KENYA STANDARD      DKS 2866:2019   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The storage  and handling  of toxic 
substances  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© KEBS 201 9 
 
 
  DKS 2866:2019  
 
ii  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  TECHNICAL COMMITTEE REPRES ENTATION  
 
The following organizations were represented on the Technical Committee:  
 
Government chemist  
National Environmental Management Authority  
National Transport and Safety Authority  
Kenya Railways  
Directorate occupational health and safety service  
Ministry of Health  
Ministry of Transport  
Kenya Maritime Authority  
Kenya Airways  
Kenya Transport Association  
Kenya ports authority  
Radiation protection board  
National Corridor Transit and transport authority  
Nairobi University  
Kenya police Service (Traffic department)  
Dangerous goods management ltd.  
Kenya Bureau  of Standards — Secretariat.  
 
 
REVISION OF KENYA STANDARDS  
 
In order to keep abreast of progress in industry, Kenya Standards shall be regularly reviewed.  Suggestions for 
improvements to published standards, addressed to the Managing Director, Kenya Bureau  of Standards, are 
welcome.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Kenya Bureau of Standards, 201 9 
 
Copyright. Users are reminded that by virtue of Section 25 of the Copyright Act, Cap. 130 of 2001 of  the Laws of Kenya, copyright subsists 
in all Kenya Standards and except as provided under Section 25 of this Act, no Kenya Standard produced by Kenya Bureau of Sta ndards 
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any mea ns without prior permission in writing from the 
Managing Director.  
  KENYA STANDARD                                           KS 1408 -1: 2018  
ICS     
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    iii  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The storage  and handling  of toxic substances  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS (KEBS)  
 
Head Office: P.O. Box 54974, Nairobi -00200, Tel.: (+ 254 020 ) 605490, 602350, Fax: (+254 020 ) 604031  
E-Mail: info@kebs.org, Web:http://www.kebs.org  
 
Coast Region    Lake Region    R i f t  Valley Region  
P.O. Box 99376, Mombasa -80100  P.O. Box 2949, Kisumu -40100  P.O. Box 2138, Nakuru -20100  
Tel. : (+254 041 ) 229563, 230939/40  Tel. : (+254 057) 23549, 22396  Tel. : (+254 051) 210553, 210555  
Fax :  (+254 041 ) 229448    Fax :  (+254 057) 21814  
 
  DKS 2866:2019  
 
iv  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
Fore Word  
 
This Kenya Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Transport of dangerous goods  under the 
guidance of the Standards Projects Committee, and it is in accordance with the procedures of the Kenya 
Bureau of Standards.  
 Preparation of the Standard was commenced followin g a request from the standards approval committee  
that a  series of  Standards be prepared on  the storage and handling of  dangerous  goods.  
The o bjective of this Standard  is to provide users of toxic substances with  such requirements and 
recommendations for  the storage and handling of those substances as  are appropriate  to the interests of  
safety of persons and  property.  
This Standard  deals  with dangerous  goods  of Class  6.1, as  classified  in the UN Recommendations  on the 
Transport of  Dangerous Goods  
The series of  Standards  covering the storage  and handling  of dangerous goods presently  comprises    the 
following Standards :  
 LP Gas -Storage and  handling Code  of practice for  the safe  handling of cryogenic fluids  
 The storage and  handling  of flammable and  combustible  liquids  
 Anhydrous  Ammonia -Storage  and handling ( known as the  SAA Anhydrous   
 The storage and  handling  of pesticide  
 The storage and  handling  of hazardous chemical  Materials -Class  5.2 substances  
(organic peroxides )  
 The storage  and handling of  liquefied chlorine gas  
 The storage and  handling of  corrosive substances   
 Liquefied natural gas  - Storage and  handling  
 The storage, handling  and transport of  liquid and liquefi ed polyfunctional  isocyanates  
 The storage and  handling of  oxidizing agents  
 The storage and  handling of  gases in cylinders  
 
During the preparation of this standard, reference was  made to the followin g document s: 
AS/NZS  4452:  1997  
Acknowledgement is hereby made for the assistance derived from these sources . 
  
KENYA STANDARD            
 
 
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    1  
 
The storage and handling of toxic substances  
 
1.1 Scope   
 
 This Standard  sets out  requirements and recommendations for  the safe storage and handling of  toxic 
substances  Class  6.1    
 
The Standard  also applies  to other dangerous goods  that are  assigned a  Class 6.1 subsidiary risk, except 
where they are of Class    2, or where more  stringent    requirements    apply under  another relevant  Standard 
or applicable regulation.  
 
This Standard applies in  locations that are generally industrial, commercial    or rural in nature , including    
laboratories.  
This Standard does  not apply to - 
(i) the transport  on land of toxic substances.  
(ii) storage in  port areas .  
 
1.2   Application  The requirements of  this Standard    apply in  conjunction  with, but  do not take 
precedence over, any  government regulations  that apply in any area.  
Where the  toxic substance    being kept has one or more Subsidiary  Risks, reference shall  be made  to the 
Kenyan  Standards  relevant to  the classes of those risks and  the more stringent  
requirements shall  apply.  
NOTE:  Where no  Kenyan  Standard applies for  a particular Subsidiary  Risk, reference  should be made to the 
relevant  regulatory authority . 
Where polyfuncti onal isocyanates    are kept, reference to Kenyan standard shall  also be  made and the more 
stringent  requirements shall apply . 
NOTES:  
1Toxic   substances    that are classified    as dangerous    goods may also  be classified    as workplace 
hazardous substances . As such they  will also    be subject    to the legislative    requirements    relating    to 
workplace    hazardous    substances. Cognizance of  the relevant require ments    of the Standard for the  
Uniform Scheduling of  Drugs and Poisons (SUSDP) is also necessary . 
2 An installation    may come under the regulatory    control of several authorities    having    differing areas of  
responsibility, and an approval from  one aut hority    does not  necessarily    constitute an  approval    from the 
others.  
3 Cognizance of  the relevant requirements of  the Building Code  of Kenya  
is necessary for  all   matters relating    to building    works.  
4 The bulk transfer of  toxic substances between  a ship and an onshore storage  is controlled by  the relevant 
regulatory authority . 
For minor storage (as defined    in Clause 1.5.17 )   of toxic substances , only Sections 1, 2, 6  and 
9 of this Standard    apply . For transit  storage ( as defined in Clause 1.5.37 )   of toxic substances, only  
Sections 1, 3 , 6, 7 and 9 apply.  
 
1.3   NEW DESIGNS AND  INNOVATIONS    Any materials, designs , methods of assembly and procedures 
which  do not comply with  the specific requirements    of this Standard or  are not mentioned    in it but  which 
give performance and  safety equivalent to  those specified    are not necessarily prohibited .   Under such 
conditions    the relevant regulatory authority can  advise on the procedure for  approval.  
 
1.4 Normative reference    
 
UN (United Nations) Manual of tests and criteria Recommendations on Transport of dangerous goods   
IMDG Code -International maritime dangerous goods code  
CSC/IMO -International convention for safe containers  
IATA ( International air transport association -dangerous goods regulation   
2  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  Environmental management and coordination act (EMCA) No.8 of 1999  ACT 
The Occupational Health and Safety ACT 2007  
 
1.5   DEFINITIONS    For the purpose of this Standard, the  definitions below    apply.  
 
1.5.1    Access -a means  by which persons and  vehicles can  approach and  leave a specific location; includes 
walkways, platforms, stairways, ladders, roads  and all other provisions  for 
convenient    entry and exit.  
 1.5.2    Approved, approval -with the agreement  of, acceptable    to, an d meeting    the 
prescribed standards of, the  authority having jurisdiction . 
1.5.3    Boundary -the   perimeter of  the whole of the site under  the same occupancy as  that on which the 
installation    is situated.  
 1.5.4    Bulk-relating    to toxic substances that are - 
(a)   in liquid    or paste form  and are kept  in a container having a  capacity of  greater than  in 
   4250 L   
(b)   in solid form ( including powders) and  are kept in a container in  an undivided quantity   
exceeding in    250 kg.  
 
1.5.5    Bund -an   impervious    embankment of  earth, or  a wall of  brick, stone, concrete or   
other suitable material which may  form part or all of  the perimeter of  a compound.  
 
1.5.6    Compound -an area bounded by natural    ground contours    or by a bund, being  sufficiently    
impervious    to retain any spills or  leaks of substances kept within the area pending the recovery of  those 
spilled or  leaked substances . 
 
1.5.7    Container -anything    in or by which dangerous goods are  wholly or  partly cased , covered, enclosed, 
contained    or packed, whether    such a thing is empty or partially    or completely    full, but does  not include a  
vehicle    or freight container . 
 
1.5.8    Dangerous    goods-substances    and articles that- 
 
(a)   satisfy the tests and  criteria    for determ ining whether goods are  dangerous goods  as specified in  - 
(I) the UN Manual of  Tests and Criteria; or  
(ii) the UN Recommendations    on the Transport of  Dangerous Goods ; or 
 
(b)   in Kenya , are determined    to be dangerous goods  by the competent authority.  
  
1.5.9    Fire   resistance    level ( FRL)/ fire resistance    rating ( FRR) -the   grading    period, in  minutes, 
determined    in accordance    with   relevant regulation  for- 
(a)   structural    adequacy; ( b) integrity; and  
 
(c)   insulation,  and expressed    in that   order ( e.g.   60/60/30).  
NOTES:  
1 Where  an   FRL/ FRR is required, reference    should    be made to the  Building Code  of Kenya  
 for guidance.  
 
1.5.10    Freight    container -an article    of   transport    equipment    that   is   of   a   permanent character    
and accordingly    strong    enough    to be  suitable    for repeated    use; specially    designed to facilitate    the 
transport    of goods, by one or more modes    of transport, without    immediate reloading; designed    to be 
secured    and/or readil y   handled, having    fittings    for these purposes . 
The term includes    neither    vehicles    nor packaging; however, containers    when    carried    on a 
chassis    are included . 
 
1.5.11  Hazardous    area-an   area in which    an explosive    atmosphere    is present, or may be  present, in  
quantities    such as  to require    special    precautions    for the construction, installation  and use of potential    
ignition    sources.  
 
1.5.12    Ignition    source -a   source    of energy    sufficient    to ignite    a flammable    atmosphere, and which    
may include    naked    flames, exposed    incandescent    material, electrical    welding    arcs, mechanical    or 
static    sparks, and electrical    or mechanical    equipment    not approved    for use in  hazardous    locations.  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    3 1.5.13    Incompatible -in relation    to toxic    substances    or   the   containers    in which    such substances    
are   kept, the    ability    to react    or combine    with   one   another    in a manner    that increases    the hazard 
of an  individual    substance, th at   could cause deterioration    of any of  those substances, that    could    
increase    the hazards    in the event    of fire, or that    could    increase    the  
likelihood    of contamination    by toxic    substances.  
NOTES:  
 This   definition    should    be read in conjunction    with Clause    1.5.27.  
2   Toxic    substances    and foodstuffs    are an example    of incompatibility.  
3   Other    goods    with   which toxic    substances    are incompatible    may   be identified    and   from relevant    
MSDSs.  
 
1.5.14    Installation -all   of those    facilities    on   a site    that   are   related    to the storage    or handling    of 
toxic   substances.  
 
1.5.15    Intermediate    bulk   container ( IBC)-a   container, other    than a  packaging -  
(a) used for the transport    of dangerous    goods  of other than    Class    2;  
(b) 
(c)having    a capacity    of not more    than 3    m’; designed    and constructed    to be loaded    onto, and 
unloaded    from, a vehicle    while filled ; and   
 
(d) complying    with   the ACTDG    Specifications for Intermediate    bulk containers for  the 
Transport of Dangerous Goods ! or otherwise    approved    design.  
 
1.5.16    Material    safety    data   sheet ( MSDS) -a   document    that provides    information    on the  
identification, health    hazards, precautions    for use and the safe handling    of a specific chemical  product, 
and which    complies  with ISO 
 
1.5.17    Minor storage -the storage  of toxic substances in  accordance with the  criteria set  out in  Clause    2.2 
of this Standard .   Minor storage is that  quantity which, in  the event of  loss of containment of  the toxic 
substance    in an emergency, will not unduly    contribute to the  emergency.  
. 
1.5.18    Non-combustible -material    that does  not support combustion or  is deemed to be  non-combustible    
when tested    in accordance    with ISO.   For the  purpose of  this Standard, hardwood is  deemed to be non -
combustible.  
 
1.5.19    Packag e-the   complete    product of the packaging    operation, consisting    of the  packaging and  its 
contents  prepared for  transport.  
 
1.5.20    Packaging - 
(a)   in relation to  dangerous    goods of other than Class 2 that are liquid, a  container    having a capacity    not 
exceeding 450 
  
(b)   in relation to  solid dangerous goods, a container    holding or  capable of holding not  more than  400 kg of 
those goods in  an undivided quantity . 
 
1.5.21    Packing    Group ( PG)-the   division    of dangerous goods  (of other than Classes    1,  
 2, 5.2 ,   6.2 and 7 ) into three hazard groups as designated    in the , in decreasing    order of  hazard, by  the 
Roman numerals - 
(a)   'I’ for great danger ; 
(b)   'II'   for medium danger; and   
(c)   'III'   for minor danger.  
NOTE:    The UN  Manual of Tests  and Criteria  provides criteria for  the assignment    of 
Packing Groups .   
 
1.5.22    Pesticide -any substance or mixture of substances  intended  for preventing  or controlling any  
unwanted species of  insects, plants  and animals, including any substance or  mixture of  substances    
intended for  use as a plant -growth    regulat or, defoliant or  desiccant.  
 
1.5.23    Pipework -an   assembly of  pipes, pumps, hoses, valves  and fittings used in  the  
transfer of  toxic substances .  
  
4  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  1.5.24    Practicable -practical    with regard to - 
(a)   the severity    of the  hazard or risk in question ;  
(b)   the state    of knowledge    about that hazard    or risk and any ways of removing    or 
mitigating    that hazard or  risk; 
(c)   the availability and  suitability    of ways to remove or mitigate that  hazard or  risk; and  
(d)   the cost of removing or  mitigating    that hazard or  risk. 
 
1.5.25    Protected places -these    are deemed to include - 
(a) a dwelling, place of  worship, public  building, school or  college, hospital, aged  persons' accommodation, 
childcare    facility    or theatre;  
(b)   a factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop, building, or  yard where persons are employed;  
(c)   a ship lying at  permanent berthing facilities ; 
(d)   any storage    facility    for dangerous    goods    outside    the property    boundary    of the  installation; or  
(e)   an environmentally    sensitive area, which includes but  is not limited to - (I) a water catchment area  
(ii)   a reservoir    for drinking water ; 
(iii) a freshwater    or marine    environment; or  
(iv)   a national    park or  equivalent.  
 
1.5.26    Public place -any place other than private property, open  to the public, which the  public has  a right    
to use and which includes a  public    road.  
Commercial    building    car parking areas  are not considered    to be public places . 
 
1.5.27    React dangerously -in   relation    to the reaction of substances, to  react in  a manner that directly 
creates a  hazard due to the reaction - 
(a)   being violent;  
(b)   producing an explosion ; 
(c) producing a  potentially    explosive    combination    of products;  
(d)   producing fire  or rapid    evolution    of heat; or 
(e)   producing toxic vapor or  toxic gas . 
NOTE:  Examples    of substances    that react dangerously    are acids    and cyanides; stabilized  acetone 
cyanohydrin    evolving    hydrocyanic    acid   gas in    the presence    of alkalis; and  iron pent carbonyl    
reacting with  water or  steam to produce carbon  monoxide.  
 
1.5.28    Regulatory    authority -the   statutory    authority having  jurisdiction    for that particular aspect of  the 
storage and  handling of  Class 6.1    substances.  
NOTE:  More than one authority    may be involved    in relation to such matters (see Note 2 to  
Clause 1.2 ). 
 
1.5.29    Restricted    area-an   area to which access is only  available    to such persons as are  authorized    by 
the occupier.  
  
1.5.30    Retail premises -premises    on which goods of Class 6.1    are kept  for the purpose of  
sale to  the general public . 
 
1.5.31    Screen wall -a structurally -sound    wall that is impervious    to liquid and  vapor  and is constructed    of 
materials    that are substantially    resistant    to attack by  the toxic    substances kept.  
 
1.5.32    Segregation -the   isolation    of goods that are incompatible, or  react dangerously , from each other  
within a  storage area . 
  
1.5.33    Separation -the   isolation    of dangerous goods stores from protected places, public  places, 
boundaries    or other dangerous goods  stores.  
 
1.5.34    Shall, should, may -the word  'shall’ is to be understood as mandatory and  the word  
'should'    as advisory; ‘ may’ implies    the right to use discretion.  
 
1.5.35    Tank -a   receptacle, other than  an intermediate    bulk container, having  a capacity    of at least,  450 
L, for liquids and  a capacity    of at least  500 L  for gases.  'Tank'    includes - 
 
(a)a demountable    tank, which is  a tank designed to  be carried on  a vehicle, having no  permanent 
attachment    to the vehicle chassis and  includes    a tank container    and portable tank;   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    5 (b)   a portable    tank, which    is a tank within the  scope of the requirements of  a ‘portable tank'    or ‘portable    
tank for gases '   in Section 13  of the General    Introduction to the  IMDG Code ; and  
 
(c)   a tank container, which is    a portable    tank within the scope of  the requirements for  
'container'    in the International    Convention for  Safe Containers  (CSC/IMO).  
 
1.5.36    Toxic substances -substances    and articles that - 
(a)   are listed as Class  6.1 substances     
(b) meet the classified    criteria specified in  the UN  Manual of Tests and Criteria ; (c)   have a primary risk    of 
another class    and a  Subsidiary    Risk of  6.1;   or 
NOTE:    For the purposes of  this Standard, the  term ‘toxic substances '   is deemed  to include    toxic articles.  
 
1.5.37    Transit    storage -storage    of toxic substances, in  accordance with  Section 3 of this  
Standard, held in  transit for  at least 12 hand not more than three  normal working days.  
 
1.6   PACKAGING    A packaging that  is to be filled with toxic substances shall - 
 
(a)   for use other than at  the premises at which it  is to be filled, meet  the requirements    of relevant Kenyan 
standard ; and  
 
(b)   for use at the premises at  which it  is to be filled, be  constructed - 
 
(I)   with sufficient    strength and  durability    for its proposed service; and  
(ii) such that all components of  the packaging that  may be directly in contact  with the contents    are 
compatible with  the contents . 
 
1. 7   LABELLING    Packages containing    toxic substances shall  be labelled in  accordance with the relevant 
Kenyan standard . 
 
1.8   SECURITY OF STORAGE    AREAS    All storage  areas shall be appropriately secured  from access by 
unauthorized    persons.    The storage area shall be considered    a 'restricted    area'.  
 
1.9   SEPARATION AND SEGREGATION  
 
1.9.1    Separation    of stores    from protected places, public places  and boundaries . All stores    containing    
toxic substances, in quantities    above those for minor storage, shall be  separated    from protected places, 
public places and  boundaries by the  minimum    distances determined    from Table 1.1.  
 
To calculate    the minimum separation    distance    from a store to  a protected place, public  place or 
boundary, the  distance corresponding to  the quantity of toxic substances    stored and their Packing Group is 
determined from  Table l.  l(A), and  multiplied by the risk factor determined in Table    1.l(B) and the protectio n   
factor determined in  Table lull (C).   Except for  a retail  store’s public access  point, a  minimum separation 
distance    of 5 m for PG I substances and  3 m for PG II and PG III substances shall  apply.  
Where quantities    of toxic    substances    in excess of 500  tones are stored, they shall be  separated by  
distances determined    by risk assessment . 
NOTES:  
1 Appendix C  gives a  worked example of  the calculation    of separation distance.  
2 Where the  separation    distance    is measured across a  boundary to a  protected place    or public place on 
neighboring premises, and  subsequent developments  on those neighboring premises  compromise    the 
original separation distance, then  the relevant regulatory authority may  require that the original installation    
be modified, relocated    or taken out  of service, to  ensure that  the separation distance remains    in 
compliance.  
3 Other requirements may  be specified in the  DOSH ACT  for the  Contro l of Major Hazard  Facilities.  
 Separation distances    may be measured in a  horizontal    plane    around an intervening    screen wall, 
provided that- 
(a)   where the height    of the store is greater than  or equal to  that of  the protected place, the  wall shall    
extend    at least    1   m above the highest    container    in the  store;  
 
(b)   where the height of  the store    is less than that    of the protected    place, the  wall shall  extend    at least    
1   m above the protected place or  extend as  a roof above the store;  
  
6  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  (c)   the wall  shall be marked such  as to indicate the  maximum per missible    storage height;  
And 
 
(d)   the   wall and  the roof, if  any, shall have a  fire resistance    level ( FRL)/ fire resistance  rating (FRR) of  at 
least    1201120/120.  
 
NOTE:  Where an FRL/ FRR is required, reference    should    be made to the  Building    Code of  Kenya . 
 
1.9.2    Segregation  
 
1.9.2.1    Segregation    of   substances    that   are   incompatible    or   which    may   react dangerously    
Stores of  toxic substances    shall be  segregated from  incompatible    goods and  goods with which    they may  
react dangerously    in accordance with the  following:  
 
(a)   Where the substances    being kept are  incompatible -  
(i) they shall be k ept in separate compounds; or  
(ii)   they shall be  segregated    by a distance    of at least 5  m, except that, where  both substances are  solids, 
the minimum segregation distance may  be reduced to 3 m. 
  
(b)   Where the  substances being kept may  react dangerously -  
(i) they shall not be kept within    the same compound, or  in compounds that share  a common drainage 
system; and  
(ii)   they shall be segregated by  a distance    of at least    5 m. 
 
(c) Where toxic substances    are being consolidated    for transport, they may be  held in  a vehicle    or freight 
container, provided that  they are segregated within that vehicle or  freight container    in accordance with the  
IMDG  Code or IATA Dangerous  
Goods Regulations, as  appropriate to  the intended mode  of transport.  
Where used, bunds shall  comply with  Clause    5. 7. Where toxic substances are  kept with other dangerous 
goods  that are compatible    and do not react dangerously with  each other, the two  storage areas should be  
discrete    ones (f or good housekeeping reasons ). 
 
1.9.2.2    Segregation from foodstuffs , other products  for human or animal consumption, empty  foodstuff 
containers, material for  the production of foodstuff packaging’s  and medical and  veterinary material shall  not 
be kept in the same room, store  or cabinet as  any dangerous goods  of Class 6.1 ,   Packing    Group I.  
Foodstuffs , other products for  human or  animal  consumption, empty foodstuff  containers, material    for the 
production    of foodstuff packaging’s and  medical and  veterinary material may be  kept in  the same store  or 
room as dangerous goods of  Class 6.1 ,   Packing Group II or III, provided    that- 
 
(a)   they are kept at least 5  m away from the dangerous goods ; 
(b)   they are not  kept in any  compound that    is provided for  the dangerous goods; and  
(c)   the dangerous goods  are in packages  that are  not opened .  
A   toxic substance  shall not be kept on  or above any shelf in which any food, drink or medicine    is stored or 
displayed, or  in any cupboard, box  or other place in  which articles of food, drink or medicine are  stored or  
kept for use . 
1.9.2.3    Measurement of  segregation distances    The distance s specified in Clauses    l. 9.2.  l and 1.9.2.2    
may be measured in a  horizontal    plane around an intervening screen wall , provided that the screen wall 
extends a  distance of at least  1 m above the highest storage  and is clearly marked to indicate the  highest 
storage  permitted.    Where any of the goods being so  segregated    are of Classes 2.1 ,   3 or 5, such a 
screen wall shall have an FRL /FRR    in accordance with  the requirements given  in the appropriate    
Australian Standard  for that class of dangerou s goods.    Where the goods so segregated are of Class 4, the 
screen wall shall have an FRL/FRR of at least 240/240/240.  
NOTE: Where an FRUFRR is required, reference  should be made to the Building Code  
 
1.9.2.4    Co-storage of  Class 6.1 with a  Subsidiary Risk 3    Minor quantities of  dangerous goods of Class 
6.1/Subsidiary Risk 3 and  dangerous goods  of Class 3/ Subsidiary Risk  6 may be stored with    other    Class    
3 dangerous    goods, provided    that such  a store meets the  requirements of  both this Standard  Such goods 
in greater than minor quantities  
shall not  be kept within    a store for  dangerous goods of  Class 6.1  that have  no Subsidiary  Risk.  
NOTE:  This is because the flammability  risk will    increase the  risk associated    with the  storage of  toxic   
substances.   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    7 Where a  store contains goods that are  both flammable and  toxic, the addition of  a minor quantity    of Class 
6.1 dangerous goods will not unduly increase the risk. However , the addition  of a greater amount of  Class 
6.1   dangerous goods  will increase the  risk.  
  
                                                                     
                                                                TABLE    1.1 
 
                               MINIMUM SEPARATION    DISTAN CES FOR STORES OF  
                                                TOXIC SUBSTANCES  
 
                                                       (A)   Separation    distance  
Aggregate   quantity   kept  tones   or m3(KL)  Minimum   separation   distance, m  
 
                                                  ≤I    
                                >   I          ≤10  
                                > 10         ≤ 20   
 
                                >  20        ≤ 50    
                                >  50        ≤ 100    
                                > 100       ≤ 200   
 
                                > 200       ≤500    PG I    PG II    PG Ill  
10 
16 
18 
 
20 
30 
40 
 
50 6 
10 
12 
 
16 
20 
30 
 
35 6 
6 
8 
 
10 
16 
20 
 
30 
 
NOTE:    For quantities greater than  500 tones or  500 m 3, a risk assessment shall    be carried out . 
 
                                                   (B)   Risk factor  
 
 
 
                                                            (C)   Protection factor  
 
*   When separation distances    are applied to  an on -site protected    place, the  factor may  be reduced to  0.5, 
subject    to appropriate    risk identification, assessment    and control .  
 
SECTION 2    MINOR    STORAGE  
 
2.1   SCOPE    OF   SECTION    This   Section    specifies    the   criteria    for   minor    storage classification    
for toxic substances, and  the requirements    for such storage.  
NOTE:  The underlying    concept of  minor storage is that quantities    below a  certain level    are so  small, or  
are so scattered and  separated, that they  present    little   real risk and  in an  emergency will  not unduly h inder 
the activities    of emergency personnel    or contaminate    the surrounding    area.  Storage/handling   activity:    Factor  
 
Storage cabinets (packages are closed)    
  
0.5 
Package store (packages   are closed)    
 0.5 
 
Package store (packages   are opened or it lied)    
  
1.0 
Bulk store (toxic substance   pres ents no inhalation   hazard)  1.0 
Bulk store (toxic substance pres ents an inhalation   hazard)  2.0 
Bulk store (toxic substance pres ents an inhalation   hazard)  2.0 
Protection   to place/boundaries:    Factor  
Protected place"    1.0 
Retail sale   public access point (minor quantities   of closed 
packages of PG II and PG Ill)  0.0 
Premises   boundaries   or public place  0.5  
8  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
2.2   CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION  AS MINOR STORAGE    Storage of toxic  substances in  packages, 
in compliance    with Table 2.1,    is classified    as minor storage .  
 
                                                            TABLE    2.1 
                                  MAXIMUM QUANTITIES    OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES   
                                        PERMISSIBLE AT  VARIOUS PREMISES  FOR  
                                           DESIGNATION   AS MINOR STORAGE  
    
Types of premises    Maximum   quantity, kg or L  
PG I    PG II   PG Ill  
Residential premises  
 
Fan  ≥2 ha    
 
All other premises    1                        10                      10 
                         
10                        500                  100  
                                  
100                      3500                1000  
 
    
NOTES:  
 
1 Units of kilograms are  applicable    to solids    and units of  liters    to liquids .  
The maximum    quantities    specified    in terms of ‘kg or L ' are the sum  of the number of  kilograms of solid    
substances    plus   the number of liters of  liquid    substa nces.   
2 The quantities    on any given line  may be aggregated.  
 
2.3   REQUIREMENTS    APPLICABLE    TO   MINO R   STORAGE    
 The   following requirements apply to  minor storage:  
 
(a)   Storage areas shall  be secured against unauthorized    entry.  
 
(b)   A supply of water shall  be available    at a nearby location , for personal hygiene .  
 
(c)   Adequate    ventilation    shall   be   provided    for   all   storage    and   handling    areas  
(see Clause 6.3.2 ). 
 
(d)   Packages shall  not be  kept near substances with which  they are incompatible    or with which they  may 
react dangerously . 
 
(e)   Packages shall  be kept away from sources of  heat.  
 
(f)   Packages shall  be kept securely closed when  not in use . 
 
(g)   Packages shall be  kept in  such a manner as  to avoid spillage  
. 
(h)   Appropriate spillage -retention    measures shall be  provided at  locations where  packages are likely to be  
opened or their contents transferred . 
 
(i) The contents of  a package shall not  be transferred to  any other container for  storage, unless the  latter is  
suitable for  the storage of the toxic substance  and is clearly marked  in accordance with  Clause    1. 7. 
 
NOTE:  Where the contents of a  package have been transferred  into another container, the  resultant 
package, if  it is to be used for  transportation, is  required by  the relevant regulatory  authority    to   comply with  
the ADG  Code  
(j) Appropriate    control measures    shall   be instituted    for any process    involving    product transfer    
operations, e.g.  decanting    or filling.  
 
(k)   Appropriate    personal protective    equipment shall be  worn by any person  involved    in product transfer 
operations ( see Clauses 6.7.2(d ) and 6.8).  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    9 (I)   Any spills    or leaks    shall be cleaned    up immediately, and  disposed    of in accordance with Section    9. 
 
(m)   Wastes shall be  disposed    of in accordance with    Section 9 . 
 
2.4   STORAGE ON FARMS    The maximum quantity of toxic substances  allowed as minor storage on  farms 
is as given in  Table 2 . 1. This quantity is permissible only  provided that - 
 
(a)   such substances are  not intended for  resale;  
 
(b)   the area of any such fan is at    least    2 ha and is used or  intended    to be  used for  agricultural, 
horticultural, floricultural or  pastoral purposes ; 
 
(c)   the ground around the storage area  is kept  clear of combustible vegetation or  refuse for a distance of  at 
least    3 m; 
 
(d)   potential    flow of spillage    is prevented from  reaching any  protected    place, watercourse or property 
boundary    by such means as the use of natural    ground slope, or the  provision of  a diversion channel, kern  
or bund;  
 
(e)   the store is separated from  any protected place or  dwell ing on the property by at least 10 m;  
 
(f)   any store is separated from  the boundary of the property by  at least 15 m; and   
 
(g)   where there are two or more minor stores on the same property, each may be treated as a separate 
minor store if  they are separated by a distance    of at least    I 00 m.  
  
SECTIO N 3 TRANSIT STORAGE  
  
3.1   SCOPE OF  SECTION    This Section specifies requirements for  the temporary    storage of toxic 
substances, and  of other dangerous goods  being    held in the storage area with  them, when in transit.  
 
3.2   DELINEATION   OF TRAN SIT   STORAGE    AREAS    Areas used for the transit  storage of toxic    
substances    shall be  deemed to  be separate areas if apart from  each other and  from other storage areas  by 
at least    15 m.  
 
3.3   REQUIREMENTS    FOR TRAN SIT   STORAGE    Unless    otherwise    directed by  the regulatory    
authority, the following    requirements    apply    to the    transit    storage    of toxic  substances    and of other 
dangerous goods being held  in the  storage area  with them : 
 
(a) The quantity of  toxic   substances    held in  each transit    storage    area shall    not exceed  
200 t. Where toxic substances  are held in the one  area with other  dangerous    goods, the  aggregate quantity  
of all dangerous goods kept  shall not  exceed 200  t.  
 
(b)   Except when  in freight    containers, the maximum  quantity    of each pallet    stack stored   
 in the transit storage  area shall not exceed 25  t, gross  mass.  
Such pallet    stacks shall be at least    5 m apart.  
 
(c)   Freight    or tank containers containing packaged or  bulk toxic substances    in a transit  storage area 
shall- 
(i) not be stacked    more than two containers high and  two containers deep ; 
(ii) where stacked    two containers deep, be  provided    with   access to both sides of  each stack;  
(iii)   not be  in the same vertical stack as  any container of  other classes of dangerous goods; and  
(iv) be separated from  containers of other classes of da ngerous goods by at least 3  m  
unless    a greater distance is required by  Clause    3.3(e).  
 
(d)   The spillage c atchment  and clean -up   facilities of  the site shall  be capable of  handling at least 100% of  
the capacity of the largest tank, compartment    or package in  the area  
 
 NOTE:    In order to facilitate    the management    of emergencies, it is recommended    that   compound  
capacities    be about    10% greater    than   the minimum    values    specified    above.  
  
10  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  (e)   Parked road  vehicles    loaded    with toxic substances    shall be separated    from any other  
 loaded vehicles    by at least    1.5 m, and  from any other dangerous goods  stores within  
the area by at least 5  m. 
 
(f)   Access and  escape routes shall be  clearly defined  and kept clear.  
 
(g) Specific facilities, which may  include    a desi gnated    area, shall  be provided    at the site  for dealing with  
tanks or  packages that are -  
 
SECTION  4 STORAGE  AND HANDLING OF  PACKAGES  
 
4.1   SCOPE OF  SECTION    This   Section sets  out requirements    and recommendations    on the storage 
and handling    of packages of  toxic substances, NOTE:    Sealed    intermediate    bulk containers (IBCs) 
having    a capacity    not exceeding    1.5 m3    may be  stored    in   accordance    with the requirements    of this    
section    in the same manner    as packages . 
 
4.2   TYPES   OF PACKAGE    STORES    An installation    for the storage    or handling of  packaged toxic    
substances may  be, but is not limited    to, any  of the following:  
 
(a) A room, enclosure or area within    a building.  
 
(b) A roofed structure or  room, attached    to an  external    wall of another building.  
 
c) A freestanding, roofed  structure    or building (not attached    to any other building  
 
d) An indoor storage  cabinet.  
 
e) An outdoor    storage area with a  security fence . 
 
4.3   LOCATION OF STORE  
 
4.3.1    General    The following    principles apply when  determining    the store’s location where  this is not  
specifically covered by  local government  zoning or other ordinances; their purpose  is   to protect people, the  
environment    and property in  the event of  an emergency, e.g.  fire, flood or spillage:  
 
(a)   Avoid close proximity    to houses, schools, hospitals    and similar    congested areas . 
 
(b)   Avoid proximity    to water courses  and open storm water    channels.  
 
(c)   Ensure that the  store is above  the highest recorded flood  level.  
 
(d)   The store should  be located    at such distance    from any accumulation of  flammable or combustible    
materials, so  that, in  the event of a fire in those  materials, the  heat load will not impinge on  the integrity    of 
the store . 
 
4.3.2    Separation    and Segregation  
 
4.3.2.1    Separation distances , all package stores  of toxic substances shall  be separated from  a protected    
place, public    place and the boundaries of  the premises by  at least the distances    determined    by Clause 
1.9.1.  
 
4.3.2.2    Segregation distances    All package stores  of toxic substances shall  be segregated in accordance 
with Clause    l.9.2.  
 
4.4   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS    FOR PACKAGE    STORES  
 
4.4.1    Requirements    for stores other than indoor    storage    cabinets    Package stores for  toxic substances, 
other  than indoor storage cabinets, shall comply with  the following general  requirements, as  appropriate:  
 
(a)   Unless otherwise approved, stores shall  be located    on a floor that has  immediate access  for 
emergency personnel .  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    11  
(b)   At least two means of  access shall be  provided    to stores which have a  floor area exceeding 25  m2.   
(See also Clause    6.2.2.)  
 
(c)   Stores    shall be designed, constructed    and operated in  a manner that will allo w the  housekeeping    
requirements    of Clause    6.4 to be  carried out effectively .   Provision    shall be made to allow for  the 
washing down  of the floor  area.  
 
(d)   Stores shall have wall and  roof sheeting and main structural members  constructed from  materials    
which are  non-combustible    and resistant    to attack by the material    stored.  
(e)   Lighting shall  comply with  Clause 6.2.4.  
 
(f)   Adequate    ventilation    shall   be   provided    for   all   storage    and   handling    areas  
(see Clause    6.3.2).  
 
(g)   Stores shall be provided with  a means of either containing a  spill or  diverting    it to a compound within    
the boundaries    of the premises.  The net capacity of  any compound shall be - 
 
(i) for Packing Group  I liquids, 100 % of the aggregate volume of  liquids    kept.  
(ii)   for Packing Groups II  and III liquids, 25 % of the aggregate volume  of liquids  
kept.  
In any case, the  net capacity of  any compound shall be  at least the capacity of  the  
largest container kept .  
The compound shall  be impervious    to the material it  is designed to  contain.  
 
NOTES:  
In order to  facilitate    the management of  emergencies, it is recommended    that   compound capacities be 
about 10% greater  than the  minimal values specified above . 
  Earth by  itself witho ut a lining does  not satisfy the  impermeability    criteria given above .  
 
(h)   All areas used for decanting shall  have floors that are  capabl e   of containing a  spill or  
of diverting it to  a suitable    compound within the  boundaries    of the premises.  
 
(i)   Packages shall be kept in a manner such that they cannot  fall and cause spillage outside th e compound.  
 
(j) Stores shall  be secured against unauthorized    entry, in  accordance with Clause    1.8 
 
(k) Where provided, and  except where they are designed a s spill trays  or compounds, racks  or shelves    
shall be designed    and constructed    in such a  manner as to prevent the  accumulation or  pooling of  liquid.  
 
(I) Where racking is used, the  layout of  racks shall be such as to provide clear  passage for escape of 
personnel.  
 
NOTES:  
(m)It is recommended    that the width of  aisles between  racks be at least 1.2    m. 
 
(n) Where packages    are stored  on pallets, sufficient    clear maneuvering space  should    be made  
for fork  lifts, in accordance  with the forklift manufacturer's    specification.  
 
(o) In stores and  associated handling areas  where combustible    dusts or flarrunable vapors  may be 
generated ( e.g. handling a  pesticide    contained in  a low flash  point solvent), a  hazardous area, as  defined in  
may exist; all  electrical    and other equipment in  any such hazardous areas  shall be suitable for  use in those  
zones.  
(p)The following items shall  be provided within    7 m of, but not nearer  than 2 m to, stores where packages 
are opened:  
(i) A safety shower  and eye -wash facilities  
(ii)   Water for  the washing    of hands.  
 
(q) Any lunch room or area for eating and drinking shall be  separate from the storage area.  
Lockers, where  provided    for storing personal clothing    and property, shall be  located away from the  storage 
area.  
12  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
4.4.2    Requirements    specificity for  indoor    storage cabinets  
 
4.4.2.1    Types of substances kept    Cabinets designated    for the storage  of packages of  toxic substances    
shall not be  used for  the storage of  goods that are incompatible, or that react  dangerous  
  
4.4.2. 2   Maximum quantities  to be kept    The maximum quantity  of toxic substances kept  in 
  
a single cabinet    shall not exceed 250  kg or  250 L, of which not  more than 50 kg or 50 L  
shall be  of Packing Group  II and not more than 25 kg  or 25 L shall be of Packing Group  I. 
NOTE:    Units of  kilograms are  applicable    to solids and  units of  liters    to liquids.  
 
4.4.2.3    Cabinet design    The following requirements    apply to the design of  cabinets:  
 
(a) The walls, floor, door and roof shall    be of  double -walled sheet    steel    construction, having a thickness 
of at least 0.75 mm , with a space at least 40  mm between the  walls, which may be either an airspace or  filled 
with non -combustible    insulation.  
 
(b)   Cabinets shall  be provided with  a self -closing, close -fitting door.  
 
(c)   Cabinets for  the storage of  toxic   substances shall  be lockable.  
 
(d)   The cabinet bottom shall fun a  liquid -tight   compound at least    150   mm deep and  
capable of  containing    at least 25 % of the maximum storage capacity . 
 
(e)   Any shelves in  cabinets shall  be designed    to permit free  air movement.  
 
(f)   The materials of  any components that  are critical to  structural integrity shall  not melt at temperatures of  
less than 850 °C, seals    or gaskets excepted.  
 
 4.4.2.4    Ventilation provisions    Where mechanical    ventilation of the cabinet is required  the following 
requirements apply , in addition to  the requirements    of Clause 6.3.2:  
 
(a) The design of any vent opening in the cabinet wall  shall not compromise the structural strength of  the 
cabinet.  
 
(b)   The extraction system shall be  sufficient    to ensure that  the ambient concentration of  any toxic    
substance    within    the breathing zone of any  person using the cabinet is  maintained    as low as practicable.  
 
(c)   Where a  cabinet incorporates provisions    for connection to an external venting system — 
 
i) the vent opening shall be  provided with  a means for permanent closure when  ventin g is not  required;  
(ii) the information supplied with the cabinet shall include    instructions    on the  installation    and operation of  
the vent system; and  
(iii)   the cabinet  vent design shall  be such as to ensure that surrounding work  areas are not contaminated    
by emissions.  
NOTE:  Ventilation    provisions    should    be designed    by an appropriately    qualified engineer .    
 
4.4.2.5    Cabinet location    The following    requirements apply to  the location of  cabinets:  
 
(a)   Cabinets shall be so located in  relation    to exits and  stairways    that they  will not impede the escape of 
persons in the  event of fire.  
 
(b) Cabinets    shall be located    near to a provision for  the washing of  hands.  
 
(c)   Irrespective    of the occupanc y of the building, not more than one cabinet shall be  installed    in each I  00 
m2 of building area , and the separation distance between any  two cabinets    shall be at least 3  m. 
 
4.4.2.6    Cabinet marking    Cabinets shall  be marked in accordance with Clause 7.4.1.  
   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    13 4.5   REQUIREMENTS    FOR    PACKAGE    FILLING    OPERATIONS    The following  requirements    apply 
to package filling  operations:  
(a)   Airborne emissions    shall be controlled by  a suitable    ventilation system as  determined by site 
assessment , such  as a workplace hazardous substances assessment . 
NOTE:    An extraction system  may require a  scrubber prior to  venting to atmosphere.  
 
(b)   Prior to  commencement    of any filling operation, all  associated filling  equipment    shall be cleaned free  
of any residues    of substances that are  incompatible    or that can react dangerously    with the product being 
used  in the filling operation.  
 
(c) Where a toxic substance  is being    supplied from a bulk container, an  emergency shut -off device shall be  
fitted to the package -filling    equipment.  The emergency shut -off device shall    be- 
(I) clearly marked with  its function    and method of  operation;  
(ii)   capable    of operation    from two points, one immediately    adjacent to , and one  remote from the filling  
point;  
(iii) capable of  stopping    the flow of product into any containers associated with the  filling operation; and  
(iv)   in compliance with  the requirements of  Clause 4.4.  l. 
 
(d)   The transfer of  toxic substances    from packages to other containers shall  be conducted in a dedicated    
area away  from racking or  shelving    associated with  the storage area.  
 
(e)   The package filling  area shall be  capable of  containing    a spill or of diverting    it to a compound within 
the boundaries    of the premises.  
 
(g)   Where the toxic substance    has a Subsidiary Risk of  Class 3 , no active or  potential ignition    source 
shall be introduced    to the package filling area without    authorization, e.g. by means of a work  permit ( see 
Clause 6.6.3 ). 
 
SECTION  5   STORAGE    AND HANDLING I  BULK  
  
5.1   SCOPE    OF SECTION    This   Section sets  out requirements    and recommendations  applicable    to 
the storage and  handling of  toxic substances in  bulk.  
 
5.2   GENERAL    Provision    shall be made to - 
 
(a)   enable       lighting in  the vicinity    of the bulk storage area  to comply with Clause 6.2.3 ; and  
 
(b)   ensure that    bulk   storage areas are ventilated    to comply with Clause    6.3.2. All relevant 
requirements of  Clause 7  .2.1   shall be complied with . 
 
5.3   CONTAINER TYPES    A container for  the storage or  handling of  toxic substances in  
bulk shall be  one of the following:  
(a)   A portable    bulk container, being  - 
 
(I) an intermediate    bulk container ( IBC);  
(ii) a tank    container complying    with the requi rements    of the IMDG  
Code  
(iii) a   demountable    tank   complying    with the requirements    of ·c- 
 
(b)   A fixed bulk container, i.e.  a permanently positioned ( fixed ) tank, hopper  or silo, that   
 is filled  and discharged    in situ.  
 
5.4   DESIGN    AND CONSTRUCTION    REQUIREMENTS    APPLICABLE    TO ALL  BULK CONTAINER    
INSTALLATIONS  
 
5.4.1    Materials    of construction    The materials    of construction of  a bulk container, and  its  
fittings and attachments, which  are likely to  come into contact    with the toxic substance or   
its vapor, shall be  compatible    with   the toxic substance    to be contained.  
  
14  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  5.4.2    Installation    Bulk containers    shall be installed    above ground level.  The underside of  any part of  
the container    in contact with  concrete foundations or  saddles, or  other support structure, shall be  protected 
from corrosion.  
 
5.4.3    Foundation    A bulk    container    shall be positioned    on a foundation    designed    in accordance    
with good engineering    practices    and which is adequate    to support, without  unacceptable    or uneven 
settling, the  following loads and  forces:  
 
(a)   The direct load    imposed by the container when full of either water or product , whichever    is the 
denser . 
 
(b)   Any possible    overturning forces, i n particular    those that may  be applied by  wind when  the container is 
empty . 
 
(c)   Any uplift or  other distorting    forces that may occur in a light container being  subjected to pressure 
variations.  
 
Any means of attachment    between    the   tank and its  supporting    structure    or foundation    should be 
adequate    to withstand    any such forces    that may be applied    to it. 
NOTE:  Because    of the wide variety    of surface, subsurface, and climatic conditions, it is not  practicable    to 
specify design    data to cover all situations .    
 
5.4.4    Supports    Where a  bulk container    is installed    on supports, the supports    shall comply  with the 
following    requirements:  
(a)   The   supporting    structure    shall   either    be constructed    of non -combustible, corrosion • 
resistant    materials    or be suitably    protected    by coatings.  
 
(b)   The supporting    structure    shall be  designed    in accordance    with the requirements    of the  Kenyan  
Standard    appropriate    to the type of construction  
 
(c)   Any welded -on   support, bracket    or other    fitting shall be welded    in such a  manner    as to prevent    
penetration    of water    that   is likely    to cause corrosion    of the tank ( e.g.   weep holes    shall be at  the 
lowest    point    of mounting    pads ). 
 
5.4.5    Bearing    area   The method    of support    of a bulk    container    shall   avoid    excessive 
concentration    of loads    on the    supporting    portion    of the container    shell.    Legs, cradles    or similar    
methods    of support shall be  attached    in a manner    that will prevent    possible    corrosion  
of the container    through    the build -up   of moisture . 
 
5.4.6    Vents    Where    provided, vents    shall be of  sufficient    design    and capacity    such that -  
(a) potential    blockage    by deposits    is avoided ; 
  
(b)   bulk   containers    are adequately    ventilated    to ensure safe dispersal    of vapors ; 
 
(c)   the pressure    or vacuum    resulting    from filling, emptying    or atmospheric    changes    cannot cause    
the maximum    allowable    operating    stresses    of the container    to be exceeded; and  
 
(d)   they shall    not discharge    directly    to atmosphere    in areas where    people    congregate.  
. 
NOTE:  The relevant    regulatory authority may  require that  vents discharge through an  appropriate  
 vapor absorption or  scrubber system or  that a vapor recovery system be  used.  
 
5.4.7    Transfer    points    A   transfer    point ( the   point    where    the   pipework    from   a bulk  container    
terminates) shall comply    with the following :  
(a) It shall be  suitably    anchored    and protected    from impact    by vehicles    or swinging    loads.  
 
(b)   It shall be provided    with a  quick -action    shut-off   valve if  the transfer    point    is positioned  at or below    
the highest    level   of liquid    in the container    or pipework . 
 
(c) It shall    be separated    from   any protected    place    or boundary    of the premises    on which the toxic    
substances    are kept by the following    minimum    distances:   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    15  (i) For PG I  10   m. 
 (ii) For PG II  6 m. 
 (iii) For PG III    6 m   screen    wall, provided    that the wall extends    at least    1   m above the height    of the 
transfer  point.     
 
(d)   It shall    be located    in such    a manner    that   any vehicle    transferring    product    into, or  receiving    
product    from, the container - 
(i)   can stand wholly    off any public    road; and  
(ii)   is not required    to enter the container    compound.  
 
(e)   It shall be clearly    identified    and marked    to show    the product    being transfe rred. 
  
(f) Where    a transfer    point    is fitted    with   a liquid -tight   cap, provision    shall be made such  as will give an  
immediate    warning    should    an attempt be made to remove    the cap  while filling    line   valves    are open, 
e.g.   a try-cock   in the filling cap.  
  
(g) A safety    shower and eye-wash    facilities,  and water for  the   washing    of hands, shall    be located    
within    7 rn of,  but not nearer    than   2 m to, any  product    transfer    point  
 
(h) Where    a bulk    container    of PG I liquid    toxic   substances    has a product    transfer    line connected    
to a pump,  then   that   line   shall   have    valves    at   either  end, between    the containe r   and the pump. 
There  shall   be a bleed  valve  between    the other    valves.  
 
i)Any outlet    from   a drain    valve    fitted to a bulk container    shall   be fitted  with   a blank flange.  
 
j) All manually    operated    valves    shall   be clearly    marked    to indicate    'open'    and 'closed'.  
 
(k) Where    a bulk container    for the storage    of liquid  PG I toxic  substances    is connected    to 
a processing    plant,  manufacturing    plant    or some  other    consuming    device : 
 
(i)   the delivery    system    to the  plant    shall incorporate    a high  and low   pressure    cut• 
out switch    which    is capable    of shutting    down  any pump  that is connected;  and 
(ii)   a non-return    valve    shall   be fitted    in   the   discharge    line to prevent    any other liquids    from 
entering  the container.  
 
(I)Where    a transfer    point  is outside    the bund,  suitable    spill containment    appropriate    to the quantity    
and nature  of the toxic substances    being  transferred    shall be provided  
 
5.4.8 Liquid    tines    -Liquid    lines   shall comply    with the following:  
a) All  liquid    lines   connected    at or below    the liquid    level   of the  bulk container    shall   be fitted with    a 
shut-off   valve  at the nozzle  through    which    liquid    is transferred    into or  out of  the container,  and a shut-
off   valve    al the tank   end of the line. There    shall   be a hydrostatic    relief    valve    in any line   enclosed    
by two   valves.    The   open    and closed positions    for the   valves    shall   be clearly    marked.    Where    the 
capacity    of the container exceeds  100 m 3 and- 
 
(i) where    liquids    of PG  I are stored,  all liquid    outlet    shut-off   valves    shall be fitted with    a remote    
means    of activation;  or 
 
(ii) where    liquids    of PG II or PG  III are stored,  there  shall be a readily -accessible secondary    back -up   
valve    located    outside    the bund  wall. 
 
b) Provision    shall be made  to enable    the complete    and safe draining    of transfer    hoses  and filling  lines   
in order  to prevent    loss of product.  
 
c)here   the fill tube is to extend    below    the surface    of the liquid,  it   shall   be provided with  a syphon    
breaker    and may require    a splash  plate.  
 
d)All liquid    lines shall be clearly    marked    to indicate    flow direction.  
NOTE: Tanks  should be filled  through the top wherever  possible  
  
16  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  5.4.9    Overfill protection    A bulk container    shall be fitted with    a high -level   alarm    when the capacity    
of the container    exceeds    50 m3    and information    on the level    inside    the container  
is not continuously    available    to any person filling it .   If such a  container    is used to  store PG I  
liquids, it shall    be fitted with    an   independent    extra -high-level alarm    and   an associated  automatic    
filling cut -off   device.  
 
5.4.10  Ancillary    equipment    for tanks  
 
5.4.10.1    Pipes, including  flexible hoses    The   following    requirements    apply    to pipes    and flexible    
hoses:  
(a) Pipes    and pipe joints    shall   be constructed    of a material    that   is resistant    to attack    by, and is 
compatible    with, the liquid    toxic substance    under    all service    conditions.  
 
(b)   All pipes shall be adequately protected from  physical damage . If plastics    pipes cannot be adequately    
protected, metallic pipes  shall be used.  
 
NOTE: Plastics are subject to  embrittlement, environmental stress cracking  and 'ageing'.    They are more 
susceptible    to physical    damage than    aluminum    or stainless steel . Their physical  properties can  be 
seriously affected by  extremes of  ambient    temperature.  
 
(c)   All above -ground pipes  shall be color coded  in conformity  
 
(d)   Pipework shall  be well supported, and  protected from  potential    damage by traffic.  
 
(e)   Flexible hoses  shall not be used, except  at transfer points . 
NOTE:  The use of  bellows joints should be  avoided.  
(I) Where the  toxic substance has  a Subsidiary Risk of  Class  3, all  ancillary equipment  shall comply with the  
appropriate requirements.  
 
Pipes should be  either    welded    or flanged .   The use of screw fittings  should be  avoided wherever possible . 
 
5.4.10.2    Accessories    Valves, pumps, flow  meters , other accessories and lubricants shall  be suitable for   
use with the toxic substance being handled .  
All valve components made  of non -ferrous metals and their alloys  shall not be  used where  
they would be in direct    contact with  liquid cyanide  components.  
 All manually operated valves shall  clearly indicate how  to open and shut them and shall be  
fitted with non -removable handles.  
 
5.4.10.3    Transfer systems Where  a bulk container    will be pressurized for  the purpose of   
product transfer, the fittings and pipework shall be designed for  the maximum pressures that  
may develop.  
 
5.4.10.4    Tank heaters  Where a  tank is  provided with a  means of heating, such  heating shall be provided on  
the external surface of  the tank if there is - 
 
(a)   a risk of a dangerous reaction between the toxic substance  and the heating medium; or  
(b)   a risk of  danger should  the heating element fail and  come into contact  with the toxic  substance.  
  
In such cases a means of thermostatic control shall  also be  fitted to the container shell . 
 
5.4.10.5    Electrical    equipm ent   Electrical    equipment    installed    in   a   hazardous    area  
associated with  the storage and handling of toxic substances shall be suitable for  use in  that area . 
 
5.5   ADDITIONAL    REQUIREMENTS FOR PORTABLE BULK CONTAINERS    In addition to the 
requirements of  Clause 5.4 , the following requirements shall  apply to portable bulk containers:  
 
(a) except  where they comply with  the requirements    of Clauses 5.3 and 5.4, portable bulk containers shall  
not be filled from road tankers.  
 
(b)   Portable bulk  containers shall  be adequately    restrained during lifting . 
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    17 (c)   The venting provisions on  portable bulk  containers shall  be operational at  all times.   
 
(d)   All liquid shut -off valves  on demountable tanks  shall be closed prior to the tank being  
disconnected from  the discharge system . 
 
(e)   The filling and transport of  portable bulk  containers shall  be conducted in  accorda nce with the and, 
where  applicable,  the IMDG Code  
 
5.6   ADDITIONAL    REQUIREMENTS    FOR FIXED TANKS  
 
5.6.1    General    Fixed tanks  shall comply with the requirements    of Clauses    5.6.2    to 5.6.7, in addition    to 
the requirements of  Clause 5.4.  
 
5.6.2    Materials    of construction    The materials    of construction    of fixed  tanks and their  fittings and 
attachments    that are  likely to come  into contact    with a  toxic   substance shall  be- 
(a)   substantially    resistant    to attack by the toxic substance under  all service    condition s; or 
 
(b)   lined in  a manner such  as enables compliance with  Clause 5.6.4.  
 
NOTES:  
1 Materials    of construction    may be considered    to be substantially    resistant    to attack if, after an  initial    
reaction    with the toxic substance, an impervious (passivating) film , which prevents  further reaction, is 
formed -s-provided    that such a film is not subjected to  conditions    likely to  destroy it ( e.g. regular cleaning, 
product changes ). 
2 The design    thickness    of construction    materials    should all ow for  any losses associated    with regular 
cleaning or  product changes  over the  service 1  I fee of the tank.  
3.Where the  loss of  tank material    is considered to  be an acceptable operating    condition and is  
incorporated    into the  tank design, the  required    material    thicknesses should be  designed    for a  
service life  of at least I  0 years. The thickness should  be checked at least  annually, and the tank  
maintained    appropriately.    Detailed records  of such tests should  be kept for  the lifetime    of the tank.  
 
5.6.3  Tank design and construction     
 
The design, construction and certification  of fixed tanks shall  comply with  the following requirements, as  
applicable:  
 
(a) Steel    tanks intended    to be operated    at atmospheric    pressure    or at pressures    not exceeding I  00 k: 
Pa (gauge) shall be designed and  constructed    in accordance with  the relevant    requirements    of ISO or 
other  equivalent    Standards.  
 
(b)   Steel tanks  intended    to be operated at  pressures exceeding 100 k: Pa (gauge) shall be  designed    and 
constructed    in accordance with  relevant ISO or other equivalent    Standards.  
 
(c) Glass -fiber   reinforced    plastic    tanks for operation    at atmospheric    pressure shall    be designed    and 
constructed in  accordance with  ISO or other equivalent    Standards.   
 
 (d)   Rotationally    molded  polyethylene tanks for operation at  atmospheric pressure shall be  
 designed    and constructed in  accordance with  relevant standards .  
 
 (e) Fixed bulk containers shall  be constructed according    to specifications  
approved under legislation  
 
5.6.4    Tank lining    Any lining material    for a fixed tank shall  be substantially resistant    to attack by the 
contents of  the tank, and  shall be  not less elastic than the  material    of the tank. When applied    to a tank, the 
lining shall be homogeneous, non -porous, and    free from  perforations.    Joints and  seams in the  lining shall  
be made by fusing the  material together or  by other approved means, and  shall be tested for  continuity using    
a non -destructive    testing method ( e.g. spark testing).  
 
5.6.5    Level indication    Every fixed  tank shall be fitted  with an  appropriate    means of  indicating the  level of  
its contents . The level -indicating    device shall  be of such a design that  the contents of  the tank cannot leak if  
the device    is damaged .   The safe fill level of  a tank shall be clearly marked  on the level -indicating    device.   
18  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  A sight glass  may be used as a level indicator, subject to  the following  conditions:  
(a) The  toxic substance shall  not be of Packing Group  I. 
 
(b)   The tank capa city shall  not exceed 10  m3.   26 
 
(c)   If the    sight    glass    is   fitted externally    to the    tank, it shall    have a self -closing    shut-off valve and a  
manual    isolation    valve on the line that connects    the sight glass    to the tank  below    liquid    level.  
 
(d)   The sight    glass shall    be protected    from all potential    damage.  
 
(e)   If the sight    glass    does not have    the   same coefficient    of linear    expansion    as the    tank wall, a 
flexible    connection    shall be  used for  attachment    of the upper section    of the sight  glass.  
 
NOTE: The flexible    connection    is to ensure that damaging    stresses are  not applied    to the sight  glass.  
 
5.6.6  Nozzles    Where nozzles    arc used to  lead liquid    into   a tank, they should    be provided with    internal    
projections    to prevent    liquid splashing    or running    down the  internal    wall of the  tank.  
 
5.6.7  Overflow  systems    Every fixed  bulk   container    shall   be fitted with a  suitable    overflow system    
discharging    either    to the area within    the bund walls    or to a collection    and holding  point.    Such    a 
system    shall   be constructed    so as to prevent    any overflow    running    over   the outer surface    of the 
container    or its  supports.  
  
5.7   BUNDS    AND COMPOUNDS   
 
5. 7 .1  General    All bulk containers    for liquid    toxic   substances    shall   be provided    with   a 
compound    complying    with the requirements    of this Clause ( 5.7). 
NOTE:    It is recommended  that reference  be made to the  definitions    given in  Clauses    1.5.5    and 1.5.6.  
 
 5.7.2  Capacity    of compounds  The net    capacity    of a compound    shall be - 
(a) for toxic substances    of Packing    Group    I, at least    100%    of the  total storage    capacity    of all 
containers    located    within    the compound; or  
 
(b)   for toxic    substances    of other    Packing    Groups, at least    100%    of the    capacity    of the  largest    
container    located    within    the compound . 
NOTES:  
1 In order  to facilitate    the management of emergencies, it is recommended  that compound  capacities  
be about I 0% greater than the minimum values  specified    above.  
2 If tanks are  interconnected, and  leakage    from one can lead to  the emptying    of others, their    entire 
content s   shall be safely contained.  
  
5.7.3    Design and construction  Compounds and, where they are  provided, bunds shall comply  with the 
following requirements :  
 
(a) The materials    of construction    shall be substantially    resistant    to attack by  any toxic substance  that 
they may be  required    to contain . 
 
(b)   They shall be  sufficiently    impervious    to retain and to  enable    the recovery of  any spillage . 
NOTE:  Earth by itself without a  lining does  not   satisfy the impermeability    criteria given above.  Bunds, 
where they  are provided, shall also    comply with the following    requirements:  
(i)   Except where the  containers    are double -skinned, the  minimum    separation distance    between a 
container    and the  bund shall be as  shown in  Figure    5.1,   i.e.   the top inside    edge of the  bund shall not 
be inside    the crest locus limit . If, at any time, the container    is to be  held under pressure, the so -determined    
minimum    separation    distance    between the  bund and the  container    shall be  increased    appropriately.  
NOTES:  
1 Where the containers    are double -skinned, reductions    in the above -specified    separation    distances may 
be allowed by the relevant  regulatory authority . 
 
2   Where installations    do not comply    with the  above requirements, deflector screens    may be used on 
bunds.  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    19  (ii)   They shall be desired to  withstand the  hydrostatic pressure expected to be exerted on them when they 
are full. 
 
(iii)   The point at which any pipe passes through the wall of a bund shall be sealed to prevent leakage from  
the compound.  
 
(iv)   Provision shall be  made for a ready means of entry and exit by  personnel into  and out of the compound.  
 
NOTE:    Provision    should    be made in  the design    of the compound    to allow for emergency    exit by  
personnel    and for  any injured    personnel    to be rescued . 
 
FIGURE    5.1   BUND LOCATION LIMIT  
 
 
5.7.4    Compound drainage    A compound shall be drained in accordance with the following requirements:  
(a)   Substances that might react dangerously shall  not be directed into a common compound.  
 
(b)   Any valve controlling  the drainage from  a compound shall be located outside the  bund  
unless specific approval has  been obtained for  an inside location.    The valve shall  be of a type for which the 
distinction between  the open and shut positions is obvious, and  shall be resistant to  the material contained in 
the tank and to any possible mixtures resulting from a spill into  the compound.  
 
(c)   Except during the supervised drainage of water, any compound drain valve shall be kept closed.  The 
valve shall only be opened by an authorized  person, responsible for  supervising the drainage.  
 The drainage provision for  the compound should slope  away from any bulk container lo  a sump which, in  
tum, is drained from the lowest  practicable level Where  drainage is achieved  by gravity, a manually 
controlled, normally  closed valve shall be  provided.    Where drainage is achieved by  pumping, the pump 
shall be manually controlled.  
 
NOTE: Drainage by gravity, and  the subsequent  disposal of the waste, may  require consultation with the 
relevant regulatory authority . 
 
5.7.5    Maintenance    All bunds and compounds  shall be  maintained    in such a  manner that  compounds are 
capable of  retaining the  capacity specified in  Clause 5.7.2 and that they  continue to prevent the  escape of 
any contained liquid.  
 
5.8   LOCATION OF BULK  CONTAINERS  
 
5.8.l   General    Bulk containers for  toxic substances  shall not be wholly or partially buried.  
 
5.8.2    Separation    and segregation  
 
5.8.2.1    Separation    With due regard being given to  Clause 1.9.1 ,   all bulk containers    of toxic substances    
shall be separated in accordance with  the following    requirements:  
(a)   The minimum separation distance    between fixed  tanks shall    be 1m. 
 
(b)   The minimum separation distances for  bulk containers from  a protected    place, public  place and  the 
boundaries    of the premises shall be  as determined by  Clause    1.9.1.  
 
(c) Where a bund is provided, the  minimum distance to  a protected place, public  place and  boundaries    of 
the premises shall be measured from the top inside perimeter of  the bund, as determined    by Clause    1. 9. 
I. 
5.8.2.2  Segregation    See Clause    1.9.2  
 
5.9   FILLING    OF BULK CONTAINERS  
 
5.9.1  General    The following general  requirements apply  to the filling of  bulk containers  with toxic 
substances : 
(a)   A bulk container shall  not be filled with toxic substances unless the  container    rest in  
good condition    and complies with  the requirements of  this Standard.  
  
20  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  (b)   A container shall  not be filled in excess of its safe  filling level. (c)   Hand -held   hoses shall  not be used 
for filling.  
 
(d) Product transfer shall  not be commenced until all  essential gauges , valves, fittings and  connections    are 
illuminated to  a level of  at least    50 Ix.  
 
(e)   At least one  person who  is trained in  the product transfer procedures shall  remain in  attendance    during    
the   transfer    operation -from   the   time   that the first delivery  connection is made until the  last hose  has 
been disconnected.  
 
(f) A written procedure for the transfer of  toxic substances to  or from bulk containers shall be located    at 
every  loading position for  containers.  
 
(g) The surface at  every loading position    for bulk containers    shall be  so graded    that any spillage from  a 
delivery vehicle drains into a  dedicated    sump or containment area . The capacity    shall be at least  equal to  
the capacity of  the largest    tank or compartment on  the delivery vehicle . 
 
NOTES:  
1 Where toxic fluids  are to be transferred    from a road or  rail tank  vehicle, the  requirements    of the ADG  
Code/NZS 5433 for  the transfer of fluids apply in addition  to the  requirements of this Clause.  
 
2 The requirements applicable    to transfer points for  the filling of  bulk containers    are provided  in Clause    
5.4.7. Filling connections    The filling connection to a storage container shall be liquid -tight. Transfer    hoses    
Transfer hoses  shall comply with  the following:  
The length of  any hose required to connect a  road or rail tank vehicle to  a filling point shall not exceed 6  m. 
Where necessary, to permit compliance with  this requirement, a  permanent filling  line shall  be installed.  
A transfer hose shall not be  run across any area normally accessible to  vehicles unless adequate 
precautions are taken  to prevent any  vehicle from  driving    over the hose  or striking its connections.   
Transfer hose assemblies    shall be  visually    inspected    and hydrostatically    tested    in compliance with  the 
ADG Code/NZS 5433.  Hoses that  fail such inspections    or tests shall be either disposed of  immediately    or 
repaired and  retested prior  to further use . 
Transfer hoses used for toxic substances shall not    be used for  foodstuffs, medical  products, or  other 
products    for human or animal consumption .  
 
 
SECTION    6 OPERATIONAL    AND PERSONNEL    SAFETY  
  
 6.1   SCOPE OF  SECTION  This Section    sets out  requirements    and recommendations    on matters 
relating    to operational    and personnel    safety. It applies to  all stores.  
 
6.2   GENERAL    PRECAUTIONS  
 
6.2.1  Work procedures    Safe systems    of work, including    procedures commensurate    with the quantity    
and nature    of the    toxic   substances    being kept, shall    be developed    and implemented.  
NOTE:    Appendix    c outlines the tasks for  which operating procedures may  be required.  
 
6.2.2    Control    of entry    In order to prohibit unauthorized    personnel from  gaining    access to plant, 
equipment    and materials, those visitors, contractors '   personnel and  other persons whose duties    require 
their entry    into a restricted    area should, wherever practicable, be  accompanied    at all times by a member 
of the occupier’s    staff.  Where this    is not p racticable ,  
except as  provided    in the    Tote below, such  persons shall, before entry  into such  an area, be  
given    a written list  of the hazards present and the appropriate precautions to be observed .  
 
NOTE:    It   is recognized    that   compliance    with this    requirement    would not    be possible    where 
emergency services personnel    have to enter the  premises    to attend to an emergency when the  premises    
are unattended; a safety information    board displaying    relevant    precautions    would be  sufficient    for such 
purposes.  
 
6.2.3    Clear    access    The means of  entry into and  exit from the  areas, rooms  or buildings where toxic    
substances are  kept or handled    shall be kept clear at all times.  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    21 6.2.4    Lighting    Whenever people are  in an area where toxic substances are  kept- 
(a)   lighting, of  sufficient    luminance as  to enable a person to  easily read all markings on  packages, signs, 
instruments    and other necessary items, shall be  available    in   areas where people are  working;  
(b)   interior    lighting    shall be of at least the luminance specified    in AS  1680.2.0;    and 
(c)   sufficient    lighting    shall be available    on the internal    roads which lead to  areas, rooms  
or buildings    where dangerous goods are  kept or  handled    and which    may be  used by  
people    in the  course of their work  at the  premises.   
  
6.3   CONTROL OF EXPOSURE  
 
6.3.1    Control strategies    The following hierarchy    of control    strategies    should be used to identify 
appropriate    control measures for limiting    personal    exposure to toxic substances:  
(a)   Elimination    of the toxic substance    from the process.  
 
(b)   Substitution of  the toxic substance    with a less harmful substance . (c) Minimization    of the inventory of  
toxic substances.  
 
(d)   Engineering controls, chiefly - 
 
(i)   enclosure    of the toxic substance; and  
(ii) ventilation    to remove the    toxic   substance    from one area and displace it    to another.  
 
(e)   Administrative (procedural) protection   restricting access  to a toxic process, and  so controlling the  dose 
to the individual.    This should be used in conjunction with  medical monitoring and  personal protective    
equipment.  
 
(f) Personal    protective equipment, to  be used where the  hazard cannot    be eliminated    or adequately    
controlled.     
 
6.3.2    Ventilation    Whenever people are  in an area where  toxic substances    are kept, the  following 
requirements    shall apply :  
(a)The store    shall be provided with  adequate natural or  mechanical    ventilation.  
 
NOTE:  Adequate    ventilation    is dependent    on the nature of the toxic    substance    and the  circumstances 
of its use.  
 
Where a  toxic substance    is likely  to present an  inhalation    hazard ( of dusts, mists or  vapors), assessment 
shall be made in accordance with relevant workplace  hazardous substances    regulations and  appropriate 
controls    and monitoring implemented . 
Ventilation shall  be sufficient to  maintain the  ambient concentration    of any vapors  or dusts in the storage 
area as  low as  practicable.    Where the toxic substance has  been assigned    an exposure standard    by 
directorate of occupational health and safety , exposure levels shall be  kept below this    level.  
 
In Kenya , recommended workplace exposure  standards are  set by directorate of Occupationa l Safety and  
Health . Exposure levels should  be kept below the  recommended levels . 
NOTE:    Where no exposure standard    is assigned to  a toxic substance, it is  not implied    that the  
substance is  not hazardous to  health.   
 
 (d)Where    mechanical    ventilation    is   required, the    system    shall   comply    with   relevant international 
standard.  
 
 (e) For toxic substances, exhaust air  dilution by  means of general exhaust ventilation and  local exhaust 
ventilation    are the appropriate techniques.    Exhaust air flow  rates shall  be determined    by an appropriately    
qualified engineer.  
NOTE:    The extraction    system may  require a  scrubber prior to  venting to  atmosphere.  
Where the toxic substance has a Subsidiary    Risk of Class    3, no  active or  poten tial ignition source shall  be 
introduced as  part of a mechanical    ventilation system .  
  
6.4   HOUSEKEEPING  
  
22  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  6.4.1    Site upkeep    The area within any compound, and for a distance of  3 m from it, shall be kept clear of 
extraneous matter . 
 
6.4.2    Bulk    storage installations    The means    of access    to bulk storage    compounds, including ladders 
and catwalks and  platforms around  tanks, shall be  maintained    in a safe condition.  
Hatches, manholes, tank  openings    and the like shall  be kept closed when not in use.  
 
6.4.3    Package    stores    Package    stores    are intended    for the keeping of intact, closed  packages of 
toxic substances .   The following procedures    in connection    with storage of  packaged toxic substances 
shall be established    and maintained:  
 
(a)   The aisles    inside the  store shall be kept clear. ( See also Clause 6.2.2. ) 
 
(b)   Packages    shall   be regularly    inspected    and, when any signs    of   a spill, leak    or deterioration    of 
the package are observed, the suspect package shall be taken out  of the store    for examination, and 
repackaging    if required .   Such repackaging    shall   be performed in  accordance with Clause 4.5.  
 
(c)   Any contamination    of the outer package shall be removed prior    to repla cing   the package in the  store.  
 
(d)   Minor spills or seepage on the floor, walls  or racks shall be treated in accordance  with Clause 7.5.  
 
(e)   Any packages that  have been opened or partially used  shall be clearly identified . 
 
(f)   Labels    shall   be retained    on emptied    containers    until   the containers    have been  decontaminated, 
at which  time the labels shall be removed or obscured.  
 
(g) Unless    they   have been decontaminated, empty    containers    that   have    held   toxic substances    
shall be treated    as though containing toxic  substances, except that it  may not be  necessary to  keep them in 
a compound . 
 
6.4.4    Inspection    of plant    and equipment    In order to ensure that items of plant    and equipment    are in  a 
serviceable    condi tion, they  shall   be periodically    inspected    by a trained person, as follows : 
 
(a)   Bulk containers, pipework, valves, pumps , gauges, alarms and other safety devices shall  be inspected    
visually    or by simulation    of operating    conditions    or by non-destructive testing.  
 
(b)   All vents shall be  inspected    to ensure that passages are  clear and  that any relief valves  are in  an 
operable condition . 
The type and  date of  inspection, the  results, and the  name of  the person who  conducted    it shall be  
recorded and  retained.  
 
6.5   EFFLUENT CONTROL    Effluent lines  shall be  monitored so  as to ensure - 
(a) compliance  with any regulatory    requirements    relating    to the discharge    of harmful  effluent; and   
 
b)  that   any harmful    effluent    does not escape    from the premises    before it    has   been appropriately 
treated . 
Accurate, up -to-date   records shall be  mainta ined for  all such monitoring.   
 
6.6   CONSTRUCTION    AND MAINTENANCE    WORK  
 
6.6.1    General    Construction or  maintenance    work shall not be carried out in  any store or cabinet    in 
which toxic substances are  kept, except with written authorization    from a person designated    for the 
purpose by  the occupier of the premises.  
When contemplating such work, the  effect of carryin g it out  shall be evaluated.    Where there  
is any  doubt about the safety of the intended procedures, the  toxic substances  shall be  moved?  
to another location    before the  work is  commenced.  
 
When maintenance work is to be carried out in a workshop on equi pment from an area wh ere  
toxic substances are  kept; such  equipment shall  be checked so  as to ensure that no  residues  
remain, prior to  the maintenance work  being carried out . 
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    23 NOTE:  Particular    care needs to be taken where hollow  sections    could contain solid residues . 
 
6.6.2    Routine work    All work  for which a work permit is not required shall be supervised in such a manner 
as will ensure its    safe conduct.  
 
6.6.3    Work permit    Except for  routine, non -hazardous    work, any  work within a  restricted area shall    be 
authorized    by means of a work permit which    shall be issued    only by a  responsible    person appointed by  
the occupier of  the premises.  
A work permit shall  include details of  the following:  
(a) The nature and  extent of the work.  
 
(b)   Any conditions to  be observed, including the  use of specialist    equipment.  
 
 (c)   Any special    conditions    relating    to hot work ( see Clause    6.6.6).  
 
(d)   Any personal protective    clothing or  equipment to  be used  
 
(e)   Actions to  be taken in  the event of personal    contamination.  
 
(f)   The period for  which the  permit is valid . 
 
(g)   Any regular checking necessary to  ensure that  the safety requirements and  conditions remain in  force.   
 
(h)   Any procedures and  precautions for  returning the  plant to  normal service . 
 
(i)   Any firefighting equipment.  
 
(j)   Authorization.  
 
A work perm it may  define, within    a restricted    area, a safe area in which major maintenance or 
construction work  may be  performed without further  permission.  The physical    limits of  such a safe area 
shall be clearly designated . 
NOTE:  Considerable    care is still    necessary in  a safe area, as  some articles    may be hazardous, 
irrespective of location.    Used tanks, pipes and containers are  examples.  
 
6.6.4    Preparation    of work site    Any person who  issues a work permit shall  ensure that the site area and 
plant subject to the  work permit are  prepared in  a manner such  as will prevent the risk  of fire, explosion    or 
exposure to toxic    substances.    Precautio nary measures  shall include the  following, as  appropriate:  
(a)   Identification    of both the equipment to be worked on and all other affected equipment.  
 
(b)   De pressurization and  disconnection.  
 
(c)   Isolation    from other equipment.  
 
(d)   Purging of the equipment.  
 
(e)   Removal of  any hazardous substances.  
 
(f)   Sealing -off of  sewers, drains and  gutters.  
 
 (g)   Provision    of fire -protection equipment.  
 
(h)   Testing for toxic vapors  and oxygen content . 
 
6.6.5    Completion    of work    When work covered by a work permit has been completed, the person who 
issued the work permit shall, before allowing  the plant to be  returned to  service, ensure that -s- 
(a)   the work has in fact been completed ; 
 
(b) any temporary arrangements, e.g.  bypass line s or blank flanges, have  been removed;  
 
(c) all personnel and  equipment are  accounted for; and   
24  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
(d) the work permit is cancelled and  the plant is  cleared for  return to service . 
 
6.6.6    Hot work    Any work involving cutting or  welding by gas or electric arc  or any work of equivalent risk  
(e.g. grinding, drilling, the  use of percussion    tools) shall not be undertaken within a  restricted area  where 
toxic substances    are stored unless - 
(a)   a work permit has first been obtained; and  
 
(b)   any hazardous residues or  vapors  have been removed.  
NOTE:  Particular care needs to  be taken where hollow  sections could contain solid residues . 
 
6.6.7    Work    inside    a confined space    Whenever    it is intended    to enter or work in  a confined space, a  
specific confi ned space entry permit shall  be issued    and all the requirements of  shall apply . 
 
6.7   PERSONNEL    TRAINING  
 
6.7.1    Job knowledge    The occupier of  premises on  which toxic substances are  kept or  handled shall 
ensure that  all persons concerned with  the handling of  such substances on  the premises are  made fully  
conversant with - 
 
(a) the means of identifying dangerous goods  and the properties of  the specific substances handled by  
reference to  the relevant MSDS  or equivalent source  of information; and  
 
(b)   applicable safety  regulations and  safe-handling    procedures.  
 
6.7.2    Training    The occupier of  premises on  which    toxic substances    are kept or  handled shall    provide 
training    to persons employed at  the premises on  the- 
(a)   nature of  the work  and safe methods of  operation;  
 
(b)   properties of, and  hazards associated    with, the  toxic substances    stored or  handled;  
 
(c)   location of  first aid equipment, and  first aid measures to  be taken;  
 
(d)   correct use of personal    protective equipment , and  its   care and maintenance; and  
 
(e) actions to be taken    in various emergencies, including    spills, vapor escape, fire , explosion and  
poisoning.    Simulated emergency exercises shall comprise  part of  the training.  
 
6.7.3    Personal    hygiene    The following directions    shall be followed by  all persons whose work involves 
the handling of  toxic   substances:  
 
(a)   Do not introduce, keep, prepare or  consume any food or drink, or  use tobacco, in  any place where  toxic 
substances are stored or  handled.  
 
(b)   Toxic substances    should not be allowed to come in contact with the skin; if skin  contact occurs, wash 
off immediately.  After handling toxic  substances, always wash  your hands before eating , drinking, smoking 
or using the toilet, and  after work .  
 
(c)   Immediately attend to injuries caused by  contact, or suspected contact, with toxic   
 substances. ). 
  
The above directions, or  wording to the  same effect, shall be  prominently    displayed in  the work area.  
 
NOTE:    Occupational    health    and safety    regulations    also apply . 
 
6.8   PERSONAL    PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT  
 
6.8.1    General    The occupier of  premises where toxic substances    are stored or handled  shall- 
 
(a)   ensure that    all persons    on the premises    are provided    with   appro priate    personal protective 
equipment ;  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    25  
(b)   keep personal protective equipment in  designated, well -identified locations    and ready for use; and  
 
(c)   maintain, in a  fit slate of repair, all  personal protective equipment .  
 
6.8.2    Type    of   personal    protective    equipment    The   following    personal    protective equipment shall 
be provided, as  appropriate, at  premises on  which toxic substances are  stored or handled:  
 
(a)   Protective clothing complying with    suitable for  use with the specific toxic substances . 
 
NOTE:    PVC   clothing    is suitable    for   protection    against    many    toxic   substances.  Periodic inspection    
should    be carried    out to ensure    its   continuing    serviceability.  
 
(b)   Eye protection, selected in  accordance with relevant  standard  
 
(c)   Elbow -length protective  gloves of  suitably resistant    material complying with  relevant international 
standard  
 
(d) PVC or rubber boots, complying with and selected and  maintained    in accordance with relevant 
international standard  
 
(e)   Respirators having  filters appropriate to  the duty, and selected, used  and maintained in  accordance with  
relevant standards  
 
(f) Self-contained breathing    apparatus, and selected, used  and maintained    in accordance with relevant 
standards  
A risk assessment should be conducted to determine the  suitability of  the personal protective  equipment.  
 
6.8.3    Care and    maintenance of personal    protective equipment    Personal    protective equipment    
shall be  kept separate from normal    clothing.  As a minimum, gloves should be  worn when  handling 
contaminated    personal    protective    equipment    and clothing after use . Precautions should be  extended 
depending on  the degree of  contamination    and the toxic  substance    involved.  
Maintenance  of personal protective    equipment and clothing    shall be as follows:  
(a) After use, all  personal    protective    clothing    and equipment shall  be cleaned with    water or a solution    
appropriate for the toxic  substance.    The equipment shall  be dried before being put away.  
 
(b)   Gloves and  boots shall be checked for leaks.  
 
(c)   Self-contained    breathing    apparatus    shall   be   maintained    in   accordance    with relevant 
international standard.  
 
(d)   Protective clothing shall    be decontaminated    then laundered in the  normal    way. 
 
(e)   Grossly contaminated    safety equipment or clothing    shall be  rendered unusable    and disposed of in a 
manner approved by  the local waste  disposal    authority.  
 
NOTE:    Occupational    health    and safety    regulations    also apply .  
 
6.9   FIRST AID  
 
6.9.1  General    Advice shall  be obtained    from an occupational    medical practitioner    as to what first aid 
facilities and  response are required.    This will  be dependent on the nature of the  
toxic substance, its  quantity, and  the location    of the industry.  
NOTE:    Such    practitioners    can be found    in the private    sector, and public    Departments    of Health , 
Labor    and Industry, and    workplace    compensation    authorities.  
An administrative  procedure shall be  in place to regularly review this  advice as  opinions    on what constitutes 
an appropriate response and  what antidotes, if any, are appropriate,  are continually    changing.  
 The following requirements    shall also    apply:  
(a)   A first  aid station    shall   be provided in  a clean area and shall be  in the care of a  
responsible    person.    It shall  comprise, as  a minimum, an  appropriate    first aid kit and  first aid instructions, 
e.g.   copies of  MSDSs, for all toxic substances being kept  or handled on the premises.   
26  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
(b) A list of  persons trained in , and designated    as being responsible for  the administering of, first aid shall 
be shown on  all notice boards  on the premises and  at each first aid station.    The names and  telephone    
numbers  of one or more on -call physicians, the  nearest hospital, the  Poisons Information Centre and  the 
ambulance service shall  be included    on the list.  
NOTE:    Appendix    E outlines    basic    information    on first aid    facilities, training, symptoms    of poi soning    
and antidotes . 
 
6.9.2    First    aid   kit   In addition    to the standard    kit   required    by occupational    health legislation, the 
following shall  be supplied.  
 
(a)   Eye-wash facilities    complying with  relevant international standards  
 
(b) Appropriate    resuscitation    facilities, and a poster    detailing    the correct    method of  resuscitation.     
 Where antidotes    are held, an  administrative    procedure shall be  in place to ensure  that they  are replaced 
before  their expiry  date is exceeded.  Antidotes and  the instructions    for their use  should be kept in a clearly 
labelled box . 
 
6.9.3    First    aid procedure    When any discomfort    is reported, or  a person has inhaled , ingested or  been 
contaminated    with a  toxic substance,  the procedures to be carried out include the following:  
 
(a) Remove the  patient to a  safe place prior to  treatment, if safe  to do so.  The rescuers shall be  properly 
protected    depending on  the nature of the hazardous incident, for  example appropriate personal    protective 
equipment which    can include self -contained breathing apparatus and  lifelines.  
 
(b) Send for a designated    first aid person and, at the  same time, obtain the  MSDS for the toxic substance    
involved.  Summon professional medical assistance without delay .  
 
(c)   If the  patient has  stopped breathing, ensure a  clear    airway and apply an  appropriate  
method of  artificial resuscitation . 
NOTE:    The appropriate    method depends on  the substance involved .   Oxygen resuscitation    or external    
air resuscitation    may be required.  
 
 (d)   If the  eyes are contaminated, wash thoroughly with  water from a low -pressure    water sourc e for at least 
15   minutes.  
(e) Remove all contaminated    clothing and footwear. Wash contaminated    area wi th soap and lukewarm 
water . 
 
(f) Carry out appropriate    first aid    treatment    and if medical    assistance    has not been  summoned, 
transport  the patient to  a hospital or  doctor.  
(g) Send the MSDS, product    label if  available, and  all relevant    details  of the accident, to  the hospital    or 
doctor with the  patient.  
    
SECTION  7 EMERGENCY  MANAGEMENT  
 
7.1   SCOPE OF  SECTION    This Section sets  out requirements    and recommendations on  planning for 
emergencies, maintenance    of manifests, placarding  and management of spills and leaks.  
 
7.2   Planning FOR EMERGENCIES  
 
7.2.1  Considerations    in designing    premises    The likelihood of  an incident occurring in  an   area used 
for the storage and  handling of  toxic substances can  be minimized by  good design    and layout, sound  
engineering, good  operating practices, and  proper instruction    and training    of personnel in the  performance 
of their duties.  
The design    and layout of  the facility shall include, where  appropriate, provision for - 
(a)   sufficient    space between bund  walls, storage areas and  other structures as  will allow  access for 
maintenance    and during emergencies;  
 
(b)   a means of  reducing    any toxic  emission    to the outside atmosphere;  
 
(c)   alarms connected directly    to the  fire brigade;   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    27  
(d)   water supplies;  
 
(e) fire protection equipment ; 
 
(f) means of  evacuation;  
 
(g)   protection    of personnel    responding to  the emergency;  
 
(h) access routes  for fire brigade appliances;  
 
(I)   containment    of leaks, spills    and run -off of  firefighting water; and  
 
(j)   the locations of  the emergency plan (see Clause 7.2.2 ) and the safety  information    board  
(see Clause 7.4.2 ). 
Where so required by the relevant regulatory authority , the emergency service agencies    shall be consulted 
with respect    to the above matters.  
 
7.2.2    Emergency plan    The occupier of  premises on which toxic substances are  kept shall,  
in consultation    with the emergency services    and the relevant regulatory authorities, prepare  
a detailed plan  for combating eme rgencies that  might occur on site. The plan shall take into account any 
potential    for the occurrence    of fire , explosion, reaction or release of  toxic substances.    The plan    shall be  
provided    in two sets of documents, one for use by  plant personnel    and a second for emergency services    
use. The plan shall be appropriate    to the size  and complexity of the installation.  Plant personnel    shall be 
familiar with  the emergency plan.  
 
7.2.2.1    Premises emergency plan    The emergency plan for  use by plant personnel    shall set out the 
procedures to  be followed by  the occupier’s personnel in  an emergency. The on -site emergency plan shall  
include, as  appropriate - 
 
(a)   actions to  be taken in  the event  of a fire, spill, explosion, leak or  other emergency , including    fire-
fighting    actions, alarm    activation, evacuation    procedure, shutdown  procedures, the    establishment    of   
emergency    control    centers, and    mutual    aid arrangements ( e.g. cooperation with  relevant    authorities, 
the use of equip ment on neighboring    premises);  
 
(b)   a list of  contact telephone    numbers for  emergency services, e.g.  fire brigade, Poisons  Information    
Centre/National    Poisons and Hazardous    Chemical Centre, ambulance , police, regulatory  authorities    and 
local hospital, the  criteria    for contacting them  and the procedures to  ensure    that they are alerted    
promptly;  
 
(c)   evacuation procedures and  the implementation of  a warden system;  
 
(d) the establishment    of nominated    assembly    areas, away from the incident    area and  emergency 
services    operations;  
 
(e)   training    of personnel    in carrying out the plan ( which    may involve    the   local   fire brigade);  
 
(f) the provision    of material safety  data sheets (MSDSs) in  a readily -accessible    location;  
And 
 
(g)   appraisal    and updating    of the plan.  
 
NOTES:  
1.   The   MSDSs    referred    to   in   Item ( f) may    be   additional    to   those    copies    required    by 
Clause 6.9.l (a). 
2. Recommended    documents containing    guidelines    on the preparation    of emergency plans are  listed    
in Appendix F.  
 
7.2.2.2    Plan for use  by emergency services    An emergency plan  shall be prepared in order  for the 
emergency services  to carry out their duties expediently and  efficiently. Such a plan shall be  kept in  a 
location approved by  the relevant fire  authority.   
28  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
NOTE:    The information    to be provided    in this plan    for emergency    services    is   set out    in 
Appendix G.   
7.3   MANIFEST    Unless otherwise required  by the relevant regulatory authority , a manifest shall be  
provided in  accordance with  the Work safe Kenyan  Guidance note for emergency services manifests . 
 
7.4   PLACARDING  
 
7.4.1   Placarding    of stores    Every installation    in which toxic  substances  are kept  shall be placarded  in 
accordance  with the    Guidance note for placarding stores for dangerous  goods    and specified    hazardous  
substances  of Chem ical   Industry practice for  warning signs for premises  storing  hazardous substances  
except that,  where  those  requirements    conflict with  the requirements    of the relevant    regulatory authority,  
the requirements  of that authority  shall prevail.  
 
Additionally, any other    notices    or warnings    that   are required    by relevant    regulatory authorities shall  
be displayed.  These additional    signs shall have lettering    that contrasts with  
the background, and  be clearly legible    from any access point.  Unles s otherwise    required, the   
height of  the letters shall  be at least 50  mm. 
 
7.4.2    Safety information board    Where required by  the relevant regulatory    authority, a  safety information    
board, bearing    information    intended    principally    for the    emergency services, shall be  displayed    at 
approved locations .   The board shall provide the following  information:  
(a)   Location of  the emergency plan . 
 
(b)   Location of  the manifest.  
 
(c)   Location of  personal protective equipment and  clean -up   materials.  
 
(d)   Locations of  essential    services and  of the controls for  their distribution  
 
NOTE:    A pictorial    layout of  the site or building    may also be  required on the  safety    information board by  
the re levant    regulatory authority.  
  
7.5   MANAGEMEN T OF LEAKS AND  SPILLS  
7.5.1    General    Every endeavor shall  be made  to prevent leaks or  spills, and  to control  them if they do  
occur. Clean -up   action shall be initiated    immediately.  
 
Leaked or spilled    toxic   substances    shall be kept and    disposed    of in   accordance    with Section 9. The 
decontamination    and clean -up procedure  and investigation    shall be carried out by a properly    equipped    
and trained team of  two or  more persons.  
 
NOTE:    Entry    into the affected    area should always    be under the supervision    of a responsible    person.  
 
7.5.2    Clean -up   materials    and equipment    In order to deal with  leaks and spills, clean -up equipment, 
chemicals    for neutralizing or  decontaminating spills  and absorbent materials    shall be maintained    at all  
premises on  which toxic    substances are  kept or handled.  
 
NOTE:    A typical    list   of appropria te   items    is   as follows : 
 
(a)   Adequate    quantities    of absorbent    material, e.g.    sand, fuller’s    earth, or suitable    proprietary 
substances    for the    toxic   substance    concerned.  
 
(b)   Calcium    hydroxide ( hydrated    lime) for use on acidic    spills    and pesticide    spills.  
 
(c)   Sodium    bisulfate, for use with alkaline    spills.  
  
 (d)   Sodium    carbonate ( soda    ash). 
 
(e)   Crushed    calcium    carbonate ( limestone).  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    29  (f) A sufficient    number    of waste -recovery  containers, for  example, drums    made    of   materials 
compatible    with   the substances    being    kept   and appropriately    marked    as being    for emergency  use 
only. 
 
(g)   Approved    containers    made    of appropriate    materials,  for the  purpose    of repackaging    the   
contents of  any leaking    packages   (see   Clause    1.6). 
 
(h)   Portable    pumps    and decanting    equipment.  
 
(I)   Shovels.  
 
(i)   Yard broom .  
It is essential that the  spill   clean -up equipment be  appropriate    for the substance concerned ,  
for   example    some    toxic   substances, for    example, polyfunctional    isocyanates    react exothermically 
with alkaline substances  such as sodium carbona te (soda ash) and with water .  
 
7.5.3    Actions for  dealing with  leaks and spill’s   At every occurr ence of a leak or  spill, the  
emergency plan shall  be implemented.    When a dangerous situation    occurs, the emergency  services    
shall be notified.  
 
Leaking packages shall be  positioned    in such  a manner as to stop or  minimize the  leak and , if nece ssary, 
shall be  moved to  a safe location .   Either the  package should  be placed    in a suitable    container, e.g.  
plastic bag or an oversize drum, or  its contents should be transferred to clean packaging .   The exterior    of 
such clean packaging    shall be  clearly    labelled    in accordance with Clause    1.7. 
 
Small spills on the floor, or on the walls or structures of  a building, should  be absorbed, and  the absorbent 
placed in a  suitable    waste container for  disposal.  
 
7.5.4    Maintenance    of clean -up   equipment    After use , equipment    such as shovels, or  similar, shall be  
decontaminated    by an appropriate    method, for example    by soaking    in a 
5 percent sodium carbonate ( soda ash) solution for  at least    24 hours. The equipment shall be thoroughly    
washed with  water containing    detergent, then  rinsed and  dried.     
 
SECTION  8   FIRE  PROTECTIO N 
 
8.1   SCOPE    OF SECTION    This Section    sets out requirements, recommendations    and considerations    
relating    to protection    of stores of toxic substances    from fire  and for the  fighting of  fires in such  stores.  
NOTE:    It is essential    that   the requirements    of the relevant    regulatory    authorities, including    the   fire 
authority, be observed; such requirements    take precedence    over   any requirements    of this    Section.  
 
8.2   GENERAL    CONSIDERATIONS    Toxic substances    present certain specific  hazards during a fire, 
namely - 
 
(a) substances    having a  subsidiary    risk   of Class    3 may give off flammable fumes and  smoke which may 
increase  the intensity    of the fire;  
 
(b) they may give off  toxic fumes  or smoke;  
 
(c) toxic combustion    products may  be present at a distance from  the main site of  the fire , and may have no 
odor; 
 
(d)   in addition to  the toxic    substance, the  following    may be the products  of chemical    fires:  
carbon dioxide, carbon  monoxide, hydrochloric    acid fumes, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur  
dioxide, and  oxides of nitrogen ( particular ly   from shouldering fires ); 
 
(e)   spilled substances and  contaminated    debris may be toxic;  
 
(f) some substances may  react violently with water  or other chemicals, causing  them to be sprayed over a 
wide area ; 
 
(g)   run-off   from   fires   may   present    a   hazard    to   persons    and   the   environment   
30  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  (see Clause 7.2 .l(I)); and  
 
(h)   sealed packages containing    volatile    mater ials   may rupture on heating.  
  
8.3   FIRE PROTECTION  MEASURES  
 
8.3.1    General    Fire protection    is an important    consideration    in storage and handling   
locations    for dangerous goods.  Fire protection requirements    for the premises shall be obtained  
from, and  be implemented in  conjunction with, the  relevant regulatory authorities , including   
 the fire authority.  
 
Fire protection    systems shall be appropriate    to the hazard and include consideration    of adjoining    
materials    to not only deal with incidents in the dangerous goods but also    to minimize    the potential for  the 
dangerous goods to become involved . 
As a minimum, the fire  protection    provided    for the store shall be in accordance with    the 
BCA/NZBC.  
 
8.3.2    Fire protection requirements    The requirements    for fire protection shall  include    the following:  
(a)   All firefighting equipment    and fire -protection    systems    shall be designed, installed , operated, tested 
and maintained in accordance  with relevant international Standards or  other regulatory    requirements,  
 
(b)   Where the toxic    substances    being stored have a Class    3 Subsidiary    Risk, the fire  protection 
requirements of  relevant Kenyan standard  shall apply.  
 
(c)   All firefighting equipment shall  be kept readily accessible at all  times.  
 
(d)   All firefighting connectors and  booster connections    shall be compatible    with those of  the local    fire 
authority.  
 
 (e) Press urized    water    or carbon    dioxide    type fire  extinguishers    on the premises    shall   not be kept 
within    30 m  of a depot    used for the storage    of cyanide    compounds    and shall  not be  used in  depots    in 
which    cyanide    compounds    are stored .   Soda    acid extinguishers , although    obsolete, shall    not   be 
used on cyanide    fires.  
(f) All firefighting media    provided    in storage    and handling    areas for toxic    substances    shall be 
compatible    with   the specific    toxic   substances    being kept    or handled . 
NOTE:    Appropriate media    for use in mixed dangerous  goods storages should be  selected    in consultation    
with the  fire authority . 
 
(g) Where    portable    fire extinguishers  of the appropriate    type, number    and capacity    are required    in 
any store    or handling    area for toxic    substances, they shall be installed    in accordance    with   AS 2444.    
A greater    number    may   be specified    by another    relevant Australian    Standard    or the relevant    
regulatory    authority.  
 
(h) Self-contained  breathing    apparatus    shall   be used when    approaching    a fire involving  toxic   
substances.  
 
8.4   ACTION IN THE EVENT OF    FIRE    The   action    to be taken    in the event    of fire  is as set out in  the 
emergency    plan (see Clause    7.2.2).    In the    event of  fire, the    emergency    plan shall be  implemented    
and the emergency    services    shall be  notified.    The management    of a fire shall    be the responsibility    of 
the fire  authority.  
The emergency    plan ma y include    the following :  
(a) Raise    the alarm .  
 
(b) Establish    personnel    safety.  
 
(c) Close down plant    and equipment .  
 
(d) Evacuate    the premises . 
 
(e) Keep unauthorized    personnel    away.  
  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    31 (f)   Fight    fire with the appropriate    extinguishing    medium.    If only    water    is   available, use   
~   VI as fine spray or fog . Do not    use jets -they   break    bags, glass    containers    and fragile  packages.  
 
(g) If significant    smoke    is   generated, evacuate    all   people    on the    installation    to a safe   
location    upwind    of the source . 
 
(h) Ensure    that   fire-water    and spilt    product    is   contained    within    the premises    as far as  practicable.    
Protect    public    and semi -public    water    supplies.  
 
(i) If run -off occurs, or  dangers    arise from exploding    containers, consider    withdrawing    and allowing    the 
fire to burn out. 
 
(j) If in an extreme    emergency    firefighting    with water    is   essential    for large -scale    safety reasons    and 
run-off   cannot    be controlled, inform    the water and health    authorities.  
 
(k) Any   person    exposed    to fumes, smoke    or splashing, or any person    showing    signs    of illness, 
dizziness    or unusual    behavior    shall be  placed    under    medical    care.  Poisoning can    be   mistaken    for   
heat   exhaustion, smoke    inhalation    or   drunkenness.    Remove contaminated    clothing    immediately 
(see Clause    6.9 .3(e)). 
 
(l) Any run -off   water    from fires  involving    toxic   substances    should be  contained    and tested  for residual    
toxins.    Contaminated    water    should    be treated    before    disposal.  
 
NOTE:  Cyanide can  be destroyed by  treatment    with hypochlorite.  
 
(m)   Where    toxic   substances    have been involved    in a building    fire, air monitoring    should    be 
conducted    to determine    that the atmosphere    is safe before people    re-enter    the building . 
 
(n) On completion    of activities    clean    all equipment    and clothing (see Clauses    6.8.3    and 
 
7.5.4 ). Where    possible,  and consistent    with the protection    of persons    and property, the fire  site should    
be preserved    in order to assist    investigators    in determinin g   the cause of  the fire . 
 
SECTION  9 WASTE STORAGE  AND DISPOSAL  
  
9.1   SCOPE OF  SECTION    This Section  sets out requirements    and recommendations    for the safe 
storage    and disposal    of wastes, minor  spills and damaged containers . 
 
9.2   STORAGE  OF WASTES    Any installation    in which    toxic   substances    are kept or  handled haji be 
provided with facilities    for the storage of  wastes and  items contaminated  with   toxic substances . Such 
facilities    shall comply with all    of the    requirements    of this  Standard.  
Wastes that still    meet the criteria of  the for classification    as Class 6.1  substances    shall, pending    their   
disposal, be kept in accordance    with   all   of the relevant  requirements    of this Standard.    Waste packages 
shall be clearly marked as  such.  
 
9.3   ITEMS FOR DISPOSAL  
9.3.1    Toxic substances    The following categories    of toxic substances    shall be disposed    of in 
accordance with  Clause 9.5 : 
(a)   Any contaminated    substance, including    that which  is fire  affected.  
 
(b)   All substances collected    as leaks    or spills ( see Clause 7.5.3 ).  
 
(c)   All residues.  
 
(d)   Substances    of doubtful quality    or having illegible    container labels  
 
9.3.2    Other items    Other items that shall be disposed of  in accordance with Clause 9.5 are  as follows:  
(a)   Empty toxic -substance    containers, other than those  to be  re-used.    (Such containers  
require    pre-disposal    treatment -see   Clause 9.4.)  
 
(b)   Washings or chemical    treatment    products related    to empty    containers.   
32  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved    
(c)   Equipment or  clothing    heavily contaminated    with toxic  substance  
 
(d)   The contents of  the store sump or compound used  for collection    of spills or  run-off. 
 
(e)   Water used for showering and  washing. ( [) Contaminated  soil. 
  
9.4   PRE-DISPOSAL    TREATMENT OF EMPTY CONTAINERS    Prior to their disposal,  
empty  containers  for toxic substances    shall be decontaminated  by- 
 
(a)   triple  rinsing  with the appropriate  solvent,  the washing    preferably  being  added to the material    for use,  
or being    set aside    for disposal; or  
 
(b)   chemical  neutralization.  
Except where  the containers  are to be refilled with  the same substance, the  container  labels shall be 
removed  or fully obliterated.    Containers  not for re -use shall be drained, punctured  and preferably  crushed 
to render  them impossible    to re-use. 
Prior  to disposal, waste  solvents  and washings  shall be contained  and treated  in accordance with  Clause  
7.5. 
 
9.5   METHODS    OF DISPOSAL    If   disposal    is   necessary, the local    waste disposal  authority, National 
environmental management authority  and the health department, as  appropriate, shall  always be  consulted 
on the acceptability    of the proposed  method of disposal. Advice may  also be  obtained from  the chemical 
companies supplying the  products, environmental service companies or  waste disposal    companies.  
 
                                                          INFORMATIVE  
 
 
                                                           APPE DIX   A 
 
                                    HAZARDS    PRESE NTED   BY TOXIC    SUBSTANCES  
 
Al   HEALTH HAZARDS  
 
Al .1    General    Toxic substances    are classified as  Class 6 . I Dangerous Goods  due to their acute 
(immediate) lethal effect . Toxic substances    are liable    either to cause death  or serious injury or harm to 
human health by skin absorption, oral  ingestion or  inhalation.  They can also  have chronic ( long term) effects, 
e.g. liver disease  or cancer    might result after  exposure to  low levels    over many years.  
The following terms are  relevant    to the hazards of toxic substances : 
 
(a)   Toxicity, which is    the ability to cause    injury to biological    tissue.    Substances    are assigned to  Class 
6.1 (toxic) on  the basis of  data relating to  their acute effect , obtained from four  sources, namely - 
 
(i) human experience;  
(ii) animal testing for  acute oral  toxicity ( LD50    oral);  
(iii)   animal testing for  acute dermal    toxicity ( LD50 dermal); and  
(iv)   animal testing for  acute toxicity    on inhalation ( LC50).  
 
The UN I' Manual of  Tests and Criteria    provides further  information on  these tests . 
 
(b)   Toxicology, which is the  study of the toxic effect of a particular chemical  on the body.  
Exposure to  a chemical depends  on the form of the chemical ( solid, liquid, dust, fume , mist, smoke, vapor  or 
gas), the concentration    of the chemical    and the length of  time of exposure. The potential routes  of entry to 
the body and the sites of  action differ for each chemical . The combination of toxicity    of the product and the 
probability of  absorption by  a particular route determines the toxic hazard  and hence the precautions  to be  
taken in  handling the  material.  
 
(c)   Packing Group, which indicates their    degree of toxic hazard  as follows: ( I) Packing Group  I:   great 
danger ( very severe toxicity    hazard).  
 
(ii) Packing Group  II: medium danger  (serious toxicity hazard ).  
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    33 (iii) Packing Group  III: minor danger ( relatively    low toxicity    hazard).  
  
Al.2   Routes    of entry    There are  three main routes of  entry for  chemicals to  the human body.  These are  
the following:  
 
(a)   Skin absorption is an  important means  of entry to the body. Because organic  solvents and organic 
pesticides    can readily pass through the skin, often  without any local effect  on the skin, this is the major 
source of entry for  these substances .   Many organic  pesticides, halogenated    hydroca rbons, hydrogen  
cyanide, carbon tetrachloride, phenol  and organic lead  compounds are  also readily absorbed through  skin 
contact . 
 
(b)   Inhalation is  a major and  the most frequent route  of exposure to volatile and  airborne materials.  Inhaled 
material    is normally rapidly  absorbed    into the body and may result in toxic effects, depending  on the dose.  
 
(c)   Ingestion is a less likely route for  accidental    poisoning, providing the  precautions of  not smoking, eating 
or drinking while chemicals    are being handled, and washing  chemicals    from the skin  after contact, are  
observed.  
 
A2   ENVIRONMENTAL    HAZARDS    Toxic substances, if released to  the environment, can have a major 
impact on living systems due  both to their  immediate    effect and possible cumul ative effect in  the food chain.  
Many toxic substances  are classified as Marine Pollutants by the IMDG Code.  
Potential    routes for release of  the chemical    to the environment    should    be assessed .   The chemical's    
persistence, degradability, bio accumulative    potential and aquatic    toxicity, and  other data related    to Eco 
toxicity, e.g.  effects on  water treatment works , should    be assessed and recorded.  
 
A3   OTHER    HAZARDS    Approximately    30 percent of  the ADG  Code entries for  toxic substa nces also 
have  a subsidiary risk  of another class .   Toxic substances can  be dangerous goods of Class 6.1    with or  
without subsidiary risks of  3, 4, 5  or 8, and  dangerous goods  of Classes    1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 with a  subsidiary    
risk of 6.1.  A limited number have multiple  subsidiary risks . 
 
The hazards    of these    other    classes    should    be appreciated .   Toxic    substances    can be  incompatible, 
or may react dangerously, with  other toxic substances .   These additional    hazards should be considered  for 
storage, and  in the  selection    of personal    protective equipment . 
 
 
                                                       APPEDDIX B  
 
                           EXAMPLE    OF CALCULATION    OF SEPARATION    DISTAN CE  
Where a bulk store contains 15 tonnes of PG II toxic substances (which presents an inhalation hazard the 
following separation distances apply : 
    From Table 1,1(A), minimum separation distance………………………………….12m.  
    From Table 1.1 (B), risk factor …………………………………………………………..2.0.  
    From Table 1.1 (C), protection factor to boundary or public place…………………0.5.  
   Therefore, minimum separation distance to boundary or public place  
                                                                                                           = 12m x 2.0x 0.5  
                                                                                                           = 12m               
   From Table 1.1 (C), protection factor to protected places…………………………….1.0.  
   Therefore, minimum separation distance to protected place               =12MX 2.0X1.0  
                                                                                                                                        =24M    
 
                                                  APPED DIX C  
 
                                      OPERATING P ROCEDURES  
 
Cl PROCEDURES    REQUIRED    The   occupier    of the installation    should    develop, implement and  
maintain written    procedures appropriate    to the installation, as  follows:  
 
(a) Operating    procedures, covering    all   aspects    of the    day-to-day   operation    of the  installation.  
 
(b)   Maintenance    procedures, covering    regular    testing, inspection, and monitoring    of equipment ( see 
also Clause  6.4.4).   
34  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved   
(c)   Emergency procedures, covering actions    to be  taken in the event of fire, spillage , accident, equipment    
failure    or   other    abnormalities    or   emergencies ( see   also Clause    7.2.2).  
 
(d)   Construction and  maintenance    procedures, covering new  facilities and  repairs to and modification of  
existing    plant.  
NOTES:  
1 Many states    have occupational    health and  safety legislation, which provides for  consultative 
mechanisms    at workplaces    to enable management    and workers to  be jointly    involved in  the 
development    of procedures and  work practices .  
2   Requirements    for quality    systems are  given in ISO 9001  series of Standards.  
 
C2   PROMULGATION    OF PROCEDURES    The procedures should  be documented in  notices, manuals    
or other recorded instructions    as appropriate to  the particular    installation, on view    or readily available on  
site. 
 
C3 REVIEW OF  PROCEDURES    Procedures should  be modified as necessary, following equipment and 
organizational    changes, and shall  otherwise    be reviewed regularly.  
 
C4   OPERATING    PROCEDURES    The operating    procedures, where  appropriate, should  
include -  
(a)   initial commissioning    procedures;  
  
(b)   normal handling procedures ; 
 
(c)   transfer procedures ; 
 
(d)   monitoring    of essential    functions and  components;  
 
 (e) control of  hazards    including ignition    sources;  
 
(f) manufacturer's    operating procedures for  the equipment;  
 
(g) housekeeping    and site upkeep  (see Clause    6.4); 
 
(h)   management    of leakage, spillage  and clean -up (see Clause    7.5);  
 
(i) personnel    safety and protective equipment ( see Clause 6 . 8); 
 
(j)   environmental    monitoring;  
 
(k)   operational    of utilities; and  
 
(l) fire protecti on systems ( see Section 8 ).  
 
C5 CONSTRUCTION    AND   MAINTENANCE    PROCEDURES    Construction    and maintenance 
procedures should include, as  appropriate - 
 
(a)   work authorization ( see Clause 6.6.3 ); 
 
(b)   work in confined spaces (see Clause    6.6.7);  
 
(c)   testing of instrumentation, protective    devices, alarms    and monitors; (d)    isolation    and tagging of  
equipment;  
 
(e)   control of  contractors; ( f) firefighting equipment ; (g) pipework ; 
 
(h)   storage tanks ; 
 
(I)   drainage systems ; 
(j) bunds;   
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    35  
(k)   electrical equipment ;  
 
(I)   ventilation systems ; 
 
(m)   fences and security  measures ; 
 (n) lighting ;  
 
(o)   signs and notices; and  
 
(p)   plant components, e.g.    pumps, fans  and package filling  equipment.  
 
C6   EMERGENCY    PROCEDURES    Documented    emergency    procedures    should    be prepared in 
accordance with Section 7 and first aid procedures in accordance with Clause 6.9.  
 
C7   COMPLIANCE    WITH    PROCEDURES    The   procedures    established    for   the installation    should 
be complied with by  all personnel at  that installation.    An audit system  should be estab lished to  ensure 
compliance .  
  
                                                                 APPENDIX   D 
 
                                  FIRST AID RESPONSE FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES  
 
Dl   PROVISION    OF FACILITIES AND TRAINING    In   addition    to   basic    trainin g, persons    responsible    
for administering    first aid should    be trained in the specific hazards    of the  toxic substances    handled    or 
stored    at the workplace.    Where    antidotes    or oxygen are required , the responsible    persons    should    
be trained    in their use . 
In large workplaces    and workplaces    where    there    is a specific    hazard, a first  aid room    or an  
occupational    health    Centre    may   be needed.  
 
D2   SYMPTOMS    The   symptoms    or   biological    effects    of   toxic   substances    will   vary depending    
on the product    involved.  
 
The   general    symptoms    of poisoning    include    headache, nausea    and vomiting, drowsiness ,  
changes    in mental    behavior, unconsciousness,  convulsions    and pain .  
The diagnosis    of poisoning    may be  simplified    if the following    factors    are considered : 
 
(a) The circumstances    of the incident    e.g.   leakage    of chemicals.  
(b)   The nature    of the illness, and its relationship    in time to  recent    chemical    exposure.  
(c) Whether    more than one person    is involved    and all display    similar    symptoms.  
 
The effects    of some    toxic substances    resemble    those of typical    illnesses, e.g.  vomiting    and diarrhea .   
Different    individuals    react    differently    to toxic    substances    depending    on their  health, constitution    
and the amount of the substance    to which they were exposed .   Also, the  onset    of symptoms may be  
delayed.  
D3   ANTIDOTES    In general, antidotes    are rarely used as a  first aid measure    for poisoning .  
However, where    the nature of  the hazard, and location    of the industry    demands, they can be  
required; for example, a cyanide    antidote    kit might    be held    for cyanid e   compounds, and  atropine 
(sulphate) for organophosphorus    or carbamate    pesticides    or the combustion products  of these 
pesticides . 
Specialist    advice    should    be obtained    regarding    the selection    and use of antidotes .  
Antidotes    should    only   be administered    by appropriately    trained    medical    personnel    after  
seeking    advice    from a  medical    practitioner.  
   
                                                    APPENDIX    E 
 
INFORMATIO N   TO BE  PROVIDED    TO EMERGECY SERVICES   
 
The information    to be provided    to emergency services    should include the following : 
(a) A site plan    indicating - 
(i)   the direction of  north;   
36  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved  (ii) the boundaries    of the premises and  the names of adjacent streets ; 
(iii)   the   location    and identification    of all buildings    and external    stores    at the  premises;  
(iv)   vehicular entry  points, and  vehicular    access within    the site ; (v) the location    of dangerous goods; and  
(vi) the fire service layout . 
 
(b)   A copy of the current manifest  listing the quantities, classes, UN numbers, product and  names of  the 
dangerous goods being stored and  the location of  dangerous goods within the premises . 
 
(c)   A list of  names and telephone or  pager numbers (including at -work and  after-hours) o f personnel    within    
the occupier’s    organization    who can provide    specialist    advice    or assistance    in an emergency.  
 
(d)   Details of  the evacuation system    at the  site, including -  
 
(i) the type of alarm and  its means of  evacuation;  
(ii) the locations    of assembly    areas, to enable    emergency    services    to quickly  
determine    if all of the occupant's    personnel have  been evacuated; and  
(iii) a means by which the emergency services    can identify members of  the warden structure    for the 
premises.  
 
(e)   Copies of  the material    safety data sheets (MSDSs) for  all of  the dangerous    goods on the site.    
© KEBS 2018 — All rights reserved    37  
 
 
 
NOTE Density applies to liquid samples only . 
 
 
   
38  © KEBS 2019 — All rights reserved