IP/C/W/602/Add.6  
 
24 October 2014  
(14-6195)  Page: 1/24  
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of 
Intellectual Property Rights  Original: English  
 
  REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 66.2 
OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
Addendum 
The following communication, dated 23 October 2014, from the delegation of the United States is 
being circulated pursuant to paragraph 1 of the De cision on Implementation of Article 66.2 of the 
TRIPS Agreement (IP/C/28).  
_______________ 
  
1  INTRODUCTION 
1.1.  The United States is committed to continually enhancing its activities pursuant to Article 66.2 
of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), and 
reporting these activities, in keeping with the guidelines established in the TRIPS Council's 
Decision of 20 February 2003 (IP/C/28). Consistent with this decision, developed country Members are to provide yearly reports of technology transfer to "least developed country" (LDCs) Members. 
1.2.  The intellectual property (IP), trade capacity, training, development assistance, financing, 
and infrastructure-related programmes described in this report are integral elements of the United 
States Government's efforts to help LDCs create the conditions essential to encourage the effective, voluntary transfer of technology to LD C Members. No report can describe every activity 
of the US Government that directly or indirectly  promotes and encourages technology transfer, but 
this report attempts to describe the most significant activities and programmes. 
1.3.  The United States Government spends about US$40 billion
1 annually on research conducted 
by federally operated laboratories, as well as by federally funded research and development (R&D) 
centres (FFRDCs). Much of that research results in inventions or findings that contribute to the development of new technologies and processes. Commercialization of these outputs can yield economic and social benefits that increase returns on the investment in federal research and 
development. 
1.4.  On the multilateral level, the United States contributes to global technology transfer 
institutions such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC's) 
Technology Executive Committee and Climate Technology Center and Network. As an active 
member of both bodies of the Technology Me chanism (TEC and the CTCN) the US played a 
leadership role in shaping the products and servic es of both bodies. The TEC over this past year 
developed and distributed several important TEC Briefs which provided Parties important 
information on how to accelerate their technology transfer processes and enhance the necessary technology development institutions. As the Chair of the CTCN Advisory Board, the US led the Board in designing and approving the seminal procedures and processes for the CTCN to provide 
specific technical assistance support to developing countries. 
                                               
1 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf13326/pdf/tab10.pdf IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  1.5.  The United States continues to believe that the effective functioning of the TRIPS 
Agreement's Article 66.2 requires a robust dialog ue between developed and LDC Members in order 
to target incentives in a way that is most responsive to the self-identified technology transfer interests and needs of LDC Members. The United States appreciates the efforts of the TRIPS 
Council Secretariat and Member states to organize discussions among the Member states 
regarding Article 66.2 implementation. 
2  GENERAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAMMES AND PARTNERSHIPS 
2.1  Federally-funded Labs and R&D 
2.1.  Technology transfer is most effective when the technology is requested by an individual or 
company that will be using the technology. The Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology 
Transfer (FLC) plays a key role in providing information about technologies that are available for 
licensing. FLC is a national network of federal laboratories that provides the forum to develop 
strategies and opportunities for linking laboratory mission technologies and expertise with the marketplace. Approximately 300 federal laboratories and canters are FLC members. The FLC 
promotes technical cooperation between the federal laboratories and large and small businesses as 
well as with academia, federal, state, and lo cal government agencies. FLC collaborates with 
organizations that promote technical cooperation, and works to improve the effectiveness of 
technology transfer through training, recognition, awards and evaluation. Moreover, the FLC 
encourages technology transfer and, through its member laboratories, seeks partners around the world (see http://www.federallabs.org/flc /available-technologies/ ).   
2.2.  In October 2011, President Obama issued a memorandum to all US federal agencies that 
conduct research and development, directing them to take measures to improve their technology 
transfer programmes leading to commercialization. In response to this directive, each agency 
developed specific plans and goals to be implemented and tracked from 2013–2017. These 
initiatives are intended to streamline technology transfer and accelerate the pace of technology 
transfer. In addition to direct action by agencies, new interagency metrics were developed to better describe and demonstrate performance in this area (see 
http://www.nist.gov/tpo/publications/age ncy-responses-presidential-memo.cfm) . 
2.2  Science and Technology Agreements 
2.3.  Recognizing the importance of international science, technology and innovation cooperation 
to economic growth and development, the United  States fosters dialogue through bilateral and 
multilateral mechanisms. The United States utilizes Science and Technology (S&T) agreements to 
provide a framework for increased international collaboration by facilitating cooperation between US technical agencies and their foreign counterparts on topics such as public health, watershed 
management, agriculture, environment and biodiver sity protection, biotechnology, earth sciences, 
marine science and the alternative energy. These agreements support S&T relationships that also 
strengthen our science and technology partners' science education systems, build institutional and 
human resource capacity and promote a deeper ap preciation of the innovation ecosystem and its 
role in technology transfer/commercialization . For example, the United States supports 
programmes that highlight the importance of strengthening university/private sector linkages to commercialize research (see http://www.state.gov/e/oes/stc/ ). 
2.3  Special Self-Help Programme 
2.4.  The Special Self Help (SSH) programme has been a popular and successful tool for most 
African embassies for almost 50 years, serving as a key instrument for US principals to provide 
targeted, visible, small-scale US assistance to local communities.  The SSH programme provides 
grant assistance to a variety of community-based activities in response to community-identified needs, including significant small-scale construction projects. Through this programme, the United 
States supports the self-help endeavours of loca l communities as a whole. Annual funding levels 
for the programme have ranged from $2 to $3 mill ion. Funds for FY 2013 were allocated across 
44 African countries.  In FY 2012, US $1,535,000 in SSH funds were granted to projects in World Trade Organization (WTO) LDC Members, which increased in FY2013 to US $1,684,000. 
SSH activities include boreholes, water taps, water tanks, pump houses, wells, cisterns, latrines 
and showers, classrooms, libraries, shelters, ho stels, orphan dormitories, food sheds and IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  warehouses, and health centres and clinics. These projects have improved the lives of over 20 
million people (see http://www.state.gov/p/af/pdpa/ssh/ ). 
2.4. Partnership for Enhanced En gagement in Research (PEER)  
 
2.5.  The Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER) is a joint programme 
supported by the US Agency for International Development (USAID), National Science Foundation (NSF), and National Institutes for Health (NIH) that assists developing country scientists by 
providing opportunities to conduct research in collaboration with NSF-and-NIH-funded scientists on 
topics related to social and economic development issues such as health, climate change, agriculture, water, biodiversity conservation, and disaster mitigation. PEER awards are made directly to developing country institutions an d build capacity and engage developing country 
researchers to address key global development challenges, while leveraging US scientific expertise 
and building long-term scientific relationships (see http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/dsc/peerhealth/) . 
3  INCENTIVES RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY AND 
FOOD SAFETY 
3.1  Technology Transfer Reporting from the Department of Agriculture 
3.1.  The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) pursues technology transfer programming through 
promotion research outcomes being adopted for public benefit. The science-based innovations 
from USDA intramural research programmes crea te new technologies, processes, products, and 
services that enhance productivity, efficiency, and global competitiveness. To facilitate technology 
transfer, USDA uses both contractual instrument s such as Cooperative Research and Development 
Agreements (CRADA), invention licenses and ma terial transfer agreements, and the public 
dissemination of research results and releases of improved plant germplasm. Because USDA's 
research mission is to transfer technologies for broad public use, USDA pursues patent protection 
and licensing only when a private sector partner is needed for effective technology transfer. Generally, this occurs when the complementar y assets needed to manufacture, market and 
distribute a new technology can only be provided by a commercial partner that must protect its 
investment. The USDA annual report on technology transfer provides details about the mechanisms used for technology transfer and types of technologies transferred (see https://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/ Place/01090000/FY13_ TT%20Ann%20Rpt%20.pdf) . 
3.2.   By sharing knowledge and technology through close collaboration with national and 
international research institutions to increase institutional research capacity and speed technology development, USDA's Agricultural Research Se rvice (ARS) transfers technology and enhances 
international trade and diplomacy (see 
http://www.ars.usda.gov/res earch/projects.htm?sli cetype=International) . In addition, ARS is 
engaged in research specifically targeting developing countries through the Feed the Future 
webpage (see http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=22832 ) and other programmes 
in partnership with USAID and others. 
3.2  US National Plant Germplasm System  3.3.  All countries rely heavily on production of non-indigenous crops to meet food needs. This 
interdependence highlights the need for cooperat ion in conservation and exchange and use of 
plant genetic resources that support agricultural production everywhere. It is increasingly important that countries cooperate to enable worl d food production to meet the needs of future 
generations. The US Government has been actively involved in the collection and preservation of 
plant germplasm since the early 1800s (see http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/temp lates/agphome/documents/PGR/SoW2/country_reports/americ
as/US.pdf ). 
3.4.  Today, the ARS National Plant Germpl asm System (NPGS) has the primary federal 
responsibility for the preservation of germplasm collections of crop plants and their wild relatives. As countries are interdependent in their need for plant genetic resources, NPGS supports capacity-
building for genetic resource conservation globally. Through global contributions and individual 
support to specific countries, the NPGS has purs ued partnerships with international groups like IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  Biodiversity International and the Global Crop Diversity Trust. NPGS's partnership programmes 
have developed a new germplasm information management system, GRIN-Global, which will 
become the global standard for safeguarding, mana ging and publishing this invaluable information 
(see http://www.grin-global.org). NPGS is conducts trainings and workshops and continually 
produces reference materials on GRIN-Global. The software is freely available and can operate on 
any of four database platforms, all of which have versions that do not require licensing fees (see 
http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/ ).  
3.5.  There is great demand for germplasm from the NPGS. Although germplasm is used 
extensively for cultivar improvement, it is also used for a wide variety of other scientific studies, which contribute to improvements in crop produc tion. The NPGS distributed an average of more 
than 191,954 accessions annually (from 2003 – 2013). Approximately 70% of the accessions were 
distributed to US scientists and 30 % to foreign scientists. Scientists in 140 countries received 
germplasm, including LDCs Afghanistan, Bangla desh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, 
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Haiti, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra 
Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. In one major success story, in 2012 over 2,400 
samples of accessions originally collected in Ethiopia were repatriated to the national genebank at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation. In 2013, 80 accessions of Amaranthus were distributed 
to a University researcher in Benin in support  of the breeding programme for adaptable crops. 
3.6.  In recent years, the US Government has provided funds for many additional projects on 
germplasm conservation and utilization. NPGS scientists have collaborated with USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service and the ARS Office of Inte rnational Research Programmes. In Bangladesh, 
scientists at the Bangladesh Agricultural University, with the technical cooperation of NPGS 
scientists, collected, evaluated, preserved an d distributed germplasm of landraces and wild 
relatives of traditional fruits and vegetables. NPGS personnel promote technology transfer by 
provided training in all aspects of germplasm maintenance, evaluation, documentation, and 
enhancement to scientists worldwide.  
3.3  National Science Foundation 
3.7.  NSF supports basic research to build a foundation for generating sustainable, science based 
solutions to agricultural problems in developing countries. The programme has awarded 24 grants through the Basic Research to Enable Agricultural Development (BREAD) programme. The programme, in partnership with the Gates Foundation, awards grants to promote novel, creative 
approaches and technologies to address common constraints faced by small-holder farmers. For 
example, among the grants is one to an internat ional partnership of universities and research 
organizations that has developed a novel approach using genetic suppressors to develop new lines 
of wheat that are resistant to rusts, fungal pathogens that cause some of the most devastating 
disease in wheat (see  http://www.nsf.gov/bio/pu bs/awards/bread10.htm) . 
3.8.  The BREAD Programme took a novel approach  to fulfilling its goals by using a two-stage 
process involving small cash prizes articulating no vel or under-studied scientific challenges facing 
smallholder farmers in the developing world and Early Concept Grants for Exploratory Research proposals to explore new, high-risk/high-payoff re search stimulated by the prize-winning ideas. 
From among hundreds of submissions from researchers at all academic levels from around the 
world, 13 individuals were selected to receive a $10,000 cash prize for their entries that are 
showcased on the BREAD Ideas Challenge website (see http://www.nsf.go v/bio/bread/ ). Winning 
challenges include calls to create new breeds of indigenous root crops, to help reduce farmer 
dependence on expensive fertilizers by creating a nitrogen-fixing organelle in small-holder crops, 
and to create alternatives to the use of costly liquid nitrogen in the livestock artificial insemination process (see http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_s umm.jsp?pims_id=503285&org=BIO ).  
3.4  Feed the Future 
3.9.  USAID's Feed the Future (FTF) programme is  the primary US global hunger and food security 
initiative, and supports country-driven approaches to address the root causes of hunger and poverty. Through this Presidential Initiative, the United States is helping countries transform their 
own agricultural sectors to grow enough food sustai nably to feed their people. As a result, valuable 
food aid can be used for unforeseen catastrophes rather than for chronic food insecurity or predictable cycles of drought or flooding. Unde r USAID, experts in research, nutrition, and the IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  private sector have been brought together to guide and coordinate the Agency's efforts around 
food security (see http://www.feedthefuture.gov/ ). 
3.10.  President Obama has committed to advance agricultural development and food availability 
over three years to leverage and to align more than US$18.5 billion from other donors in support 
of a common approach to food security. USAID seeks to advance global food security by 
comprehensively addressing the underlying causes of hunger and under-nutrition; investing in country-led plans; strengthening strategic coordination; leveraging the expertise of multilateral 
institutions; and making sustained and accountable commitments. FTF catalyzes technology 
transfer through agricultural-led economic grow th and development by: bridging the gap between 
innovative agricultural productivity solutions and sustainable market demand; improving the enabling environment for market led growth; and linking large commercial institutions with 
smallholder partners. USAID is working in collaboration with its partners on innovative co-
investment models, private sector partnerships, reducing risk, improving the enabling environment, commercialization of new technologies, and capacity-building. In providing technical 
assistance, USAID also seeks to expand markets and trade in LDC countries and FTF focus 
countries by: expanding market information; post-harvest market infrastructure; and access to business development and financial services. Moreover, the FTF's technical assistance will enhance 
animal, plant, and food safety by: improvin g standards and creating strong regulatory 
frameworks; reducing the time and cost of border movement of goods; and creating an enabling environment for agribusiness growth. 
3.11.  A central feature of FTF is a commitment to harness science and technology to advance 
agricultural productivity and sustainability goals. Research investments address five major 
programme areas of the Food Security Innovation Center: (1) Climate Resilient Cereals; (2) Legume Productivity; (3) Advanced Approaches to Pest & Disease; (4) Nutritious & Safe Foods; 
and (5) Sustainable Intensification. These research programmes involve collaborations between 
scientists in US and partner countries. Research collaborations are developing relevant technologies and solutions to improve agricultural  productivity, profitability and sustainability for 
smallholder producers, with particular attention to developing technologies available, accessible, 
and relevant to both women and men farmers. 
3.12.  USAID funds 24 research programmes based at US universities across all five programme 
areas of the Feed the Future Food Security Innovation Centre. These programmes involve 
collaborations between US university scientists and host country scientists to develop relevant 
technologies and approaches to improving sust ainability, productivity and profitability of 
smallholder farms. The programmes pursue research in aquaculture, livestock, cereals, legumes, 
food safety, nutrition, and natural resources management (see 
http://feedthefuture.gov/article/feed-future-food-security-innovation-center ). 
3.13.  The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Rift Valley Fever Control in Agriculture is a 
collaboration between the Universities of Texas at El Paso and Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, 
Texas) with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania. The goal is to develop a vaccine for livestock against Rift Valley Fever, which can provide life-long immunity and be delivered through a needle free device. The RVF virus infects humans and livestock in Kenya, Tanzania, and Somalia. 
Significant economic losses occur from Rift Valley Fever due to death and abortion among RVF-
infected livestock. 
3.14.  The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry is a collaboration 
between the University of California (Davis), Iowa State University, and the University of 
Delaware, with Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania and the University of Ghana. The goal is to apply advanced genetics and genomics approaches to sustainably enhance innate resistance 
to Newcastle Disease and heat stress in chickens to improve production.  Newcastle Disease is a 
contagious bird disease affecting domestic and wild avian species as well as humans. Newcastle Disease is endemic to many countries and domestic poultry are highly susceptible creating the potential for severe impacts on poultry production worldwide. 
3.5  Consultative Group on Inte rnational Agricultural Research 
3.15.  USAID's Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), is a global 
research-for-development partnership consisting of an international agricultural and natural IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  resources research centre. CGIAR aims to redu ce poverty and hunger, improve human health and 
nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high-quality international agricultural research, partnership and leadership (see http://www.cgiarfund.org/node/393 ).  
3.6  Support for Biotechnology 
3.16.  Agricultural biotechnology offers an import ant tool to enhance crops and manage resources. 
This increases the incomes of small-scale agricultural producers in an environmentally sustainable way by: 
 Reducing pesticide use and excess fertilizer use that pose threats to biodiversity and 
human health; 
 battling damaging plant diseases and pests by developing new resistant crop varieties; 
 making widely grown food crops more resilient and stress tolerant, thereby helping 
farmers adapt to a changing climate; 
 enhancing the nutritional quality of key staple crops to counter malnutrition and improve 
the health of farmers and consumers; and enabling better livestock disease diagnosis 
and the development of more effective livestock vaccines. 
3.17.  USAID has taken an innovative approach to biotechnology, integrating technological 
development with policy reforms in developing co untries. This integrated approach ensures that 
countries safely access biotechnology, and that a broader range of technologies are available for 
small-scale farmers. This is accomplished by join tly building technical capacity in crop research 
and development through biotechnology and making sure decision-makers have the resources to make informed decisions about biotechnology and biosafety. 
3.18.  Through USAID's programmes, developing co untries build the capacity to develop crops. 
The programmes engage US and developing country experts from universities, the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and international institutions such as the CGIAR, to form an 
integrated strategy for developing and managing biotechnologies. 
3.19.  USAID's biotechnology goals include: 
 Developing new crops for smallholder farmers to improve the availability of food and 
strengthen livelihoods; 
 developing and strengthening biosafety systems; 
 increasing developing countries' capacity for local technology development; 
 increasing public understanding of biotechnology and biosafety;  
 helping public research systems address regulatory and IPR issues; and  
 supporting research to inform biotechnology risk assessment and management. 
3.7  Biotechnology Outreach 
3.20.  Technology transfer in biotechnology re quires the development and implementation of 
science-based regulatory systems to enable LDCs to  utilize products of the technology. In support 
of USAID's work in building capacity for legislat ive frameworks and regulatory systems, and in 
coordination with the USDA Foreign Agricultural  Service (FAS),the State Department's Economic 
and Business Affairs Bureau works directly with other countries and with international bodies, like the WTO and Organization for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), to ensure policies will be science-based and transparent, creating the ne cessary environment for LDCs and the private 
sector to make use of the technology. Funds have supported outreach programmes in many LDCs. 
3.8  Program for Biosafety Systems 3.21.  USAID's Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS) supports the development and 
implementation of national biosafety systems in Africa and Asia. PBS addresses biosafety through 
an integrated programme of research, ca pacity development, and outreach (see 
http://www.usaid.gov/kenya/fact-sh eets/program-biosafety-systems ). IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  3.9  South Asia Biosafety Program 
3.22.  The South Asia Biosafety Program is dedicated to assisting the Governments of Bangladesh, 
India and Pakistan in institutional governance of  biotechnology. The programme builds on existing 
efforts to advise governments on enhancing and streamlining systems to realize the benefits of 
agricultural biotechnology within a transparent, e fficient and responsive regulatory framework that 
ensures the safety of new foods and animal feeds and protects the environment. 
3.10  Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program II 
3.23.  The Agricultural Biotechnology Support Program II (ABSPII), a USAID-funded consortium of 
public and private sector institutions managed by Cornell University, focuses on the safe and effective development and commercialization of bioengineered crops as a complement to traditional and organic agricultural approaches. Current ABSPII partners include India, Bangladesh, 
the Philippines, Indonesia and Uganda (see http://www.absp 2.cornell.edu/ ). 
3.11  African Agricultural Technology Foundation  
3.24.  The African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) facilitates public-private partnerships 
to facilitate access to innovative technologies and to ensure the delivery of biotechnology through 
the local private and public sectors. Through USAID support, AATF's management of these linkages upstream and downstream of public sect or research has established international public-
private partnerships to develop insect-resistant cowpea, nitrogen-use efficient rice varieties, and 
drought tolerant maize using modern biotechnology. AATF works in several LDC members of the WTO, including Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mozambique, and Uganda, Tanzania,  
3.12  Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa  
3.25.  The Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa (V IRCA) project aims to develop improved cassava 
varieties that contribute more food and income to farm families in East Africa. The project is focused on developing cassava varieties that are preferred by farmers and resistant to two 
common and prevalent viruses – cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic disease. 
Current VIRCA partner countries include Kenya and Uganda (see http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdacp868.pdf). 
4  INCENTIVES RELATED TO EDUCATION AN D UNIVERSITY-LED TE CHNOLOGY TRANSFER 
4.1  Higher Education Solutions Network  4.1.  USAID's Higher Education Solutions Network (HESN) is  a constellation of seven Development 
Laboratories that harness the intellectual powe r of great American and international academic 
institutions and that catalyse the development and application of new science, technology, and 
engineering approaches and tools to solve some  of the world's most challenging development 
problems. The Laboratories focus on challenges in areas such as global health, food security and 
chronic conflict. The HESN's goals are to: 
 Improve the understanding of development pr oblems and solutions through better data 
and analytics; 
 test, evaluate, and catalyse technologies for development; 
 design, create, and incubate revolutionary approaches in addressing development 
problems, including the incubation of new low-cost technologies and innovations; 
 promote entrepreneurship to sustain and scale these tools and approaches; and 
 harness the enthusiasm and interest of students for development (see 
http://www.usaid.gov/hesn ).  IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  4.2. Technology Transfer through Univer sity Programmes and Student Exchanges  
4.2.  A major avenue for technology transfer from the United States is through the US university 
system, where foreign students are educated and then bring that training to private and public employment in their home countries. 
4.3.  Since US universities are largely establis hed as not-for-profit (tax-exempt) entities, the 
education they provide is subsidized by the US taxpayer through tax revenues. The private endowments that enable foreign students to attend US universities on financial aid were built with 
tax exempt donations. 
4.4.  In 2013, there were 28,418 international stud ents enrolled in US institutions of higher 
education, representing an increase of 8% over 2012 and 4% of the total US higher education enrolment. Many of the foreign students gravitat e to the same US universities, where the portion 
of foreign students may reach 20% or higher. The three states with the most international 
students are New York, Texas and California, wh ich host 32% of total foreign students.  The 
University of Southern California hosts the largest number of international students, followed by 
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Purdue University, New York University, and Columbia 
University. The top three countries of origin for foreign students in the United States remained China (235,597 students), India (96,754) and South Korea (70,627), but India and Korea declined 
3.5% and 2.3% respectively from their previous levels. The LDC with the most students enrolled in 
US institutions of higher education in 2013 remained Nepal with 8,920 students, followed by Bangladesh with 3,828 students.  
4.5.  The top five most popular fields of study for international students in the United States in 
2012/2013 were Business and Management (21.8% of total); Engineering (18.5%); Mathematics 
and Computer Science (9.3%); Social Sciences (8 .7%); and, Physical and Life Sciences (8.6%). 
The top five most popular fields of study for international students in the United States in 
2012/2013 were: Business and Management (21.8 of total); Engineering (18.8%); Mathematics 
and Computer Science (9.5%); Social Sciences (8 .9%); and, Physical and Life Sciences (8.8%). 
4.6.  Some foreign students at US universities enter the United States as non-immigrant exchange 
visitors ("J-1") which make such students ineligible to remain in the United States after completing 
their studies. This law applies to all students participating in programmes sponsored and/or funded by the US Government or for nationals of certain countries based on an established exchange visitor skills list (for example, through the US Fulbright Programme). In these cases, the J-1 visa 
requires that students spend 24 months outside the United States before they can be issued a 
permanent residence or a work visa to the United States, although travel to the United States for temporary business or tourism is acceptable. Foreign students subject to this requirement may 
also apply for a waiver if there is no objection from the foreign government, direct interest from a 
US Government agency, or if the visa holder is subject to persecution in his or her home country or usual foreign residence. Participating studen ts through such programmes generally return to 
their home countries after completing their studie s, thereby bringing such knowledge and training 
back as well.  
4.7.  Common practices that encourage technology transfer from US universities are:  
 Publication of research results in the open academic literature that is accessible globally 
through the Internet, and utilized by scientists,  engineers, and researchers in all sectors;  
 interaction between creators and users of new knowledge (e.g. through professional 
meetings, conferences, seminars, industrial liaison programmes and other venues); 
 collaborative research projects; 
 entrepreneurial activity of faculty and students outside the university without involving 
university-owned intellectual property; and 
 licensing of intellectual property to established firms and new start-up companies. IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  5  INCENTIVES RELATED TO ENERGY DEVELOPMENT  
5.1  Power Africa 5.1.  Power Africa, a US Presidential Initiative to double access to power in sub-Saharan Africa, 
has supported the transfer of assets from the pu blic to private sector. President Obama, through 
Power Africa has committed to providing seven billion dollars over the next five years to support 
six African countries. To date, private sector commitments under Power Africa total more than US$20 billion. Power Africa will bridge the gap between Africa's power shortage and its economic 
potential by working with US, international and African partners to take the steps needed, from 
helping countries develop newly-discovered resources responsibly, to building out power generation and transmission and expanding the reac h of mini-grid and off-grid solutions. The US 
Government is working closely with the African Development Bank, other multilateral organizations 
and other donors and investors to enhance the ener gy sector resources available to people in sub-
Saharan Africa (see  http://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica ).  
5.2  South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy  
5.2.  USAID's South Asia Regional Initiative fo r Energy Integration (SARI/EI) focuses on sharing 
best practices in cross border electricity trade (CBET) between private and public sector system and transmission operators in the US and South Asia. This programme will serve to improve the 
institutional capacity of South Asia to design and operate energy market mechanisms. The 
programme's objectives are to:  draw upon international experiences in energy market 
development in North America to educate regional South Asian stakeholders; foster partnerships between system operators, electricity traders an d regional transmission operators; and enhance 
institutional capacity of South Asian private and public sector system operators (see 
http://www.sari-energy.org/ ). 
5.3.  Through the programme, South Asian en ergy sector representatives will gain an 
understanding of the positive impacts that tran sparent energy markets and CBET can have on 
attracting additional investments and meeting energy needs.  The programme facilitates exchanges among the South Asian countries to learn from the successful cross border energy 
trade in the region and provide a platform to discuss potential energy trade 
agreements. Exchanges will also explore harmoniz ation of economic and regulatory aspects for 
electricity at national and regional levels.  Participants gain perspective from the history, organizational structure, planning, standards, operations, tariffs, products, energy trading 
strategies, regulation and monitoring of regional power pools. 
5.4.  As increasing amounts of variable renewable generation, such as solar and wind energy, are 
integrated into the power grid, new technologies  are needed.  As wind and solar generation 
become more widespread throughout electric energy systems, an increasing level of flexible 
backup power will also be needed to increase energy security and reliability.  SARI/EI supports 
South Asian energy policymakers in integrating re newable energies and modernizing the electricity 
distribution grid. 
5.3  Clean Technology Fund 5.5.  The USAID-led Clean Technology Fund (CTF) is a multilateral, multi-billion dollar effort to 
reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries by helping to finance the additional costs 
of cleaner technologies over conventional alternatives. CTF provides financial incentives for cleaner 
projects that leverage development bank financing and attract investor capital into low-carbon sectors. To receive funding, developing countries  must develop national investment plans that 
stimulate low-carbon growth and the scalable uptake  of clean technologies. The United States is 
also a contributor to the Strategic Climate Fund (SCF), its Forest Investment Program (FIP), the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy 
in Low Income Countries (SREP). The FIP supports efforts to reduce deforestation and forest 
degradation and promote sustainable forest management that leads to emissions reductions and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in eight countries. The SREP focuses on deploying renewable energy to increase energy access in Armenia, Ethiopia, Honduras, Kenya, Liberia, 
Maldives, Mali, Nepal, the Solomon Islands and Tanzania and will begin engaging with 14 IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  additional countries. The PPCR is assisting 18 countries, including Small island States and other 
countries vulnerable to changing climatic conditions. 
5.4  Private Financing Advisory Network 5.6.  Initiated by the Climate Technology Initia tive (CTI) and supported by USAID, the Private 
Financing Advisory Network (CTI-PFAN) is a multilateral public-private partnership that nurtures 
promising, innovative clean and renewable energy projects by bridging the gap between investors 
and clean energy entrepreneurs and project develo pers. CTI-PFAN brings together private sector 
companies with experience in financing climate-friendly projects and technologies to screen 
business plans and select the most economically viable and environmentally beneficial projects. For those entrepreneurs and businesses selected, CTI-PFAN provides guidance on feasibility, project structure, investment and financing, business plan preparation, and introductions to 
investors. CTI-PFAN works through regional networ ks in Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and 
Africa and through dedicated in-country networks in numerous countries (see http://www.cti-
pfan.net/ ). 
5.5  Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy (RISE) index 
5.7.  USAID is partnering with the World Bank to develop a new investment index for sustainable 
energy technologies, the Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy (RISE) index. RISE's goal 
is to provide information to the public and private sectors on the various national-level barriers 
and opportunities to low carbon technology deployment and investment and on country 
performance in terms of the market conditions, policies, institutions, laws, and regulations that 
contribute to an enabling environment for private investment. RISE will build on existing 
measures, such as the World Bank's "Doing Business Index," while identifying sector-specific 
barriers and incentives. RISE will also guide donors and developing country governments towards 
concrete measures for improving the enabling envi ronment for private sector investments in clean 
technologies. RISE has been initially piloted in 17 countries and will be extended to include global 
coverage in future years (see http://rise.worldbank.org/ ).  
5.6  Climate Change-Related Technology  Transfer per the Copenhagen Accords 
5.8.  Since 2009, the United States has engaged in a wide range of activities with developing 
countries, with the primary goal of promoting the development and deployment of climate-friendly 
technologies and practices.  The United States promotes its technology development and transfer 
activities bilaterally, plurilaterally, and multilaterally. At all levels of activity, the principal US focus 
is to help support the development of the policies and regulations and overall institutional 
scaffolding that is required to facilitate technolo gy transfer actions.  For example, the United 
States works bilaterally on capacity-building activities on appliance efficiency standards, renewable 
energy policies, and smart-grid regulatory schemes .  Plurilaterally, the United States works with 
other countries on regional initiatives to transform market structures that will expedite the technology flows.  Finally, on the multilateral level, the United States contributes to such global 
technology transfer institutions as the UN Fr amework Convention on Climate Change's (UNFCCC) 
Technology Executive Committee and Climate Technology Center and Network.  In FY2013, the multilateral, bilateral and region al contributions related to the implementation of the UNFCCC was 
$2.7 Billion. 
5.9.  The United States Climate Action Report 2014 (CAR), which includes the First Biennial Report 
of the United States of American and the Sixth National Communication of the United States of 
America under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, provides an exhaustive analysis 
of the support the United States provides for climate change mitigation and adaptation in 
developing countries.  In particular, Chapter 7 of the CAR focuses on Financial Resources and Transfer of Technology, available at (see http://www.state.gov/e/oes/rls/rpts/car6/ ). 
6  INCENTIVES RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT  
6.1  Forestry Resource Management 6.1.  The US Forest Service (USFS) and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations 
(IUFRO) signed a partnership agreement in July 2014, with the objective to enhance the IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  contribution of forest science to international forest-related policy processes and implementation of 
sustainable forest resource management, particularly in economically disadvantaged countries.  The agreement achieves technology transfer th rough strengthening national forest research 
systems in Africa, Asia and Latin America, particularly through capacity development, scientist 
assistance and institution-building.  Further, the initiative supports IUFRO's global initiatives on 
mobilizing and disseminating forest-related information through modern Internet-based information and communication technologies (see http://www.fs.fed.us/re search/partnerships/ ). 
6.2  Supporting the Forest Science Community in Developing Countries 
6.2.  IUFRO has a long history in providing support to the forest science community in Africa, Asia 
and Latin America. IUFRO implements capacity-building activities through its Special Program for Development of Capacity (IUFRO-SPDC). These ac tivities strengthen research programmes and 
enhance development and implementation of sound forest management policies and practices 
through the generation and dissemination of quality-research results on forests and trees. IUFRO-SPDC's capacity-building activities concentrate on assisting forest research institutions in partner 
developing countries to effectively contribute to shaping national and local forest policies and 
sustainable forest management systems (see http://www.iufro.org/sci ence/special/spdc/ ). The 
activities to be financed from the USFS alloca tion in 2015 focus primarily on Africa and South 
America, and the SPDC will bring 100 scientists from partner countries to a training session. The 
IUFRO XXIV World Congress will bring 2500 researchers from 100 countries (see http://iufro2014.com/ ). 
6.3.  The European Commission-EcoAdapt Project, "Ecosystem-Based Strategies and Innovations 
in Water Governance – Networks for Adaptation to Climate Change in Latin American Landscapes," 
(2012-2014) is a capacity-building programme for interdisciplinary action research on adaptation of forests to climate change focusing on water resource management. Partners in the project 
include IUFRO works with programme partners – including Centro Agronómico Tropical de 
Investigación y Enseñanza, Centre de Coopératio n Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour 
le Développement, Stockholm Environment Institute – Oxford, and other local Latin American 
organizations – to contribute to workshops with scientists and local stakeholders (see 
http://www.iufro.org/science/s pecial/spdc/act proj/ecoad/ ). 
6.3  Supporting Information Servic es and Knowledge Dissemination 
6.4.  The United States supports the provisio n of information services to scientists and 
policymakers in developing countries through the Global Forest Information Service (GFIS). GFIS 
provides a framework for sharing forest-related data and information through a single gateway.  It promotes the dissemination and sharing of fore st information and knowledge among the global 
forestry community by developing a common inform ation exchange platform, building capacity and 
enhancing partnerships among forestry information providers and users (see http://www.gfis.net) . 
6.5.  The Forestry Research Network for Sub-Saharan Africa (FORNESSA), and IUFRO, have 
established an online Information Service (FORNIS) as a gateway for African scientists to 
showcase their contributions towards achieving global objectives on forests. The information service supports information and knowledge-sharing and facilitates the flow of scientific information amongst researchers, research institutions, policymakers, and forest industry and 
forest communities. Based on the promising re sults of the first phase of FORNIS, 2011, 2012, 
2013 and 2014 activities contributed to the enhancement of the FORNIS system, including partnership and website development. FORNIS contributes to the adoption of the Post-2015 
Sustainable Development Goals, which will be discussed at the September 2015 IUFRO World 
Congress in Durban, South Africa (see http://www.fornis.net ).  
6.6.  While many forestry professionals rely on th e GFIS Internet gateway to access key resources, 
GFIS aims to expand its education index to provide students with the latest resources and 
information. The US Forest Service allocation contributes to the efforts of IUFRO towards improving the quality, relevance, and, accessibility of available forestry education information in collaboration with the International Partnership for Forestry Education. 
6.7.  The IUFRO Strategy (2010-2014) emphasizes the need to increase the visibility of science-
based research findings by enhancing communication within IUFRO, with other scientists and IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  students, and with stakeholders and the general public. In order to respond to this need, a set of 
web-based communication and information tools and services addressing key issues and emerging 
themes will be developed on basis of the unique expertise of GFIS. 
6.4  Building Capacity on Greenhouse Gas Inventories 
6.8.  USAID and the Environmental Protection Agen cy (EPA) build capacity for compiling national 
greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories to countries in Southeast Asia, Eastern and Southern Africa, Colombia, Peru and Bangladesh, in addition to continued development of national GHG inventory 
information management tools. The project focuses on developing long-term national inventory 
management systems, improving the methods and data  used in the agriculture, forestry and other 
land use sectors (see http://www.epa.gov/climatechang e/EPAactivities/in ternationalpartnerships/capacity-
building.html ). 
6.9.  EPA is continuing to enhance economic modeling capacity in Latin America and also improve 
representation in global models.  EPA, USAID, and the European Union (EU) organized workshops 
in 2014 to share and review results from modeling exercises among Latin America modelers.  At 
the workshops, participants presented and reviewed results from a common set of climate policy scenarios, to be presented at th e UNFCCC Conference December 20 14.  The papers  will discuss 
climate policy, the role of technology, agriculture and land-use, and macroeconomic effects.  This 
work complements other EPA programmes that prov ided technical assessments of potential to 
assist Kenya on improving its National GHG Inventory. 
6.5  Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves 
6.10.  The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves is  a public-private partnership led by the United 
Nations Foundation to save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women, and combat climate change by creating a thriving global market fo r clean and efficient household cooking solutions. 
The Alliance's 100-by-20 goal calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and 
fuels by 2020. Today the Alliance has nearly 1000 partners. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over four million annual deaths are associated with exposure to cookstove smoke 
each year.  These exposures rank as the fo urth worst health risk in the world (see 
http://www.state.gov/s/partne rships/cleancookstoves/ ). 
6.11.  The United States has committed up to $125 million to the Alliance over five years. 
Participating US agencies include the State Depa rtment, Environmental Protection Agency, USAID, 
Department of Energy, Department of Agriculture, Department of Health and Human Services, 
NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Overseas Private Investment Corporation 
(OPIC), National Science Foundation (NSF), Nation al Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and 
Peace Corps. The US Government has made a br oad set of commitments to help the Alliance, 
which include leading diplomatic activities to advance the Alliance and the cookstoves sector; mobilizing financial resources towards research, financing, and on-the-ground activities; providing 
top-level US experts; and leveraging US investments with other donors, with an eye towards 
helping the Alliance achieve its 100-by-20 target.  
6.6  Coral Triangle Initiative on Cora l Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security 
6.12.  USAID's Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI-CFF) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security is a 
partnership to sustain the Southeast Asia region's marine and coastal biological resources. The 
Coral Triangle (CT) region is shared within the waters of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Timor-Leste, and th e Solomon Islands.  Among these countries, one 
in three people (of a total 363 million) of the region rely upon coastal fisheries for their primary 
food security each day.  To combat risks resu lting from over-fishing land-based sources of 
pollution and climate change the United States pledged a over $41 million to support the Coral 
Triangle countries. The programme provides technical assistance and helps build capacity to 
address food security, climate change, and conservation of marine biological diversity, upon which production fisheries and tourism depends. Altoge ther, US Government support totals more than 
$60 million (see http://www.coraltrian gleinitiative.org/ ). IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  6.13.  Support from the US Government promotes th e adoption of best practices in regional ocean 
governance and the management of coastal and marine ecosystems to ensure the long-term provision of the essential services to local pe ople. Such best practices include strengthening 
institutions to sustain impact; harmonizing and implementing an ecosystem approaches to 
fisheries management; establishing a six-country system of marine protected areas and 
management effectiveness framework; and Region -wide Early Action Plan  for Climate Change 
Adaptation. This support has significantly enhanced the policy, practice, and human capital to 
make scientifically informed decisions and also has helped advance the best practices to conserve 
natural ocean capital in the face of climate change and ocean change. 
7  INCENTIVES RELATED TO HEALTH 7.1.  Biomedical and behavioral research funding activities of the NIH have contributed to 
technology transfer and research capacity-strengthening in many LDCs. For new technologies 
developed by scientists at the NIH and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the NIH licenses biological materials and associated patent rights, when applicable, to institutions that have the 
capability of bringing products to the market in or for LDCs. In addition, scientists often provide 
know-how to those receiving biological materials such as vaccine seed strains with specialized growth requirements. Most of these technologies ar e associated with diagnostic tests, treatment, 
vaccination, and prevention for pathogens such as dengue, rotavirus, Haemophilus Influenzae type 
b (Hib), human papillomavirus (H PV), typhoid bacteria, meningococcus, varicella-zoster and HIV. 
This technology transfer builds manufacturing capa city and associated skillsets by providing access 
to vaccines that meet public health needs (see http://www.ott.nih.gov/licensing ).  
7.1  HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials Networks and Research Sites  
7.2.  The NIH-funded Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 
(HIV/AIDS) Clinical Trials Networks and their Clinical Trial Units/Clinical Research Sites (CTU/CRS) 
pursues clinical trials to address the highest priorities in HIV/AIDS research, including: (a) vaccine 
R&D; (b) translational research/drug development; (c) optimization of clinical management, including co-morbidities such as tuberculosis  (TB), hepatitis and cancer; (d) microbicides; 
(e) prevention of mother-to-child transmission of  H I V ;  a n d  ( f )  p r e v e n t i o n  o f  H I V  i n f e c t i o n .  T h e  
networks' leadership groups and CTU/CRS are being recompeted by NIH and will be broader in scope with a new focus on research toward a cure for AIDS, TB and hepatitis. Under these programmes, collaborative basic and clinical research is carried out between researchers 
worldwide, including in Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and the United States. These research 
and training programmes support the expansion of basic and clinical research skillsets in LDCs, the strengthening of infrastructures to support the development of new drugs and vaccines, and the 
exchange of scientific knowledge worldwide. 
7.2  Multilateral Initiative on Malaria  7.3.  NIH and the WHO's Special Program for Training and Research in Tropical Diseases, co-
founded the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) focused on LDCs and other malaria-prevalent 
countries. MIM's mission is to increase and enhance worldwide research on malaria by facilitating multinational research cooperation. NIH has also established malaria research facilities in Mali and Uganda and has trained local scientists and physicians to conduct malaria research from within 
endemic countries, including those in several LDCs in Africa. NIH also has established an 
international network of centers of excellence for research focused on malaria endemic countries (see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3741/ ). 
7.3  NIH Infectious Disease Research Focus in Africa 
7.4.  NIH supports and has funded research activities in 36 African countries, including the 
following WTO LDC Member countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 
The Gambia, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, Ta nzania, Uganda, and Zambia. These research 
activities contribute directly to the strengthenin g of research capacity in these countries, thereby 
enhancing prospects for further transfer of technology in the future. 
7.5.  HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria cause millions of deaths each year. These three diseases 
are a major cause of poverty through their debilitating impact on the active workforce, and IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  significantly affect economic development and stability of the region. NIH's National Institute of 
Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) supports HIV/AIDS research in many African countries, with most projects conducted in areas with the highest incidence of infection and disease: Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa , Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The recent emergence 
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, especially in the 
context of HIV/AIDS infection, is being addressed by NIAID-funded projects conducted in South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Malaria remains a major threat, and NIAID conducts clinical, 
epidemiological, drug, and vaccine and vector research in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, The Gambia, 
Malawi, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda (see http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topi cs/globalresearch/region/af rica/Pages/default.aspx ). 
7.6.  Neglected diseases such as filariasis, schistosomiasis, sleeping sickness, and others are 
receiving support from NIAID in countries such as Kenya, Malawi, Mali, and Uganda. NIAID has a 
long-standing programme of research devoted to better understanding, treating, and preventing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). NIAID conducts its own basic and clinical studies and supports 
those of researchers based in the United States and in countries where NTDs are widespread. NIH-
supported research has helped with training in state-of-the-art research techniques and conducting clinical trials in Africa. 
7.4  NIH Research Training Programmes  for Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries 
7.7.  NIH's Fogarty International Center supports several research training programmes that 
include training for low-and-middle–income-country (LMIC) biomedical researchers and research institutions and contribute to technology transfer  and capacity building. Among these are the AIDS 
International Training and Research Program, the Global Infectious Disease Research Training 
Program, and the International Clinical, Operational, and Health Services Research and Training Award for AIDS and Tuberculosis, the Fogarty HIV Research Training Program and the Medical 
Education Partnership Initiative.  These programmes involve researchers and medical personnel 
from LMIC countries (see: http://www.fic.nih.gov/Prog rams/Pages/default.aspx ). 
7.5  Technology Licenses 
7.8.  The NIH was the first contributor to the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) in licensing US 
Government-owned patents related to the use of HIV anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs. The MPP promises to enhance access to ARV treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS in developing countries and enable the development of new combinations of ARVs and adapted formulations for 
developing countries. The license is seen as a first step for an expected ongoing collaboration as 
NIH's Office of Technology Transfer and the MPP consider additional potential license agreements to add other NIH-managed patents to the pool for technologies that may have potential as new 
HIV therapeutics (see http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/ 09/30/us-government-first-share-
patents-with-medicines-patent-pool ). 
7.9.  In 2011, the NIH became a founding contributor and active participant in the World 
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Research Initiative, established to share innovation in 
the fight against NTDs, as well as against malaria and tuberculosis, by providing access to intellectual property for pharmaceutical compounds, technologies, know-how and data available R&D for NTDs, malaria and tuberculosis. NIH contributed intellectual property from its internal 
research programmes for over 70 technologies. These technologies are made available for 
licensing to help in the development of diagnost ics, vaccines, and therapeutics to improve public 
health in the LDCs. Through this initiative, the NIH has entered into two agreements, one with 
Emory University for "in-kind" support for dengue and rift valley fever viruses drug discovery, and 
a second with Infectious Disease Research Instit ute (IDRI), in which the NIH provides compounds 
for screening against tuberculosis (see 
http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2011/article_0026.html ). 
7.10.  The NIH developed a model license term sheet for the transfer of technologies that can be 
developed to diagnose, treat or prevent NTDs, HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis by non-profit institutions, including non-governmental organi zations and public development partnerships 
(PDPs). The NIH worked with PDPs and NGOs to develop the terms and ensure they were 
reasonable. In 2013, the NIH used this term sheet in license agreements with IDRI and the Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH). Both IDRI and PATH have established IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  successful histories of developing and bringing products to middle-and-low-income populations. 
The PATH license transferred technologies relate d to diagnostics for onchocerciasis, lyphatic 
filariasis, and loa loa infection. In the interest of global public health, the NIH broadened the scope of use for this term sheet by licensing influenza vaccine technology, an additional infectious agent, 
to IDRI.  
7.11.  The NIH continued to transfer human-bovine rotavirus technology to new institutions, 
licensing the technology to outside companies around the globe.  NIH continued to expand its 
licensing programme in other agreements covering the human-bovine rotavirus technology, 
varicella zoster virus strain, rotavirus subunit vaccine technology, a conjugate vaccine technology for Haemophilus influenza type b, pertussis va ccine, dengue vaccine technology, rheumatoid 
arthritis, meningococcal vaccine, Human Papilloma Virus, chicken pox / shingles, typhoid, 
influenza, rabies, and technologies that impr oved bacterial expression of antibodies.  
7.12.  For many of these technologies, NIH works closely with companies across the globe to 
ensure drug delivery to areas of need. For exampl e, the NIH has licensed biological materials to 
Shantha Biotechnics, Ltd. (India) for use in producing a Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) 
vaccine. In addition to India, Shantha anticipates selling the Hib vaccines in developing world countries worldwide, including Africa, initially mostly through public tenders or tenders to the 
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and WHO. Shantha also licensed technologies and 
associated biological materials for the manufacture and distribution of a HPV vaccine worldwide, including countries eligible for support from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) Alliance. In addition to the Shantha HPV license, the NIH has non-exclusively licensed the 
same second-generation HPV vaccine technology to three companies for worldwide product 
distribution, including GAVI-eligible countries. These other companies are PaxVax, Sanofi Pasteur and GSK. The NIH will be able to continue to license this technology, which includes biological 
materials for vaccine manufacturing, to other interested parties. 
7.13.  In order to facilitate distribution of the HPV vaccine Gardasil® to underserved women in the 
developing world, the NIH reached an agreement with Merck (a licensee of the NIH's patent rights 
covering the vaccine) to incentivize the distribution of vaccine to these at-risk populations. The 
arrangement enables Merck to include Gardasil® broadly in its worldwide tiered-pricing strategy, including any donative or not-for-profit transfers to distribution networks, governments or directly 
to individuals in developing world nations. For this agreement, "developing world" nations are 
defined by the GAVI Alliance, which include ma ny WTO LDC Members. In May 2013, Merck and 
GSK, which manufactures the HPV vaccine Cervarix®, announced that they had reached agreements with GAVI to supply their respective  HPV vaccines at lower prices to developing 
countries. 
8  INCENTIVES RELATE D TO TRANSPORTATION 
8.1  US Department of Transportation 
8.1.  The US Department of Transportation (DOT) plays an important role in maintaining the 
strong, interconnected global transportation system vital for economic growth in the United States and abroad. DOT is engaged in a wide range of activities designed to enhance the transportation capacity and infrastructure of LDCs (see http://www.dot.gov/ ). 
8.2  Open Skies Agreements 
8.2.  Open Skies Agreements between the United States and partner countries have vastly 
expanded international passenger and cargo flights to and from the United States, promoting 
increased travel, trade, and business contacts, enhancing productivity, and spurring high-quality 
job opportunities and economic growth. The in creased travel, trade, and business contacts 
promoted by expanded air traffic facilitate pr ivate sector technology transfer. Open Skies 
Agreements eliminate government interference in the commercial decisions of air carriers about 
routes, capacity, and pricing, freeing carriers to provide more affordable, convenient, and efficient 
air service for consumers. The United States has achieved Open Skies with over 110 partners from every region of the world and at every level of economic development. Since 1999 the United 
States developed Open Skies agreements with 20 Least-Developed Countries: Sierra Leone, 
Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Rwanda, Benin, Senegal, Uganda, Samoa, Madagascar, Maldives IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  (an LDC when the agreement was reached, but is no longer considered an LDC), Ethiopia, Mali, 
Chad, Liberia, Lao PDR, Zambia, Yemen, Bangladesh, and Equatorial Guinea (see http://www.state.gov/e/eb/tra/ata/ ).  
8.3  Safe Skies for Africa Programme 
8.3.  The Safe Skies for Africa Program (SSFA) is based on the premise that "Safe Skies" are a 
prerequisite for African economic development through increased trade and investment.  The programme encourages private sector-led technology transfer by complementing air safety and 
security components with US Government-led efforts to conclude Open Skies agreements with 
partner African countries and promote code-share  agreements between US and African airlines. 
Since 2008, the SSFA continued in its mission to promote sustainable improvements in aviation 
safety in Africa as a means of advancing economic development and increased investment to 
Africa. The overarching goal of the programme is to increase the number of African nations 
meeting International Civil Aviation Organization standards. Through the programme, the DOT has directly trained African experts with the Federal Av iation Administration, and, at times, in-country. 
These capacity-building efforts have resulted in hundreds of personnel receiving state-of-the-art 
training to address airworthiness, operations, air navigation, aviation security (in partnership with the Transportation Security Administration), as well as accident investigation processes and 
procedures (in partnership with the US National Transportation Safety Board). 
9  TRADE AND INVESTMENT CAPACITY BUILDING AND INCENTIVES 9.1  Bilateral Investment Treaties 9.1.  US Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) improve the climate for investment in the economies 
of partner countries by encouraging the adoption of policies that facilitate and support foreign 
investment. Technology transfers are primarily priv ate sector decisions and should not be required 
as a pre-condition for investment. US BITs establish a framework of reciprocal protections that 
include nondiscriminatory treatment, free transfer of investment-related funds, protection against 
expropriation, limitations on specified performanc e requirements, transparency in governance, and 
investor-state dispute arbitration rights. These treaties improve the climate for foreign direct 
investment (FDI), in joint ventures, and in other forms of investment in partner countries that can 
lead to the transfer of technology and know-how . As of 2014, the United States had signed six 
BITs in Sub-Saharan Africa, four of which were with WTO LDC Members, including the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Rwanda and Mozambique. In August 2009, a BIT negotiation 
between the United States and Mauritius was launche d. In June 2012, the US and the East African 
Community (EAC) issued a joint statement on their Trade and Investment Partnership, which included a statement that the governments have agreed to explore a regional investment treaty. 
As of September 2013, the United States has ente red into exploratory talks regarding a BIT with 
Gabon and Ghana (see http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements /bilateral-invest ment-treaties ). 
9.2  Trade and Investment Framework Agreements 
9.2.  US Trade and Investment Framework Agreements (TIFAs) help enhance trade and 
investment relations between the United States and trade and investment partners. Over the last several years, the United States has launched 13 trade and investment agreements in sub-Saharan Africa – including three bilateral TIFAs with LDCs: Angola, Mozambique, and Rwanda.  
Additionally, the United States has launched regional TIFAs with the Common Market for Eastern 
and Southern Africa (COMESA), East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and West African Econ omic and Monetary Union (UEMOA); and a Trade, 
Investment, and Development Cooperative Agreemen t with the five countries of the Southern 
African Customs Union (SACU).  The United States also has bilateral agreements with several LDCs outside of sub-Saharan Africa including: Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Nepal, and Yemen, as 
well as with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 
(ASEAN).  Together, these agreements cover 29 WTO LDC Members: Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Haiti, Laos, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, 
Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen, and Zambia (see 
http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/trade- investment-framework-agreements).   IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  9.3  The Generalized System of Preferences 
9.3.  In addition to AGOA, until August 2013,  the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) 
programme provided duty-free access to the US market for a wide range of products from 43 
eligible LDC beneficiary countries (out of a total of 123 GSP beneficiary countries). Legal 
authorization of the GSP programme expired as of July 31, 2013. The US Administration is working 
with the United States Congress to reauthorize the programme (see http://www.ustr.gov/trade-
topics/trade-development/preference-progr ams/generalized-system-preference-gsp ). 
9.4  African Growth and Opportunity Act 
9.4.  The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGO A), enacted in 2000, has been at the center of 
US trade and investment policy toward sub-Saharan Africa, which has sought to promote open markets, expand US-Africa trade and investment, stimulate economic growth, and facilitate sub-
Saharan Africa's integration into the global economy. AGOA provides incentives to promote 
economic and political reform and trade expansion and builds on the US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programme to provide duty-free access for most of the products produced in 
eligible sub-Saharan African countries. The additional products include value-added agricultural 
and manufactured goods such as processed food  products, apparel, and footwear. Since the 
enactment of AGOA in 2000, the United States has worked closely with African governments, the 
private sector, and civil society stakeholders to improve AGOA utilization and to help them make 
the most of AGOA's trade benefits. The US Govern ment crafted and put into place the regulatory 
framework for AGOA, actively promoted the prog ramme throughout Africa, and developed trade 
capacity-building programmes to help African governments and firms identify and develop the 
market opportunities available under AGOA. AGOA continues to support the efforts of sub-Saharan 
African countries undertaking economic, political, and social reforms and provides incentives for countries undertaking reforms (see http://www.ustr.gov/t rade-topics/trade-
development/preference-programs/afri can-growth-and-opportunity-act-agoa ). 
9.5.  As of August 2014, 41 sub-Saharan African countries were eligible for AGOA benefits, 
including 22 WTO LDC Members. Helping AGOA beneficiary countries improve their capacity to 
trade and to make the most of the opportunities afforded under AGOA has been a major focus of 
US Technical Capacity Building (TCB) programmes. AGOA has resulted in a substantial increase in two-way US-Africa trade, with African countries now exporting a more diverse range of value-added products to the United States. Moreover, Af rican economies have been using trade benefits 
generated by AGOA to grow their economies and reduce poverty. The five-year $200 million 
African Global Competitiveness Initiative is a key element of TCB in support of AGOA. The AGCI supports the work of three USAID-managed regional  Trade Hubs (located in Gaborone, Botswana, 
Nairobi, Kenya, and Accra, Ghana).  
9.5  Trade Capacity Building in Least Developed Countries 
9.6.  "Aid for Trade" or Trade Capacity Buildi ng (TCB) assistance is a cornerstone of the US 
Government's strategy to promote economic growth through trade and to enable developing 
countries to negotiate and implement market-opening and reform-oriented trade agreements. TCB helps to improve the linkage between trade and development by providing developing countries 
the tools to maximize trade opportunities, including through fostering environments favorable to 
technology transfer. The United States considers its TCB activities to be an integral element in its 
efforts to provide incentives for technology transfer (see http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-
do/economic-growth-and-trade/trade-and-regulatory-reform/trade-capacity-buildingaid-trade ).  
9.7.  The United States obligated over $216 million to TCB activities in LDCs in FY 2013. 
Cumulative US TCB to LDCs from FY 2001 to FY 2013 totaled over $4.4 billion. 
9.6  Overseas Private Investment Corporation  
9.8.  The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is the US Government's development 
finance institution, mobilizing private investment in more than 150 emerging markets around the globe. OPIC seeks to open up and expand new markets for American businesses, and new opportunities for the people of developing nations.  Working with the private sector, OPIC helps US 
enterprises gain footholds in emerging markets, catalyzing revenues, jobs and growth IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  opportunities, both in the United States and abroad. OPIC actively partners with both private and 
public financial institutions, US and other government institutions, as well as other stakeholders. 
9.9.  OPIC has supported more than $200 billion of investment in over 4,000 development projects 
in such key sectors as renewable and clean technologies, agribusiness, and small and medium-
enterprise /micro-finance. The agency's current total portfolio exposure is $18.0 billion as of 
September 30, 2013, of which 70% ($12.7 billion) is in financing, 12 ($2.2 billion) is in investment funds, and 17% ($3.1 billion) is in insurance. Another key priority is Impact Investing, which aims 
to produce positive social impacts while generating financial returns sufficient to make these 
projects sustainable. OPIC also responds quickly to shifts in the political landscape. Recent events have led to increased commitments throughout the Middle East and North Africa. OPIC has also strengthened its focus on Southeast Asia, in addition to its longstanding emphasis on Sub ‐Saharan 
Africa. 
9.10.  In FY 2013, OPIC committed more than $1.2 billion to the renewable energy sector, up 
almost $200 million over the previous fiscal year. OPIC continues to made significant efforts to 
expand its work in Africa, resulting in $640 million in new commitments to the region last year. In 
2001, the sub-Saharan Africa region comprised only 4 of OPIC's global portfolio of loans, guarantees and political risk insurance, and by the end of FY 2013 comprised 21%. At its US-Africa Clean Energy Development and Finance Center (South Africa), OPIC provides technical and 
financial support for clean energy project development by providing the investors, as well as sub-
Saharan African developers, with a centralized means to identify and access US Government support for their clean energy export and investment needs. OPIC also supports the African Clean 
Energy Financing (ACEF) programme, which is focused on catalyzing private sector investment in 
clean energy projects in Africa by providing suppo rt for early stage project development costs (see 
http://www.opic.gov/sites/defau lt/files/files/ACEF%20One-
Pager%2005%2021%202013%20final.pdf ).  
9.7  Millennium Challenge Corporation 
9.11.  The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is a US Government corporation that provides  
development assistance designed to achieve po verty reduction through economic growth by 
investing in  power, transport (road, water and ai r), water supply, sanitation, agriculture, banking 
and financial services, health, education and community services, and governance. Created in 2004, MCC has signed 28 compacts with 25 countries worth nearly $10 billion (see 
http://www.mcc.gov/ ). 
9.12.  MCC is currently implementing compact agreements or threshold programmes with three 
WTO LDC Members: Malawi, Senegal, and Zambia . MCC has also completed programmes with 
Benin, Burkina Faso, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and 
Principe, a LDC that is in the WTO accession process, Tanzania, and Vanuatu.  New programmes are being developed with WTO LDCs Benin, Lesotho, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania. 
9.8  US Trade and Development Agency 
9.13.  The US Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) advances US economic development 
initiatives in developing and middle income countries. USTDA funds technical assistance (e.g. early investment analysis, training, reverse trade missions, and business workshops) that support the 
development of modern infrastructure and a fair and open trading environment. USTDA is 
dedicated to promoting public-private partnerships and through grant funding assists partners in infrastructure development projects that suppor t economic growth and effective transfer of 
technology to LDCs. Recognizing the importance of  trade to LDC growth, USTDA works closely with 
other US Government agencies and regional econ omic communities to develop trade capacity and 
apply private sector solutions to development challenges worldwide. In 2014, USTDA provided over US$1.2 million in assistance activities de signed to create an enabling environment for 
increased trade and investment in LDCs.  
9.14.  USTDA has focused on helping Burma incr ease its trade capacity. Economic growth and 
further development in Burma is severely restricted by the lack of access to reliable electricity. In 
order to spur the development of new gas-fired power plants that would supply electricity to 
Burma, USTDA approved US$294,760 in funding for a reverse trade mission (RTM) for the energy IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  sector focused on natural gas-fired power generation and related infrastructure in Burma.  The 
RTM brings delegates from Burmese ministries an d state-owned energy companies responsible for 
making decisions related to the advancement of the sector to the United States to learn about US technologies and services, along with regulatory and related environmental best practices for the 
energy sector. This RTM introduces delegates to new technologies and processes that have the 
ability to improve current operations at existing facilities and result in efficient operations at future plants. 
9.15.  USTDA has also focused programming in Tanzania. In June 2014, USTDA provided a grant 
in the amount of US$600,000 to Tanzania's Univer sity of Dodoma for a feasibility study to 
determine the technical, economic, and financial viability of implementing a combined 55 megawatt solar photovoltaic project on the university campus in the Tanzanian capital city of 
Dodoma. The project would include phased construction of three photovoltaic power plants at sites 
located on the campus. Implementation of the proj ect would provide significant economic benefits 
for the University, diversify Tanzania's energy mix, lower fossil fuel consumption, and reduce 
associated greenhouse gas emissions. The project would also increase access to power for the 
University and Tanzanians in the Dodoma region. 
9.9  The Award for Corporate Excellence 
9.16.  The Secretary of State's Award for Corporate Excellence (ACE) recognizes the important role 
US businesses play abroad as good corporate citizens, including promoting technology transfer and sustainable development.  The ACE encourages US  companies to enhance their efforts to engage 
in responsible business conduct through innovation, due diligence and supply chain management, 
support for human and labor rights, environmental stewardship and democratic values worldwide. 
The ACE winners for 2013 were: Fruit of the Loom in Honduras for its groundbreaking work on 
collective bargaining rights for its employees; Plantronics in Mexico for its work supporting Mexican 
S&T development; and Taylor Guitars in Cameroon for its work on environmentally and socially 
responsible sourcing, harvesting, and milling of rare ebony and improving transparency and traceability of logging permits among forest users (see http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ace/ ).  
9.10  Private Sector-Led  Technology Transfer 
9.17.  US agency efforts to promote better trade and investment regimes have facilitated market-
based, voluntary technology transfer from US priv ate sector entities. As US programmes help LDCs 
create the conditions for the private sector to have the confidence to invest in LDCs, new 
technologies and knowledge are exported to LDCs , helping to develop local skills and knowledge. 
US industry has identified several conditions that must be present for private sector-led technology 
transfer, including effective intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, supportive local 
government programmes, political and economic stab ility, good regulatory standards, an educated 
local workforce, and robust market size and pote ntial. For example, US pharmaceutical company 
Pfizer has recently entered into a partnership agre ement with South Africa's North-West University 
to collaborate on preclinical research and development. The programme is financed by South 
Africa's Department of Science and Technology and is expected to assist Pfizer in its ability to access innovation in the local context while contributing enhancing South African health sector R&D capacity.  
10  ECONOMIC POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 
10.1  International Trade Administration 10.1.  The Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration (ITA) supports 
programmatic offices such as the Commercial Law Development Program (the technical assistance 
arm of the Department's Office of the General Counsel), and the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), as well as other US Government agencies to deliver IPR technical assistance 
programmes to LDCs (see http://www.trade.gov ). 
10.2.  As part of its strategy to empower busine sses, particularly small businesses, to obtain and 
enforce IPRs, the US Department of Commerce utilizes multiple tools and means of assistance for companies operating abroad. Small businesses in th e United States are often on the cutting edge 
of new technologies. However, such businesses may be hesitant to export products, make IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  investments or form partnerships overseas that involve their latest technology because of fears 
that their IPRs could be violated. The US Depart ment of Commerce, by teaching small businesses 
how to protect and defend their rights overseas, promotes businesses to operate overseas, including in WTO Member LDCs. 
10.3.  The Department of Commerce continues to promote small business tools to other countries 
for their own private sector development. The Department of Commerce has developed a public 
website that hosts online resources, including information about key US Agencies and programmes 
(see http://www.stopfakes.gov ).  
10.4.  The STOPfakes website also includes an IPR Training Module that the United States 
encourages LDC trade and IPR authorities to utilize as a means of promoting their domestic private sectors. The module familiarizes small businesses with IPRs, explaining its relevance to businesses 
and how to protect and enforce IPRs abroad. WTO Member LDCs and other countries are welcome 
to use this free, public resource. Finally, STOPfa kes serves as a means for reporting IPR trade and 
enforcement issues to the Commerce Department and Federal enforcement authorities. 
10.2  Commercial Law Development Program 
10.5.  The Commercial Law Development Program (CLDP) provides commercial law technical 
assistance to governments and private sectors of developing and transitional countries in support 
of their economic development goals. Its programmes are demand-driven and customized to 
address priority issues in doing business in those countries. CLDP's unique government-to-government approach helps improve legal and regulatory environments, which are essential to attract foreign investment and promote private sector growth. Strong IPR protection systems can 
help assure foreign companies that they can transfer technology without fear that it will be stolen, 
and can provide incentives for domestic innovation and foreign direct investment. In recent years, CLDP has conducted a number of programmes benefitting LDC members of the WTO (see 
http://cldp.doc.gov ). 
10.6.  In June 2014, CLDP held a workshop on the prevention of counterfeit and illegal agro-inputs 
in Mali. The workshop covered oversight of agricu ltural product distribution, and the detection and 
prevention of fake agriculture products including pesticides, fertilizers, seeds and animal vaccines. 
Attendees included public- and private-sector stakeholders and representatives from farming associations in Mali. The programme aimed to help shape the national dialogue on the spread of counterfeit, illegal, and adulterated agricultural products and approaches to protecting farmers, 
food security, and the national economy from the effects of counterfeit and substandard products. 
It also included an overview of counterfeit prod ucts' impact on public health and food security, 
technologies that can help protect farmers from counterfeit products, and ways to improve 
cooperation between government agencies and other stakeholders in combatting counterfeit 
products. The workshop aimed to build the awarene ss and capacity of local stakeholders and help 
the Malian government shape its nati onal strategy on the subject (see 
http://cldp.doc.gov/category/countries-and-regions/sub-saharan-africa/mali ).  
10.3  National Institute of Standards and Technology 
10.7.  The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the host agency for the FLC, 
described above. The Stevenson-Wydler Technology  Innovation Act of 1980 required all federal 
agencies to make technology transfer part of their mission. More recent legislation such as the 
Technology Transfer Commercialization Act of  2000 and the America Competes Act of 2007, 
mandated that federal agencies report technology transfer activities. NIST's Technology 
Partnerships Office is responsible for preparing reports on technology transfer for the Department 
of Commerce, as well as summarizing the activities reported by federal agencies and FFRDCs NIST (see http://www.federall abs.org/flc/home/).  
10.8.  NIST uses the following technology transfer mechanisms: Patents and Licensing; 
Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs); User Facilities; Technical Publications; Participation in Documentary Standards Committees; Standard Reference Materials and Data; Calibration and Accreditation Services; Software Tools; Small Business Innovation 
Research (SBIR) Grants; Guest Researchers; Confer ences, Workshops, and Inquiries; and Training IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  (see http://www.nist.gov/tpo/publicat ions/upload/DOC-FY-2013-Te ch-Trans-Annual-Report-4-28-
14.pdf) . 
10.9.  NIST has research laboratories, user facilities, and other programmes focused on advancing 
the measurement science, standards, and technology, and promotes the transfer of technology. In 
particular, NIST's Guest Researcher Program (see 
http://www.nist.gov/tpo/collabo rations/guestresearchers.cfm ) provides opportunities for 
technically qualified individuals to work at NIST on projects of mutual interest, with a key benefit 
of gaining access to NIST facilities, staff, and research tools. Guest researchers (or their home 
institutions) may retain rights to inventions conceived while at NIST. NIST operates two unique and valuable laboratory user facilities: the Centre for Neutron Research (which provides cold and thermal neutron measurement capabilities) and the Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology 
(which provides a means to access advanced nanofabrication and measurement instrumentation).  
NIST also consults and reports on technology transfer from US government laboratories and provides consultation and assistance on US technology transfer legislation and procedures to other 
countries. 
10.10.  Each year, NIST hosts hundreds of foreign guest researchers at its facilities. In 2013, 20 
researchers, from the following LDCs  participated in this programme:  
 Bangladesh – 7 
 Benin – 1 
 Burkina Faso - 3 
 Ethiopia – 1 
 Madagascar – 1 
 Nepal – 4 
 Niger – 1 
 Senegal – 1 
 Uganda- 1 
10.11.  In 2014, to date, 17 researchers from the following LDCs participated in this programme: 
 Bangladesh – 6 
 Benin – 1 
 Burkina Faso – 2 
 Madagascar – 1 
 Nepal – 4 
 Niger – 1 
 Senegal – 1 
 Uganda – 1 
10.4  US Patent and Trademark Office 10.12.  The US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO ) offers training and technical assistance on 
IPR protection and enforcement to countries around  the world, including LDCs. A strong system of 
IPR protection is crucial to foreign investment and voluntary, private sector-led technology transfer in developing countries and for developing country innovators to capitalize on their creativity. 
10.13.  Since 2007, the USPTO has offered assistance through the Global Intellectual Property 
Academy (GIPA) at its state-of-the-art training facility at its headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. 
Through these training programmes at GIPA, the US PTO delivers targeted training to foreign IP 
officials. Training focuses on pertinent information for IP office administrators, examiners, judges, IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  prosecutors, customs officers, and other government and law enforcement officials (see 
http://www.uspto.gov/ip/training/ ). 
10.14.  In 2013, GIPA conducted more than 110 training, technical assistance, and capacity 
building programmes for over 7,000 participants from 134 different countries. Most participants 
came from developing and least-developed countries.  LDC representatives from the following 
countries attended GIPA programmes in the United States in 2013: Benin, Bhutan, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Lao PDR, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal, and Togo.  Other 
programmes hosted at the USPTO with LDC attendees included the 55
th Annual Meeting of the 
International Association of Judges, the State Department's International Visitor Leadership Program, and the Foreign Mission Embassy Program.  
10.15.  USPTO posts IPR attachés at US embassies and consulates around the world. These 
attachés work with host governments, private sector entities, academia, advocacy groups, 
international organizations, and NGOs to provide IPR technical assistance and capacity building programmes of particular interest to countries in their region (see 
http://www.uspto.gov/ip/global/attache/ ). 
10.16.  In addition to programmes in the US, GI PA and IP Attachés also provide IP-focused 
technical assistance and capacity building to foreign officials in their home countries. These 
programmes have focused on IP rights enforcement as well as patent, trademark, and copyright 
policy and best practices. Participants at in-country or regional programmes offered in 2013 included government officials from Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, 
Cambodia, Ethiopia, Gambia, Lao PDR, Liberia, Malawi, Nepal, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, 
Uganda, and Zambia. 
10.17.  In June 2014, USPTO conducted 3-day training programme on combating counterfeit, 
falsified and substandard medicines for Sub-Saharan Africa. Program participants included drug 
regulators and law enforcement officials from Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, 
and South Africa. Participants exchanged information on recent enforcement efforts and challenges, and heard from speakers from US Customs and Border Protection, USAID, State 
Department, and the Food and FDA. The UN Office of Drugs and Crime participated in a session.  
The programme included multiple demonstrations on counterfeit medicines detection technology, including technology invented by FDA's Forensic Chemistry Center. 
10.18.  In April 2014, the USPTO renewed the Patents for Humanity programme as an annual 
event to encourage assistance to LDCs.  The programme, a voluntary prize competition, provides 
business incentives for patent owners and licensees to apply their technology to humanitarian purposes.  Participants submit descriptions of how they are improving lives in five broad categories 
of global challenges: medicine, nutrition, sanita tion, household energy, and living standards.  
Independent experts review the submissions an d recommend winners, who receive accelerated 
processing of select patent matters at the USPTO (see 
http://www.uspto.gov/patents/init_ev ents/patents_for_humanity.jsp ).   
10.19.  In 2012-13, the Patents for Humanity pilot programme received 81 applications. 
Volunteers from academia served as judges, ultimately selecting ten recipients for Patents for Humanity Awards. At an awards ceremony held, the inaugural winners received recognition of their 
efforts. (see http://www.uspto.gov/patents/init_events /patents_for_human ity/awards2013.jsp) . 
10.20.  USPTO hosts seven IPR e-Learning modules (in Arabic, English, French, Russian and 
Spanish).   By the end of 2013, the e-learning mo dules had received almost 39,000 hits since they 
were first placed on the USPTO website in early 2010 (see 
http://www.uspto.gov/ip/training/elearn.jsp) . 
10.21.  The USPTO supports the efforts of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to 
assist LDCs through the WIPO Re:Search and WIPO Green programmes, which provide platforms 
that promote access to IP rights and technical know-how for neglected tropical diseases and environmentally friendly technologies. IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  10.5  US Agency for International Development 
10.22.  USAID is the principal US agency involved  in implementing the goal of ending extreme 
poverty and promoting economic growth and resilien t democratic societies in developing countries. 
USAID's overarching goal in economic growth is to help partner countries achieve sustainable and 
resilient, rapid and broad-based growth that includes all vulnerable groups. Encouraging 
technology transfer is important in reaching this overarching goal. 
10.23.  In support of economic growth, agricult ure, and trade, USAID endeavors to: (a) promote 
climate-resilient, low-emissions growth; (b) develop well-functioning markets in developing 
countries; (c) enhance access to productive opportunities for the poor, women and other disadvantaged groups; and (d) strengthen the intern ational framework of policies, institutions and 
public goods that support growth prospects and opportunities for poor countries. Examples include 
research and development of special initiatives on agricultural, health and other problems specific 
to developing countries and promoting international standards — including good trade practices— that provide sound models for developing economies to emulate. 
10.24.  Helping LDCs integrate into the world economy is a major feature of USAID's economic 
growth and trade activities, which focus on trade and investment policy, institutional analysis and reform, TCB, technical training, environmentall y sound natural resources management, and the 
promotion of US-Africa private sector development.  
10.25.  The African Competitive and Trade Expansion (ACTE) initiative supports USAID's three 
regional Trade Hubs for competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa, based in Botswana, Ghana, and Kenya. The four-year (Sept. 2011 - Sept. 2015) $ 120 million ACTE was designed to help expand 
African trade and investment with the United Stat es, with other international trading partners, and 
regionally within Africa by improving the ex port competitiveness of sub-Saharan African 
enterprises (see http://www.watradehub.com/  for the Trade Hubs in West 
Africa; http://www.satradehub.org/  for the Trade Hubs in Southern Africa; 
and http://www.competeafrica.org/  for the Trade Hubs in Eastern and Central Africa). 
10.26.  The USAID Global Development Alliance (GDA) mobilizes the ideas, efforts and resources 
of governments, businesses, and civil society by forging public-private alliances to stimulate 
economic growth, develop businesses and workforc es, address health and environmental issues, 
and expand access to education and technology. The GDA business model links US foreign assistance with the resources, expertise, and cr eativity of global and local businesses, private 
philanthropy, and civil society. Since fiscal year 2001, GDA has formed more than 1,500 public-
private partnerships with over 3,500 partner organizations, with an estimated value of more than $20 billion in public and private funds (see http://www.usaid.gov/gda ).   
10.27.  USAID has partnered with Cisco Systems in dozens of countries over the last decade.  A 
number of USAID-Cisco collaborations have focuse d on supporting economic growth and workforce 
development through Cisco's Networking Academy programme, where individuals gain the skills 
needed to build, design, and maintain computer networks. The programme helps prepare students 
for industry-recognized certifications and information and communication technology (ICT) careers. Students develop foundational skills in ICT while acquiring vital 21st-century career skills in problem solving, collaboration, and critical thinking.  USAID and Cisco are also collaborating in 
Burma, where three Cisco Networking Academies have  been established.  Through the end of June 
2014, nearly 300 Burmese students (a majority of women) had received training (see http://blog.usaid.gov/2013/03/usaid-and-cisco-to-establish-networking-academies-in-burma/ ).   
10.28.  In FY2013, USAID Missions brought in nearly $500 million in new private sector leverage 
for Global Development Alliances initiated that year, representing a 30% increase over new private sector leverage brought in FY2012. Through the GDA, USAID has not only gained additional 
financial resources for development activities, but also new technologies, intellectual capital, and 
technical and managerial expertise that enhances its ability to address an increasingly complex set of development challenges.  IP/C/W/602/Add.6 
 
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  11  INCENTIVES RELATED TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS  
11.1  Global Broadband and Innovations 11.1.  USAID's Global Broadband and Innovations (GBI) programme has been designed to focus 
attention and resources on leveraging the adopti on of ICTs across the US development portfolio. 
GBI focuses on three priority areas: 
i. Extending the reach of broadband, including enhanced mobile networks, into remote 
rural areas as a key infrastructure for extending the reach of socioeconomic services 
through partners, as well as others working within the international, national, and 
local development community;  
ii. leveraging the extension of broadband an d mobile networks for delivering network-
enabled value-added application support to development initiatives; and,  
iii. legal and regulatory issues to increase competition and reduce broadband costs in 
rural communities, with a strong focus on Universal Service Obligations (Funds) and National Broadband Plans and policy. 
(see http://www.usaid.gov/what-we- do/economic-growth-and-trade /infrastructure/information-
communication-technology-development )  
 
11.2.  A fundamental component of  achieving this second priority is the leveraging of public-
private partnerships (PPPs). The GBI Program places a priority on the second of these two focus areas, creating partnerships with large US ICT corp orations such as Intel, Cisco, and Microsoft, as 
well as local ISP's operating at the country level in USAID-presence countries. USAID has also 
developed strong relationships with international industry associations such as the Global VSAT 
Forum under the GBI.  
__________