fixed -jewel  gauge be  used to determine  the limit of filling.  
 
3.7.5  Visual  gauges  
 
Visual gauge glasses  mounted externally  on a tank shall be fitted with  spring -loaded  excess flow valves,  and 
shall be shielded against the direct rays of the sun.  
 
A visual gauge glass  shall not be a tubular type.  
. 
NOTE:  The use of magnetic  or float type  gauges  is recommended.  
 
3.8 PRESSURE. GAUGES  
 
3.8.1  General  
 
All tanks,  except  drums  shall be provided  with not less than one pressure  gauge  with a minimum  range of 0 
to 2.5 MPa.  
 
3.8.2 Position  
 
Pressure  gauges  shall be connected  to the  vapour  space  of the  tank with an opening  not greater  than 1.4 
mm diameter unless provided  with an excess flow valve.  
 
3.9 TEMPERATURE GAUGES  
 
3.9.1  General  
 
Temperature  gauges  shall be installed  on all tanks which are not filled  by mass and which may be filled to a 
level in excess of 85 percent of the capacity  of the tank.  
  
The temperature  gauge  shall be fitted  with a dial  indicating  a temperature  range  from at least  -30°C  to 
+60°C.  
 
3.9.2  Position  
 
The sensing device  of temperature  gauges shall be installed  in pockets and located so that  it is submerged  
below the  level of the ammonia liquid  when the tank is filled to more than  60 percent of its capacity.  
 
3.10 TANK LOCATION  
 
3.10.1  General  
 
The location  of any tank shall be chosen to comply with  the following  requirements:  
 
(a) No tank  shall be within  a building  except  a building  specially  constructed  as a tank shelter.  
 
(b) The location shall be subject to applicable  statutory  requirements,  
 
3.10.2  Separation  of tank  from  surroundings  
 
A tank shall be located  so as to comply with the following  requirements:  
 
(a) Separation  distances  shall be  not less than those specified  in Table 3.  l. 
 
The distances  specified may be reduced subject’ to  an acceptable  risk assessment.  
   
(b) Where exposure to adjacent property.' where topographical conditions or  
unavailabili ty of water supply warrant, the regulatory authority may alter distances, impose restrictions on 
individual tank capacity and total storage capacity, or require other reasonable protective measures such as 
catch pits or diversion kerns  
 
(c) Where the separation distance is no longer obse rved, then either the tank shall be  
moved to a location such that the distance is observed, or the tank shall not be further used for the storage 
of anhydrous ammonia  
  
3.10.3  Adjacent  ammonia tanks:  
 
Tanks  shall be separated  from e ach other  by distances  sufficient  to provide  access  for maintenance,  
inspection  and ~ emergencies . 
 
3.10.4  Tanks  near  flammable and  combustible liquid  storages  
 
Anhydrous  ammonia tanks 'shall  not be sited  in compounds  for the  storage  of flammable liquids.  Where  
installed 'in  an area in proximity  to combustible  liquid  storage,  suitable means  shall be taken, such  as by 
diversion  kerbs  or grading,  to prevent  accumulation  of such liquid  under.thetank containing  anhydrous  
ammonia.  
NOTE:  Exact  definitions  of flammable  and combustible  liquids  are given  in AS 1940  and the 
ADG Code.  
 
3.10.5  Housekeeping.  
 
Combustible'  materials  shall not be allowed  to accumulate  around  and under  anhydrous a mmo nia storage  
tanks. Where appropriate  firebreaks  should be provided.  
 
 
                                                    TABLE  3.1 
 
                                 LOCATION OF STORAGE  TANKS  
 
 Minimum distances from storage tanks, m   
 
 
Capacity of 
tank ml  To highway or main 
railway * To place of public 
assembly,  residential 
buildings and factories ꝉ To institution, hospital 
and similar 
establishments  
>2      ≤ 7 
 
>7      ≤100 
 
>100   ≤ 400 
 
>400 
 15  
 
15 
 
 15  
 
15  
 
 60 
 
120 
 
150 
 
180 90 
 
180 
 
240 
 
300 
 
*The actual  rail track,  and not the boundary  of the right -of-way. 
ꝉFor the purpose  of this Standard,  factories  are defined  as stores,  warehouses  and buildings  in which 
persons  are employed  for the purpose  of any trade  or business,  excepting  buildings  used  specifically  for the 
storage  and handling  of anhydrous  ammonia  and asso ciated  activities·  
Within  adequately  fenced  industrial  sites that have  good  and continuous  security  and supervision,  the 
distances  given  in Column  3 may  be reduced  within  the premises  up to a factor  of 4 with the approval  of the 
regulatory  authority.  · 
 
3.10.6  Chlorine  storage  
 
Anhydrous  ammonia  tanks shall be separated  from chlorine  storage areas by a vapour path of not less than  
10 m.· 
NOTE:  Chlorine  can react  with ammonia  to form nitrogen  trichloride,  which  is spontaneously explosive.  In the 
presence  of moisture  and excess’s  ammonia,  ammonium chloride  is formed.  
 
3.10.7  Potable  water supply  
 
Any static tank  shall be not  less than I $'m  from a well  or other potable  water  collection point.  
 
3.11 INSTALLATION  
 
3.11.1 Foundations  and suppor ts 
 
Substantial  foundations  with reinforced  concrete  footings  shall be provided  for any permanent  installation.  In 
addition - 
 
(a) the foundation  and supporting  structure shall be designed  in accordance with equivalent standards  to 
support the total. Mass  when full of water;  
 
(b) the lowest  point of the tank shall be not less than 450  mm above the ground;  
 
(c) any tanks  that are interconnected  in any way shall be supported  so that their maximum  liquid  levels  are in 
the same  horizontal  plane,  unless the piping and valve system is capable  of preventing uncontrolled  levelling  
of the liquid;  and 
 
(d)protection  against  flotation  or other  water  damage  shall be provided whereve r high floodwater  could  
occur.  
 
3.11.2; Temporary  installations  
 
Where  it is required  to install  a static storage tank  on temporary  foundations  that are not in accordance  with 
Clause 3.11.  l then  - 
(a) support  made up from  sound hardwood  slabs  or other  appropriate  methods  shall be used;  
 
(b) a level  base  for the  temporary  supports  shall be prepared  on a natural  surface,  on slightly  excavated  
ground,  or on ground  which  has been  built up with a suitable filling  material  fully compacted;  and  
  
(c) the base  pad shall be of sufficient  size for the  tank so as to  adequately  support the tank with all valves 
accessible.  
 
3.11.3  Tank  protection  
 
Fenders  or their  equivalent  shall be installed  around  any tank and associated  fittings which may be liable  to 
damage from manoeuvring  vehicles  or which  is not fenced  in accordance with Items 3.11.4  (a) or (b).  
 
Where  a tank is within  30 m of the track of a main railway or the edge of a public  road,  the installation  shall 
incorporate  provisions  to divert  or otherwise  prevent  impact  from a derailed  rail vehicle  or a runaway road 
vehicle.  '. 
 
3.11.4  Security of tanks  
 
Any above -ground  storage tank or tanks for anhydrous  ammonia shall -. 
 
(a) be surrounded  by a chain wire  fence which complies  with Clause  311.6;  or 
 
(b) for a tank  in which  all valves  except  the safety  valves  are grouped together  at one end,  such valves shall 
be located  within an enclosure;  or 
 
(c) be provided  with locks  on all valves,  other than safety valves,  in any case where the  
opening of the valve  could lead to the escape of ammonia.  
 
Where  a tank  is on  premises  that are already  completely  enclosed  by fencing  complying with Clause 3.10.6,  
then additional  fencing around the -tank is not required.  
  
3.11.5  Restrictions for lockable  valves  
 
Locking of valves  as a substitute for placing a fenc e about a tank may be used only- 
 
(a)        at remotely  located  tanks where  the tank  is sited  in excess  of 2 km from habitation and public  roads;  · 
 
(b) where  a fence around  the tank is not required  because  the premises  are completely surrounded  by a 
fence complying  with Clause 311.6;  or 
 
(c) where the capacity of the tank; is: l ess than 60 m3 capacity.  
 
3.11.6  Security fence construction  
 
Any security  fence  required  under  Clause  3.11.4  shall be at  least  a chain  wire fence  of 
strong construction,  not less than  1.8 m high.  In addition - 
 
(a) a fully -surrounded  fence shall be at least  1.5 m from the tank,  and shall be provided with an out door 
opening gate  at opposite  ends of the enclosure; or  
 
(b) a partial  fence surrounding valves  only shall  be installed  so that access between  the fence  and t he tank is 
not possible,  and not  less than one gate,  2 m wide,  that allows easy access  'to the valves, shall be provided.  
 
3.12 SAFETY EQUIPMENT  
 
3.12.1  Suitability  
Any S afety  equipment  required  by the Clauses  3.12.2  to 3.12.4  shall comply  with 
Clause  2.18.  
 
3.12.2  Isolated  tanks  
 
Any storage tank that is  800 m or more from protected  places shall be provided with at least the following:  
(a) One gas filter respirator.  
 
(b) One pair of gauntlet gloves.  
  
 
(c)  A combined  face shield  and goggles  or a pair  of goggles  and a face  shield  to be worn over  the goggles.  
 
(d) One 20  L container  of water.  
NOTE: Where a reticulated  water  supply  is available,  it is recommended  that a bath sufficient to immerse 
fully a person,  a safety shower or a tap with a fixed hose be provided.  
 
(e) An eye fountain  or eye  irrigator.  
 
(f) One self-contained  breathing  apparatus  for tanks  with a capacity  greater  than 60 m3.  
(See  Clause  710.3  for requirements  when  transferring  anhydrous  ammonia).  
 
3.12.3  Tanks  near  protected places  
 
In addition  to the safety  equipment  specified  in Clause  3.12.2,  the following  shall be provided  at any facility  
containing  a storage  tank that is less than 800 m from a protected place:  
(a) Self-contained  breathing  apparatus.  
(b) A protective  suit and hood  made  from material  impervious  to anhydrous  ammonia  and in one  piece  with 
all air gaps  effectively  sealed.  
 
3.12.4  Location  of safety  equipment  
Any specified  safety  equipment  shall be located  at a prominent  and suitable  place considering  the dominant  
prevailing  wind direction  and other  geographical  features,  except for  an installation  which  is more  than 2 km  
from habitation  or public  roads  and provided  
that-. 
(a) regulatory  authority  approval  for the· storage  of the equipment  elsewhere  has been obtained;  
 
(b) a sign  is displayed  prominently  on the site advising  of the  location  of the equipment;  
 
and 
 
(c) the safety  equipment  is taken  to the installation  whenever  persons  are required  to enter  the site.  
 
SECTION  4 TANKS  FOR  TRANSPORTATION  
 
4.1 APPLICATION  
 
Tanks  intended  for the transportation  of anhydrous  ammonia  shall comply  with the requirements  of Section 
2, Section 3 and with this  Section.  
 
4.2 GENERAL  
 
4.2.1  Protection of hoses  
 
When carried provision shall  be made on all vehicles  for the storage and  protection during  transit  of all hose 
assemblies used in transfer  operations  and other loose  assemblies.  
 
4.2.2  Vapour return  valve  
 
Any tank of capacity I  m3 or more shall be equipped  with a vapour return valve.  
 
4.3 ROAD  AND RAIL  TANK  VEHICLES  
 
4.3.1  Road tank vehicles  
 
Any road tank vehicle  intended  for the  transport  of anhydrous  ammonia  on public  roads shall comply with the 
requirements  of AS 2809,  Parts J, 3  and 4,  or the requirements  of the relevant  motor vehicle  registration  
autho rity, and; th e ADG  Code.  
 
4.3.2  Rail tank  vehicles  
  
Any rail tank vehicle  shall comply with~  
 
(a) those requirements  of this  Standard  relating  to design  and construction  of tanks  and components.  
 
4.4 SKID TANKS,  NURSE TANK AND  APPLICATOR  TANKS  
 
4.4.1  Secure  mountings  
 
Any transportable  tank and f low control  devices  shall be securely  fastened  to the vehicle  
during transport  in accordance  with the ADR.  
 
4.4.2  Valves  and accessories  
 
Each skid tank, nurse  tank and applicator  tank shall be fitted with  the following  valves and accessories:  
 
(a) A fixed li quid level gauge.  
 
(b) A filling  connection,  which  shall be fitted  with a positive  shut off valve  in conjunc tion with either  a non -
return  valve or an internal  excess flow valve.  
 
(c) 'where  a flow control  valve is  connected  directly  to the skid,  nurse or applicator tank, flexib le connection  
shall be fitted between the  flow control  valve  and the remainder of the  liquid  discharge  system.  Where  the 
flow valve  is not so installed,  a flexible connection  shall be  fitted between  the flow control valve  and the tank  
shut off valve. (See Section 2.)  
NOTE:  An excess  flow valve, unless  in the  liquid  discharge  line, is not required  provided  that the controlling  
orifice  between  the contents  of the  tank and the outlet  of the shut off valve  (see Clause  3.4.1)  does not 
exceed  11 mm diameter.  
 
4.4.3  Fusible  plugs  
 
Drums shall be fitted with at least one fusible plug which  shall be vapour -tight at 54°C  and which will release  
at a temperature  not greater than 79°C.  
 
4.4.4  Safety  equipment  
 
The safety  equipment  specified  in the ADR  shall be carried  in any vehicle transporting  a skid  tank,  nurse  
tank or application  tank.  In addition,  20 L of  water  in a suitable  container  and an eye irrigator  shall be 
provided.  
 
4.5 PLACARDING  
 
Transport tanks  shall be placard ed in accordance  with the ADR.  
 
SECTION  5 CYLINDERS  AND  CYLINDER SYSTEMS  
 
5.1 APPLICATION  
 
Installations  for the  storage  and handling  of anhydrous  ammonia  in cylinders  and drums shall comply  with 
the requirements  of Section 2 where applicable  and with  this Section.  
 
5.2 EQUIPMENT  
 
5.2.1  Cylinders  
 
Any cylinder  used  for anhydrous  ammonia  shall comply  with KS…  and shall be marked in  accordance  with 
KS….  
 
5.2.2  Valves  
 
Cylinder valves  shall be steel  or stainless  steel.  
 
5.3 STORAGE  AND HANDLING   
 
 
5.3.1  General  
 
The storage and handling of ammonia  in cylinders  shall be in accordance with  Clauses  5.3.2 to 5.3.5  
inclusive  and with the relevant  requirements -of KS-storage and handling of gases in cylinders  where 
ammonia  is stor ed with  other  gases.  · 
 
5.3.2  Ventilation  
 
Any enclosed  area in which anhydrous  ammonia  is used shall  be ventilated  to atmosphere by either  of the 
following means:  
 
(a) The area shall be open to outside atmosphere on at least two sides.  
 
(b)A mechanical  ventilation  system with a supply from outside the enclosed area shall  be provided,  and 
arranged  so that  in the event  of airflow failure,  the supply  of ammonia is shut off.  ·  
 
5.3.3  Adjacent  hazards - 
Cylinders  shall not be  fitted with flammable  or oxidizing  materials,  or within  10 m of a chlorine  installation.  · 
 
5.3.4  Cylinders  in use  
 
Where  the capacity  any single  gas cylinder  or multiple  cylinder  installation  is greater than 2 L,  the installation  
shall be located  outside  the building  so that no cylinder  is closer than 2 m to: an y fire  escape  exit. The 
installation  area shall  comply  with the following requirements  
 
(a) The area immediately  about  the cylinder  shall be paved  with concrete  or equivalent material.  
 
(b) The cylinder  shall be chained or  bracketed  to a wall or secure post. (c)  The piping  from the cylinder  shall 
not be under tension  or strain  
 
(d) The cylinder  and piping  shall be protected from manoeuvring  vehicles.  
 
(e) Placarding  in accordance with  NOHSC  1015  and NOHSC 2017  shall be provided.  
 
The cylinder  should  be shaded from the direct rays of the sun, and should  be located  away from other 
sources of heat, e.g.  boilers,  steam and hot water pipes.  
 
5.3.5  Storage  of cylinders  not in use  
 
Any storage for cylinders  that are not in use  or are empty shall• (a)  be open on two sides or the equivalent;  
(b) have a hardwood  or concrete floor;  
 
(c) be surrounded by a fence or otherwise  secured against unauthorized  access;  and 
 
(d) be marked in  accordance  with Clause 5.3.4.  
 
Where fitted  the roof of a storage  area shall be made of non -combustible  material  or with hardwood framing 
with non -combustible  cladding.  
 
5.3.6  Minor  storage  
 
Storage  of anhydrous  ammonia  in cylinders  in quantities  not exceeding  500 L shall be classified  as minor  
storage  and the relevant  requirements  given  in ks-storage and handling of gases in cylinders  shall be  
observed.  
 
5.4 INSPECTION AND TESTING  
 
Cylinders  shall be inspected  and tested  in accordance  with international standards.  
  
5.5 FILLING CYLINDERS  
 
Cylinder shall  be filled  only by mass  and the filling and inspection  procedures  shall be in accordance  with 
international standards . 
 
5.6 CYLINDER HANDLING  AND TRANS PORT  
 
5.6.1  Handling  
 
Cylinders  shall be handled  carefully  arid: shall  not be  allowed  to fall, or be subjected  to 
undue shock.   
 
5.6.2  Transport  
 
Vehicles  used for the transport of an hydrous  ammonia  in cylinders  shall comply  with the requirements  of the 
international standards and  shall be ventilated.  When loaded  for transport  cylinders shall be secured to 
prevent dislodgment  and damage and valves  shall not overhang the edge of any truck tray.  
NOTE:  Guidance  on securin g cylinders  for transport  is provided  in the Load Restraint  Guide.  
 
5. 7 SAFETY  EQUIPMENT  
 
The following  perso nal protective  equipment  as appropriate  shall be provided  when storing and handling 
anhydr ous ammonia cylinders:  
 
(a)General requirements  
 
(i) eye protection  
(ii) safety footwear  
(iii) protective  gloves  
(iv) full cover overalls.  
  
(b) Additional  requirements  for greater than minor storage (see Clause 5.3.6) • 
 
(i) one gas filter respirator;  and 
 
(ii) a combined  face shield  and goggles  or a pair of goggles  and a face shield to be worn over goggles.  
 
Where quantities  exceeding  minor  storage are located  near a sensitive  protected  place,  the provision  of self-
contained  breathing  apparatus  should be considered based on a risk  assessment.  
 
SECTION  6 REFRIGERATED  STORAGE  
 
6.1 APPLICATION  OF SECTION  
 
This Section  applies to  systems  using tanks  for the  storage  of anhydrous  ammonia  under refrigerated  
conditions.  Refrigerated  storage  systems  shall comply  with the relevant requirements  of Sections 2 and 3 
and this Section.  
 
6.2 TANK CONSTRUCTION  
 
6.2.1  Design  pressure of 100 kPa  and below  
 
Tanks  for design  pressures  of I 00 kPa and below  shall be constructed  and designed  in accordance  with the 
applicable  requirements  of API 620 including  Appendix Q  therefore, an equivalent  Standard,  together  with 
any modifications  or amendments  to suit local  conditions and the requirement  of the regulation  authority.  
 
6.2.2  Design  pressure  above  100 kPa  
 
Tanks for design  pressures  above  I 00 kPa shall be constructed and designed  in accordance with Clause  2.2 
and the  materials  shall be selected  from those  listed  in API 620, Tables  
2.02,  R.2.1  and R.2.4,  together  with any modifications  or amendments  to suit local conditions  and the 
requirements  of the regulatory Authority .  
 
 
6.2.3  Materials  
 
Where  austenitic  steels  or non-ferrous  material s are used,  the relevant  requirements  of an international 
standards shall be used as a guide  in the  selection  of those  materials  for use at the design temperature.  
 
6.2.4  Marking  
 
Each  tank shall be marked  in accordance  with Clause  3.2.2  and, in addition,  with the 
following:  
 
(a) The capacity  in litres c ubic metres, or tonnes.  
 
(b)The minimum  design temper ature.  
 
(c) The maximum design pressure.  
 
(d)The maximum allowable  water level  to which the tank may be filled for test purposes.  
 
(e)The density of the product in kilograms per litre for which the tank was designed.  
 
(f) Maximum level  to which the tank may be filled with liquid anhydrous  ammonia.  
 
6.2.5  Secondary containment  
 
Refrigerated; am monia  storage  tanks  greater  than 1200  m3 capacity  shall have  secondary  
containment -facilities  (double  integrity  type tanks)  in the form of a wall or outer  tank located dose  to the wall 
of the inner tank and capable of containing  ammonia leakage  from the inner tank.  
 
6.3 LOCATION  AND INSTALLATION  
 
6.3.1  General  
 
The location of any refrigerated  tank shall comply with Clause 3.10.  
NOTE:  The regulatory  authority  may alter the distances  specified  depending  on the  type and design  of the 
tanks.  
 
6.3.2  Foundations  
Tanks  shall be supported  on suitable non -combustible  foundations  that have been designed to 
accommodate  the type of tank being used and to minimize differential  settlement.  
 
6.3.3  Soil freezing  
Tanks for product  storage at less than 0°C  shall be supported  in such a way as will prevent, or  heat shall be 
supplied  so as to  prevent,  the effects  of freezing  and consequent  frost heaving  induced  by the product  
storage temperature.  The soil temperature beneath the tank shall be maintained  at not less  than 0°C.  
 
6.3.4  Insulation  
Refrigerated  tanks  and pipelines  that are insulated  shall be covered  with a material  of suitable quality  and 
thickness  for the temperatures  encountered.  Insulation  shall be suitably supported  and protected  against  the 
weather  and a suitable  vapour  barrier  shall also be provided  to prevent  growth  of ice under  the insulation.  
Weathe rproofing  and insulation material  shall be of a type, which  will not support flame propagation.  
 
6.3.5  Compounds  
Refrigerated  tanks other than double integrity  type tanks shall be  provided with compounds having a 
capacity of 100  percent of the largest tank plus 10 percent  of the total  capacity  of all storage tanks within the 
area.  Compounds  may make us e of natural  topography.  
Where  provision  is made  for draining  rainwater  from compounds,  the drains  shall be kept closed  and shall b e 
operated  so that when in use they w ill not permit tank  contents to enter natural  water courses,  public sewers 
or public drains ; Where drainage from the compound is controlled  by pumps,  the pumps shall be non -self-
starting.   
 
6.3.6  Bunds  
Bunds  shall be of earth,  steel,  concrete  or solid  masonry  designed  to be liquid -tight and to withstand  a full 
hydraulic  head and the low  temperature,  and constructed  so as to provide the  required  protection.  Earthen  
bunds  shall have  a flat  section  at the  top not less than 600 mm  wide.  The slope  shall be co nsistent  with the 
angle  of repose  of the  material  of which  the catchpits  are constructed,  · 
 
6.4 FILLING AND DISCHARGING VALVES  
 
6.4.1  Use of non -return  valves and  shut  off valves  
Where operating  conditions' make it feasible,  an internal  non return valve shall be installed on  the filling  
connection  and a remotely  operated  shut off valve  shall be installed  on discharge  connection s located  below 
the maximum liquid  level close  to or inside  the tank.  
 
Where the same pipeline  is used for filling  and discharging  and it is not possible  to install  a non -return  valve, 
an emergency  shut down (ESD)  system complying  with the requirements  
of Clause 2. I5 shall be fitted.  
A remote shut o ff valve,  designed  to fail to a safe cond ition shall be installed  on every pipeline  that, 
penetrates  the secondary  containment  system  below  the liquid  level.  Where possible,  the shut off valve 
should be fitted within the containment  system.  
The shutoff valves  shall be activated from appropriate  locations.  
 
6.4.2  Use of excess flow valves  
 
Any excess  flow valve,  which  may become  inoperative  under the conditions,  shall not be used.  
Where  the design  pressure  is less than  20 kPa,  an emergency  shut down  (ESD)  system complying  with the 
requirements  of Clause 2.16  shall be fitted.  
NOTE:  The installation  of excess  flow valves  is not recommended  as the pressure  differential developed  may 
not be sufficient  to activate  the valve  
  
6.5 PRESSURE  RELIEF  
 
6.5.1  Total  relieving capacity  
 
The total  relieving  capacity  requirements  of any  tank shall be provided  by safety  valves except  for the 
variation  permitted  in Clause  6.5.2.  The total  capacity  provided  shall be the larger required by the following:  
 
(a) Possible  refrigeration  system upset,  such  as- 
 
(i)  cooling water failure;  
 
(ii) power failure;  
 
(iii) instrument  air or instrument  failure;  
  
(iv) mechanical  failure of any equipment;  
 
(v) excessive  pumping rates;  or 
 
(vi) rapid barometric  pressure drops  such as  would be experienced  during  a cyclone.  
  
(b) Fire exposure determined·.  
 
6.5.2  Safety hatch  
 
Where  the relieving  capacity  required  under Item  6.5.l(b)  is greater  than that required  by 
Item 6.5.  l(a), the additional  capacity  may be provided by  a safety hatch which shall be set to operate at 125  
percent  of the design  pressure and ·be capable  of discharging  the additional volume  of gas.  The safety hatch  
shall not  be considered  as providing  any of the  capacity  
required in Item 6.5.l(a).   
 
6.5.3  Vent lines   
 
 
Where vent lines are installed  to direct  the vapours from the safety  valve, the back pressure  
under full relieving  conditions  shall not-exceed  50 percent  of the start -to-discharge  pressure for  pressure  
balanced  valves  or 10 percent  of the start-to-discharge  pressure  for conventional  valves.  The vent lines shaft 
be installed  to prevent  accumulation  of liquid  in the lines.  
 
6.5.4  Weather  protection  
 
The valves  or valve installa tion' shall be protected  against the weather  
 
6.5.5  Vacuum  breakers  
 
Atmospheric  storage shall be provided  with vacuum  breakers.  Ammonia  gas, nitrogen,  or other inert gas 
maybe  introduced as the vapour replacement  medium  to break the vacuum.  
 
The capacity  off the vac uum breaker  shall be not less than the maximum  combined volumetric  capacity of 
the refrigeration  compressors  or the  combined  volumetric  capacity of all discharge  pumps  whichever  is the 
greater.  
 
6.6 REFRIGERATION  SYSTEMS  
 
6.6. Design  
 
Any refri geration  system shall  comply with equivalent international standards . 
 
6.6.2  Emergency power  
 
An emergency  source  of power  of sufficient  capacity  to handle  the sum of the loads determined  in 
accordance  with Items  6.6.3(a)  and (b) shall be provided  unless  water scrubbing,  a flare with  ignition  for 
operation  during a site  power  failure or other  facilities are  available  to safely  dispose  of vented  vapours  while  
the refrigeration  system  is not operating.  
 
6.6.3  Refrigeration  load 
  
The total refrigeration  load shall be computed  as the sum of the following:  
 
(a) Load imposed  by the heat  flow into the tank  caused  by the  temperature  differential between design 
ambient temperature  and storage temperature.  
 
(b) Load imposed by heat flow into the tank caused  by maximum  sun radiation.  
 
(c) Maximum load imposed by filling  the tank with anhydrous  ammonia warmer than the design s torage 
temperature.  
 
 d) Liquefaction  vapour  displaced  during  filling  operations  where  there  is no vapour return  line back to the 
filling  source.  
NOTE: More  than one storage  tank may be handled  by the  same  refrigeration  system  provided that the  
vapour  spaces are interconnected  and the tanks have the same design pressures.  
 
6.6.4  Control  system  
 
The refrigeration  system  shall be provided with an automatic  control  system,  which  shall•  
 
(a) start or stop refrigeration  in accordance  with the  load, a s indicated  by tank vapour pressure;  
 
(b) record  vapour  pressure  in the tank,  and sound  an alarm  if maximum  or minimum limits are passed;  
 
(c) respond  to excess discharge  pressure  from con denser  system,  caused by cooling•  
medium failure,  sound an alarm and shut off the refrigeration  system;  
  
(d) record fill level,  and sound an alarm if maximum or minimum limits are passed;  and 
 
(e) be capable of controlling  any alternative  plant  provided.  
 
6.6.5  Compressors  
 
Not less than two compressors  shall. be  provided  for each  refrigeration  system,  in accordance  with the 
following requirements : 
(a) Each compressor  shall be sized  to operate with a suction pressure  at least  10 percent  
below  the minimum  settin g of the safety  valve(s)  on the storage  tank and shall withstand  a suction pressure  
at least equal to 120  percent of the tank design  pressure.  
NOTE:  Discharge  pressure will be governed  by condensing  conditions.  
 
(b)The number  and sizes of compressors  for the holding refrigeration  load, i.e.  the sum of the  loads  
calculated in Item  6.6.3(a)  and (b), shall  be such  that, in the  event  of failure  of any,o ne of these 
compressors,  the combined  capacity  of the remainder  shall be sufficient  to handle  that load.  
NOTE:  Compressors  required  for the  filling  refrigeration  load,  i.e. the load calculated  as in 
Item 6.6) ( c)~'may  be used as standby units  for the holding refrigeration  compressors.  
 
(c) Each compressor  shall have an individual  driving unit.  
 
(d) Where, required  for compressor  protection,  an entrainment  separator  incorporating  a drain and a level 
gauge shall be provided  in the suction line of each compressor.  
 
(e) An oil separator  incorporating  a drain  and a level  gauge  shall be installed  in the discharge  line of an oil 
lubricated  compressor.  
 
6.6.6  Condensers  
 
The condenser  system  shall be cooled  by air or water  or both.  The condenser  shall be designed  for a 
pressure  not Jess than  1.73 MPa.  Provision  shall be made  for purging  non condensable  gases  or vapours  
either  manually or automatically.  
 
6.6.7  Receiver  and liquid  drain  
 
A receiver  shall be provided  with a liquid  level control  to discharge  the liquid  ammonia  to storage.  The 
receiver  shall be designed  for a pressure  not less  than l. 73 MP and shall be equipped with the necessary  
connections,  safety valves and gauging  devices  
 
 
                           SECTION  7 OPERATIONS  
  
7.1 APPLICATION  
 
The procedures  for the  operation  of a system  for the  storage  and handling  of anhydrous ammonia shall 
comply  with the requirements  of this  Section.  
 
7.2 ESTABLISHMENT  OF PROCEDURES  
 
7.2.1  Procedures  required  
 
It shall be the responsibility  of the occupier  of the system  to develop  and implement procedures  appropriate  
to the system as follows:   
 
(a) Site plan or plans  indicating  plant,  main pipework  or routes,  switchboards  of sub stations,  emergency  
stop valves  or actuating  devices,  and other  significant components of the system depending on the intended 
use of the plan.  
 
(b) Operating procedures,  covering all aspects of the day -to-day operation of the facility.  
 
(c) Maintenance  procedures,  covering  regular  testing in spection  and monitoring  of the  
Equipment   
 
 
(d) Emergency procedures,  covering action to be taken in the event of spillage, accident,  
 equipment failure  or other abnormalities  emergencies.  
 
(e) Construction procedures,  covering  new facilities  and modification  of existing plant.  
 
NOTES:  
1 Many  states  have  occupational  health an d safety  legislation  in place.  The legislation generally  provides  for 
consultative  mechanisms  at workplaces  to enable  management  and 
workers to  be jointly  involved  in the de velopment  of procedures  and work practices.  
 
2 Guidance  on quality  manageme nt systems  is given  in the ISO 9000.  
 
7.2.2 Promulgation  of procedures"  
 
The procedures  shall be documen ted in notices,  manuals  or other recorded  instructions  as appropriate to the 
particular  installation, on view  or readily  available  on-site.  
 
7.2.3 Review and  up keep  of procedures  
 
The procedures  shall be mo dified  when necessary  because  of equipment  or organizat ional changes and 
shall otherw ise be reviewed  at least  every two years.  
 
7.2.4  Operating procedures  
 
The operating proce dures shall provide,  where appropriate,  for the following:  
 
(a) Any specific requirements  detailed in Clauses  7.9 and 7.10  
  
(d) · Liquid  transfer procedures  
 
(e) Monitoring  of essential  functions and components.  
 
(f) Recognition  of fault conditions.  
 (g) Control of hazards.  
 
(h) Manufacturer's  operating  instructions  for the equipment.  
 
(i) Equipment  not in use (e.g.  isolation,  deactivation  and identification).  
 
(j) Housekeeping  site maintenance.  
 
(k) Treatment  of leakage,  spillage and clean -up. 
 
(l) Maintaining  clear spaces for access.  
 
(m) Personnel  safety.  
 
(n) Work at height.  
 
(o) Personal  protective  equipment.  
 
 (p) Security.  
 
(q) Control of access and of movements  and activities  of people,  equipment,  and vehicles.  
 
(r) Access to top of tank in the case of a refrigerated  tank.  
 
(s)Environmental  monitoring.  
  
 (t) Operation  of utilities.  
 
7.2.5  Construction and  maintenance procedures  
 
The construction  and maintenance  procedures  shall provide. Amongst  other things,  for the following where 
appropriate  to the particular  installation;  
 
(a) Work authorization.  
 
(b) Work in confined  spaces.  
 
(c) Testing of instrumentation  and of protective  devices,  alarms and monitors.  
 
(d) Gas freeing . 
 
(e) Isolation  and tagging.  
 
 (f) Control  of contractors.  
  
(g) Firefighting  equipment.  
  
(h) Pipelines.  
 
(i) Storage tanks.  
 
(j) Electrical  equipment,  
 
(k) Fences and security measures,  
 
(l) Illumination.  
 
(m) Needs  of any other  individual  items  or plant  components,  e.g. pumps  and 
Compressor . 
 
(n) Signs  and notices.  
 
7.2.6  Emergency ' procedures  
 
A documented  emergency  procedures  plan shall be prepared,  which shall  make provisions  
for dealing -with, where  appropriate,  likely  emergencies  for the particular  installation.  Any such  preplanning  
shall include the following:  
 
(a) Hazard  identification.  
 
(b) List of contacts, emergency  services  and phone numbers  
 
(c) Emergency  operations  flow chart and chain of command.  
 
 (d) Duty list.  
(e) Capacity  of resources,  including any mutual aid (inter -company)  arrangements.  
  
(f) Cooperation  with relevant  authorities.  
 
(g) Evacuation  provisions and assembly  points.  
 
(h) First aid.  
 
(i) Debriefing  and internal/external  reporting  of incidents.  
 
G) Vehicles  on site. (k)  Contractors.  
(I) Access control. (m)  Site plan.  
(n) Spillage,  clean  up and decontamination.   
 
NOTE:  Action to clean up spillage or leakage  should  be initiated  immediately.  
 
(o) Any specific  requirements  of Clause  72.5.  
 
(p) The availability  of sufficient water to combat any emergency  situation.  
 
(q) Access to foam generators  and foam suppliers that are compatible  with ammonia.  
NOTE:  Following an incident,  facility and  emergency procedure should be  reviewed a s they  
relate to the incident.  
 
7.3 PLACARDING  
Stores shall be placarded  in acco rdance with national regulations.  
 
7.4 TRAINING  OF PERSONNEL  
 
7.4.1  Training  
 
Training  or instruction  m established  proce dures  shall be provided  in accordance  with 
Clauses  7.4.2 to 7.4.5.  
 
Particular  care should be taken to ensure. comprehension  in the case of language  difficulties.  
 
7.4.2  Employees  
 
Each  employee  shall be trained in such duties duties  as have been  individually  assigned  to that person.  The 
training  shall include the following,  as appropriate:  
 
(a) Procedures  to be followe d in the event of an incident  (spillage,  accident or fire)  
 
(b) Layout of the installation  
 
(c) Location  of emergency equipment.  
 
(d) Basic  principles of s pillage control and use of fire h ose.  
 
(e) Statutory regulations  relevant to employees'  tasks.  
 
(f) Awareness of the properties,  characteristics  and hazards  of ammonia.  
 
(g) Corrective use  of personnel  protective  equipment  provided.  
 
(h) Area of housekeeping . 
 
(i) ·Safety  rules  of the  installation,  including  any restrictions  on movement,  access  or 
activities.  
 
7.4.3  Contractors  
 
Contractors  and their  staff shall be trained  in the  following,  as appropriate  to the  specific task to be 
performed:  
 
(a) Safety  rules  of the installation,  including  any restrictions  on movement,  access, activities  and use of 
personnel  protective  equipment.  
 
 
(b) Conditions  and obligations  associated  with work  permits  and confined -space  entry permits.  
 
(c) Hazards  likely  to be encountered.  
 
(d) Procedures  to be followed in  the event of an incident,  e.g. spillage,  accident or fire.   
 
74.4 Visitors  
 
Every person who enters premises  where anhydrous  ammonia  is stored  or used shall comply with all 
signage  and notices  for the site.  
 
Every person entering  restricted  areas  shall be instructed  to comply with the relevant  safety instructions.  
 
7.4.5  Refresher  training  
 
Training  procedures  shall include  provision  for refresher  training  at sufficient  intervals  to ensure that 
capability  is maintained.  
 
7.5 WORK  ACTIVITIES  AND SUPERVISION  
 
All activities  within  a restricted  area shall be carried  out by a competent  person trained  in the  particular  tasks  
to which  they are assigned  unless  under  the direct  control  of a supervisor.  Any supervisor  shall be 
experienced  and knowledgeable  in the regulations  and Standards applicable  to the activity.  
 
7.6 COMPLIANCE  WITH  PROCEDURES  
 
All persons  shall comply with the  procedures  established  for the particular  installation  and an audit  system 
shall be established  to ensure  compliance.  
 
7.7 RECORDS  
 
Records shal l be kept of the following.  
(a) Training  and retraining.  
 
(b) Equipment  tests required by this Standard and reference  Standards.  
 
(c) In-service  inspections.  
(d) Emergency  drills 
.  
(e) Maintenance  and-repairs.  
 
(f) Significant  spillage  accident,  injury,  dangerous  occurrence  or other  abnormal incident.   
  
The records shall be kept for periods  as required by the regulatory  authority.  
NOTE: Regulator y authorities  generally  require  that any of a specified  range  of abnorm al incidents are 
reported.  
 
7.8 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS  
 
7.8.1 Use  of water  in emergencies  
Where water is used in an emergency,  the following  points  shall be observed in its  use: 
 
(a Water  shall be applied  in sufficient  quantity  in the  form of a fine  spray  or fog to reduce the concentration  of 
ammonia gas in air.  
 
(b) Water shall be used on liquid  ammonia pools only if sufficient water is available.  
NOTE:  The volume  of water  used  should  be approximately  100 times  the volume  of the ammonia  spill.  
 
 
(c) Water  shall be used to  cool any anhydrous  ammonia  container  exposed  to fire and which cannot be 
removed from the vicinity  of the fire.  
 
(d) Water shall not be sprayed on anhydrous  ammonia containers  that are colder than the 
. available  water  supply  as the water  will heat anhydrous  ammonia  and aggravate  any gas leak.  
  
 
(e) Anhydrous  ammonia that  is to be disposed  of, e.g.  as from a leaking  container,  shall be  dissolved  in 
water  whose  volume  shall be at least  I 0 times,  and preferably 100 times,  the liquid  volume  of the anhydrous  
ammonia.  The ammonia  shall be introduced  as close  as possible to the bottom of the water tank.  
NOTE: When pools of liquid  ammonia are present,  the use of foam  is recommended,  
 
7.8.2  Stress  corrosion  
 
The following  precautions  shall be obser ved to prevent stress corrosion ; which could  occur under certain 
conditions:  ·. 
 
(a) Care shall  be exercised  to eliminate oxygen from ammonia  storage  tanks.  
 
(b) Whenever  a tank has  been  opened to the  atmosphere,  it shall be thoroughly  purged with  ammonia  or an 
inert gas, but not with  carbon dio xide (because  of its affinity with  ammonia),  to eliminate  all traces of 
contamination  
 
(c) Ammonia  tanks  that are to  remain  out of  service  for a considerable  period  of time shall  be maintained  with 
a positive  interna l pressure  of ammonia  gas or a suitable inert gas.  '' 
 
(d Anhydrous  ammonia shall  not be transported  in tankers constructed  of quenched  and tempered  steels  
unless the  water  content  of the liquefied  ammonia  is not less than 0.2 percent.  The marking of the shippi ng' 
paper  '0.2%  water'  can be taken to indicate suitability  for transport  in such tankers . 
 
 
7.9 INSPECTION  AND TESTING  
 
7.9.1  Tanks  
 
All tanks shall be inspected  in accordance  with equivalent international standard  
All tanks  shall be examined  externally  prior to every filling.  
 
7.9.2  Cylinders  
 
Cylinders  shall be inspected and tested in accordance  with KS.  
 
7.9.3  Rail tank vehicles  
 
Rail tank vehicles ‘shall  be externally  examined  by the filler prior  to every filling  and shall be inspected  in 
accordance with equivalent international standard . 
 
7.9.4  Road vehicles.  
 
Road tank vehicles shall be examined externally  by the filler prior to every  filling  and shall be inspected in 
accordance  with equivalent international standard.  
 
7.9.5  Safety  and relief valves  
 
Safety  and relief  valves  installed  in systems  shall be inspected  and tested  in accordance with equivalent 
international standard.  
 
7.9.6  Excess  flow valves and non -return  valves  
 
Excess  flow valves  and non-return  valves  shall be inspected  in accordance  with 
equivalent international standard.  
 
 
7.9.7  Rigid  piping  and swivel joint  assemblies  
 
Rigid  piping  and swivel  joint loading  or unloading  assemblies,  in addition  to being subjected  to the installation  
test (see  Clauses 2.9.5),  shall thereafter  be tested for leakage,  at a pressure  not less than 1.5 times  the  
piping  design  pressure,  once  every  5 years  and whenever maintenance  has been carried out,  stamped  with 
the date of the test.  
 
7.9.8  Flexible  steel hose  
 
Flexible  steel  hose  assemblies,  in addition  to being  subjected  to the  installation  test (see Clause 2.10.3),  
shall thereafter  be inspected  visually  at every  connection  and be hydrostatically  tested  at a pressure not less  
than 2.4 MPa at intervals  not more than 2 years or whenever repaired and stamped with the  date of the test.  
 
7.9.9  Hose  
 
Hose assemblies,  in addition  to being  subjected  to the installation  test (see Clause  2.11.3), shall thereafter  
be tested  for leakage  at a pressure  of not less  than 2.4 MPa at intervals  not more than  12 months  and 
whenever  maintenance  is carried  out on the  hose  assembly  and stamped  with the date of the test.· 
 
In addition,  the hose shall be externally  examined  for damage·  every time prior  to use.  All hose assemblies  
shall be destroyed  at the first  signs  of any deterioration.  
 
Hose assemblies  shall be  removed  from service and destroyed  not longer  than 8 years from the date of 
manufacture.  
 
7.9.10  Liquid  level  gauges  
 
Liquid  level gauges  shall be examined  during every  tank filling,  to ensure  that they are operating.  
 
Liquid leve l gauges shall be checked and ca librated  when the tank is inspected  internally.  
 
7.9.11  Pressure  gauges  
 
Pressure  gauges  shall be maintained:  within  the limits  of accuracy  given  in equivalent international 
standards , for industrial  gauges  and shall be inspected  and calibrated  as required   
Pressure  gauges shall be marked w ith the date of calibration.  
 
7.9.12  Temperature  gauges  
 
Temperature  gauges  shalt,  be maintained  within  the limits  of accuracy  required  b and shall be inspected  and 
calibrated  as required  by equivalent international standards.  Temperature  gauges  shall be marked with the 
date of calibration  
 
7.9.13  Emergency shut -down  (ESD) systems  
 
The operation  of ESD systems shall be checked at least  every  12 months o r more frequently as required by 
the regulatory authority.  
 
7.10 TRANSN FER OF ANHYDROUS  AMMONIA  
 
7.10.1·  General  
 
Tanks sh all not be filled  with anhydrous  ammonia  unless  they are in good condition  and comply  with the 
relevant  requirements  of this Standard.  Where  transfer  of anhydrous ammonia is  to be effected  on the 
consumer's  premises,  the consumer  shall be notified of the time that delivery  will be made.  No delivery  shall 
be made at night unless adequate lighting is provided  at the location.  
 
7.10.2  Attendant  
 
At least  one trained  person  shall remain  in attendance  from the time  the connections  are made until they are 
finally disconnected,  and two persons  shall be in attendance  where the transfer  takes  place in a built -up area 
with public  access  or within  15 m of any protected place,  other than in buildings  on the premises  where the 
transfer takes place.  
 
7.10.3  Protective equipment  
  
 
Proper  clothing,  gauntlet  gloves  and chemical  splash  goggles shall be worn as a minimum during  the making  
and braking  of transfer  connections.  The chemical  splash  goggles  shall be worn at all times, and a canister 
type respirator  shall be 'at the ready'  during the transfer operation.  A self -contained  breathing  apparatus shall 
also be available at any depot.  
 
7.10.4  Precautions against  movement  
 
Before  connections  are made  to a road  or rail tank vehicle  or to a nurse  tank or other  
container  mounted  on a road or rail  vehicle,  the vehicle  should be located  on level  ground  
and the brakes  shall be applied.  Where  interlocking  brakes  are not fitted  chocks  shall be placed at the front 
and rear wheels.  
NOTE: It is important  that transport  vehicles be positioned  such t hat in the event of an emergency the 
vehicle can be towed straight  out without need for reversing or t urning.  
 
7.10.5  Bleed  valves  
 
Where  bleed  valves  are fitted to relieve  pressure,  the (bleed  valves shall  be opened  before the tanker and 
storage  tank pipework terminal  caps ‘are  removed  
 
7.10.6  Liquid  level   
 
During transfer,  the driver of the transporting/vehicle and the filler shall regularly  check the liquid  level 
gauges  of the  storage  tank and transport  tank.  If any variable -level gauge  or temperature  gauge is  
unserviceable,  the. check  of contents  level shall be by means of the fixed -level gauge or weighing methods.  
 
7.10.7  Mass  filling ratio  
 
The mass  filling  ratio for the tank shall not be exceeded.  The appropriate  procedure  
described in Appendix D shall be followed.  
NOTE:  If the filling  volume in litres or cubic  metres  is required,  it may be calculated  using the liquid density 
values  listed  in-Annex A. 
 
7.10.8  Filling  refrigerated tanks  
 
The filling  ratio for the tank shall be such that the tank will not be full of liquid at a liquid temperature  
corresponding to the vapour  pressure  at the  start-to-discharge  pressure  setting of the pressure -relief  valve.  
 
7.11 LEAK DETECTION  AND LOCATION  
 
7.11.1  General  
 
If the leak occurs  in a congested  area or  where  atmosphere  dissipation  is not feasible,  the 
Ammonia should  be absorbed in water (see Clause  7.8.1).  
 
7.11.2  Location  and leaks  
 
The exact  location  of leaks  may be detected  by allowing  the fumes from an open bottle  of hydrochloric  acid 
to come in contact with  the ammonia vapour,  which will produce a dense white  fog. Moist  phenolphthalein  or 
litmus  paper,  which  will change  colour  in ammonia vapour,  may also be used.  The use of sulphur tapers is 
not recommended.  
A small  leak in anhydrous  ammonia  valves,  connections  or feed lines may be readily detected by odour.  
 
7.12 REPAIRS  
 
7.12.1  Personnel  
 
Only competent  persons  shall attempt to stop an ammonia leak, make  repairs,  alter or open connections in 
any anhydrous  ammonia  system  
 
 7.12.2  Protective  equipment   
 
If there  is any doubt  concerning  the seriousness  of the leak,  an approved  respiratory  
protective device should  be worn . 
 
7.12.3  Purging  
 
An anhydrous  ammonia  system  shall be drained  and purged  of all vapour  prior to commencement  of any 
repair.  
 
7.12.4  Welded  repairs  
 Repairs involving  welding  on a container  shall not be made  until has been declared  gas-free after testing,  or 
has been  completely  filled with water.  Any purging  water  shall be completely  drained  and the area to be 
welded  shall be completely  dry before welding.  
Any welded  repair  shall be stress -relieved,  unless  specifically  exempted  by means  of vessel  inspection  in 
accordance  with equivalent international standard in the case  of a minor repair.  
  
7.12.5  Repairs  to rail  tank vehicles  
 
 Any repairs  to rail tank vehicles  shall be in acco rdance  with equivalent international standard and the 
requirements  of the rail  system concerned.  
 
SECTION  8 EMERGENCY  MANAGEMENT  
 
8.1 APPLICATION  
 
The emergency  management  for any installation  for the storage and handling  of anhydrous ammonia  shall 
comply with the requirements  of this Section.  
 
8.2 PLANNING FOR  EMERGENCIES  
 
8.2.1  Design  of premises  
 
The likelihood  of any incident  occurring  in an area used  for the, storage  and handling  of ammonia  can be 
reduced  by good  design  and layout,  sound  engineering,  good operating practices,  and proper  instruction  and 
training  of personnel  in the performance of  their duties.  
 
The following  should be considered  in the  design  and layout o f any facility  used for the storage and handling 
of ammonia:   
 
(a)  Sufficient space  between  bund  walls,  storage  areas  and other  structures  to allow access for 
maintenance  and emergencies.  
 
(b) Means for reducing  emission  of vapours  to, the outside atmosphere.  
 
(c) Alarms connected directly  to the fire brigade or  to a 24 h monitoring service.  
 
(d) Water supplies.  
 
(e) Fire protection equipment.  (see section 9)  
 
(f) Means of evacuation  and assembly poin ts. 
 
(g) Protection for personnel  responding -to an emergency.  
 
(h) Access routes for fire brigade: appliances  and other emergency  vehicles.  
(i)Provision for the containment  pf leaks,  spills  and run -off of firefighting water.  
 
(j) Provision  for the display emergency  plan (see Clause  8.2.2)  and the emergency procedures  (see Clause  
7.2.6).  
The regulatory  authority  the fire authority and other emergency  service  agencies  should  be consulted with 
respect to these matters.  
  
 
8.2.2  Emergency  plan 
 
8.2.2.1  General.  
 
A detailed  plan, for combating  emergencies  that could  occur  on the premises  shall be prepared.  Such a plan 
should  be developed  in consultation  with the emergency  service agencies and th e regulatory authority.  
The emergency,  plan shall- 
 
(a) take into  account  any potential  for the occurrence  of fire, explosion,  earthquake,  
reaction or release  of ammonia or other  dangerous  goods stored on the premises;  
 
(b) be appropriate  to the size and complexity  of the installation;  and 
 
(c) be regularly appraised  and updated.  (See Clause 8.2.2.4.)  
 
Plant personnel  should be familiar  with the contents  of the emergency  plan.  
 
Emergency  service  agencies  may require  a copy  of the emergency  plant  to be kept at the entrance to the 
premises.  
 
8.2.2.2  Premises emergency plan  
 
The emergency  plan for use by plant  personnel  shall set out the procedures  to be followed by the occupier's  
personnel  in an emergency.  It shall include,  as appropriate - 
 
(a) actions  to be taken  in the  event  of a fire, spill,  explosion,  leak or other emergency, including fire -fighting 
actions, alarm activation,  evacuation procedure, shutdown procedures,  the estab lishment  of emergency  
control  centres,  and mutual  aid arrangements  (e.g. cooperation  with relevant authorities,  the use of 
equipment  on neighbouring  premises);  
 
(b) a list of contact  telephone  numbers  for emergency  services,  e.g, fire brigade, ambulance,  police,  
regulatory  authorities,  local hospital  and appropriate  technical advisor,  the criteria  for contacting  them and 
the procedures  to 'ensure  that they are alerted promptly;  
 
(c) evacuation  procedures  and the implementation  of a warden system;  
 
(d) the establishment  of nominated  assembly  areas,  away  'from the  incident  area and emergency  services  
operations;  
 
(e) training  of personnel  in carrying  out the plan (which  may involve  the local fire brigade); and  
 
(f) the location of material safety data sheets (MSD Ss). 
 
The emergency  plan shall be reviewed  and updated regu larly (see Clause  8.2.2.4).  
 
8.2.2.3  Plan for the use by emergency services  · 
 
A second emergency  plan may be required for the surrounding  area,  to assist  the emergency services  in 
carrying out  their duties expediently  and efficiently.  Such a plan shall be kept in a location to the  satisfaction  
of the local emergency  services  organization  such as the State Emergency Services  or the fire authority.   
NOTE:  The information  that should  be 'provided  for the  emergency  services  in this emergency plan is  
described  in Appendix F.  
 
8.2.2.4  Review  of emergency plan  
 
The emergency  plan shall be ke pt up-to-date and reviewed  and revised,  where  necessary, whenever -  
 
(a) a new type of dangerous goods is  introduced to the premises;  
 
(b) the quantity  of dangerous goods  being  kept is changed;   
 
(c) a change is  made : the way the dangerous goods are stored or handled;  
 
(d) a change is ma de in a process  or procedure,  which might result  in a change of risk;  
 
(e) new information  regarding  the hazardous  properties  of a substance is established;  or 
 
(f) problems are encountered  during training or after an incident.  
The plan shall be reviewed  and revised  periodically.  
 
8.3 MANIFEST  
 
Unless  otherwise  approved  by the regulatory  authority,  a manifest  shall be provided  and maintained  as 
recommended  in NOHSC  3010.  
 
8.4 PLACARDING  
 
8.4.1  Placarding of stores  
 
Every installation  in which dangerous  goods are kept shall be placarded  in accordance  with NOHSC  1015  
and NOHSC  2017,  except that,  where  those requirements  conflict  with the requirements  of the relevant  state 
or territory  regulation,  the requirements  of the regulation shall  prevail.  
 
8.4.2  Safety  information  
 
Where  required  by the relevant  regulatory  authority,  safety  information,  intended principally  for the 
emergency  services,  shall be displayed  at approved  locations.  The following information  shall be provided:  
 
(a) The location  of the emergency plan  (see Clause  8.2.2). (b)  The location  of the manifest (see Cl ause 83 ).  
 
(c) The location of personal  protective  equipment.  
 
(d) The locations  of the controls  for essential  (e.g. electric ity and water)  and their distribution.  
 
(e) The location  and description  of dangerous  goods befog stored.  
NOTE:  A pictorial  layout  of the  site or building  may also  be required  on the  safety  information  
board.  ··"· 
 
8.5 MANAGEMENT  OF LEAKS  AND SPILLS·.  
 
Every  endeavour  shall be made to prevent  leaks  or spills,  and to control  them  if they do occur. Clean -up 
action shall be initiated  immediately.  
 
Leaked  or spilled  ammonia  shall be disposed  of in accordance  with the procedure established  in accordance  
with Clauses 7.2 . 6 and 7.8.1.  
 
When  controlling  or dispersing  leaked or spilled  ammonia,  the following  shall be considered :  
 
(a) Shutting  off all sources· of ignition.  
 
(b) Working up wind. Increasing  ventilation.  
 
(c) Clearing the area of unprotected  personnel.  
 
(e) Wearing  appropriate  protection  equipment  to prevent  skin and eye contamination  and inhalation, of va p 
ours.  
 
(f) Notifying e mergency  services  when  contamination  of drains,  sewers  or waterways occur,  
 
(g) Increasing  ventilation  and allowing gas from small leaks to vent to a safe area.  
 
(h) using fire hoses with fog nozzles  to disperse  gas from large  leaks  down wind.   
 
  
(i)  No spraying  water directly  onto a leaking  ammonia  container.  
 
(j) Using  sand or soil to contain  liquid.  
 
(k) Allowing  small liquid  spills to evaporate.  
 
(l) Covering  large  liquid  spills  with 150 mm of protein  or other  suitable  high-expansion foam.  
 
(m) Preventing  liquid  ammonia from entering  drains and large masses of water.  
 
  
At every  occurrence  of a leak or spill, the emergency  plan shall be implemented  and consideration  should be 
given to notifying  the emergency service  agencies.  
NOTE:  Emergency  services  should  be notified  when - 
(a) the spill has spread,  or has the potential  to spread,  beyond  the boundary  of the installation;  
 
(b) it is beyond  the resources  of the  occupiers  to clean  up the  spill or leak effectively  and safely;  
  
(c) the protective  equipment  is inadequate  for dealing  with the situation;  
 
(d) staff are not experienced  in dealing  with the situation;  or 
 
(e) staff and the public  are, or could  potentially  be, placed  at risk.  
 
 
 
                            SECTION  9 FIRE  PROTECTION  
 
                                9.1 APPLICATION  
 
The fire protection  facilities  for any installation  for the storage and handling  of anhydrous ammonia shall 
comply  with requirements  of this Section.  
 
9.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS  
 
9.2.1  General  
 
The fire protection  provisions  for any installation  are intended, to  fulfil the following functions:  
 
(a) Firefighting  to control and extinguish  any fire that may occur.  
 
(b) Heat protection,  to prevent exposure to the heat from a nearby fire.  
 
(c Vapour dispersal.  
 
The advice  of a suitably  qualified  consultant  in consultation with the appropriate  fire authority  should  be 
sought  on fire protection  and prevention  measures,  and the adequacy and suitability  of firefighting  
equipment.  Where  appropriate,  a risk  assessment  and a fire safety study should  be undertaken.  
Fire protection  systems  shall be appropriate  to the hazards  and should  consider  the storage configuration,  
the location  and the adjoining  activities and materials.  
 
The fire protection  and prevention  measures  and firefighting  equipment  shall be at least that specified  in the 
Kenya fire safety act.  
NOTE:  Ammonia  vapour  in air is flammable  within  the limits  given  in Table Al,  so an installation  should  be 
assessed  for potential classification  as a hazardous  area and appropriate precautions  should  be taken  
regardi ng ignition  sources,  particularly  electrical  equipment.  
 
9.2.2  Hazards  
  
Anhydrous  ammonia  can, present  the following  during  a fire:  
 
(a) Cylinders  can rupture 'catastrophically.  
 
(b)Localised  heating o f tanks may cause rupture.  
 
(c) Ruptured  cylinders  and tanks may become projectiles. Released ammonia  may ignite.  
 
(e) Released  ammonia  will present a toxic, corrosive  and freezing  hazard to persons.  
 
(f) Smoke, and  water  run-off from a fire within  an installation  for the storage  and handling  of ammonia  may 
present  toxic and corrosive  hazards  to persons  and the environment.  
 
(g Liquid  anhydrous ammonia will release  large  volumes  of gas relative  to the volume  of liquid.  
 
9.2.3  Design  and compatibility  
 
9.2.3.1  General  
 
The design  of the fire  protection  system  shall give consideration  to the optimization  and adaptability  of the 
equipment  so that it may  be effective  in any one of a variety of events.  It may  be an independent  system  or 
integrated  with other  fire protection  covering  the installation  and adjoining  installation.  
 
The materials  and equipment  provided  in the fire protection  system shall be suitable  for the conditions  of use 
and compatible  with anhydrous  ammonia  and the other goods stored in the installation.  
 
Any firefighting  appliances,  equipment,  components,  hoses,  connections,  booster connections  and the like 
shall be compatible  with that of the  relevant  fire authority  at essential  interfaces.  
 
9.2.3.2  Heat protection  
 
Storage  facilities  for anhydrous  ammonia  may require  heat protection  due to the potential explosive  rupture  
of a container.  One or  more  of the  following  means  can provide  heat protection:  
 
(a) Sufficient  separation  from the potential  heat sourc e to render  thermal  protection unnecessary.  
 
(b) The use of radiation  barriers.  
 
(c) The use  of cooling water,  which may be by means  of-  
(i) fixed or traversing  monitors;  
(ii) fixed sprinkler  or deluge systems :  
(iii) fire hydrants  equipped  with hoses;  or  
(iv) fire hose reels.  
 
9.2.4  Control  of run off  
 
A plan  shall be in place  to ensure  that contaminated  water  cannot  enter  surface  or ground water.  Where  
liquids  are the principal  firefighting  and cooling  media,  water  retention facilities  shall be provided  with 
sufficient  capacity  to contain  the water  that may be generated.   
 
Procedures  for blocking of drains :6ff drains  and the prevention  of contamination  of watercourses shall be 
included  in the emergency  plan (see Clause 8.2.2).  
 
9.2.5  Location  firefighting equipment  
 
Firefighting  equipment  should  be located  in conspicuous  positions  and be accessible  for immediate  use: 
 
9.2.6  Protectio n of firefighting  equipment  
 
Any/firefi ghting equipment  that is susceptible  to corrosion  or degradation  by weather, ultraviolet light,  fumes  
and the like should  be located  in a sheltered  position  or in a protective  enclosure.  
  
 
9.2.7  Protection  from  adjacent fire  exposure  
 
Protection  from adjacent  potential  fire exposure  shall be provided.  Such  protection  can be provided  by- 
 
(a) sufficient  separation  from the potential  heat source;  
 
(b) the use of thermal  barriers;  or  
 
(c) the use of cooling  water by means of -  
(i) fixed or traversing  monitors;  
(ii) fixed sprinkler  or deluge systems;  
 
(iii) fire hydrants  equipped with  hoses;  or 
 
(iv) fire hose reels.  
 
9.3 FIXED FIRE  PROTECTION AND DETECTION  SYSTEMS  
 
Any fixed fire protection  and detection  systems shall comply  with the appropriate  Standards listed  in 
Table 91.  
 
TABLE  9.1 
 
ST AND ARDS FOR  FIXED  FIRE  PROTECTION AND DETECTION  SYSTEMS.  
  
 
System  Standard  
Automatic fire detecti on 
Automatic sprinkler installations   
Manual alarm installations  
Fire hose reel installations  
Fire hydrant installations  
Manual alarm call points  
 Pump sets  
Low expansion foam  
Medium and high expansion foam  
Dry chemical extinguishing system  
 Gaseous fire extinguishing systems  
Fire hose reels ninstallation   
 
 
9.4 FIRE  ALARM  SYSTEMS,  
 
Where  a fire  alarm  system  'is installed,  it shall comply  with relevant national regulations.  
 
9.5 FIRE  EXTINGUISHERS  
 
9.5.1  General  
Fire extinguishers  shall comply  with the appropriate  Standard  listed  in Table  9.2 and installed  and located in 
accordance  with national regulation , and adjacent to the relevant  area of risk (see also,  Clause  9.2.5)  
The following  shall be considered  when selecting  fire extinguishers:  
 
(a) Suitability  for use with anhydrous  ammonia.  
 
(b) Suitabi lity for use on electrical  equipment  within the  installation.  
 
(c) Compatibility  of extinguishers,  which are liable  to be used together in an emergency.  
 
 
  
                                                           TABLE  9.2 
 
STANDARDS  FOR  PORTABLE  FIRE  EXTINGUISHERS  
Type of portable fire extinguisher  Standard  
Water type   
Foam type   
Dry powder type  
Carbon dioxide type  
 Classification of fire extinguisher  
 Wheeled fire extinguishers   
 
 
9.5.2  Maintenance  
 
All fire extinguishers  shall be maintained  in accordance  with relevant requirements  given in  
AS 1851.1.  
 
9.6 HOSE  REELS  
 
9.6.1  General  
 
Hose  reels  complying  with equivalent international standard  shall be provided  in accordance with the 
requirements  given in Table 9. 3. 
 
9.6.2  Location  
 
In an area where hose reels are required - 
 
(a) hose  reels  shall be installed  with a maximum  hose  length  of 36 m  and fog spray nozz les; 
 
(b) hose reels shall be installed  in such a way that they  are accessible  to all personnel  in that area and in 
locations  satisfactory  to the local fire authority;  and 
 
(c) sufficient  hose reels shall be provided  so that  the nozzle  end of a fully extended  fire hose fitted to the reel 
and laid  out to avoid  any physical barriers  can reach every  part of the installation.  
In circumstances  where hose r eels are required, hydrant hose systems may be substituted  for hose reels’  
subject to the availability  of trained staff capable of using the equipment.  
  
9.7 FIRE  HYDRANTS  
 
9.7.1  General  
 
Where a fire hydran t system is installed, the following  requirements  shall apply:  
 
(a) The hydrant  system  shall be designed  and installed  in accordance  with 
Relevant international standard.  
 
(b)For each hydrant,  at least  one hose and hose fitting,  as well as one fog spray  nozzle shall be provided.  
Where practicable  there should be at least two fire hydrants  located remote from each other.  
 
9.7.2  Location  
 
Hydrants  shall be located  so that  each area requiring  protection  is within 30 m of,  but not less than  10 m 
from a hydrant under any fire or adverse wind conditions.  
NOTE: For design  purposes,  'adverse  wind conditions'  are taken  as requiring  at least 50 percent more  water 
than the quantity  calculated  as being required  at the installation.  
 
The following  points  shall be considered  in determining  the suitability  of a hydrant  for 
providing  cover:  
  
 
(a) Clear  access to and around every hydrant.  
 
(b) Freedom from obstruction  caused by parking,  loading  and unloading of vehicles.  
 
(c) The location  of fire hydrants  installed  by the water supply  authority  in nearby  public thoroughfares.  
 
(d) Protection  of hydrants  and hydrant pipe work from fire or mechanical  damage.  
 
9.7.3  Maintenance  
 
Fire hydrants  and hoses  shall be maintained  in accordance  with equivalent international standards.  
 
9.8 MONITORS  
 
Where monitors  are installed,  they shall comply with the followin g requirements:  
 
(a) Cooling  monitors  shall be capable  of applying  the required  quantity  of water under adverse  wind 
conditions.    
 
(b) The means for manually  starting and stopping  flow and for controlling  the direction  if the monitor  is 
adjustable  shall be operable  from a safe position.  
NOTES:  
 
1 For design purposes,  'adverse  wind conditions'  are taken as requiring at least  50 percent more water t han 
the quantity calculated for the area.  
2 It is considered  that, to provide significant'  cooling in adverse wind conditions,  monitors would  need to be 
so close to the area that  any design that relies on manual adjustment of direction or spray pattern could be 
inoperable because  of proximity to the heat source.  
  
9.9 SPRINKLER  SYSTEMS  
 
9.9.1  General  
  
Where  fire sprinkler  systems are required , they shall be installed  and located  in accordance with appropriate  
Standard.  Such systems shall comprise - 
 
(a) individual -activation  sprinklers;  
 
(b) deluge sprinklers;  
(c) foam sprinklers;  
a combination  of the systems  above.  
 
9.9.2  Maintenanc e 
 
Sprinkler  system s hall be maintained  in accordance with  equivalent international standard . 
 
 
9.10 WATER SUPPLY  
 
The water su pply for firefighting  shall comply with the following  requirements:  
(a) The water  pressure,  flow and water  reserves  shall be sufficient  for the needs  of the installation  and for 
any possible  simultaneous  needs of nearby  buildings  or facilities for firefighting  water.  
NOTE:  Where an assessment of the site indicates  that operation  of the whole water system at one time is 
unlikely, an appropriate factor may b e applied.  
 
(b) Where  the necessary  flow cannot  be maintained  by the system,  provision  shall be made for boosting.  
Where supply conditions  are inadequate  for boosting, astatic water supply system shall be provided.  
NOTE:  The required water should be provided by a reticulated system where practicable.  
   
(c) A static  water  supply  system  shall be capable  of providing  not less than 2 h of running  time for the  whole  
system  as determined  under Item (a) above  or 30 min  if suppling only  a hose reel  system.  
NOTE:  Return  water  or additional  make -up water  may be taken  into account  in the calculation  of reserves  
and a bore  or dam  may be utilized  if sufficiently  reliable  in terms  of availability  
 
9.11 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS  
 
The minimum  fire protection  to be provided  at a system  for the storage  and handling  of anhydrous ammonia 
shall be as follows:  
 
(a) Where  a permanent  reticulated  water  supply  is available  as listed  in Table  9.3 or as required by the 
regulatory  authority.  
 
(b) Where  a permanent  reticulated  water  supply  is not available;  as required  by the  
regulatory  authority.  
 
  
Where the  term 'fire extinguisher'  is used in Table  9.3 without further  qualification  it shall  
 mean  a water  type fire  extinguisher  with a rating  of not  less than  2A in accordance  with 
 equivalent international standard and a capacity  of not less than 9 kg  
 
                                               TABLE  9.3. 
  
MINIMUM FIRE  PROTECTION REQUIREMENTSFOR AN  
                 ANHYDROUS AMM ONIA SYSTEM   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9.12 ACTION IN EVENT OF A FIRE  
  
In event of a fire the proce dures  given  in the emergency  plan shall be followed (see Clause 8.2.2  
 
                                                             (Informative)  
 
                                                             Annex  A 
 
                                          PROPERTIES OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA  
 
It is essential  that all personnel  engaged in the handling  of anhydrous  ammonia be aware of its properties  
and be trained  thoroughly  in safe practices  for its storage  and handling.  The general  characteristics  of 
anhydrous  ammonia are as follows:  
 
(a) Anhydrous  ammonia is  ammonia gas in compressed  and/or liquefied  form.  It is not to be confused 
with aqueous ammonia,  which is a solution of ammonia gas in water.  
(b) Ammonia  gas is liquefied  under moderate  pressure,  and on release of the pressure the liquid  will 
readily  revert  to the gaseous  phase.  Advantage  is taken  of this characteristic  to store and transport  
the gas under pressure  as a liquid.  Aggregate capacity, rn3  
Requirements  
≥0.5 ≤ 2 (a)  At least two fire extinguishers  
  
  
 
> 2≤12. (b)  At least one hose reel and fire extinguisher  
>12 ≤ 60 c) At least one hose reel, as determined by 
coverage and fire extinguishers positioned to 
achieve a l 5 m maximum travel distance  
>60 ≤100 (d} As for (c), plus at least one on -site hydrant  
  
system, or monitors, or a sprinkler system  
> 100   
 (e) A risk and fire safety assessment to be  
undertaken   
 
 
(c) At atmospheric  temperatures  and pressures,  ammonia  is-a pungent,  colourless gas and its odour  
serves  as its own warning  agent.  Since  ammonia  gas is lighter  than air, adequate  ventilation  is the 
best means of preventing  dangerous  accumulation  of gas.  
 
(d) At atmospheric  pressure,  at a temperature  below -33ﹾC, pure  anhydrous  ammonia is a liquid.  As its 
temperature  is increased,  its vapour  pressure  is increased  and the volume of a given mass  of liquid 
is increased.  
 
(e) The vapour  pressure  and the specific  volum e of anhydrous  ammonia  at various temperatures  are 
given in Table A3.·.  
 
      (d)   Ammonia vapour  in air is explosive  within t he limits  given in Table A2.  
 
(f) Ammonia  will form explosive  compounds  when  in contact  with such  substances  as silver,  mercury,  
chlorine,  iodine , bromine , calcium,  and hypochlorite’s . 
 
(g) Ammonia  containing  water will not corrode  iron or steel,  but even  if minute quantities  of water  are 
present it  will rapidly react  with zinc, tin, copper  and copper base  alloys  such as brass  and bronze.  A 
number  of other  metals  will also react  with ammonia  in varying  degree s. Thus,  amongst  other  things,  
galvanized  pipes  and fittings,  and many  non-ferrous  metals  commonly  used  in gauges  and similar 
accessories,  are unsuitable  for ammonia service.  
 
(h) Ammonia  may cause r apid deterioration  of some elastomeric  materials  such as fluoro polymers  or 
fluoroelastomers  used as seals  and gaskets.  
NOTE:  'Viton is a common fluoro elastomer.  
 
(i) Anhydrous ammonia  is considered  a hazardous  liquid,  as on exposure  to heat it will expand  greatly 
and, depending  upon  the temperature  it could  rupture  the container  with explosive force and release  
its contents  
 
     (j) Ammonia m ay cause  varying degrees  of irritation  to the skin or mucous  membranes.  
It can temporarily  damage  the visual  and respiratory  systems,  and in sufficient concentration  permanent  
damage  or death  will occur.   
 
(k)Ammonia  gas will dissolve  in moisture  on the skin and cause a painful  burning  sensation.  In liquid 
form ammonia can severely  damage the skin.  Should anhydrous  ammonia come into contact with the 
body it should immediately  be flushed with copious quantities  of water.  
 
(l) Particular  care is necessary  during  maintenance  operations,  and it is important  to observe the threshold  
limit value (TLV,  formerly  known  as MAC). See Table Al  for the effects  of various concentrations  for various  
exposure  times.  
 
 
                                                                            TABLE  Al 
 
                                                                         HEALTH HAZARDS  
  
Vapour  
concentration  p.p.m V/V  General effect  Exposure period  
25* Odour, detectable by most 
persons  Maximum for 8 h working period  
100 No adverse effect for average 
worker  Deliberate exposure for long 
periods not permitted  
400 Immediate nose and throat 
irritation  No serious effect after 30 min to I 
h 
700 Immediate eye irritation  No serious Effect after 30 min to l 
h 
1700  Convulsive coughing  Could be fatal after 30 min   
 Severe eye, nose and throat 
irritatio n 
2000 TO 5000  Convulsive coughing  
Severe eye, nose and throat 
irritation  Could be fatal after 15 min  
50000 to 10000  Respiratory spasm  
 
Rapid asphyxia  Fatal within minutes  
 
This is the present threshold limit value. (TLV)  
 
 
 
 
 
                            TABLE  A2 
                          PHYSICALPRO PERTIES  
 
PROPERTY  VALUE  
Boiling point at I 01.325 kPa  
 
Freezing point  
 
Critical temperature  
 
Critical pressure  
 
Latent heat at 101.325kPa and -33 to 35°C  
 
Liquid density  
 
Vapour pressure  
 
Vapour density  
 
Flammable limits (percentage by volume in air)  
 
Auto-Ignition temperature  
 -33.35°C  
 
-77.70°C  
 
132.40°C  
 
11.425 MPa  
 
1370.76 kJ/kg  
 
See Table A3  
 
See Table A3  
 
See Table A3  
 
16 percent to 2 5 percent  
 
651°C 
 
 
TABLE  A3 
 
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE, VAPOUR PRESSURE AND DENSITY  
 
Temperature  oc Vapour  
pressure (gauge)  kPa Liquid density  
 kg/m3  Saturated vapour 
density  kg/m3   
 
50  
-45  
-40  
-35  
-30  
-25  
-20   
-15 
-10 
-5    
0    
5    
10    
15    
20  
25  
30   
35    
40     
45    
50    -60.4 
-46.7 
-29.5 
- 8.1 
18.2 
50.3 
88.9 
135 
189.6  
253.6  
328.1  
313.3  
513.7  
627.0  
755.9  
901.4  
1065.2  
1248.6  
1453. 1  
1680.1  
1931.3  702 
696 
690 
684 
678 
671 
665 
659  
652 
645 
639 
632 
625 
618 
610 
603 
595 
588 
580 
571 
563 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.381  
0.500  
0.645.  
0.823  
1.038  
1.297  
1.604  
1.966  
2.390  
2.883  
3.452  
4.108  
4.859  
5.718  
6.694  
7.795  
9.034  
10.431  
12.005  
13.774  
15.756  
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                         
                                                           Annex  B 
 
                                        STRESS  CORROSION  CRACKING  
 
Bl INTRODUCTION  
 
The stress corrosion  cracking  of carbon  steel  in the  presence  of ammonia  is a significant risk to the  integrity  
of ammonia  storage tanks  and associated  equipment  and the possibility of  it occurring  should  not be ignored.  
Stress  corrosion  cracking  is major  problem  for ammonia  producers,  distributors  and users  and the adoption  
of effective  risk control strategies  throughout  all stages of the life  of the equipment  is necessary  to control  the 
risk. 
 
B2 FACTORS AFFECTING  STRESS  CORROSION  CRACKING  
 
Research  and industrial  experience  has shown  that stress  corrosion  cracking  could  be affected  by the 
following:  
 
(a) Presence  of oxygen  Stress corrosion  cracking does not occur without the presence  of oxygen.  An oxygen  
content  in anhydrous  ammonia  greater  than I part per million considerably  increases the risk and severity  of 
stress  corrosion  cracking.  
 
(b) Local  stress level High local stress  level increase  the risk of stress  corrosion cracking.  Stress  corrosion  
cracking  often occurs  in welds  and the beat affected  zone due to the  presence  of high  local stresses,  Local  
stress  is affected  by steel  yield strength,  weld material  properties,  welding  procedure,  post weld stress  relief,  
local structural  stress concentrations  are strikes,  grinding and other local  damage.  
  
A strength  threshold  below  which  stress  corrosion  cracking  does not occur  has not been  identified.  However,  
steels <with  a yield strength  less than 300 MPa are considered  to be low  risk.  
 
(c) Water content  A concentration of 0.2%  in liquid ammonia has been shown to tend to inhibit  stress  
corrosion  cracking.  However, the addition  of water may not protec t the vapour space of tanks  when 
condensation  of pure  ammonia can occur.  
 
(d) Temperature  The ri sk of stress  corrosion  cracking  and the  severity  of cracking  are much  less at -33ﹾc 
than at ambient  temperature.  However,  the occurrence  of stress corrosion cracking  11:_t  refrigerated  
storage  conditions  has been reported.  
 
B3 RISK CONT ROL  STRATEGIES  
Based  on the factors  which influence  stress  corrosion  cracking  given  in Paragraph  C2 the following  
measures  are recommended  for reducing the risk  of stress  corrosion  cracking  at each stage  of the lif e of the 
equipment:  
 
(a) Design  
 
 (i) Specify  low yield  strength steels.  
 
 (ii) Design to reduce stress concentrations  particularly  at welds.  
 
(iii) Use fracture  mechanics  analysis  to establish  allowable  crack  sizes  or demonstrate  'leak before break'.  
 
(iv) Select  refrigerated  storage for large  tanks that cannot be stress relieved.  
 
(v) Incorporate  secondary containment  facilities  to handle  possible  leaks.  
 
(b) Construction  
 
(i) Undertake post weld stress relief.  
 
(ii) Control  welding to reduce weld yield  strength and residual  stresses.  
 
(iii) Dress  welds  to reduce  surface  stress  and hardness  (specially  applicable  to quenched  and tempered  
steels).  
 
(iv) Control weld grinding  using  soft grinding  wheels  that cut but do not smear.  
 
 (v) Control and repair  arc strikes.  
 
(vi) Eliminate  hard stamping of plates.  
 
(c) Testing  
 
(i) Undertake  hydrostatic  pressure  testing  (hydrostatic  pressure  testing  assists  m the relief of  residual  
stresses).  
 
(ii) Check weld  hardness.  
 
(d) Commissioning  
 
(i) Purge  with inert gas  or ammonia to exclude  oxygen  before filling.  
 
(ii) Add water to increase  water content at initial fill.  
 
(e) Operation  
 
(i) Maintain water content.  
 
(ii) Maintain low oxygen content.  
  
 
(iii) Maintain  systems  and establish  procedures  to monitor  and provide  early detection  of leaks.  
 
(f) Inspection  
 
(i)  Establish  inspection  periods  and procedures  using  experience  and risk based inspection   
 
(ii)  Use wet fluorescent  magnetic  particle  techniques  to detect cracking.  
 
(g) Repair  
 
(i) Grind out cracks using controlled  processes that minimize  local hardness.  
 
(ii) Use low  strength  electrodes  for weld build -up repairs.  
 
(iii) Where post we Id heat treatment  is not practicable,  shot peening  of the repaired area should be 
considered  as an option.  
 
Whilst  it is usually  not possible  to eliminate  totally  the risks associated  with stress corrosion  cracking  the 
adopo0ption  of a number  of the  above measures  as fa r as practicable can often provi de satisfact ory control  
of the overall risk.  It should  be noted that road  tank vehicles  which'  are often  fabricated  from higher  strength  
steels  to reduce  weight  need careful attention.  
 
 
 
 
                 ANNEX  C 
 CAPACITY  OF SAFETY VALVES  
 
Cl PRESSURE  TANKS AND VAPORIZERS  
 
The required  minimum  discharge  capacity  for safety  valves  to used  on uninsulated  tanks and vaporizers  
shall be determined  from the equation:  
Qa = 4.39A0·82……………………………………………………………….  Cl  
 
where  
 
Qa-required flow capacity  of the valve,  in cubic metres per minute of free air,  i.e.at l5°C  and 101.5  kPa 
(absolute)  ·  
 
A-external  area of the tank or vaporizer  adjacent  to the maximum  feasible wetted  area below 75  m height  
above any potential  sizeable  source of flame or heat,  in square metres.  
NOTE: The source  of flame  or heat usually  refers  to ground  level but may be at any level  at which a sizeable  
fire could be  sustained.  
 
Where  the surface  area is not stamped on the name plate or  where  the marking is not legible, the total  
surface area can be calcu lated  by one of the following  equations:  
 
(a) Cylindrical  vessels with hemispherical  heads: 
 
Area = overall  length x outside diameter  x 𝜋: 
 
l(b) Cylindrical  vessel with semi -ellipsoidal  heads:  
 
Area=  (overall  length+  0.3 outside d iameter) x outside diameter x 𝜋 
 
(c) Spherical  tank:  Area=  (outside  diameter)2  x 𝜋 
 
Table  C l gives the  result  of calculations  of flow rate  for a range  of surface  areas,  using  
Equation C  l.  
  
 
 
TABLE  Cl 
RATE OF DISCHARGE FOR SAFETY VALVES  
Surface area 
m2 Flow rate  
m3/min Surface area  
m2 Flow rate  
m3/min  
 Surface area  
m2 Flow rate  
m3/min  
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
 
 16 
19 
21 
24 
26 
29 
31 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
45 
47 
49 
 20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
 
 
 
 51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
71 
81 
90 
100 
109 
126 
143 
160 
176 
 
 
 100 
150 
200 
250 
300 
400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000  
 
 
 192 
267 
338 
406 
471 
597 
717 
832 
944 
1053  
1160  
1265  
 
 
 
 
 
                                             ANNEX  D  
 
                               TANK FILLING LEVEL  
INTRODUCTION  
 
An anhydrous  ammonia container  should  never be allowed  to become liquid -full, because  if the  contents  
subsequently  warm  up, the resulting  liquid  expansion  will cause  liquid  to discharge  from the safety  valve  and 
may subject  the container  to hydrostatic  pressure. Therefore,  it is necessary  to stop filling  before the tank  
space is  completely  filled, and  the ullage  space  which  is left should  be sufficient  to allow  for the expected  
fluctuations  of liquid  temperature,  and consequently  of liquid  level.  This Annex -describes  alternative methods  
of calculating  filling  levels  that will ensure that  normal -variations  are catered  for so that  a vapour  space  will 
remain  above  the liquid  surface in all but the  most  abnormal circumstances.  It deals  only with tanks,  for 
although  the same principles  are relevant  for cylinders.  
 
The starting  point  for the determination  of the filling lev el is an assumption  of the temperature  likely to be 
reached in the liquid when a container  stands in the sun.  Heating  is caused  by conduction  from the ambient  
air according  to its temperature,  and by solar radiation.  Experiments  in various  locations  have established  
that the temperature  will stabilize  at a value  which  will vary according, to  'two features  of the tank  itself,  firstly  
the heat sink effect  due to its  size, and secondly  but a lesser  extent  its aspect  ratio.  Both of these  features  
are a function  of the ratio between  the volume  (V) and the  surface area (A), and this  VIA ratio has become  
the basis  for determining  the maximum  likely  temperature  of the tank contents.   
 
Theoretically,  each tank  has an individual  V/A ratio,  so that  each will reach  an individual temperature;  
therefore,  each  tank should have  an individual  filling  ratio.  However,  it is considered  that this  degree  of 
complexity  is not justified,  so as simple  convention  has been adopted to the effect that tanks  up to 5 m3 
capacity may reach 55°C,  but tanks over 5 m3  are not likely  to exceed 46°C.  FiIIing ratios  have been 
calculated  to leave a small ullage of one or two  percent  when the liquid is at these temperatures.  
 
A tank may be filled  by mass following  a mass -filling  ratio technique,  or by volume by applying  a volume -
filling. Percentage  method.  The former  is generally  considered  to be the more  exact;  even, temperature is 
not a factor,  so that temperature  observations  and corrections  are not n ecessary.  However,  weighing  is  
 
rarely  a practical  technique  for stationary  tanks, so filling  is normally  controlled  by observation  of the level  of 
the liquid surface,  i.e. the filling  level.  
 
Two technique s: of filling  level control  are available.  The simpler  is to fill to the standard filling  level as 
indicated  be the fixed  liquid  level gauge.  This level is chosen  on the assumption  that the liquid temperature  
at the time of filling  is 5°C. The method requires no measurements  or calculations,  and is therefore  relatively  
simple,  but there  is a penalty  in that the m ethod  is fairly  conservative.  In many  conditions,  the tank could  in 
fact be safely filled to a higher level.  
 
For those who wish  to go to the additional  trouble,  a more complex  procedure  is available, which  permits  
filling  to the maximum  filling  level provided  that the exact  liquid temperature is known.  
 
The procedures  described  in this Standard  apply to uninsulated  and unshaded tanks  exposed to normal 
weather  cycles.  It is recognized  that in a specific  installation  some or all of these conditions  may not apply,  
but any variation  to filling  ratios  should  be negotiated individually  with the regulatory  authority.  
 
D2 DETERMINATION  OF STANDARD  FILLING LEVEL D 2 
 
D2.1 .1 Application  
The standard  filling  level gives the location  point for the fixed liquid level  gauge, necessary for the filling 
procedures  outlined  in Paragraphs  E4 and ES.  
 
D2.2 Principle  
 
The standard  liquid  level is calculated  on the basis that a liquid at 5°C is loaded  into a tank and then  allowed  
to warm to  either 46°C  or 55°C  (according  to size),  at which temperature the tank is one or two percent  less 
than completely  filled.  It is considered that temperatures outside this range  are unlikely  to occur in practice.  
 
D2.3 Procedure  
 
The procedure  shall be as follows:  
 
(a) Calculate the volume filling  percentage  from the following  equation:  
 
V= R /D X105 ……………………………………………………………………………….  D 1 
 
 
where  
 
 
V = volume -filling  percentage.  
 
R= mass -filling  ratio for the size of the tank,  i.e. 0.538 if the tank  is less than 5 m3 or 0.553.  if 5 m3 or more  
 
D= liquid  density at 5°c; i n kilograms  per cubic metre.  
=632   
 
(b) Calculate  the location of liquid  surface  from V and the tank diameter,  by geometric  methods.  
 
D3 PROCEDURE FI LLING  BY WEIGHT  
D3.1 Application  
 
Since it is not normally p racticable  to provide weighing  facilities  for a fixed stationary  tank, filling by  weight.is  
generally  useable only for cylinders,  or for portable tanks, or for tankers if they  can be filled on a 
weighbridge,  or cross -checked  on a weighbridge  after filling  by volumetric  monitoring.  
 
D3.2 Filling  procedure  
 
The mass -filling  ratio R (see Paragraph  D2.3) is multiplied  by the  actual  capacity  of the   
tank' and ( added  to the tare  of the empty tank  or tanker, to give the total  mass.  Filling  shall not continue  past 
this point.  
NOTE:  Filling may be  controlled by a mass flow meter after the determination  of initial  tank I 
contents by other means.   
 
D4 PROCEDURE -FILLING  BY VOLUME -STANDARD  LIQUID  LEVEL METHOD  
 
D4.1 Application  
 
The standard  liquid level  method may be used for any cylinder,  tank or tanker,  which is not filled by mass,  
provided  that the  liquid being  transferred  is not unusually  cold,  i.e. below 5°C. No other checks are 
necessary.  
 
 D4.2 Filling  procedure  
 
Fill the tank to the standard  filling  level indicated  by the fixed  liquid  level gauge.  A 
 
A variable  liquid  level gauge may be  used to monitor the rising  liquid  level.  during  filling  but it shall not be 
used as the final arbiter of when to stop filling.  
 
D5 FILLING BY VOLUME -TEMPERATURE  CORRECTION METHOD  
 
D5.1 Application  
The temperature  correction  method may be used to fill above the sta ndard  liquid  level to the maximum filling  
level provided  that certain  additional  information  is obtained.  A variable liquid level gauge and a liquid -
temperature  gauge are necessary.  
 
D5.2 Determination  of maximum permitted level  
 
The following  information  shall be obtained:  
(a) The size of the tank,  i.e. whether  it is above or below  5 m3.  capacity,  and the associated  mass filling  ratio 
(see Paragraph D 2.3).  
 
(b) The temperature  of the liquid  as it is  filled into the tank.  
The volume -filling  percentage  maybe  calculated  from the following equation:  
  
v= R/D_ x 105 
  
 
where ... E2  
 
V= volume  filling  percentage  
 
R =mass -filling  ratio 
 
D =density.  of the liquid  at the actual  temperature when  loaded  (see 
Table  A3). 
 
No further  calculation  is necessary  since the volume  filling  percentage  is read directly  off the variable  liquid -
level gauge.  
 
 
D6 FILLING ROCEDURE  
 
The method of controlling filling  shall be as follows:  
 
(a) F-ill to the' standard  filling  level as in Paragraph  D4. As filling  proceeds,  monitor  the 
temperature and determine  the value  of V (see Paragraph  D5.2). 
 
(b) As the liquid  level approaches  the fixed  liquid  level gauge  point,  prepare  to start using the variable liquid 
gauge.  
  
 
(c) As the liquid  level reached  the standard  filling  level as indicated  by the fixed  liquid level gauge,  check the 
calibration  of the variable level gauge.  
 
Continue  filling  until the calculated  maximum  filling  level,  corrected  for any gauge error, has been reached.  
 
 
 
 
ANNEX E 
 
INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED TO EMERGENCY SERVICES  
 
 
The information  provided to the emergency  services  should include the following:  
 
(a) A site plan, which should indicate - 
 
(i) the direction  of north;  
 
(ii) the boundaries  of the premises and the names of adjacent streets;  · 
 
(iii) the location  and identification  of all buildings  and external  stores  at the premises;  
 
(iv) vehicular  entry points, and vehicular  access within the site;  
  
(v) the location of dangerous  goods;  
 
(vi) the fire service layout;  
 
(vii) the location  of the drainage system,  including isola tion valves;  
  
(viii) the location  of alarm  points;  and  
/-0-// 
(ix) the location  of venting  arrangements  for Iocation  where  anhydrous  ammonia may  become  trapped  where  
the wind direction  may force  the vapour  into adjacent  enclosed structures.  
 
A copy  of the  current  manifest  listing quantities , classes,  UN numbers,  product and names  of the  dangerous  
goods being  stored  and the location  of dangerous  goods within the premises.   
A list of names  and telep hone  paper  numbers  (including  at-work  and after -hours)  
of personnel  within the occupier  organization  who can provide  specialist  advice  or assistance  in an 
emergency,  
 
Details of the evacuation  system at the site,  including - 
 
(i) the type of alarm  and its  means of actuation;  
 
(ii) the locations'  of assembly areas; and  
 
(iii) a means  by which  the emergency  services  can identify members  of the warden structure, for t he 
premises  
 
(e) Material  safety data sheets (MSDSs) for all the dangerous goods  on the site.  
 
(f) Details.of che micals  that can react  with ammonia  and which  are located  close to the area where  ammonia 
may be released.