WT/TPR/M/340  
24 August  2016 
(16-4494) Page: 1/35 
Trade Policy Review Body  
21 and 23 June 2016   
 
  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
ZAMBIA 
MINUTES OF THE MEETING  
Chairperson: Ms. Irene Young (Hong Kong, China)  
CONTENTS  
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .......................  2 
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE O F ZAMBIA ................................ ....... 4 
3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ................  8 
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMB ERS ................................ ................................ ........................  11 
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF ZAMBIA  AND ADDITIONAL COMME NTS ..........  30 
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ .........................  35 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies 
provided by Zambia  are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/ 340/Add.1  and will be available online 
at http://www.wto.org/engl ish/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The fourth Trade Policy Review of Zambia was held on 21 and 23 June 2016. The 
Chairperson, Ms. Irene Young (Hong Kong, China), welcomed the delegation of Zambia headed by 
Honourable Raymond Mpundu, Deputy Minister of Commerce, Trade and Industry ; the delegation 
from Zambia; and the discussant, H.E. Mr. Mothusi Bruce Rabasha Palai (Botswana) . As agreed by 
Members earlier, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) was attending 
this meeting as observer on an ad hoc basis.  
1.2.  The Chairperson drew Members' attention to WTO/AIR/TPR/31/ Corrigendum 1 distributed on 
8 June , which informed delegations that the second  TPR of the Democratic Republic of Congo 
(DRC), originally sc heduled for Wednesday 15 and Friday 17 June , had been  postponed at the 
request of the DRC authorities. The Secretariat was in contact with the DRC delegation to try to 
find another date for the meeting. Members would be informed in due course of the revise d 
schedule.  
1.3.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the Trade Policy Reviews and the main elements of 
the procedures for the meeting. The report by Zambia  was co ntained in document WT/TPR/G/340  
and that of the  WTO Secretariat in WT/TPR/S/340 . 
1.4.  Questions by the following delegations had been submitted in writing before the deadline and 
had been transmitted to the delegation of Zambia : Canada ; Chile; China; the United States; 
Brazil, the European Union; and Argentina . No delegations submitted written questions  after the 
deadline . 
1.5.  At the previous TPR meeting in 2009, Members had commended Zambia on its rapidly 
growing economy and had observed an impressive growth in non -traditional exports. They had 
encouraged Zambia to further reduce its dependence on copper mi ning and deve lop a more 
diversified economy, but they had also noted obstacles such as high -cost and inefficient services in 
transport, electricity, and fixed telecommunications . 
1.6.  Since then, Zambia 's GDP had  continued to expand, at annual rates averaging o ver 6%. A 
high demand for copper was the principal factor behind this. As a result, in 2014, the country had 
been upgraded from the low -income to the lower -middle -income category in the World Bank 
analytical classification. However, structural weaknesses, including supply -side constraints  and 
significant State intervention, still made the economy narrow -based and highly vulnerable. In the 
various economic sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing and services, Members saw growth 
potentials largely untap ped. 
1.7.  Meanwhile, headwinds in the mining sector (affecting copper in particular), exacerbated by 
weaker global economic growth , had frustrated Zambia 's economic performance in the last two 
years. Ami dst these challenges, Zambia had  implemented several refor ms aimed at improving its 
business environment and attrac ting foreign investment, and had  recently rolled out a strategic 
plan for long -term development. The Chairperson believed Members would wish to learn more 
about these reforms and development plans, a nd their implic ations for international trade.  
1.8.  Regarding existing trade policies, one important area was Zambia 's tariff regime. At the last 
TPR, Members had encouraged Zambia to improve its binding commitments by increasing their 
coverage and reducing the  gap between b ound and applied rates. It seemed that not much had  
changed since then, except for the migration to HS  2012. Besides, Zambia still had  difficulty fully 
implementing the Customs Valuat ion Agreement, and still imposed  export taxes, some of whic h 
aimed at promoting local value addition.  
1.9.  That said, Members were pleased to know that Zambia had  already ratified the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement and had notified all its Categories A, B and C commitments. Thanks to the 
authorities ' efforts, all customs  declarations could  also be conducted electronically now, which 
made  clearance simpler and  faster. In addition, Zambia had  amended or had enacted a number of 
trade -related laws over the period under review. They include d the promulgation of a new 
Competiti on and Consumer Protection Act in 2010; adoption of a National Quality Policy in 2011; 
and amendment to the Copyright and Performance Rights Act in 2010. The last one in particular 
had been  a matter of great interest to Members at the last TPR, and Members  understood  that the WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  process of establishing a TRIP s-compliant regime in Zambia had  not yet been completed. The 
Chairperson noted that i t would be useful to know the review process for other IPR legislation 
currently under consideration.  
1.10.   On the internation al front, Members had commended Zambia 's commitment to the WTO and 
the multilateral trading system. Members  noted that Zambia was also a member of the Common 
Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the Southern African Development 
Community (S ADC). Overlapping membership in different trade agreements bore costs and certain 
challenges. At the last TPR, some Members had expressed concern in this regard. The Chairperson 
suggested  that Zambia might also like to share with the Members how it saw and managed  these 
agreements.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE O F ZAMBIA ( HONOURABLE RAYMOND 
MPUNDU ) 
2.1.  I am del ighted to present this opening statement  during the fourth review session of 
Zambia 's trade policy.  
2.2.  Madam Chair, on behalf of my delegation an d indeed on my own behalf, allow me to express 
our gratitude to you for presiding over this R eview. We would also like to express our deep 
gratitude to Ambassador Palai of Botswana for accepting to serve as the discussant.  
2.3.  May I also take this opportunity to express our special thanks to the team from the WTO 
Secretariat for their tireless efforts in preparing  the comprehensive Secretariat r eport on Zambia 's 
Trade Policy.  
2.4.  Similarly, we would like to express our thanks to the delegations present who have tak en 
interest in Zambia 's Trade Policy Review. We welcome the interest and look forward to very 
interactive and productive discussions over the course of this review.  
National policies and focus a reas 
2.5.  During the period under review, the Government implemente d its strategic interventions 
through the Fifth National Development Plan from 2006 to 2010, and the Sixth National 
Development Plan from 2011 to 2015 which was subsequently revised to cover the period 2013 to 
2016.  
2.6.  The Fifth and Sixth National Developmen t Plans were primarily focused on implementing 
reforms targeted at reducing the cost of doing business and creating an enabling environment for 
private sector growth and development. In line with this, Government, through the Private Sector 
Development Ref orm Programme, implemented reforms targeted at making the licensing regime 
simpler, transparent and more focused on legitimate regulatory purposes.  
2.7.  On the other hand, the strategic focus of the Revised Sixth National Development Plan was 
on capital investm ents with an emphasis on promoting economic diversification and 
industrialization. In line with this, the Government adopted the Industrialization  and Job Creation 
Strategy aimed at enhancing Zambia 's productive capacity while at the same time creating job s 
and wealth for the population. The Strategy prioritized four sectors namel y: agriculture (including 
agro-processing); manufacturing; construction and tourism which not  only have great potential for 
accelerating industrial development but also have the hi ghest absorp tion capacity for skilled, 
semi-skilled and unskilled labour.  
2.8.  In the area of t rade, Zambia continued to maintain a liberal trade policy regime whose main 
focus has been to enhance productivity and competitiveness of Zambian products in both the  
domestic and international markets.  
2.9.  Similarly, Zambia has remained an active player in the regional integration processes under 
the Southern African Development Community  (SADC)  and the Common Market for Eastern and 
Southern Africa  (COMESA) . These Regiona l Economic Communities are important trading blocks 
for Zambia in terms of import and export trade. Zambia is one of the seventeen countries that 
have signed the Tripartite Free Trade Area Agreement, and is actively involved in the continental 
negotiations  aimed at establishing the Continental Free Trade Area which aims at opening up 
market opportunities for participating countries.  
2.10.   At the same time, Zambia has been a beneficiary of preferential market access schemes 
offered by both developed and developing  countries, which it considers as important initiatives to 
assist developing and least developed countries integrate into global trade and as such continues 
to work towards the effective utilization of preferences offered under such schemes.  
Economic p erformance  
2.11.   In terms of sector performance, at the macroeconomic level, Zambia has recorded positive 
growth with an average real GDP growth rate of 6.5 % during the period 2009 to 2014. This WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  positive growth was driven largely by improvements in the non -mineral s ectors of agriculture, 
manufacturing and infrastructure developments among others.  
2.12.   During this same period, the country recorded single digit inflation rates. The annual overall 
inflation rate in 2009 w as 9.9% and as at 31st December 2013 it dropped to 7.1 % before raising 
to 7.9 in 2014. This was on account of a decline in staple food prices.  
2.13.   However, as at 31 December 2015, the inflation rate rose to 21.1 % due to the effects of the 
sharp depreciation of the Kwacha experienced in the third quarter of 2015,  which was partly due 
to the global economic slowdown and poor performance of the commodity prices on the 
international market, coupled with the increased production costs caused by low electricity supply.  
2.14.   Zambia 's export trade overall  has been positive in  the period under review, with total export 
trade h aving grown from a level of US$4.3 billion in 2009 to US$ 9.6 billion by 2014 with the 
highes t level recorded in 2013 at US$ 10.6 billion. However, Zambia 's export trade experienced a 
down ward trend in 2015  falling to about at US$ 7 billion. Over the same period, non -traditional 
exports increased from US$976 million in 2009 to US$ 4.1 billion by 2013 before falling to 
US$2.6  billion in  2014 and a further fall of US$ 1.7 billion recorded in 2015.  
2.15.   Zambia witnesse d improvements in investment flows with continued investor confidence. 
Evidence to this was the re -affirmation of the country 's sovereign credit ratings at a ceiling of B+ 
coupled with the continued rise in FDI inflows. For example, as at end of September 2014, FDI 
inflows were US $2,231.5 million, 6.3 % higher than for the whole of 2013.  
2.16.   Madam Chair, i n terms of sector performance during the period under review, the 
agriculture sector grew by an average of 7 % which was above the Comprehensive Africa 
Agricult ure Development Programme target of 6 %. During the same period, the sector 's 
contribution to GDP averaged 18.5 %. 
2.17.   In mining, the sector continued to dominate Zambia 's economic growth path in the period 
under review. Mining remained the dominant sector in te rms of Zambia 's export earnings, 
accounting for approximately 70%. This high dependence on a single commodity for export 
earnings has placed Zambia in a vulnerable position in as far as external factors are concerned. 
The recent downturn in commodity price s on the global market did not spare the Zambian 
economy.  
2.18.   The manufacturing sector 's contribution to GDP averaged 7.7 %. The main destination for 
Zambia 's exports in manufacturing during this period was the SADC market which accounted for 
approximately 80 % of Zambia 's exports.  
2.19.   Following the introduction of the new Information Communication and Technology (ICT) law 
in 2009, the sector has equally recorded impressive growth with mobile penetration rate increasing 
from 34% in 2009 to 74% in 2015. Internet pene tration rate also increased from less than 1% to 
39% during the same period. The ICT sector contributio n to real GDP increased from1.5% to 3.5 % 
over the same period.  
2.20.   With regard to infrastructure development to open up key economic sectors such as tourism 
and agriculture, Zambia has invested heavily in transport and energy infrastructure. The 
investments include the link Zambia 8000 and pave Zambia 2000 projects. Other investments 
include the modernization of four international airports.  
2.21.   The installed capa city in the energy sector is 2451megawatts of which 97% is hydro and 3% 
from other sources. In addition to the existing developed generation capacity, the country 's total 
generation potential is about 6000  megawatts.  
2.22.   Substantial progress has also been made  in health and educational infrastructure across the 
country.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  Challenges  
2.23.   Having said this , Madam Chair, allow me to highlight some challenge s that Zambia 
continues to face.  
2.24.   Internally:  
 Zambia is facing challenges  with diversification issues as the country continues to depend on 
copper for export earnings. While progress has been made in terms of non -traditional 
exports, the composition is still dominated by raw materials and low value products;  
 Infrastructure in major economic sector s is limited;  
 The electr icity energy mix remains undi versified while supply continues  to be inadequate. 
The sector is highly dependent on hydro for power generation;  therefore, it has remained 
vulnerable to climate change such as drought or poor rainfall;  
 The private sector still  requires a lot of support to effectively spearhead economic growth;  
 The tax base remains narrow;  
 access to affordable finance is still a major challenge for enhancing production and 
productivity; and last but not least  
 Investment in research and developme nt is at its infancy stage.  
2.25.   Externally:   
 The fluctuations in global commodity prices and instability in global currencies has had 
telling effects on the Zambian economy. The fall in copper prices in the recent past has 
resulted in a substantial reduction i n the intake of revenue from copper sales, which in turn 
has had negative effects on Zambia 's current account, the exchange rate and planned 
capital expenditure. The current commodity prices on the international market present 
compelling reasons for the ur gent reform of the global architecture of trade rules in order to 
discipline measures that distort trade;  
 Other factors associated with operations of multinational corporations have also affected the 
Zambian economy in as far as capital flight is concerned , especially in the mining sector;  
 Market entry requirements have limited Zambia 's capacity to penetrate certain markets. 
Standards and technical requirements maintained by trading partners continue to be a 
challenge. This problem has further been compound ed by the proliferation of private 
standards, which are beyond the capacities of the private sector to cope and are thus 
deemed as a disguised barriers to trade; and  
 Challenges associated with trade liberalization.  
Future outlook and policy thrust  
2.26.   Looking ahead, the ultimate goal of the Government is to improve the quality of life for all 
Zambians. Therefore, the major policy thrust going forward is to continue with policies and 
strategies that are targeted at diversifying the economy and also improving the  productivity and 
competitiveness of the priority sectors. To this end, the Government will continue to ensure that 
the economy remains resilient to any adverse external developments, such as those associated 
with volatile commodity prices in general and c opper prices in particular.  
2.27.   The Government will continue to implement prudent fiscal and monetary policies so as 
ensure macroeconomic stability.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  2.28.   The Government will also continue nurturing the private sector growth and promoti ng 
research and d evelopment in all sectors of the economy.  
2.29.   At the same time, the Government aims to continue to pursue measures aimed at 
promoting inclusive growth and job creation. The Government will also continue to wor k with its 
cooperating partners  in its quest to enhance Zambia 's trade and economic development.  
2.30.   In an effort to support the measures of inclusive growth, Zambia recognizes the importance 
of easing the cost of trading across borders and in that regard, the country has embarked on a 
number of initiatives such as integ rated systems for managing payment of systems and  the latest 
being the national electronic single wi ndow which was launched in June  2016.  
Conclusion  
2.31.   In conclusion, I would like to reiterate Zambia 's commitment to the multilateral trading 
system. Zambia be lieves that the WTO is an important forum for promoting freer and fairer trade 
through a predictable trading environment that is governed by rules. It is therefore important that 
we work towards concluding negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda and  to implement 
commitments that have been made thus far including the outcome of the 10th WTO Ministerial 
Conference  which was held  in Nairobi, Kenya.  
2.32.   It is important to continue pursuing programmes that assist developing and least developed 
countries deal with impediments to trade so that they can be equal partners in global trade. 
Therefore, support towards the aid for trade initiative as well as the Enhanced Integrated 
Framework and the regular technical assistance programmes of the WTO should be enhanced . 
2.33.   In addition, we are of the view that institutions such as the International Trade Centre and 
the United National Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) should be adequately 
resourced so that they continue to provide the valuable services to develop ing and least developed 
countries.  
2.34.   With these few remarks, I thank you all for your kind attention.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSANT  
3.1.  I would like to welcome the distinguished delegation of Zambia led by the Deputy Minister of 
Commerce, Trade and Industry, Hono urable Raymond Mpundu .  
3.2.  At the outset, I would like to thank Zambia and the Secretariat for their comprehensive 
reports. I also thank the Secretariat for their valuable support.  
3.3.  In my intervention , I will first remark on the broader economic developments, and thereafter 
discuss some specific aspects of Zambia 's economic environment and trade policy.  
Major developments in the e conomy  
3.4.  Zambia 's economic policies are designed with the objective of creating an enabling 
environment in which the private sector ca n be an engine of growth, as well as achieve sustainable 
development. A key part of this is economic diversification, through which inclusive growth, job 
and wealth creation can be achieved. It is also worth noting that Zambia  is a politically stable 
count ry historically. It is against this backdrop that I proceed to highlight some developments in 
trade policies and prac tices of Zambia since the last r eview in 2009.  
3.5.  During the period under review, Zambia has registered relatively strong economic growth at 
an average rate of 6.6% per year up to 2015. This is attributed mainly to good global performance 
of commodities, in particular growing copper dema nd. Noticeable growth was realiz ed in other 
sectors of  the economy as well, including  agriculture, constructio n, transport, communications, 
wholesale and retail.  
3.6.  The strong economic performance has helped move Za mbia from a low income to 
lower -middle income country in 2014, in accordance with the World Bank analytical classification 
of economies.  
3.7.  However, growth decelerated from 2013, due to technical difficulties in the mining sector, 
coupled with weaker global demand for copper, an estimated 28% decline .1  
3.8.  A more detailed look into the economic performance points to a heavy reliance on 
commodities, in particular  copper, which continues to be a top export earner, accounting for over 
70% of the value of merchandise exports. In this connection, economic diversification remains a 
key objective for Zambia.  
3.9.  Zambia performed relatively well in attracting foreign direct investment, experiencing an 
upward trend in FDI inflows in the review period, registering almost fourfold increase (from 
US$700 million to US$2.5 billion) from 2009 to 2014. However, FDI was largely destined to the 
mining sector, and this further highlight s that diversification remains a challenge.  
3.10.   For about 8 years, copper and its by -products played a key role in the economy, and this 
has been highlighted in past TPRs. Several challenges have hampered diversification eff orts, 
including factors such as  supply-side constrains; high costs of doing business, some of which are 
related to energy -supply challenges; difficult access to finance, which significantly affects the 
competitiveness of Zambia2; high interest rates; and recent macroeconomic developments su ch as 
those relating to tax policy changes in mining and exchange rate volatility.  
3.11.   The Secretariat report notes that falling international copper prices and high depreciation of 
the Kwacha (by some 50% over the period September 2014 to September 2015) have  negatively 
affected Zambia 's external position. The decline in the copper prices and exports has had a big 
impact on government revenue, which in -turn led to growing fiscal deficit.  
                                                
1 African Economic Outlook 2016 report on Zambia; a joi nt publication of the African Development Bank, 
OECD Development Centre and UNDP  
2 WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2015/16  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  3.12.   Related to this is that, even though total public debt has risen sharply  over the past couple 
of years, Zambia can be commended for containing debt ratios within internationally acceptable 
thresholds.  
3.13.   Between 2009 and 2014, inflation was in single digits followed by a sharp rise to 21.1% as 
at end -December 2015. The latest av ailable data estimates inflation at 21.3% in May 2016 .3 The 
rise in inflation was attributed to several factors, including: the sharp depreciation of the Kwacha, 
global economic downturn, and a decline in commodity prices in international markets.  
3.14.   Given th e foregoing, especially the challenges highlighted, it is desirable that Zambian 
authorities continue to pursue macroeconomic reforms. Inflation, debt sustainability and 
macroeconomic stability are a key part of this.  
3.15.   Madam  Chairperson, Zambia has made si gnificant strides in reforming its business 
environment and this includes the establishment of one -stop shops and e -business registration. 
Zambia has also made significant legislative and institutional reforms, thus enhancing 
transparency and predictabilit y. These relate to protection of intellectual property rights, 
competition policy, and government procurement.  
3.16.   These reforms are expected to lead to significant reduction in turnaround times for business 
registration and licensing, and streamlined regulat ory environment. Posi tives include  an estimated 
26.6% saving in compliance costs for businesses; and improvement in rankings of the World Bank 
Group Doing Business Report in 2016, and the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness 
Index in 2015/16.  
3.17.   These  are indeed commendable efforts, and it would certainly be interesting to follow the 
long-term impact of these reforms on the ease of doing business in Zambia.  
Closer look at economic environment and trade policy  
3.18.   There is consensus over the strong growth potential for agricultural production in Zambia, 
given the country 's large fertile land and water resources endowment. However, out of about 58% 
total land area that is fertile, only 14% of agricultural land is utilized. Zambian authorities 
acknowledge the  challenges in agriculture and have set in motion plans to invigorate agriculture 
production. This is to be encouraged, especially investment in the agriculture sector.  
3.19.   On customs procedures, we note Zambia introduced advance tariff ruling. This is a 
comm endable development that serves to provide certainty to cross -border traders.  
3.20.   The Secretariat report  also notes that Zambia has a limited coverage of tariff bindings, 
estimated at 16.7% of all tariff lines. Furthermore, tariffs are bound at ceiling levels  with a simple 
average of the final bound tariffs estimated at 105.9%. The prevailing tariff profile can be 
perceived to limit the predictability of Zambia 's tariff regime. The signific ant tariffs that remain 
unbound  and the differences between the bound a nd applied tariffs require  some  attention.  
3.21.   A case can thus be made for a need for a better balance between the pursuit of 
development imperatives and ensuring predictability in the Multilateral Trading System.  
3.22.   We note from the Secretariat rep ort that the re is a decline in S tate intervention in th e 
economy, as the list of State -Owned Enterprises has decreased compared to previous Reviews. 
Further structural reform, such as commercialisation or privatisation of state -owned enterprises, 
where there is clear value addition, is encouraged.  
3.23.   Zambia actively participates in the WTO, and has notably ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement and notified its Category A, B and C commitments. This is a highly commendable effort 
and sets an example for the rest of the WTO membership on the importance of trade facilitation to 
trade and developme nt, especially for the smaller S tates.  
                                                
3 Viewed at:  
http://www.zamstat s.gov.zm/report/Monthly/Vol%20157%202016%20The%20Monthly%20May.pdf . WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  3.24.   Zambia actively participates in the regional integration agenda, as a member of COMESA 
and SADC. Zambia is also engaged in the negotiati ons towards a COMESA -EAC-SADC Tripartite 
Free Trade Area (Tripartite FTA), whose main objectiv es is to, among others, harmoniz e policies 
and address challenges that come with overlapping memberships among the three Regional 
Economic Communities (RECs). Zam bia has notably signed the Tripartite FTA Agreement, even 
though negotiations are ongoing to operationalise the FTA. All the above taken together, there is 
an opportunity to overcome whatever challenges and conflicting policies between the two 
competing RE Cs (both with ambitions to become customs unions) under the Tripartite FTA 
configuration.  
3.25.   The Secretariat report highlights that the public procurement regime was reformed in 2013, 
resulting in decentralisation and a wide menu of procurement methods. The v alue of 
decentralisation notwithstanding, concerns about transparency, the possibility of wide discretion 
and consistency of application need to be addressed.  
3.26.   The Secretariat report also notes that Zambia still maintains export taxes on select goods. 
This remains one of the trade policy instruments of concern to the WTO Membership, as has been 
the case in past Reviews. There are concerns around export taxes hindering t he competitiveness of 
countries  and the appropriat eness of the policy instrument.  
Conclus ion  
3.27.   I have in this discussion only attempted to highlight some of the issues that I consider as 
central to the understanding and appreciation of  the trade policies of Zambia. I have also tried to 
avoid taking up some of the areas that have drawn significa nt interest from the membership, 
taking into account the advance written questions. Some of these issues include: intellectual 
property rights, economic diversification and development of non -traditional exports, the prospects 
of a new importer/exporter se lf-clearance system, regional integration agenda, privatisations and 
public private partnership and investment in the agriculture sector.  
3.28.   I should, therefore conclude by, once again, acknowledging the progress that Zambia has 
made, in spite of the prevail ing unfavourable external and domestic condi tions confronting its 
economy. I encourage Members to support Zambia as it puts in place policy initiatives and 
programmes that would stimulate sustainable economic progress and prosperity, for the benefit of 
its people and the multilateral trading s ystem.  
3.29.   I look forward to an interesting exchange on these and other issues that I am sure will 
enlighten us in the coming days.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
CANADA  
4.1.  Canada values its commercial relationship with Zambia, which  ranks as the number one 
destination in Sub -Saharan Africa for investment by Canadian mining companies. We note with 
appreciation passage of the new Mineral Royalty Tax in May 2016, which has significantly 
improved the operating environment for mining comp anies and is expected to have a positive 
impact on the Zambian economy.  
4.2.  Canada further commends Zambia on recent pro -business reforms such as making it easier 
to access credit information, improving tax payment methods, simplifying business registration 
and licensing procedures, and adopting new competition legislation. According to the World Bank 's 
Ease of Doing Business ranking, Zambia holds the 97th position out of 189 economies. This places 
it among the top countries in which to do business in Africa.  
4.3.  However, the Zambian business climate still faces a number of persistent structural risks, 
including: a lack of adequately skilled workers, corruption, a relatively weak legal system, limited 
and costly credit, poor infrastructure, and excessive bureaucra cy. Building on its recent successes, 
Canada encourages Zambia to consider further pro -business measures including for example, 
streamlining customs procedures, providing stronger tax incentives and creating a stronger, more 
stable and predictable regulato ry environment.  
4.4.  With regards to the issue of corruption, we recognize that corruption is a two -way street and 
that all countries need to do their part to fight corruption and ensure transparency. As indicated in 
the WTO Secretariat 's trade policy report, Z ambia has made considerable progress in the fight 
against corruption in recent years, strengthening its legal and institutional frameworks. In 
particular, we note that as of 2012 Zambia became fully compliant with the Extractive Industries 
Transparency Ini tiative 's Standard, which aims to improve transparency and accountability in the 
management of revenues from natural resources. These efforts have improved Zambia 's ranking in 
the Corruption Perception Index significantly since 2009.  
4.5.  However, corruption r emains an important challenge in the country. We encourage the 
Government of Zambia to ensure that proper safeguards are in place to combat corruption, as well 
as to censure those who misuse public funds, steps that will help to promote growth and 
diversif ication in Zambia 's economy. As an example, the Government of Canada requires all 
Canadian companies to comply with the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act or face sanctions 
and further expects all Canadian companies to live up to the highest ethica l standard. When it wa s 
elected in 2011, the Zambian G overnment promised immediate enactment of Access to 
Information legislation. Yet as of today, the bill is languishing in Parliament. We therefore urge the 
Government to enact it promptly.  
4.6.  Addressing co rruption and other efforts to foster greater private -sector lead growth are 
critical to economic diversification. Zambia 's economy is highly dependent on copper, which 
according to a World Bank report from 2015 accounts for 77 % of total exports. This makes  Zambia 
vulnerable to external shocks such as recent low world copper prices and economic downturns in 
key export markets. Against this backdrop, we note the untapped potential of the tourism sector, 
an area where Zambia underperforms relative to some of i ts neighbours. We welcome the 
emphasis on tourism infrastructure in the government 's Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP). 
Another sector with enormous growth potential is agriculture. However, a reliance on rain -fed 
practices has resulted in volatile pr oduction levels in recent years. We encourage the G overnment 
of Zambia to undertake further efforts to improve agriculture infrastructure, including irrigation in 
order to build a more resilient sector. Canada looks forward to learning more about other 
initiatives to promote economic diversification throughout the course of this review.  
4.7.  Another major challenge for the Zambian economy is the ongoing electricity crisis. According 
to the World Bank, power shortages will continue to at least 2018. The Governmen t report 
underlines detrimental effects of the crisis on the economy, including production and income 
losses. Moreover, current imports of emergency power are putting huge pressures on the budget, 
worsening the government 's fiscal position. We encourage Za mbia to improve sector planning and 
procurement processes for large power projects.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.8.  Trade policy also has a role to play. We positively note Zambia 's participation in sub -regional 
and continent -wide integration initiatives, including the Southern African D evelopment Community 
(SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the SADC -EAC-
COMESA Tripartite Framework. We also applaud Zambia 's participation in negotiations to establish 
the Continental Free Trade Area under the African Uni on. These initiatives are not only important 
for market access, but will undoubtedly also contribute to strengthening transport, energy, and 
infrastructure links that are vital to increasing economic opportunities of a landlocked developing 
country. Canada  encourages Zambia to continue in its efforts towards actively participating in the 
multilateral trading system, and in particular congratulates Zambia on being among the first 
countries in sub -Saharan Africa to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
4.9.  In closing , Canada looks forward to having a constructive exchange of views on all aspects of 
Zambia 's trade policy this week. We have submitted a number of questions touching on many the 
themes just mentioned and thank Zambia for its responses. Let me end b y saying that we also 
wish the delegation the utmost success during this review.   
CHILE  
4.10.   For this fourth Review, Chile raised four questions relating, inter alia, to the development of 
trade and trade policy, multilateral trade agreements and, trade facili tation.  
4.11.   In recent years, Chile has tried to move its foreign policy closer to the African continent by 
taking a number of steps, including: (a) obtaining accreditation before the African Union; (b) 
participating in the South America – Africa Summit (ASA); (c) opening an embassy in Ghana and 
more recently, in Ethiopia; (d) organizing a visit by President Michelle Bachelet to South Africa, 
Mozambique and Angola in August 2014; (e) opening trade offices; (f) applying for observer 
country status in the Economic  Community of Western African  States; (g) undertaking 
public -private trade missions to various African countries.  
4.12.   With regard to technical assistance and training of human capital, we note that Chile has 
made available 30 Master's degree scholarships for A frican professionals wishing to specialize at 
Chilean universities. This scholarship programme is known as the "Republic of Chile –Nelson 
Mandela Scholarship Programme".  
4.13.   In the specific case of Zambia, between last year and this year an agricultural projec t, 
"Community Farms in the District of Sichili", was implemented through the Chile Fund Against 
Hunger and Poverty and the Africa Dream Foundation.  
4.14.   In addition, Chile's strong desire to make a contribution to the objectives of the multilateral 
trading syst em and improve its trading links with the African countries most in need is also in 
evidence in the Chilean Law of 28 September 2013 eliminating tariffs for the 48 least developed 
countries. This unilate ral, non -reciprocal tariff preference regime for LDCs  provides for a zero rate 
on imports of goods originating in and coming from this group of countries.  
4.15.   Zambia and Chile share an interest and concern for the development of support policies for 
small and medium –scale mining, both countries being copper prod ucers.  
4.16.   Although trade between Chile and Zambia is limited, we are certain that it can be increased 
in the coming years: hence our interest in this process and in Zambia's negotiations.  
4.17.   In relation to the present report, we are closely following Zambia's ef forts to ensure the 
development and welfare of its population. We congratulate Zambia for its sound economic 
growth, which averaged 6.6% annually during the six years up to 2015. We encourage Zambia to 
continue to bring down inflation, which we know to be one of the Bank of Zambia's concerns.  
4.18.   We hope that Zambia will reduce the high cost of doing business. At the same time we 
believe, as the report indicates, that Zambia has introduced a number of positive reforms aimed at 
improving its business environment  and attracting foreign investment. An example of this is the 
online system for business registration and the implementation of an e –registry. The 
establishment of the single window is also an interesting prospect.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.19.   We wish the Business Regulatory Review Ag ency, set up last year to review new proposals 
for licences, every success.  
4.20.   We would like to take this opportunity to congratulate Zambia for ratifying the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement and notifying its category A, B and C commitments.  
4.21.   Because we are aware  of the importance for Zambia of agriculture, which provides 
subsistence for 70% of the population and accounts for 10% of GDP and total export revenue, we 
urge Zambia to modernize the sector and promote investment in an area where there is significant 
growth potential. We hope that Zambia will continue to develop its National Agricultural Policy, and 
urge it to continue diversifying its export basket.  
CHINA  
4.22.   China is glad to see that Zambia registered strong growth against the backdrop of the global 
financi al crisis since its last review in 2009. More importantly, the economic developments have 
improved the livelihood of its people and contributed to its social development. In the meantime, 
we also note that Zambia 's economy is still much dependent on nature  resources and vulnerable to 
external shocks. China is pleased to see  the improvement on Zambia 's trade and investment 
regime and we believe further integration into the global value chain would benefit Zambia 's 
economic diversification and help to realize  its "Vision 2030 ".  
4.23.   In the WTO, Zambia played a constructive role in the negotiation as a member of the G33, 
ACP, LDC and African group. We would also commend Zambia for its early ratification of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement last December. We enjoy ou r good cooperation here in this organization 
and look forward to building stronger ties with our Zambia colleagues in the future.  
4.24.   On the bilateral front, China is Zambia 's second largest trading partner. The bilateral trade 
volume was US$2.4 billion in 201 5. Last July, China has implemented duty free treatment to 97% 
of the import products from Zambia. And in the first quarter of 2016, our import from Zambia has 
increased 33% compares to last year. Looking ahead, China is ready to actively engage in 
Zambia 's diversification and industrialization process, with deeper and wider cooperation in sectors 
such as industrial capacity, agriculture, infrastructure construction, finance and human resources 
development.  
4.25.   In this regard,  we encourage Zambia to build a  more investment -friendly environment by 
increasing policy predictability and transparency, facilitate business register and licensing 
procedures, and provide more convenience for foreign investments.  
4.26.   Finally, we appreciate that Zambia provided replies to the  questions raised by China, which 
we will go through carefully. And I wish the trade policy review of Zambia a complete success.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.27.   We appreciate the Government of Zambia an d the WTO Secretariat reports. Each describes 
the various challenges tha t Zambia must overcome and the questions it must address in order to 
achieve more effective participation in the global trading system, and to use trade as an 
instrument for realizing greater economic growth and development.  
4.28.   Zambia has made note worthy prog ress since its last Trade Policy Review in 2009.  It has 
continued to witness economic growth – averaging 6.6 % since 2009 despite a slow down in 2015. 
As the Secretariat 's report points out, lower global demand and prices for copper in 2015 coupled 
with tech nical difficulties in Zambia 's mining sector reflect Zambia 's continuing overreliance on 
copper and mining for the nation 's economic growth, and the negative impact the sector can play 
on the nation 's well -being during down times   But we also recognize the  Government of Zambia 's 
efforts to implement reforms aimed at improving the business environment and attracting foreign 
investment to help boost the country 's competitiveness and diversify its economy.  
4.29.   The United States enjoys a vibrant bilateral t rade rel ationship with Zambia. Two-way United 
States -Zambia goods trade totaled US$143 million in 2015 – a 112 % increase since the last 
review, mainly due to an increase in U.S. imports of jewelry from Zambia, as well as an increase in WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  U.S. exports of a va riety of  manufactured products.  Zambia is eligible for trade preferences under 
the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which has been extended through 2025.  In recent 
years, substantially all U.S. imports from Zambia have entered the United States duty -free, under 
the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), zero -duty most -favored -nation provisions and, to a 
lesser extent, AGOA.  
4.30.   During the period of review, Zambia exported a very limited number of products to the 
United States  under the provisions of AGOA. We encourage the Government of Zambia to develop 
an AGOA utilization strategy to take better advantage of the program me, and as called for i n the 
latest AGOA legislation. In this connection, we are pleased to note our partnership with Zambia 
under Trade Afr ica, which is an initiative launched during the Obama Administration aimed at 
increasing African regional trade, as well a s trade with the United States.  Under our Trade Africa 
partnership with Zambia, we are committed to working with the Government of Zam bia not only to 
help it make greater use of the benefits of AGOA to increase bilateral trade, but also to help it 
improve its capacity to boost regional trade and make the most of the opportunities afforded by its 
membership in the WTO.  
4.31.   We are also please d to note that Zambia is involved in two other major initiatives related to 
economic growth and developmen t: the Millennium Challenge Account, administered by the 
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), and Feed the Future, the United States ' global hunger  
and food security initiative. In 2012, Zambia signed an MCC compact, which entered into force in 
2013. The US$355 million compact will help improve drainage, water and sanitation in the capital 
city of Lusaka, as well as the Government of Zambia 's ongoing  efforts at water sector reform. 
Zambia is also a partner in the U.S. Feed the Future Initiative, which aims to decrease hunger and 
pover ty by improving food security. We look forward to our work and increased cooperation with 
Zambia as it moves ahead to b oost its food security.  
4.32.   We enthusiastically commend Zambia 's ratification of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement 
(TFA), as note d in the Secretariat 's report. The TFA will set the stage for more efficient customs 
and border procedur es and coordination in Z ambia. We stand ready to work with Zambia to ensure 
its timely implementation of the agreement.  
4.33.   We agree with the Secretariat 's report that Zambia 's participation in the multilateral t rading 
system remains limited. We encourage Zambia to continue to work t owards establishing a 
transparent trade policy process that will allow for more active engagement in the multilateral 
trading system and more follow -up on multilateral issues, recognizing the ca pacity challenges 
Zambia faces.  We also encourage Zambia to co ntinue efforts to improve implementation of the 
WTO agreements, including the Customs Valuation, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), and 
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreements.  
4.34.   We also want to acknowledge our appreciation for the thorough responses Zam bia prov ided 
to our written questions.  
4.35.   To conclude, the United States stands ready to work with Zambia, and appreciates the 
opportunity to participate in this r eview of Zambia 's trade policy.  We look fo rward to our dialogue 
with the G overnment, both within  the WTO and on a bilateral basis.  
BRAZIL  
4.36.   The delegation of Brazil listened with attention to the presentation on the current state -of-
play of the Zambian economy and trade policy strategy. Brazil takes great interest in this exercise 
– in particular, in l ight of the circumstances surrounding Z ambia 's trade policy as a 
Least -Developed Country M ember of the WTO, and the challenges posed by this circumstance to 
its integration in the global economy.  
4.37.   Brazil would like to emphasize the robust average rate of GD P growth – of 6.6% – recorded 
by Zambia between 2009 and 2015. Since the last review, investments inflows almost quadrupled. 
The ref orms undertaken by the Zambian G overnment with a view to enhancing the business 
environment, such as the streamlining of bus iness registry have most certainly played a role in 
this commendable performance.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.38.   Zambia is, nonetheless, faced with the challenges posed by high inflation caused among 
other factors by the depreciation of its currency. The falling prices of copper have a lso impacted 
Zambia 's economic performance - in particular its current account results - in recent years. 
Zambian economy still relies largely on the mining sector and, more specifically, on copper. As 
many commodities exporters Zambia still faces the daun ting challenge of diversifying its economy.  
4.39.   Brazil commends Zambia 's engagement to trade liberalization and its support to the 
multilateral trading system. Brazil would like to congratulate Zambia for its ratification of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement a nd the notification of the categories A, B and C commitments.  
4.40.   With regard to our bilateral relations, Zambia and Brazil have a long history of diplomatic 
ties – harking back to 1970s – which has received a recent push by the reopening of the Brazilian 
Embassy in Lusaka in 2007, leading to increased bilateral trade and investment flows.  
4.41.   However, despite this history of diplomatic friendship, trade and investment relations 
between Zambia and Brazil have yet to achieve their full potential. Bilateral trade i s still very small 
and trade flows suffered from sharp fluctuations in the last years. We recorded an increase in 
imports from Zambia last year, due to a spike in shipping of copper. In the same period, Brazil 's 
exports of agricultural machinery suffered a  substantial drop by 80%. We hope to see greater 
diversification in the future with a wider range of products being traded bilaterally.  
4.42.   Brazilian investors have also been showing growing interest in the Zambian market. A 
Brazilian mining company establishe d commercial presence in Zambia in 2010 and it is now a 
partner in the Lubambe copper mine joint venture, investing in the Zambian economy and 
generating jobs. Other Brazilian companies have been looking attentively at business opport unities 
offered by the  Zambian G overnment 's projects in different areas such as the energy and 
construction sectors.  
4.43.   Zambia enjoys a strategic position in the very heart of sub -Saharan Africa. This location a nd 
the efforts by the national G overnment aiming at converting Zambia  from a "landlocked " into a 
"land-linked " country turn Zambia into a fundamental partner in the African continent.  
4.44.   Brazil presented some questions to Zambia in connection to this TPR, and we appreciate 
their efforts in providing answers that will be revie wed carefully by my colleagues in our capital.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.45.   Following a long period of political stability, Zambia enjoyed a high growth rate until 2011 
with a 5.7% GDP growth average during the period from 2002 -2012. Zambia also achieved a 
lower middle -income status. However, this should not disregard the fact that the proportion of 
people living in poverty remains very high with an estimated 23.4 % in urban areas compared to 
76.6% in rural areas, while the extreme poverty is 40.8% at national level.  
4.46.   Macroeconomic fundamentals deteriorated in the last few years, with growing fiscal deficits 
and debt in 2014 and 2015. The falling price of copper, which is an important and growing 
component of Zambia 's trade (it grew from 41% to 73% of all Zambia 's exports between 2008 and 
2014) has certainly played a role in this situation together with certain adverse public policy 
choices. In addition, the shortage of power caused by abnormally low water levels has contributed 
to worsen the economic situation  and make tra de and commercializ ation of goods even more 
difficult from July 2015. All this has been reflected in the depreciation of the Zambian Kwacha.  
4.47.   After its March 2016 mission, the IMF observed that the economy is under intense pressure 
and Government finances under immense stress. The IMF also indicated that a package of 
measures making clear that fiscal pressures are being tackled would boost market confidence and 
pave the way for increased investment and growth. According to the WTO Secretariat report , the 
IMF considers Zambia 's potential as strong.   
4.48.   The EU would like to highlight that Zambia ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
notified its Category A, B and C commitments. This is an important step and very much welcomed WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  as it shows Zambia 's commitm ent to promoting trade which is an engine for its growth. The EU 
also supports Zambia 's call to donors to coordinate their assistance on trade facilitation.  
4.49.   We are convinced that there are policies that Zambia can adopt which would help its 
development fu rther. Among those we think that priority should be given to ensuring predictability 
and stability in the business environment while pursuing further efforts to facilitate business and 
attract investors. Consultations with stakeholders should be promoted a nd actively pursued. An 
example here is the case of the imposition of royalty taxes on mines, which was done without 
adequate consultation and resulted in businesses reversing investment decisions. Investing more 
in education, in order to ensure that the n ecessary skills are available and can be tapped by 
investors, is also fundamental.  
4.50.   The EU has raised a number of advance written questions to Zambia. Among them, we 
would like to know how Zambia sees its involvement with its regional trade partners, in par ticular 
its participation in both COMESA and SADC. The EU is interested in further details on how Zambia 
intends to manage the potentially contradicting obligations that may result from its double 
memb ership in these regional organiz ations.  
4.51.   Regarding our bilateral trade relations, Zambia benefits of the "Everything But Arms " 
scheme and therefore all its exports except arms and ammunition enter the EU duty free and 
quota free. The EU supports Zambia 's strategic goals and provides important development 
assistance (about €484 m illion for the 11th European Development Fund). The assistance provided 
under that Fund covers among others the following sectors: agriculture, energy, governance, 
including public finance, to mention just a few.  
4.52.   Zambia rightly considers  that trade is a crucial engine for its growth, and the EU hopes that 
this review will bring important insights to Zambia for its future trade policy choices. Let me 
conclude by wishing Zambia a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.53.   Mauritius comm ends Zambia for its overall economic performance recording an average real 
GDP growth of 6.5% per annum for over the past 6 years.  
4.54.   We also commend the Zambian Government on the reforms undertaken aimed at improving 
the business climate and attracting inves tment, namely the online system for business 
registration.  
4.55.   Similar to reforms which have taken place in Mauritius, Zambia has established a Business 
Licensing Reform Committee to review licensing affecting business operations. This is indeed a 
very good st ep as over regulation stifle enterprise development and investment.  
4.56.   The establishment of the Business Regulatory Review Agency is definitely a very good step 
and would send the right signal to the outside community.  
4.57.   With respect to its multilateral obligat ions, Zambia has ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement. As a landlocked country, trade facilitation and trade in services are extremely 
important to Zambia as well for Mauritius as we are a small island developing country.  
4.58.   Our two countries share c ommon membership of the SADC and COMESA. We cooperate 
actively in various instances internationally as well as at the continental level through a shared 
aspiration for effective continental integration and deepened regional trade through the 
SADC -EAC-COMES A Tripartite Free Trade Area Negotiations.  
4.59.   Mauritius also pursues the same vision as Zambia under the Accelerated Programme for 
Economic Integration aimed at reducing the barriers to trade in the region together with 
Mozambique, Seychelles and Malawi.   
4.60.   Our two countries are highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks and external pressures. Any 
setback on the international economic landscape impacts us directly whether it is the price of WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  copper or agricultural products for Zambia or impact on the tourism industr y or manufacturing 
sector in Mauritius.  
4.61.   We laud the vision of the Government of Zambia in its Vision 2030 to make Zambia "a 
prosperous Middle Income Country ". Similarly we have our own economic vision to transform 
Mauritius into a high income economy by 20 30. Our overarching aim is to improve the lives and 
conditions of our respective peoples.  
4.62.   We are encouraged by the significant efforts by the Government of Zambia for creating the 
enabling environment aimed at promoting economic diversification, private se ctor led growth 
through an inclusive growth approach. We urge the traditional development partners and the 
international community to lend its sustained support to the Government of Zam bia as it aims to 
sustain macro economic stability, low inflation, attra ct FDI, and continues to engage at regional and 
multilateral level on substantive trade policy issues.  
4.63.   On the bilateral  front, Mauritius and Zambia have  established a Joint Commission which 
provides a platform for the two countries to discuss issues of mut ual interest.  
4.64.   Our trade relations need to be improved with imports level varying primarily on the level of 
cotton fibre imports from Zambia. We have seen a surge in export and we intend to diversify the 
range of export products. This is evidenced by Maurit ius being one  of the major source of fertiliz er, 
wheat and textiles imports for Zambia.   
4.65.   Mauritius also intends to broaden the areas of cooperation initiated between our two 
countries. The Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement has entered into for ce this year . 
4.66.   We have proposed to Zambia the renegotiation of the Bilateral Ai r Services Agreement, and 
on Mo U on Cooperation in the field of Tourism and Aquaculture. We also look forward to 
collaborate on the Mo U on Movement of Business Persons as well as  Professional and Tertiary 
Education Mobility.  
MALI 
4.67.   My delegation would like to commend the Zambian Government on its realistic medium term 
macroeconomic orientations. Against a backdrop of remarkable macroeconomic stability since 
2009, Zambia has enjoyed an average GDP growth rate of 6.5%, with single digit inflation. Its 
debt is perfectly sustainable, representing 28% of GDP in 2013, with a public debt to GDP ratio of 
52%, below the internationally acceptable threshold of 56%. We applaud Zambia's achievem ent in 
this respect.  
4.68.   In order to achieve its objective of becoming a "prosperous middle income country by 
2030", Zambia opted for a reform programme for the development of the private sector which 
focuses on improving the business climate and reducing the cost of doing business.  
4.69.   The mainstreaming of trade into the different sectoral policies and strategies outlined in the 
National Development Plan and the considerable simplification of procedures through an export 
licensing reform programme testify to the Z ambian Government's determination to create the best 
possible conditions for business.  
4.70.   Zambia's conspicuous presence in the different negotiations at the WTO and in the 
framework of COMESA, the SADC and the East African Community is a strong indication of its 
commitment to the multilateral trading system and to African integration, for which it deserves 
credit.  
4.71.   Mali has excellent bilateral relations with Zambia, and we welcome those relations. My 
delegation encourages Zambia to pursue and persevere with the  reforms it has begun and to 
diversify its economy in order to ensure sustained long –term growth. We wish Zambia every 
success with this trade policy review.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  LESOTHO  
4.72.   We acknowledge the measures that the Government of Zambia has taken since the last 
review . At the center of these initiatives we note the primacy of the Revised Sixth National 
Development Plan which serves as a blueprint towards realizing Vision 2030. The plan has, 
fittingly, emphasized the fundamental role of international trade as an engine for economic growth 
and development.  
4.73.   We also take note of both the enactment and amendment of various laws including 
Competition and Consumer Protection Act, Copyright and Performance Rights Act, Business 
Regulatory Act to name but a few, which augur well for trade and investment to thrive in the 
country.  
4.74.   The progress that Zambia has made in the area of trade facilitation is also indeed worthy of 
note. Zambia ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in December 2015, and notified its 
Categories A, B, a nd C commitments in January 2016. Zambia has also put in place ASYCUDA 
World system, and established centralized centres to process import and export documents to 
simplify and modernize customs procedures. More importantly , it is encouraging that all custo ms 
posts assigned for clearance of commercial consignments are automated, and all declarations are 
electronic.  
4.75.   These efforts coupled with initiatives to improve business registration process, through 
various online systems such as e -Single Window, eVisa, Tax Online, Integrated Land Management 
and Information system (ZILMIS) are poised to reduce the costs of doing business in Zambia and 
as well as attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). In this regard , it is also interesting to notice 
that the FDI inflo ws into Zambia quadrupled between 2009 and 2014.  
4.76.   Despite the successes , we note that Zambia, like other M embers , face challenges which 
merit increased technical assistance and thus any requested support should be extended to 
Zambia in its pursuit to promot e trade and investment.  
KINGDOM  OF MOROCCO  ON BEHALF  OF THE AFRICAN  GROUP  
4.77.   I am making this statement on behalf of the African Group.  
4.78.   It is a great pleasure for the African Group to participate in this trade policy review of an 
African country, Zambia. I am  convinced that this is an opportunity for Members of our 
Organization to take stock of the economic and trade reforms of our friend and fellow nation in the 
multilateral trading system.  
4.79.   The Zambian economy has the third highest GDP in southern Africa, and  has grown at an 
average rate of 7.5% over the last ten years.  
4.80.   Zambia ranks seventh among the countries of Sub Saharan Africa in the Global 
Competitiveness Index. Until 2013, growth was led by the mining sector thanks to the rise in world 
prices. Zambia is  the second largest producer of copper in Africa after the DRC, and ranks eighth 
in the world.  
4.81.   Zambia has also benefited from an active economic diversification policy, supported by 
donors. Foreign direct investment flows reached US$2 billion over the past  three years.  
4.82.   At the same time, Zambia remains committed to creating favourable conditions for trade. 
Accordingly, the Government continues to promote and facilitate trade in order to ensure optimal 
allocation of the country's limited resources by mainstre aming trade into the various sectoral 
policies and strategies outlined in the National Development Plan.  
4.83.   The Government is also pursuing reforms with a view to improving the conditions in which 
companies operate. These reforms, which include business licen sing, labour, and trade expansion, 
aim to improve the economy's competitiveness through investment, productivity, business 
expansion and employment.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.84.   The Zambia Development Agency (ZDA) was created in line with the national investment 
promotion strategy. It  is responsible for fostering economic growth and development in Zambia by 
promoting trade and investment and introducing an efficient, effective and coordinated private 
sector led economic development strategy.  
4.85.   The African Group also welcomes Zambia's com mitment to the vision of free trade as a 
necessary condition for increased competitiveness and productivity in the long term.  
4.86.   It is in that spirit that Zambia is participating in the multilateral negotiations under the WTO 
and is negotiating, in the framew ork of COMESA, an economic partnership agreement with the EU 
in line with the Cotonou Agreement.  
4.87.   The country is also engaged in negotiations under the COMESA   Southern African 
Development Community (SADC)   East African Community (EAC) tripartite initiati ve, which 
resulted in the launch of the Tripartite Free Trade Area in June 2015, as well as the negotiations to 
establish the Continental Free Trade Area under the African Union by 2017.  
4.88.   Zambia has been a WTO Member since January 1995, hav ing joined the GA TT in 
February  1994. It is a supporter of the multilateral trading system. Like the African Group, its main 
interests lie within the scope of the DDA. Zambia is among the few African countries to have 
ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement and notif ied their commitments under all three 
categories of the Agreement.  
4.89.   Moreover, Zambia supports the strengthening of the technical assistance programmes in 
favour of the developing and the least developed countries (LDCs) in several WTO fields, a vision 
which  is broadly shared by the member countries of the African Group.  
4.90.   In my national capacity and on behalf of the Kingdom of Morocco, I would like to thank the 
Government of Zambia for its efforts over the past few years to create conditions that are 
conducive  to the development of trade and investment as well as for its dynamic role in 
multilateral trade.  
SENE GAL 
4.91.   Senegal associates itself with the statement made by Morocco on behalf of the African 
Group and notes that , since Zambia's last trade policy review i n 2009, the country has pursued its 
efforts to revitalize its economy which, over the period, achieved a highly respectable growth rate 
of 6.6%.  
4.92.   My delegation welcomes the new economic dynamism generated by the Revised National 
Development Plan, whose main  objectives are to create jobs through targeted and strategic 
investment, to promote rural development and to foster human development by investing in the 
social sector.  
4.93.   By placing emphasis on these strategic growth sectors, the plan should help to diversi fy the 
country's economy, improve the economic and business environment, and give a boost to the 
productive investment that the country needs.  
4.94.   We particularly welcome, in this connection, the Zambian authorities' decision to place 
agriculture at the heart of this development policy, given the predominant role of agriculture in job 
creation (70% of the active population). As regards trade policy, I am pleased to note that Zambia 
remains committed to the multilateral trading system, as evidenced by its ratifi cation of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement and by the Government's reforms in this area, with the elimination of trade 
barriers.  
4.95.   In this connection, we welcome the reforms aimed at simplifying and rationalizing customs 
procedures, including the introductio n of an efficient and modern border system.  
4.96.   The country being landlocked, regional integration is a key factor in Zambia's development, 
and should make it possible to take full advantage of the bilateral, regional and multilateral 
agreements in the framewo rk, for example, of COMESA and the SADC.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.97.   Before concluding, I would like to encourage the Government of your country, a friend and a 
brother to my country, to pursue the efforts already undertaken to reduce inflation, strengthen 
supply side capacity, diver sify production and exports, and promote the development of the 
services sector.  
4.98.   It is through these efforts that your country will undoubtedly attain the objective set out in 
its Vision 2030 to become a prosperous middle income nation.  
CONGO  
4.99.   We commend th e Zambian delegation for its significant contribution to the multilateral 
activities of the WTO in Geneva and to the African Group.  
4.100.   As with many African countries, Zambia's economy is still dependent on a single 
commodity, in this case copper, making it vu lnerable to market fluctuations. The Report rightly 
highlights numerous challenges facing the country, starting with the diversification of the Zambian 
economy. At the same time, the Report mentions the progress made in many areas, including the 
improvemen t of the business climate, thanks to which Zambia has risen in the corresponding 
rankings and progressed in its aim to become a prosperous middle -income nation.  
4.101.   We encourage Zambia to pursue its efforts to improve its legislative and institutional 
framewor k and take full advantage of the agricultural potential provided by its rich arable land. Its 
involvement and role in ongoing activities in the SADC is an unquestionable asset in its efforts to 
overcome its landlocked status.  
4.102.   In a global context, it is nat ural that the prospect of African integration, with all the 
opportunities it offers, could considerably boost Zambia's economic growth potential. We welcome 
the constant commitment of the Zambian authorities to the creation of a continental economic 
zone.  
4.103.   The Congo wishes Zambia every success with its fourth Trade Policy Review.  
THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERROTORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU  
4.104.   As we can see from the reports, the G overnment of Zambia has successfully maintained 
annual growth of the economy at an average rate of 6.6% over the last few years, while at the 
same time managing to keep the rate of unemployment down at around 13%, which is a 
commendable achievement.  
4.105.   It is important that Zambia continues to develop its regional and bilateral cooper ative 
trading relationships, while at the same time actively participating in the regular work of the WTO, 
expanding economic cooperation with other Members, and striv ing to diversify its economy.  
4.106.   It is noted that the G overnment of Zambia has designated ag riculture, manufacturing, 
energy, construction, tourism and mining as the key growth sectors for creating a more 
prosperous economy and favourable business environment. We look forward to having the 
opportunity of working more closely with Zambia in the fu ture, especially in the manufacturi ng, 
energy and tourism sectors. I just like to point out  that there were over 13 million outbound 
visitors from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to various 
parts of the world in 2015. Wit h beautiful scenery and unique wildlife, there is a great potential to 
encourage our tourists to visit Zambia.  
4.107.   Although the value of two -way trade between us and Zambia is only about US$90 million a 
year at present, we are sure that the multilateral tradi ng mechanism that bonds us together 
through the WTO provides plenty of opportunities for us to develop closer trade and economic 
cooperation in the future.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.108.   My delegation is pleased to note that Zambia has made significant progress on various 
fronts during the period currently under review. The country achieved strong economic growth WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  which averaged 6.6% between 2009 and 2015 , and the Gross National Income per capita rose to 
US$1,680 in 2014 thus making Zambia a lower -middle income country.  
4.109.   This prog ress has been achieved in spite of a number of economic challenges that Zambia 
continues to grapple with including over -reliance on copper, which is the country 's major export 
earner. This has resulted in economic vulnerability to exogenous shocks. Other c hallenges include 
weak infrastructure, complex administrative procedures and lack of adequate finance, high cost of 
doing business and uncertainties related to macroeconomic policies.  
4.110.   It is pleasing to note that Zambia also performed well in terms of attra cting foreign direct 
investment between 2009 and 2014 resulting in a fourfold increas e from US$700 million to 
US$2.5  billion. However , due to limited diversification , FDI was largely destined to the mining 
sector. We, therefore, call upon the development p artners to support Zambia 's diversification 
strategy through provision of technical assistance and funding to address the economic challenges.  
4.111.   In order to maintain progress in certain areas and mitigate the country 's drawbacks, 
Zambia has adopted and imple mented various programmes which include the Revised Sixth 
National Development Plan (2013 -2016), reforms in the investment regimes which have seen the 
country improving its ranking on the ease of doing business from 100 in 2009 to 97 in 2016, and 
global co mpetitiveness from 112 in 2008/09 to 96 in 2015/16. We would like to encourage Zambia 
to maintain this positive trend.  
4.112.   At the multilate ral level, Zambia is an active Member of the WTO.  Both Zambia and 
Zimbabwe are active members of the Common Market of Ea stern and Southern Africa (COMESA) 
and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Both countries are also involved in the 
COMESA -EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area and the Continental Free Trade Area initiat ives that 
are meant to liberaliz e and pr omote trade in Africa.  
4.113.   On the bilateral front, Zimbabwe has strong historical and cultural ties with Zambia. Trade 
and political relations with Zambia date back to the colonial days of the Federation of Rhodesia and 
Nyasaland when the two count ries were t ied in a Federation involving what is now Zimbabwe, 
Zambia and Malawi. The two countries continue to enjoy cordial relations.  
4.114.   Zambia is amongst the five top trading partners of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe exports among 
other products; coking coal, sulphuric acid, c ement, f rozen fish, footwear and ferro -chromium to 
Zambia.  Imports from Zambia include maize and maize seed, soya beans, sacks and bags of 
polymer and electricity among other products.  
4.115.   Trade between the two countries has gradually increased over the period  to 2012. Total 
trade was over US$ 282 million in 2014 whi ch was a decrease from over US$ 500 million recorded 
in 2012. This trade is largely governed by the COMESA Treaty and the SADC Protocol on Trade. 
Periodic Joint Permanent Commission meetings are conve ned between the two countries to discuss 
matters of mutual interest including trade and investment.  
4.116.   With a view to facilitating trade, the two countries are jointly implementing the "Simplified 
Trade Regime " programme which seeks to reduce the burdensome procedures in the clearance of 
goods by Small and Medium Enterp rises importing goods below US$ 1000. The two countries 
operate a One -Stop-Border system at Chirundu Border Post. This has significantly improved border 
efficiency and speedy clearance of goods as well as reduction of trade costs.  
PARAGUAY  
4.117.   We welcome Zambia's participation in this exercise, at a time when the country is enjoying 
sound economic performance and its trade is expanding.  
4.118.   Zambia's economy has experienced an average real GDP growth rate  of 6.5%, well above 
the world average. This was mainly driven by good performance in agricultural output and positive 
growth in the transport, storage and communications, and construction sectors.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.119.   As stated by the Deputy Minister, the macroeconomic enviro nment has generally been 
stable, with low fiscal deficits, although inflation rates were somewhat erratic in 2015 owing to the 
sharp depreciation of the local currency.  
4.120.   Zambia's economic policies were directed at creating an enabling environment that was 
supportive of the private sector as an engine of growth and sustainable development. The major 
policy thrust has been economic diversification and promotion of value -added products for 
inclusive growth through employment and wealth creation. This is reflect ed in the Sixth National 
Development Plan (2011 -2015) and the Revised Sixth National Development Plan (R -SNDP) 
(2013 -2016), which are anchored to Zambia's Vision 2030 of becoming a prosperous middle 
income country by 2030.  
4.121.   As we have seen in the Secretaria t and government reports, during the period under 
review the major focus of Zambia's policy interventions included export promotion, investment 
promotion and trade facilitation as well as diversification, enhancing domestic trade and 
competition, and impro ving market access for Zambian products and services.  
4.122.   However, as mentioned by the Members that preceded us, Zambia still faces a number of 
challenges here at the WTO, for example: increasing the coverage of its bound tariffs, narrowing 
the gap between bou nd tariffs and applied tariffs, and other issues relating to customs valuation 
and the notification system.  
4.123.   At the same time, I would like to point out that Zambia and Paraguay share certain 
features: both countries are situated on booming continents, and neither has direct access to the 
sea. Zambia is one of Paraguay's strategic allies in the Group of Landlocked Developing Countries 
both at the WTO and UNCTAD. This was reflected in the Group's active participation in the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement negoti ations, and above all in the finalization of the Vienna Programme of 
Action for Landlocked Developing Countries.  
4.124.   During the review period, trade flows between Paraguay and Zambia remained well below 
potential, and we therefore see this as a matter on which  our governments should place greater 
emphasis.  
4.125.   To conclude, it should be pointed out that Paraguay and Zambia share the same vision of 
the future of the multilateral trading system: both countries are in favour of swift implementation 
of the Trade Facilit ation Agreement and a future post -Nairobi work programme focussing on free 
trade and development.  
INDIA  
4.126.   India-Zambia relations are historic, friendly and expanding. Th e Zambian Vice President, 
Mrs. Inonge Wina, represented Zambia at the III India Africa Fo rum Summit held in New Delhi in 
October  2015. During the period under review, the bila teral trade grew by 83% from 
US$422.4  million in the year 2008 -09 to US$ 773.51 million in the year 2015 -16. Indian ex ports to 
Zambia increased to US$ 298 million  in the ye ar 2015 -16 from US$ 107 million in the year 2008 -09. 
Indian impo rts from Zambia increased to US$ 475.38 mill ion in the year 2015 -16 from 
US$208.40  million in 2008 -09. Zambia maintains a trade surplus with India. On the investment 
front, Indian investments in  Zamb ia are estimated to be over US$ 3 billion, in sectors such as 
banking, mining, coal handling and washing plants.  
4.127.   Over the years, India has been a close development partner of Zambia and has provided 
economic assistance in the form of concessional cred it for undertaking development projects, as 
well as capacity building initiatives through scholarships for various higher education courses and 
technical training under the Indian Technical an d Economic Cooperation (ITEC). Construction of a 
650 pre -fabrica ted health posts project is underway in Zambia, 120 MW Itezhi Tezhi Hydropower 
Project (ITHP), a joint venture project of Zambia 's State Power utility ZESCO and TATA Power of 
India, which was commissioned by President Edgar Lungu in March 2016, are some of  the 
infrastructure projects implemented by India under  concessional lines of credit.  
4.128.   India has extended duty free quota free market access to LDCs, and we are pleased to 
note that Zambia has been benefitting from the Duty Free Tariff Preference Scheme. O f Zambia 's WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  top 20 export items, India provides duty -free access to 15 items and preferential duty on another 
one item. India has accorded preferential treatment to Zambia 's services and service suppliers 
under i ts LDC services waiver scheme.  
4.129.   Let me highli ght some specific concerns, which particularly affect India 's trade with 
Zambia. These include : (i) a delay involved in grant of work visas and extension of the same, 
which is acting as a barrier to free trade; and (ii) problem of non -acceptance of test ce rtificates by 
the concerned Zambian authorities of certificates issued by the Central Power Research Institute of 
India in respect of electrical equipment and machinery. We would request the Zambian authorities 
to review its policy and procedures regarding  work visas to professionals as well as the 
requirement of certification from a third country other than the country of origin, to facilitate 
bilateral trade.  
4.130.   India is impressed with : (i) Zambia 's relatively strong economic growth at an average rate 
of 6.6% per year from the year 2009 up to 2015; (ii) Zambia becoming a lower -middle income 
country in 2014 with a GNI per capita of US$1,680 as per the World  Bank classification; and 
(iii) Zambia achieving notable improvements in life expectancy at birth and ed ucation, which 
helped Zambia to move into the medium human development category as per UNDP 's 2015 
Human Development Report. We commend Zambia for implementing several reform measures 
aimed at improving its business environment and attracting foreign inves tment like an online 
system for business registration and an e -registry. We have noted that Zambia has defined its 
development agenda through its Vision 2030 and the Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP) to 
become prosperous middle -income country by 2030.  The Plan is organized around the theme of 
"broad based wealth and job creation through citizenry participation and technological 
advancement. " 
4.131.   We also note that a number of structural challenges facing the Zambian economy. A large 
part of economic activit y is suppor ted only by copper mining and c opper continues to be by far the 
top export earner of the country, contributing over 70% of exports. Infrastructure gaps, limited 
access to finance and market access opportunities, in a context of limited regional integration, 
impede strong and sustainable economic expansion. We encourage Zambia to consolidate the 
macroeconomic gains to ensure sustained and inclusive economic development, to intensify efforts 
towards fiscal consolidation and accelerate the pace of d iversification of the economy.  
4.132.   We commend Zambia 's commitment to the multilateral trading system and active 
participation in the Doha round negotiations as a member of ACP group, Africa Group, G -90, LDC 
Group, G -33 and W -52 group , to ensure a successful, balanced, fair and equitable outcome that 
fully address the concerns of developing countries. To conclude, we look forward to working with 
the Zambian authorities in further expanding our trade and inves tment ties for mutual benefit.  
BENIN 
4.133.   Zambia has unde rtaken a number of reforms in connection with the implementation of the 
recommendations made following its last trade policy review.  
4.134.   These reforms concern:  
 the agricultural sector, which employs 50% of the population and produces a food surplus 
which was estimated at more than 1,277,102 Mt in 2014;  
 the mining industry, with the new Mines and Minerals Development Act No. 11 of 2015;  
 the rehabilitation of key infrastructure: the Tourism Policy of 2015 and the Draft Wildlife 
Policy of 2016 were developed in c onformity with the international convention;  
 liberalization of the international telecommunications gateway in order to promote 
competition and foreign investment in the sector and reduce the cost of communications;  
 energy, with the introduction of several  measures to mitigate the short term effects of 
climate change.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.135.   These economic reforms were supported by those introduced in the commercial sector to 
promote trade, namely laws and regulations governing trade and multilateral, regional and 
bilateral trade arrangements.  
4.136.   These efforts, which were welcomed, produced results that bear witness to the economic 
health of a country which, over the past ten years, has achieved an average growth rate of 6.5%.  
4.137.   The delegation of Benin would like to take this opportunit y to urge the technical and 
financial partners to continue assisting Zambia in its efforts to promote economic and social 
development.  
4.138.   The delegation of Benin thanks the WTO Secretariat for its excellent work in preparing this 
meeting and for the quality o f the documents produced.  
SINGAPORE  
4.139.   Singapore enjoys f riendly relations with Zambia. Our bilat eral trade stood at almost 
S$40 million last year and is dominated by trade in goods. Singapore imports refined copper, 
reptile skins, sapphires and emeralds from  Zambia and exports medical instruments, aircraft par ts 
and rubber tyres to Zambia. We are confident that bilateral trade will continue to grow as Zambia 
becomes more integrated into the multilateral trading system.  
4.140.   We commend Zambia for committing itse lf to furthering trade liberaliz ation and improving 
its Global Ease of Doing Business rankings by streamlining its business registration processes.  
4.141.   We also commend Zambia for its contributions to the multilateral trading system through 
its acceptance of the Protocol Amending the TRIPS Agreement and its ratification of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement. Singapore Customs worked with the World Customs Organization to 
provide technical experti se for Zambia 's Customs moderniz ation efforts last year, particularly i n its 
efforts to develop a Single Window Environment. We thus welcome the news that Zambia is 
establishing an electronic single window as part of its trade facilitation efforts.  
4.142.   Singapore stands ready to partner with Zambia to improve and enhance the mult ilateral 
trading system.  
JAPAN  
4.143.   A report by the S ecretariat notes that Zambia has shown a robust economic growth 
recently. Although its economy decelerated in 2015, the average economic growth rate from 2009 
to 2015 is approximately 6.6%, which is remarkabl e.  
4.144.   We carefully read the report, noting that this recent deceleration in Zambia 's economy has 
been due to technical difficulties in the mining sector and weaker global demand for copper. 
Although Zambia has depended on copper mining for years, Japan knows  Zambia is now doing 
great efforts on diversifying its economy, which can contribute to a stable economy in the future. 
Japan truly commends this attitude. Agriculture and tourism also seem to be promising industries 
for the country.  
Trade policy/investmen t policy   
4.145.   Now, let me make some specific comments on its trade policies and investment policies.  
WTO  
4.146.   In terms of the TF Agreement, Zambia ratified the agreement last December. Japan 
positively evaluates its effort on that.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  RTA 
4.147.   Other than the WTO, Zambia h as made great efforts to improve its trade policies, 
especially in the area of FTAs . According to the Secretariat r eport, Zambia has vigorously 
participated in several FTA negotiations. The country signed FTAs with Angola and with the DRC. 
Japan also caref ully read the report noting that Zambia has been actively engaged in negotiations 
of FTAs with the COMESA and the EAC, as a member of the SADC, as well as the negotiation with 
the EU as a member of the ACP group. Zambia has also made efforts on creating th e CFTA.  
4.148.   Japan commends Zambia on its efforts to liberalize trade, and hopes that these RTAs will 
contribute to the multilateral trading system.  
Investment policy  
4.149.   Finally, please allow me to briefly co mment on its investment policy.  
4.150.   During the review period , Zambia performed relatively well in terms of foreign direct 
investment (FDI). The inflows increased almost fourfold, from nearly US$700 million to 
US$2.5  billion between 2009 and 2014.  
4.151.   This situation seems to be quite positive, but unfortunately large p art of Zambia 's FDI has 
gone only to the mining sector. In order to allow its economy to be more resilient, the 
diversification of its economy is one of the keys, which results from an improved business 
environment. However, Zambia has many factors which m ake foreign investors hesitate when 
investing in this country. The high costs of doing business, unreliable energy, weak access to 
finance, high interest rates, all of which are key factors.  
4.152.   Japan recently learned that the Zambia 's policies have been imple mented without sufficient 
consultation process with the related stakeholders, and that recent interest rate hikes by private 
financial institutes have negatively impacted Zambian SMEs ' financial situation. This may hinder 
economic growth at the end of the day. 
4.153.   Japan encourages Zambia to keep impr oving its business environment.  
4.154.   In conclusion, I would like to express our strong wish to continue cooperation between 
Zambia and Japan.  
KENYA  
4.155.   Kenya and Zambia have long -standing relations, which have deepened over the many 
years of diplomatic and economic relation.  
4.156.   We note that Zambia 's economic growth has been accelerating over the period under 
review, posting average rates of 6.6%. This was mainly driven by the mining sector which remains 
an important pillar of i ts economy.  
4.157.   We also note that Zambia remains committed to the pursuing policies aimed at the 
enhancing market access at bilateral, regional and multilateral level. As Member of the WTO, 
Zambia is firmly committed to the multilateral trading system. We are pleased to note that during 
the review period it pursued its efforts to liberalize and facilitate trade. Zambia ratified the WTO 
Trade Facilitation Agreement in December 2015, and its Categories A, B, and C commitments in 
January  2016.  
4.158.   Kenya welcomes Zamb ia's efforts to reform and improve business environment. We 
comment the initiates introduced like an online system for business registration and an e -registry 
and the Business Licensing Reforms which will, no doubt, reduce the cost of doing business. We 
would also like to comment Zambia 's efforts to diversify its economy away from mining Copper 
and Cobalt which constitute 97% of highly mineral exports.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.159.   On the bilateral front, Zambia and Kenya have maintained a friendly and cordial economic 
and trade relatio ns over the years. This relationship has been strengthened by several high level 
visits over the recent years.  
4.160.   In 1982 , Kenya and Zambia established the Joint Permanent Commission for Cooperation. 
This framework enables the two countries to cooperate on a wide range of areas namely 
agriculture and livestock development, public sector reforms, road safety and infrastructure 
development, energy and immigration among others.  
4.161.   During the review period, bilateral economic and trade cooperation c ontinued to grow.  
According to S ecretariat report , Kenya 's export to Zambia increased from 1.6% in 2008 to 8.1% in 
2014. Kenya 's main export products  were:  tobacco, soap, margarine, and shortening, tubes and 
pipe fittings made of iron and/ or steel, veterinary medicaments a nd plastic plates and sheets. 
Subsequently, Zambia 's main exports to Kenya included:  copper and copper products, sugar, 
maize, liquefies propane and butane, equipment for distributing electricity, seeds and fruit for 
extraction of vegetable oils. Copper wi re forms the largest share of Zambia 's export to Kenya.  
4.162.   Finally, Kenya once again welcomes the efforts by Zambia in enhancing its overall 
economic growth and development and ensuring a more open regime through multilateral, regime 
integration and bilateral  initiatives.  
MALAWI  
4.163.   As everybody should know, later this year the people of Zambia will go to the polls in a 
General Election. It is , therefore , a mark of commitment and seriousness to the TPR that we have 
such a high -level delegation when the honourable Minister is supposed to be campaigning. 
Elections, particularly equal and free polls, are a vital ingredient in the process of entrenching a 
culture of democracy and stability in any democratic country and significantly contribute to trade 
and development.  We, therefore, wish the people of Zambia peaceful and successful general 
elections.  
4.164.   It is pleasing to note that Zambia continues to register economic growth during the period 
under review with an average growth rate of a peak of 6.6%. We have also taken n ote that, 
thanks to successful implementation of the Agriculture Policy in Zambia, the agricultural sector 
along with the mining sector, remains vibrant and is significantly contributing to the growth of the 
economy. Th e high performance enabled the s ector to register the food su rpluses in the past few 
years. The surplus Zambia achieved in 2014 was very timely for Malawi as it came at the right 
time when we were grappling with the double impact of the worst floods in recent history which 
affected nearly hal f of Malawi and drought which also hit some parts of the country. The import of 
maize from just across the border enabled us to address the food deficit at a reasonable transport 
cost.  
4.165.   We commend the governor of Zambia for seeing reason in increasing inve stment in 
agriculture. As the sector employs over 50 % of the country 's labour force, it therefore serves as 
an effective tool for promoting inclusiveness in the economy and is clearly unparalleled mechanism 
for eradication of poverty in the country. Invest ment in technology through technology transfer 
can significantly raise production of the agriculture sector.  
4.166.   It is also pleasing to note that the Government of Zambia is planning to promote irrigation 
in the country. As the world continues to suffer the i mpact of climate change, developing countries 
continue to bear the brunt of this vice. Harsh weather conditions continue to frustrate progress in 
agriculture through erratic rains, devastating floods and droughts. These adverse weather 
conditions coupled w ith poor storage facilities can make a country swing from food sufficiency to 
deficiency within a short time. Malawi bears testimony  to this as the impact of El Niñ o has reduced 
the country 's harvest by almost 50 % thus leaving a huge food deficit. Investme nt in irrigation is a 
sure way of guaranteeing food security at both household and national level. As two countries face 
similar challenges in this area, we believe exchange of information may enable both countries 
make speedy progress on this very critica l aspect  of our development agendas.  
4.167.   Infrastructure is always crucial for devolvement and facilitation of trade , particularly in the 
developing countries where , in most cases , it is far inadequate for the economic demands of the WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  country. Progress registere d in the devolvement of infrastructure is always critical improving the 
business environment of a country. The progress that the country is registering will not only serve 
the economic interests of Zambia but entire regions through facilitation of trade, t ourism, 
management of the environment, promotion of agriculture and delivery of services.  
4.168.   It is, therefore , pleasing to note that during the period under review air transport facilities 
at international airports were significantly maintained. Zambia 's policy to focus on development 
corridors augurs well with regional mechanisms for integration and the promotion of inclusive 
growth.  
4.169.   There is no denying that the pace of the development in the developing countries can be 
accelerated through increase of manuf actures as opposed to exports of raw commodities. Zambia 's 
policy of promoting value addition will create value chains necessary for accelerate growth of the 
economy and reduction of poverty through creation of descent jobs.  
4.170.   We have also taken note of the  contribution the Private Sector Development Program is 
making to the country by creating an enabling business climate. My delegation believes that the 
reforms which are covering business licensing, labour, trade expansion will significantly improve 
the qu ality of investment climate in the country and attract foreign direct investment and the 
expansion of exi sting business in the country.  
4.171.   In conclusion, I wish to encourage Zambia to continue pursuing economic reforms and 
registering progress towards Trade F acilitation Agreement and also remain an active player in the 
continental of free trade agreement being negotiated by Africa, and the EU 's Economic Partnership 
Agreements which we share the same negotiating platform under the Eastern and Southern Africa 
(ESA) configuration. The challenges on the 2030 Agenda are many but with concerted efforts the 
task ahead of all of us, the world of poverty and generate wealth for all is not insurmountable if 
pursued with a genuine spirit of partnership.  
MOZAMBIQUE  
4.172.   We alig n ourselves with the statements presented by Morocco and Benin, on behalf of the 
African Group, LDC Group.  
4.173.   We wish to commend Za mbia, a country of SADC, with which Mozambique shares a 
common border, historic, long -standing friendly and cultural ties, for t his Trade Policy Review.  
4.174.   We als o commend the Zambian -Geneva based delegation for h is valuable leadership and 
contribution in the multilateral negotiations.  
4.175.   Despite the current economic trends, still as a result of the global economic and financial 
slowdo wns, we note with satisfaction that Zambia has been involved in processes of reforms 
implementation, which led to the implementation of the Sixth National Development Plan 
(2011 -2015) and the revised Sixth National Develop ment Plan (2013 -2016) following it s 
Vision  2030. We commend Za mbia for the  recent economic achievements.  
4.176.   We are pleased to see encouraging results from the reforms carried on, some of which are 
reflected in the domain of agriculture, mining and energy; manufacturing and s ervices with 
empha sis on the transport in frastructure progress – named "Link Zambia 8000 " and "Pave 
Zambia  2000" projects, so to mention some.  
4.177.   We are awa re of the challenges faced by Za mbia in many areas of concern to 
development, including in the domain of agriculture and minerals, which tend to limit the country 's 
development potential and the full participation in global markets, but we are happy to see all 
efforts in view to d iversification of the economy.  
4.178.   The review of trade policy, an extremely important exercise, demo nstrates the country 's 
commitment in maintaining itself as a strategic multilateral and bilateral  partner  by increasing 
transparency.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  4.179.   In a view of more progress, better capacity -building in spheres concerned to  trade, we hold 
the view that Za mbia shou ld be  assisted in multiple ways so as to maximize  the existing 
comparative advantages in different domains.  
4.180.   We are confident that the country will succeed in the implementation of reforms and 
national development policies, and we encourage polices that foster the country 's involvement in 
regional initiatives, and actions that are likely to actively contribute to the regional and global 
trading system, as well as those in the multilateral sys tem. 
4.181.   Bilateral trade rel ations between Mozambique and Za mbia are govern ed by the principles 
of SADC and other regional arrangemen ts to which both countries are m embers. The two countries 
develop an intense border trade movement through the Zumbo Districts Marávia, Chifunde, 
Chiúta, Ma canga and Mutarara, all in Tete.  
4.182.   The areas  of cooperati on between Mozambique and Zambia:  both c ountries are mainly 
focused on f inance and investment; defence and security; migration; agriculture; local 
Governments; mineral resources; energy; justice; health; youth and sports; gender, industry and 
trade; transport and communications; science and technology; culture; t ourism, among others.  
4.183.   Most recently, in the context of the State Visit of His Excellency Edgar Chagwa Lungu,  
President of the Republic of Za mbia to Mo zambique, a MoU in the area of a griculture was signed. 
This will govern the cooperation in the information sharing on sustainable agricultural practices; 
research in seed production area; protection and plant quarantine; agricultural mechanization; 
development program mes and biennial work p lans for joint operations designed by mutual 
agreement.  
4.184.   Discussions between our two countri es are under way  with a view to the signing the 
Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion; Agreement for the Promotion 
and Protection of Investm ents; A MoU between the Chambers of Commerce of the two countries 
were signed  which involve  different fields, namely fisheries; youth and sports; e nvironme ntal, and 
on equality of gender; p articipation in promotional events such as trade fairs, exhibition,  trade and 
enterprise missions.  
NIGERIA  
4.185.   Nigeria is hap py to note that since its last T rade Policy R eview in 2009, Zambia 's GDP 
growth performance was relatively high during the period under review. The 2008 global economic 
and financial crisis had very lim ited effects on GDP growth, as its rates increased steadily from 
7.8% in 2008 to a peak of 10.8% in 2010. This favourable growth performance was attributed to 
growing copper demand and its spill over effects on construction, transport, communications, 
wholesale and retail. Construction activities were also boosted by the recent infrastructure 
development stance undertaken by the authorities through several road construction projects. 
Furthermore, higher production in agriculture added to the overall output growth. The fast growing 
mobile industry also spurred the GDP growth momentum.  
4.186.   In order to overcome the challenges that the country faces, the authorities have recently 
rolled out strategic plans for its long -term development. In 2013, as an operational to ol of 
Zambia 's long term Vision 2030, a Revised Sixth National Development Plan (R -SNDP) was 
developed to cover the period 2013 -2016. It identifies, inter alia , skills development, science and 
technology, and infrastructural development as the main drivers  for achieving its objectives of 
rural development and job creation. International trade in goods and services is clearly considered 
as an optimal tool for income generation, creation of decent jobs, promotion of economic 
diversification, as well as an opp ortunity to overcome the constraints of limited endowments in 
capital and skills. Nigeria, therefore, welcomes the revised Six th National Development Plan 
(R-SNDP) which showed that Zambia is committed to a planned socio economic development of the 
country as reflect ed by the determination of the G overnment to improve the economic conditions 
of its citizens.  
4.187.   Zambia has implemented several reforms aimed at improving its business environment 
and attracting foreign investment. In fact, an online system was intr oduced for business 
registration and an e -registry was implemented. The registration tim e was reduced to less than WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  24 hours in areas where one -stop shops have been established. A Business Regulatory Agency was 
established in 2015 to review new proposals fo r licences, to ensure that only necessary licences 
are introduced and to increase the accountability of regulatory authorities. These efforts have 
streamlined the procedures thereby eliminating time -wasting procedures that may confront foreign 
investors. I n this context, we welcome Zambia 's ratification of the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement in December 2015, and the notification of its Categories A, B, and C commitments in 
January 2016.  
4.188.   Nigeria would like to stress the importance of the provision of tech nical assistance and 
capacity building to Zambia, through Enhanced Integrated Framework and the Aid for Trade 
initiatives on sustainable basis. Therefore, we wish to urge Development Partners and the 
International Community to assist Zambia, as a matter of  priority, to achieve the objectives set 
out in the Vision 2030. The support from the international community is vital for Zambia in its 
quest of becoming a prosperous middle -income country by 2030.  
4.189.   Finally, the modest level of implementation by Zambia of its WTO commitments must be 
commended, in using trade to ensure welfare gains for its people and as active Member of the 
WTO. We look forward to further collaboration with Zambia in the activities of the WTO and the 
African Group.  
NAMIBIA  
4.190.   My delegation is here to support Zambia 's TPR, as our two countries share exceptionally 
closer political, diplomatic and economic relations.  
4.191.   We have considered the reports which have been prepared for this review and noted the 
important role which played in the Zambian ec onomic growth over the past 7 years. In this 
connection TRP help in 2009, Zambia was able to record, though with limited resources, an 
impressive economic growth of 6.6% yearly.  
4.192.   We are happy to have noted that the Zambian economy has performed relatively well in 
attracting foreign direct investment which increased from US$700 million to US$2.5 billion from 
2009 to 2014.  
4.193.   We highly commend the Government of Zambia for undertaking major policy drive on 
economic diversification and production of value added pr oducts for inclusive growth through 
employment and wealth creation. We believe that this policy drive will improve the quality of more 
diversified locally produced goods and services hence will increase the country 's participation in 
regional and internati onal trade.  
4.194.   This review has also provided my delegation an opportunity to learn from Zambia 's major 
economic reforms towards improving business environment and reducing the cost of doing 
business. We hope these reforms will serve as building blocks towards  the realization of Zambia 's 
Vision 2030.  
4.195.   My final remark is on Zambia 's participation in regional trade arrangements. Namibia 
supports such regional economic integration, particularly SADC and Tripartite Free Trade (TFTA) 
and EPA 's, aimed at creating the  economies of scale among small economies.  
4.196.   This review has demonstrated that Zambia is determ ined to move ahead as a 
forward -looking open economy. We wish Zambia a successful Review . WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF ZAMBIA  AND ADDITIONAL COMME NTS 
AMBASSA DOR  ENCYLA  CHISHIBA  TINA  SINJELA  
5.1.  May I take this opportunity to thank all delegates that submitted written questions which 
have since been responded to in writing. May I also thank the delegates that have commended 
Zambia for the reforms taken since the la st review and the progress so far made. I further wish to 
thank them for noting the challenges that Zambia continues to face and the additional questions 
raised.  
5.2.  I am taking the floor to emphasize on some of our responses to the questions raised, in 
partic ular, those related to tariff bindings, export taxes, overlapping membership to regional 
economic communities, corruption, delayed visa processing, delayed enactment of the access to 
information bill, customs valuation, and lack of consultations on taxes, among others.  
Tariff bindings  
5.3.  With regard to tariff binding commitments (as raised by the Chair and the discussant), may I 
state that Zambia is cognizant  of the fact that further steps to bind add itional tariff lines by 
Member S tates of the WTO are guided by negotiating modalities under the Doha Round of 
negotiations, which is currently at an impasse.  
5.4.  The commitments to be taken in the context of the DDA negotiations as far as Zambia, as a 
least-developed country is concerned , are clearly laid out in the ne gotiating modalities. In terms of 
tariff bindings under a griculture, Zambia has bound close to 97% of its tariffs at 125% and the 
remaining at rates not lower than 45%.  
5.5.  With regard to non –agriculture market a ccess, the draft modalities on non -agriculture 
products exempt LDCs from undertaking tariff reduction commitments. However, as part of their 
contribution to the DDA, LDCs are expected to substantially increase their level of tariff binding 
commitments. Individual LDCs shall determine the extent and leve l of tariff binding commitments 
in accordance with their individual development objectives.  
5.6.  This is what will guide the steps to be taken in as far as tariff binding commitments are 
concerned.  
Export taxes  
5.7.  With regard to e xport taxes (as raised by the Chai r and the discussant) I wish to highlight 
that Zambia is guided by the provisions of the WTO, in particular Article XI:1 of the General 
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  (GATT 1947) which states that: "No prohibitions or restrictions 
other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether made effective through quotas, import or 
export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained by any contracting party on 
the importation of any product of the territory of any other contracting party or on the exp ortation 
or sale for export of any product destined for the territory  of any other contracting party ". 
5.8.  Export taxes fall under allowa ble measures under this Article therefore.  
Overlapping membership to regional economic communities  
5.9.  With regard to the challenges associated with overlapping membership to regional economic 
communities and the management of seemingly contradictory commitments, in response to 
observations made by the Chair and the European Union, I wish to state that both SADC and 
COMESA are wor king towards convergence on a number of regional integration issues, including 
the area of trade.  
5.10.   You may wish to note that COMESA and SADC have partnered at the highest political level 
with the East African Co mmunity to work towards harmoniz ation o f regio nal programmes to 
maximiz e benefits from initiatives aimed at enhancing regional integration.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  5.11.   The idea of establishing a grand Free Trade Area was mooted during the COMESA -EAC-
SADC Heads of State and Government summit held in Kampala , Uganda , in October 20 08. The 
Heads of State and Government also adopt ed a programme aimed at harmoniz ing interventions in 
the area of infrastructure development and the  adoption of shared industrializ ation strategies.  
5.12.   So far , progress has been made in infrastructure developmen t through transport corridor 
developments which has seen countries work in collaboration to build border infrastructure, road 
networks, bridges and interconnecting power systems.  
5.13.   Countries are also working toge ther in the area of industrializ ation with the  adoption of 
industrial policies and strategies with a regional dimension under both SADC and COMESA.  
5.14.   On 10 June 2015, the COMESA -EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area was launched. This 
creates a framework for 26 countries to trade among themselves under co mmon rules. So far , 
17 countries have signed the TFTA Agreement including Zambia.  
Corruption  
5.15.   With regard to the observations made on corruption by Canada , we wish to assure the 
member S tates that Zambia has already taken a stance of zero tolerance on corru ption and will 
continue working towards the eradication of this vice.  
Information bill  
5.16.   With regard to the information bill, the Government is actively working on this issue as 
pronounced in 2011 and is involving all stakeholders in the consultative process . 
Certification and visas  
5.17.   With regard to the questions raised by the delegation of India on test reports and 
certification as well as the need to review policies and procedures regarding work visas, we would 
like to request that the delegation of India sub mits its concerns in writing to further clarify the 
specific issues raised so that these issues can be dealt with adequately.  
Customs valuation  
5.18.   On customs v aluation , Zambia has continued to implement the GATT Agreement on 
Customs Valuation and therefore, f ollows all the principles of valuation as provided in the 
Agreement. It is worth noting that the GATT Agreement on Customs valuation does not preclude 
customs administration in cases of doubt to subject a value declaration to further testing. 
Decision  6.1 in the Agreement on C ustoms valuation provides that "When a declaration has been 
presented and where the customs administration has reason to doubt the truth or accuracy of the 
particulars of documents produced in support of the declaration in question the  customs 
administration may ask the importer to provide further explanation including documents or other 
evidence that the declared value represents the total amount actually paid or payable for the 
imported goods ". 
Mineral royalty taxes  
5.19.   With regard to min eral royalty taxes, we w ould like to inform the member S tates that there 
is an established framework of consultation on all tax matters.  
Outstanding issues raised by Mauritius  
5.20.   Regarding the outstanding issues raised by the delegation of Mauritius on the re negotiation 
of the Bilateral Air Services Agreement and the Mo U on cooperation in the field of Tourism and 
Aquaculture, we will provide an update once we consult with the relevant institutions.  
5.21.   Regarding tourism and the untapped p otential, this has been re cogniz ed by the G overnment 
as a priori ty sector. To this effect, the G overnment has embarked on massive improvement of 
support infrastructure. Notable among the in terventions include the moderniz ation of airports, WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  relaxation of visa requirements for a sele cted number of countries, promotion of private sector 
investment to increase capacity and upgrading of hotels, among others.  
5.22.   With regard to energy, Zambia is making efforts to address the power deficit by increasing 
the energy mix and is actively promoting  private sector participation in power generation.  
5.23.   May I also state that Zambia welcomes the initiative by Chile to eliminate duties on export 
trade from LDCs and to thank Chile for  the programmes aimed at assisting developing countries 
enhance skills, in cluding their masters scholarship programmes and support in the agriculture 
sector.  
5.24.   Zambia appreciates the continued support extended by all cooperating partners and looks 
forward to continued partnership in its efforts to diversify the economy.  
5.25.   In closin g, I wish to assure the member S tates that Zambia is committed to ensuring that 
both foreign and domestic investment is protected and that the business environment remains 
predictable and stable. I thank you.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.26.   I will really just be speaking in sum mary form here and just take a few minutes, because I 
think that the combination of the presentation by Zambia together with the questions from the 
floor, I think we ha ve ended up with a fairly rich and constructive discussion.  
5.27.   Consequently , I have no int ention to then go over those details  other than to say  that I 
think in broad terms  that we were able to  identify some broad themes around which we can agree.  
5.28.   And on the positive side, I think a number of things came up: the growth that we 've seen in 
Zambi a, the opportunities that still remain in agriculture and in other sectors; we 've seen FDI 
inflows, which are very good. We 've noted that they may have gone largely to minerals but that 
indeed there is a need for more in other areas. We noted the value of the trade facilitation signing 
and most importantly perhaps the reforms that Zambia has undertaken in policy, legislation, 
institutional and some of them administrative. And then finally, and again this is just in summary, 
we have recognized that Zambia 's performance has led to an improvement in its status and its 
categorization . And then finally , of course,  to say we have  also seen infrastructure investments 
which are also very good for an economy.  
5.29.   So I think in summary form I sense that there is a range of positive things that we are able 
to identify that we all can agree that it is a good direction.  
5.30.   There are a couple of areas where we think further work may need to be done by Zambia 
and recognizing some of the difficulties, for instance we 've seen the vulnerability in what comes 
whether  depending on one or two commodities. We 've seen the challenge that remains regarding 
the diversification of the economy and that there is an opportunity there. So, these are not only 
just challenges but opportun ities tha t can be exploited. We have also seen what supply -side 
constraint can do to an economy in an LDC and I dare say that this applies to many,  not only LDCs 
but also developing countries in broad terms. Obviously , this is something that Zambia alone will 
not b e able to overcome. Being landlocked means there is a lot of support required to move out of 
there.  
5.31.   There are also macroeconomic issues to be dealt with, and I think those were raised by 
Zambia and the discussion from the floor spoke to those. And then in deed there is an area of 
tariffs which remains an issue for further discussion and I take no te of what the A mbassador just 
said right now.  
5.32.   So in broad terms, I have a sense that we have done some justice to this review in both 
areas where there is some st rengths and areas where there is need fo r more work. And I feel like 
we ha ve been able to do that.  
5.33.   And then just moving towards the end, the important thing is the vision and you notice that 
Zambia has a vision in terms of where it wants to go and this pre cision is important. A free market WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  economy, a politically stable country ; and then we have a disposition t hat says we intend to do 
more. Not so much as to praise the international system but because it 's good for its citizens and 
it's a good disposition an d I think we can commend them for that. And then also to say that 
obviously that international support will be required for Zambia  to achieve some of the thing it 
intend s to achieve.  
5.34.   So finally, Madam  Chair, it just remains for me to thank Zambia and also colleagues in the 
room for the comments that they raised. I think we ha ve had a fruitful discussion. Thank you very 
much . 
TANZANIA  
5.35.   I just want to congratulate Zambia for a well -presented report of the country trade poli cy 
review and the comments made by th e discussant which have been very adequate. We believe 
that Zambia now realizes that certain areas are ready to do some improvements. I have been 
recently in Lusaka and I saw vibrant business and economic activity going on there, I saw lot of 
new investmen ts because I used to be in SADC and go to that country often. I can guarantee you 
that Zambia is making  a lot of progress although challenges always remain.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.36.   We wanted to express our thanks to the Vice Minister and to the Ambassador for their 
remarks and also acknowledge the important contributions made by the discussant, Ambassador 
Palai.  
5.37.   We enjoy the opportunity to discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by Zambia and 
we were encouraged to hear about the domestic reforms and the improv ements in the business 
climate. And, in particular, we applaud Zambia 's leadership role in the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement and we look forward to continue d engagement with you in that area.  
5.38.   We also wanted to note in both interventions the really important  updates on the 
developments in the regional trade agreements where regional integratio n is going on in Africa and 
this is something that we are also very interested in supporting and it was useful to hear more 
about plans and activities in those areas.  
5.39.   As noted in our statement on Tuesday, we want to, once again, thank the Zambian 
delegation for the detailed responses to our written questions and we know what a challenge that 
is. We appreciate the additional information and the responses provided in the Am bassador 's 
remarks today.  
5.40.   We have submitted some follow -up questions in writing this morning, in particular noting 
our interest in on -going SPS notifications and safeguard investigations. We look forward to 
continued engagement on those issues going forwar d. 
5.41.   In conclusion, I just want to extend our thanks and appreciation to the delegation  for all the 
hard work in preparing for this. We know how hard it is to prepare and to get all of the questions 
answered. We really want to commend you on a job well done.  Congratulations on a successful 
Trade Policy Review.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.42.   The EU would just like to thank the delegation of Zambia for  the detailed replies to our 
advance questions as well as for the additional information provided today, notably on overlapping  
membership in regional organiz ations and improvements in the investment and business regime. 
We have taken good note of that.  
5.43.   In conclusion, we congratulate you on a successful trade policy.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  INDIA  
5.44.   We wish to congratulate Zambia on this Trade Policy Revie w and we wish to say that we will 
submit queries in writing to the Mission.  WT/TPR/M/340 • Zambia  
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This fourth Trade Policy Review of Zambia has provided a good opportunity for Members to 
better understand Zambia's trade and investment pol icies and practices, and the institutional 
framework within which they have been formulated and implemented since its last review in 2009. 
We owe this to the informative documentation prepared for the meeting, the active participation of 
the Zambian delega tion as well as the constructive comments of the discussant  and of all Members 
who had taken the floor.  
6.2.  In their statements, many Members congratulated Zambia on its graduation from the low 
income to the lower -middle -income category in the World Bank analy tical classification in 2014. 
This was mainly due to the buoyant global demand for copper, which is Zambia 's top export 
product. However, Members also noted that structural weaknesses, including supply -side 
constraints, significant State intervention, and high costs of doing business still impeded full 
exploitation of Zambia 's potential and had dampened its economic diversification efforts. Members 
raised questions about specific actions undertaken by the Zambian authorities to address these 
constraints and  diversify the economy. They invited Zambia to further improve its business 
environment with a view to attracting investments needed for the diversification. Some Members 
indicated readiness to assist Zambia in tapping its growth potential in sectors such as agriculture 
and services.  
6.3.  Members commended Zambia for its commitment to the multilateral trading system. They 
encouraged it to fully meet the WTO notification requirements and other commitments such as 
those in relation to customs procedures, standard s and other technical regulations, SPS measures, 
and IP protection. Some Members saw the relevance of assistance programmes, including training, 
to this endeavour. As an LDC, Zambia is eligible for the Everything -But-Arms (EBA) initiative of the 
EU and has  duty-free and quota -free access to the U.S. market under AGOA. Members urged 
Zambia to better utilize these preferential trade schemes for the benefit of its economy.  
6.4.  Outside the WTO, Zambia is a member of overlapping trade agreements including the 
Common  Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development 
Community (SADC). Some Members expressed concern about the apparent conflicting obligations 
in those agreements.  
6.5.  Regarding Zambia 's trade policies, Members were pleased to note that, in the area of trade 
facilitation, Zambia had ratified the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement in December 2015, and 
notified its categories A, B and C commitments. They sought information about the establishment 
of a National Committee for impl ementation of the Agreement. In addition, some Members raised 
concerns about specific trade facilitation measures, including border procedures and taxation 
issues. Commenting on the tariff regime, they encouraged Zambia to improve its tariff binding 
commit ments by enlarging their coverage and reducing the gap between bound and applied rates, 
with a view to improving the predictability of its tariff regime . Members also urged Zambia to 
assess the impact of its export taxes on the promotion of local value add ition. 
6.6.  Members sought clarification on transparency in Zambia 's public procurement framework, and 
some were interested in knowing whether the country is c onsidering to become a member  or an 
observer to the  WTO Agreement on  Government Procurement. They were  also interested in the 
country 's priorities regarding, inter alia , effective protection of intellectual property rights, business 
licensing , etc. Furthermore, some Members raised questions regarding Zambia 's plan to develop 
its agriculture and promote rur al development.  
6.7.  Several Members expressed interest in private sector participation in Zambia 's trade policy 
formulation, including tariff setting and revision, and sought information about the effectiveness of 
the newly promulgated Public -Private Partners hip Act in boosting related projects.  
6.8.  Before the end of this session, Zambia has received more than 100  advance written questions 
posed by Members , and has already responded to most of them . This fourth Review of Zambia 's 
trade policies and practices will be successfully concluded in a month 's time , when Zambia replies 
to all ou tstanding questions. The review has shed light on areas requiring the Government 's 
attention, and possibly further reforms to help Zambia d evelop its economy and liberaliz e its trade  
regime. I hope Zambia will favourably look at the results of this review in formulating its policies, 
and will benefit from the market access and assistance of fered by fellow WTO Members.  
__________