DEAS 949  :2019  
 
 
© EAC 201 9                                                                                                       First Edition 201 9 
  
 
 
 
 
DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD  
The classification and identification of dangerous goods for road and rail 
transport.  
   EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
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 Foreword  
Development of the East African Standards has been necessitated by the need for harmonizing requirements governing quality of  products and services in the East African 
Community. It is envisaged that through harmonized standardization, trade barrier s that are encountered when goods and services are exchanged within the Community will be 
removed.  
The Community has established an East African Standards Committee (EASC) mandated to develop and issue East African Standards  (EAS).  The Committee is compos ed of 
representatives of the National Standards Bodies in Partner States, together with the representatives from the public and pri vate sector organizations in the community.  
East African Standards are developed through Technical Committees that are repre sentative of key stakeholders including government, academia, consumer groups, private 
sector and other interested parties. Draft East African Standards are circulated to stakeholders through the National Standar ds Bodies in the Partner States. The comment s 
received are discussed and incorporated before finalization of standards, in accordance with the Principles and procedures fo r development of East African Standards.  
East African Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances.  Users of the East African Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always 
have the latest versions of the standards they are implementing .  
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee EASC/TC 041……………………………..  
Attention i s drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be subject of patent rights. EAC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such 
patent rights.  
During the preparation of this Standard, reference was made to the follo wing document:  
SANS 10228:2012, The identification and classification of dangerous goods for transport by road and rail modes  
Acknowledgement is hereby made for the assistance derived from this source.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
a 
 
 
 
                                                   DEAS 949  :2019 
 
 
 
 
 
The classification and identification of dangerous goods for road and rail transport  
 
 
1 Scope   
 
This draft East African  Standard covers classification and identification of dangerous goods that are capab le of posing a significan t risk to health safety , property and the 
environment.  
 
 
This standard applies to road and rail modes of transport.  
 
2 Normative references   
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes r equirements of this document. For dated references, only the 
edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) appli es. 
 
ASTM D93, Standard test methods for flash point by P ensky -Martens  closed -cup tester  
 
ASTM D240, Standard test method for heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels by bomb  
calorimeter  
 
ASTM D4359, Standard test method for determining whether a material is a liquid or a solid.  
 
ISO 780, Packaging – Pictoria l marking for handling of goods  
 
ISO 1523, Determination of flash point – Close d cup equilibrium method  
 
ISO 2431, Paints and varnishes – Determination o f flow time by use of flow cups  
 
ISO 2592, Determination of flash and fire poi nts – Cleveland open cup method  
 
ISO 2719, Determination of flash point – Pensky -Martens closed cup meth od 
 
ISO 3711, Lead chromate pigments and lead chromate -molybdate pigments – Specifications and  
methods of test  
 
ISO 8115, Cotton  bales – Dimensions and density  
 
ISO 9038, Test for sust ained combustibility of liquids  
 
ISO 10156, Gases and gas mixtures – Determination of fire potential and oxidizing ability for the  
selection of cylinder valve outlets  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  ISO 10156 -2, Gas cylinders – Gases and gas mixtures – Part 2: Determination of oxidizing ab ility of  
toxic and c orrosive gases and gas mixtures  
 
ISO 13736, Determination of flash  point – Abel closed -cup method  
 
ISO 13943, Fire safety – Vocabulary – Part 86. 1: Affective heat of combustion  
 
ISO 13943, Fire safety – Vocabulary – Part 86.2: Gross hea t of combustion  
 
ISO 13943, Fire safety – Vocabulary – Part 86.3: Net  heat of combustion  
 
NFPA 30B, Manufacture and storage of aerosol products  
 
DEAS 951:2019  Transport of dangerous goods – Packaging and large packaging for road and rail  
transport  
 
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their  
Disposal (1989)  
 
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material.  
Safery standards series No. TS -R-1. IAEA. Vienna, 200 5 
 
International Civil Aviation Organization. Technical instructions for the safe transport of dangerous  
goods by air. Mo ntreal, Quebec: ICAO, 2005 -2006  
 
International Maritime Organization. International convention for safe containers. Edition 3. London:  
IMO, 1996  
 
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). WHO recommended classification of pesticides  
by hazard and guidelines to classification.  World Hea lth Organization. Geneva, 2005   
United Nations. Recommendations on the transport of dangerous go ods; Manual of tests and criteria  
Part I: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to expl osives of class 1. 6th rev. ed. New  York and Geneva: UN, 2015 
 
United Nations. Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods;  Manual of te sts and criteria –Part II: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating  to self -
reactive substances of division 4.1 and organic peroxides of division 5.2. 6th rev. ed . New York and Geneva: UN, 2015 
 
United Nations. Recommendations on the t ransport of dangerous goods;  Manual of tests and criteria –Part III: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relatin g to 
class 2, class 3, class 4, division 5.1, class 8 and class 9. 6th rev. ed.  New York and Geneva: UN, 2015 
 
OECD Test Guidel ines 
NOTE  The United Nations' Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods ; Manual of tests and criteria, will be referred to as the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria in the text of this standard.  
 
3 Definitions and abbreviations  
 
For th e purposes of this document, the following definitions and abbreviations shall apply.  
 
3.1  Definitions  
 
3.1.1  
A1 and A2  
values for individual radionuclides that are basic activity values used for characterizing radioactive  
material to be transported, and for specifying activity limits  
 
NOTE See D.1 for individual radionuclides.  
 
3.1.2 
activity concentration activity of one mass unit or volumetric unit of radioactive material, expre ssed in becquerels per kilogram or becquerels per cubic metre respectively, or 
their fractions, or their multiples  
 
3.1.3 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  acute aquatic toxicity intrinsic property of a substance to be injurious to an organism i n a short -term exposure to that substance  
 
3.1. 
ambient temperature temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C  
 
3.1.5 
availability exten t to which a substance becomes a soluble or disaggregate species  
 
3.1.6 
bioaccumulation net result of uptake, transformation and elimination of a substance in a n organism due to all routes of exposure (air, water, sediment/soil and food)  
 
3.1.7 
bioconcentr ation factor  
BCF 
ratio of a test substance concentrating in a test organism to the concentration in the test water at  
equilibrium  
 
3.1.8 
biotic relating to life or to living things  
 
3.1.9 
bulk container containment system (including any liner or coating) i ntended for the tra nsport of solid substances that are in direct contact with the containment system  
 
3.1.10 
chronic aquatic toxicity potential or actual properties of a substance to cause adverse effe cts to aquatic organisms during exposures that are dete rmined in relation to the life -
cycle of the organism  
 
3.1.11 
combustible solid that is relatively difficult to ignite and that burns relatively slo wly, and a liquid that sustains combustion for more than 15 s at 60,5 °C ± 1,0 °C  
 3.1.12 
competent authority  
national body or authority designated, or otherwise recognized, for the control or regulation of a  
particular aspect of the transport of dangerous goods  
 
NOTE  See the advice sheet provided with this standard for contact information.  
 
3.1.13 
critical temp erature  above at which a substance cannot exist in the liquid state  
 
3.1.14 
Dangerous goods  
substances or articles that pose hazard to people, health, property or the environment, due to their chemical or physical pro perties  
 
 
NOTE 1  Dangero us goods are listed in B.2 and A nnex C.  
 
NOTE 2  For the purposes of this standard, "dangerous substances" and "dangerous goods" are synonymous.  
 
3.1.15 
degradation  decomposition of organic molecules to smaller molecules and eventual ly to carbon dioxide, water and salts 
 
3.1.16 
diluent, type A  
organic liquid that is compatible with an organic peroxide and a self -reactive substance, and that has a boiling point of not less than 150 °C  
 
3.1.17 
diluent, type B  
organic liquid that is compatible with an organic peroxide and that has a boiling point of less than  
150 °C but not less than 60 °C, and a flash point of not less than 5 °C  
 
3.1.18 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  EC 5  
concentration of a substance, in milligrams per litre of water, that  causes the maximum response to 50 % of a population of daphnia ( water flea)  
 
3.1.19 
fuel cell  
 electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel  to electrical energy, heat and reaction products  
 
3.1.20 
fuel cell cartridge  
article that stores fuel for discharge into the fuel cell through a valve that  controls the discharge of fuel into the fuel cell  
 
3.1.2 1 
gas 
state of matter that is characterized by very low density and viscosity (relative to liquids and solids),  
comparatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, th e ability to diffuse into other gases, and the ability to occupy with almost complete 
uniformit y the whole of any container  
 
3.1.24 
genetically modified micro -organism  
GMMO micro -organism in which the genetic material has been purposely altered  through gen etic engineering in a way that does not occur naturally  
 
3.1.2 3 
genetically modified organism  
GMO  organism in which the genetic material has been purposely altered t hrough genetic engineering in a way that does not occur naturally  
 
3.1.2 4 
LC50 
concentration  of a substance in air or in water that causes the death of 50 % of a group of test animals  
 
3.1.25 LD50 
 
is a single dose of the substance that, when administered orally, is most likely to cause the death, within 14 d ays, of 50 % of both male and female y oung adult 
albino test rats  
 
3.1.2 6 
liquid  
substance that has a vapour pressure not exceeding 300 kPa at 50 °C and that has a melting point or  an initial melting point of not higher than 20 °C at a pressure of 101,3 kPa  
 
NOTE  A viscous substance for which  a specific melting point cannot be determined should be tested in accordance with ASTM D4359.  
 
3.1.2 7 
log Kow  
octanol -water partition coefficient  
measure of the transfer of a substance from the aquatic environment to  an organism, for example fish,  and the  potential bioaccumulation of the substance at equilibrium 
concentration  
 
NOTE The partition coefficient is the quotient of octanol to water and is given in th e form of its logarithm to base ten. 
 
3.1.2 8 
no observed effect concentration  
NOEC test concentra tion immediately below the lowest tested concentration  with statistically significant adverse effect  
 
NOTE The NOEC has no statistically significant adverse effect compared to the control.  
 
3.1.29 
packing group  
group symbol that indicates the degree of dan ger/hazard of the primary property of a specific substance  in accordance with internationally recognized classifications  
 
3.1.30 
paste  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  soft, viscous mass of solids dispersed in a liquid  
 
NOTE  A paste can be classified either as a liquid or as a solid, dep ending on the results obtained when it is t ested in accordance with ASTM D4359.  
 
3.1.31 
proper shipping name  
description used for dangerous goods in transport documentation, in the marking of packages, and in the placarding of containers and vehicles to en sure that goods can be 
readily identified during transport  
 
NOTE 1  In the case of spillage and leakage, the proper shipping name is i nstrumental in determining what response actions, emergency equipment or antidotes, are necessary.  
 
NOTE 2  The proper shi pping name is shown in capital letters in B.2 and in annex C.  
NOTE 3  If more than one distinct entry is given under a single United Nations ( UN) number, as indicated by the conjunction "or" or by punctuation, the more appropriate of the names is to be use d. 
 
NOTE 4  If several names are in use for the same substance, one or more of  these names can be used as the proper shipping name; the rest, being synonyms, are given in lower case for reference purposes only.  
 
NOTE 5  Technical names and trade names can be used on documents and packages in addition to the proper shipping name.  
 
3.1.32 
rated capacity  
output of a fuel cell cartridge that can continue indefinitely in complianc e with a criterion, for example heating  
 
3.1.33 
solid  
powders, flakes, granules and  kibbles, and also pastes and viscous substances that comply with the  test for solids in accordance with ASTM D4359, other than gas, and that 
does not meet the definition of a liquid  
 
3.1.34 
specific activity  
activity of one mass unit of radioactive materi al, expressed in becquerels per kilogram, or its fractions,  
or its multiples  
 3.1.35 
total activity  
activity of the radionuclide material contained in a consignment, expressed in the basic unit of  
becquerel (Bq)  
 
3.1.36 
United Nations (UN) number  
serial nu mber that consists of four digits and that is assigned to dangero us goods by the United Nations' Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods  
 
3.1.37 
waste, chemical  
unusable product from chemical and metal processing operations that, if improp erly disposed of,  
contains dangerous or polluting materials that pose a threat to humans or animals or the environment  
 
3.1.38 
Division  
 
 
3.2  Abbreviations  
 
BCF   bioconcentration factor  
 
BOD   biochemical oxygen demand  
 
Bq   Becquerel  
 
COD   chemical oxy gen demand  
 
GLP   good laboratory practice  
 
GMMO   genetically modified micro -organism  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
GMO   genetically modified organism  
 
IBC   intermediate bulk container  
 
N.O.S.   not otherwise specified  
 
OECD   Organization for Economic Co -operation and Development  
 
SADT   self-acceler ating decomposition temperature  
 
UN   United Nations  
 
WHO   World Health Organization  
 
†   add the technical name of the product in parentheses after the proper shipping name  
 
4 General provisions  
 
4.1  This standard does not apply to t he transport of:  
 
a)  Dangerous goods that are required for the propulsion of the means of transport or the operation of its specialized equipment during transport, for example refrigeration 
units, or that are required in  accordance with the operating requ irements, for example fire extinguishers; and  
 
b)  Dangerous goods that are transported as packed for retail sale by private individuals for their own  use. 
 
4.2  In accordance with the Universal Postal Union Convention , dangerous goods as defined in this  standard, with the exception of those listed below, are not permitted in 
mail transported internationally.  
 
The following dangerous goods are acceptable in international mail subject to the provisions of the  national postal authority:   
a)  infectious substa nces assigned to category B (UN 3373) and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) when  used as a refrigerant for infectious substances of UN 3373; and  
 
b)  radioactive material in an excepted package ( see IAEA SS -6 ), the total activity of which does  not exceed one  tenth of that listed in Table 1.  
 
 
4.3  Any substance or article that is liable to react in one of the following ways under normal conditions of transport in the con dition it is presented for transport, is forbidden 
from transport unless otherwise provide d by this standard:  
 
a)  explode;  
 
b)  react dangerously;  
 
c)  produce a flame or dangerous evolution of heat; or  
 
d)  emit toxic, corrosive or flammable gases or vapours.  
 
 
Table 1 ― Activity limits for excepted packages  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
 
NOTE  The Acts of the Universa l Postal Union  do not apply to the domestic transport of dangerous goods by mail.  
 
 
 
4 Classification system, packing group allocation and subsidiary risk  
 
Dangerous goods are classified in nine classes  and three packing groups in accordance with the Unite d Nations’ Recommendations on the Transport of  Dangerous Goods. 
Model Regulations. The nine classes relate to the type of hazard whereas the three  packing groups relate to the degree of danger posed within the class.  
 
4.1  Classification system  
 
4.1.1 Clas s 1: E xplosives   
This class is subdivided into six divisions (see 7.2).  
 
4.1.2  Class 2: G ases  
 
This class is subdivided as follows:  
 
a)  Division 2.1: flammable gases;  
 
b)  Division 2.2: non -flammable, non -toxic gases; and  
 
c)  Division 2.3: toxic gases.  
 
4.1.3  Class 3: F lammable liquids  
 
This class comprises liquids capable of being ignited.  
 
4.1.4  Class 4: F lammable solids; substances li able to spontaneous combustion; substances that, on contact with water, emit flammable gases  
 
This class is subdivide d as follows:  
 
a)  Division 4.1: F lammable solids, self -reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives;  
 
b)  Division 4.2: S ubstances liable to spontaneous combustion; and  
 
c)  Division 4.3: S ubstances that, on contact with water, emit flammable gas es. 
 
4.1.5  Class 5: O xidizing substances and organic peroxides  
 
This class is subdivided as follows:  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  Division 5.1: O xidizing substances; and  
 
b)  Division 5.2: O rganic peroxides.  
 
4.1.6  Class 6: toxic and infectious substances  
 
This class is subdivi ded as follows:  
 
a)  Division 6.1: T oxic substances; and  
 
b)  Division 6.2: I nfectious substances.  
 
4.1.7  Class 7: radioactive material  
 
This class comprises materials that spontaneously emit ionizing radiation.  
 
4.1.8  Class 8: corrosives  
 
This class com prises substances that, by chemical action, cause damage to living tissue, to commonly  used metals, or to other cargo.  
 
4.1.9  Class 9: M iscellaneous dangerous substances and goods  
 
This class comprises any substance not covered by the other classes, but t hat has been or could be  shown by experience to be of such a dangerous character that the 
provis ions of this class should apply to it. 
 
5.2  Packing group allocation  
 
5.2.1  General  
 
For packing purposes, certain substances listed in this standard are a ssigned to three packing groups in accordance with their degree of danger.   
NOTE  Dangerous goods of classes 1, 2 and 7, and divisions 5.2 and 6.2 and self -reactive substances of division 4.1 are excluded from the packing group allocation.  
 
5.2.2 Packing grou ps 
 
The packing groups have the following meaning:  
 
a)  Packing group I: Substances that present a high danger;  
 
b)  Packing group II: Substances that present a medium danger; and  
 
c)  Packing group III: Substances that present a low danger.  
 
5.3  Subsidia ry risk  
 
Where applicable, the subsidiary danger risk of a substance is also identified in terms of the  
classification system.  
 
 
 
. 
4.2 Classes  
4.2.1  Class 1: Explosives  
 
4.2.1 .1  General  
 
7.1.1  Introductory notes  
 
7.1.1.1   Class 1 is a restricted class, i.e. only those explosive substances and articles that are listed in B.2 shall be accepted for transport. However, the competent author ity 
retains the right by mutual agreement to approve transport of explosive substances and articles for  special purposes under special conditions. Therefore, entries have been 
included in B.2 for "Sub stances, explosive, N.O.S." and "Articles, explosive, N.O.S." These entries shall be used only when no other method of operation is possible.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
7.1.1.2   A number of explosive sub stances and articles are described in annex G because an explosive term might not be well known or might be at variance with its usage for 
regulatory purposes.  
 
7.1.1.3   Class 1 is unique in that the type of pack aging frequently has a decisive effect on th e hazard and therefore on the assignment to a particular division (see 7.2).  
 
7.1.1.4   General entries such as “Explosives, blasting Type A” are used to  allow for the transport of new explosive substances.  
 
7.1.2  Explosive substances and articles  
 
7.1.2.1  An explosive substance is a solid substance or a liquid substan ce, or a mixture of substances, that is in itself capable, by chemical reaction, of producing gas at s uch a 
temperature, pressure and speed as to cause damage to the surroundings.  
 
NOTE  The f ollowing explosive substances are excluded from class 1:  
 
a)  those that are too dangerous to transport;  
 
b)  those of which the predominant hazard is appropriate to another class; and  
 
c)  those that are in themselves not explosives but that can form an e xplosive atmosphere of gas, vapour or dust.  
 
7.1.2.2   An explosive article is an article that contains one or more explosive substances or an article  that is manufactured with a view to producing a practical explosive.  
 
NOTE  Devices that contain explosive  substances in such quantity or of such char acter that their inadvertent or accidental ignition or initiation during transport does not cause any external effect to t he device, by 
projection, fire, smoke, heat or loud noise, are excluded from class 1.  
 
7.1.2.3  Class 1 includes substances and articles not mentioned in 7.1.2.1 and 7.1.2.2 that are manufactured to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke , or a 
combination of these, as the result of non -detonative self -sustaining exothermic chemic al reactions (pyrotechnic effect).  
 7.1.2.4   A phlegmatizer is a substance that has been added to an exp losive to enhance its safety in handling and transport. The phlegmatizer renders the explosive insensi tive, 
or less sensitive, to the following actions:  heat, shock, impact, percussion or friction. Typical ph legmatizing agents include, but not limited to, wax, paper, water, polymer, alcohol 
and oils.  
 
7.2  Divisions of class 1  
 
7.2.1  Division 1.1  
 
This division consists of substances and articles that pr esent a mass explosion hazard.  
 
NOTE  A mass explosion is one that affects virtually the entire consignment of explosives almost instantaneously.  
 
7.2.2  Division 1.2  
 
This division consists of substances and articles that present a projection hazard, but not a mass  
explosion hazard.  
 
7.2.3  Division 1.3  
 
This division consists of substances and articles that, in the event of ignition or initiation during transport  
 
a)  give rise to considerable radiant heat, or  
 
b)  burn one after the other, producing a mi nor blast or a minor projection effect (or both).  
 
7.2.4  Division 1.4  
 
This division consists of substances and articles that  
 
a)  present no significant hazard, and  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  b)  present only a small hazard in the event of ignition or initiation du ring transport.  The effects are largely confined within the package and no projection of fragments of 
appreciable size or range is to be expected. An external fire will not cause virtually instantaneous  explosion of almost the entire contents of the package.  
 
NOTE  Subst ances and articles in this division that are so packaged or so desi gned that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are confined to the package (unless the package has been degraded by 
fire, in  which case all blast or projection effects are limited to the extent that they do not significantly hinder fire -fighting or other  emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the package), are pl aced in 
compatibility group S (see 7.3).  
 
7.2.5  Division 1.5  
 
6(c) in part I of the United N ations' Manual of tests and criteria).  
 
NOTE The probability of transition from burning to detonation is greater when large quantities are transported.  
 
7.2.6  Division 1.6  
 
This division consists of extremely insensitive articles that do not have a mass e xplosion hazard and the probability of accidental initiation or propagation is negligible.  
 
NOTE  The risk of explosion is limited to a single article.  
 
7.3  Compatibility groups  
 
Substances and articles of class 1 are considered to be "compatibl e" if they  can be safely stored together or transported together without significantly increasing either the  
probability of an accident or, for  a given quantity, the magnitude of the effects of such an accident. In accordance with this criterion, goods  listed in thi s class have been divided 
into a number of compatib ility groups, each denoted by letter  from A to N (excluding I and M) and S. Table 2 gives the possible h azard divisions associated with each 
compatibility group and the consequential classification co de. T able 3 gives the scheme of classification and the combination of hazard division with compatibility group.  
 
7.4  Competent authority for the classification of explosives  
 
The classification of all explosive articles and substances, together  with their comp atibility group allocation, shall be approved by the relevant compet ent authority . 
 
Table 2 — Classification codes   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
 
 
Table 3 — Scheme of classificatio n of explosives, combination of hazard division with compatibility group  
 
 
7.5  Classification of expl osives  
 
7.5.1  General  
 
7.5.1.1   Any substance or article that has, or is suspected of having, expl osives characteristics shall be considered  for classification in class 1. Substances classified as 
explosiv es of class 1 shall be assigned to the appropriate  division and compatibility group (see 7.2 and 7.3).  
 
7.5.1.2   A substance or an article that is not listed by its prop er shipping name in B.2 and in Annex C shall not be offered for transport as an explosive of class 1 unle ss it has 
been subjected to the classification procedure prescribed in this clause. The classification procedure shall  also be undertaken before a new product is offered for transport.   
A new product considered for classification in class 1 is  
 
a)  a substance, or a combination of substa nces, or a mixture of explosiv e substances that is considered to  be significantly different from other combinations or mixtures 
already classified, or  
 
b)  a new design of article, or an article that contains a new explosive substance, or a new combination  or mixture of explosive substances, or  
 
c)  a new design of packaging for an explosive substance or article that includes a new type of inner  
packaging.  
 
It is important to realize that a relatively minor change in an inner or oute r packaging can be criti cal and can convert a lesser risk into a mass explosion risk.  
 
7.5.1.3  The manufacturer or other applicant requesting classificatio n of an explosive product shall provide adequate information regarding the names and characteristics of all 
the explosive sub stances present in the product, and shall provide the results of all relevant tests that have been  done .   
 
NOTE  It is assumed that all the explosive substances in a new article have bee n properly tested and that they carry competent authority approval.  
 
7.5.1.4  Verification of the classification shall be undertaken if the explosive substance or article , or its packaging, is degraded and if the degradation might affect the behaviour of 
the substance or item in the tests.  
 
7.5.1.5  A report on the series of tests that have been performed shall  be drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the competent authority. Such a report shall  contain at 
least the following information:  
 
a)  the composition of the substance or the structure of the article;  
 
b)  the quantity of substance or the number of articles used per test;  
 
c)  the type and construction of the packaging;  
 
d)  the test assembly, including the nature, quantity and arrangement of the means of initiation or  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  ignition used;  
 
e)  the course of the test , including the time elapsing until the occurrence o f the first noteworthy reaction of the substance or article, the duration and characteristics of the 
reaction, and whether the reaction was complete;  
 
f)  the effect of the reaction on the immediate surro undings, up to 25 m from the site of the test;  
 
g)  the effect of the reaction on the surroundings further than 25 m from the site of the test; and  
 
h)  the atmospheric conditions during the test.  
 
7.5.2  Procedure  
 
Figure 1 indicates the general scheme fo r the classification of a substance or an article that is to be  
considered for inclusion in class 1. The assessment is done in two stages:  
 
a)  Ascertain the potential of a substance or an article to explode and whether  its stability and sensitivity,  both chemical and physical, are shown to be acceptable.  
In order to assist the competent authority with the assessment, the test data shall be analysed  systematically with respect to the appropriate test criteria by using the 
flow chart of  in  part I of the Uni ted Nations' Manual of tests and criteria; and  
 
b)  If the substance or article is acceptable for class 1, assign the correc t hazard division in accordance with figure 10.3  in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and 
criteria.  
 
NOTE 1  The tests f or acceptance and the further tests to determine the correct divis ion in class 1 are grouped into seven series as listed in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria . The numbering of 
these series relates to the sequence of assessing resul ts rather than the order in which the tests are conducted.  
 
NOTE 2  The scheme of assessment given in flow chart 1 is only designed for the classification of  
 
a)  packed explosive substances and articles, and  
 
b)  individual unpacked explosive articles.   
NOTE 3  Transport in freight containers, road vehicles and rail wagons could requi re special tests that take into consideration the quantity (self -confinement), the kind of substance and the contain er used for the 
substance. Such tests can be specified by t he competent authority (see the foreword).  
 
7.5.3  Acceptance criteria  
 
7.5.3.1   The results from preliminary tests and those from test series  1 to 4 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria, are used to determine whether or no t the 
product is acceptable for class 1. If the substance is manufactured with a view to producing a practical explosive or pyrotechnic  effect (see 7.1.2.3), it is unnecessary to conduct 
tests series 1 and 2. If an  article, a packaged article or a packaged substan ce is rejected by test series 3 or 4 (or both), it could  be practicable to redesign the article or the 
packaging to render it acceptable.  
 
7.5.3.2   The competent authority may exclude an article or a substance from class 1 by virtue of test  
results and the  class 1 definition.  
 
7.5.3.3   An explosive substance that has been diluted to exclude it from cla ss 1 by test series 6 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria, is referred to as a 
"desensitized explosive" (see 9.2,  
10.1.2.6 and 10.1. 3). Such a substance shall be classified as a desensitized explosive with an  
indication of the highest concentration of explosive allowed to exclude it f rom class 1 and, if applicable, the  concentration below which it is no longer deemed as dangerous 
goods . 
 
7.5.3.4  A new solid desensitized explosive shall be classified in division 4.1, and a new liquid  
desensitized explosive shall be classified in class 3. When a desensiti zed explosive complies with the criteria or definition for another class or division , the corresponding 
subsi diary risk(s) shall be assigned to it. 
7.5.3.5  Some explosive devices could function during transport. Theoretic al analysis, test data or other evidence of safety shall be provided to the competent authority to show 
that such an ev ent is very unlikely  or that the consequences would not be significant. The assessmen t shall take the following into account:  
 
a)  vibration related to the proposed mode(s) of transport;  
 
b)  static electricity;  
 
c)  electromagnetic radiation at all releva nt frequencies up to a maximum intensity of 100 W/m2;  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
d)  adverse climatic conditions; and  
 
e)  compatibility with glues, paints and packaging materials with which  the explosive substances might come into contact.  
 
7.5.3.6   All articles that contain prima ry explosive substances shall be as sessed to evaluate the risk and consequences  of accidental functioning during transport. The reliability 
of fuzes shall be assessed by taking the number of independent safety features into account.  
 
7.5.3.7   All explosive  articles and packaged explosive substances shall be assessed to ensure that they have been designed in a good workmanlike manner, for example, that  
there is no possibility of the formation of voids or thin films of an explosive substance, and that there i s no possibility of grinding or nipping of explosive substances between hard 
surfaces.  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
Figure 1 ― Scheme of procedure for the classification  of an explosive substance or article  
 
7.5.4  Assignment to hazard divisions  
 
7.5.4.1   An explosive substance or  article shall be assigned to the haza rd division that corresponds to the tests to which the substance or article, as offered for transport,  has 
been subjected. Other test results, and data assembled from accidents that have occurred, can also be taken int o account.  
 
7.5.4.2  The following test series in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests a nd criteria are used to determine the hazard division:  
 
a)  test series 5: whether a substance can be assigned to division 1.5;  
 
b)  test series 6: whether a su bstance or article can be assigned to divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4; and  
 
c)  test series 7: whether an article can be assigned to division 1.6.  
 
NOTE In the case of compatibility group S, the tests may be waived by the competent authority, if classifica tion by analogy is possible by using the test results of a comparable article.  
 
7.5.5  Exclusion from class 1  
 
7.5.5.1   The competent authority may exclude a substance or an article from class 1 by virtue of test  
results and the class 1 definition.  
 
7.5.5. 2  Where a substance, provisionally classified as an explosive, is excluded from class 1 by virtue of test results of series 6 of part I of the United Nations’ Manual of tests 
and criteria on a specific type and size of package such a substance (when compl ying with the classific ation criteria or definition of another class or division), shall be classified 
in that class or division with a s pecial provision restricting it to the type and size of the package tested.  
 
7.5.5.3   An explosive substance that has b een diluted to exclude it fr om class 1 by test series 6, is referred to as a “desensitized explosive” (see 9.2, 10.1.2.6 and 10. 1.3). Such 
a substance shall be classified as a desensitized explosive with an indication of the hig hest concentration of explos ive allowed to exclude it from class 1 and, if applicable, the 
concentrat ion below which it is no longer deemed as dangerous goods.   
7.5.5.4   A new solid desensitized explosive shall be classified i n division 4.1 and a new liquid desensitized explosive sha ll be classified in class 3. When a desensiti zed explosive 
complies with the criteria or definition of another class or division, the corresponding subsi diary risk(s) shall be assigned to it. 
 
7.5.6  Fireworks  
 
7.5.6.1  Fireworks shall be assigned to divisi ons 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 on  the basis of test data derived from test series 6 in part I of the United Nations’ Manual of tests and 
criteria. However, since the range of fireworks is very extensive and the availability of test facilities might b e limited,  assignment to hazard divisions could also be made in 
accordance with 7.5.6.2.  
 
7.5.6.2   Assignment of fireworks to UN Nos 0333, 0334, 0335 or 0 336 may be made on the basis of analogy, without the need for test series 6 testing, in accordance with the 
default fireworks classification (see table 3) and with the agreement of the competent authority. Items not specified in t able 3 shall be classified on the basis of test data derived 
from test series 6.  
 
7.5.6.3   Where fireworks of more than one division of cl ass 1 are packed in the same package they shall be classified on the basis of the highest hazard division unless test da ta 
derived from test series 6 indicate otherwise.  
 
7.5.6.4   The default classification shown in table 4 applies only t o articles packed in fibreboard boxes (4G) . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 4 — Default fireworks classification  
 
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  
 
 
8  Class 2: Gases  
 
8.1  General  
 
8.1.1  Permanent gas  
 
A permanent gas is a gas that, at a temperature of 50 °C, has a vapou r pressure exceeding 300 k Pa or is completely gaseous at a temperature of 20 °C and at a standard 
pressure of 101,3 kPa.  
 
NOTE  Carbonated beverages are not subject to the requirements of this standard.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  8.1.2  Compressed gas  
 
A compressed gas is a gas that, when packaged under pre ssure for tran sport, is entirely gaseous at a temperature of −50 °C. A gas with a critical temperature of less than, or 
equal to, –50 °C  is regarded as a compressed gas.  
 
8.1.3  Liquefied gas  
 
A liquefied gas is a gas that, when packaged under pressure for transpo rt, can become partially liquid at a temperature abov e −50 °C. A distinction is made between  
 
a)  high pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature between −50 °C and +65 °C, and  
 
b)  low pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature above +65 °C.  
 
8.1.4  Refrigerated liquefied gas  
 
A refrigerated liquefied gas is a gas that, when packaged under pressure for transport , is partially liquid due to its low temperature, for example liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen.  
 
8.1.5  Dissolved gas  
 
A dissolved gas is a gas that, when packaged under  pressure for transport, is dissolved in a liquid  phase solvent.  
 
8.1.6  Aerosol dispenser  
 
An aerosol dispenser is a non -refillable receptacle made of metal, glass o r plastics, that contains a gas that is compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure,  with or without  
a liquid, paste or powder, and that is fitted with a release device to allow the contents to be ejected as solid or liquid particles in suspension in a gas, or as a foam, a paste or a 
powder, or in a liquid state, or in a gaseous state.  
 
The flammability of an aerosol shall be determined in accordance with A.2.1.  
 
8.2  Divisions of class 2   
 
Substances of Class 2 are assigned to one of three divisions based o n the primary hazard of the gas during transport.  
 
8.2.1  Division 2.1: Flammable g ases  
 
8.2.1.1  Flammable gases are gases that, at a temperature of 20 °C and at a standard pressure of 101,3 kPa  
 
a)  are ignitable when in a mixture of 13 % or less (by volume) with air, or  
 
b)  have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage po ints, re gardless of the lower flammable limit. Flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculatio n in 
accordance with ISO 10156. Where insufficient data are available for the calculation in accord ance with ISO 10156, tests by a comparable internati onally recognized 
method may be used.  
 
8.2.2  Division 2.2: Non -flammable, non -toxic gases  
 
8.2.2.1 Non-flammable, non -toxic gases are gases that are transported at a pressure of at least 280 kPa at a temperature of 20 °C, or as refrigerated liquids, and t hat 
 
a)  are asphyxiant (gases that dilute or replace the oxygen in the atmosphere), or  
 
b)  are oxidizing (gases that can, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material to a greater extent than air does). The oxidi zing 
ability of a gas shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with ISO 10156 and ISO 10156 -2, or 
 
c)  do not fall under division 2.1 or division 2.3.  
 
8.2.2.2 Gases of division 2.2 are not subject to these requirements when contained i n the following:  
 
a)  foodstuffs, including carbonated beverages, except UN 1950;  
 
b)  balls intended for use in sports;  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  c)  tyres, except for air transport; or  
 
d)  light bulbs, provided they are packed so that the projectile effect of any rupture of the  bulb will be  contained within the package.  
 
8.2.3  Division 2.3: Toxic gases  
 
Toxic gases are gases that  
 
a)  are known to be so toxic or corrosive to humans that they pose a health hazard, or  
b)  are presumed to be toxic or corrosive to humans because th ey have an inhalation toxicity (LC50)  
value equal to or less than 5 000 mL/m3 when tested in accordance with A.6.  
 
NOTE Gases that meet the above criteria owing to their corrosiveness are classi fied as toxic with a subsidiary corrosive risk.  
 
8.4  Warning notes about gases  
 
Although some gases are chemically and physiologically inert, these gases, and other gases accepted as non -toxic under normal circumstances, will nevertheless be suffocating 
in high concentrations.  
Many gases can have a marked narcotic e ffect at comparatively low con centrations, or can emit highly toxic vapours or fumes when involved in a fire. All gases that are heavi er 
than air present a potential danger if allowed to accumulate.  
 
8.5  Classification of gas mixtures  
 
8.5.1  General  
 
Gas mixtures (including vapours of substances from other classes) are cl assified in at least one of the three divisions in accordance with the principles discussed in 8.4.2 to 
8.4.5 (inclusive).  
 
8.5.2  Flammability  
 The flammability of a gas mixture is deter mined in accordance with ISO  10156. Where insufficient data are available for the calculation in accordance with ISO 10156, tests by a 
comparable internationally recognized method may be used.  
 
8.5.3  Toxicity  
 
The toxicity of a gas mixture is determined i n accordance with 12.1.2.4 o r is calculated by means of the following formula:  
 
where  
 
LC50  is the acute inhalation toxicity, in milligrams per litre for dust or mist, and in millilitres per  cubic metre for vapours;  
 
n   is the number of toxic gases in t he gas mixture;  
 
fi   is the mole fraction of the ith toxic component substance of the mixture;  
 
Ti  is the toxicity index of the ith toxic component substance of the mixture (Ti equals the LC50  value when available).  
 
NOTE  When the LC50 values are unknow n, the toxicity index is determined by  
 
a)  using the lowest LC50 value of substances with similar physiological and chemical effects, or  
 
b)  testing, if this is the only practical possibility.  
 
8.5.4  Corrosiveness  
 
Corrosiveness as a subsidiary risk of a gas mixture is applicable when the mixture is known to be  
destructive to the human skin, eyes or mucous membranes, or when the calculated LC50 valu e is less than or equal to 5 000 mL/m3 when the following formula is applied:  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
 
 
LC50 is the acute inhalat ion toxicity, in milligrams per litre for dust and mist, and in millilitres per  cubic metre for vapours;  
 
n  is the number of toxic gases in the gas mixture;  
 
fci  is the mole fraction of the ith corrosive component substance of the mixture;  
 
Tci  is the t oxicity index of the ith corrosive component substance of the mixture (Tci equals the  LC50 value when available).  
 
8.5.5  Oxidizing ability  
 
The oxidizing ability of a gas mixture is determined by tests or by the  calculation in accordance with ISO 10156 an d ISO 10156 -2. 
 
8.6  Hazard precedence for gases  
 
Gases and gas mixtures that present hazards associated with more than one division of class 2 take  
the following precedence:  
 
a)  hazards associated with division 2.3 take precedence over divisions 2.1 and 2.2; and  
 
b)  hazards associated with division 2.1 take precedence over hazards associated with division 2.2.  
 
9  Class 3: Flammable liquids  
 
9.1  General   
9.1.1   Class 3 includes the following substances:  
 
a)  flammable liquids (see 9.1.2 and 9.1.3); and  
 
b)  liquid desensitized explosives (see 9.2).  
 
9.1.2   Flammable liquids are liquids, or mixtures of liquids, that might contain solids in solution or in  suspension (for example paints, varnishes and lacquers, but not 
subst ances that, on account of their other dangerous characteristics, have been included in other classes), t hat give off a flammable vapour at or below 60 °C, closed -cup test 
(which corresponds to 65,6 °C, open -cup test). This class also includes the following:  
 
a)  liquids offered for transp ort at temperatures at or above their flash point; and  
 
b)  substances that are transported, or offered for transport, at elevated  temperatures in a liquid state and that give off a flammable vapour at a temperature at  or below the 
maximum transport temper ature.  
 
9.1.3   A non -toxic, non -corrosive liquid that complies with the requirements  of 9.1.2, that has a closed  cup flash point exceeding 35 °C and that does not sustain combustion, 
need not be conside red flammable if  
 
a)  it has passed the combustibility  test (see A.3.4), or  
 
b)  the (fire) point exceeds 100 °C when tested in accordance with ISO 2592, or  
 
c)  it is a water miscible solution with a water content exceeding 90 % (by mass).  
 
 
However, such a substance shall be classified as a product of class  3 if it is intended for transport at an elevated temperature equal to or higher than its flash point.  
 
NOTE 1  The flash point of a liquid can be altered by the presence of impurities. Therefore, chemically pure  liquids that are not regarded as flammable liquids of class 3, may be classified under th is class if they are 
commercial products.  
 
NOTE 2  Substances listed by name in this class are regarded as chemically pure.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
9.1.4   Substances classified as flammable liquids due to their being transp orted, or offered for transport at elevated temperatures, are included in packing group III.  
 
9.2  Liquid desensitized explosives  
 
A liquid desensitized explosive is an explosive substance that is dissol ved or suspended in water or in another liquid substance, to fo rm a homogeneous liquid mixture to 
suppress its explosive properties (see 7.5.5.3). Entries in B.2 and in annex C for liquid desensitized exp losives are UN 1204, UN 2059, UN 3064, UN 3343, UN 3357 and UN 
3379.  
 
9.3  Packing gro ups based on flammability (se e Table 5)  
 
9.3.1  General  
 
9.3.1.1   The criteria given in table 5 are used to determine the packing gr oup of a liquid that presents a risk owing to its flammability.  
 
9.3.1.2   If a liquid has an additional risk(s) to flammability, the packin g group determ ined from Table 5 and the packing group based on the severity of the additional r isk(s) shall 
be considered. The classification and packing group of such a substance shall be allocat ed in accordance with Table 19, provided that the substan ce is not listed in B.2 and in 
Annex C.  
 
9.3.1.3   The flash point data in this standard are generally based on closed -cup methods. Where it is customary for flash points to be determined by the open -cup method, the 
temperatures d etermined by that method would have to be re duced for comparison with those in this standard (see 9.1.2).  
 
Table 5 — Packing groups based on flammability  
 
 
 
1 2 3 
Packing group  Closed up flash point  
˚C Initial boiling point  
˚C 
I ― ≤35 II <23 ≤35 
III ≥23 and ≤ 60  ≤35 
 
9.4  Viscous flammable liqu ids 
 
9.4.1   Paints, varnishes, enamels, lacquers, adhesives, polis hes and other viscous flammable substances of class 3 that have a closed -cup flash point of less than 2 3 °C can 
be assigned to packing group III on the basis of  
 
a)  the viscosity expressed as the flow time, in seconds, exceeding the limits given in table 6,  
 
b)  the closed -cup flash point (see A.3.1), and  
 
c)  a solvent separation test (see A.3.3).  
 
9.4.2   Viscous flammable liquids that have a closed -cup flash point of less than 23 °C are as signed to packing group III, provided that  
 
a)  less than 3 % of the clear solvent layer separates in the solvent separation test (see 9.5(c)), and  
 
b)  the mixture or any separated solvent does not comply with the criteri a of division 6.1 (see 12.1) or class 8 (see clause 14).  
 
9.4.3  Viscous substances that  
 
a)  have a flash point equal to or exceeding 23 °C and less than or equal to 60 °C,  
 
b)  are not toxic, corrosive, or hazardous to the environment,  
 
c)  contain not more than 20 % nitrocellulose, prov ided that the nitrocellulose contai ns not more than 12,6 % nitrogen (by dry mass), and  
 
d)  are packed in receptacles of capacity less than 450 L, are not subject to the requirements of this  
standard if  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
1)  the solvent separation test (see A.3.3) shows th at the height of the separated layer of  solvent is  less than 3 % of the total height, and  
 
2)  the viscosity of the substance (see A.3.2) is such that it has a flow time (6 mm cup) equal to or  exceeding  
 
i)  60 s, or  
ii)  40 s, if the substance contains no t more than 60 % of class 3 substances.  
 
Table 6 — Criteria for viscous flammable substances  
 
 
9.5  Test methods for flammable liquids  
 
The testing of flammable liquids for classification purposes shall be in a ccordance with the test methods given in A.3 for 
 
a)  flash point A.3.1,  
 b)  initial boiling point A.3.2,  
 
c)  solvent separation A.3.4, and  
 
d)  combustibility A.3.5.  
 
10  Class 4: Flammable solids; s ubstances liable to spontaneous combustion; substances that, on con tact with water, emit flammable 
gases  
 
10.1  Division 4.1: Flammable solids, sel f-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives  
 
10.1.1  Flammable solids  
 
10.1.1.1 General  
 
10.1.1.1.1  Flammable solids are readily combustible and can cause,  or contribute to, fire through friction.  
 
10.1.1.1.2  Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or past y substances that can easily be ignited on brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning  match, 
and the flames of which spread rapidly. When heated or when on fire, some of t hese subst ances can emit toxic combustion products.  
 
10.1.1.1.3  Metal powders are especially dangerous because extingui shing the fire of burning metal powders with normal extinguishing agents such as carbon dioxide or water 
can increase the fire hazard.  
 
10.1.1.2  Classification of flammable solids  
 
10.1.1.2.1  Powdered, granular or pasty substances shall be classified i n division 4.1 when the time of burning of one or more of the tests performed in accordance with A.4.1.2, 
is less than 45 s or the rate of burning exceeds 2,2 mm/s.  
 
10.1.1.2.2  Powders of metals or metal alloys shall be classified in division 4.1 when they can be ignited  and the reaction spreads over the entire length of the sample in 10 min 
or less (see A.4.1.2).  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  10.1.1.2.3  Solids that can ca use fire through friction shall be classified in division 4.1 by analo gy with existing entries, for example matches, until definitive criteria are 
established.  
 
10.1.1.3 Assignment of packing groups to flammable solids  
 
10.1.1.3.1 General  
 
The packing grou ps for flammable solids are assigned on the basis of the results obtained  in the preliminary screening test (see A.4.1.1) and the burning rate test (see A .4.1.2). 
The packing group of a  solid that can cause fire through friction shall be assigned by analog y with an existing entry, or in accordance with an appropriate special provision.  
 
10.1.1.3.2 Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to  
 
a)  readily combustible solids (other than metal powder) if the burning time is less than 45 s and the  flame pa sses the wetted zone, and  
 
b)  metal powders or metal alloys if the zone of reaction spreads over th e entire length of the specimen in 5 min or less.  
 
10.1.1.3.3 Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to  
 
a)  readily combustible solids (other tha n metal powders) if the burning time is less than 45 s and the  wetted zone stops the flame propagation for at least 4 min, and  
 
b)  metal powders or metal alloys if the reaction spreads over the whole length of th e specimen in more than 5 min but in less t han 10 min.  
 
10.1.2 Self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.2.1 General  
 10.1.2.1.1  Self-reactive substances of division 4.1 are thermally unstabl e substances that are liable to undergo a strong exothermic decomposition, even without the 
participation of oxygen or air. The following substances are not considered to be self -reactive substances of division 4.1:  
 
a)  explosives of class 1;  
 
b)  oxidizing substances of division 5.1 (see also 10.1.2.1.3 ); 
c)  organic peroxides of division 5.2;  
 
d)  substances of which th e heat of decomposition is less than 300 J/g; and  
 
e)  substances of which the self -accelerating decomposition tempera ture (SADT) exceeds 75 °C for a 50 kg package.  
 
NOTE  The heat of decomposition can be determined by means of any interna tionally recogniz ed method, for example differential scanning calorimetry or adiabatic calorimetry.  
 
10.1.2.1.2  A substance that shows the properties of a self -reactive s ubstance shall be classified in division 4.1 even if it gives a positive result according to 10.2.3  for inclusion in 
division 4.2.  
 
10.1.2.1.3  A mixture of oxidizing substances of division 5.1 that contai ns 5,0 % or more of combustible organic susbances and does not meet the criteria given in 10.1.2.1. 1(a), 
(c), (d) or (e), shall be subjected to the self -reactive substance classification procedure (see 10.1.2.3).  
 
10.1.2.2 Properties of self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.2.2.1  The decomposition of self -reactive substances can be initiated by friction, impact or heat, or by contact with catalytic impurities, for example acids, heavy metal 
compounds and heavy metal bases.  
 
10.1.2.2.2  The rate of decomposition increases with temperature  and varies with the substance. Decomposition, particularly if no ignition occurs, can result in the evolutio n of 
toxic gases or vap ours. In the case of certain self -reactive substances, the temperature has to be  controlled. Some self -reactive substances can decompose explosively, 
particularly if confined; this ch aracteristic can be modified by the addition of diluents (see 10.1.2.6)  or by the use of appropriate packaging.  
 
10.1.2.2.3  Some self -reactive substances burn vigorously. Self -reactive substances include some of  the following types of compounds:  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  aliphatic azo compounds (-C-N=N-C-); 
 
b)  organic azides (-C-N3);   
 
c)  diazo nium salts (-CN2 +Z-); 
 
d)  N-nitroso compounds (-N-N=O);  and 
 
e)  aromatic sulfohydrazides (-SO2-NH-NH2).  
 
10.1.2.2.4  Substances of other reactive groups and some mixtures of  substances can have properties similar to those of self -reactive substances.  
 
10.1.2.3 Classification of self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.2.3.1  Self-reactive substances are classified into seven types ac cording to the degree of danger they present (see 10.1.2.4 ). The types of self -reactive substances range 
from type A (shall not be acce pted for transport in the packaging in which they are tested) to type  G, which is not subject to the provisions for self -reactive substances of division 
4.1. The classification of ty pes B to F is directly related to the maximum quantity allowed in one pack aging.  
 
10.1.2.3.2  Self-reactive substances permitted for transport in p ackaging are listed in Table 6  those permitted for transport in IBCs are listed in packing instruction IBC520   and 
those permitted for transport in portable tanks are listed in tank i nstruction T23. For each permitted substance listed in table 6, the approp riate generic entry (UN 3221 to UN 
3240) is given in B.2.  
 
10.1.2.3.3  The classification given in table 7 is based on th e pure substance except where a concentration of less than 100  % is specified. For other concent rations, the 
substance shall be classified differently in accordance with the procedures given in 10.1.2.4 and 10.1.2.5.  
 
10.1.2.3.4  Classification of self -reactive substances not listed in Table 7, packing instruction IBC 520 or  tank instruction T23 (see B.2) and assignment to a generic entry shall be 
made by the relevant  competent authority of the country of origin on the basis of a test rep ort. Principles applying to the classification of such substances are provided in 
10.1.2.4.  The applicable classif ication procedures, test methods and criteria, and an example of a suitable test report, are given in  Part II of the United Nations’  Manual of Tests 
and Criteria. The statement of approval by the compet ent authority shall co ntain the classification and the relevant transport conditions.  
 10.1.2.3.5  Activators, such as zinc compounds, may be added to s ome self -reactive substances to change their reactivity. Depending on both the type and the concentrati on of 
the activator, thi s could result in a decrease in thermal stability and a change in explosive  properties. If either of these properties is altered, the new formulation shall be 
assessed in accordance w ith the classification criteria of this standard.  
 
10.1.2.3.6  Samples of self-reactive substances or formulations of self -reactive substances not listed in  Table 6, for which a complete set of test results is not available and that 
are to be transported for further testing or evaluation, may be assigned to one of the appropriat e entries for self -reactive substa nces  type C, provided the following conditions are 
met: 
 
a)  the available data indicate that the sample would be no mo re dangerous than self -reactive  substances type B;  
 
b)  the sample is packaged in accordance with packi ng method OP2  and the quantity per transport unit is limited to 10 kg; and  
 
c)  the available data indicate that the control temperature, if any, is sufficiently low to prevent any  
dangerous decomposition and sufficiently high to prevent any dangerous pha se separation.  
 
Table 7 — Currently assigned self -reactive substances in packaging  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  
 
 
 
 
Table 7 (continued)  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10.1.2.4 Types of self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.2.4.1 General  
 
Self-reactive substances are classified in seven types, in accordance  with the degree of danger tha t they present. Figure 2 provides principles for classification of self -reactive 
substances.  
 
This section refers only to those properties of self -reactive substan ces that are decisive for their classification. A flow chart, presenting the classification p rinciples in the form of 
a graphically arranged  scheme of questions concerning the decisive properties together with the possible answer, is given in  Figure 2. These properties should be determined 
experimentally usin g the test methods and criteria given i n the United Nations’ Manual of Tests and Criteria.  
 
10.1.2.4.2 Type A  
 
A type A substance is any substance that can detonate or defla grate rapidly when packaged for transport. Type A substances are prohibited from transport under the pro visions 
of divisio n 4.1 in such packaging.   a  Azodicarbonamide formulations that fulfil the criteria of 10.1.2.4.3. The control and emergency 
temperatures shall be determined by the procedure given in 10.1.2.5.    
b  "EXPLOSIVE" subsidiary risk label is required    
c  Azodicarbonamide formulations that fulfil the criteria of 10.1.2.4.4.    
d  Azodicarbonamide formulations that fulfil the criteria of 10.1.2.4.4. The control and emergen cy 
temperatures shall be determined by the procedure given in 10.1.2.5.    
e  Azodicarbonamide formulations that fulfil the criteria of 10.1.2.4.5.    
f  Azodicarbonamide formulations that fulfil the criteria of 10.1.2.4.5. The controltemperatures shall be  
determined by the procedure given in 10.1.2.5.   and  emergency    
h  With a compatible diluent having a boiling point of not less than 150 °C.      
i  See 10.1.2.6.   
g  This entry applies to mixtures of esters of 2 -diazo -1-naphthol -4-sulfonic acid and 2 -diazo -1-naphthol -
5-sulfonic acid meeting the criteria of 10.1.2.4.5.     
  
10.1.2.4.3 Type B  
 
A type B substance is any substance that has explosive propert ies and that, when packaged for transport, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but is liable to und ergo a 
thermal explosion in the package. Ty pe B substances shall also bear an "Explosive" risk label.  
 
Such a substance can be packaged in amounts of up to 25 kg, unless  the maximum quantity has to be limited to a lower amount to preclude detonation or rapid deflagration of 
the package.  
 
10.1.2.4.4  Type C  
 
A type C substance is any substance that has explosive properties but that cannot detonate  or deflagrate rapidly or undergo a thermal explosion when packaged f or transport in 
packages with a capacity not exceeding 50 kg. Type C substances may be t ransported without an "Explosive" risk label.  
 
10.1.2.4.5 Type D  
 
A type D substance is any substance that, during laboratory testing and when packaged for transport,  
 
a)  detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no v iolent effect when he ated under confinement, or  
 
b)  does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect when heated under confinement, or  
 
c)  does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when heated under confinement.  
 
Such a substanc e can be transported in packages with a capacity not exceeding 50 kg net mass.  
 
10.1.2.4.6 Type E  
 
A type E substance is any substance that, during laboratory testing, ne ither detonates nor deflagrates and shows little or no effect when heated under confin ement.  
 
Such a substance can be transported in packages with a capacity  not exceeding 400 kg or 450 L.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
10.1.2.4.7 Type F  
 
A type F substance is any substance that, during laboratory testing, nei ther detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates, shows little or no effect when heated under 
confinement, and shows low or no explosive power. These substances may be transported in intermedi ate bulk containers (IBCs) that comply with ADR  
 
10.1.2.4.8 Type G  
 
A type G substance is any substance that, during lab oratory testing, nei ther detonates in the cavitated state nor deflagrates, and shows no effect when heated under 
confinement and shows no explosive power. These substances may be exempted from classification as a self -reactive substance of division 4.1, pr ovided that  
 
a)  the formulation is thermally stable (SADT of 60 °C to 75 °C for a 50 kg package), and  
 
b)  any diluent complies with the requirement given in 10.1.2.6.  
 
NOTE  If the formulation is not thermally stable or a diluent other than type A i s use d for desensitization, the formulation should be classified as "Self -reactive liquid (or solid), type F".  
 
 
10.1.2.5 Temperature control requirements for self -reactive substances  
 
Self-reactive substances shall be subject to temperature control in transpor t if their SADT is less than or equal to 55 °C. The test methods for determining the SADT are given in 
section 28, part II o f the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 
10.1.2.6 Desensitization of self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.2.6.1  In order to en sure safety during transport, handling and st orage, self -reactive substances can be desensitized by the use of a diluent. When a diluent is used (see 
10.1.2.6.3 and 10.1.2.6.4),  the self-reactive substance shall be tested with the diluent present, in t he concentration and form to be used during transport, handling and storage.  
 
10.1.2.6.2  A diluent that can allow a self -reactive substance to concentra te to a dangerous extent in the event of leakage from a package, shall not be used.  
 10.1.2.6.3  The diluent shall be compatible with the self -reactive sub stance. Compatible diluents are those solids or liquids which have no detrimental influence on the therm al 
stability and hazard type of the self -reactive substance.  
 
10.1.2.6.4  A liquid diluent in a liquid form ulation that requires temperatu re control shall have a boiling point of at least 60 °C and a closed -cup flash point of not less than 5 °C. 
The boiling point of the liquid diluent shall be at least 50 °C higher than the control temperature of the self -react ive substance.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Figure 2 (concluded)  
 
Figure 2 ― Flow chart scheme for self -reactive substances  
 
10.1.3  Solid desensitized explosives  
 
10.1.3.1  Solid desensitized explosives are explosive substances  that are wetted with water, or alcohols, or diluted with other substances, to form a homogeneo us solid mixture 
to suppress their explosive properties. Solid desensitized explosives in B.2 and annex C are: UN 1 310; UN 1320; UN 1321; UN 1322; UN 1336; UN 1337; UN 1344; UN 1347; 
UN 1348; UN 1349; UN 1 354; UN 1355; UN 1356; UN 1357; UN 1517; UN 1571; U N 2555; UN 2556; UN 2557; UN 2852; UN 2 907; UN 3317; UN 3319; UN 3344; UN 3364; UN 
3365 ; UN 3366; UN 3367; UN 3368; UN 3369 ; UN 3370, UN 3376, UN 3380 and UN 3474.  
 
10.1.3.2 Substances assigned to division 4.1 include  
 
a)  substances that have been provisi onally accepted as explosives of class 1 in accordance with test series 1 and 2 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and 
criteria, but have been exempted  from class 1 by test series 6 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteri a, 
 
b)  substances that are not self -reactive substances of division 4.1, or  
 
c)  substances of class 5, for example UN 2956, UN 3241, UN 3242 and UN 3251.  
 
10.2  Division 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion  
 
10.2.1  General  
 
Substances of div ision 4.2 are liable to spontaneous heating under n ormal conditions, or to heating when they come into contact with air, and are then liable to catch fir e. Some 
of these substances can emit toxic gases when they are involved in a fire. Pyrophoric substan ces and self -heating substances are included in division 4.2.  
 
10.2.2 Pyrophoric substances  
 
10.2.2.1 Properties  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Pyrophoric substances, including mixtures and solutions, are substances that, even in small quantities, ignite within 5 min of their coming into  contact with air. These substances 
are the division 4.2 substances most liable to spontaneous combustion and shall be assigned to packing group I.  
 
10.2.2.2 Test methods for pyrophoric substances  
 
For classification purposes, pyrophoric substances shall b e tested in a ccordance with the test methods given in A.4.2.1.  
 
10.2.3 Self -heating substances  
 
10.2.3.1 Properties  
 
10.2.3.1.1  Self-heating substances are substances, other than pyropho ric substances, that on contact with air and without energy supply, ar e liable to self -heating. These 
subst ances will ignite only in large amounts (several kilograms) and after a long time (hours or days).  
 
10.2.3.1.2  Self-heating of substances is caused by reaction of the subst ance with oxygen in the air and when the heat t hat develops is not conducted away rapidly enough t o the 
surroundings. Spontaneous combustion occurs when the rate of heat production exceeds the rate of heat loss and the auto -ignition temperature is reached. Some substances 
can emit toxic gases when they  are involved in a fire.  
 
10.2.3.2 Classification of self -heating substances  
 
10.2.3.2.1  A substance shall be classified as a self -heating sub stance of division 4.2 when the substance is tested in accordance with the test method given in A.4.2.2 and  
 
a)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C,  
 
b)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained when using a 100 mm specimen cube at a temperature 
of 120 °C , and the substance is to be transported in packages with a capacity not exceeding 3 m3,  
 
The standard must reside on a shared file server or intranet system and may only be used for  
 c)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen cub e at 140 °C and a negative result  is obtained when using a 100 mm specimen cube at 100 °C, and 
the substance is to be transported in packages with a capacity exceeding 450 L, and  
 
d)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen cube at 140 °C and a positive result is obtained with a 100 mm specimen cube at 100 °C.  
 
NOTE  With the exception of type G, self -reactive substances that also give po sitive results for self -heating properties, are classified in division 4.1 and not in division 4. 2. 
 
10.2.3.2.2  A substance shall not be classified as a self -heating substance of division 4.2 if  
 
a)  a negative result is obtained in a test when using a 100 mm specimen cube at 140 °C,  
 
b)  a positive result is obtained in a test when using a 100 mm spe cime n cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained when using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C, 
and with the additional test at 120 °C, provided that the substance is to be transported in packages with a capacity not exceeding  3 m3, and  
c)  a positive r esult is obtained in a test when using a 100 mm specime n cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained when using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C, 
and with the additional test at 100 °C, provided that the substance is to be transported in packages with a capacity not exceeding  450 L.  
 
10.2.3.3 Assignment of packing groups  
 
10.2.3.3.1 Packing group I  
 
Packing group I is assigned to all pyrophoric substances in liquid and solid form (see also 10.2.2).  
 
10.2.3.3.2 Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assig ned to a self -heating substance if a positive resul t is obtained in a test using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C.  
 
10.2.3.3.3 Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a self -heating substance if  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  a positive result is obtained in a test using  a 100 mm specimen cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C, and the 
substance is to be transported in  packages with a capacity exceeding 3 m3, 
 
b)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specim en cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained when using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C, a 
positive result is obtained in the  additional test using a 100 mm specimen cube at 120 °C, and the su bstance is to be transported in packages with a capacity exceeding 
450 L, and  
 
c)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen cube at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained using a 25 mm specimen cube at 140 °C, and a positive 
result is obtained using a  100 mm specimen cube at 100 °C.  
 
10.3  Division 4.3: Substances that, on con tact with water, emit flammable gases  
 
10.3.1  General  
 
Certain substances, on contact with water, emit flammable gases that c an form explosive mixtures with air. Such gas mixtures are easily ignited by all ordinary sources of 
ignition, for example naked flames,  sparkling hand tools or unprotected light bulbs. The resulting bla st wave and flames can endanger people and the environment.  
 
NOTE  Where the term "water -reactive" is used in this standard, it refers to subst ances that, on contact with water, emit  flammable gases.  
 
10.3.2  Classification of water -reactive substances  
 
A substance shall be classified as a water -reactive substance of div ision 4.3 when the substance is tested in accordance with the test methods gi ven in A.4.3  and the following 
results are obtained:  
 
a)  spontaneous ignition takes place at any step of the test procedure; or  
 
b)  there is an evolution of flammable gas at a rate exceeding 1 L/kg of the substance per hour.  
 
10.3.3 Assignment of packing  groups  
 
10.3.3.1 Packing group I   
Packing group I is assigned to a substance that reacts  
 
a)  violently with water at ambient temperature, with a general tendency for the gas evolved to ignite  spontaneously, or  
 
b)  readily with water at ambient temperatu re at such a rate that the evol ution of flammable gas is equal to or exceeds 10 L/kg of the substance in any 1 min.  
 
10.3.3.2 Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to a substance that  
 
a)  reacts readily with water at ambient temperature at such a  rate that th e evolution of flammable gas is  equal to or exceeds 20 L/kg of the substance under test per hour, 
and 
 
b)  does not meet the criteria for packing group I.  
 
10.3.3.3 Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a substance that  
 
a)  reacts slowly with water at ambient temperature at such a rate that th e evolution of flammable gas is equal to or exceeds 1 L/kg of the substance under test per hour, 
and 
 
b)  does not meet the criteria for packing groups I or II.  
 
10.4  Organometallic substan ces 
 
Depending on their properties, organometallic substances can b e classified in division 4.2 or division 4.3, as appropriate, in accor dance with the scheme given in Figure 3.  
 
a)  If applicable and testing is relevant, taking into account reactivity pro perties, division 6.1 and class 8 properties should be considered according to the precedence of 
hazard table 19.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
b)  Test methods N.1 to N.5 can be found in part III, section 33 of the United Nations’ Manual of tests and criteria.   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
 
Figure 3 — Classifi cation scheme for organometallic substances  
 
 
11  Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides  
 
11.1  Division 5.1: Oxidizing substances  
 
11.1.1  General  
 
11.1.1.1  Although oxidizing substances are not necessarily combustibl e, they can, either by yi elding oxygen or by similar processes, cause or contribute to, the combustio n of 
other materials with which they come into contact.  
 
11.1.1.2  Depending on the amount and nature of combustible impurit ies they might contain, certain oxidizing substances are sensitive to impact, friction or a rise in temperature.  
 
11.1.1.3  Some mixtures of oxidizing substances and combustible mater ial are so readily ignited that friction or impact can cause ignition. Such a mixture can burn with explosive 
force.  
 
11.1.1.4  There will be a violent reaction between most oxidizing subs tances and strong liquid acids, resulting in the emission of highly toxic gases. Such gases can also be  
emitted when certain oxidizing substances are involved in a fire.  
 
11.1.1.5  For oxidizing substa nces that have other risks, for example toxicity or corrosiveness, the  
precedence of hazards in accordance with clause 21 and table 17 shall be complied with.  
 
11.1.2  Oxidizing solids  
 
11.1.2.1 Classification of oxidizing solids  
 11.1.2.1.1  A solid substa nce is classified as an oxidizing substance of div ision 5.1 on the basis of its potential to increase the burning rate or burning intensity of a combust ible 
substance when the two are thoroughly mixed. For classification purposes oxidizing solids shall be tested in accordance with the test method given in A.5.1.1  
 
11.1.2.1.2  Tests are conducted on the substance to be evaluated mixe d with dry fibrous cellulose in mixing ratios of 1:1 (by mass) and 4:1 (by mass), of specimen to cellulo se. 
The burning characte ristics of the test mixture are compared with the standard 2:3 (by mass), 3:2 (by mass) and 3:7 (by mass) mixtures, respectively, of potassium bromate to 
cellulose.  
 
11.1.2.1.3  The test results are assessed on the basis of  
 
a)  the comparison of the mean b urning time of the specimen with that of the standard mixtures, and  
 
b)  whether the mixture of specimen and cellulose ignites and burns.  
 
11.1.2.1.4  A solid substance is classified as an oxidizing substanc e of division 5.1 when the test mixtures of 1:1 (b y mass) or 4:1 (by mass) specimen -to-cellulose ratio exhi bit a 
mean burning time equal to or less than that of the standard mixtures (see 11.1.2.1.2).  
 
11.1.2.1.5  A solid substance is not regarded as an oxidizing substance of d ivision 5.1 if both the 1:1 ( by mass) and 4:1 (by mass) mixtures of specimen and cellulose do not 
ignite and burn, or if the mixtures exhibit  mean burning times exceeding the 3:7 (by mass) standard m ixture of potassium  
 
11.1.2.2 Assignment of packing groups  
 
11.1.2.2.1 Packing group I 
 
A solid substance is assigned to packing group I of division 5.1 if the  1:1 (by mass) or 4:1 (by mass) specimen -to-cellulose ratio exhibits a mean burning time less than that of 
the 3:2 (by mass) standard  
potassium bromate -to-cellulose ratio.  
 
11.1.2.2. 2 Packing group II  
 
A solid substance is assigned to packing group II of division 5.1 if the 1:1 (by mass) or 4:1 (by mass)  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  specimen -to-cellulose ratio exhibits a mean burning time equal to or less  than that of the 2:3 (by mass) standard potassium bromate -to-cellulose ratio; and the criteria for p acking 
group I are not complied with. 
 
11.1.2.2.3 Packing group III  
 
A solid substance is assigned to packing group III of division 5.1 if the  1:1 (by mass) or 4:1 (by mass) specimen -to-cellulose ratio exhibits a me an burning time equal to or less  
than that of the 3:7 (by mass) standard potassium bromate -to-cellulose ratio; and the criteria for packing groups I and II are not complied with.  
 
11.1.3 Oxidizing liquids  
 
11.1.3.1 Classification of oxidizing liquids  
 
11.1. 3.1.1  A liquid substance is classified as an oxidizing liquid of div ision 5.1 on the basis of its potential to increase the burning rate or burning intensity of a combustible 
substance, or for spontaneous ignition to occur when the liquid and the combustib le subs tance are thoroughly mixed. The  test procedure is given in A.5.1.2.  
 
11.1.3.1.2  A liquid substance is classified as an oxidizing substanc e of division 5.1 when the test mixture of 1:1 (by mass) of specimen to cellulose exhibits a mean pres sure rise 
equal to or less than that of the standard 1:1 (by mass) mixture of 65 % nitric acid and cellulose.  
 
11.1.3.1.3  A liquid substance is not regarded as an oxidizing substance  of division 5.1 if the 1:1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose exhibits a p ressure ri se of less than 
2 070 kPa gauge pressure, or if the mixture exhibits a mean pressure rise time exceedi ng that of the standard 1:1 (by mass) mixture of 65 % nitric acid and cellulose.  
 
11.1.3.1.4  Tests are conducted on the substance to be evaluate d mixed with fibrous cellulose in a mixing ratio of 1:1 (by mass) of specimen to cellulose and heated in  a 
pressure vessel. The burning characteristics of the test mixture are compared with the standar d 1:1 (by mass) mixture of 50 % perchloric acid, 40 % s odium chlorate or 65 % 
nitric acid to cellulose , as applicable (see also 11.1.3.2).  
 
11.1.3.1.5  The test results are assessed on the basis of  
 
a)  the mean time taken for the pressure to rise from 690 kPa  to 2 070 kPa gauge pressure in comparison with tha t of the standard mixture, and  
 
b)  whether the mixture of specimen and cellulose spontaneously ignites.   
11.1.3.2 Assignment of packing groups  
 
11.1.3.2.1 Packing group I  
 
A liquid substance is assigned to packing group I of division 5.1 if  
 
a)  the 1:1 ( by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose ignites spontaneously, or  
 
b)  the mean pressure rise time of the 1:1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose is less than that of a 1:1 (by mass) mixture of 50 % perchloric acid and cellulose.  
 
11.1.3.2.2 Pac king group II  
 
A liquid substance is assigned to packing group II of division 5.1 if the 1:1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose exhibits a mean pressure rise time equal to or le ss than 
that of a 1:1 (by mass) mixture of a 40 % aqueous sodium chlor ate solution and cellulose, and the criteria for packing group I  are not complied with.  
 
11.1.3.2.3 Packing group III  
 
A liquid substance is assigned to packing group III of division 5.1 if the 1:1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose exhibits a mea n pressure rise time equal to or less than 
that of a 1:1 (by mass)  mixture of 65 % nitric acid and cellulose, and the criteria for packing g roups I and II are not complied with. 
 
11.2  Division 5.2: Organic peroxides  
 
11.2.1  General  
 
11.2.1.1  Organic pero xides are thermally unstable substan ces that can undergo exothermic decomposition at normal or at elevated temperatures. The decompos ition can be 
initiated by heat, friction, impact or contact with impurities, for example acids, heavy metal compounds and a mines. The rate of decomposition increases with a rise in 
temperature and can vary  with different formulations of the same organic peroxide.  
 
11.2.1.2  Organic substances that contain the bivalent –O–O– structur e can be considered derivatives of hydrogen pe roxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been 
replaced by org anic radicals, and are known as organic peroxides.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
11.2.1.3  Most organic peroxides burn rapidly and decomposition of the substance can result in the evolution of harmful or flammable gases or vapours. For certain organic 
peroxides the temperature shall be controlled during transport. Some organic peroxides decompose explos ively, particularly if confined (see also 11.2.2.1.2). This characteristic 
can be modified by the additio n of dilue nts, or by the use of appropriate packaging (see table 8).  
 
11.2.1.4  Contact of organic peroxides with the eyes and skin should be avoided since they can cause serious injury to the cornea even after brief contact, and they can be 
corrosive to the skin.  
 
11.2.2  Classification of organic peroxides  
 
11.2.2.1 General  
 
11.2.2.1.1  An organic peroxide shall not be considered for classification in division 5.2 if it contains  
 
a)  1,0 % (or less) of available oxygen derived from the organic peroxide and 1,0 % (or less) of hydrogen peroxide, or  
 
b)  0,5 % (or less) of available oxygen derived from the organic peroxid e and more than 1,0 %, but less than or equal to 7,0 % of hydrogen peroxide.  
 
NOTE The percentage available oxygen content of an organic peroxide formul ation is given by the formula  
 
where  
 
ni    is the number of per  oxygen groups per molecule of organic peroxide i; 
 
ci    is the concentration in percentage by mass of organic peroxide i; 
 
mi    is the molecular mass of organic peroxide i. 
 11.2.2.1.2  An organic peroxide formulation shall be regarded as posses sing explosive properties when, in laboratory testing, the formulation is liable to detonate, deflagrate 
rapidly, or show a violent effect when heated under confinement.  
 
11.2.2.1.3  Organic peroxides are classified into seven types accordi ng to the degree of danger they present. The types of organic peroxide range from type A, (which may n ot 
be accepted for transport in the packaging in which they have been tested) to type G, which is no t subject to th e provisions for organic peroxides of division 5.2. The 
classification of type B to ty pe F is directly related to the maximum quantity allowed in one packaging.  
 
11.2.2.1.4  Organic peroxides permitt ed for transport are listed in T able 8. Organic peroxides permitted for transport in packaging are listed in packing i nstruction P520 DEAS 
951:2019  those permitted for transport in IBCs are listed  in packing instruction IBC520 and those permitted for transport in portable tanks are listed in tank instruction T23 Each 
entry for an organic peroxide specifies the  
 
a)  type of organic peroxide (see 11.2.3),  
 
b)  physical state (liquid or solid), and  
 
c)  temperature control requirements, when required (see 11.2.4).  
 
11.2.2.2 Mixtures of organic peroxides  
 
Mixtures of organic peroxides can be classified under the gene ric entry of the most dangerous component and can be transported under the conditions of transport given for this 
type of peroxide (see 11.2.3). However, since two stable components can form a the rmally les s stable mixture, the SADT of the mixture shall be determined in accordance with 
the procedures  described in part II of the  United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria. If necessary, the contro l and emergency temperatures of the mixture can be derived f rom 
the SADT (see 11.2.4.4 and T able 8).  
 
NOTE  The test selected for the determination of the SADT should be con ducted in such a way t hat it is representative of the size, material and package to be transported, handled or stored.  
 
Table 8 — Classification and packaging of currently assigned organic peroxides  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
 
 
Table 8 (continued)   
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  
 
  
11.2.2.3  Remarks to table 8  
 
1 Diluent type B may always be replaced by diluent type A. The boiling  point of diluent type B should be at least 60 ° C higher than the SADT of the organic peroxide.  
 
2  Available oxygen ≤ 4 .7 %. 
 
3  "EXPLOSIVE" subsidiary risk label required . 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  4  The diluent may be replaced by di -tert-butyl peroxide.  
 
5  Available oxygen ≤ 9 %.  
 
6  With ≤ 9 % hydrogen peroxide; availabl e oxygen ≤ 10 %.  
 
7  Only non -metallic packaging allowed.  
 
8  Available oxygen > 10 % and ≤ 10,7 %, with or without water.  
 
9  Available oxygen ≤ 10 %, with or without water.  
 
10  Available oxygen ≤ 8,2 %, with or without water.  
 
11  See 11.2.2.4.  
 
12  Up to 2 000 kg per receptacle assigned to ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE F on the basis of large scale trials.  
 
13  "CORROSIVE" subsidiary risk label required  
 
14  Peroxyacetic acid formulations that meet the requirements of 11.2.3.5.  
 
15  Peroxyacetic acid formulatio ns that meet the requirements of 11.2.3.6.  
 
16  Peroxyacetic acid formulations that meet the requirements of 11.2.3.7.  
 
17  Addition of water to this organic peroxide will decrease its thermal stability.  
 
18  No "CORROSIVE" subsidiary risk label required f or concentrations below 80 %.  
 19  Mixtures with hydrogen peroxide, water and acid(s).  
 
20  With diluent type A, with or without water.  
 
21  With ≥ 25 % diluent type A, by mass, and the addition of ethylbenzene.  
 
22  With ≥ 19 % diluent type A, by mass, an d the addition of methyl isobutyl ketone.  
 
23  With < 6 % di -tert-butyl peroxide.  
 
24  With ≤ 8 % 1 -isopropylhydroperoxy -4-isopropylhydroxybenzene.  
 
25  Diluent type B with boiling point > 110 °C.  
 
26  With a hydroperoxides content < 0,5 %.  
 
27  "CORROSIVE " subsidiary risk label (see DEAS 951:2019  for concentrations > 56 %.  
 
28  Available active oxygen ≤ 7,6 % in diluent type A with a 95 % boil -off point in the range of 200 °C to 260 °C.  
 
29  Not subject to the requirements for an organic peroxide of divisi on 5.2.  
 
30  Diluent type B with boiling point > 130 °C.  
 
31  Active oxygen ≤ 6,7 %.  
 
11.2.2.4   New formulations of organic peroxides  
 
Samples of new organic peroxides or new formulations of currently alloc ated organic peroxides that are not listed in tabl e 8, for which complete test data are not available and 
that are to be transporte d for further testing or evaluation, may be assigned to one of the a ppropriate entries for "ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE C", provided that ; 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  the available data indicate that  
 
1)  the substance would be less dangerous than "ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE B", and  
 
2)  the control temperature, if any, is sufficiently low to prevent any dangerous decomposition and sufficiently high to prevent any dangerous phase separation, and  
 
b)  the substa nce is packaged in accordance with packing m ethod OP2A or OP2B (see packing instruction P520 in DEAS 951  :2019 and the quantity per transport unit is 
limited to 10 kg.  
 
11.2.3  Types of organic peroxides  
 
11.2.3.1  General  
 
Organic peroxides are classified in seven types, in accordance with  the degree of danger that they present. Figure 4  provides principles for classification of organic peroxides.  
 
This section refers only to those properties of organic peroxides that are dec isive for their classification. A flow chart, presenting the classification principles in the form of a  
graphically arranged scheme of questions concerning the decisive properties together with the possible answer, is given in figure 4.  
 
These properties should be determined experimental ly using the test me thods and criteria given in the United Nations’ Manual of Tests and Criteria.  
 
11.2.3.2  Type A  
 
A type A organic peroxide formulation is one that can detonate or defla grate rapidly when packaged for transport. Type A organic peroxides shall not be transported in that 
packaging under division 5.2 DEAS 951:2019  
 
11.2.3.3  Type B  
 
A type B organic peroxide formulation is one that has explosive propert ies and that, when packaged for transport, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but is liable to 
undergo a thermal explosion in the package. Type B peroxides shall bear an "EXPLOSIVE" risk label.  
 Such an organic peroxide can be packaged in amounts of up to 25 kg, unless the maximum quantity has to be limited to a lower amount to preclude  detonation or rapid 
deflagration in the package.  
 
11.2.3.4  Type C  
 
A type C organic peroxide formulation is one that has explosive pr operties but is so packaged for transport that it cannot detonate or deflagrate rapidly or undergo a ther mal 
explosion. A  type C organic peroxide can be transported without an "EXPLOSIVE" subsidiary risk label provided tha t the mass of the substance as packaged does not exceed 
50 kg.  
 
11.2.3.5  Type D  
 
A type D organic peroxide formulation is one that, in laborator y testing and when packaged for transport,  
 
a)  detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no v iolent effect when heated under confinement, or  
 
b)  does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no v iolent effect when heated under confinement , or 
 
c)  does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect  when heated under confinement. Such an organic peroxide substance can be transported in 
package s with a capacity not exceeding 50 kg net mass.  
 
11.2.3.6  Type E  
 
A type E organic pe roxide formulation is one that, in laboratory testing, does not detonate or deflagrate and shows little or no effect when heated under confinement.  
 
Such an organic peroxide can be transported in packages with a c apacity not exceeding 400 kg or 450 L.  
 
11.2.3.7  Type F  
 
A type F organic peroxide formulation is one that, in laboratory testing, does not detonate or deflagr ate, shows little or no effect when heated under confinement and shows low 
or no explosive power.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Such an organic peroxide can be transpor ted in intermediate bulk containers  
 
11.2.3.8   Type G  
 
A type G organic peroxide formulation is one that, in laboratory testing, d oes not detonate or deflagrate, shows no effect when heated under confinemen t and shows no 
explosive power. A type G organic peroxide may be exempted from division 5.2, provided th at the formulation is thermally stable, and diluent type A is used for the 
desensitization of a liquid formulation. However, division 5.2 applies if the formulation is not thermally stable and when a d iluent other than diluent type A is used for 
desensitization.  
 
NOTE  An organic peroxide is thermally stable if the SADT is 60 °C or higher when it is transported in a 50 kg  package.   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 4 (concluded)   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Figure 4 — Flow chart scheme for organic  peroxides  
 
11.2.4  Temperature control requirements for organic peroxides  
 
11.2.4.1  General  
 
All organic peroxides shall be protected from direct sunlight and from a ll sources of heat and shall be stored in adequately ventilated areas. Certain organic pe roxides may be 
transported only under  
conditions where the temperature is controlled.  
 
11.2.4.2  Control temperature  
 
11.2.4.2.1  The control temperature is the maximum temperature at w hich an organic peroxide can be safely transported, handled or stored. T he requirements for the 
temper ature of certain substances are based on the assumption that the temperature in the immediate surr oundings of a package shall not exceed 50 °C during transport and 
shall attain this temperature for only  a relatively short time  during each period of 24 h.  
 
11.2.4.2.2  Temperature control could be required if an organic peroxide that is not normally  
temperature controlled, is subjected to a temperature exceeding 50 °C (see table 8).  
 
11.2.4.2.3   The following organic peroxides sha ll be subjected to temperature control during transport:  
 
a)  type B and type C with SADTs equal to or less than 50 °C;  
 
b)  type D that shows  
 
1)  a medium effect when heated under confinement (when tested i n accordance with test series H in section 28, p art II of the United Nations' Manual of tests and 
criteria) and with a SADT equal to or less than 50 °C, or  
 
2)  a low or no effect when heated under confinement and with a SA DT equal to or less than 45 °C; and 
 c)  type E and type F with SADTs equal to or  less than 45 °C.  
 
11.2.4.3  Emergency temperature  
 
The emergency temperature is the temperature at which there is a loss of temperature control and emergency procedures are to be implemented (see table 9).  
 
11.2.4.4  Self-accelerating decomposition temper ature (SADT)  
 
The SADT of a substance is the lowest temperature at which self -accel erating decomposition occurs in a package presented for transport, handling and storage. The SADT is  
the combined effect of ambient temperature, decomposition kinetics, pack age size and the heat of trans fer properties of the substance and its packaging. The SADT of a 
substance shall be determined in  order to ascertain whether the substance needs to be subjected to temperature control.  
 
Table 9 — Derivation of control and emer gency temperatures  
 
 
 
  
11.2.5   Test methods for organic peroxides  
 
For classification purposes, organic peroxides shall be tested in accordance with  
 
a)  section 28, part II of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria – SADT and thermal stabilit y, DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  and 
 
b)  section 32.4, part III of the United Nations' Manual of tests and c riteria – Flammability. Because organic peroxides can react vigorously when heated, it is recommended 
that the flash point be determined by using small sample sizes such as desc ribed in ISO 3679.  
 
11.2.6   Desensitization of organic peroxides  
 
11.2.6.1  In order to ensure safety during transport, handling and st orage, organic peroxides can be desensitized by the use of diluent type A or diluent type B. Type  A diluents 
can be used f or the desensitization of all organic peroxides and self -reactive substances. T ype B diluents can only be used for the desensitization of organic peroxides, provided 
that the boiling point o f the diluent is at least 60 °C higher than the SADT (see 11.2.4.4 ) in a 50 kg package. When a diluen t is used, the organic peroxide shall be tested with the 
diluent present, in the concentration and fo rm to be used during transport, handling  and storage.  
 
NOTE A percentage of a substance stipulated in table 8 refers to the percentage by  mass, rounded off to the nearest whole number.  
 
11.2.6.2   A diluent that can allow an organic peroxide to concentrate to a dangerous extent in the event of leakage from a package shall not be used.  
 
11.2.6.3   Diluents, other than diluents  of type A or type B, can be added to an organic peroxide formulation, provided that they are compatible. However, if all or part o f a 
type A or type B diluent is replaced by another diluent with different properties, the organic peroxide formulation shall  be reassessed in accordance with the acceptance 
procedure for division 5.2.  
 
11.2.6.4   A compatible diluent is that liquid or solid that has no detri mental influence on the thermal stability and hazard type of an organic peroxide formulation.  
 
11.2.6.5   Water can only be used for the desensitization of an organic per oxide if it is shown in table 8 that the substance forms a stable dispersion in water.  
 
12  Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances  
 
12.1  Division 6.1: Toxic substances  
 
12.1.1   General  
 12.1.1.1  Toxic substances are substances that are liable to cause d eath or injury or to harm human health if they are swallowed, inhaled, or come into contact with the 
skin. 
 
12.1.1.2   Nearly all toxic substances emit toxic gases when invol ved in a fire or wh en heated to decomposition.  
 
12.1.1.3   Some toxic substances also present other hazards, such as flammability.  
 
12.1.1.4   A liquid toxic substance, or a liquid in which a toxic substance of division 6.1 is suspended or dissolved, and that has a closed -cup flash point of 60 °C (or 
lower) is, by definition, also a flammable  liquid.  
 
12.1.1.5   A substance specified as "stabilized" shall not be transported in an unstabilized condition.  
 
12.1.1.6   A substance that complies with the criteria of class 8 (co rrosiv es) and has an inhalation toxicity (LC 50) for dusts and mists, and is consequently assigned to 
packing group I, shall be accepted for allocation to division 6.1 if its oral and dermal toxicities are in the rang e of packing group I or packing group II. Othe rwise the substance 
shall be allocated to class 8 (see also 12.1.4.3 and 14.2.2).  
 
12.1.2  Acute toxicity  
 
12.1.2.1   General  
 
For the purposes of this standard, oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of dusts, mis ts or vapours are the routes of expos ure taken into account for determining the  
acute toxicity properties of a substance.  
 
12.1.2.2  LD50 for acute oral toxicity  
 
The LD 50 for acute oral toxicity, in milligrams per kilogram of body mass, is a single dose of the  substance that, when administer ed orally, is most likely to cause the deat h, within 
14 d, of 50 % of both male and female young adult albino test rats. The number of animals teste d shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and the test shall 
comply with good laborat ory practice (GLP).  
 
NOTE   GLP generally refers to a system of management controls for laboratorie s and research organizations to ensure the generation of high quality and reliable test data as 
outlined in the OECD  Principles of GLP.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
12.1.2.3  LD50 for acu te dermal toxicity  
 
The LD50 for acute dermal toxicity, in milligrams per kilogram of  body mass, is that dose of the substance that, when administered by continuous contact with the ba re skin of 
both male and female albino test rabbits for 24 h, is most li kely to cause the death, within 14 d, of 50 % of the animals tested.  
 
The number of animals tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically signif icant result and the test shall comply with GLP.  
 
12.1.2.4  LC50 for acute toxicity on inhalation  
 
The LC50  for acute toxicity on inhalation, is that concentration of vapour, mist or dust that, when continuously inhaled by both male and female young adult albino test rats f or 1 
h, is most likely to cause the death, within 14 d, of 50 % of the animals tested. Th e number of animal s tested shall be sufficient to give a statistically significant result and the test 
shall comply with GLP.  
 
A solid substance shall be tested if at least 10 % (by mass) of its total mass is likely to occur as dus t particles in a respirab le range, i.e. the aerodynamic diameter of the par ticles 
available for inhalation shall not exceed 10 μm. A liquid substance shall be tested if a mist is lik ely to be generated in the case of leakage of the substance from the packaging 
during transport.  If the substance under test is administered to the animals as dust or mist, more than 90 % (by mass) of the specimen particles shall be in the respirable range.  
 
In the case of dusts and mists, the results obtained shall be expressed in milligrams per litre of air. In the case of vapours, the results obtained shall be expressed in millilitres 
per cubic metre of air (parts  
per million).  
 
12.1.3  Classification of toxic substances  
 
12.1.3.1  Substances are classified as toxic substances of division 6 .1 based on h uman experience in instances of accidental poisoning and based on special proper ties 
possessed by an individual substance, such as liquid state, high volatility, any special likelih ood of penetration, and special biological effects.  
 
12.1.3.2  If no history  of the poisoning of humans by a substance is av ailable, the substance shall be classified on the basis of data obtained from animal tests.  
 12.1.3.3   When two or more routes of administering a substance exhibit di fferent orders of toxicity, the highest de gree of danger indicated by the animal tests shall be 
used for the classification of the substance.  
 
12.1.4  Packing group assignment  
 
12.1.4.1   Toxic substances (including pesticides) of division 6.1 are assi gned to three packing groups in accordance with  the degree of toxic hazard they pose during 
transport:  
 
a)  packing group I for substances and preparations that present a very severe toxicity risk;  
 
b)  packing group II for substances and preparations that present a serious toxicity risk; and  
 
c)  pack ing group III for substances and preparations that present a relatively low toxicity risk.  
 
12.1.4.2  The packing group criteria for oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of dusts and mists are given in table 10.  
 
Table 10 — Packing group criteria b ased on oral ingestion, d ermal contact and inhalation of dusts and mists  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
12.1.4.3   A substance that complies with the criteria of class 8, packing  group I, and has an inhalation toxicity (LC 50 ) for dusts and mists, shall only be accepted for 
allocation to division 6.1 if its oral and dermal toxicities are in the range of packing group I or packing group II . Otherwise the substance shall be allocated to class 8 (see also 
12.1.1.6 and 14.2.2).  
 
12.1.4.4  The criteria for acute inhalation toxicity for dusts and mists are  based on LC 50 data relating to exposures of 1 h ( see 12.1.2.4) and where such information is 
available it shall be used for the classification of a substance. However, where only LC 50 data relating to exposures of 4 h are available, such valu es can be multiplied by four, as 
LC50 (4 h) x 4 is considered the equivalent of LC 50 (1 h).  
 
12.1.4.5  The criteria for acute inhalation toxicity for vapours are  based on LC 50 data relating to exposures of 1 h (see 12.1.4.6) and where such information is av ailable it 
shall be used for the classification of a substance. However, where only LC 50 data relating to exposures of 4 h are available,  such values can be multiplied by two, as LC 50 (4 h) 
x 2 is considered the equivalent of LC 50 (1 h).  
 
12.1.4.6  The pack ing group to which a liquid that emits toxic v apours shall be assigned can be determined as follows:  
 
a)  packing group I if V > 10 x LC 50 and LC 50 < 1 000 mL/m3;  
b)  packing group II if V > LC 50 and LC 50 < 3 000 mL/m3, and the liquid does not c omply with  the criteria for packing group I; or  
 
c)  packing group III if V > 0 .2 x LC 50 and LC 50 < 5 000 mL/m3, and the liquid does not comply with the criteria for packing group I or packing group II.  
 
NOTE V is the saturated vapour concentration of a liquid, in m illilitres per cubic m etre of air, at 20 °C, and at a standard pressure of 101,3 kPa.  
 
12.1.4.7  The packing group criteria for substances that emit vapours which are toxic on inhal ation, can  also be expressed in graphical form (see figure 5) to facilitate 
classif ication. However, owing to approximations inherent in the use of graphs, substances falling on or  near packing group borderlines shall be checked against numerical 
criteria.  
 
12.1.4.8   Mixtures of liquids that are toxic by inhalation shall be assi gned to packing groups by using the formulas given in 12.1.4.9 or by following the threshold toxicity 
tests given in A.6.  
 
12.1.4.9   If the LC50 data are available for each toxic substance in a mixture of liquids, the packing group of such a mixture can be c alculated as follows:  
 
a) Determine the LC50 of the liquid mixture by using the following formula:  
 
  
Where, 
 
LC50 (mixture) is the acute inhalation toxicity, in millilitres per cubic metre;  
 
N  is the number of toxic substances in the liquid mixture;  
 
fi is the mole fraction of the ith substance of the liquid;  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  LC50i  is the mean lethal concentration of the ith substance, in millimetres per cubic . 
metre.  
 
b) Determine the volatility of each substance present in the liquid mixture by using the follo wing formula:  
 
where  
 
Vi is the volatility of the ith substance in the liquid mixture;  
 
Pi is the partial pressure of the ith substance, in kilopascal s at 20 °C and at a pressure of 101,3 kPa.  
 
c)  Calculate the ratio of the volatility R to the LC 50 of the liquid  mixture by using the following formula:  
 
 
where  
 
R  is the ratio of the volatility of the ith substance ( Vi) to the acute  inhalation toxicity of the ith component (LC 50i); 
 
d)  Assign a packing group for the liquid mixture by using  the calculated values for LC 50 (see 12.1.4.9(a)) and R (see 12.1.4.9 (c)) as follows:  
 
1)  packing group I: R > 10 and the LC 50(mixture) < 1 000 ml/m3; 
 
2)  packing group II: R > 1 and the LC 50(mixture) < 3 000 ml/m3 and the liquid mixture does not comply with the criteria for packing group I;  
 
3) packing group III: R > 0,2 and the LC 50(mixture) < 5 000 ml/m3 and the liquid mixture does not comply with the criteria for packing group I or  packing group II.   
12.1.4.10   If experimental data on the oral and dermal toxicities of a  mixture are not available, the classification and packing group assignment can be calculated  by 
means of the formulas given in 12.1.4.11 or 12.1.4.12, as applicable.  
 
12.1.4.11  I n the case of a preparation that contains only one active ingredient and the LD 50 of that constituent is known, but reliable experimental data are unavailable on 
the oral and dermal toxicities of the actual mixtures intended for transport, the oral and dermal toxicities  can be calculated by using the following  formula:  
 
 
where  
 
LD50f  is the LD 50 value for the formulation;  
 
LD50a  is the LD 50 value for the active ingredient;  
 
Pa  is the percentage (by mass) of active ingredient in the formulation.  
 
12.1.4.12   There are three possible approaches to determine the oral or dermal t oxicit ies of a preparation that contains several active ingredients. The preferr ed method is 
to obtain reliable experimental data on the acute oral and dermal toxicities of the actual mix ture intended for transport. If such  reliable data are not available, eithe r of the 
following methods can be used:  
 
a)  classify the formulation according to the most hazardous consti tuent of the mixture as if that constituent were present in the same concentration as the total 
concentration of all the active ingredients; or  
 
b)  apply the following formula:  
 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
where  
 
C  is the concentrations of constituents a to z in the mixture, as a percentage (by mass);  
 
T  is the oral LD 50 values of constituents a to z;  
 
Tm is the oral LD 50 value of the mixture.  
 
NOTE  The formula may also be  used for dermal toxicities, provided that infor mation is available on the same route of toxicity for all constituents. The use of this formula does not take into account any potentiation or 
protective phenomena.  
  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
Figure 5 — Packing group borderlines fo r vapour inhalation toxicity  
 
12.1.5  Classification of pesticides  
 
12.1.5.1  Pesticides and their preparations are classified in division 6.1 in accordance with the criteria given in 12.1.1 to 12.1.4.  
 
12.1.5.2  Pesticides and preparations that are characte rized by subsidia ry risks shall be classified in accordance with the precedence of hazards (see table 19) and 
assigned the appropriate packing groups.  
 
12.1.5.3  If the experimental oral or dermal LD 50 value for a pesticide pr eparation is not known, but the  LD50 values of its active ingredient(s) are known, the LD 50 value of 
the preparation can be obtained by the application of the formulas given in 12.1.4.11 or 12.1.4.12.  
 
12.1.5.4   The toxicity data for a number of common pesticides (tec hnical) are given i n annex E in accordance with The WHO recommended classification of pestici des by 
hazard and guidelines to classification.  
 
This document can be used as a source of LD 50 data for pesticides, but its classification system shall not be used for purposes of tr ansport classification or assignment of 
packing groups. Pesticides intended for transport shall be classified in accordance with the requirements of this standard.  
 
12.1.5.5   The proper shipping name used in the transport of a pesticide sh all be selected o n the basis of its active ingredient, physical state and any subsidiary risks it 
may exhibit.  
 
12.2  Division 6.2: Infectious substances  
 
12.2.1  General  
 
Infectious substances are those substances known, or reasonably expected, to contain pathogens. Patho gens are micro -organisms such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae , 
parasite s or fungi, and other agents such as prions, that are known or reasonably believed to cause i nfectious disease in animals or humans. However, infectious substances 
are only subject to  the requireme nts of division 6.2 if they are capable of spreading disease in the event of exposure to them. They a re not classified as infectious substances of 
division 6.2 if they are unlikely to cause human or animal disease.   
For the purposes of this s tandard, the products given in 12.2.2 to 12.2.7 (inclusive) shall be considered infectious substances.  
 
12.2.2  Biological products  
 
12.2.2.1   Biological products are those products  derived from living orga nisms that are manufactured and distributed in acco rdance with the requirements of the 
appropriate national authorities, which may have  special licensing requirements  and are used  for the prevention, treatment , or diagnosis of diseases in humans or animals or 
for development, experimental or investigati onal purposes related thereto. The y include, but are not limited to, finished or unfinished products such as vaccines.  
 
 
12.2.3  Cultures  
 
Cultures are the result of a process by which pathogens are intentionall y propagated and do not include human or anima l patient specimens (see 12.2.4).  
 
12.2.4  Patient specimens  
 
Patient specimens are  those collected directly from humans or animals including but not limited to  excreta secreta, blood and its components , tissue an d tissue fluid swabs and 
body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnos is, investigational activities,  disease treatment and prevention (see also 12.2.9).  
 
12.2.5  Genetically modified micro -organisms and organisms  pick from UN LATEST MODEL  
 
12.2.5.1  For the purposes of this standard, genetically modif ied micro -organisms (GMMOs) and organisms of division 6.2 are divided into the following groups:  
 
a)  GMMOs and organisms that comply with the definition of an infectio us substance (see 12.2.1) shall be assigned to UN 2814 or to UN 2900, as appropriate;  
 
b)  GMMOs and organisms that are known, or suspected, to be dang erous to humans, animals or the environment. Such substances shall be classified in division 6.2 and 
shall be transported in  accordance with conditions specified by t he competent authority; and  
 
c)  animals that contain, or are contaminated with, GMMOs and  organisms that comply with the definition of an infectious substance. Such animals shall be  transported in 
accordance with conditions specified by the competent auth ority.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  12.2.5.2   GMMOs and organisms that do not comply with the definitio n of infectious substances, but that are capable of altering animals, plants or microbiological 
substanc es in a way that does not occur naturally in normal reproduction shall be cla ssified in class 9 and as signed to UN 3245. However, the competent authority can authorize 
such substances for unco nditional use in which case the requirements of this standard would not apply.  
 
12.2.6  Medical or clinical waste  
 
12.2 .6.1Medical or clinica l wastes containing Category A infectious substances shall be assigned to UN2814 or UN 2900 as appropriate. 12.2.6.3Medical o r clinical wastes 
containing infectious substances in Category B shall be assigned to UN 3291.  
 
12.2.6.4 Medical or clinical wastes  which are reasonably believed to have a low probability of containing infectious substances shall be assigned to UN 3291.  
 
 12.2.6.5 For the assignment, international, regional or national waste catalogues may be taken into account. NOTE:The proper shippi ng name for UN 3291 is “CLINICAL 
WASTE, UNSPECIFIED, N.O.S.” or “(BIO) MEDICAL WASTE, N.O.S” or “REGULATED MEDICAL WASTE, N.O.S.”  
 
12.2.6.6 Decontaminated medical or clinical wastes which previously contained infectious substances are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for 
inclusion in another class.  
 
12.2.7  Infected animals  
 
12.2.7.1  Unless an infectious substance cannot be consigned by any other means, live animals shall not be used to consign such a subst ance. A live animal w hich has been 
intentionally infected and is known or suspected to contain an infectious substance shall only be transported under terms and  conditions approved by the competent authority .  
 
12.2.8  Classification of infectious substances  
 
12.2.8.1.  Definit ions 
 For the purposes of these standard, Infectious substances are substances which are known or are reasonably expected to contain pathogens. Pathogens are defined a s 
microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, fungi) and other ag ents such as prions, which can cause disease in humans or animals.  
 12.2.8.2  Biological products are those products derived from living organisms which are manufactured and distributed in accordance wit h the requirements of appropriate 
national authoriti es, which may have special licensing requirements, and are used either for prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of disease in humans or animals, or for 
development, experimental or investigational purposes related thereto. They include, but are not limited to, finished or unfinished products such as vaccines.  
 
12.2.8. 3  Cultures are the result of a process by which pathogens are intentionally propagated. This definition does not include human or animal patient specimens as defined in 
2.6.3.1.4. 2.6.3.1.4 Pa tient specimens are those, collected directly from humans or animals, including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and 
tissue fluid swabs, and body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnosis, inves tigational activities, disease treatment and prevention.  
 
12.2.8. 4   Medical or clinical wastes are wastes derived from the medical treatment of animals or humans or from bio -research.  
 2.6.3.2 Classification of infectious substances  
12.2.8. 5    Infectious  substances shall be classified in Division 6.2 and assigned to UN 2814, UN 2900, UN3291 or UN  3373, as appropriate.  
12.2.8.2    Infectious substances are divided into the following categories:   
12.2.8.2   Category A: An infectious substance which is tran sported in a form that, when exposure to it occurs, is capable of causing permanent disability, life -threatening or fatal 
disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals. Indicative examples of substances that meet these criteria are given in the t able in t his paragraph. NOTE: An  exposure occurs 
when an infectious substance is released outside of the protective packaging, resulting in physical contact with humans or an imals. (a) Infectious substances meeting these 
criteria which cause disease in humans or bo th in humans and animals shall be assigned to UN 2814. Infectious substances which cause disease only in animals shall be 
assigned to UN 2900. (b) Assignment to UN 2814 or UN 2900 shall be based on the known medical history and symptoms of the sou rce human  or animal, endemic local 
conditions, or professional judgement concerning individual circumstances of the source human or animal. NOTE  1:The proper shipping name for UN 2814 is INFECTIOUS 
SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING HUMANS. The proper shipping name for UN 2900 i s INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING ANIMALS only. NOTE 2:The following table is not 
exhaustive. Infectious substances, including new or emerging pathogens, which do not appear in the table but which meet the s ame criteria shall be assigned to Category A. In 
addition, if there is doubt as to whether or not a substance meets the criteria it shall be included in Category A.NOTE 3: In  the following table, the microorganisms written in 
italics are bacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsia or fungi.  INDICATIVE EXAMPLES OF  INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN CATEGORY AIN ANY FORM UNLESS 
OTHERWISE INDICATED 12.2.8.2    (a))UN Number and Proper Shipping NameMicroorganismUN 2814Infectious substances affecting humansBacillus anthracis(cultures 
only)Brucella abortus(cultures only) Brucella melitensis(cultures only)Brucella suis(cultures only)Burkholderia mallei -Pseudomonas mallei –Glanders(cultures only)Burkholderia 
pseudomallei –Pseudomonas pseudomallei (cultures only)Chlamydia psittaci -avian strains (cultures only)Clostridium botu linum(cultures only)Coccidioides immitis(cultures 
only)Coxiella burnetii(cultures only)Crimean -Congo haemorrhagic fever virusDengue virus (cultures only)Eastern equine encephalitis virus (cultures only)Escherichia 
coli,verotoxigenic (cultures only)Ebola vi rusFlexal virusFrancisella tularensis(cultures only)Guanarito virusHantaan virusHantaviruses causing haemorrhagic fever with renal 
syndromeHendra virusHepatitis B virus (cultures only)HerpesB virus (cultures only)Human immunodeficiency virus (cultures only )Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus 
(cultures only)Japanese Encephalitis virus (cultures only)Junin virusKyasanur Forest disease virusLassa virusMachupo virusMar burg virusMonkeypox virusMycobacterium 
tuberculosis (cultures only)Nipah virusOmsk haemorr hagic fever virusPoliovirus (cultures only)Rabies virus (cultures only)Rickettsia prowazekii (cultures only)Rickettsia 
rickettsii(cultures only)Rift Valley fever virus (cultures only)Russian spring -summer encephalitis virus (cultures only)Sabia virusShigel la dysenteriae type 1 (cultures only)Tick -DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  borne encephalitis virus (cultures only)Variola virusVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (cultures only)West Nile virus (cul tures only)Yellow fever virus (cultures only)Yersinia 
pestis(cultures only)  
 INDICATIVE E XAMPLES OF INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN CATEGORY AIN ANY FORM UNLESS O THERWISE INDICATED  
 
12.2.8.2   (a))UN Number and Proper Shipping NameMicroorganismUN 2900Infectious substances affecting animals onlyAfrican swine fever vir us (cultures only)Avian 
paramyxovirus Type 1 -Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (cultures only)Classical swine fever virus (cultures only)Foot and mouth disease virus (cul tures only)Lumpy skin 
disease virus (cultures only)Mycoplasma mycoides -Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cul tures only)Peste des petits ruminants virus (cultures only)Rinderpest virus (cultures 
only)Sheep -pox virus (cultures only)Goatpox virus (cultures only)Swine vesicular disease virus (cultures only)Vesicular stomatitis v irus (cultures only)  
 
 12.2.8.2   Cate gory B: An infectious substance which does not meet the criteria for inclusion in Category A. Infectious substances in Catego ry B shall be assigned to UN 3373. 
NOTE:The proper shipping name of UN 3373 is “BIOLOGICAL S UBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”. 12.2.8.2    Exem ptions2.6.3.2.3.1 Substances which do not contain infectious 
substances or substances which are unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals are not subject to these Regulations unless  they meet the criteria for inclusi on in another 
class.  
 
12.2.8.2    Substances containing microorganisms which are non -pathogenic to humans or animals are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for 
inclusion in another class.  
 
12.2.8.2   Substances in a form that any present pathogens have been neu tralized or inactivated such that they no longer pose a health risk are not subject to these Regulations 
unless they meet the criteria for inclusion in another class. NOTE:Medical equipment which has been drained of free liquid is  deemed to meet the requir ements of this paragraph 
and is not subject to these Regulations.  
 
12.2.8.2   Environmental samples (including food and water samples) which are not considered to pose a significant risk of infection are  not subject to these Regulations unless 
they meet t he criteria for inclusion in another class.  
 
12.2.8.2    Dried blood spots, collected by applying a drop of blood onto absorbent material, are not subject to these Regulations.   
 
12.2.8.2     Faecal occult blood screening samples are not subject to these Regulations.  
 
12.2.8.2   Blood or blood components which have been collected for the purposes of transfusion or for the preparation of blood products to be used for transfusion or 
transplantation and any tissues or organs intended for use in transplantati on as well as samples drawn in connection with such purposes are not subject to these Regulations.  12.2.8.2    Human or animal specimens for which there is minimal likelihood that pathogens are present are not subject to these Regulatio ns if the specimen is transported in a 
packaging which will prevent any leakage and which is marked with the words “Exempt human specimen” or “Exempt animal specime n”, as appropriate. The packaging should 
meet the following conditions: (a) The packaging should consist of thr ee components: (i) a leak -proof primary receptacle(s); (ii) a leak -proof secondary packaging; and (iii) an 
outer packaging of adequate strength for its capacity, mass and intended use, and with at least one surface having minimum di mensions of 100 mm × 100  mm; (b) For liquids, 
absorbent material in sufficient quantity to absorb the entire contents should be placed between the primary receptacle(s) an d the secondary packaging so that, during transport, 
any release or leak of a liquid substance will not reach  the outer packaging and will not compromise the integrity of the cushioning material; (c) When multiple fragile primary 
receptacles are placed in a single secondary packaging, they should be either individually wrapped or separated to prevent co ntact betw een them. NOTE 1:An element of 
professional judgment is required to determine if a substance is exempt under this paragraph. That judgment should be based o n the known medical history, symptoms and 
individual circumstances of the source, human or animal, a nd endemic local conditions. Examples of specimens which may be transported under this paragraph include the 
blood or urine tests to monitor cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, hormone levels, or prostate specific antibodies (PS A); those required to monitor organ function such as 
heart, liver or kidney function for humans or animals with non -infectious diseases, or for therapeutic drug monitoring; those conducted for insurance or employment purposes 
and are intended to determine the presence of drugs or alcohol; pregnancy test; biopsies to detect cancer; and antibody detection in humans or animals in the absence of any 
concern for infection (e.g. evaluation of vaccine induced immunity, diagnosis of autoimmune disease, etc.). NOTE 2: For air t ransport, packagings for specimens exempted 
under this paragraph shall meet the condit ions in (a) to (c).  
 12.2.8.2    Except for: (a) Medical waste (UN 3291); (b) Medical devices or equipment contaminated with or containing infectious substanc es in Category A (UN 2 814 or UN 
2900); and (c) Medical devices or equipment contaminated with or containing other dangerous goods that meet the definition of  another hazard class, medical devices or 
equipment potentially contaminated with or containing infectious substances whi ch are being transported for disinfection, cleaning, sterilization, repair, or equipment evaluation 
are not subject to the provisions of these Regulations if packed in packagings designed and constructed in such a way that, u nder normal conditions of trans port, they cannot 
break, be punctured or leak their contents. Packagings shall be designed to meet the construction requirements listed in 6.1. 4 or 6.6.5. These packagings shall meet the general 
packing requirements of 4.1.1.1 and 4.1.1.2 and be capable of  retaining the medical devices and equipment when dropped from a height of 1.2 m. For air transport, additional 
requirements may apply. The packagings shall be marked “USED MEDICAL DEVICE” or “USED MEDICAL EQUIPMENT”. When using overpack s, these shall be m arked in the 
same way, except when the inscription remains visible.  
 
12.2.8.2   Biological products  
12.2.8.2    For the purposes of these Regulations, biological products are divided into the following groups: (a) those which are manufac tured and packaged in accordance with 
the requirements of appropriate national authorities and transported for the purposes of final packaging or distribution, and  use for personal health care by medical professionals 
or individuals. Substances in this group are not subject to these Regulations; (b) those which do not fall under paragraph (a) and are known or reasonably believed to contain 
infectious substances and which meet the criteria for inclusion in Category A or Category B. Substances in this group shall b e assigned to  UN 2814, UN 2900 or UN 3373, as 
appropriate. NOTE:Some licensed biological products may present a biohazard only in certain parts of the world. In that case,  competent authorities may require these biological 
products to be in compliance with local requir ements for infectious substances or may impose other restrictions.  
2.6.3.4 Genetically modified microorganisms and organisms  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
2.6.3.4.1Genetically modified microorganisms not meeting the definition of infectious substance shall be classified according  to Chapter 2.9. 2.6.3.5 Medical or clinical wastes  
 
2.6.3.5.1Medical or clinical wastes containing Category A infectious substances shall be assigned to UN2814 or UN 2900 as app ropriate. Medical or clinical wastes containing 
infectious substances in Category B  shall be assigned to UN 3291. 2.6.3.5.2 Medical or clinical wastes which are reasonably believed to have a low probability of  containing 
infectious substances shall be assigned to UN 3291. For the assignment, international, regional or national waste cata logues may be taken into account. NOTE:The proper 
shipping name for UN 3291 is “CLINICAL WASTE, UNSPECIFIED, N.O.S.” or “(BIO) MEDICAL WASTE, N.O.S” or “REGULATED MEDICAL WAST E, N.O.S.”.  
 
2.6.3.5.3Decontaminated medical or clinical wastes which previously contained infectious substances are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for 
inclusion in another class. 2.6.3.6 Infected animals  
2.6.3.6.1 Unless an infectious substance cannot be consigned by any other means, live animals shall not be used to consign such a substance. A live animal which has been 
intentionally infected and is known or suspected to contain an infectious substance shall only be transported under terms and  conditions approved by the competent author  
 
Table 11 — Cate gory A infectious substances   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Table 11 (concluded)  
 
 .3 Division 6.2 - Infectious substances 2.6.3.1 DefinitionsFor the purposes of these Regulations: 2.6.3.1.1 Infectious substances are 
substances which are known or are reasonably expected to contain pa thogens. Pathogens are defined as microorganisms (including 
bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, fungi) and other agents such as prions, which can cause disease in humans or anima ls.  
- 128 - 2.6.3.1.2 Biological products are those products derived f rom living organisms which are manufactured and distributed in accordance 
with the requirements of appropriate national authorities, which may have special licensing requirements, and are used either  for prevention, 
treatment, or diagnosis of disease in hu mans or animals, or for development, experimental or investigational purposes related thereto. They 
include, but are not limited to, finished or unfinished products such as vaccines. 2.6.3.1.3Cultures are the result of a proc ess by which 
pathogens are inte ntionally propagated. This definition does not include human or animal patient specimens as defined in 2.6.3.1.4. 2.6.3.1.4 
Patient specimens are those, collected directly from humans or animals, including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, bloo d and i ts 
components, tissue and tissue fluid swabs, and body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnosis, investi gational 
activities, disease treatment and prevention.2.6.3.1.5 Deleted.2.6.3.1.6 Medical or clinical wastes are wastes derived from the medical 
treatment of animals or humans or from bio -research. 2.6.3.2 Classification of infectious substances2.6.3.2.1 Infectious substances shall be 
classified in Division 6.2 and assigned to UN 2814, UN 2900, UN3291 or UN 3373, as appropriate. 2. 6.3.2.2 Infectious substances are 
divided into the following categories:2.6.3.2.2.1 Category A: An infectious substance which is transported in a form that, wh en exposure to it 
occurs, is capable of causing permanent disability, life -threatening or fatal d isease in otherwise healthy humans or animals. Indicative 
examples of substances that meet these criteria are given in the table in this paragraph. NOTE:An exposure occurs when an inf ectious 
substance is released outside of the protective packaging, result ing in physical contact with humans or animals. (a) Infectious substances 
meeting these criteria which cause disease in humans or both in humans and animals shall be assigned to UN 2814. Infectious s ubstances 
which cause disease only in animals shall be as signed to UN 2900. (b) Assignment to UN 2814 or UN 2900 shall be based on the known 
medical history and symptoms of the source human or animal, endemic local conditions, or professional judgement concerning in dividual 
circumstances of the source human or a nimal.NOTE 1:The proper shipping name for UN 2814 is INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING 
HUMANS. The proper shipping name for UN 2900 is INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE, AFFECTING ANIMALS only. NOTE 2:The following table 
is not exhaustive. Infectious substances, includin g new or emerging pathogens, which do not appear in the table but which meet the same 
criteria shall be assigned to Category A. In addition, if there is doubt as to whether or not a substance meets the criteria it shall be included in DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Category A.NOTE 3: In  the following table, the microorganisms written in italics are bacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsia or fungi. Copyright © United 
Nations, 2017. All rights reserved  
- 129 - INDICATIVE EXAMPLES OF INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN CATEGORY AIN ANY FORM UNLESS OTHERWISE 
INDICATED (2.6.3.2.2.1 (a))UN Number and Proper Shipping NameMicroorganismUN 2814Infectious substances affecting humansBacill us 
anthracis(cultures only)Brucella abortus(cultures only)Brucella melitensis(cultures only)Brucella suis(cultures only)B urkholderia mallei -
Pseudomonas mallei –Glanders(cultures only)Burkholderia pseudomallei –Pseudomonas pseudomallei (cultures only)Chlamydia psittaci -
avian strains (cultures only)Clostridium botulinum(cultures only)Coccidioides immitis(cultures only)Coxiella  burnetii(cultures only)Crimean -
Congo haemorrhagic fever virusDengue virus (cultures only)Eastern equine encephalitis virus (cultures only)Escherichia coli,v erotoxigenic 
(cultures only)Ebola virusFlexal virusFrancisella tularensis(cultures only)Guanarito v irusHantaan virusHantaviruses causing haemorrhagic 
fever with renal syndromeHendra virusHepatitis B virus (cultures only)HerpesB virus (cultures only)Human immunodeficiency vir us (cultures 
only)Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (cultures only)Japanes e Encephalitis virus (cultures only)Junin virusKyasanur Forest disease 
virusLassa virusMachupo virusMarburg virusMonkeypox virusMycobacterium tuberculosis (cultures only)Nipah virusOmsk haemorrhag ic 
fever virusPoliovirus (cultures only)Rabies virus (cultur es only)Rickettsia prowazekii (cultures only)Rickettsia rickettsii(cultures only)Rift Valley 
fever virus (cultures only)Russian spring -summer encephalitis virus (cultures only)Sabia virusShigella dysenteriae type 1 (cultures only)Tick -
borne encephalitis vi rus (cultures only)Variola virusVenezuelan equine encephalitis virus (cultures only)West Nile virus (cultures only)Yellow 
fever virus (cultures only)Yersinia pestis(cultures only)  
 INDICATIVE EXAMPLES OF INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDED IN CATEGORY AIN ANY F ORM UNLESS OTHERWISE 
INDICATED (2.6.3.2.2.1 (a))UN Number and Proper Shipping NameMicroorganismUN 2900Infectious substances affecting animals 
onlyAfrican swine fever virus (cultures only)Avian paramyxovirus Type 1 -Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (cultur es only)Classical swine 
fever virus (cultures only)Foot and mouth disease virus (cultures only)Lumpy skin disease virus (cultures only)Mycoplasma myc oides -
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cultures only)Peste des petits ruminants virus (cultures only)Rind erpest virus (cultures only)Sheep -pox 
virus (cultures only)Goatpox virus (cultures only)Swine vesicular disease virus (cultures only)Vesicular stomatitis virus (cu ltures 
only)2.6.3.2.2.2 Category B: An infectious substance which does not meet the criteria for inclusion in Category A. Infectious substances in 
Category B shall be assigned to UN 3373. NOTE:The proper shipping name of UN 3373 is “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”. 
2.6.3.2.3 Exemptions2.6.3.2.3.1 Substances which do not contain infectious substa nces or substances which are unlikely to cause disease in humans or animals are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for inclusion in another class. 2.6.3.2. 3.2 Substances 
containing microorganisms which are non -pathogenic to huma ns or animals are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria 
for inclusion in another class. 2.6.3.2.3.3 Substances in a form that any present pathogens have been neutralized or inactiva ted such that 
they no longer pose a health risk ar e not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for inclusion in another class. 
NOTE:Medical equipment which has been drained of free liquid is deemed to meet the requirements of this paragraph and is not subject to 
these Regulations. 2.6. 3.2.3.4 Environmental samples (including food and water samples) which are not considered to pose a significant risk 
of infection are not subject to these Regulations unless they meet the criteria for inclusion in another class. 2.6.3.2.3.5 D ried blood spo ts, 
collected by applying a drop of blood onto absorbent material, are not subject to these Regulations. 2.6.3.2.3.6 Faecal occul t blood screening 
samples are not subject to these Regulations. 2.6.3.2.3.7 Blood or blood components which have been collected  for the purposes of 
transfusion or for the preparation of blood products to be used for transfusion or transplantation and any tissues or organs intended for use in 
transplantation as well as samples drawn in connection with such purposes are not subject to these Regulations. 2.6.3.2.3.8 Human or 
animal specimens for which there is minimal likelihood that pathogens are present are not subject to these Regulations if the  specimen is 
transported in a packaging which will prevent any  
- leakage and which is m arked with the words “Exempt human specimen” or “Exempt animal specimen”, as appropriate. The packaging 
should meet the following conditions: (a) The packaging should consist of three components: (i) a leak -proof primary receptacle(s); (ii) a leak -
proof se condary packaging; and (iii) an outer packaging of adequate strength for its capacity, mass and intended use, and with at lea st one 
surface having minimum dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm; (b) For liquids, absorbent material in sufficient quantity to absorb t he entire 
contents should be placed between the primary receptacle(s) and the secondary packaging so that, during transport, any releas e or leak of a 
liquid substance will not reach the outer packaging and will not compromise the integrity of the cushionin g material; (c) When multiple fragile 
primary receptacles are placed in a single secondary packaging, they should be either individually wrapped or separated to pr event contact 
between them. NOTE 1:An element of professional judgment is required to determi ne if a substance is exempt under this paragraph. That 
judgment should be based on the known medical history, symptoms and individual circumstances of the source, human or animal, and 
endemic local conditions. Examples of specimens which may be transported  under this paragraph include the blood or urine tests to monitor 
cholesterol levels, blood glucose levels, hormone levels, or prostate specific antibodies (PSA); those required to monitor or gan function such 
as heart, liver or kidney function for humans o r animals with non -infectious diseases, or for therapeutic drug monitoring; those conducted for DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  insurance or employment purposes and are intended to determine the presence of drugs or alcohol; pregnancy test; biopsies to detect 
cancer; and antibody detecti on in humans or animals in the absence of any concern for infection (e.g. evaluation of vaccine induced 
immunity, diagnosis of autoimmune disease, etc.). NOTE 2: For air transport, packagings for specimens exempted under this par agraph shall 
meet the condi tions in (a) to (c). 2.6.3.2.3.9 Except for: (a) Medical waste (UN 3291); (b) Medical devices or equipment contaminated with or 
containing infectious substances in Category A (UN 2814 or UN 2900); and (c) Medical devices or equipment contaminated with o r 
containing other dangerous goods that meet the definition of another hazard class, medical devices or equipment potentially co ntaminated 
with or containing infectious substances which are being transported for disinfection, cleaning, sterilization, repair, or equipment evaluation 
are not subject to the provisions of these Regulations if packed in packagings designed and constructed in such a way that, u nder normal 
conditions of transport, they cannot break, be punctured or leak their contents. Packagings sha ll be designed to meet the construction 
requirements listed in 6.1.4 or 6.6.5. These packagings shall meet the general packing requirements of 4.1.1.1 and 4.1.1.2 an d be capable of 
retaining the medical devices and equipment when dropped from a height of 1 .2 m. For air transport, additional requirements may apply. The 
packagings shall be marked “USED MEDICAL DEVICE” or “USED MEDICAL EQUIPMENT”. When using overpacks, these shall be marked 
in the same way, except when the inscription remains visible.  
2.6.3.3 Biological products2.6.3.3.1 For the purposes of these Regulations, biological products are divided into the following groups : (a) those 
which are manufactured and packaged in accordance with the requirements of appropriate national authorities and transpo rted for the 
purposes of final packaging or distribution, and use for personal health care by medical professionals or individuals. Substa nces in this group 
are not subject to these Regulations; (b) those which do not fall under paragraph (a) and are known  or reasonably believed to contain 
infectious substances and which meet the criteria for inclusion in Category A or Category B. Substances in this group shall b e assigned to 
UN 2814, UN 2900 or UN 3373, as appropriate. NOTE:Some licensed biological product s may present a biohazard only in certain parts of 
the world. In that case, competent authorities may require these biological products to be in compliance with local requireme nts for infectious 
substances or may impose other restrictions.2.6.3.4 Genetical ly modified microorganisms and organisms2.6.3.4.1Genetically modified 
microorganisms not meeting the definition of infectious substance shall be classified according to Chapter 2.9. 2.6.3.5 Medic al or clinical 
wastes2.6.3.5.1Medical or clinical wastes cont aining Category A infectious substances shall be assigned to UN2814 or UN 2900 as 
appropriate. Medical or clinical wastes containing infectious substances in Category B shall be assigned to UN 3291. 2.6.3.5. 2 Medical or clinical wastes which are reasonably  believed to have a low probability of containing infectious substances shall be assigned to UN 3291. For 
the assignment, international, regional or national waste catalogues may be taken into account. NOTE:The proper shipping name  for UN 
3291 is “CLINICAL  WASTE, UNSPECIFIED, N.O.S.” or “(BIO) MEDICAL WASTE, N.O.S” or “REGULATED MEDICAL WASTE, 
N.O.S.”.2.6.3.5.3Decontaminated medical or clinical wastes which previously contained infectious substances are not subject t o these 
Regulations unless they meet the criteria for inclusion in another class. 2.6.3.6 Infected animals2.6.3.6.1 Unless an infectious substance 
cannot be consigned by any other means, live animals shall not be used to consign such a substance. A live animal which has b een 
intentionally infecte d and is known or suspected to contain an infectious substance shall only be transported under terms and conditions 
approved by the competent author  
 
13  Class 7: Radioactive material  
 
13.1  General  
 
13.1.1   All radioactive substances are dangerous because  the ionizin g radiation emitted by them can damage body tissue and this can result, for example, in cancer or in birth 
defects.  
 
13.1.2   There is no threshold for the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.  
 
13.1.3   A background of natural ionizing radiatio n from cosmic and terres trial sources is always present and it is impossible to avoid being irradiated by these sources . 
 
13.1.4   Irradiation by the electromagnetic component of the ionizing radi ation from radioactive material cannot be reduced to zero.  
 
13.1.5   Statutory control over radioactive substances is intended to li mit the irradiation that people undergo as a result of activities that involve radioactive substances  to levels 
as low as reasonably achievable, and not exceeding set limits for members of the public  and for occupationally exposed persons.  
 
13.1.6   Internationally, radioactive material is regarded as any materi al that contains radionuclides, where both the activity concentration and the total activity in the 
cons ignment exceed the values given in D.1 or in table 12.  
 
13.1.7   For the purposes of this standard, the following radioactive materials are not included in  class 7:  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  radioactive material that is an integral part of the means of transport;  
 
b)  radioactive material moved within an  establishment that is subject to ap propriate safety regulations in force in the establishment and where the movement does not 
involve public roads and railways;  
 
c)  radioactive material implanted or incorporated into a person or live animal for diagnosis  or treatment;  
 
d)  radioactive material in consumer products that have received regulatory  approval, following their sale to the end user;  
 
e)  natural material and ore that contain naturally occurring radionucli des that are not intended to be processed f or use of these radionuclides, provided the activity 
concent ration of the material does not exceed 10 times the value given in D.1; and  
 
f)  non-radioactive solid objects with radioactive substances present on  any surfaces (contaminants) in quantities not exceeding the 0,4 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma 
emitters a nd low toxicity alpha emitters, or 0,04 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters.  
 
NOTE  Contamination that can be removed from a surface during routine conditions  of transport is referred to as "non-fixed c ontamination". All non -fixed contaminations are referred to as "fixed contamination".  
 
b)  source material shall be any substance that contains  
 
1)  uranium, expressed as U3O8,  in excess of 3 kg and 0 .5 % of the mass of the substance, or  
 
2)  thorium, expr essed as ThO2 , in excess of 3 kg and 0 .5 % of the mass of the substance, or  
 
3)  uranium, depleted in the uranium -235 (U -235) nuclide, in excess of 3 kg;  
 
c)  special nuclear material shall be any substance in a quantity such t hat it consists of, or contai ns more than 0 .5 g of  
 
1)  uranium -235 (U -235), or  
 
2)  uranium enriched in its U -235 nuclide, or  
 3)  any trans -uranium element; and  
 
d)  at the discretion of the National Nuclear Regulator (NNR), activities th at involve radioactive material intended for transport can be conducted without being subject to  
the requirements for obtaining nuclear authorization from the NNR (see 13.2.2.2), provided that  
 
1)  the specific activity of the radionuclides in the material involved does not exceed 100 Bq/g, or  
 
2)  the total radioactivity involved in a year does not exceed 10 kBq, or  
 
3)  the radiation dose does not exceed 1 mSv per year.  
 
13.2.1.3   The Hazardous Substances Act  defines a group IV haz ardous substance as radioactive material outside a nuclear installati on that does not form part of, nor is 
used, nor is intended to be used,  in the nuclear fuel cycle, and that has  
 
a)  an activity concentration exceeding 100 Bq/g and a total activity exceeding 4 kBq, or  
 
b)  an activity concentration not exceeding 100 Bq/g  and a total activity not exceeding 4 kB q, and is used, or is intended to be used for medical, scientific, agricultural, 
commercial or industrial purposes,  and such radioactive material together with any radioactive waste  that evolves from it, has been declared a group IV hazardous substance   
 
13.2.2   Authorities responsible for the control of radioactive material  
 
13.2.2.1   General  
The authorities given in 13.2.2.2 to 13.2.2.4 (inclusive) are responsible for the control of radioactive  
material and shall be  consulted for information regarding this material and matters pertaining to it.  
 
13.2.2.2  Radiation Protection Board ( RPB) 
 
The Radiation Protection Board is a statutory body established under the Act of parliament, the Radiation Protection Act, Cap  243, Laws of Kenya as the national competent 
authority with the responsibility for protecting the health and safety of people and the environment from the harmful effects  of ionizing radiation. It regulates the use of ionizing 
radiation, exportation, importati on, distribution and possession of radiation sources. The Board operates under two subsidiary legislations;  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a) The Radiation Protection (standards) Regulations – LN. 54/1986  
 
b) The Radiation Protection (structural requirements and inspection of buildings ) Regulations LN. 55/1986   
13.3  Classification of radioactive material  
 
13.3.1  General  
 
Radioactive material shall be assigned to one of the UN numbers give n in table 12, depending on the activity level of the radionuclides contained in a package, the fi ssile or non-
fissile properties of these radionuclides, the type of package intended for transport  and the natu re or form of the contents of the package, or special arrangements go verning the 
transport operation (see 13.3.11).  
 
Table 12 ― Assignment of UN numbers  
 
 
T able 12 (concluded)   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
13.3.2   Fissile material  
 
13.3.2.1   Fissile material is uranium -233 (U -233), uranium -235 ( U-235), plutonium -239 (Pu -239), plutonium -241 (Pu -241), or any combination of these radionuclides.  
 
13.3.2.2  The following radioactive materials are excepted from the definition of fissile material:  
 
a)  natural uranium or depleted uranium that has not been irradiated; and  
 
b)  natural uranium or depleted uranium that has been irradiated in thermal reacto rs only.  
 
13.3.3   Low dispersible radioactive material  
 
The term "low dispersible radioactive material" refers to a solid radioactive m aterial, or a solid radioactive material sealed in a capsule that has limited dispersibility and is not in 
powder form.  
 
13.3.4  Low specific activity (LSA) material  
 
13.3.4.1   Radioactive material that, by its nature, has limited specific activ ity, or radioactive material to which limits of estimated average specific activity apply, is termed 
"low spe cific activity (LSA) material”. External  shielding materials that surround the LSA material shall not b e considered when the estimated average specific activity is being 
determined. LSA material can be classified in to three groups, LSA -I, LSA-II or LSA -III as given in 13.3.4.2 t o 13.3.4.4.  
 
13.3.4.2  LSA-I radioactive material comprises  of: 
 
a)  uranium and thorium ores and concentrates of such ores, and ot her ores that contain naturally occurring radionuclides, which are intended to be processed for the use 
of these radionuclides , 
 
b)  solid unirradiated natural uranium or depleted uranium, or natural thorium, or their solid or l iquid compounds or mixtures,  
 c)  radioactive material for which the A2 value is unlimited, excluding fis sile material in quantities not excepted in accor dance with the requirements of DEAS 951:2019  for 
fissile material, or  
 
d)  other radioactive material in which the activity is distributed throughout the material and the estimated average specific activity does not exceed 30 times the value  for 
the activi ty concentration as given in D.1 and table 13, excluding fissile material in quantities not excepted in accordan ce with the requirements of DEAS 951;2019  for fissile 
material.  
 
13.3.4.3   LSA-II radioactive material comprises  
 
a)  water with a tritium conce ntration of up to 0 .8 TBq/L, or  
 
b)  other radioactive material in which the activity is distributed throughout the material  and the estimated average specific activity does not exceed 10−4 A2/g for solids and 
gases, and 10−5 A2/g for liquids.  
 
13.3.4.4   LSA-III radioactive material comprises solids, for example co nsolidated wastes and activated materials, excluding powders, in which  
 
a)  the radioactive material is distributed throughout a solid or a col lection of solid objects, or is essentially uniformly  distributed in a solid compact binding agen t, such as 
concrete, bitumen or ceramic,  
 
b)  the radioactive material is relatively insoluble, or is intrinsically cont ained in a relatively insoluble matrix, so that, even under loss of packaging, the loss of r adioactive 
material per package by leaching when placed in water for 7 d ays, would not exceed 0 .1 A2, and  
 
c)  the estimated average specific activity of the solid, excluding any shie lding material, does not exceed 2 × 10 −3 A2/g.  
 
13.3.5   Low-toxicity alph a emitters  
 
Low-toxicity alpha emitters are natural or depleted uranium, natural  thorium, (U-235, U -238, Th -228, Th-230 or Th -232) contained in ores or physical and chemical concent rates, 
or alpha emitters with a half-life of less less than 10 d ays. 
 
13.3. 6  Special form radioactive material  
13.3.6.1   Special form radioactive material is either  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
a)  an indispersible solid radioactive material, or  
 
b)  a sealed capsule that contains radioactive material and is so m anufactured that it can only be opened by de stroying the capsule.  
 
13.3.6.2   Special form radioactive material shall have at least one dimension of not less than 5 mm.  
 
13.3.7  Surface contaminated objects (SCOs)  
 
13.3.7.1   A surface contaminated object (SCO) is a solid object that is not in itself radioactive, but that has radioactive material distributed on its surfaces. An SCO can be 
classified into two groups, i.e. SCO -I or SCO -II (see 13.3.7.2 and 13.3.7.3).  
 
13.3.7.2  SCO -I is a solid object on which ; 
 
a)  the non -fixed contamination on the acc essible surface, averaged o ver 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2), does not exceed  
 
1)  4 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low -toxicity alpha emitters, or  
 
2)  0.4 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters, and  
 
b)  the fixed contami nation on the accessible surface, averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2), does not exceed  
 
1)  4 × 104 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low -toxicity alpha emitters, or  
 
2)  4 × 103 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters,  and 
 
c)  the non -fixed contamination plus the fixed contamination (se e the note to 13.1.7(f)) on the inaccessible surface, averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less 
than 300 cm2), does not exceed ; 
 
1)  4 × 104 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emi tters and low -toxicity alpha emitters, or   
2)  4 × 103 Bq/cm2  for all other alpha emitters.  
 
13.3.7.3   SCO -II is a solid object on which either the fixed or non -fixed contamination on the s urface exceeds the applicable limits specified for SCO -I in 13.3.7 .2, and on 
which  
 
a)  the non -fixed contamination on the accessible surface, averaged o ver 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2), does not exceed  
 
1)  400 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low -toxicity alpha emitters, or  
 
2)  40 Bq /cm2 for all other alpha emitters, and  
 
b) the fixed contamination on the accessible surface, averaged over 300 cm2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2), does not exceed  
 
1)  8 × 105 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low -toxicity alpha em itters, or  
 
2)  8 × 104 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters, and  
 
c)  the non -fixed contamination plus the fixed contamination on the inac cessible surface, averaged over 300 m2 (or the area of the surface if less than 300 cm2), does not 
exceed  
 
1)  8 × 105 Bq/cm2 for beta and gamma emitters and low -toxicity alpha emitters, or  
 
2)  8 × 104 Bq/cm2 for all other alpha emitters.  
 
13.3.8   Uranium hexafluoride  
 
Uranium hexafluoride shall only be assigned to UN 2977 ,  RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, URANIUM HEXAFLU ORIDE  FISSILE, or  UN 2978, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, 
URAN UM HEXAFLUORIDE, non -fissile or fissile -excepted , UN 3507, URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE, radioactive material, excepted package less than 0.1 kg per package  non-
fissile or fissile -excepted . (see also table 12).  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  13.3.9  Unirradiated thorium  
 
Unirradited thorium is thorium that contains not more than 10-7 g of U -233 per gram of thorium -232. 
 
13.3.10   Unirradiated uranium  
 
Unirradiated uranium is uranium that contains not more than 2 × 103 Bq of plutonium per gram of U-235, not more than 9 ×106 of fission products per gram of U -235 and not 
more than 5 × 10-3 g of U-236 per gram of U -235. 
 
13.3.11  Natural, depleted and enriched uranium  
 
Natural, depleted and enriched uranium are as follows:  
 
a)  natural uranium ― uranium (th at could be chemically separat ed) that contains the naturally distribution of uranium isotopes (approximately 99 . 28 % U -238 and 0 .72 %, 
U-235, by mass),  
 
b)  depleted uranium ― uranium that contains less U -235 than that of natural uranium, and  
 
c)  enrich ed uranium ― uranium that contains more than 0 .72 % U -235, by mass.  
 
NOTE  In all cases, a very small mass percentage of U -235 is present.  
 
13.3.12  Special arrangements  
 
Radioactive material shall be classified as transported under speci al arrangement whe n it does not meet all the requirements of this standard but has been approved by the 
competent authority.  
 
13.4  Basic radionuclide values  
 
13.4.1   Basic radionuclide values for individual radionuclides   
13.4.1.1   The basic radionuclide values for individ ual radionuclides are l isted in D.1. The determination of their basic radionuclide values shall require competent authority 
approval or, for international transport, multilateral approval. It is permissible to use the A2 value rel ated to its solubility cla ss as recommended by the International Commission 
on Radiological Protect ion, provided that the chemical form under both normal and accident conditions of transport is taken into consideration.  
 
13.4.1.2   In the case of a radionuclide not listed in D.1, a single radion uclide decay chain in which the radionuclides are present in their naturally occurring proportions, 
and in which no daughter nuclide has a half -life either longer than 10 d ays, or longer than that of the parent nuclide , shall be regarded as a single radionuclide. Furthermore, the 
activity to be taken into account, and the A1 and A2 values to be applied, shall be those corresponding to the parent nuclide of that chain (also see 13.4.2.2).  
 
13.4.2  Basic radionuclide values for unknown radionucli des or mixtures  
 
13.4.2.1   The basic radionuclide values for unknown radionuclides or mixtures are given in table 13. Contrary to individual radionuclides (see 13.4.1.1), the basic 
radionuclide values for unknown radionuclides or mixtures can be used witho ut obtaining competent authority approval.  
 
13.4.2.2   In the case of radioactive decay chains in which any daughter  nuclide has a half -life either longer than 10 d ays or a half -life exceeding that of the parent nuclid e, 
the parent and such daughter  nuclide s shall be considered mixtures of different nuclides.  
 
Table 13 ― Basic radionuclide values for unknown radionuclides or mixtures  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
13.4.2.3   In the case of material that contains mixtures of known radion uclides (see D.1), the A1 or A2 value for the material can be derived by applying the following 
formula:  
where
  
 
Am  is the derived value of A1 or A2 for the material that contains  a mixture of radionuclides, in becquerels;  
 
g(i)  is the fraction of the activity of radionuclide i in the mixture;  
 
A(i)  is the appropriate value of  A1 or A2 for the radionuclide i, in becquerels.   
Am  is the derived value of A1 or A2 for the material that contains  a mixture of radionuclides, in becquerels;  
 
13.4.2.4  When the identity of each radionuclide is known but the indiv idual activities of some of the radionuclides are not known, the radionuclides can be grouped. 
Groups can be based on the total alpha activity and the total beta or gamma activity when these are known , using the lowest radionuclide values for the alpha emitters or the 
beta or gamma emitters, respectively.  
 
14  Class 8: Corrosive substances  
 
14.1  General  
 
Corrosive substances are solids or liquids that, by chemical action, sev erely damage living tissue. The leakage of such a substance from its packaging can also damage, or 
even destroy, other cargo or the mean s of transport.  
 
14.2  Volatility and toxicity of corrosive substances  
 
14.2.1   Many corrosive substances are sufficiently volatile to emit vap ours that irritate the nose and eyes. When decomposed at very high temperatures, certain corrosive 
substances can  emit toxic gases. In addition to acting destructively when in contact with the skin  or with mucous membranes, some corrosive substances of class 8 are toxic. 
Poisoning can result if they ar e swallowed or if their vapours are inhaled, and some of them can even penetrate the skin.  
 
14.2.2   A substance or preparation that complies with the criteria o f class 8 and has an inhalation toxicity (LC 50) for dusts and mists in the range of packing group I, bu t toxicity 
through ingestion or dermal contact in the range  of packing group III, shall be allocated to  class 8 (see also 12.1.1.6 and 12.1.4.3).  
 
14.2.3   All substances in class 8 have a more or less destructive effect on materials such as metals  and textiles. Many substances in this class become corrosive only a fter 
having reacted with  water or with moisture in the air. The reaction between water and many subst ances of class 8 is accompanied by the emission of irritating and corrosive 
gases. Such gases usually become visible as fumes in the air.  
 
14.3  Packing gr oup criteria for corrosive substances  
 
14.3.1   The allocation of corrosive substances to packing groups h as been based on experience and on additional factors such as inhalation risk, reactivity with water  and the 
formation of dangerous decomposition produ cts. Substances, including mixtures, are classifie d on the basis of the length of time of contact necessary to produce full thickness DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  destruction of hu man skin tissue (see 14.3.2 and table 14). Substances that do not cause full thickness destruction of  the intact skin shall still be considered corrosive owing to 
their potential to corrode metal surfaces.  
 
14.3.2   In assigning the packing group to a substance, account shall be taken of human experience in instances of accidental exposure. In the absence of h uman experience, 
the packing g roup shall be determined by a test conducted on the healthy intact skin of an anim al in accordance with OECD Test Guideline 404 or 435. If full thickness 
destruction of healthy intact skin is not caused, a corrosion rate test on steel or aluminium surfaces can be performed (see section 37, part III of the United Nations’ Manual of 
tests and criteria).  
 
Table 14 — Packing groups for corrosives  
 
 
. 
15  Class 9: Miscellaneous dan gerous substances and articles, including environme ntally hazardous substances  pick from UN document as is  
 
15.1  General   
They are substances and articles which during transport present a danger not covered by other classes.  
 
 
The following substances are included in class 9:   
 a)  liquids or solids that has anaesthetic, noxious or other similar prop erties that could cause extreme annoyance or discomfort to humans and animals;  
 
b)  magnetized material that, when packaged as for transport, has a magnetic field stren gth of 0.159 A/m or more at a distance of 2.1 m from any point on the surface of 
the assembled package;  
 
c)  miscellaneous substances and articles, for example, asbestos, dry i ce, life -saving appliances (for example, air bags and seatbelt pretentioners), internal combu stion 
engines, polymeric bead s, battery -powered vehicles, lithium batteries, electric wheelchairs and zinc dithionite;  
 
d)  substances at elevated temperature, i.e. liquids that are transported at  a temperature of not less than 100 °C and solids that are transported at a temperature o f not less 
than 240 °C;  
 
e)  environmentally hazardous substances (see 15.2) and waste; and  
 
f)  GMMOs or GMOs that do not meet the definition of infectious substances of division 6.2 (see 12.2),  but that are capable of altering animals, plants or microbio logical 
substances in a way not normally the result of natural reproduction. They shall be assigned to UN 3245.  
 
NOTE  GMMOs or GMOs are not subject to the requirements of this standard  when authorized for use by the national  authorities of the Government s of the countries of origin, transit and destination.  
 
15.2  Environmentally hazardous substances  
 
15.2.1   General  
 
15.2.1.1   For the purposes of this standard, environmentally hazardo us substances are considered in terms of aquatic organisms that live in  water and the aquatic 
ecosystem of which they are part. It does not include aquatic pollutants for which there may be a need to cons ider effects beyond the aquatic environment, for example the 
impact on human health. The basis of the identification of haz ard is the aquatic toxicity of the substance or mixture, although this might be mod ified by further information on 
degradation and bioaccumulation behaviour.  
 
15.2.1.2   While the classification procedure is intended to apply to all s ubstances and mixtures,  special guidance is needed for metals and poorly water -soluble inorganic 
compounds.  
 
15.2.1.3   The basic elements used for the classification of environmentally hazardous substances as  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  hazardous to the aquatic environment are:  
 
a)  acute aquatic toxicity (see 15.2.1.5);  
 
b)  bioaccumulation ( see 15.2.1.6);  
 
c)  degradation (abiotic or biotic) for organic chemicals ( see 15.2.1.7 and 15.2.1.8) ; and  
 
d)  chronic aquatic toxicity ( see 15.2.1.9).  
 
15.2.1.4   The toxicity data on freshwater species and marine spe cies are  considered equivalent data for the classification of substances and mixtures as hazardous to the 
aquatic environment. The relevant test methods set out in the OECD Test Guidelines shall be used for the c lassification of a substance or a mixture in  accordance with the 
principles of GLP. Where such data ar e not available, classification  shall be based on the best available data.  
 
NOTE   The competent authority may approve other test methods, for exa mple, ASTM methods, if adequate justification has bee n provided.  
 
15.2.1.5   The acute toxicity shall be determined by exposing the follow ing aquatic species to the test substance:  
 
a) a fish population (see OECD Test Guideline 203);  
 
b) a crustacea species (daphnia or water flea) (see OECD Test Guideline 202 ); or 
 
c) an algal species (or other water plants) (see OECD Test Guideline 201).  
 
NOTE These species are considered surrogates for all aquatic organisms an d data on other species such as Lemna  may also be considered if the test methodology is suitable.  
 
15.2.1.6   The potential for bioaccumulation can be determined by us ing the octanol/water partition coefficient, usually reported as a log K ow and determined in accordan ce 
with OECD Test Guideline 107 or OECD Test Guideline 117. While this represents a poten tial to bi o-accumulate, a bio -concentration factor (BCF), determined experimentally in 
accordance with OECD Test Guideline 305,  provides a better measure and should be used in preference when available.  
 15.2.1.7   Environmental degradation could be biotic or abiotic, for exam ple, hydrolysis. Biodegradation in fresh water shall be determined by means of OECD Test 
Guide line 301 (A -F). A pass level is  regarded as indicative of rapid degradation in most aquatic e nvironments. However, OECD Test Guideline 306 is  more suitable for the 
marine environment. Where such data are not available, a  substance or mixture is considered readily degradable if the ratio BOD 5/COD is greater than 0 .5. Abiotic degradation 
such as hydrolysis, primary degradation, both abiotic and b iotic, degradation in non -aquatic media and proven rapid degradation in the environment may all be taken  into 
account in defining rapid degradability.  
 
NOTE   BOD 5 is the biochemical oxygen demand over a period of 5 days.  
 
15.2.1.8 A substance is considered  rapidly degradable in the aquat ic environment if the following criteria are met:  
 
a)  if, in a 28 d ays biodegradation study, the following levels of degradation are achieved:  
 
1)  tests based on dissolved organic carbon: 70 %; and  
 
2)  tests based on oxyg en depletion or carbon dioxide generation: 60 % of the theoretical maxima.  
 
These levels of biodegradation shall be achieved within 10 d ays of the  start of degradation, which is taken as the point at which 10 % of the substance has been degraded; or  
 
b) the ratio BOD 5/COD is equal to or greater than 0 .5 (in cases where only BOD and COD data are available); or  
 
c)  other convincing scientific evidence is available to demonstrate that the substance or mixture can be degraded biotically or abiotically (or both ) in the aquatic 
environment  to a level above 70 % within a 28 days period.  
 
15.2.1.9   Chronic toxicity data are less available than acute toxicity data and the range of testing  
procedures for chronic toxicity is less standardized. However, data generated in accordance with OECD  
Test Guidelines 201, 210 and 211 are acceptable. The “no observed ef fect concentrations” (NOECs) or other equivalent L(E)C x shall be used.  
 
15.2.2 Classification criteria for substances  
 
15.2.2.1 General  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  A substance shall be classi fied as an “environmentally hazardous substanc e (aquatic environment)”, if it satisfies the criteria for acute category 1 and chronic categories 1 or 2 in 
accordance with 15.2.2.2 and 15.2.2.3.  
 
15.2.2.2   Acute toxicity  
 
A substance hazardous to the enviro nment shall be assigned to acute category 1 if the following requirements are met:  
 
a)  96 h LC 50 (for fish) ≤ 1 mg/ l; or 
 
b)  48 h EC 50 (for crustacea) ≤ 1 mg/ l; or 
 
c)  72 h or 96 h ErC 50 (for algae or other aquatic plants) ≤ 1 mg/ l (or any combination o f these).  
 
15.2.2.3   Chronic toxicity  
 
A substance hazardous to the environment shall be assigned t o chronic category 1 or chronic category 2 if the requirements given in table 15 are met.  
  
Table 15 — Classification criteria for chronic categories 1 and 2 toxicity  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 15.2.3  Classification criteria for mixtures  
 
15.2.3.1   General  
 
15.2.3.1.1   Mixtures are assigned to the same classification categorie s as for substances, i.e. acute category 1, and chronic categories 1 and 2.  
 
15.2.3.1.2   The “relevant compo nents” of a mixture are those substances present i n the mixture at a concentration equal to or greater than 1 % (by mass), unless there is a 
presumption (for example, in the case of highly toxic components) that a component present at less than 1  % (by mas s), is still relevant for classification of the mixture for 
aquatic environmental hazards.  
 
15.2.3.1.3   The approach for the classification of mixtures as hazardous to the aquatic environmental is tiered and is dependent upon the type of information availa ble for  
the mixture itself and for its components (see figures 6 and 7). Elements of the tiered approach include:  
 
a)  classification based on tested mixtures;  
 
b)  classification based on bridging principles ( see 15.2.3.3 ); and  
 
c)  the use of “summation of classified components” (see 15.2.3.4.2)”  or an “additiv ity formula” ( see15.2.3.4.1.2 ) (or both).  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
  
Figure 6 — Scheme of procedure for the classification of an environmentally hazardous substance or mixture  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 Figure 7 — Tiered approac h to classification  of mixtures for acute and chronic aquatic environmental hazards  
 
15.2.3.2  Classification of mixtures when data are available for the complete mixture  
 
15.2.3.2.1   When a mixture as a whole has been tested to determine it s aquatic toxicity, it shall be classified in accordance with the acute toxicity criteria that have been 
agreed on for substances, based on the data for fish, crustacea and algae/plants. It is not possible t o use LC50 or EC50 data for the classification of a mixture as a whole for 
chronic toxicity since both toxicity dat a and environmental fate data are needed. At present no degradability and bioaccumulation data are available for mixtures as a whole. 
Furthermore, it is not possible to apply the criteria for chronic classification because t he data from degradability and bio -accumulation tests of mixtures cannot be i nterpreted; 
they are meaningful only for single substances.  
 
15.2.3.2.2   The acute toxicity test data (LC50 or EC50) for a mixture as  a whole as well as information with respect t o the classification of components for chronic toxicity, 
for example, NOEC if available, shall be used for the classification of a mixture as indicated in 15.2.3.2.3 to 15.2.3.2.6.  
 
15.2.3.2.3   A mixture with an experimental L(E)C50 (LC50 or EC50) val ue eq ual to or less than 1 mg/L and an NOEC of the tested mixture equal to or less than 1,0 mg/L, 
or unknown, shall be classified as:  
 
a)  acute category 1; or  
 
b)  chronic categories 1 or 2 by means of the summation methods ( see 15.2.3.4.2.4 to 15.2.3.4.2.7 ); or 
 
c)  no need for chronic classification if the mixture is not classified as chronic category 1.  
 
15.2.3.2.4   A mixture with an experimental L(E)C50 (LC50 or EC50) value equal to or less than 1 mg/L  and an NOEC greater than 1,0 mg/L shall be classified a s: 
 
a)  acute category 1; or  
 
b)  chronic category 1 by means of the summation methods (see 15.2.3.4.2.4 to 15.2.3.4.2.7); or  
 
c)  no need for chronic classification if the mixture is not classified as chronic category 1.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  15.2.3.2.5   A mixture with an exp erimental L(E)C50 (LC50 or EC50) valu e greater than 1 mg/L, or above the water solubility, and an NOEC equal to or less than 1,0 mg/L, 
or unknown, shall be classified as:  
 
a)  no need to classify for acute toxicity; or  
 
b)  chronic category 2 by means of t he summation methods (see 15.2.3.4.2.4 to 15.2.3.4.2.7); or  
 
c)  no need to classify for chronic toxicity if the mixture is not classified as chronic category 2.  
 
15.2.3.2.6  A mixture with an experimental L(E)C50 (LC50 or EC50) gr eater than 1 mg/L, or abov e the water solubility, and an NOEC of greater than 1,0 mg/L need not be 
classified for  acute or chronic toxicity.  
 
15.2.3.3  Bridging principles for the classification of mixtures when data are not available for the complete mixture  
 
15.2.3.3.1 General  
Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its aquatic environmental hazard but there  
are sufficient data on the individual components and similar tested mixt ures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data shall be used i n accordance with 
the bridging principles given in  
15.2.3.3.2 to 15.2.3.3.6. This ensures that the available data are used to the greatest extent possible in  
characterizing the hazards of the mixture without the necessity for additional animal testing.  
 
15.2.3.3.2  Dilution  
 
15.2.3.3.2.1   If a mixture is formed by diluting another classified mixtu re or a substance with a component that has an equivalent or lower aquatic hazard classificatio n than 
the least toxic original component and that is not expected t o affect the aquatic hazards of  other components, then the new mixture shall be classified as equivalent to the 
original mixture or substance.  
 
15.2.3.3.2.2   If a mixture is formed by diluting another classified mixtu re or a substance with water or another  non-toxic material, the toxicity of the new mixture shall be 
calcu lated from the original mixture or substance.  
 15.2.3.3.3   Batching  
 
The aquatic hazard classification of one production batch of a c omplex mixture is assumed to be substantially equivalent  to that of another production batch of the same 
commercial product and produced by, or under the control of, the same manufacturer, unless there is reason to be lieve there is significant variation such that the aquatic hazard 
classification of the b atch h as changed. If the latter occurs, a new classification is necessary.  
 
15.2.3.3.4  Concentration of mixtures classified as acute ca tegory 1 and chronic category 1  
 
If a mixture is classified as acute category 1 or chronic category 1 ( or both), and componen ts of the mixture are classified as acute category 1 or chronic 1 (or both) are further 
concentrated, the more concentrated mixture shall be classified with the same hazard category as the original mixture without additional testing.  
 
15.2.3.3.5  Interpola tion within one toxicity category  
 
In the case of two mixtures with identical ingredients where mixture A  and mixture B are in the same classification category and mixture C contains the same toxicolog ically 
active components but at concentrations intermed iate to those in mixture A and mixture B, then  mixture C shall be in the same category as mixture A and mixture B.  
 
NOTE  The identity of the components is the same in all three mixtures.  
 
15.2.3.3.6  Substantially similar mixtures  
 
In the case of two mixt ures (A + B) and (C + B) where  
 
a)  the concentration of component B is the same in both mixtures,  
 
b)  the concentration of component A equals that of component C,  
 
c)  the classification of component A and component C are available and  are the same, i.e.  they are in the same hazard category and are not expected to affect the aquatic 
toxicity of B, and  
 
d)  mixture (A + B) has alre ady been classified by testing, then there shall be no need to test mixture (C + B) and both mixtures shall be classified in th e same  
hazard category.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
15.2.3.4  Classification of mixtures when data are available  for all components or only for some components  
 
15.2.3.4.1  General  
 
15.2.3.4.1.1  The classification of a mixture is based on summati on of the classification of its comp onents. Therefore, the percentage of components classified as “acu te” or 
“chronic” feeds straight into the summation method (see 15.2.3.4.2).  
 
15.2.3.4.1.2  A mixture is often a combination of components that are cla ssified as acute category 1 and chronic category 1 or chronic category 2 (or both), and components 
for which test data are available. When toxicity data are available for more than one component in the mi xture, the combined toxicity of those components shall be calculated by 
using the additivity  formula shown below. The calculated toxicity shall be used to assign an acute hazard category to that portio n of the mixture for subsequent use in applying 
the summation method.  
 
 
where  
 
Ci  is the concentration of component “i” in percentage by mass;  
 
L(E)C50 i  is the LC50 or EC50 for component “i” in milligrams per litre;  
 
n  is the number of components, and “i” is running from 1 to n;  
 
L(E)C50 m  is the L(E)C50 of the part of the mixture with test data.  
 
15.2.3.4.1.3   When the additivity formula is appl ied to a part of a mixture, t he toxicity of this part of the mixture shall be calculated by using the toxicity values for each 
substance that relates to the same species (fish, daphnia or algae). The highest toxicity (lowest value) obtai ned, i.e. the most sensitive of the three species, shall be used for 
classification. However, when toxic ity data for each component are not available in the same species, the toxicity value of each componen t shall be selected in the same manner that toxicity values are selec ted for the classification of substances,  i.e. the higher toxicity (from the most sensitive test organism) shall be used. The calculated acute  toxicity 
shall then be used to classify this part of the mixture as acute category 1 by using the same criteria a s desc ribed for substances  in 15.2.2.  
 
15.2.3.4.1.4   If a mixture is classified by more than one method, th en the method yielding the more conservative result shall be used.  
 
15.2.3.4.2  Summation method  
15.2.3.4.2.1   In general, a more severe classificati on for a mixture override s a less severe classification, for example, a classification of chronic category 1 overrides a 
classificat ion of chronic category 2. As a consequence, the classification is completed if the results of the cl assification procedure indicate chronic category 1. A more severe 
classification than chronic category 1 is no t possible and therefore no further classification procedure is necessary.  
 
15.2.3.4.2.2   All components of a mixture classified as acute category 1 shall be taken into account for the classification of a mixture. If the sum of these components is 
greater th an 25 %, the mixture shall be classified as acute category 1. If the result of the calculation ( see 15.2.3.4 .1.2) shows a classification of the mixture as acute catego ry 1, 
the classification process is complete.  
 
15.2.3.4.2.3   The classification of a mixture for acute hazards to the aq uatic environment, based on the summation of the classified components, is given in table 16.  
 
Table 16 — Classification of mixtures for  acute haza rds to the aquatic environment, based on the summation of classified components  
 
 
15.2.3.4.2.5   In cases where a mixture is not classified as chronic ca tegory 1, classification of the mixture as chronic caregory 2 shall be considered. A mixture  shall be 
classi fied as chronic category 2 if 10 times the sum of all components classified as chronic category 1,  plus the sum of all components classified as chronic category 2 is equal 
to or greater than 25 % . The classification process is completed whe n the result of the calculation shows a classification of chronic category 2.  
 
15.2.3.4.2.6  The classification of a mixture for chronic hazards to the aquatic environment, based on  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  the summation of the classified components, is given in table 17.  
 
Table 1 7 — Classification of  a mixture for chronic hazards, based  on summation of classified components  
 
 
15.2.3.4.2.7   Components of a mixture classified as acute category 1  and with toxicities well below 1 mg/L might influence the toxicity of the mixture and s hall be given 
increased weight in applying the summation of classification approach. When a mixture contains  components classified as acute category 1 or chronic category 1, the tiered 
approach (see 15.2.3.1.3  and figure 7) shall be applied using a weighte d sum by multiplying the concentrations of acute cat egory 1 components by a factor, instead of merely 
adding up the percentages. This means that th e concentration of “Acute 1” in column 1 of table 16 and the concentration of “Chronic 1” in column 1 of  table 17 are multiplied by 
the appropriate multiplying factor given in table 18. Therefore, in order to apply the summation method, the correct value of the factor M shall be used for the classification of a 
mixture that contains acute category 1 or chronic ca tegory 1 (or both) components.  
 
Alternatively, the additivity formula (see 15.2.3.4.1.2) may be used when toxicity data are available for all highly toxic components in the mixture and there is convincing 
evidence that all other components, including those  for which specific acute toxicity data are not available, a re of low or no toxicity and do not significantly contribute to the 
aquatic environmental hazard of the mixture.  
 
Table 18 — Multiplication factors for highly toxic components of mixtures   
15.2.3 .4.2.8  When no usable information on the acute or the chro nic (or both) aquatic hazard is available for one or more components, the mixture cannot be attributed a 
definitive hazard category or categories. In such a case, classification shall be based on t he kno wn components only and with the additional statement “x percent of the mixture 
consists of a com ponent or components of unknown hazards to the aquatic environment”.  
 
15.2.3.5  Substances or mixtures dangerous to the aq uatic environment not otherwise classified  
 
15.2.3.5.1   Substances or mixtures dangerous to the aquatic envir onment not otherwise classified under classes 2 to 6 and class 8, shall be designated:  
 
a)  UN 3077 ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, SOLID, N.O.S. or  
 
b)  UN 3082 ENVIRONMENTA LLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, N.O.S.  
 
15.2.3.5.2   Environmentally hazardous substances (UN 3077 and  UN 3082), shall be assigned to packing group III.  
 
16  Classification of dangerous substanc es and goods not listed in this standard  
 
16.1  General  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
16.1. 1  B.2 and annex C list the dangerous goods most commonly trans ported, but these lists are not exhaustive. It is intended that the lists cover, as far as practic al, all 
dangerous substances of commercial importance.  
 
16.1.2   A generic or N.O.S. entry can b e used for a substance or an a rticle that is not specifically named in this standard. The dangerous properties of the substance or art icle 
should first be determined and then it should be classified in accordance with class definitions and t est criteria th at cover all the subsidiary risks inherent in the substance.  
 
16.1.3   Classification is necessary for the selection of the N.O .S. entry and the corresponding identification number that most accurately describes the substance withi n its class 
and subsidiary  risk category. A substance should therefore be classified under the more a ccurate description rather than under a general description, for example, a flammable 
liquid of class 3 that is known  to be an aldehyde shall be classified as Aldehydes N.O.S. (UN 19 89) rather than as Flammable liquids N.O.S. (UN 1993).  
 
16.2  Suspected explosives and substances prohibited from transport  
 
16.2.1   Any substance or article that has or is suspected of having explosive characteristics shall first  be considered for inclusi on in class 1.  
 
16.2.2   If there is any doubt about classification, packing group or UN number, the competent authority shall be consulted.  
 
16.2.3   B.2 and annex C do not include goods that are so dangerous that their transport is prohibited.  
Such goods c an only be transported with special authorization. Unless otherwise specified by this  
standard, any substance or article that is liable to explode, react dangerously, produce a flame or dangerous evolution of heat, or dangerous emission of toxic, corrosiv e or 
flammable gases or vapours under normal conditions of transport, is prohibited from transport.  
 
16.3  Collective entries for response action  
 
16.3.1   Practical considerations prohibit the listing of all dangerous go ods by name in this standard. A gener ic or N.O.S. classification shall therefore be used (see 16.1, 16.2 
and clause 17).  
 
16.3.2   Because of the highly generic nature of some of these collective en tries, neither the entry itself nor its corresponding UN number provides sufficient information about  
such dangerous goods to ensure that appropriate response action is initiated in the event of an incident. F or this reason it is considered necessary to supplement the generic or 
N.O.S. entry with the technica l name of the substance and the applicable  packing group.   
16.3.3   The technical name shall be shown in parentheses immediately after the proper shipping name, unless, in the case of a controlled substance, a national law or 
international convention  prohibits its disclosure. For explosives of clas s I, the dangerous goods des cription may be supplemented by additional descriptive text to indicate 
commercial or military names . The technical name shall be a recognized chemical or other name currently used in scientific and te chnical handbooks, journals  and texts. Trade 
names shall not be used for this purpose. In the case o f pesticides, only ISO approved names, or names in The WHO recommended classification of pestici des by hazard and 
guidelines to  classification, or the name(s) of the active substance( s) may be used.  
 
Examples of a proper shipping name supplemented with the technic al name of the goods for N.O.S. entries are:  
 
a)  UN 2902 PESTICIDE, LIQUID, TOXIC, N.O.S. (drazoxolon); and  
 
b)  UN 3394 ORGANOMETALLIC SUBSTANCE, LIQUID, PYROPHORIC , WATER -REACTIVE (trimethyl -gallium). of solutions and mixtures  
 
17 Classification of mixture or solution  
 
17.1  A mixture or solution that contains both a dangerous subst ance identified by name in this standard (see B.2 and annex C) and one or more non -dangerous 
substance(s), shall be assigned the UN number and the proper shipping name of the dangerous substance, unless  
 
a)  the mixture or solution is specifically identified by name in this standard, or  
 
b)  the entry in this standard specifically indicates that it  applies only to the pure substance, or  
 
c)  the class or division, physical state or packing group of the solution or mi xture is different from that of the dangerous substance, or  
 
d) there is significant change in the measures to be taken in emergencies.  
 
17.2  In the case of a mixture or solution for which 17.1(b)  to (d) apply, t he mixture or solution shall be treated as a dangerous substance and the appropriate N.O.S. ent ry 
shall be used, including its packaging and labelling requirements.  
 
17.3  If a m ixture or solution presents more than one hazard, see clause 21 and table 19.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  17.4  To each mixture and each solution relevant to clause 21, th e qualifying word "solution" or "mixture", as appropriate, shall be added for correct classification.  
 
17.5  The technical names of not more than two of the constituents that predominantly contribute to the hazards of the mixture shall be shown, excluding controlled 
subs tances when their disclosure is prohibited by national law or international convention (see also 16.3.3) . If the classification shows a subsidiary risk, one of the two technical 
names shall be that of the consti tuent that compels the use of a label indicating the subsidiary risk.  
 
18  Classification of waste  
 
18.1  Waste of dangerous goods shall be cl assified in accordan ce with the requirements of the appropriate class or division, considering their hazards and the criteria of this 
standard.  
 
18.2  Waste of dangerous goods (other than radioactive waste) shall b e classified either as a single entry or a s a suitable collective entry, preceded by the word "waste".  
 
18.3  Waste not otherwise subject to the requirements of this sta ndard, but covered by the Basel Convention, can be transported under class 9.  
 
19  Classification of empty containers  
 
Empty cont ainers that have not been cleaned and containers that are not gas-free shall be classified in accordance with the class and the packing group of the dangerous 
substances they contained.  
 
20  Transport of samples  
 
20.1  When the hazard class of a substance is uncertain and it is int ended for transport for further testing, a tentative hazard class, a proper shipping name and a UN number 
shall be assigned on the basis of the consignor’s knowledge of the substance and the application of  
 
a)  the classification criteria of this standard, and  
 
b)  the precedence of hazard characteristics given in clause 21 and table 19.  
 20.2  The proper shipping name used shall be supplemented with  the word "sample", for example "FLAMMABLE LIQUID, N.O.S. Sample". In certain cases , where a s pecific 
proper shipping name is provided for a sample of a substance considered to meet certain classi fication criteria, for example, GAS SAMPLE, NON -PRESSURIZED, 
FLAMMABLE, that proper ship ping name shall be used. In the case where an N.O.S. en try is used, the proper shipping name need not be supplemented with the  technical 
name as required by Special Provision 274 (see B.1).  
 
20.3  A sample of a substance shall be classified in accordance with the  requirements applicable to the tentative assign ed proper shipping name, provided that the sample:  
 
a)  is not considered to be prohibited from transport (see 16.2.3);  
 
b)  is not considered to comply with the requirements of an explosive of class 1, an infectious substance of division 6.2 and a radioac tive material of class 7;  
 
c)  is a self -reactive substance or an organic peroxide, not listed in table  7 or table 8 respectively, but available data indicate that the substance can be assigned to one o f 
the appropriate entries for a type C self -reactive s ubstance (see 10.1.2.4.4) or a type C organic peroxide (see 11.2.3.4);  
 
d)  is transported in a combination packaging (see DEAS 951:2019   with a net mass per package not  exceeding 2,5 kg; and  
 
e)is not packaged with other goods.  
 
21  Precedence of hazards  
 
NOTE See table 19.  
 
21.1  If a substance, mixture or solution is not specifically listed by name i n this standard, table 17 shall be used to determine the class of a substance, mixture or solution that 
has more than  one hazard characteristic.  
 
21.2  In the  case of goods that present multiple risks and that are not s pecifically listed by name, the most stringent packing group allocated to the respective hazards of the 
goods takes precedence over other packing groups, irrespective of the precedence given in t able 19.  
 
21.3  The precedence information given in table 19 indicates which of the hazards should be regarded  as the primary risk. The class that appears at the intersection of the 
horizontal line and vertical column is the primary risk and the remaining class is the subsidiary risk. The pack ing groups for all of the risks associated with the substance, mixture 
or solution shall be determined by reference to the appropriate criteria (see also 21.2).  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
21.4  The precedence of hazard characteristics of the fo llowing substa nces, goods and articles is not given in table 19, since these primary risks always take precedence:  
 
a)  explosive substances and articles of class 1;  
 
b)  gases of class 2;  
 
c)  liquid desensitized explosives of class 3;  
 
d)  self-reactive substances and desensitized explosives of division 4.1;  
 
e)  pyrophoric substances of division 4.2;  
 
f)  organic peroxides of division 5.2;  
 
g)  toxic substances of division 6.1 with a packing group I inhalation toxicity ( see 12.1.4.3 to 12.1.4.9  and 14.2. 2); 
 
h)  infectious substances of division 6.2; and  
 
i)  radioactive material of class 7.  
 
21.5  Apart from exempted radioactive material in excepted package s (see DEAS 951:2019  where the other dangerous properties take precedence, radioactive materia l that 
presents other dangerous properties as well, shall always be classified in class 7, and the subsidiary risk shall also be identified.  
 
For radioactive material in excepted packages, special provision 290 shall apply (see B.1).  
 
Table 19 — Precedence of h azards   
 
4  Identification of dangerous goods  
 
This section provides the means for identification of dangerous goods through;  
a) Dangerous goods list ( numerical and alphabetical ) , 
b)  special provisions  and exemptions;  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  c) test methods and 
 
d) List for r adionuclides.  
 
e) Alphabetical list of pesticides  
 
f) List of generic or N.O.S  
 
g) Glossary of terms for explosives  
 
4.1  Alphabetical list of dangerous goods  
 
Refer to Annex C attached separately as  DEAS 949 SUPPL EMENT.  
. 
 
4.2   
Special provisions relat ing to articles or substances and numerical list of  dangerous goods  
 
Refer to Annex B.  
 
4.3  Test methods for the classification of dangerous goods.  
 
Refer to Annex A 
 
4.4  Alphabetical list of basic radionuclide values for individual radionuclides and no tes to the annex  D 
 
 Refer to A nnex D.  attached separately as  DEAS 949 SUPPL EMENT.  
. 
 4.5   
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF  PESTICIDES (TECHNICAL):TOXICITYANDNOTES TO THE ANNEX  
E. 
 
Refer  to Annex E.  attached separately as  DEAS 949 SUPPL EMENT.  
 
4.6  List of generic  or N.O.S. proper shipping names  
 
 Refer to Annex F . attached separately as  DEAS 949 SUPPL EMENT.  
 
4.7  Glossary of terms for explosives  
 Refer to Annex G  
. 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
 
 
 
 
Annex A  
(normative)  
 
Test methods for the classification of dangerous goods  
 
A.1  Test metho ds for explosives of class 1  
 
Explosives substances and articles of class 1 are tested for identification and cl assification in accordance with the requirements of part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests 
and criteria (see also 7.5.3 and 7.5.4).  
 
A.2  Test methods for aerosols, and gases and gas mixtures of class 2  
 
A.2.1 Test methods for aerosols  
 
A.2.1.1  The chemical heat of combustion shall be determined by one of the following methods:  
 
a)  ASTM D240; or  
 
b)  ISO 13943 (parts 86.1 to 86.3); or  
 
c)  NFPA 30B.  
 
A.2.1.2   The following tests shall be performed in accordance with section 31, part III of the United Nations’  Manual of tests and criteria:   
a)  ignition distance test;  
 
b)  enclosed space test; and  
 
c)  foam flammability test.  
 
A.2.2   Test me thods for gases and gas mixtures, See 8.2.1, 8.4.2 and 8.4.5  of this standard.  
 
A.3  Test methods for flammable liquids of class 3  
 
A.3.1 Tests for flash point  
 
A.3.1.1  General  
 
The flash point is not an exact physical constant for a given liquid. It depe nds to some extent on the construction of the test apparatus used and on the testing procedure. Flash 
point data shoul d therefore specify the name of the test apparatus.  
 
A.3.1.2   Non-viscous flammable liquids  
 
One of the following closed -cup methods shall  be used:  
 
a)  the Abel apparatus, specified in ISO 13736; or  
 
b)  the Pensky -Martens apparatus (close -cup method) specified in ISO 27 19 (identical with ASTM D93 and IP 34).  
 
A.3.1.3  Viscous flammable liquids  
The closed -cup flash point of viscous flammabl e substances can be determined in accordance with ISO 1523.  
 
Where the temperature of the flash point is too low for the use of water in the water bath, the fol lowing modifications should be made:  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  use ethylene glycol in the water bath;  
 
b)  where appr opriate, a refrigerator can be used to cool the specimen and app aratus to below the temperature required by the method for the expected flash point. For 
lower tempera tures, the sample and equipment should be cooled to a suitable temperature, for example, b y slowly adding solid  carbon dioxide to the ethylene glycol. The 
specimen should be cooled similarly in a separate container of ethylene glycol; and  
 
c)  in order to obtain reliable results, the rate of the temperature rise for the specim en during testing should not be exceeded. Depending on the size of the water bath and 
the amount of ethylene glycol it contains, it could be necessary to partially insulate the water bath to achieve a sufficiently slow rate of temperature rise.  
 
A.3.2  Test for initial boil ing point  
 
Any of the following test methods shall be used:  
 
a)  ISO 3924;  
 
b)  ISO 4626;  
 
c)  ISO 3405;  
 
d)  ASTM D86 -07a; or  
 
e)  ASTM D1070 -05 
 
A.3.3   Viscosity test  
 
Carry out the viscosity test at 23 °C, using the ISO standard cup with a jet of d iamet er 4 mm (see ISO 2431). If the flow time exceeds 100 s, carry out a second test, using the 
ISO standard cup b ut so modified as to be able to take a jet of diameter 6 mm.  
 
A.3.4  Solvent separation test  
 A.3.4.1  Applicability  
 
The test is used to determine  the extent of solvent separation in viscous l iquids such as paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers, adhesives and polishes with a flash point of less 
than 23 °C.  
 
A.3.4.2  Apparatus  
 
A stoppered 100 mL measuring cylinder, of height approximately 250 mm and of uniform internal diameter of approximately 30 mm over the calibrated section.  
 
A.3.4.3   Procedure  
 
Stir the viscous substance to obtain a uniform consistency and fill the cylinder to the 100  mL mark. Insert the stopper and leave undisturbed for 24 h. Af ter this period, measure 
the height o f the upper separated layer and express this  as a percentage of the sample.  
 
A.3.4.4   Acceptance criteria  
 
If less than 3 % of the clear solvent separates out, the substance may be cons idered for inclusion in packing group III (see 9.4.1 and 9.4.2).  
 
A.3.5  Test for combustibility  
The combustibility test is used to determine whether a substance susta ins combustion when heated to a temperature of 60,5 °C or 75 °C, and when exposed to a flame. Carry 
out the co mbustibility test in accordance with ISO 9038, taking the following amendments into account:  
 
a) heat the combustibility tester to a temperature of 60,5 °C ± 1 °C instead of 55 °C ± 1 °C; and  
 
b) repeat the procedure at a temperature of 75 °C ± 1 °C with a new test spe cimen if sustained combustion does not occur at a temperature of 60,5 °C ± 1 °C.  
 
A.4  Test methods for substances of class 4  
 
A.4.1  Division 4.1: Test methods for readily combust ible solids and solids that can cause, or contribute to, fire through fricti on 
 
A.4.1.1  Preliminary screening test  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
A.4.1.1.1   Shape the substance, in its commercial form, into an unbroken st rip of dimensions approximately 250 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm, on a cool, impervious base plate 
of low thermal conductivity.  
 
A.4.1.1.2   Use a gas burner to apply a flame of temperature at least 1 000 °C an d of diameter at least 5 mm, to one end of the strip. Note the time that elapses from the 
moment of application o f the flame until the substance ignites, or stop the test after 2 min (5 min for met al powders and alloys).  
 
A.4.1.1.3   If combustion propagates along 200 mm of the strip within 2 mi n (20 min for metal powders and alloys), carry out the burning rate test described in A.4.1.2.  
 
A.4.1.1.4   If the substance does not ignite or propagate combu stion, eithe r by burning with a flame or by smouldering along 200 mm of the strip within the time limits 
stated in A.4.1.1.2 or A.4.1.1.3, the substance is not regarded as a flammable solid of division 4.1.  
 
A.4.1.2   Burning rate test  
 
A.4.1.2.1   In the ca se of commercial powdered or granular substances, loosely fil l a mould of a triangular cross section of length 250 mm, depth 10 mm and width 20 mm, 
with the substance und er test. Mount a metal sheet on each side of the mould in the longitudinal direction t o act as two lateral limitations extending 2 mm beyond  the upper edge 
of the mould.  
 
A.4.1.2.2   Drop the mould three times from a height of 20 mm onto a solid surface.  Remove the lateral limitations and place a cool, impervious base plate of low thermal 
conductivity on top of t he mould. Invert and remove the mould to leave the substance under test in a pile of length 250 mm.  
 
A.4.1.2.3   In the case of pastes, spread the substance on a non -combustible base  plate in the form of a rope of length 250 mm and of cross -sectional area about 100 
mm2.  
 
A.4.1.2.4   Arrange the pile or rope across the draught in a fume cupboard. Ensure  that the draught is not varied during the test and is sufficient to prevent fumes from 
escaping into the labo ratory. A draught screen can  be erected around the apparatus.  
 
A.4.1.2.5   Add 1 mL of water to the pile or rope at a distance of approximate ly 35 mm beyond 180 mm from one of the ends, by applying the water dropwise over the 
shortest possible length of th e pile or rope. Ensure that t he entire cross section is wetted without loss of liquid from the sides. Alternative ly, the water can be added to a hollow of 
depth up to 3 mm and of diameter 5 mm, on top of the pile or rope.   
NOTE 1   If a wetting agent is necessary because plain water ro lls off the sides of the pile o r rope, ensure that the wetting agent is free from combustible diluents and that 
the total active matter in the wetting agent does not exceed 1 g/L.  
 
NOTE 2   A wetted zone is not required for metal powders.  
 
A.4.1.2.6   Ignite  the pile or rope at the end, approximately 215 mm from the wette d zone, with a small flame or a  hot wire of temperature at least 1 000 °C and of diameter 
at least 5 mm. In t he case of a moisture -sensitive substance, carry out the test as quickly as possib le after removal of the substance from its container.  
 
A.4.1.2.7   When the pile or rope of powdered, granular or pasty substances has burned a distance of 80 m m, note the time of burning over the next 100 mm. Also note 
whether the wette d zone stops propaga tion of the flame for at least 4 min. Designate a packing group in accordance with the criteria given in A.4.1.3.1.  
 
A.4.1.2.8   In the case of a metal powder, note the time of burning after ignition unt il the reaction has spread over the entire length of t he specimen. Designate a packing 
group in accordance with the criteria given in A.4.1.3.2.  
 
A.4.1.2.9   Unless a positive result is observed earlier, perform the test six times , each time using a clean, cool base plate.  
 
A.4.1.3   Assignment of packing group s (tested in accordance with A.4.1.2)  
 
A.4.1.3.1   Readily combustible solids other than metal powders  
 
The packing groups for these substances are assigned as follows:  
 
a)  packing group II: burning time is less than 45 s and the wetted zone does no t stop flame propagation for at least 4 min; or  
 
b)  packing group III: the burning time is less than 45 s and the wetted zone stops  flame propagation for at least 4 min.  
 
A.4.1.3.2   Metal powders  
 
The packing groups for these substances are assigned as follows:  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  packing group II: the zone of the reaction observed spreads over the entire len gth of the specimen in 5 min or less; or  
 
b)  packing group III: the zone of the reaction observed spreads over the entire  length of the specimen in more than 5 min but in l ess than 10 min.  
 
NOTE   The packing group for a solid that can cause fire through friction is assigned by anal ogy with existing entries or in accordance with any appropriate special provision 
(see B.1).  
 
A.4.2  Division 4.2: Test methods for substances lia ble to spontaneous combustion  
 
A.4.2.1  Test methods for pyrophoric substances  
 
A.4.2.1.1   Solid pyrophoric substances  
 
A.4.2.1.1.1   Procedure  
 
Pour 1 mL to 2 mL of the powdered substance under test from a height of approxim ately 1 m onto a noncombustible surface. Note whether the substance ignites either during 
the drop or w ithin 5 min of settling. Unless a positive result is obtained, repeat this test five more times with different portions.  
Edition 6  
 
A.4.2.1.1.2   Assessment of results  
 
Classify the soli d substance in packing group I if the sample ignites in one of the tests.  
 
A.4.2.1.2  Liquid pyrophoric substances  
 
A.4.2.1.2.1  General  
 
The pyrophoric property of a liquid is determined by its ability to  
 
a)  ignite when added to an inert carrier and exp osed to air (see A.4.2.1.2.2), or   
b)  char or ignite a filter paper on contact with air (see A.4.2.1.2.3).  
 
A.4.2.1.2.2   Procedure 1  
 
Fill a porcelain cup of diameter approximately 100 mm to a height of about 5 mm with diatomaceous earth or silica gel at room temperature. Pour approximately 5 mL of the 
substance under t est into the prepared porcelain cup and observe whether the substance ignites within 5 min. Unless a positive result is obtained, repeat this procedure five 
more times.  
 
Follow procedure 2 ( see A.4.2.1.2.3) if a negative result is obtained.  
 
A.4.2.1.2.3 Procedure 2  
 
Conduct the test at a temperature of 25 °C ± 2 °C and at a relative humidity  of 50 % ± 5 %. With a syringe, transfer 0,5 mL of the liquid under test to an indented, dry, fine filt er 
paper. O bserve whether the filter paper ignites or chars within 5 min. Unless a positive result is obtained, repeat the tes t two more times with different portions of the liquid under 
test (use fresh filter paper each time).  
 
A.4.2.1.2.4 Assessment of r esults  
 
Classify the liquid substance in packing group I if it ignites on contact with the inert carrier, or if ignites or chars the filter paper.  
 
A.4.2.2 Test method for self -heating substances  
 
A.4.2.2.1 Principle  
 
Specimens of the substance in cubical containers of sides 25 mm and 100 mm are maintained at tem peratures of 100 °C, 120 °C or 140 °C for 24 h and their temperatures are 
then mea sured to determine whether they exceed the oven temperature by 60 °C.  
 
A.4.2.2.2 Apparatus  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  A.4.2.2.2.1 Oven,  of the  hot-air circulating type, of inner volume exceeding 9 L and  capable of maintaining an internal temperature of 100 °C ± 2 °C, 120 °C ± 2 °C or 140 °C ± 2 
°C. 
 
A.4.2.2.2.2 Specimen containers , a 25 mm cubical container and a 100 mm cubical container, both m ade of stainless steel net of mesh aperture size 0,05 mm, and both 
having an open top  face. Each container is housed in a cube -shaped holder with an open top face that is also made of stainless steel net of mesh aperture size 0,60 mm, and is 
slightly large r than the specimen container, so that the container just fit s into the holder. Another holder, of dimensions 150 mm × 150 mm × 250 mm and made of stainless steel 
net of mesh aperture size 0,595 mm, is used to suspend the assembly in the oven.  
 
A.4.2.2.2.3  Chromel -alumel thermocouples , of diameter 0,3 mm and capabl e of continuously measuring the temperatures in the centre of the specimens and between the 
specimen containers and the oven wall.  
 
A.4.2.2.3  Procedure  
 
A.4.2.2.3.1   Fill the 100 mm specimen cont ainer (see A.4.2.2.2.2) to the bri m with the powdered or granular substance, in the form to be transported, and tap the container 
several times. Once the s pecimen has settled, add more specimen. When the specimen is heaped, level it to the brim. Ensure that the container is housed in the holder and is 
suspended in the centre of the oven inside the large stainless steel holder, which shall be so located as to avoid the effects of air circulation.  
 
A.4.2.2.3.2   Raise the oven temperature to 140 °C ± 2 °C and maintain this t emperature for 24 h. Record the temperature of the specimen and of the oven continuously. 
Note whether spo ntaneous ignition occurs or the temperature of the specimen exceeds the oven temperature by 60 °C.  
 
A.4.2.2.3.3   If negative results ar e obtained, do not undertake any further testing. If  positive results are obtained, perform a second test, using the specimen in the 25 mm 
specimen container t o determine the data for the packing group assignment (see A.4.2.2.5).  
 
A.4.2.2.3.4   If positive r esults are obtained at 140 °C with the substance in a  100 mm container, but not in a 25 mm container, then an additional test with the substance in a 
100 mm container shall be performed  
 
a) at 120 °C if the substance is intended for transport in packaging of capacity  exceeding 450 L volume but not exceeding 3 m3, or 
 
b) at 100 °C if the substance is intended for transport in packaging of capacity not exceeding 450 L volume.  
 A.4.2.2.4  Assessment of results  
 
A substance is not classified as a self -reactive substance of division 4.2 if  
 
a)  a negative result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C,  
 
b)  a positive result is obtained with a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C an d a negative result is obtained with a 25 mm specimen con tainer at 140 °C, and with the 
additional test at 120 °C (see A.4.2.2.3.4(a)), provided that the substance is to be transported in packages of capacity not exceeding 3 m3, and  
 
c)  a positive result is obtained with a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C an d a negative result is obtained with a 25 mm specimen container at 140 °C and with the 
additional test at 100 °C (see A.4.2.2.3.4(b)), provided that the substance is to be transported in packages of capacity not exceeding 450 L.  
 
A.4.2.2.5   Assignment of pa cking groups  
 
A.4.2.2.5.1   Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to a self -heating substance if a positive result is o btained in a test using a 25 mm specimen container at 140 °C.  
 
A.4.2.2.5.2  Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a  self-heating substance if  
 
a)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained using a 25 mm specimen container at 140 °C, and 
the substance is to be transported in packages of  
capacity  exceeding 3 m3, 
 
b)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained using a 25 mm specimen container, a positive 
result is obtained  in the additional test using a 100 mm specimen conta iner at 120 °C, and the substance is to be tran sported in packages of capacity exceeding 450 L, and  
 
c)  a positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm specimen container at 140 °C and a negative result is obtained using a 25 mm specimen container at 140 °C, and 
a positive re sult is obtained using a 100 mm specimen container at 100 °C.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
A.4.3  Division 4.3: Test methods for water -reactive substances  
 
A.4.3.1  Principle  
 
The test methods are used to determine whether the reaction of a substance with water leads to the evolut ion of a dangerous amount of flammable gases. The test methods can 
be applied to s olid and liquid substances. The methods are not applicable to pyrophoric substances. Except in test D (see A.4.3.2.4), the substance is tested in  its commercial 
form by bringing it into contact with water at ambient temperature. I f the gas ignites spontaneously at any step, no further testing is necessary.  
 
A.4.3.2  Procedures  
 
A.4.3.2.1   Test A  
 
Place a small quantity (approximately 2 mm in diameter) of the test substance into  a trough of distilled water at 20 °C. Note if any gas evolves and if the gas ignites 
spontaneously.  
 
A.4.3.2.2 Test B  
 
In a 100 mm diameter evaporating dish, float filter paper on distilled water a t 20 °C. Place a small quantity (approximately 2 mm in diameter) of the test substance on the centre 
of the filter  paper. Note if any gas evolves and if the gas ignites spontaneously.  
 
NOTE  The purpose of the filter paper is to keep the substance from dispersing, under wh ich condition t he likelihood of spontaneous ignition of any gas is the greatest.  
 
A.4.3.2.3 Test C  
 
Make the test substance into a pile of height approximately 20 mm and of diamete r 30 mm, with an indentation at the top. Put a few drops of water in the hollow and note if  any 
gas evolves and if the gas ignites spontaneously.  
 
A.4.3.2.4 Test D  
 In the case of solid substances, inspect the substance for any powder particles o f diameter less than 500 μm. If the powder particles constitute more than 1 % (by mass) of the 
total,  or if the substan ce is friable, grind the entire specimen to a powder before testing, to allow for a reduction in particle size duri ng handling and transport. Test liquid 
substances in their commercial state. Carry out the test in triplicate at am bient te mperature and at normal atmospheric pressure.  
 
Weigh a suitable amount of the substance under test (up to a maximum of 25 g) i nto a conical flask, to produce between 100 mL and 250 mL of gas.  
 
Fill a dropping funnel with water. Open the tap of the dropping  funnel to let the water  into the conical flask and, at the same time, start a stopwatch. Using any suitable means, 
measure the volu me of the gas that evolves, and note the time it takes for all the gas to be evolved.  
 
Calculate the rate of evolution of ga s over 7 h at 1 h intervals. If the rate of evolution is erratic or increases  after 7 h, extend the measuring time to a maximum time of 5 d.  
 
Stop the 5 d test if the rate of gas evolution becomes steady or continually dec reases and sufficient data have been established to assign a packing group to the substance 
under test, or to det ermine that the substance shall not be classified in division 4.3. Test the gas for flammability if its chemical identity is unknown.  
 
A.4.3.3  Assignment of packing groups  
 
A.4.3.3.1   Packing group I  
 
Packing group I is assigned to a substance that  
 
a)  reacts violently with water at ambient temperature, with a general tendency for the gas evolved to ignite spontaneously, and  
 
b)  reacts readily with water at ambient temperature  at such a rate that the evoluti on of flammable gas is equal to or exceeds 10 L/kg of the substance in any 1 min.  
 
A.4.3.3.2  Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to a substance that  
 
a)  reacts readily with water at ambient temperature at such a  rate that the evoluti on of flammable gas is equal to or exceeds 20 L/kg/h of the substance under test, and  
 
b)  does not comply with the criteria for packing group I.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
A.4.3.3.3   Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a substance that  
 
a)  reacts slowly with water at ambient temperature at such a rate that the evoluti on of flammable gas is equal to or exceeds 1 L/kg/h of the substance under test, and  
 
b)  does not comply with the criteria for packing groups I or II.  
 
A.5  Test methods for oxid izing substances and organic peroxides of class 5  
 
A.5.1   Division 5.1: Test methods for oxidizing substances  
 
A.5.1.1   Test method for oxidizing solids  
 
A.5.1.1.1  Principle  
 
The potential for a solid substance to increase the burning rate or burning inte nsity of a combustible substance when the two components are thoroughly mixed in a ratio of 1:1 
(by mass) and 1:4 (by mass), is measured.  
 
A.5.1.1.2  Reagents  
 
A.5.1.1.2.1 Potassium bromate  (technically pure), of particle size in the rang e of 0,15 mm to 0, 3 mm, is used as the standard substance.  
 
Do not grind the potassium bromate. Dry it at 65 °C for a minimum of 12 h and keep  in a desiccator until cool and required for use.  
 
A.5.1.1.2.2 Cellulose , of fib re length between 50 μm and 250 μm and a mean d iameter of 25 μm is used as the combustible material.  
 
Dry the cellulose in a layer of thickness not exceeding 25 mm at 105 °C for 4 h and keep in a desiccator until cool and required for use. The water conten t shall be less than 0,5 
% (by dry mass) . If necessary, the drying time shall be prolonged to achieve this.   
A.5.1.1.3 Apparatus  
 
A.5.1.1.3.1 Ignition wire , an inert metal wire, for example nickel/chromium , shaped as shown in figure A.1 connected to an ele ctrical power source and with the following 
characteristics:  
 
a) length 30 cm ± 1 cm;  
 
b) diameter 0,60 mm ± 0,05 mm;  
 
c) electrical resistance 6,0 Ω/m ± 0,5 Ω/m; and  
 
d) electrical power dissipated in the wire 150 W ± 7 W.  
 
A.5.1.1.3.2   Glass funnel , a 60° glass funnel with a base diameter of 70 mm and sealed at the narrow end.  
 
A.5.1.1.3.3   Plate, impervious , low heat co nducting plate of dimensions 150 mm × 150 mm and a thickness of 6 mm.  
 
NOTE A thermal conductivity of 0,23 W/mK at a temperature of 0 °C is suitable. Other pla tes with a similar conductivity could be used.  
 
A.5.1.1.3.4  Fume cupboard , or other kind of vent ilated area in which there is s ome ventilation but with an air stream velocity of 0,5 m/s. The fume system shall be suitable 
for the capture of toxic fumes.  
 
A.5.1.1.4 Preparation  
 
A.5.1.1.4.1  Inspect the specimen, in the form it is intended for transport,  for any p owder particles of less than 500 μm. If the powder constitutes more than 10 % (by mass) of the 
total, or if the substance is friable, the whole specimen shall be ground to a powder before testing. This is to allow for a re duction in particle size  during handling and transport.  
 
A.5.1.1.4.2  Prepare 30,0 g ± 0,1 g standard mixtures of potassium bromate  and cellulose in the potassium bromate to cellulose ratios of 2:3 (by mass), 3:2 (by mass) and 3:7 
(by mass).  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  A.5.1.1.4.3  Prepare 30,0 g ± 0,1 g mix tures of the specimen, in the form it is intended for transport  
(see A.5.1.1.4.1), and cellulose in the specimen to cellulose ratios of 1:1 (by mass) and 4:1 (by mass).  
 
A.5.1.1.4.4  Mechanically mix each mixture as thoroughly as possible without excessive stress. Each mixture shall be made individually, used as soon as possible, and not taken 
from a batch.  
 
A.5.1.1.5 Procedure  
 
A.5.1.1.5.1 Place the plate in a ventilated area (see A.5.1.1.3.4) and perform t he test at atmospheric pressure and an ambient temp erature of 20 °C ± 5 °C. Place the ignition 
wire (see figure A.1) on the plate.  
 
A.5.1.1.5.2  Fill the glass funnel with the test mixture and form the mixture into a conical pile of base diameter approximately 70 mm, covering the looped ignition wire restin g on 
the plate.  
 
A.5.1.1.5.3  Supply electric power to the ignition wire and maintain the power for the duration of the test or for 3 min if the mixture does not ignite and burn.  
 
A.5.1.1.5.4  Record the time from when the power is switched on until the main  reaction, for exa mple flame, incandescence or glowing combustion, ends. Intermittent reaction, 
such as sparking  or spluttering, after the main reaction shall not be taken into account.  
 
A.5.1.1.5.5  Repeat the test if the ignition wire breaks during the te st, unless breaking  of the wire clearly does not affect the result.  
 
A.5.1.1.5.6  Perform the test five times on each specimen mixture and five times on each standard mixture.  
 
A.5.1.1.6 Assignment of packing groups  
 
A.5.1.1.6.1 General  
 
The packing groups of solid oxidizing substances are assigned on the basis of  
 
a)  the comparison of the mean burning time with those of the standard mixtures, and   
b)  whether the mixture of oxidizing substance and cellulose ignites and burns.  
 
A.5.1.1.6.2 Packing group I  
 
Packing group I is assigned to a substance tested in the 1:1 (by mass) or 4:1 (b y mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose that exhibits a mean burning time less than the mean 
burning time of a  3:2 (by mass) standard mixture of potassium bromate and cellulo se. 
 
A.5.1.1.6.3 Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to a substance tested in the 1:1 (by mass) or 4:1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose that exhibits a mean burning time equal to or less 
than the mean burning time of a 2:3 (by mass) mixture of potassium bromate and cellulose.  
 
A.5.1.1.6.4 Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a substance tested in the 1:1 (by mass) or 4: 1 (by mass) mixture of specimen and cellulose that exhibits a mean burning time equal to or less 
than t he mean burning time of a 3:7 (by mass) mixture of potassium bromate and cellulose.  
 
A.5.1.1.6.5 Not division 5.1  
 
Division 5.1 does not apply to a substance in both the 1:1 (by mass) and 4:1 (by  mass) mixtures of specimen and cellulose that does not ignit e and burn, or that exhibits a mean 
burning time ex ceeding that of a 3:7 (by mass) mixture of potassium bromate and cellulose.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
Dimensions in millimetres  Legend  
 
A  base of sample cone (70 mm diameter)  
 
B  heating wire  
 
C  low heat conducting plate  
 
Figur e A.1 ― Ignition wire  
 
A.5.1.2  Test methods for oxidizing liquids  
 
A.5.1.2.1  Principle  
 
The potential for a liquid substance to increase the burning rate or burning inten sity of a combustible substance (fibrous cellulose) when the two components are thor oughly 
mixed in a ratio of 1:1 (by mass), is measured.  
 
A.5.1.2.2   Reagents  
A.5.1.2.2.1 Cellulose , of fibre length between 50 μm and 250 μm and a mean d iameter of 25 μm is used as the combustible material.  
 
Dry the cellulose in a layer of thickness not exc eeding 25 mm at 105 °C for 4 h and keep in a desiccator until cool  and required for use. The water content shall be less than 0,5 
% (by dry mass). If  necessary, the drying time shall be prolonged to achieve this.  
 
A.5.1.2.2.2 Standard substances , 50 % per chloric acid, 40 % aqueous sodium ch lorate solution and 65 % nitric acid.  
 
A.5.1.2.3 Apparatus  
 
A.5.1.2.3.1 Pressure ve ssel (see figure A.2), cylindrical steel pressure ve ssel (A) of length 89 mm and of external diameter 60 mm.  
 
Two flats are machined on o pposite sides (reducing the cross section of the vessel to 50 mm) to facilitate holding  whilst fitting up the firing plug (C) and the bursting disc (E).  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  The pressure vessel, that has a bore of diameter 20 mm, is internally rebated at  either end to a depth  of 19 mm and threaded to accept a one inch British Standard Pipe (BSP).  
 
A pressure take -off, in the form of a side arm (F), is screwed into the curved fa ce of the pressure vessel 35 mm from one end at 90° to the machined flats. The socket for this is 
bored to a  depth of 12 mm and threaded to accept a half inch BSP thread on one end of the side arm. If necessary, an inert seal  is fitted to ensure a gastight seal. The side arm 
extends 55 mm beyond the pressure vessel body and has a bore of 6 mm. The end of  the side arm is rebated and threaded to accept a diaphragm type pressure transducer (G). 
Any pressure  measuring device can be used, provided that it is not affected by the hot gase s or the decomposition products and is capable of responding to rates of pre ssure 
rise of 690 kPa to 2 070 kPa in not more than 5 min.  
 
The end of the pressure vessel furthest from the side arm is closed with a firing p lug (C) that is fitted with two electrodes, one (J) insulated from, and the other (K) earthed to, the 
plug body . The other end of the pressure vessel is closed by a bursting disc (E) with a bursting pressure of approximately 2  200 kPa and held in place with  a retaining plug (B) 
that has a bore of 20 mm. If necessary, an inert  seal is used wit h the firing plug (C) to  ensure  a gas -tight fit. A support stand holds the assembly together (see A.5.1.2.3.2).  
 
A.5.1.2.3.2 Support stand  (see figure A.3), a mild steel base plate of di mensions 235 mm × 184 mm × 6 mm and a 185 mm length of square hollow section of dimensions 70 
mm × 70 mm × 4 mm.  
 
A section is so cut from each of the two opposite sides at one end of the length of  the square hollow section that a structure that has two flat sided legs surmounted by 86 mm 
length of intact box  results. One end of these flat sides is  cut to an angle of 60° to the horizontal and welded to the base plate. A slot of width 2 2 mm and of depth 46 mm is 
machined in one side of the upper end of the base section in such a  manner that, when the pressure assembly is lowered into the box section support with the firing -plug end 
first, the side arm is accommodated in the slot.  
 
A packing piece of steel of width 30 mm and of thickness 6 mm is welded to the  lower internal face of the box section to act as a spacer. Two 7 mm thumb screws, tapped into 
the opposite f ace, serve to hold the pressure vessel firmly in place. Two strips of steel of width 12 mm and of thickness 6 m m are welded to the side pieces  abutting the base of 
the box section, to support the pressure vessel  from beneath.  
 
A.5.1.2.3.3 Ig nition system , of nickel/chromium wire with one of the configurations shown in figure A.4 an d with the following characteristics:  
 
a)  length 25 cm;  
 
b)  diameter 0,6 mm; and  
 c)  electrical resistance 3,85 Ω/m.  
 
 
 
The distance between the bottom of the pressure vessel (see A.5.1.2.3.1 and f igure A.2) and the underside of the ignition coil should be 20 mm. If the electrodes are not 
adjustable, the ends of the ignition wire between t he coil and the bottom of the pressure vessel shall be insulated by a ceramic sheath. The wire is heated by a constant power 
supply able to deliver at least 10 A.  
 
A.5.1.2.3.4 Armoured fume cupboard, or firing cell.  
 
A.5.1.2.4 Preparation  
 
Assemble the app aratus complete with the pressure transducer and the heating s ystem, but without the bursting disc in position, and support with the firing plug down.  
 
A.5.1.2.5 Procedure  
 
A.5.1.2.5.1   Mix 2,5 g of the specimen with 2,5 g of the dried cellulose in a glass  beaker with a glass stirring rod.  
 
WARNING ― For safety reasons the mixing shall be performed with a saf ety shield between the operator and the mixture.  
 
A.5.1.2.5.2   Add the specimen mixture, in small portions, with tapping, to the pres sure vessel. Make sure that the mixture is packed around the ignition coil and is in good 
contact with it. En sure that the coil has not been distorted during the packing process.  
 
NOTE   If the specimen mixture ignites during mixing or filling, no further testing is necessar y. 
 
A.5.1.2.5.3   Place the bursting disc in position and screw in the retaining plug tightly.  
 
A.5.1.2.5.4  Transfer the charged vessel, with the bursting disc uppermost, to th e support stand in the armoured fume cupboard or firing cell.  
 
A.5.1.2.5.5  Connec t the power supply to the external terminals of the firing plug a nd apply a current of 10 A. The time that elapses from the moment when the mixing is started 
until such tim e when the power is switched on should be about 10 min.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
A.5.1.2.5.6  Record the sign al produced by the pressure transducer on a s uitable system, for example, a transient recorder coupled to a chart recorder, which allows for both the 
evaluation and the generation of a permanent record of the time profile obtained.  
 
A.5.1.2.5.7  Heat the mi xture until the bursting disc ruptures, or until at least 60 s has elapsed.  
 
WARNING ― If the bursting disc does not rupture, the mixture shall be a llowed to cool before carefully dismantling the apparatus and precautions shall be taken to 
allow for any pr essurization . 
 
A.5.1.2.5.8  Perform five trials with the mixture and each of the standard su bstances (see A.5.1.2.2.2). The concentration of the substance tested shall be specified in the test 
report. If satur ated solutions are tested, they should be prepar ed at 20 °C.  
 
A.5.1.2.5.9  Note the time taken for the pressure to rise from 690 kPa to 2 070 kPa above atmospheric pressure.  
 
Use the mean time interval for classification of the substance.  
 
A.5.1.2.6 Assessment of results  
 
The test results are assessed on  the basis of  
 
a)  whether the mixture of specimen and cellulose ignites spontaneously, and  
 
b)  the comparison of the mean time taken for the pressure to rise from 690 kPa to 2 070 kPa gauge pressure with those of the standard substances.  
 
A.5.1.2.7   Assi gnment of packing groups  
 
A.5.1.2.7.1  Packing group I  
 
Packing group I is assigned to any substance that  
 a)  in the 1:1 (by mass) mixture (see A.5.1.2.5.1) of specimen and cellulose tested, ignites spontaneously, or  
 
b)  in the 1:1 (by mass) mixture (see  A.5.1.2.5.1) of specimen and cellulose tested , exhibits a mean pressure rise time less than the pressure rise time of a 1:1 (by mass) 
mixture of 50 % perchloric acid and cellulose.  
 
A.5.1.2.7.2  Packing group II  
 
Packing group II is assigned to a substanc e that  
 
a)  in the 1:1 (by mass) mixture (see A.5.1.2.5.1) of specimen and cellulose tested , exhibits a mean pressure rise time less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 
1:1 (by mass)  mixture of 40 % aqueous sodium chlorate solution and cellul ose, and  
 
b)  does not comply with the criteria for packing group I.  
 
A.5.1.2.7.3   Packing group III  
 
Packing group III is assigned to a substance that  
 
a) in the 1:1 (by mass) mixture (see A.5.1.2.5.1) of specimen and cellulose tested , exhibits a mean pre ssure rise time less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 
(by mass) mixture of 65 % nitric acid and cellulose, and  
 
b) does not comply with the criteria for packing groups I or II.  
 
A.5.1.2.7.4   Exemption from division 5.1  
 
Division 5.1 do es not apply to a substance that  
 
a)  in the 1:1 (by mass) mixture (see A.5.1.2.5.1) of specimen and cellulose test ed, exhibits a pressure rise of less than 2 070 kPa gauge pressure, or  
 
b)  exhibits a mean pressure rise time exceeding the mean pressure ri se time of a 1:1 (by mass) mixture of 65 % nitric acid and cellulose.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  A.5.2   Division 5.2: Test methods for organic peroxides   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Legend  
 
A  pressure vessel body H washer  
 
B  bursting disc retaining plug J insulated electrode  
 
C  firing plug K earthed elect rode 
 
D  soft lead washer L insulation  
 
E  bursting disc M steel cone  
 
F  side arm N washer distorting groove  
 
G  pressure transducer thread  
 
Figure A.2 — Pressure vessel   DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Dimensions in millimetres                   
Figure A.3 — Support stand   
 
NOTE   Either of these configurations may be used.  
 
Legend  
 
A ignition coil  
 
B insulation  
 
C electrodes  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  D firing plug  
 
Figure A.4 — Ignition system  
 
A.6  Test methods for toxic and infectious substances of class 6  
 
A.6.1   Division 6.1: Test methods for inhalation toxicity of liquid mixtures  
 
A.6.1.1   General  
 
If the formulas given in 12.1.4.9 cannot be applied because of the absence of i nhalation toxicity data for the constituents of a liquid mixture, the following simplified threshold 
toxicity tests can be perform ed in order to assign a packing group to the mixture. When these threshold tests are used, the  most restrictive packing group determined shall be 
used for the transport of the mixture.  
 
A.6.1.2  Test methods for packing group I assignment  
 
A.6.1.2.1  Metho d A 
 
Vaporize a sample of the liquid mixture and dilute it with air to create a te st atmosphere of 1 000 mL/m3 of vaporized mixture in air.  
 
Expose five female and five male albino rats to the test atmosphere for 1 h and observe the test animals for 14 d.  
 
Note how many of the test animals die within this observation time.  
 
A.6.1.2.2  Method B  
 
Dilute a sample of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid mixture at 20 °C with ni ne equal volumes of air to form a test atmosphere.  
Expose five female and five m ale albino rats to the test atmosphere for 1 h and observe the test animals for 14 d.  
 
Note how many of the test animals die within this observation time.   
A.6.1.2.3   Criteria  
 
If five or more of the test animals die within the 14 d observation time, the l iquid mixture is assumed to have ; 
 
a) an LC50 equal to or less than 1 000 mL/m3, and  
 
b) a volatility equal to or exceeding 10 times the volatility of the inhalation toxicity (LC50) of the mixture.  
 
A.6.1.2.4  Packing group assignment  
 
Assign packing group  I to the liquid mixture if both the criteria of A.6.1.2.3 are met.  
 
A.6.1.3  Test methods for packing group II assignment  
 
A.6.1.3.1  Method A  
 
Vaporize a sample of the liquid mixture and dilute it with air at 20 °C to create a  test atmosphere of 3 000 mL /m3 vaporized mixture in air.  
 
Expose five female and five male albino rats to the test atmosphere for 1 h and observe the test animals for 14 d.  
 
Note how many of the test animals die within this observation time.  
 
A.6.1.3.2 Method B  
 
Use a sample of the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid mixture at 20 °C as test atmosphere.  
 
Expose five female and five male albino rats to the test atmosphere for 1 h and observe the test animals for 14 d.  
 
Note how many of the test animals die within this observation ti me. 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  A.6.1.3.3  Criteria  
 
If five or more of the test animals die within the 14 d observation time, the liquid mixture is assumed to have  
 
a) an LC50 equal to or less than 3 000 mL/m3, and  
 
b) a volatility equal to or exceeding the volatility of the inhala tion toxicity (LC50) of the mixture.  
 
A.6.1.3.4   Packing group assignment  
 
Assign packing group II to the mixture if both criteria of A.6.1.3.3 are met and packing group I does not apply.  
 
A.6.1.4  Test methods for packing group III assignment  
 
A.6.1.4.1   Method A  
Vaporize a sample of the liquid mixture and dilute it with air to create a test atmo sphere of 5 000 mL/m3 vaporized mixture in air.  
 
Expose five female and five male albino rats to the test atmosphere for 1 h and observe the test animals for 14 d.  
 
Note how many of the test animals die within this observation time.  
 
A.6.1.4.2   Method B  
 
Measure the vapour pressure of the liquid mixture at 20 °C.  
 
A.6.1.4.3   Criteria  
 
A.6.1.4.3.1   If five or more of the test animals subjected to method A described i n A.6.1.4.1 die within the 14 d observation time, the mixture is assumed to have an LC50 
equal to or less than 5 000 mL/m3.  
 A.6.1.4.3.2   If the vapour pressure of the liquid mixture at 20 °C is equal to or exceeding 1 000 mL/m3, the  mixture is presumed to  have a volatility equal to or exceeding 
one fifth of the volati lity of the inhalation toxicity (LC50) of the mixture.  
 
A.6.1.4.4  Packing group assignment  
 
Assign packing group III to the liquid mixture if both criteria given in A.6.1.4.3 are met and pack ing group I and packing group II do not apply.  
 
A.6.2   Division 6.2: Test methods for infectious substances  
 
See 11.2.6.1.  
 
A.7  Test methods for radioactive material of class 7  
 
Consult with the relevant competent authorities.  
 
A.8  Test methods for corro sive substances of class 8  
 
 See 14.3.2.  
 
A.9  Test methods for miscellaneous da ngerous substances and goods of class 9  
 
A.9.1   Test methods for ammonium nitrate fertilizers capable of self -sustaining  
 
Decomposition See section 38.2, part III of the United  Nations' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 
A.9.2   Test methods for lithium batteries  
 
See section 38.3, part III of the United Nations ' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Annex B  
(normative)  
 
Special provisions relating to articles or substances and numerical l ist of dangerous goods  
 
B.1  Special provisions applicable to certain articles or substances  
 
B.1.1  When column 6 of the Dangerous Goods List indicates that a special provi sion is relevant to a substance or article, the meaning and requirements of that sp ecial 
provision are as set forth below.  
 
16  Samples of new or existing explosive substances or articles can be  transported as directed by the competent authority for purposes of testing, classification, research 
and devel opment and quality control, or as a commercial sample. Explosive samples that are not wetted or desensitiz ed shall be limited to 10 kg in small packages or as 
specified by the competent authority. Explo sive samples that are wetted or desensitized shall be limited to 25 kg.  
 
23  Although th is substance has a flammability hazard, it only exhibits  such hazard under extreme fire conditions in confined areas.  
 
26  This substance shall be prohibited from transport in portable tanks or in intermediate bulk containers of capacity exceeding 450 L, o wing to potential initiation of 
explosion when the substance is transported in large volumes.  
 
28  This substance may be transported under the provisions of division 4.1, provide d that it is so packed that the percentage of diluent will not, at any time du ring transport, 
fall below that stated.  
 
29  This substance is exempt from labelling, but shall be marked with the appropriate class or division.  
 
32  This substance is considered non -dangerous when in any other form.  
 
37  The coated substance is considere d non -dangerous for transport.  
 
38  This substance is considered non -dangerous for transport when it contains  not more than 0,1 % of calcium carbide.  
 39  This substance is considered dangerous for transport when it contains 30 % or more (by mass) of silic on and less than 90 % (by mass) of silicon.  
 
43  When transported as pesticides, these substances shall be transported under the relevant pesticide entry in accordance with 12.1.4.11, 12.1.4.12 and 12.1.5.  
 
45  Antimony sulfides and oxides that contain les s than 0,5 % of arsenic, ca lculated on the total mass, are considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
47  Ferricyanides and ferrocyanides are considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
48  If this substance contains more than 20 % (by mass) of hydrocyanic acid , its transport shall be prohibited, unless the competent authority grants special authorization.  
 
59  These substances are considered non -dangerous for transport when they co ntain 50 % (by mass) or less of magnesium. 60 If this substance contains more than  72 % 
(by mass) of perchloric acid, its transport shall be prohibited,  
unless the competent authority grants special authorization.  
 
61  The technical name, supplementing the proper shipping name, shall be the ISO common name (see E.1).  
 
62  This substance  is considered non -dangerous for transport when it contains 4 % (by mass) or less of so dium  hydroxide.  
 
63  The division of class 2 and the subsidiary risks depend on the nature  of the contents of the aerosol dispenser. The following shall apply:  
 
a)  division 2.1 when the aerosol dispenser contains equal to or more than 85 % (by mass) of flamma ble components and the heat of combustion is 30 kJ/g or more;  
 
b)  division 2.2 when the aerosol dispenser contains equal to or less than 1 % (by mass) of flammable  components and the heat of combustion is less 20 kJ/g;  
 
c)  otherwise, the aerosol dispenser shall be tested in accordance with sec tion 31, part III of the United Nations’ Manual of tests and criteria. Extremely flammable and 
flamma ble aerosol dispensers shall be classified in division 2.1 and non -flammable aerosol dispensers shall be classified in division 2.2;  
 
d)  a gas of division 2.3 shall not be used as a propellant in an aerosol dispenser;  
 
e)  where the contents, other than the propellant of an aer osol dispenser, are classified as a toxic substance of division 6.1, packing groups II or III, or as a corrosive 
substance of class 8 , packing groups II or III, the aerosol dispenser shall be assigned a subsidiary risk of division 6.1 or class 8;  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
f)  the transport of aerosol dispensers with contents that comply with the criteria of packing group I for toxicity or corrosivity are prohibited; and  
 
g)  hazard labels KS 2530  indicating the subsidiary risks might be required for air transport.  
 
Flammable compon ents of aerosol dispensers are flammable gases and gas mixtures (see 8.2.1 and 8.4.2), flammable liquids (see 9.1.2) and flammable solids (see 10.1.1). 
This designation does not  
include pyrophoric, self -heating or water -reactive substances.  
 
NOTE   The test  methods for heat of combustion and flammability are given in A.2.1.  
 
65  Hydrogen peroxide aqueous solutions with less than 8 % hydrogen peroxide are not subject to the requirements of this standard.  
 
66  Mercurous chloride and cinnabar are considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
103  The transport of ammonium nitrites and mixtures of an inorganic nitrit e and an ammonium salt shall be prohibited.  
 
105  Nitrocellulose of UN 2556 or UN 2557 may be assigned to division 4.1.  
 
106  Considered dangerous for air  transport only.  
 
113  The transport of chemically unstable mixtures shall be prohibited.  
 
117  Considered dangerous for sea transport only.  
 
119  Refrigerating machines include air -conditioning units and other appliances that have been designed for the specific purpose of keeping food or other items at a low 
temperature in an internal compartment.  
 
Refrigerating machines and refrigerating machine components are conside red non -dangerous for transport if they contain less than 12 kg of non -flammable, non -toxic gas or 
less than 12 L of ammonia solution (UN 2672).  
 122  The subsidiary risks, control and emergency temperatures, if any, and the g eneric entry number for each of the currently assigned organic peroxide formulations are 
given in B.2 and in annex C.  
 
127  Other inert material or inert material mixtures may be used at the discret ion of the competent authority, provided that this inert material has identical phlegmatizing 
properties.  
 
131  The phlegmatized substance shall be significantly less sensitive than dry PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate).  
 
 
132  During transport, this substance shall be protected from direct sunlight and  stored (or kept) in a cool and well-ventilated place, away from all sources of heat.  
 
133  The "EXPLOSIVE" label can be dispos ed of in the case of substances o f UN 2956, UN 3242 and UN 3251, when packed in  
 
a)  a fibre drum that can be fitted with a liner or coating and that is of a maximum net mass of 50 kg,  
 
b)  combination packaging that comprises a fibreboard box with a singl e inner plastics bag and that is of a  
maximum net mass of 50 kg, and  
 
c)  combination packaging that comprises a fibreboard box or a fibre drum  with inner plastics packaging, each containing a maximum mass of 5 kg and of a maximum net 
mass of 25 kg.  
 
NOTE   The packaging complies with packing instruction P409 of KS 2530  
 
135  The dihydrated sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid is considered non -dangerous.  
 
138  p-Bromobenzyl cyanide is considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
141  Products that have under gone sufficient heat treatment to render them non -dangerous for transport can be regarded as such.  
 
142  Solvent -extracted soya bean meal that contains not more than 1,5 % (by mas s) of oil and 11 % (by mass) of moisture and that is substantially free from flammable 
solvent is considered non -dangerous for transport.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
144  An aqueous solution that contains not more than 24 % (by volume) of alco hol is considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
145  Alcoholic beverages of packing group III, transported in recepta cles with a capacity not exceeding 250 L,  are regarded as dangerous in the case of air transport only.  
 
146  Alcoholic beverages of packing group II, transported in receptacles with a capacity not exceeding 5 L, are  regarded as non -dangerous for transport in the case of road 
and rail transport.  
 
152  The classification of this substance will vary with particle size and packaging , but borderlines have not been experimentally determined. Classify the substances in 
accordance with the criteria of clause 7.  
 
153  This entry applies only if it has been demonstrated, by tests, that the s ubstances, when in contact with water, are not combustible and do not show a tendency to auto -
ignitio n and that the mixture of gases evolved is not flammable.  
 
163  A substance spe cifically listed by name in B.2 and annex C shall not be transported under this entry.  
Materials transported under this entry may contain 20 % or less nitrocellulose, provided that the  
nitrocellulose contains not more than 12,6 % (by dry mass) nitrogen.  
 
168  The following asbestos commodities are considered non -dangerous for transport:  
 
a)  asbestos that is so immersed or fixed in a natural or artificial binder (suc h as cement, plastics, asphalt, resins or mineral ore) that no escape of dangerous quantitie s of 
respi rable asbestos fibres can occur during transport; and  
 
b)  manufactured articles that contain asbestos and do not satisfy the req uirement of (a) above, provided that they are so packed that no escape of dangerous quantities of 
respi rable asbestos  fibres can occur during transport.  
 
169  Phthalic anhydride  
 
 
a)  in the solid state and tetrahydrophthalic anhydrides that contain no t more than 0,05 % (by mass) of maleic anhydride are considered non -dangerous for transport, and   
b)  molten, at a temper ature above its flash point, and that contains not more than 0,05 % (by mass) of  
maleic anhydride, shall be allocated to UN 3256.  
 
172  Radioactive material with a subsidiary risk shall be  
 
a)  labelled with the hazard labels (see DEAS 951:2019 ) correspond ing to ea ch subsidiary risk exhibited by the material. Corresponding placards shall be affixed to 
transport units in accordance with KS 2382 -1, and  
 
b)  allocated to packing groups I, II or III corresponding to the nature of the predominant subsidiary risk . The  
transport document DEAS 951:2019 as applicable) shall include a description of these subsidiary risks, the name of the constituents that most predominant ly contribute to the 
subsidiary risk(s) and, where applicable, the packing group.  
 
177  Barium su lfate is considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
178  This designation shall be used only when no other appropriate designation ex ists in the list, and only with the approval of the competent authority.  
 
179  a) This designation shall be used for substanc es and mixtures th at are dangerous to the aquatic environment or that are marine pollutants that do not meet the 
classificatio n of any other class or another substance within class 9.  
 
b)  This designation may be used for  
 
1)  waste not otherwise subject t o the requirements of this standard but t hat are covered under the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of 
hazardous wastes and their disposal, and  
 
2)  substances designated to be environmentally hazardous by the compet ent authority of the country of origin, transit or destination but that do not meet the 
criteria f or an environmentally hazardous substance in accordance with the requirements of this standard or for any other class.  
 
181  A package that contains this type of substance shall bear the "EXPLOSIVE" cl ass label as a subsidiary risk. However, the competent authority can permit the label to be 
dispensed with  if it has been proved that the packaging listed eliminates the explosive behaviour.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  NOTE  When packages that contain di fferent organic peroxides are transported toget her in a vehicle, consideration should be given to the possibility that an explosion hazard might arise.  
 
182  The group of alkali metals includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium.  
 
183  The gr oup of alkaline earth metals includes magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium.  
 
186  When the ammonium nitrate content is being determined, all nitrate ions for which a molecular equivalent of ammonium ions is present in the mixture shall be 
calculated as  ammonium nitrate.  
 
187  Packaging tests are required for substances of packing groups II and III in qua ntities of 5 L or less in metal or plastics packaging in the case of air transport only  
 
a)  in palletized loads, for example individual packagings plac ed or stacke d on and secured to a pallet by strapping, shrink -wrapping or other suitable means, or  
 
b)  as inner packaging of a combination packaging with a total mass of 40 kg or less.  
 
188  Cells and batteries offered for transport are considered non -dangerous for transport if  
 
 
 
a)  the lithium content of a lithium metal battery or a lithium alloy battery  does not exceed 1 g, and for a lithium -ion cell, the watt -hour rating does not exceed 20 Wh,  
 
b)  the aggregate lithium content of a lithium metal batt ery or a lithium all oy battery does not exceed 2 g, and for a lithium -ion battery, the Watt -hour rating does not exceed 
100 Wh . Lithium -ion batteries subject to this provision shall be marked with the Watt -hour rating on the outside case,  
 
c)  each cell or  battery is of the type proved to comply with the requirement s of the tests in section 38.3,  part III of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria,  
 
d)  the cells and batteries (except when installed in equipment), shall be packed in inner packaging s that completely enclose the cell or battery. Cells and batteries shall be 
protected so as to prevent short circuits. This includes protection against contact with conductive material within the same p ackaging that could lead to short circuit. The inner 
packagings shall be packed in strong outer packagings DEAS 951:2019  
 e)  cells and batteries when installed in equipment shall be protected from da mage and short circuit, and the equipment shall be equipped with an effective means of 
preventing acci dental activation. When lithium batteries are installed in equipment, the equipment shall be pa cked in strong outer packagings constructed of suitable material of 
adequate strength and design in relation t o the packaging’s capacity and its intended use unless the  battery is afforded equivalent protection by the equipment in which it is 
contained,  
 
f)  each package shall be marked with the following:  
 
i)  an indication that the package contains “lithium metal” or “lith ium-ion” cells or batteries, as appropriate;  
 
ii)  an indication that the package shall be handled with care and that a fl ammability hazard exists if the package is damaged;  
 
iii)  an indication that special procedures shall be followed when the package is damaged, including  
inspection and repacking if  necessary; and  
 
iv)  a telephone number for additional information,  
 
NOTE   Packages that contain not more than four cells installed in equipment, or  packages that contain not more than two batteries installed in equipment, are not subject to 
these require ments.  
 
g)  each consignment of one or more packages marked in accorda nce with paragraph (f) shall be accompanied with a document giving  
 
(i)  an indication that the package contains “lithium metal” or “lith ium-ion” cells or batteries, as appropriate,  
 
(ii)  an indication that the package shall be handled with care and that a flammability hazard exists if the package is damaged,  
 
(iii)  an indication that special procedures shall be followed when  the package is damaged, to including inspection and repacking  if necessary, and  
 
(iv)  a telephone number for additional information,  
h) except when lithium batteries are installed in equipment, each package s hall be capable of withstanding a 1,2 m drop test in any orientation without damage to cells or 
batterie s contained therein and without shifting of the contents. This is to ensure that battery to battery (or cell to cell) contact and release of contents will not occur during 
normal conditions of transport, and  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
i)  except when lithium batteries are installed in,  or packed with equip ment, packages shall not exceed 30 kg gross mass.  
 
For the purposes of this standard, "lithium content" means the mass of li thium in the anode of a lithium metal or alloy cell.  
Separate entries exist for lithium metal batteries and lit hium -ion batteries to facilitate the transport of these  batteries for specific modes of transport and to enable the application 
of different emergency response actions.  
 
190  Aerosol dispensers shall be provided with protection against inadvertent d ischarg e. Aerosol dispensers of capacity not exceeding 50 mL that contain only non -toxic 
constituents a re considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
191  Small receptacles that contain gas may be regarded as being similar to aero sol dispensers except that they  are not fitted with a release device. Gas receptacles of 
capacity not exceeding 5 0 mL that contain only nontoxic constituents are considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
193  This entry may only be used for uniform ammonium nitrate based ferti lizer mixtures o f the nitrogen, phosphate or potash type that contain  
 
a)  not more than 70 % (by mass) ammonium nitrate and not more than 0, 4 % (by mass) total combustible (or organic) material, calculated as carbon, or  
 
b)  not more than 45 % (by mass) ammonium nitrate a nd unrestricted combustib le material. Fertilizers within these composition limits are regarded as dangerous in the 
case of air and sea transport only. Fertilizers  are regarded as non -dangerous for transport if they are not liable to sel f-sustaining decompo sition when tested in accordance with 
section 38.3, part III of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 
194  The control and emergency temperatures, if any, and the generic entry n umber for each of the currently assigned self -reactive substances  are given in B.2 and annex C.  
 
195  In the case of certain organic peroxides of type B or type C, a smaller pa ckaging shall be used than that allowed by packing methods OP5A (or OP5B) or OP6A (or 
OP6B), respectively (see SANS 10229 -1). 
 
196  Formulations that, in laboratory testing, neither detonate in the cavitated state n or deflagrate, that show no effect when heated under confinement and that do not exhibit 
explosive power, may be transported under this entry. Such formulations shall also be thermally s table, i.e. they shall ha ve a SADT of at least 60 °C for a 50 kg package. 
Formulations that do not comply with these criteria  shall be transported under the provisions of division 5.2 (see SANS 10229 -1). 
 198  Nitrocellulose solutions that contain not more  than 20 % of nitrocellulose  may be transported as paint or printing ink, as applicable. See UN 1210, UN 1263, UN 3066, 
UN 3469 and UN 3470.  
 
199  Lead compounds which, when mixed in a ratio of 1:1000 with 0,07 mol/L hydroc hloric acid and stirred for 1 h at a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C, exhibit a solubility of 5 % 
or less (see ISO  3711) are considered insoluble and non -dangerous for transport unless they meet the criteria for inclu sion in another hazard class or division.  
 
201  Lighters and lighter refills  shall be provided with protection against inadverten t discharge. The liquid portion of the gas shall not exceed 85 % (by mass) of the capacity 
of the receptacle at 15 °C. The receptacles, including the closures, shall be capable of withstanding an interna l pressu re of twice the pressure of the liquefied petroleum gas at 
55 °C. The valve mechanisms and ignition de vices shall be securely sealed, taped or otherwise fastened or shall be designed to prevent operation or  leakage of the contents 
during transport.  The lighters or lighter refills shall be tightly packed to prevent inadv ertent operation of the release devices. Lighters shall contain not more than 10 g of liquefied 
petroleum gas. Li ghter refills shall contain not more than 65 g of liquefied petroleum gas. 
 
203  This entry shall not be used for polychlorinated biphenyls, UN 2315.  
 
204  Articles that contain one or more corrosive smoke -producing substance(s) shall also be ar a class 8 hazard label DEAS 951:2019  
 
205  This entry shall not be used for penta chlorophenol, UN 3155.  
 
206  The transport of ammonium permanganate is prohibited, unless special au thorization has been granted by the competent authority.  
 
207  These beads may be polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) or other polymeric material.  
 
208 T he commercial grade of calcium nitrate fertilizer that consists mainly of a d ouble salt (calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate) and contains not more than 10 % (by mass) of 
ammoniu m nitrate and at least 12 % (by mass) of water of crystallization is consider ed non -dangerous for transport.  
 
209 The gas shall be at ambient atmospheric pressure, and shall not exceed 105 kPa (absolute) at the time that the containment system is to be closed.  
 
210 Toxins from plant, animal or bacterial sources that contain infecti ous substa nces, or are contained in them, shall be classified in division 6.2.  
 
215  a) This entry only applies to the technically pure substance or to formulations derived from  it and that have an SADT higher than 75 °C.  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  b)  This entry does not apply to a formulation that is a self -reactive substance (see 10.1.2).  
 
c)  Unless the criteria of another class or division are met, a homogeneous  mixture that contains not more that 35 % (by mass) of azodicarbonamide and at least 65 % (by 
mass ) of an inert substa nce is considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
216  Mixtures of solids that are non -dangerous for transport and flammable liquids may be transported under this  entry without the classification criteria of division 4.1 first 
being applied, provided that no  free liquid is visible  at the time the substance is loaded or at the time the packaging or transport  unit is closed. Each packaging or transport unit 
shall be leakproof at the level of packing group II (DEAS 951:2019 ) 
Sealed packets are regarded as non -dangerous for transport if they con tain less than 10 mL of packing group II or packing group III flammable liquids absorbed into a solid 
material a nd provided that no free liquid is present in the packet.  
 
217  Mixtures of solids that are non -dangerous for t ransport and toxic liquids may be transported under this entry without the classification criteria of division 6.1 first being 
applied, provided that no free liquid is visible at th e time the substance is loaded or at the time the packaging or transport un it is closed. Each transport unit shall be leakproof 
when used as a bulk packaging. The entry shall not be  used for solids that contain a packing group I liquid.  
 
218 Mixtures of solids that are non -dangerous for transport and corrosive liquids may be tran sported under this  entry without the classification criteria of class 8 first being 
applied, provided th at no free liquid is visible at the time the substance is loaded or at the time the packaging or transport unit  is closed. Each transport unit shall be leakproof 
when used as a bulk packaging.  
 
219  GMMOs and GMOs that meet the definition of an infectious substance an d the criteria for inclusion in division 6.2 in accordance with 12.2.5 shall be transported under 
UN 2814, UN 2900 or UN 3373, as appropriat e. 
 
220  In the case of this solution or mixture, only the technical name of the flam mable liquid component shall be shown in parentheses immediately after the proper shipping 
name.  
 
221  Substances of packing group I are excluded from this entry.  
 
223  A substance is considered non -dangerous for transport if its chemical or phy sical properties are such that, when the substance is tested, it does not comply with the 
established criteria fo r a class or division listed in B.2 and annex C.  
 224  The substance (freezing temperature at or below −15 °C) shall be transport ed as a liquid and shall remain liquid during normal transport conditions, unless it can be 
demonstrated by te sting that the substance is not more sensitive in the liquid state.  
 
225  Fire extingu ishers of this entry may be fitted with actuating cartridges ( cartridges and power devices of division 1.4C or 1.4S) and may remain classified in division 2.2, 
provided that the total quantity of deflagrating (propellant) explosives does not exceed 3,2 g p er extinguishing unit.  
 
 
226  Formulations of these substances that contain at least 30 % of non -volatile,  non-flammable phlegmatizer are regarded as non -dangerous for transport.  
 
227  When the substance is phlegmatized with water and inorganic inert mater ial, the content of urea nitrate ma y not exceed 75 % (by mass). The mixture shall not detonate 
when tested in  accordance with test series 1, type (a) in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 
228  Mixtures that do not comply with the criteria for flammable gases of division  2.1 shall be transported under UN 3163.  
 
230  This entry applies to cells and batteries that contain lithium in any form , including lithium polymer and lithium -ion cells and batteries, provided that they comply with  the 
following provisions:  
 
a) each cell and battery type comply with the criteria for class 9  dangerous goods when tested in accordance with section 38.3, part III of the United Nations' Manual of tests and 
criteria;  
 
b) each cell and battery is fitted wi th a safety venting device or is so design ed that a violent rupture under normal conditions of transport cannot occur;  
 
c) each cell and battery is fitted with an effective means of preventing external short -circuits; and  
 
d) each battery that contains cel ls or series of cells connected in parallel is equipped with diodes, fuses, etc. to prevent reverse current flow.  
 
232  This designation is applicable only when the substance does not comply with the criteria of any other class.  
Bulk transport in units othe r than multimodal tanks shall be in accordance wi th the regulations laid down by the competent authority of the country of origin.  
 
235  This entry applies to articles that contain explosive substances of cl ass 1 and that can also contain dangerous  goods o f other classes. These articles are used as life -
saving vehicl e air-bag inflators, or air -bag modules, or seat -belt pretensions . DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
236  Polyester resin kits consist of two components, i.e. a base material (class  3, packing group II or packing group III) and  an activator (organic peroxide). The organic 
peroxide shall be of type D, E or F and that does not require temperature control. The limited quantities and the e xcepted quantity codes shown in columns 7(a) and 7(b) of the 
dangerous goods list (see B.2) app ly to the base material.  
 
237  The membrane filters, including the paper separators, coating or backing m aterial, etc., that are present during  transport, shall not be liable to propagate detonation 
when tested in a ccordance with test series 1(a) in part I  of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria. In additi on, the competent authority can determine, on the basis of 
results obtained by the burning rate test (see A. 4.1.2), that the nitrocellulose membrane filters, in the form in which they are to be  transported, are not subject to the 
requirements for flammable solids of division 4.1.  
 
238  a) Batteries may be considered non -spill able , provided that they are capabl e of withstanding the vibration and pressure differential tests given below, without l eakage 
of battery fluid:  
 
1)  vibration test: clamp the battery firmly to the platform of a vibration m achine. Apply a harmonic motion with an amplitude of 0,8 mm (1,6 mm maximum total excursion) 
and vary the frequency at a rate of 1 Hz/min between the lim its of 10 Hz and 55 Hz. Traverse the entire range of frequencies and return in 95 min ± 5 min for each mounting 
position (direction of vibration) of t he battery. Test the battery in three mutually perpendicular positions (with openings for filling an d vent s, if any, in an inverted position) for 
equal periods of time; and  
 
2)  pressure differential test: after completion of the vibration tes t, store the battery for 6 h at 24 °C ± 4 °C while subjecting it to a pressure differential of at least 88  kPa. 
Test th e battery in three mutually perpendicular positions (with openings for filling and vents, if an y, in an inverted position) for at least 6 h in each position.  
b)  Non-spillable batteries are considered non -dangerous for transport if, when the batteries are at a temperature of 55 °C, no electrolyte or free liquid flows from a rupture d 
or cracked case and, when the batteries are packed for transport, the terminals are so protected to prevent a short -circuit.  
NOTE   Non-spillable type batteries that are an integ ral part of, and necessary for,  the operation of mechanical or electronic equipment, should be securely fastened in the battery holder provided on th e equipment and 
protected in such a manner as to prevent damage and short -circuits during transport.  
239  a) Batteries or cells shall not contain dangerous goods other than sodium, sulfur or polysulfides (or both).  
 
b)  Batteries or cells shall not be offered for transport at such a temperature that liquid elemental sodium is present in the battery or cell unle ss approved by the competent 
autho rity and under the conditions  established  by the competent authority.  
 
c)  Cells shall consist of hermetically sealed metal casings that fully enclo se the dangerous goods and that are so constructed and closed as to preven t the release of the 
dangerous goods under normal conditions  of transport.  
 
d)  Batteries shall consist of cells secured within, and fully enclosed by, a meta l casing that is so constructed and so closed as to prevent the release of the dangerous 
goods und er normal conditions of transport.  
 
e)  Except for air transport, batteries installed in vehicles (UN 3171) ar e regarded as non -dangerous for transport.  
 
240  This entry applies only to vehicles and equipment powered by wet batteri es, sodium batteries or l ithium batteries and transported with these batteries installed. 
Examples of such vehicles and equipment are  electrically powered cars, lawnmowers, wheelchairs and other mobility aids.  
 
Hybrid electric vehicles powered by both an internal combustion engine  and wet batteries, sodiu m batteries or lithium batteries transported with the battery or batteries installed 
shall be consigned under entries UN 3166 VEHICLE, FLAMMABLE GAS POWERED or UN  3166 VEHICLE, FLAMMABLE LIQUID POWERED, as appropriate.  
 
241  The fo rmulation shall be prepared in such a manner that it remain s homogeneous during transport. Formulations that have a low nitrocellulose content that do not 
detonate, de flagrate or explode when heated under confinement when tested in accordance with test ser ies 1(a), 2(b) and 2(c) in part I of the Unite d Nations' Manual of tests 
and criteria, and do not comply with the require ments of a flammable solid when tested in accordance with A.4.1, are consider ed non -dangerous for transport. For the tests, 
chips may b e crushed and sieved to a particle size of less than 1,25 mm.  
 
242  Sulfur is considered non -dangerous for transport when it has been formed int o a specific shape (for example prills, granules, pellets, pastilles or flakes).  
 
243  Motor spirit, gasoline and  petrol for use in engines, for example, automobile s, stationary engines and other engines, shall be assigned to this entry regardless of 
variations in volatility.  
 
244  This entry includes aluminium dross, aluminium skimmings, spent cathodes, spent potlin er, and aluminium salt slags.  
 
246  This substance shall be packed in accordance with packing method OP6B (see table 7 and  DEAS 951:2019 ,During transport, it shall be protected from direct sunlight 
and stored (or kept) in a cool  and well -ventilated place, a way from all sources of heat.  
 
247  Alcoholic beverages that contain more than 24 % (by volume) of alc ohol but not more than 70 % (by volume) of alcohol, when transported as part of the manufacturing 
proces s, may be transported in wooden casks (barrels) of  capacity not exceeding 500 L, thus deviating  from the provisions on packing (see DEAS 951:2019, , provided that  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  the casks are checked and tightened before filling,  
 
b)  sufficient ullage (not less than 3 %) is left to allow for the expansion of the li quid,  
 
c)  the casks are transported with the bungholes pointing upwards,  
d)  the casks are transported in containers that comply with the requirements of the International convention for safe containers. Each cask shall be secured in custom -
made cradles a nd shall be w edged by appropriate means to prevent it from being displaced in any way during transport, and  
 
e)  when transported by sea, the containers shall be placed in open cargo spaces only.  
 
249  Ferrocerium, stabilized against corrosion and with a m inimum iron content  of 10 % (by mass), is regarded as non -dangerous for transport.  
 
250 This entry shall only be used for samples of chemicals that have been taken for analysis in connection with the implementation of the Convention on the prohibition of 
the development, pr oduction, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction (A/RES/47/39), adopted  by the General Assembly of the United Nations in New 
York, United States of America, on 30 November  1992. Such substances shall be transport ed in accordance with the chain of custody and security  procedures as specified by 
the Organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons  in The Hague, The Netherlands. Before a chemical sample is transported, approval shall be granted by  the competent 
authority or the Director -General of the Organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons and provided that  
 
a)  the sample is packed in accordance with Packing Instruction 623 of the International Civil Aviation  
Organization’s technical instructions fo r the safe transport of dangerous goods by air, and  
 
b)  a copy of the document of approval for transport, showing the quantit y limitations and the packaging provisions, accompanies the chemical sample.  
251  a) The entries "CHEMICAL KIT" or "FIRST -AID KIT"  apply to boxes, cases, etc., that contain small  
quantities of various dangerous goods which are used for medical, analy tical or testing purposes. Such kits shall not contain dangerous goods for which the quantity “0” has 
been been indicated in column 7(a)  of the dangerous goods list (see B.2).  
 
b)  Components shall not react dangerously in the case of a spill. The total quantity of dangerous goods in  
any one kit shall not exceed either 1 L or 1 kg. The packing group assigned to the kit as a whole, shall be  
the most stringent packing group assigned to any individual substance in the kit.  
 c)  Kits that are transported on vehicles for first -aid or operating purposes are regarded as non -dangerous  
for transport.  
 
d)  Chemicals kits and first -aid kits that conta in dangerous goods in inner packaging that do not exceed the  
quantity limits applicable to individual substances (see B.2), may be tr ansported as limited quantities (DEAS 951:2019, ). 
 
252  Aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate that contain not more than 80  % (by mass) ammonium nitrate and  
not more than 0,2 % (by mass) combustible material, are non -dangerous f or transport, provided that the ammonium nitrate remains in solution under all conditions of transport.  
 
266  Competent authority approval is required for the transport of this substance if it contains less alcohol, water  or phlegmatizer than the quantity specified in B.2.  
 
267  Any explosives, blasting type C, that contain chlorates shall be segregat ed from explosives that contain ammonium nitrate or ot her ammonium salts.  
 
270  Aqueous solutions of inorganic nitrate substances are not considered oxidizin g substances of division 5.1 if the concentration of the inorganic nitrate in solution, at the 
minimum  temperature encountered during transport, does not  exceed 80 % of the saturation limit.  
 
271 a)  Lactose or glucose or similar materials can be used as phlegmatiz er, provided that the substance contains not less than 90 % (by mass) of phlegmatizer. The competen t 
authority may authorize these mixtures to be  classified in division 4.1 based on results from test seri es 6(c) in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria, on at least 
three packages as prepared for transport.  
 
b)  Mixtures that contain at least 98 % (by mass), of phlegmatizer are non-dangerous for transport.  
Packages that contain mixtures with not less than 90 % (by mass), of ph legmatizer need not bear a "TOXIC" hazard label to indicate the subsidiary risk.  
 
272  Competent authority approval is required for the transport of this su bstance under the provisions of division 4.1 (see UN 0143).  
 
273  Maneb and maneb preparations need not be classified in division 4.2 if it  can be demonstrated by testing that a cubic volume of 1 m3 of the substance does not self -
ignite, and that t he tempe rature at the centre of the sample does not exceed 200 °C, when the sample is maintained at a temperatur e of at least 75 °C ± 2 °C for a period of 24 
h. 
 
274  The proper shipping name shall be supplemented with the technical nam e for purposes of documentat ion and package marking ( DEAS 951:2019 ,). 
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  276  This entry includes any substance that is not covered by any of the other classes, but that has narcotic, noxious, or other properties such that, in the event of spillage or 
leaka ge on an aircraft, annoyance or discomfort could be caused to crew members so as to prevent the correct performance of their duties.  
 
277  The limited quantity value for aerosol dispensers or receptacles that cont ain toxic substances is 120 mL. The limited quantity value for all other  aerosol dispensers or 
receptacles is 1 000 mL.  
 
278  These substances shall only be classified and transported when so author ized by the competent authority on the basis of results from series 2 tests and from test series 
6(c) in part I o f the United Nati ons' Manual of tests and criteria. The packages used for the tests shall be prepared as for transport. The competent authority shall assign the 
packing group in accordance with 9.3 of this sta ndard and the package type used for the said series 6(c) test.  
 
279  The substance is assigned to this classification or packing group based on human experience rather than the strict application of the classification criteria set out in this 
standard.  
 
280  This entry applies to articles that are used as life -saving v ehicle air -bag in flators, or air -bag modules, or seat-belt pretensioners and that contain dangerous goods of 
class 1 or dangerous goods of other classes.  
 
The component parts and the articles, as presented for transport, shall be  tested in accordance with test series 6(c) in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria, 
and shall show  
 
a)  no explosion of the device,  
 
b)  no fragmentation of the device casing or of the pressure vessel, and  
 
c)  no projection hazard nor thermal effect that woul d significantly hinder f ire-fighting or other emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity.  
 
281  Sea transport of hay, straw or bhusa, wet, damp or contaminated with oil, is  prohibited. These products may only be transported by air, road or rail i f so authorized by 
the relevant competen t authority. If these materials are not wet, damp or contaminated with oil, they are considered da ngerous for transport only when transported by sea.  
 
283  Gas-containing articles, intended to be used as shock absorb ers, in cluding impact energy -absorbing devices, or pneumatic springs, are non -dangerous for transport 
provided that   
a)  each article has a gas space capacity not exceeding 1,6 L and a charge pressure not exceeding 28 000 kPa where the product of the capac ity (in litres) and the charge 
pressure (in kilopascals) does not exceed 8 000. This means  
 
1) a gas space of 0,28 L and a charge pressure of 28 × 103 kPa,  
 
2) a gas space of 0,5 L and a charge pressure of 16 × 103 kPa,  
 
3) a gas space of 1 L and a charge pressure of 8 × 103 kPa, and  
 
4)  a gas space of 1,6 L and a charge pressure of 5 × 103 kPa;  
 
b)  each article has a minimum burst pressure at 20 °C of  
 
1)  four times the charge pressure for products that do not exceed a gas space capacity of 0,5 L, and  
 
2)  five times the charge pressure for products that have a gas space capacity exceeding 0,5 L;  
 
c)  each article is manufactured from material that will not fragment upon rupture;  
 
d)  each article is manufactured in accordance with a quality assur ance st andard acceptable to the competent authority; and  
 
e) the design type of each article has been subjected to a fire test, demonst rating that the pressure in the article is relieved by means of a fire degradable seal, or other pressure 
relief device, such th at the article will not fragment and that the article does not rocket.  
 
284  An OXYGEN GENERATOR, CHEMICAL, that contains oxidizing substances shall comply with the following conditions:  
 
a)  a generator that contains an explosive actuating device shall on ly be trans ported under this entry when it is excluded from class 1 (see the note to 7.1.2.2);  
 
b)  a generator, without its packaging, shall be capable of withstanding a 1,8 m drop t est onto a rigid, non  resilient,  flat and horizontal surface, in the posi tion most likely to 
cause damage, without the loss of its contents and without actuation; and  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
c)  a generator that is equipped with an actuating device, shall be fitted with  at least two positive means of preventing unintentional actuation.  
 
286  Nitrocel lulose membrane filters covered by this entry, with a mass not exceedi ng 0,5 g each, are non  dangerous for transport when they are contained individually in an 
article or in a sealed packet.  
 
288  These substances shall only be classified and transported i f authorized by the competent auth ority on the basis of results from series 2 tests and from test series 6(c) on 
packag es as prepared for transport in accordance with part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and criteria.  
 
289  Airbag inflators, air b ag modules or seat belt pretentioners installed in v ehicles or in completed vehicle components, such as steering columns, door panels and seats 
are non -dangerous for transport.  
 
290  When this material complies with the definitions and criteria of other cl asses or divisions, it shall be classified in accordance with the precedence of hazard (see clause 
21 and table 17). Such material  shall be declared under the proper shipping name and UN number appropriate to t he material in that predominant class or divis ion, and in 
addition, the name applicable to this material, as given in column 2 of B.2.  
 
291  Flammable liquefied gases shall be contained within refrigerating machi ne components. These components shall be designed and tested to at least three times the 
working pressure of the machinery. The refrigerating machines shall be designed and constructed to contain the liquefied gas, and pre clude the risk of bursting, or cracking, of 
the pressure retaining components during normal conditions of transport. Refrige rating machines and refrigerating machine components are conside red non -dangerous for 
transport if they contain less than 12 kg of gas.  
 
292  Only mixtures that contain not more than 23,5 % (by volume) oxygen can be transported under this entry provided th at no other oxidizing gases are present. A division 
5.1 hazard label, indicating the oxidizing subsidiary risk, is not required for any concentrations within this limit.  
 
293  The following definitions apply to matches:  
 
a)  fusee matches – matches of whic h the heads are prepared with a frictio n-sensitive igniter composition and a pyrotechnic composition that burn with little or no flame, but 
with intense heat;  
 
b)  safety matches – matches that are combined or attached to the box, book or card and that can  be ignited by friction only on a prepared surface;   
c)  strike -anywhere matches – matches that can be ignited by friction on a solid surface; and  
 
d) wax "Vesta" matches – matches that can be ignited by friction, either on a  prepared surface or on a solid  surface.  
 
294  Safety matches and wax "Vesta" matches in outer packaging not exceeding  25 kg net mass are not subject to any other requirements except marking of the package 
when pack aged in accordance with packing instruction P407 (see SANS 10229 -1). 
 
295  Batteries need not be individually marked and labelled if the pallet bears the appropriate mark and label.  
 
296  These entries apply for life -saving appliances such as life rafts, personal flota tion devices and self -inflating slides. UN 2990 applies for  self-inflating appliances and UN 
3072 applies for life-saving appliances that are not self -inflating. Life -saving appliances may contain:  
 
a)  signal devices of class 1, which can include smoke and illuminating si gnal flares. The signal devices shall be p acked in packaging that prevents the devices from being 
inadvertently activated;  
 
b)  cartridges and power devices of division 1.4, compatibility group S  for purposes of self -inflating mechanism, provided that the quantity of explosive per appliance does 
not exceed 3,2 g (applicable for UN 2990 only);  
 
c)  compressed gases of division 2.2,  
 
d)  electric storage batteries of class 8 and lithium batteries of class 9,  
 
e)  first-aid kits or repair kits that contain small quantities of dangerous goods of class 3, division 4.1, division 5.2, class 8 or class 9; or  
 
f) “strike -anywhere” matches packed in packaging that prevent them from being inadvertently activated.  
 
297  Arrangements shall be made between the consignor and the operato r(s) for each consignment to  be transported by air in order to ensure that ventilation safety 
procedures are followed.  
 
Transport units that contain solid carbon dioxide and are intended  for transport by sea, shall be conspicuously marked on two sides: "WARNING CO2 SOLID (DRY ICE)".  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
Other packaging that contains solid carbon dioxide and is intended for transport by sea, shall be marked  
"CARBON DIOXIDE, SOLID – DO NOT STOW BELOW DECK".  
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is exempted from the shipping paper requirem ents (see SANS 10232 -1), if the package is marked "Carbon dioxide, solid" or "Dry ice" and with an 
indication that the refrigerated substance contained in the package is used for diagnostic treatment purposes, for example frozen medical specimens.  
 
299  Consignments of COTTON, DRY , with a relative density of 360 kg/m3  when tested in accordance with ISO 8115, are non -dangerous for transport when transported in 
closed transport units.  
 
300  Fish meal and fish scrap is not allowed for transportation if the temperatur e of the product a t the time of loading exceeds 35 °C or the temperature of the product is 5 °C 
above the  ambient temperature, whichever is higher.  
301  a) This entry only applies to apparatus or machinery that contains danger ous substances as a residue, or an integral eleme nt, of the apparatus or the machinery. This 
entry sha ll not be used for apparatus or machinery for which a proper shipping name already exists in B.2 and annex C.  
 
b)  Apparatus or machinery transported under this entry shall contain dang erous goods that a re authorized for transport in accordance with the requirements for limited 
quantities ( KS 2530, ). The quantity of dangerous goods in apparatus and machinery shall not exceed the quantity specified in  column 7(a) of B.2 for each item of dangerous 
goods con tained. Howev er, the competent authority can authorize the transport of apparatus or machinery that contains danger ous goods exceeding the limited quantities given 
in column 7(a) of B.2.  
 
c)  If apparatus or machinery contains more than one item of dangero us goods, the individual substances shall not be capable of reacting dangerously with one another.  
 
d)  To ensure that liquid dangerous goods remain in their intended orientation , packaging orientation labels, in accordance with ISO 780, shall be affixed t o at least two 
vertical sides with the arrows pointing in the correct direction.  
 
e)  Apparatus or machinery that contains dangerous goods and which would otherwise be transported under this entry, can be exempted from regulation by the competent 
authority . 
 
302  The word "UNIT" in the proper shipping name means a  
 
a)  road freight vehicle,   
b)  railway freight wagon,  
 
c)  freight container,  
 
d)  road tank vehicle,  
 
e)  railway tank wagon, or  
 
f)  portable tank.  
 
For sea transport only, the transport docume nts associated with the transpo rt of fumigated transport units shall show the date of fumigation and the type and amount of the 
fumigant used . In addition, instructions for disposal of any residual fumigant, including fumigation devices (if used), sh all be  provided. A warning sign shall be placed on each 
fumigated transport unit in such a location that i t is readily visible to persons attempting to enter the interior of the unit.  
 
303  The classification of UN 2037 shall be based on the gases contained in the gas receptacle and shall be carried out in accordance with the classification criteria as given 
in clause 8.  
 
304  BATTERIES, DRY, that contain a corrosive electrolyte are non -dangerous f or transport if the electrolyte does not flow out of a cracked bat tery case, and provided that 
the ba tteries are securely packed and protected against short -circuits. Examples of such batteries are alkali -manga nese, zinc -carbon, nickel -metal hydride and nickel -cadmium 
batteries.  
 
305  These substances are non -dangerous f or transport when in concentrations of not more than 50 mg/kg.  
 
306  This entry shall only be used for substances that do not exhibit explosives pr operties of class 1 when tested in accordance with test series 1 and 2 in part I of the United 
Nations' Manua l of tests and criteria.  
 
307  This entry shall only be used for uniform mixtures that contain ammonium ni trate as main ingredient within the following composition limits:  
 
a)  at least 90 % (by mass) ammonium nitrate, with not more than 0, 2 % (by mass) to tal combustible (organic) material, calculated as carbon, and with added matter, if any, 
that is inorganic and inert  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  towards ammonium nitrate; or  
 
b)  less than 90 % (by mass) but more than 70 % (by mass) ammonium nitrate , that contains other inorganic compatible material; or  
 
c)  more than 80 % (by mass) but less than 90 % (by mass) ammonium nitrate, mixed with calcium  carbonate or dolomite or mineral calcium sulfate (or any combination of 
these) and  not more than 0,4 % (by mass) total combustible (organic ) material, calculated as carbon; or  
 
d)  nitrogen type ammonium nitrate based fertilizers that contain mixtures of ammonium nitrate and  ammonium sulfate with more than 45 % (by mass) but less than 70 % 
(by mass) ammonium nitrate, and not more than 0,4 % ( by mass) total combustible (organic) material calcu lated as carbon. The sum of the percentage compositions (by mass) 
of ammonium nitrate and ammoniu m sulfate shall exceed 70 % (by mass).  
 
308 Fish scrap or fish -meal shall contain at least 100 mg/kg of anti oxidant (ethoxyquin) at the time of  
consignment.  
 
309 a)  The entry applies to non -sensitized emulsions, suspensions and gels that  consist primarily of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel, intended to produce a type E 
blasti ng explosive only after furth er processing before use.  
 
b)  The mixture for emulsions typically has the following composition:  
 
— ammoniu m nitrate, % (by mass): 60 ― 85 water, % (by mass): 5 ― 30 fuel, % (by mass): 2 ― 8  
 
— emulsifier, % (by mass): 0,5 ― 4  
 
— soluble flame suppressants and trace additives, % (by mass): 0 ― 10  
 
c)  The mixture for suspensions and gels typically has the following composition:  
 
— ammoniu m nitrate, % (by mass): 60 ― 85 sodium or potassium perchlorate,  % (by mass): 0 ― 5 hexamine nitrate or mono methylamine  
 
— nitrat e, % (by mass) 0 ― 17   
— water, % (by mass): 5 ― 15  
 
— emulsifier (thickening agent), % (by mass): 0,5 ― 4  
 
— soluble flame suppressants a nd trace additives, % (by mass): 0 ― 10  
 
Other inorganic nitrate salts may replace part of the ammonium nitrat e in the emuls ions, suspensions and gels.  
c)  The non -sensitized emulsions, suspensions and gels shall satisfactory pass tes t series 8 of the United Nations’ Manual of tests and criteria and be approved by the 
competent authority.  
 
310  The testing requirements of secti on 38.3, part III of the United Nations' Manua l of tests and criteria are not applicable to production runs up to 100 cells and batteries, or 
to pre -product ion prototypes of lithium cells and batteries when these prototypes are transported for testing, pro vided that  
 
a)  the cells and batteries are transported in an outer packaging that is a metal, plastics or plywood drum,  
or a metal, plastics or wooden box that complies with the requirements for packing group I, and  
 
b)  each cell and battery is individua lly packed in an inner packaging i nside an outer packaging and is surrounded by cushioning material that is non -combustible and non -
conductive.  
 
311  Substances shall only be transported under this entry when so approved by  the competent authority on the basis of the results obtained of appropriate tests in 
accordance with part I o f the United Nations’ Manual of tests and criteria. The packaging shall be such to ensure that, at any time d uring transport, the percentage of diluent 
does not fall below that st ated in the competent authority approval.  
 
312  Vehicles that contain an internal combustion engine shall be consigned under the entries UN 316 6 VEHICLE, FLAMMABLE GAS POWERED or UN 3166 VEHICL E, 
FLAMMABLE LIQUID POWERED, as appropriate. These entries incl ude hybrid electric vehicles powered by bot h an internal combustion engine and wet batteries, sodium 
batteries or lithium batteries, transported with the battery or batteries installed.  
 
313  Substances and mixtures meeting the criteria for class 8 shall b e labelle d with a “CORROSIVE” subsidiary risk label DEAS 951:2019 . DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  314  These substances are liable to exothermic decomposition at elevated tem peratures. Decomposition can be initiated by heat or by impurities, for example, powdered 
metals of iron, m angane se, cobalt, magnesium and their compounds. They shall be shaded from direct sunlight and all sourc es of heat during transport and shall be placed in 
adequately ventilated areas.  
 
315  This entry shall not be used for substances of division 6.1 that meet th e inhalatio n toxicity criteria for packing group I (see 12.1.4.6).  
 
316  This entry applies only to CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE, DRY, when transported in non -friable tablet form.  
 
317  “Fissile -excepted” radioactive material shall be packed in accordance  with the  requirements given in , DEAS 951:2019.  
 
318  For the purposes of documentation, the proper shipping name shall be supplemented with th e technical name. Technical names need not be shown on the package. 
When the infectious substances to be transported are unknown, but suspected of meeting the criteria for inclusi on in category A and assignment to UN 2814 or UN 2900, the 
words “suspected category A infectious substance” s hall be shown, in parentheses, following the proper shipping name on the transport  docum ent, but not on the outer 
packaging.  
 
319  Substances packed and marked in accordance with packing instruction P650 (see SANS 10229 -1) are regarded as non -dangerous for transport.  
 
320  It is intended that this entry will be deleted from modal requirements  effective on 1 January 2007. In the interim period, this entry or the appropriate generic entry may 
be used.  
 
321  These storage systems shall always be considered containing hydrogen.  
 
322  When transported in non -friable tablet form, these goods are ass igned to packing group III.  
 
323  The hazard label for division 5.2 as given in  DEAS 951:2019.  
 
324 This substance needs to be stabilized when in concentrations of not more than 99 % (by mass).  
 
325  In the case of non -fissile or fissile excepted uranium hexafluoride, the mat erial shall be classified under  UN No 2978.  
 326  In the case of fissile uranium hexafluoride, the material shall be classified under UN 2977.  
 
327  Waste aerosols (see clause 18) shall be transported under this entry for the purposes of reprocessing or disposal. They need not be protected against inadvertent 
discharge, provided that measures to preven t dangerous build up of pressure and dangerous atmospheres are addres sed. Waste aerosols, other than those leaking or severely 
deformed, shall be packed in accordance wi th packing instruction P003 and special provision PP87 (see DEAS 951:2019.  or packing instruction LP02 a nd special packing 
provision L2 ( DEAS 951:2019. . Leaking or severely deformed aerosols shall be tr ansported  in salvage packaging, provided that appropriate measures are taken to ensure there 
is no danger ous build up of pressure. Waste aerosols shall not be transported in closed freight containers.  
 
328  This entry applies to fuel cell cartridges contained in equipment or p acked with equipment. Fuel cell cartridges installed in or integral to a fuel cell system are regarded 
as contained in equipment. Fuel cell cartridges shall be designed and constructed to prevent fuel leakage under normal conditions of transport.  
 
Fuel cel l cartridge design types using liquids as fuels shall pass an internal  pressure test at a pressure of 100 kPa (gauge) without leakage.  
 
Except for fuel cell cartridges containing hydrogen in metal hydride in complia nce with special provision 339, each fuel  cell cartridge design type shall pass an 1,2 m drop test 
(see KS 2530, ) in the orientation  most likely to result in failure of the containment syste m and with no loss of contents. Fuel cell cartridges containing hydrogen in a metal 
hydride transported und er this entry shall have a water capacity less than or equal to 120 mL.  
 
331  Environmentally hazardous substances meeting the requirements of class  9 (see 15.2), shall display an  additional mark to the class 9 label  DEAS 951:2019.  as shown 
in figure B.1.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  
 
Figure B.1 — Environmentally hazardous mark  
 
332  Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate is considered non -dangerous for transport.  
 
333  Ethanol and gasoline, motor spirit or petrol mixtures for use in spark -ignition engines, for example, in automobiles, statio nary engines and other engines, shall be 
assigned to this en try regardless of variations in volatility.  
 
334  A fuel cell cartridge may contain an activator, provided that it is fitte d with two independent means of preventing unintended mixing with the fuel  during transport.  
 
335  Mixtures of solids that are not subject to the requirements of this standard, and environmentall y hazardous liquids or solids, shall be classified as UN 3077 and can be 
transported under this entry, provided that there is no free l iquid visible at the time the substance is loaded or at the time the  packaging or transport unit is closed. Each transport 
unit shall be leakproof when used as a bulk packagi ng. Sealed packets and articles that contain less than 10 mL of an environmentally  hazardous liquid absorbed  into a solid 
material and with no free liquid in the packet or article are regarded as non -dangerous for tran sport. Likewise, sealed packets and articles that contain less than 10 g of an 
environmentally hazardous soli d, are rega rded as nondangerous for transport.   
336  When transported by air, a single package that contains solid non -combustible LSA -II or LSA -III material, shall not contain an activity greater than 3 000 A2.  
 
337  Type B(U) and Type B(M) packages intended for tran sport by air shall not cont ain activities greater than the following:  
 
a)  low dispersible radioactive material ― as authorized for the package design as specified in the certificate of approval;  
 
b)  special form radioactive material ― 3 000 A1 or 100 000 A2, whichever is the lower or;  
 
c)  all other radioactive material ― 3 00 0 A2.  
 
338  Each fuel cell cartridge transported under this entry and designed to contain a liquefied flammable gas shall  
 
a)  be capable of withstanding a pressure of at least two times the equilibr ium pressure of the contents at 55 °C, without leakage or  bursting,  
 
b)  not contain more than 200 mL of liquefied flammable gas with a vapou r pressure lower than 1 000 kPa at 55 °C, and  
 
c)  be subjected to a hot water  bath test. The temperature of the bath and th e duration of the test shall be such that the in ternal pressure reaches the pressure that would 
have been reached  at 55 °C. If the liquid phase of the gas does not exceed 95 % of the capacity of the receptacle or f uel cell cartridge at 50 °, the temperature of the waterbath 
and the duration of the test shall be such tha t the internal pressure reaches the pressure that would have been reached at 50 °C.  
 
If the contents are sensitive to heat or if the receptacle or fuel cell cartrid ge is manufatured from plastics material that softens at the test temperatu re, the temperature of the bat h 
shall be set at between 20 °C and 30 °C. In addition, one receptacle or fuel cell cartridge in 2 000 shall be tested at 55 °C.  
 
No leakage or permanent deformation of the receptacle or the fuel cell ca rtridge shall occur. Ho wever, a plastics receptacle or fuel cell cartridge may be deformed through 
softe ning, provided that it does not leak.  
 
339  Fuel cell cartridges that contain hydrogen in a metal hydride form and that a re transported under this entry shall have a water capa city less than, or equal to, 120 mL.  
 
The pressure in the fuel cell cartridge shall not exceed 5 MPa at 55 °C. T he design type shall withstand,  without leaking or bursting  
 DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  a)  a pressure of two times the design pressure of the cartridge at 55 °C, or  
 
b)  200 kPa more than the design pressure of the cartridge at 55 °C, whichever is greater.  
 
The pressure at which this test is conducted is referred to in the drop tes t and the hydrogen cycling test (given below), as the “minimum shell burst pressure”.  
 
Fuel ce ll cartridges shall be filled in accordance with procedures pr ovided by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall provide the following information with each fuel cell 
cartridge:  
 
a)  inspection procedures to be carried out before initial filling and before  refilling of the fuel cell cartridge;  
 
b)  safety precautions and potential hazards to be aware of;  
 
c)  a method for determining when the rated capacity has been achieved;  
 
d)  minimum and maximum pressure range;  
 
e)  minimum and maximum temperature rang e; and  
 
f) any other requirements to be met for initial filling and refilling, including t he type of equipment to be used  for initial filling and refilling.  
 
The fuel cell cartridges shall be designed and constructed to prevent fuel leakage under normal co nditions of transport. Each cartridge design type, including cartridges integral 
to a fuel c ell, shall be subjected to, and shall pass, the following tests:  
 
Drop test  
 
Drop the fuel cell cartridge from a height of 1,8 m onto an unyielding surface in the f ollowing orientations:  
 
a)  vertically, on the end containing the shut -off valve assembly;  
 b)  vertically, on the end opposite to the shut -off valve assembly;  
 
c)  horizontally, onto a steel apex with a diameter of 38 mm and with the ste el apex in the upw ard position; and 
 
d)  at an angle of 45° on the end that contains the shut -off valve assembly.  
 
Acceptance criteria  
 
When tested by means of a soap bubble solution or by other equivalent m eans, there shall be no leakage on all possible leak locations when  the cartridge is charged to its rated 
charging pressure.  
The fuel cell cartridge shall then be hydrostatically pressurized to destructi on. The recorded burst pressure shall exceed 85 % of the minimum shell burst pressure.  
 
Fire test  
 
Fill a fuel cell cart ridge to its rated capacity with hydrogen and subject it to a fire engulfment test.  
 
NOTE   The cartridge design can include a vent feature integral to it.  
 
Acceptance criteria  
 
a)  The internal pressure vents to zero gauge pressure without rupture of the c artridge; or  
 
b)  the cartridge withstands the fire for a minimum of 20 min without rupture.  
 
Hydrogen cycling test  
 
This test ensures that the design stress limits of a fuel cell cartridge are not exceeded during use.  
 
Cycle the hydrogen capacity of the f uel cell cartridge from not more than 5 %  rated hydrogen capacity to not less than 95 % rated hydrogen capacity, and then back to not more 
than 5  % rated hydrogen capacity. Use the rated charging pressure for charging the fuel cell cartridge and keep the t emperature within the operating temperature range. 
Continue the cycling for at least 100 cycles.  DEAS 949 :2019   
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved   
Following the cycling test, charge the fuel cell cartridge and measure th e water volume displaced by the cartridge.  
 
Acceptance criteria  
 
The water volume dis placed by the cycled cartridge shall not exceed t he water volume displaced by an uncycled cartridge charged to 95 % rated capacity and pressurized to 75 
% of its minimum shell burst pressure.  
 
Production leak test  
 
Test each fuel cell cartridge, pressurize d to its rated charging pressure, for leaks at 15 °C ± 5 °C.  
 
Acceptance criteria  
 
There shall be no leakage, determined by using a soap bubble solution or b y other equivalent means at all possible leak locations.  
 
Marking of fuel cell cartridges  
 
Each fue l cell cartridge shall be permanently marked with the following information:  
 
a) the rated charging pressure in megapascals (MPa);  
 
b) the manufacturer's serial number of the fuel cell cartridges or unique identification number; and  
 
c) the expiry date bas ed on the maximum service life (year in four digits and month in two digits).  
 
340  Chemical kits, first -aid kits and polyester resin kits are not individually autho rized as excepted quantities in B.2. However, chemical kits, first -aid kits and polyester r esin 
kits that contai n dangerous substances in inner packagings not exceeding the quantity limits for excepted quantities applicab le to the individual substances as specified in 
column 7b of B.2, can be transported as E2 excepted qu antities in accordance w ith the requirements of  DEAS 951:2019   
 341  Bulk transport of infectious substance in BK1 and BK2 bulk containers is only permitted for infectious substances contained in animal carcasses, animal body parts or 
animal foodstuffs.  
 
                                                                           Annex B  
 
 
B.2  Numerical list of dangerous goods (see attached DEAS  949 SUPPLIMENT)  
 
B.2.1   Structure of the dangerous goods list  
 
The dangerous goods list is divided into 11 columns as follows:  
 
 ©KEBS     
 
 
 
 
 
 
 228 
  
 
 
 
 Column 1  "UN No." - this column contains the serial number assigned to the article or substance under the United Nations system.  
Column 2 "Name and description" - this column contains the proper shipping names in uppercase characters, which may be followed by addi tional 
descriptive text presented in lowercase characters (see 3.1.2). An explanation of some of the terms used appears in Appendix B. Proper shipping names 
may be shown in the plural where isomers of similar classification exist. Hydrates may be included under the proper shipping name for the anhydrous 
substance, as appropriate  Unless  otherwise indicated for an entry in the dangerous goods list, the word "solution" in a proper shipping name means one or 
more named dangerous goods dissolved in a liquid that  is not otherwise subject to these Regulations  
Column  3 "Class or division" - this column contains the class or division and in the case of Class 1, the compatibility group assigned to the article or substance 
according to the classification system describ ed in Chapter 2.1.  
Column 4 "Subsidiary hazard" - this column contains the class or division number of any important subsidiary hazards which have been identified by 
applying the classification system described in Part 2.  
Column 5 "UN packing group" - this column contains the UN packing group number (i.e. I, II or III) assigned to the article or substance. If more than one 
packing group is indicated for the entry, the packing group of the substance or formulation to be transported shall be determined, base d on its properties, 
through application of the hazard grouping criteria as provided in Part 2.  
Column 6 "Special provisions" - this column contains a number referring to any special provision(s) that are relevant to the article or substance. Special 
provisions apply to all the packing groups permitted for a particular substance or article unless the wording makes it otherwise apparent.  
Column 7a "Limited Quantities" - this column provides the maximum quantity per inner packaging or article for transporti ng dangerous goods as limited 
quantities  
Column 7b "Excepted Quantities" - this column provides an alphanumeric code described in sub -section 3.5.1.2 which indicates the maximum quantity per inner 
and outer packaging for transporting dangerous goods as ex cepted quantities . 
Column 8 "Packing instruction" - This column contains alphanumeric codes which refer to the relevant packing instructions The packing instructions indicate 
the packaging (including IBCs and large packagings), which may be used for the transport of substances and articles.  
A code including the letter "P" refers to packing instructions for the use of packagings  
A code including the letters "IBC" refers to packing instructions for the use of IBCs A code including the letters "LP " refers t o packing instructions for the 
use of  Large packaging described in chapter 6.6    
 
 
 
 
When a particular code is not provided, it means the sub stance is not authorized in the type of packaging that shall be used according to the packing i nstructions 
bearing that  code.  
When N/A is included in the column it means that the s ubstance or article need not be packaged.  
The packing instructions are listed in numerical order in section 4.1.4 as follows:  
 
 
Subsection 4.1.4.1:Packing instructions concerning the use of packa gings(except IBCs and large packagings) (p);  
 
Subsection 4.1.4.1::Packing instructions concerning the use of IBCs( IBCs );  
 
Subsection 4.1.4.3::Packing instructions concerning the use of large [packagings( LP );  
 
 
Column 9   “Special packing provisions” – this column contains a lphanumeric codes that refer to the relevant special packing provisions  specified .The special 
packing provisions indicate the special provisions for packaging(including IBCs and large package . 
 
A special packing provision including t he letters “PP ” refers to the special packing provision applicable to the use of packing instructions bearing the code “P”.  
 
A special packing provision including the letter “B ” refers to the special packing provision applicable to the use of packing instr uctions bearing the code “IBC”  
 
A special provision including the letter “L” refers t o the special packing provision applicable to packing instructions bearing the code “LP”.  
 
Column 10  “Portable tanks and bulk containers/Instructions” – this column conta ins a number preceded by the letter “T” which  refers to the relevant instruction 
specifying the tank type(s) required for the transport of the substance in portable tanks  
 
A code including the letters  “BK” refers to ty pes of bulk containers  used for the transport of bulk  goods.  
 
The gases authorized for transport in MEGCs are indicated in the column MEGC  in Tables 1 and 2 of packing instruction P200  
 
 
Column 11   “Portable tank and bulk containers/Special provi sions” – this column contains a number prece ded by the letters “TP” referring to any speci al 
provisions that apply to the transport of the substance in portable tanks.  
 
B.2.2   Symbol  
 
The symbol “†” in column 2 indicates that an explanation for the entry is given in annex G.  
Abbreviation  Column  Mean ing  
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  N.O.S  2 Not otherwise specified  
ꝉ 2 Entry for which there is an 
explanation in Appendix B  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annex C  Alphabetical list of dangerous goods  (see attached DEAS 949 SUPPLIMENT)  
 
 
 Annex D Alphabetical list of basic radionuclide values for indiv idual  (see attached DEAS 949 SUPPLIMENT)  
radionuclides and notes to the annex   
 
 
 
 
Annex G  
(informative)  
Glossary of terms for explosives  
 
AIR-BAG INFLATORS, PYROTECHNIC or AIR -BAG MODULES, PYROTECHNIC or SEAT -BELT PRETENSIONERS, PYROTECHNIC  
 
Articles contain ing pyrotechnical substances and used as life -saving vehicle air bags or seat belts.  
Ammunition  
 
Generic term related mainly to articles of military application that consist of all kinds of bombs,  
grenades, rockets, mines, projectiles and other similar dev ices or contrivances.  
 
AMMUNITION, ILLUMINATING with or wi thout burster, expelling charge or propelling charge  
 
Ammunition designed to produce a single source of intense light for lighting up an area. The term  includes illuminating cartridges, grenades and  projectiles, and 
illuminating and target -identification  
bombs.  
The term excludes the following articles that are listed separately in this annex:  
CARTRIDGES, SIGNAL;  
FLARES, AERIAL;  
FLARES, SURFACE;  
SIGNAL DEVICES, HAND; and  
SIGNALS, DISTRESS.  
AMMUNITION,  INCENDIARY  
Ammunition that contains an incendiary substance which can be a solid, a liquid or a gel, including  
white phosphorus. Except when the composition is an explosive per se, it can also contain one or more of the following: a propelling charge with  primer and igniter 
charge; a  fuze with burster or expelling charge.  
The term includes:  
AMMUNITION, INCENDIARY, liquid or gel, with burster, expelling charge or propelling charge,  
AMMUNITION, INCENDIARY with or without burster, expelling charge or propelli ng charge, and  
AMMUNITION, INCENDIARY, WHITE PHOSPHORUS with burster, expelling charge or propelling  
charge.  
AMMUNITION, PRACTICE  
Ammunition without a main bursting charge, and that contains a burster or an expelling charge.  
Normally this article also cont ains a fuze and a propelling charge.  
The term excludes GRENADES, PRACTICE, which is listed separately in this annex.   
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  AMMUNITION, PROOF  
Ammunition that contains pyrotechnical substances, used to test the performance or strength of new  
ammunition, weapon com ponents or assemblies.  
AMMUNITION, SMOKE  
Ammunition that contains a smoke producing substance, such as  
a) a chlorosulfonic acid mixture, titanium tetrachloride or white phosphorus, or  
b) a smoke -producing pyrotechnic composition based on hexachloroethane o r red phosphorus.  
Except when the substance is an explosive per se, the ammunition can also contain one (or more) of a propelling charge with primer and igniter charge, and a fuze 
with burster or expelling charge.  
The term includes  
AMMUNITION, SMOKE, with or without burster, expelling charge or propelling charge, and  
AMMUNITION, SMOKE, WHITE PHOSPHORUS with burster, expelling charge or propelling charge.  
AMMUNITION, TEAR -PRODUCING with burster, expelling charge or  
propelling charge  
Ammunition containing a t ear-producing substance and one or more of the following: a pyrotechnic  
substance; a propelling charge with primer and igniter charge; a fuze with burster or expelling charge.  
AMMUNITION, TOXIC with burster, expelling charge or propelling  
Charge Ammunition  containing a toxic agent and one or more of the following: a pyrotechnic substance; a  
propelling charge with primer and igniter charge; a fuze with burster or expelling charge.  
ARTICLES, EXPLOSIVE, EXTREMELY INSENSITIVE (ARTICLES, EEI)  
Articles that conta in only extremely insensitive detonating substances and that demonstrate a negligible  
probability of accidental initiation or propagation under normal conditions of transport, and that have  
passed test series 7 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of te sts and criteria.  
ARTICLES, PYROPHORIC  
Articles that contain a pyrophoric substance that is capable of spontaneous igni tion when exposed to air, and an explosive substance or component. The term 
excludes articles containing white phosphorus.  
ARTICLES, PYRO TECHNIC for technical purposes  
Articles that contain pyrotechnic substances and that are used for technical purposes such as heat  
generation, gas generation and theatrical effects.  
The term excludes the following articles that are listed separately in this  annex:  
CARTRIDGES, SIGNAL;  
CUTTERS, CABLE, EXPLOSIVE;  
FIREWORKS;  
FLARES, AERIAL;  
FLARES, SURFACE;  
RELEASE DEVICES, EXPLOSIVE;  
RIVETS, EXPLOSIVE;  
SIGNAL DEVICES, HAND;   
 
 
 
SIGNALS, DISTRESS;  
SIGNALS, RAILWAY TRACK, EXPLOSIVE; and  
SIGNALS, SMOKE.  
BLACK POWDER ( GUNPOWDER)  
Substance that consists of an intimate mixture of charcoal or other carbo n, and either potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, with or without sulfur. It can be in the form 
of meal or granules, or it can be  
compressed or pelletized.  
Bombs  
Explosive  articles intended to be dropped from aircraft. They can contain a flammable liquid with  
bursting charge, a photo -flash composition or a bursting charge.  
The term excludes torpedoes (aerial) but includes  
BOMBS, PHOTO -FLASH,  
BOMBS with bursting charge, and  
BOMBS WITH FLAMMABLE LIQUID with bursting charge.  
BOOSTERS  
Articles that consist of charges of detonating explosive with, or without, a means of initiation. Boosters  
are used to increase the initiating power of detonators or detonator cord.  
BURSTERS, explo sive 
Articles that consist of a small charge of explosive used to open projectiles, or other ammunition, in  
order to disperse their contents.  
Cartridges, blank  
Articles that consist of a cartridge case with a centre or rim fire primer, and confined charge of 
smokeless or black powder, but no projectile. Blank cartridges are used for training, saluting, or in  
starter pistols.  
CARTRIDGES, FLASH  
Articles that consist of a casing, a primer and flash powder, all assembled in one piece ready for firing.  
Cartridge s for weapons  
Cartridges for weapons consist of:  
a) fixed (assembled) or semi -fixed (partially -assembled) ammunition designed to be fired from  
weapons. Each cartridge includes all the components necessary for the weapon to function once.  
The name and descr iption shall be used for small arms cartridges that cannot be described as  
CARTRIDGES, SMALL ARMS. Separate loading ammunition is included under this name and  
description when the propelling charge and the projectile are packed together (see also  
"Cartridg es, blank"); and  
b) incendiary, smoke, toxic and tear -producing cartridges are described in this annex under  
AMMUNITION, INCENDIARY.  
CARTRIDGES FOR WEAPONS, INERT PROJECTILE  
A projectile without bursting charge, but with a propelling charge. The presence o f a tracer can be   
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  disregarded for classification purposes, provided that the predominant hazard is that of a propelling  
charge.  
CARTRIDGES, OIL WELL  
Articles that consist of a thin casing made of fibre, metal or other material. Such articles contain only  
propellants which project a hardened projectile. CHARGES, SHAPED, are excluded from this term  
since they are listed separately in this annex.  
CARTRIDGES, POWER DEVICE  
Articles designed to accomplish mechanical actions. They consist of a casing with a charge  of 
deflagrating explosive and a means of ignition. The gaseous products of the deflagration produce  
inflation, or linear or rotary motion, or activate diaphragms, valves or switches or project fastening  
devices, or extinguishing agents.  
CARTRIDGES, SIGNAL  
Articles designed to fire coloured flares or other signals from signal pistols etc.  
CARTRIDGES, SMALL ARMS  
Ammunition that consists of a cartridge case, fitted with a centre or rim fire primer, and that contains  
both a propelling charge and a solid projec tile. The cartridges are designed to be fired in weapons of  
calibre not larger than 19,1 mm. Shotgun cartridges of any calibre are included in this description.  
The term excludes CARTRIDGES, SMALL ARMS, BLANK listed separately in B.2 and annex C, and  
some small arms cartridges that are listed under CARTRIDGES FOR WEAPONS, INERT  
PROJECTILE.  
CASES, CARTRIDGE, EMPTY, WITH PRIMER  
Articles that consist of a cartridge case made from metal, plastics or o ther non -flammable material, in which the only explosive comp onent is the primer.  
CASES, COMBUSTIBLE, EMPTY, WITHOUT PRIMER  
Articles that consist of a cartridge case made partly or entirely from nitrocellulose.  
Charges, bursting  
Articles that consist of a charge of detonating explosive such as hexolite, octolite or plastics -bonded  
explosive, designed to produce effect by blast or fragmentation.  
CHARGES, DEMOLITION  
Articles that consist of a charge of detonating explosive in a casing made  of fibreboard, plastics, metal or other material. Articles listed separately in this annex, for 
example , bombs and mines, are excluded from this term.  
CHARGES, DEPTH  
Articles designed to detonate under water and that consist of a charge of detonating explosive  
contained in a drum or projectile.  
Charges, expelling  
Charges of deflagrati ng explosive designed to eject the payload from the parent articles without  
damage.  
CHARGES, EXPLOSIVE, COMMERCIAL without detonator  
Articles that consist of a charge of detonating explosive without means of  initiation, used for explosive welding, jointing , forming and other metallurgical processes.   
 
 
 
CHARGES, PROPELLING  
Articles that consist of a propellant charge in any physical form, with or  without a casing and used as a component of rocket motors or for reducing the drag of 
projectiles.  
CHARGES, PROPELLI NG FOR CANNON  
Articles that consist of a propellant charge in any physical form, with or without a casing and that are  
used in a cannon.  
CHARGES, SHAPED, without detonator  
Articles that consist of a casing that contains a charge of a detonating exp losive w ith a cavity lined with rigid material, without means of initiation. The charges are 
designed to produce a powerful, penetrating jet effect.  
CHARGES, SHAPED, FLEXIBLE, LINEAR  
Articles that consist of a V -shaped core of a detonating explosive clad by a flex ible metal sheath.  
CHARGES, SUPPLEMENTARY, EXPLOSIVE  
Articles that consist of a small removable booster used in the cavity of a projectile between the fuze and the bursting charge.  
COMPONENTS, EXPLOSIVE TRAIN, N.O.S.  
Articles that contain an explosive, so designed to transmit the detonation or deflagration within an  
explosive train.  
CONTRIVANCES, WATER -ACTIVATED wi th burster, expelling charge or propelling charge  
Articles, where the functioning depends on the physico -chemical reaction of their contents with  water.  
CORD, DETONATING, flexible  
An article that consists of a core of detonating explosive enclosed in spun fabric and covered with  
plastics or other covering, unless the spun fabric is sift -proof.  
CORD (FUSE), DETONATING, metal clad  
An article that con sists of a core of detonating explosive clad by a soft metal tube with or without  
protective covering. When the core contains a sufficiently small quantity of explosive, the words "MILD  
EFFECT" are added to the proper shipping name.  
CORD, IGNITER  
An articl e that consists of textile yarns covered with black powder, or a nother fast burning pyrotechnic composition, and of a flexible protective covering. Alternatively 
it can consis t of black powder surrounded by a flexible woven fabric. The cord burns progressi vely al ong its length with an external flame and is used to transmit 
ignition from a device to a charge or a primer.  
CUTTERS, CABLE, EXPLOSIVE  
Knife -edged devices that are driven by a small charge of deflagrating explosive into an anvil.  
DETONATOR ASSEMBLI ES, NON -ELECTRIC for blasting  
Non-electric detonators assembled with, and activated by, means such as  a safety fuse, a shock tube, a flash tube or a detonating cord. The detonator assemblies 
can be of i nstantaneous design or they can incorporate delay elem ents. Detonating relays incorporating a deto nating cord are included. Other detonating relays are 
included in DETONATORS, NON -ELECTRIC.  
Detonators  
Articles that consist of a small metal or plastics tube and that contains explosives such as lead azide,  
PETN  (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), or combinations of explosives. Detonators are designed to start a   
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  detonator train. Detonators can be constructed to detonate instantaneous ly, or they can contain a delay element for example, detonating relays without detona ting 
cord.  
The term includes  
DETONATORS FOR AMMUNITION, and  
DETONATORS FOR BLASTING, both ELECTRIC and NON -ELECTRIC.  
Entire load and total contents  
"Entire load" and "total contents" refer to such a substantial proportion that the practic al hazard shall be  assessed by assuming simultaneous explosion of the whole 
of the expl osive content of the load or of the package.  
Explode  
Verb used to indicate those explosive effects capable of endangering life, and property, and the  
environment through blast, heat and p rojection of missiles. The term encompasses both deflagration  
and detonation.  
Explosion of the total contents  
Term used in testing a single article, or package, or a small stack of articles or packages.  
Explosive, blasting  
Detonating explosive substances u sed in mining, construction and similar tasks. The term "Blasting  
explosives" can be assigned to any of five types of explosives (see EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE A  
to EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE E). In addition to the ingredients given for the different types of 
blasting explosives, they can also contain inert components such as ki eselguhr, and minor ingredients such as colouring agents and stabilizers.  
EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE A  
Substances that consist of liquid organic nitrates such as nitroglycerine, o r a m ixture of such ingredients with one or more of the following: nitrocellulose, ammonium 
nitrate or oth er inorganic nitrates, aromatic nitro-derivatives, or combustible materials such as wood -meal  and aluminium powder. Blasting explosives of type A are in 
powdery, gelatinous or elastic form.  
The term includes dynamite gelatine, blasting and gelatine dynamites.  
EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE B  
Substances that consist of  
a) a mixture of ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrates with an explosive such as trinitrot oluene  
(TNT), with or without other substances such as wood -meal and aluminium powder, or  
b) a mixture of ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrates with oth er combustible substances which are explosive ingredients. Such explosives shall not contain 
nitroglycerine,  similar liquid organic nitrates, or chlorates.  
EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE C  
Substances that consist of a mixture of either potassium or sodium chlorate, or sodium or ammonium perchlorate, and with organic nitro -derivatives or combustible 
materia ls such as wood -meal or aluminium powder, or a hydrocarbon. Blasting explosives of type C shal l not contain nitroglycerine or similar liquid organic nitrates.  
EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE D  
Substances that consist of a mixture of organic nitrated compounds an d combustib le material such as hydrocarbons and aluminium powder. Blasting explosives of 
type D sh all not contain nitroglycerine, similar liquid organic nitrates, chlorates or ammonium nitrate. The t erm generally includes plastics explosives.  
EXPLOSIVE, BL ASTING, TYPE E   
 
 
 
Substances that consist of water as an essential ingredient and high proportions of ammonium nitrate or other oxidizers, some or all of which are in solution. Other 
constituent s can include nitro -derivatives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), hy drocarbons or aluminium powder.  
The term includes  
a) explosive, emulsions,  
b) explosive, slurry, and  
c) explosive, water gel.  
Explosive, deflagrating  
A substance, for example a propellant, that reacts by deflagration rather than by detonation when  
ignited and used in the normal manner.  
Explosive, detonating  
A substance that would react by detonation rather than by deflagration  when initiated and used in the normal manner.  
EXPLOSIVE, EXTREMELY INSENSITIVE DETONATING SUBSTANCE  (EIDS)  
Substance that, although capable of sustaining a detonation, has demons trated through tests that it is so insensitive that there is very little probability of accidental 
initiation.  
Explosive, primary  
Explosive substance that is manufactured with a view to produce a practic al effe ct by explosion, is very sensitive to heat, to impact or to friction and that, even in 
very small quantities, either detonates or burns very rapidly. It is able to transmit detonation in the case of an initia ting explosive, or deflagration to a secondary 
explosive close to it. The main primary explosives are me rcury fulminate, lead azide and lead styphnate.  
Explosive, secondary  
Explosive substance that is relatively insensitive when compared to primary explosives. A secondary  
explosive is usually initiated by primary explosives with or without the a id of boosters or supplementary charges, and it can act as a deflagrating or as a detonating 
explosive.  
FIREWORKS  
Pyrotechnic articles designed for entertainment.  
Flares  
Articles that contain pyrotechnic substance s and that are designed for use to illuminate, identify, signal or warn.  
The term includes  
FLARES, AERIAL, and  
FLARES, SIGNAL.  
FLASH POWDER  
Pyrotechnic substance that, when ignited, produces an intense light.  
FRACTURING DEVICES, EXPLOSIVE for oil wells, without detonator  
Articles that consist of a charge of detonating explosive contained in a casing and without means of  
initiation.  
These devices are used to fracture rock around a drill shaft to assist the flow of crude oil from the rock.  
Fuse or fuze   
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Although these two words have a common origin (French fusée, fusil ), and are sometimes considered to be different spellings of the same concept, it is useful to 
maintain the c onvention that fuse refers to a cord-like igniting device, whereas fuze refers to a device used in ammunition that incorporates mechanical, electrical, 
chemical or hydrostatical components and  is used to initiate a train by deflagration or detonation.  
FUSE, IGNITER, tubular, metal -clad 
An articl e that consists of a metal tube and a core of deflagrating explosive.  
FUSE, INSTANTANEOUS, NON -DETONATING (QUICKMATCH)  
An article that consists of cotton yarns impregnated with a fine black pow der (Quickmatch). It burns with an external flame and is used i n ignition trains for fireworks.  
FUSE, SAFETY  
An article that consists of a core of fine grained black powder surrounded by a flexible woven fabric with one or more protective outer coverings. When ignited, it 
burns at a  predetermined rate without any external explosive effect.  
Fuzes  
Articles designed to start a detonation or a deflagration in ammunition. Fuzes incorporate  mechanical, electrical, chemical or hydrostatical components, and 
generally also protective features.  
The term includes  
FUZES, DETONATIN G, 
FUZES, DETONATING with protective features, and  
FUZES, IGNITING.  
GRENADES, hand or rifle  
Articles designed to be thrown by hand, or to be projected by a rifle.  
The term includes  
GRENADES, hand or rifle, with bursting charge, and  
GRENADES, PRACTICE, hand  or rifle.  
The term excludes grenades and smoke that are listed under AMMUNITION, SMOKE in B.2.  
IGNITERS  
Articles that contain one or more explosive substance(s) used to start deflagration in an explosive train.  
Igniters can be actuated chemically, electri cally or mechanically.  
The term excludes the following articles that are listed separately in this annex:  
a) CORD, IGNITER;  
b) FUSE, IGNITER;  
c) FUSE, NON -DETONATING;  
d) FUZES, IGNITING;  
e) LIGHTERS, FUSE;  
f) PRIMERS, CAP TYPE; and  
g) PRIMERS, TUBULAR.  
Ignition, means of  
General term used in connection with the method employed to ignite a def lagrating train of explosive or pyrotechnic substances, for example, a primer for a 
propelling charge, an ign iter for a rocket motor, and an igniting fuze.  
Initiation, means of   
 
 
 
a) Device intended to cause the detonation of an explosive, for example, a detonator, a detonator for  
ammunition and a detonating fuze.  
b) The term "with its own means of initiation", means that the contrivance has its normal initiating  
device ass embled to it and this device is considered to present a significant risk during transport,  
but not one great enough to be unacceptable.  
The term does not apply, however, to a contrivance packed together with its means of initiation,  
provided that the devic e is packaged so as to eliminate the risk of causin g detonation of the contrivance in the event of accidental functioning of the initiating device. 
The means of initiating can even be assembled to the contrivance, provided that protective features are in p lace to ensure the unlikelihood of detonation of the 
contrivance under normal conditions of transport.  
c) For classification purposes, the following should be taken into account:  
1) any means of initiation without two effective protective features is regar ded as a Compatibility  
Group B explosive;  
2) an article with its own means of initiation, and without two effective protective features, is  
regarded as a Compatibility Group F explosive;  
3) a means of initiation which in itself possesses two effective feat ures, is regarded as a  
Compatibility Group D explosive; and  
4) an article with a means of initiation that possesses two protective features can be regarded as  
a Compatibility Group D or a Compatibility Group E explosive.  
The competent authority shall appro ve means of initiation that is adjudged as having two effective  
protective features. A common and effective way of achieving the neces sary degree of protection is to use a means of initiation that incorporates two or more 
independent safety features.  
JET-PERFORATING GUNS, CHARGED, oil well, without detonator  
Shaped charges inserted into a steel tube or a metallic strip. The charges are connected by a  
detonating cord and without a means of initiation.  
LIGHTERS, FUSE  
Articles of various design that are actuat ed by friction, by percussion or by an electric current, and are used to ignite safety fuses.  
Mass explosion  
An explosion that affects almost the entire load virtually instantaneously.  
MINES  
Articles, normally consisting of metal receptacles or composition  receptacles, and a bursting charge.  
The design is such that they can be operated by the passage of ships, b y vehicles or by personnel. The term includes "Bangalore torpedoes".  
OXYGEN GENERATORS, CHEMICAL  
Devices containing chemicals, that on activation, r elease oxygen as a product of chemical reaction.  
Chemical oxygen generators are used for the generation of oxygen for re spiratory support, for example, in aircraft, submarines, spacecraft, bomb shelters and 
breathing apparatus.  
Oxidizing salts such as chlo rates and perchlorates of lithium, sodium and potassium, used in chemical  
oxygen generators, evolve oxygen when heated. These salts are mixed (compounded) with a "fuel",  
usually iron powder, to form a chlorate candle that produces oxygen by continuous reac tion.  
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  Once the reaction has started, oxygen is released from the hot salt by t hermal decomposition (a thermal shield is placed around the generator). A portion of the 
oxygen reacts with the "fuel" to produ ce more heat, which produces more oxygen, and so on . 
A percussion device, a friction device or an electric wire can initiate oxygen generators.  
POWDER CAKE (POWDER PASTE), WETTED  
Substance that consists of nitrocellulose impregnated with more than 60 % (by  mass) of nitroglycerine or other liquid organic ni trates, or a mixture of these.  
POWDER, SMOKELESS  
Substance based on nitrocellulose, and used as propellants. The term inc ludes propellants with a single base (nitrocellulose (NC) alone), those with a double base 
(such as NC and nitroglycerine (NG)) and those with a triple base (such as NC, NG and nitroguanidine).  
Cast, pressed or bag -charges of smokeless powder are given separately in this annex under  
CHARGES, PROPELLING or CHARGES, PROPELLING FOR CANNON (see also B.2 and annex C).  
PRIMERS, CAP TYPE  
Article s that consist of a metal or a plastics cap, that contain a small amount of primary explosive  
mixture, and that are readily ignited by impact.  
Cap type primers serve as igniting elements in small arms cartridges, and in percussion primers for  
propelling ch arges.  
PRIMERS, TUBULAR  
Articles that consist of a primer for ignition and an auxiliary charge of deflagrating explosive such as  
black powder, to ignite the propelling charge in a cartridge case, for example a cannon.  
PROJECTILES  
Articles such as a shell o r a bullet and that are projected from a cannon or other artillery gun, rifle, or  
other small arm. Projectiles can be inert, with or without tracer, or can co ntain a burster or an expelling charge, or a bursting charge.  
The term includes  
a) PROJECTILES, in ert, with tracer,  
b) PROJECTILES with burster or expelling charge, and  
c) PROJECTILES with bursting charge.  
PROPELLANTS  
Deflagrating explosives that are used for propulsion, or for reducing the drag of projectiles.  
PROPELLANTS, LIQUID  
Deflagrating explosiv e substances in liquid form that are used for propulsion.  
PROPELLANTS, SOLID  
Deflagrating explosive substances in solid form that are used for propulsion.  
RELEASE DEVICES, EXPLOSIVE  
Articles, with a means of initiation and consisting of a small charge of  explosive. These devices sever rods or links to release equipment quickly.  
ROCKET MOTORS  
Articles that consist of a solid, liquid or hypergolic fuel contained in a cylinder, fitted with one or more nozzles, and that is designed to propel a rocket or a guide d 
missile.  
The term includes  
ROCKET MOTORS,   
 
 
 
ROCKET MOTORS WITH HYPERGOLIC LIQUIDS, with or without expelling charge, and  
ROCKET MOTORS, LIQUID -FUELLED.  
ROCKETS  
Articles that consist of a rocket motor and a payload that can be an explosive warhead or anothe r 
device.  
The term includes guided missiles and  
ROCKETS, LINE -THROWING,  
ROCKETS, LIQUID -FUELLED with bursting charge,  
ROCKETS with bursting charge,  
ROCKETS with expelling charge, and  
ROCKETS with inert head.  
SIGNALS  
Articles that contain pyrotechnic substa nces and are designed to pro duce signals by means of sound, flame or smoke, or any combination thereof.  
The term includes  
SIGNAL DEVICES, HAND,  
SIGNALS, DISTRESS, ship,  
SIGNALS, RAILWAY TRACK, EXPLOSIVE, and  
SIGNALS, SMOKE.  
SOUNDING DEVICES, EXPLOSIVE  
Articles, consisting of a charge of detonating explosive, and designed to be dropped from ships and  
function when they reach a predetermined depth, or the seabed.  
STABILIZED  
"Stabilized" means that the substance is in a condition that precludes uncontroll ed re action. This can be achieved by methods such as the addition of an inhibiting 
chemical, de gassing the substance to remove  dissolved oxygen to render the air space in the package inert, or by maintaining the substance under temperature 
control.  
SUBSTANCES,  EXPLOSIVE, VERY INSENSITIVE (SUBSTANCES, EVI),  
N.O.S.  
Substances that present a mass explosion hazard, but are so insensitive that there is very little  
probability of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under normal conditions of transp ort. 
The substances shall be able to pass test series 5 in part I of the United Nations' Manual of tests and  
criteria.  
TORPEDOES  
Articles that contain an explosive, or non -explosive, propulsion system and are designed to be  
propelled through water. Torpedo es can contain an inert head or a warhead.  
The term includes  
TORPEDOES, LIQUID -FUELLED, with inert head,  
TORPEDOES, LIQUID -FUELLED, with or without bursting charge, and  
TORPEDOES with bursting charge.   
 
 
 
© EAC 2019  – All rights reserved  TRACERS FOR AMMUNITION  
Sealed articles that contain pyr otechnic substances and are designed to reveal the trajectory of a  
projectile.  
Warheads  
Warheads are articles that consist of detonating explosives and they are designed to be fitted to a  
rocket, to a guided missile, or to a torpedo. They can contain a bur ster, or an expelling charge, or a  
bursting charge.  
The term includes  
WARHEADS, ROCKET, with burster or expelling charge,  
WARHEADS, ROCKET, with bursting charge, and  
WARHEADS, TORPEDO, with bursting charge.