WT/TPR/M/314  
19 August 2015  
(15-4200)  Page: 1/53  
Trade Policy Review Body 
15 and 17 June 2015   
 
  TRADE POLICY REVIEW 
CANADA  
MINUTES OF THE MEETING 
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Atanas Atanassov Paparizov  
CONTENTS 
 
1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAI RPERSON ....................................................... 2  
2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF CANADA (HONOURABLE 
MR CAMERON MACKAY) ................................................................................................... 4  
3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT ................................................................................ 8  
4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS ........................................................................................ 12  
5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF  CANADA AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ......... 47  
6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAI RPERSON ......................................................... 52  
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies 
provided by Canada are reproduced in document  WT/TPR/M/314/Add.1 and will be available online 
at http://www.wto.org/english/ tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
1.1.  The tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada was held on 15 and 17 June 2015. The Chairperson 
H.E. Mr Atanas Atanassov Paparizov (Bulgaria) welcomed the delegation of Canada headed by Honourable Mr Cameron Mackay, Director Genera l, Trade Negotiations, Department of Foreign 
Affairs, Trade and Development; the rest of the delegation, including H.E. Ambassador Jonathan T. 
Fried, Permanent Representative of Canada to the WTO; other colleagues from the Mission in Geneva; and the discussant, H.E. Ambassador Remigi Winzap (Switzerland). 
1.2.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of the Tr ade Policy Reviews and the main elements of 
the procedures for the meeting. The report by Canada was contained in document WT/TPR/G/314 and that of the WTO Secretariat in WT/TPR/S/314. 
1.3.  Canada adopted the alternative time-frame for its TPR. The following delegations submitted 
questions one week before the meeting and had b een transmitted to the delegation of Canada: 
Singapore; Malaysia; Switzerland; Australia; Chinese Taipei; Brazil; Peru; Mexico; Hong Kong, China; United States; New Zealand; EU; China; Norway; Japan; Argentina; and El Salvador. The 
following delegations submitted written questions af ter the deadline and had also been transmitted 
to the delegation of Canada: Guatemala; Chile; Colombia; the Russian Federation; Ukraine; Dominican Republic; India; Republic of Korea; Tr inidad and Tobago; Ecuador; Turkey; Indonesia; 
and Thailand. 
1.4.  The Canadian economy had recovered well from the financial crisis with GDP growth 
averaging 2.4% annually but had been impacted by  weaker export growth and investment during 
the period 2011-14. While long-relying on its natural resource wealth, the Canadian economy was 
diversified with manufacturing and services also  contributing significantly. The energy and 
minerals sector had declined the most in the post-crisis period, but had gradually rebounded and had shown strong growth since 2013. 
1.5.  In terms of trade, Canada's merchandise impo rts and exports had grown steadily during the 
review period, with import growth rates of 15% on average, twice as high as export growth rates, 
of 7% per year. During 2011-13, exports had been re latively flat due to weak global trade and in 
particular, weak energy prices, but had reboun ded in 2014. Canadian merchandise export trade 
was heavily reliant on one sector, energy products, and one market, the United States. Despite efforts to diversify trade, Canadian imports and exports had concentrated further during the review period with its major market which had contributed to a larger percentage of both import 
and export trade. Although having a very serv ice-oriented economy, Canada's services' trade 
remained relatively small, about one-fifth the size of its merchandise trade. 
1.6.  Canada had a relatively open foreign investment policy. Both inward and outward FDI had 
exhibited growth during the period, but inward FD I flows had been modest and had fallen in 2014. 
Canada had taken steps to reverse this trend and facilitate FDI in a number of ways during the period by concluding a number of bilateral in vestment agreements, removing some telecom 
investment restrictions, and promoting its funding programmes to attract investors. 
1.7.  During the period under review, Canada had moved ahead with its unilateral trade 
liberalization initiatives. The elimination of tariffs on a broad range of manufacturing inputs and capital goods was undoubtedly the highlight of these initiatives. The Chairperson was convinced 
that Members would not fail to encourage Canada to sustain these efforts. 
1.8.  Agriculture remained a key sector of the Canadian economy, owing in particular to its 
contribution to national wealth and employment. The sector was also highly important for the rest 
of the world because Canada was among the major players in international trade in agricultural 
products. Renewal of the Growing Forward Framework Agreement was most certainly one of the key developments in recent years. A number of  measures pertaining to the sector were 
nonetheless questioned by several Members. These related in particular to the fairly high level of 
tariff protection; the current supply management system for dairy products; and the preferential treatment said to be given at sub-federal level to certain products such as wines, beer and spirits of local origin. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  1.9.  As regards sanitary and phytosanitary measures, Members did not fail to note the process to 
reform the food regulatory system, in which Ca nada had already been engaged for some years. 
Some Members expressed concerns regarding the new import licensing requirements. This meeting might be a good opportunity for Canada  not only to clarify this aspect of the reform 
but also to expand on its main lines of action and prospects. 
1.10.  Judging from the number of advance questions received, other areas of great interest to 
Members included Canada's intellectual property regime in which new legislation and regulations 
had been of significant interest as well as cl arifications on how certain provisions would be 
implemented and monitored or enforced. Another area related to contingency measures whereby a number of questions had been raised on the proced ural aspects of investigations, the significant 
increase in investigations, and how specific provisions were implemented in practice. 
1.11.  The Chairperson was sure that these topics and themes, and many more, would be touched 
upon in greater detail at their deliberations on the first and second day of the meeting.  
1.12.  The Chairperson closed his introductory remarks by wishing Canada a very successful tenth 
Trade Policy Review. He looked forward to its active engagement in this TPR. 
1.13.  He also noted that a podcast would be made of the meeting which could be accessed on the 
Members' website. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF CANADA (HONOURABLE 
MR CAMERON MACKAY) 
2.1.  I am very happy to represent my country at th is tenth WTO review of Canada's trade policy, 
and thank each one of you for your willingness to take part in this important process. 
2.2.  Special thanks go to Ambassador Paparizov for agreeing to chair today's meeting. I am 
especially happy that Ambassador Winzap will do  us the honour of serving as the discussant. 
2.3.  I also thank the WTO Secretariat team for preparing such a detailed and comprehensive 
Secretariat report. 
2.4.  As one of the initial architects of the TPR process, we are deeply convinced that it enables all 
WTO Members to benefit from a transparent,  predictable and rules-based international 
trading system. 
2.5.  As both the Secretariat and Government report s point out, since our 2011 review, Canada's 
economy has capitalized on strong economic fundamentals, and prudent fiscal policy to recover successfully from the global financial crisis. 
2.6.  The Canadian Government's annual "Economic Action Plan" consistently focuses on balancing 
the budget, supporting jobs and growth, developing  resources responsibly and supporting families 
and communities. 
2.7.  To support the private sector's creation of jobs and prosperity, we have lowered taxes on 
businesses, encouraged regulatory efficiency through harmonization efforts, and cut administrative 
red tape – especially for small businesses. 
2.8.  And the stability of Canada's financial sector continues to receive international recognition. 
For the seventh consecutive year, the World Economic Forum has declared Canada's banking 
system to be the soundest in the world. 
2.9.  The results are clear. 
2.10.  Forbes and Bloomberg have both rated Canada as the best place in the G20 for business. 
Canada has also recently been ranked by the Economic Intelligence Unit as the best place for doing business among the G7 and G20 countries over the next five years. 
2.11.  Canada maintains the lowest net debt-to-GDP ratio in the G7, and is expected to be among 
the top G7 performers through 2017 with respect to economic growth. 
2.12.  Of course, growth only matters if it benefits people, including through job creation. 
2.13.  On that front, Canada's economy was the first among G7 nations to recoup the employment 
losses recorded during the global recession. 
2.14.  Nearly 1.3 million net new jobs have been created since July 2009; almost 86% of those 
have been full-time jobs. 
2.15.  WTO Members know that trade and investment play a key role in Canada's economic 
success. 
2.16.  Trade is equivalent to more than 60% of our GDP, over 40,000 Canadian companies export 
internationally, and one in five Canadian jobs are directly or indirectly related to trade. 
2.17.  In that light, Canada knows well the importance  of trade and investment as the twin engines 
for economic growth. And we know the dangers of protectionism. 
2.18.  So we work closely with Canadian businesses to help shape trade and investment policies 
that help them prosper. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  2.19.  Clearly, the private sector is leading tremendous change in the global economy. 
Government policies need to keep up. We cannot continue to rely solely on global trade rules negotiated more than two decades ago. 
2.20.  Canada's business leaders have called on the Government to open new markets for goods 
and services exports, to facilitate trade, to lo wer supply chain barriers, to encourage international 
investment and innovation linkages, and to resist protectionism. 
2.21.  The Canadian Government has responded by prio ritizing trade and investment liberalization, 
most recently through the 2013 Global Markets Action Plan, Canada's blueprint for creating jobs 
and economic growth through trade and investment. 
2.22.  With respect to trade promotion, the plan focuses Canada's efforts on key sectors and 
identifies priority established and emerging mark ets, with a goal of expanding the presence of 
small and medium sized enterprises. 
2.23.  The plan ensures that Canadian embassies and missions abroad put an emphasis on 
economic diplomacy and trade promotion activities. 
2.24.  And it ensures that Canada's Trade Commissioner Service has its human and financial 
resources allocated to where they can maximize assistance to Canada's international business. 
2.25.  With respect to trade policy, the Global Mark ets Action Plan sets clear priorities and 
objectives for Canada's trade negotiations. 
2.26.  In that light, Canada is moving forward on trade and investment liberalization on three 
fronts: first, multilaterally; second, bilaterally and regionally; and third, unilaterally through domestic economic reform. 
2.27.  On the multilateral front: I mentioned earlier our support for the TPR process, the 
transparency pillar of the WTO. On the dispute settlement pillar – under which Canada is assertive in advancing and defending our rights and obligations – we agree with Director General Azevêdo's 
statement, at the June 1 event celebrating the 20th anniversary of the WTO, that the dispute 
settlement system plays a critical role in countering protectionism. 
2.28.  And, of course, Canada remains dedicated to the negotiations pillar, under which the GATT 
and the WTO have had such historical success. Successive rounds of multilateral trade 
negotiations, coupled with the accession of major economies, have cut trade barriers, stimulated international trade, increased investment flows, built a stronger foundation for global economic growth and prosperity, and lifted millions out of poverty. 
2.29.  It is in that light that Canada has been a strong supporter of the modernization of the global 
trade rules – which are now decades old - through the Doha Development Agenda. Despite the long delays in completing the Doha Round, we were delighted to support a successful outcome at 
Bali, especially with respect to the Trade Facilitation Agreement, which we are working hard to 
fully implement expeditiously. 
2.30.  The TFA has tremendous potential to support jo bs and growth in the developing countries 
that implement it. So as part of our on-going commitments on Aid for Trade, Canada has already 
committed close to CAD$60 million in funding for trade facilit ation, including a CAD$2 million 
contribution to the World Bank Group's Trade Fa cilitation Support Program. Canada is also 
considering further contributions to help developing countries take advantage of trade facilitation. 
2.31.  WTO Members can count on Canada to support a pragmatic and successful outcome at the 
tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi this December. We agree with the many other Members who have warned that a failure to succeed in Nairobi will have dire consequences for the WTO's 
reputation as a forum to negotiate modern global trade rules. 
2.32.  In the lead up to Nairobi, Canada is working constructively with other Members, including as 
part of the Cairns Group, to move forward with multilateral trade liberalization. Canada has and 
will continue to provide more clarity to the di scussions in various groups, such as our recent WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  presentation to the NAMA group on the effect s of various tariff-reducing mechanisms on a 
representative sample of Canada's tariff.  
2.33.  Canada is also strongly committed to the development dimension of the DDA and the work 
we will undertake in the lead-up to Nairobi, and will pursue an outcome that is supportive of and 
sensitive to the needs of developing country Members. 
2.34.  Of course, Canada is also a supporter of the WTO's various plurilateral negotiations - to cut 
tariffs on information technology products and environmental goods, and to expand the 
membership of the Agreement on Government Procurement. We are also pursuing further services 
liberalization through the Trade in Services Agreement negotiations with 24 WTO Members. 
2.35.  I'm certain everyone in the room today agrees th at we need to improve the credibility of the 
multilateral system. But we cannot focus on multilateral trade talks alone. 
2.36.  To re-energize global growth in trade, we must also pursue bilateral and regional 
agreements that open new markets in ways that complement and enhance the multilateral system. 
2.37.  To that end, Canada is pursuing ambitious Free Trade Agreements, Foreign Investment 
Promotion and Protection Agreements and Air Transport Agreements with partners around the world. 
2.38.  In short, we are pursuing the most ambi tious trade agenda in Canada's history. 
2.39.  Since 2006, the Government of Canada has concluded trade agreements with 38 countries, 
bringing the total to 43 FTA partners. 
2.40.  Since 2011, Canada has brought into force new FTAs with Colombia, Jordan, Panama, 
Honduras and the Republic of Korea, and we ha ve concluded a historic Comprehensive Economic 
and Trade Agreement with the European Union. On ce all these agreements are implemented, more 
than 80% of Canada's two-way trade in goods will be covered by FTAs, and Canadian businesses 
will have preferential access to over 50% of the world's economy. 
2.41.  Our ongoing negotiations with other key partners, including our work to conclude the 
Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, will further broaden and deepen our trading relationships in 
fast-growing Asia-Pacific markets and around the world. 
2.42.  Beyond FTAs, Canada has also concluded or brought into force 43 Foreign Investment 
Promotion and Protection Agreements, and concluded new and expanded Air Transport Agreements covering over 80 partners from around the globe. 
2.43.  So we are making good progress on trade and investment negotiations. 
2.44.  But we are not waiting for trade agreements to require us to liberalize our economy. We are 
also undertaking unilateral trade reforms to make the Canadian economy more competitive and 
help our businesses to create jobs and wealth. 
2.45.  The Secretariat's report points out that Canada is moving decisively to lower barriers to 
trade and cut red tape. We have eliminated over 1,800 tariffs on imported machinery, equipment 
and manufacturing inputs, making Canada the first tariff-free zone for industrial manufacturers in 
the G20. In 2013, an OECD report recognized Cana da's unilateral tariff elimination efforts as a 
best practice to be emulated by others. 
2.46.  We are also working to eliminate internal barriers to trade, and to promote domestic 
competition in areas such as telecommunications and financial services, to keep our economy 
globally competitive. 
2.47.  We are doing all of this unilaterally, through domestic reforms, knowing that these 
measures will strengthen our economy. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  2.48.  In conclusion, it is clear that in a world where technology and innovation continue to shrink 
distances and shape our economie s, free trade, open markets and good governance have never 
been more critical to ea ch nation's prosperity. 
2.49.  I am pleased to say that today the Canadian economy is strong and resilient, in no small 
part because we are working hard to further open trade and investment opportunities. 
2.50.  In doing so, Canada takes its WTO obligations very seriously. And we believe that our 
overall compliance with those obligations  is among the highest of WTO Members. 
2.51.  I recognize that many of you have questions about our policies. Indeed, we so far have 
received over 600 written questions, including 67 new ones late last week. We have responded in writing to all the advance questions we received from Members by the 18 May deadline, and we aim to respond in writing tomorrow to the great majority of questions we received after that 
deadline. 
2.52.  After we turn the floor over to Members today,  I know you will have even more questions, 
some of them critical of Canadian policies an d measures. Canada welcomes this engagement. We 
will take your recommendations and suggestions into account, and, though explaining why our 
policies and measures are the right choice for Canada, we will strive to improve where possible. Thank you. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DISCUSSANT 
3.1.  Mr Director General, I bid you and your delegation a warm welcome to Geneva and 
Switzerland. I join the Chairperson in thanking  Canada and the Secretariat for their excellent 
reports, which provide a sound basis for this review of Canada's trade policy. 
3.2.  I was pleased to accept the role of discussant for this review. Canada is an exceptionally 
beautiful, diverse and multicultural country. It has successfully addressed major challenges arising, among other things, from its size as the second largest country in the world, its frequently 
harsh climate, its rather limited domestic market, and the fact that it has only one adjacent 
country. Canada has an exemplary immigration po licy, enjoys one of the highest standards of 
living in the world, and is one of the countries with the most balanced distribution of wealth. Just like Switzerland, Canada has a federal system of government that also influences its economic 
policy. Canada can pride itself on its high level of competitiveness – and here I am not only 
thinking of ice hockey and Canada as the current world champion – no, I am referring to the country's diversified and resilient economy. Ca nada is a net exporter of agricultural and 
manufactured products. 
3.3.  After this brief introduction in French, one of the official languages of Canada and the WTO, 
I shall now switch to English, Canada's second official language. 
3.4.  Canada is the world's fifth largest agri-food exporter and sixth largest importer. It is the 
world's 13th largest merchandise exporter and 11th largest merchandise importer. Interestingly, even if the services sector is the largest contributor to Canada's economy, accounting for 70% of GDP during the period 2011-14, Canada's services trade is relatively small, about one fifth the size 
of its merchandise trade. Canada remains a net services importer and the services trade deficit 
even slightly increased during the review period.  
3.5.  During the review period, Canadian exports grew  at an impressive average of 7% per year. 
Canada's trade performance was marked by steady  increases in imports and exports, both goods 
and services, with a particular strong increase in merchandise exports in 2014. This fact has, 
however, to be seen against the background th at mining and energy collectively account for 
approximately one-half of total Canadian merchandise exports, with crude oil representing 
approximately 18% of the total.  
3.6.  Canada, as the Secretariat report highlights, has certain vulnerabilities with respect to trade, 
as it is heavily reliant on the United States as its major market and has a relatively narrow export 
product base, mainly energy and mineral products, vehicles and transport equipment. Despite 
attempts to diversify exports geographically, the share of exports to the United States actually increased during the period under review from 74% to 77% and the share of imports from that 
partner also increased from 50% to 54%. 
3.7.  Positive policy choices made by Canada and mentioned in earlier TPR's have been confirmed. 
As in the past, Canada maintains a transparent trade policy regime and is generally not resorting 
to protectionist measures. However, and unlike in the previous review-period, Canada continued to 
make quite frequent use of anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures during this review period, as there were 43 initiations of anti-dumping  investigations, with a peak of 17 in 2013, and 
21 initiations of countervailing duty investigations, with a peak of 12 in 2014.  
3.8.  In respect of its trade policy choices, Canada states clearly in its Government report, that the 
World Trade Organization is a cornerstone of Canada's trade policy agenda, and a key forum for engaging with its trading partners. Canada reaffirms its commitment to the Doha Development 
Agenda and its willingness to contribute to a timely implementation of the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement – which is very welcome and should serve on this issue, in my view, as an example to 
all delegations represented in this room. 
3.9.  Canada enhanced its economic and trade policies in the period under review in particular 
through further implementation of its Economic Action Plans, which it started in 2009. Based on the Economic Action Plan 2012, Canada launched its Global Markets Action Plan (GMAP) to support Canadian companies and investors abroad in 2013. The GMAP aims, inter alia , to match the 
success in market openings through Free Trade Ag reements by supporting Canadian companies to WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  take advantage of these agreements. The 2014 Econ omic Action Plan focused on balancing the 
budget, supporting jobs and growth, developing resources responsibly and supporting families and communities.  
3.10.  On autonomous liberalization measures undertaken by Canada, I note the streamlining of its 
customs tariff. Canada's 2014 tariff schedule is based on HS 2012 and has at the eight-digit tariff 
level almost 1000 lines less than the schedule at the time of the previous review, which was based on HS 2007. Thousands of HS codes were simplified  and MFN-tariffs of 5% or less were eliminated. 
The process of tariff simplification adds to previous unilateral liberalization efforts. Over the last 
years, Canada reduced MFN duty rates to zero on more than 1800 tariff lines relating to manufacturing inputs, machinery and equipment. Canada also eliminated permanently the MFN applied rates of customs duty on Mobile Offshore Dr illing Units, as well as - of direct interest to 
consumers - on baby clothes, and certain sports  and athletic equipment. Over two-thirds of 
Canadian tariff lines have zero-duties.  
3.11.  By lowering effective protection on a broad range of manufacturing inputs, machinery and 
equipment, Canada's policy is aiming at reducing production costs, improve efficiency and enhance 
innovation in downstream manufacturing industries. Canada takes in this respect a different pathway than other WTO Members – some of whic h are rather seeking to maintain or even 
increase duties, which does not necessarily facilitate the integration of their domestic companies in 
global value chains. Personally, I commend Canada for its bold policy in respect of its duties on industrial products. But Members in this room may hope that Canada will be doing the same on agricultural tariffs. 
3.12.  Besides autonomous policy measures, Canada also continued to open its markets through 
negotiations of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Since 2011, five new FTAs have entered into force (Korea, Colombia, Honduras, Jordan and Panama). Furthermore, a FTA with the EU was completed 
in mid-2014, but has yet to enter into force. Canada is also part of the Trans Pacific Partnership 
negotiations, as well as of negotiations on sectoral agreements in and outside the WTO, in particular ITA expansion, the Environmental G oods Agreement and TiSA, the Trade in Services 
Agreement.  
3.13.  In April 2014, the revised GPA came into force for Canada with substantial changes in 
Canada's schedule at the sub-federal level. Now, all provinces and territories and ten federal crown corporations are included. 
3.14.  During the review period, considerations on intellectual property (IP) have played an 
important role both in Canada's domestic legislative activity as well as in its international trade policy. Since 2011, Canada has ratified two, and initiated accession to five other important 
international IP treaties, and has adopted or introduced a number of significant legislative changes 
to its IP regime.  
3.15.  Canada is also an important actor in trade related development cooperation. Canada is a 
strong supporter of Aid for Trade and the Doha De velopment Agenda Global Trust Fund as well as 
the Standards and Trade Development Facility. Ca nada also supported the Advisory Centre on 
WTO Law (ACWL). Canada contributed US$2.5 million over the last years to help the ACWL continue its work. Furthermore, Canada has di sbursed US$2 million to the World Bank Group's 
Trade Facilit ation Support Program in 2014. 
3.16.  Now, let me turn to some features which particularly retained my attention when preparing 
for this Trade policy Review and to some questions which I have in respect of Canada's trade 
policy.  
3.17.  I would like to start where the discussant of the ninth review, Ambassador John Adank from 
New Zealand, left in 2011. He highlighted two more  general and a number of specific concerns in 
regard of Canada's trade policy. 
3.18.  The more general concerns pointed out by Ambassador Adank in 2011 were – and I quote: 
"longstanding ones from earlier trade policy reviews", namely the issue of rationalizing Canada's internal market and the challenges posed by Canada's dualistic agricultural policy. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  3.19.  In terms of specific concerns, he mentioned, in particular, national treatment in relation to 
excise taxes, ongoing requirements for WTO Members in the investment and services areas, and questions around the trade-restrictiveness of certain technical regulations and other mandatory measures.  
3.20.  Ambassador Adank closed his statement in 2011 with the following remark: "Accordingly, 
looking ahead to Canada's tenth trade policy measures, these are areas where Members will be interested in hearing of further developments." Indeed, looking at the questions raised by 
Members, these areas remain of key interest to Members still today. 
3.21.  My impression from reading the background material and the questions of Members is that 
the more general concerns highlighted in 2011 on progress to rationalize Canada's internal market and issues posed by Canada's dualistic agricultural policy remain as relevant as in earlier reviews. 
They seem both to have their roots in challenges linked to a federal structure where responsibility 
is shared between federal and provincial/territori al governments. During the review period, the 
Agreement on Internal Trade, which governs do mestic trade, was amended twice. The changes 
included revisions to procurement, labour mobility, and dispute resolution sections. These are 
important areas, however, there are more areas on which - from an outside perspective - one would hope that action by Canada would be taken. There are, for instance, the excise taxes and 
duties on alcoholic beverages and tobacco produc ts which seem inconsistent with WTO national 
treatment obligations – an issue which had been mentioned in 2011, already. As discussant, I would like to raise the question how Canada intends to ensure that national treatment obligations of the WTO will be fully respected at the sub-Federal level?  
3.22.  In agriculture, Canada is on the one hand an important exporter in particular of wheat and 
barley as well as of red meat, while on the other hand it has a big dairy industry with a high level of support. As the overall framework and regu lation of the dairy sector has not changed 
significantly since the last review, many questions by Members to Canada in this TPR are directed 
at this area and Members in the room are keen to hear Canada's answers to their queries. 
3.23.  A very important and challenging area for Canada is the mining and energy sector 
contributing significantly to employment and tax revenue. During the review period, there were 
significant impacts on trade and the economy mainly due to fluctuations in energy prices. A similar situation may possibly prevail in times ahead, wi th the consequence among others that low oil 
prices may lead to poor economics for many existing and potential oil sand projects. How does the 
Canadian Government see the ability of the industry to cope with this challenging situation?  
3.24.  Natural gas is another important sector for Canada, as it is the world's fourth largest 
exporter. Today, all exported natural gas goes to the United States. It may be important for 
Canada to diversify export markets by converting gas into liquefied natural gas (LNG). I take from 
the Secretariat report that industry proponents are pursuing a variety of LNG export proposals that are moving through the established regulatory review  process. It could be of interest to Members 
to hear more on how this regulatory review process works. 
3.25.  In respect of trade in services, the Government of Canada is very active in the WTO and 
through a number of trade policy tools such as free trade agreements, including the negotiation of a Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA). Furthermore, in Canada's Global Markets Action Plan, 
services sectors are an important component. No netheless, the Canadian services trade as of 
today is relatively small. Are there further measures through which the Canadian Government intends to strengthen the capacities of the Canadian services sector, particularly its international 
competitiveness? 
3.26.  Through the Global Markets Action Plan, Canada has also placed emphasis on pursuing more 
foreign investment promotion and protection agreements where there is potential for economic 
growth and interest to Canadian investors. Desp ite efforts to improve the framework to encourage 
more direct investment, FDI inflows remained modest and were outpaced by FDI outflows. 
Possibly, investment promotion, even if important, may not be sufficient. In the reports I have read that Canada's FDI legislation has remained broadly unchanged during the review period, 
except for provisions related to state-owned enterprises and some amendments in the area of 
telecommunications. Furthermore, in 2013, the first rejection of a foreign investment on national security grounds was taken by the Governor in Council. My question therefore is, whether there WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  are additional measures to investment promotion which the Canadian Government is envisaging to 
make Canada more attractive to  foreign direct investment?  
3.27.  These are my opening remarks as discussant at this tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada. In 
summary, the period under review has shown an entrepreneurial Canada undertaking reforms, 
improving access to foreign markets and supporting its economy with the implementation of trade 
strategies to produce high quality at lower costs for export markets. 
3.28.  The future will tell us if these measures are sufficient to overcome vulnerabilities of Canada 
with respect to trade, as Canada is heavily reliant on one trading partner and on a relatively 
narrow export product base. 
3.29.  Canada seems to have still potential to improve the functioning of its internal market in 
respect of national treatment obligations, its attractiveness to foreign investment, the 
strengthening of its services sector and a broade n i n g  o f  i t s  e x p o r t  p r o d u c t  b a s e  a s  w e l l  a s  a  
diversification of its export markets. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBERS 
SINGAPORE 4.1.  Singapore and Canada enjoy strong bilateral relations and have longstanding economic ties. 
The bilateral trade in goods was S$2.73 billion in 2014 and bilateral trade in services amounted to 
S$2.3 billion in 2013, an overall increase of 24.3% from 2012. Our investment relations are 
robust. As of 2013, the total stock of investment in Singapore from Canada was S$5.17 billion, with over 640 Canadian companies registered in Singapore. This business presence is reciprocated 
by existence of numerous Singapore companies in Canada.  
4.2.  As like-minded countries that believe in the importance of free trade, Canada and Singapore 
have a long history of close cooperation at various international platforms such as the WTO and APEC. We commend Canada's constructive role and contributions at these platforms which help 
build a strong multilateral trading system. At the regional level, Singapore, Canada and others are 
also engaging intensively to conclude negotiations on a high standard and comprehensive Trans Pacific Partnership agreement, which will deepen economic integration in the Asia-Pacific and 
encourage greater trade liberalisation.  
4.3.  We congratulate Canada on its overall positive economic performance since emerging from 
the global economic crisis. We note from the Secretariat report that Canada's economy has 
sustained positive growth of 1.9% to 3% in rece nt years. This is indicative of Canada's sound 
macroeconomic policies and the success of its Economic Action Plans. 
4.4.  We note with interest that according to the Secretariat's report, Canada's import tariff regime 
remained nearly unchanged since the last review  with average applied tariff for agricultural 
products staying at 22.5%. While there has been partial liberalization of foreign investment 
restrictions for telecoms companies with a market share of 10% or less, the report also noted certain investment restrictions remain in place. We encourage Canada to undertake more 
unilateral liberalization in the high tariffs relating to certain agricultural products, and address the 
remaining investment restrictions.   
4.5.  We welcome Canada's commitment in adopting an ambitious trade and investment strategy 
that includes expanding markets for its businesses and the promotion of foreign investment. This 
will help counter the vulnerabilities on the heavy reliance on a single major market and a narrow export products base, which were mentioned in the Secretariat report. Given Canada's strong interest in trade, we are confident that it would ratify the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement soon. 
We hope to witness the continued evolution of Canada's trade policies which will further cement its 
status as an advocate of global free trade.  
4.6.  Before I conclude, I would like thank Ambassa dor Jonathan Fried and his able team in 
Geneva for their excellent cooperation and l ook forward to continuing the close working 
relationship. We also thank Canada for their timely responses to our questions and wish them every success in their tenth Trade Policy Review. 
MALAYSIA 
4.7.  Malaysia and Canada have a longstanding bilateral economic relation besides people to 
people contact with many Malaysian students choosing Canada as a choice of education destination. In term of investment, as of 2013, almost 80 projects with Canadian participation had 
been implemented with total investments of almost US$227 million in Malaysia. These projects had 
created some 10,700 job opportunities that contribute towards Malaysia's economic growth. It is also worth noting that some of Canada's major companies such as Bombardier, Talisman Energy 
and Bank of Nova Scotia have their presence in Malaysia. Similarly, Malaysian investments in 
Canada are being headed by leading Malaysian companies such as PETRONAS and Felda Global Ventures Holdings Berhad. Investment made by PETRONAS in Canada is one of Malaysia's largest 
global investment.   
4.8.  In 2014, total trade between the two countries was US$1.7 billion; with Malaysia's exports to 
Canada accounting for US$808 million, while imports amounted to almost US$920 million.  WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.9.  Malaysia is also working alongside Canada to improve our regional economic cooperation 
through initiatives such as the TPP and as a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN. The Third ASEAN 
Economic Ministers (AEM)-Canada Consultation held in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar last year reaffirmed our commitment to implement the ASEAN-Canada Joint Declaration on Trade and Investment 
adopted in 2011. As Chair of ASEAN this year, Malaysia will continue the momentum to ensure its 
successful implementation. The ASEAN Economic Minister (AEM) Roadshow to Canada was also held for the first time last year, providing opportunities to promote and strengthen trade and 
investment relations between ASEAN and Canada.  
4.10.  At the multilateral front, Malaysia appreciates Canada's firm commitment to a rules-based 
and transparent trading system. Canada is an active Member, both in the context of the regular work of the WTO and in the Doha negotiations. Canada's solid records of notification, submissions 
in different Doha negotiating groups and outsta nding contribution to Aid for Trade Program are 
laudable. Malaysia looks forward to Canada's strong leadership in our preparation of July's work programme, for a credible package to be shaped for the WTO Ministerial Conference in December 
later this year. On this, we encourage Canada to ratify the Trade Facilitation Agreement at the 
earliest.   
4.11.  As a fellow member of the Cairns Group, Ma laysia notes Canada's efforts in removing 
distortions to trade in agriculture. Malaysia commends Canada for the improvements in the overall 
orientation of its agriculture sector with a view to provide greater openness to trade in agriculture. Notwithstanding this improvement, we have some concerns in particular on Canada's regulatory controls over its dairy sector and dairy imports and would appreciate clarification on how Canada 
intends to reform its dairy domestic supports.  
4.12.  Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to thank the delegation of the Canada for 
responding to our questions and these are bein g examined at the Capital. We will also be 
submitting additional questions and we  look forward to receiving feedback. 
SWITZERLAND 4.13.  From the Secretariat's comprehensive report, we note – as some macro developments – 
that the Canadian economy has grown steadily over the last few years and that the unemployment 
rate has declined significantly since its peak five years ago. At the same time, the Canadian Government has made deficit reduction a cornerstone of its economic policy and has succeeded in presenting a balanced budget for the current fiscal year, in spite of falling prices for the country's 
energy exports. We would like to commend Canada on these major achievements. Meanwhile, 
geographical diversification of trading partners has remained to be a challenge, with the U.S. accounting for more than three quarters of exports. 
4.14.  Canada is Switzerland's second most important trading partner in the Americas. Last year, 
our trade amounted to more than US$5 billion. Strong economic ties are also reflected in Switzerland being the fifth largest foreign direct investor in Canada. Swiss affiliates provide jobs to 
more than 60,000 Canadians. With a double taxation agreement and a free trade agreement in 
force, in addition to the WTO legal framew ork, companies doing business between our two 
countries can rely on a solid framework.  
4.15.  Some of the most noted developments since Canada's last TPR have been the entry into 
force of five further preferential trade agreem e n t s  a n d ,  i n  p a r t i c u l a r ,  t h e  c o n c l u s i o n  o f  a  
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union. These efforts should contribute to diversifying Ca nada's foreign trade going forward. 
4.16.  Allow me to highlight a few specific issues. 
4.17.  Under the Investment Canada Act of 1985, foreign investments above a certain threshold 
must be notified to the authorities. Under the CETA, the review threshold has been raised to 
Can$1.5 billion for EU companies. As one of the largest foreign investors in Canada, Switzerland 
would like to recall the importance of providing a level playing field among all investors. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.18.  In the context of the CETA, Canada has proposed changes to its WTO tariff-rate quota for 
cheese. We are concerned that such quota reallo cation would result in a reduction of market 
access for other WTO Members, including imports from Switzerland. 
4.19.  I would now like to turn to intellectual property that is an area of high importance to us. 
With regard to the protection of confidential  business information, Switzerland welcomes the 
guidelines recently published by the Canadian Health Ministry, which provide relevant authorities with guidance regarding the implementation of B ill C-17 amending Canada's Food and Drugs Act. 
We also would like to thank Canada for its constructive engagement regarding concerns we raised 
about the treatment of confidential business informat ion. We hope that the principles outlined in 
the guidelines will ensure the protection of proprietary confidential business information against unfair commercial use. 
4.20.  I would like to mention that Switzerland shares the concerns expressed by others about the 
interpretation by Canadian courts of conditions for patentability. The so called "promise doctrine" applied to inventions in the field of therapeutical or pharmacological applications seems to create a 
higher standard for patentability than provided for in Article 27 TRIPS. Moreover, that doctrine 
seems to be applied inconsistently, thereby creating uncertainty for companies.  
4.21.  To conclude, Switzerland would like to commend Canada's high commitment to the WTO 
and very valuable engagement for the multilateral trading system, particularly at this critical stage 
for the future of WTO and in view of a post -Bali work programme and a successful MC10 in 
Nairobi. 
AUSTRALIA 
4.22.  Australia and Canada have a strong trade relationship with bilateral trade in goods and 
services valued at $A 5.3 billion in 2014.   
4.23.  We enjoy a significant and growing investment relationship, primarily in the resources and 
manufacturing sectors. Canada was our tenth largest source of investment in 2014, with Canadian 
investment in Australia valued at over $A 35.2 billion. During the same period, Australia's investment in Canada reached $A 45.4 billion.   
4.24.  We are pleased to work with Canada across a range of international bodies, including the 
WTO and G20 to advance our trade agendas. Australia and Canada are strong supporters of the multilateral trading system. Australia particularly appreciates Canada's participation in the Cairns Group. Canada's contribution to Cairns Group work substantially enhances the Group's capacity to 
engage in discussions on agriculture in the WTO. 
4.25.  We look forward to working closely with Canada implement the Bali Package and WTO 
post-Bali work plan. We congratulate Canada on being the first WTO Member to notify 
implementation of the LDC Services Waiver. Im plementation of the Waiver is an important 
indication of Members' commitment to promoting LDC participation in trade in services.   
4.26.  We value our close working relationship in the negotiations on the Environmental Goods 
Agreement, Trade in Services Agreement an d expansion of the Information Technology 
Agreement. We look forward to continued engageme nt and leadership by Canada in the lead-up to 
MC10, particularly in our efforts to move towa rds conclusion of the Doha negotiations.   
4.27.  Australia congratulates Canada on its solid growth in GDP, employment and trade since 
Canada's last review and acknowledge Canada's recent federal budget surplus– against the 
backdrop of slow global growth and plummeting oil prices.  
4.28.  Australia does have some specific reservations about some of Canada's trade and economic 
settings. Australia has over a long period registered its concerns about the measures Canada 
continues to impose to restrict access to specific agricultural sectors and in particular those products it regulates via supply-management policie s. Australia retains its long-held position that 
reforms to these sectors should be prioritized.  Such reforms would safeguard the long term 
competitiveness of these industries and demonstrate Canada's willingness to contribute meaningfully to global trade liberalization efforts. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.29.  Canada's Non Resident Ownership Policy (NROP) which restricts foreign ownership or 
interest in Canadian uranium mines to 49% at the production stage (while there is no restriction on ownership of projects in the exploration stage) remains of significant concern to Australia. The NROP has implications for Australian companies with uranium interests in Canada and we 
encourage the removal of this discriminatory policy. 
4.30.  We note Canada has continued its efforts to grow and diversify its economy by expanding its 
range of WTO-consistent bilateral trade and investment agreements. In 2014 alone Canada 
concluded FTA negotiations with the European Unio n, Republic of Korea, Burkina Faso and Ecuador 
and signed six signed bilateral investment treaties (Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal, Mali, Serbia and Cote d'Ivoire). The outcomes of these negotiations are of considerable interest to many countries, including Australia. 
4.31.  We value the close working relationship we have with Canada in the Trans-Pacific 
Partnership negotiations. An ambitious, comprehensive TPP Agreement that builds on our respective WTO commitments will be a substantial step towards realising the vision of an inclusive 
Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific.   
4.32.  Australia asked Canada many questions on a range of sectors and we would like to thank 
Canada for its responses to these questions. 
SEPARATE
 CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINMEN  AND  MATSU 
4.33.  Considering the importance of Canada's role in world trade and the global economy, the 
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu is very pleased to see that Canada's economy has been growing steadily over the review period, and is projected to expand at 
a healthy rate over the next few years. It is especially encouraging to note that Canada remains 
committed to pursuing an ambitious trade and investment strategy promoting further liberalization on both a global and a regional basis, and aimed at strengthening the multilateral trading system. 
4.34.  Canada has always been an active Member of the WTO, both in terms of the day-to-day 
work of the organization and in the on-going Doha Round of negotiations. The decisions from the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference provide a solid basi s for making progress in the interests of all 
Members. The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu particularly 
welcomes Canada's strong support of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and its commitment to its 
timely implementation. Furthermore, we recogniz e that Canada is the first Member to make 
notification concerning preferential treatment to services and services suppliers of LDC countries. 
We certainly look forward to working with Canada in the run-up to a successful tenth WTO 
Ministerial Meeting. 
4.35.  Our trading and economic relationship with Canada has for long been a growing and very 
fruitful one. The Separate Customs Territory of  Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu is currently 
Canada's 12th largest trading partner globally and its 5th largest trading partner in Asia, with the value of two-way trade totalling US$4 billion in 2014. The amount of two-way investments 
between the two economies is substantial and could be further increased. 
4.36.  We believe that there is plenty of potential to generate more trade and investment 
opportunities between us by capitalizing on our respective competitive advantages. We expect our 
economic cooperation to strengthen even further in a bilateral, regional and multilateral context in 
the future. 
4.37.  On the subject of Canada's trade policies and practices, we have already submitted a 
number of questions to Canada on various issues in advance. I thank Canada for its prompt 
replies. I would just like to mention one particular concern of ours today, which is that, during the 
review period, Canada has persisted in using anti -dumping and countervailing duty remedies at an 
ever-increasing rate, the majority of which are investigations and measures relating to imports 
from Asia. As the Secretariat report points out, over the period Canada initiated 43 anti-dumping 
investigations; 40 led to the imposition of prelim inary duties and 24 to the imposition of final 
duties. At the end of 2014, Canada had a total of 53 anti-dumping measures in force. We hope Canada will guard against the abusive recourse to trade remedies, work on more credible rules, 
and consider adopting a consultative process for resolving the relevant issues to ensure free and WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  fair trade, for the benefit of all business operators, the welfare of consumers and the healthy 
development of global supply chains. 
BRAZIL 4.38.  The robustness of Canada's economy was clearly proved in the period under review, which 
followed the recent economic and financial crisis. Even though indicators such as the average GDP 
growth of 2.4% and an unemployment rate at 6.9%  are not as bright as those displayed before 
the crisis, they are still remarkable and illustrat e how resilient Canada has been in face of a 
challenging external environment.   
4.39.  Trade remains vital for the health of Canada's  economy and represented 64% of its GDP in 
2014. Besides being very active in bilateral negotiations, as evidenced by the number of FTAs it has concluded, Canada shares with Brazil a strong commitment to a rules-based multilateral 
trading system.  
4.40.  This spirit is reflected in the country's significantly open trade regime for industrial goods. 
More could be done, however, to extend the same degree of openness to all sectors. In the last 
decade, the average applied MFN tariff for non-agricultural products has been consistently 
reduced, reaching 2.4% in 2014. Conversely, th e average tariffs for agricultural goods have 
increased in the same time span, standing at the very high point of 22.5%, almost ten times 
higher than those charged for non-agricultural products.  
4.41.  Canada could also look at the number of its non- ad valorem  tariffs and tariff peaks, both 
having proportionately increased in the last ten years. It is a matter of transparency in the first case and, again, a matter of balancing its trade in the second, since most of the peaks apply to 
agricultural products. 
4.42.  Turning to the bilateral trade, the two-way flow between our countries had significantly 
increased in 2011, recovering from the slump ca used by the crisis. From that peak to 2014, 
however, it shrank 24%, going back roughly to the level of 2010. I am confident we can regain 
that dynamism by diversifying our exports. Br azil, for example, exports almost exclusively 
minerals, oil and traditional agricultural products. Similarly, our imports consist basically of 
fertilizers, minerals, machinery and paper.  
4.43.  Bilateral Foreign Direct Investment is significant. In 2014, Brazil received almost 
US$1 billion from Canada, contributing to the US$9 billion in the FDI stock from Canada. In the opposite direction, the stock of Brazilian FDI in Canada reached more than US$17 billion in 2014. 
That made Brazil the 7th largest investor in Canada. 
4.44.  Brazil and Canada have a rich agenda of cooperation that extends well beyond trade, 
including a bilateral Strategic Partnership Dialogue, a Joint Economic and Trade Committee, the 
Brazil-Canada Consultative Committee on Agriculture, and the Joint Committee for Cooperation in 
Science, Technology and Innovation. Canada is also the third main destination for students participating in Brazil's Science without Borders, an academic exchange programme. Since 2011, 
more than six thousand Brazilians have gone abroad to study in Canadian universities.  
4.45.  To conclude, I would like to emphasize that many factors unite Brazil and Canada, such as 
the size of our territories, the abundance of our natural resources and the diversity of our populations. This exercise gives a good opportunity  to assess our relations and make sure that we 
can strive for even more fruitful trad e and economic relations in the future. 
MEXICO 4.46.  Canada is an important trading partner for Mexico, being its third largest export market in 
the world
1 and its sixth largest international supplier2. In 2013, Mexico became Canada's second 
largest commercial source on the American continent. 
                                               
1 Following the United States and the European Union. 
2 Following the United States, China, Japan, Korea and Germany. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.47.  Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement, our two countries are part of global 
value chains in a whole range of sectors. Canada is Mexico's fourth largest source of foreign investment. All of this bears witness to my country's close trade relationship with Canada and our excellent, long-standing cooperation. There is considerable scope for expanding these ties in the 
various trade negotiations in which both countries participate, such as the TPP and the TiSA. 
4.48.  It is encouraging to note from the Secretariat report that the Canadian economy is rapidly 
recovering from the financial crisis with annual growth rates averaging 2.4%, although 
unemployment, at around 7%, has continued to rise above pre-2008 levels. 
4.49.  The Canadian economy is definitely a success story. It should be pointed out, however, that 
the country is facing a number of challenges in ensuring sustainable growth. In its January 2015 report, the IMF notes that Canada's economic growth could be affected by the persistent decline in 
oil prices, which has weakened investment in the country's energy sector, and by risks in the 
domestic housing market, where there are signs of overvaluation. The IMF also recommends actions to improve workforce productivity through policies aimed at increasing job skills in line with 
market needs, and to foster business investment in R&D. 
4.50.  The WTO Secretariat report emphasizes the low level of diversification of Canada's export 
markets. Nonetheless, it must be acknowledged that Canada is making significant efforts to open 
new markets, in particular through the negotiation of bilateral and regional trade agreements. 
4.51.  We also welcome the fact that Canada has further stepped up its autonomous liberalization 
and tariff simplification efforts, with the result that the applied tariff on non-agricultural products is now 2.4%. Nonetheless, we should point out that ag riculture is still the most protected sector of 
the Canadian economy. 
4.52.  Indeed, the average applied MFN tariff on agriculture products (WTO classification) 
is 22.5%, making Canada one of the most protectionist countries in the world in this sector, 
where it ranks 55
th among the 148 Members listed in the World Tariff Profiles 2014  database. 
4.53.  On the other hand, the Canadian Government is to be commended for the steps that it has 
taken in regard to customs procedures, especially those concerning seizure of goods and 
implementation of the Release Prior to Payment programme and other schemes that allow 
qualified importers to benefit from more efficient border processes, such as the Partners in Protection (PIP), the Customs Self-Assessm ent (CSA), and the Free and Secure Trade 
(FAST) programmes. 
4.54.  As in most high-income countries, the services sector is the largest, accounting for 
around 70% of GDP during the period 2011-2014. In this connection, we should highlight the strong performance in tourism, environmental and business services and, as emphasized by 
Mr MacKay, Canada's sound financial system. 
4.55.  In short, we note that since the previous re view of its trade policy, Canada has achieved 
significant progress and the major efforts that still need to be made chiefly concern the 
agricultural sector. 
4.56.  I cannot conclude my statement without mentioning the very active and constructive role 
played by the Canadian delegation in Geneva, led by Ambassador Fried, in all of the WTO's 
activities. I thank Canada for replying to my de legation's questions, which will be examined in 
detail, and wish it the best of success in this review. 
HONG
 KONG,  CHINA 
4.57.  The economic and trade relations between Hong  Kong, China (HKC) and Canada are strong 
and important. We are home to the largest Canadian business community in Asia. Last year, 
Canada was our 25th largest trading partner and we ranked 6th among Canada's export markets. We are pleased to be named, in Canada's 2013 Glob al Markets Action Plan, as one of the emerging 
markets with the best potential for broad Canadian commercial interests. We look forward to 
furthering our bilateral relations.  WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.58.  At the same time, HKC and Canada are both staunch supporters of the multilateral trading 
system, seeing it as the cornerstone of our trade policies. Together, we are also actively engaged 
in the negotiations on plurilateral agreements which can contribute to the system, such as the Information Technology Agreement and Environmental Goods Agreement. HKC looks upon Canada 
as an important partner as we pursue trade liberalization in various contexts. 
4.59.  During the review period, Canada has taken further steps to facilitate trade. A recent 
example is the introduction, just last month,  of a Regulatory Framework for the Advance 
Commercial Information programme, which allows the Canadian Border Service Agency to use 
more effective risk management processes and tools to identify health, safety and security threats prior to the arrival of commercial goods. We appreciate Canada's efforts in improving its customs clearance procedures, and trust that in pursuing these initiatives Canada will ensure that they do 
not create unnecessary barriers to trade. 
4.60.  We are also pleased to note Canada's commitment to the timely implementation of the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement, and look forward to its acceptance of the Agreement soon. 
4.61.  By the beginning of this year, Canada had comple ted its unilateral trade liberalization efforts 
and eliminated the MFN applied rates of custom s duties on machinery and equipment and on 
industrial manufacturing inputs. This is further to the tariff simplification process it introduced in 
2012, and the elimination of the MFN applied customs duties on baby clothing and certain sports 
and athletic equipment in 2013. 
4.62.  However, the level of tariff protection for Canada's agricultural sector is still relatively high. 
Since 2011, the average applied tariff for non-agricultural products had declined from 2.5% to 
2.4%, but the average applied tariff for agricultural products stayed at a much higher level of 
22.5%. The rates for certain products were even higher, such as the 238.7% for dairy products and 47% for animal products. While we appreciate Canada's effort in reducing subsidies to its 
agricultural sector, we hope to see lower tariffs as well. 
4.63.  Separately, as 96.1% of Canada's tariffs are already ad valorem , we also encourage Canada 
to apply ad valorem  rates to the remaining lines for greater predictability and transparency. 
4.64.  On contingency measures, we note with concern the steep increase in the number of AD 
investigations initiated between 2012 and 2014, as compared with the previous three years. Of the 53 definitive AD measures in place at the end of the last year, some 80% were applied on steel and other metal products, and most investigatio ns targeted Asian countries. Also, while AD 
measures last for seven years on average, one particular measure on potatoes imported from the 
United States has been in place for over 30 years. Bearing in mind the significant trade stifling effects of such actions, we strongly urge Canada to exercise restraint in initiating AD proceedings 
and critically examine the need for continued action. 
4.65.  We are also aware of statutory provisions that restrict foreign investment. Under the 
Investment Canada Act, non-Canadians establishing or acquiring a Canadian business must submit 
either a notification or an application for review. There are also other investment restrictions in 
sectors such as fishing, mining, oil sands, air transport, publishing, broadcasting, film distribution, and telecommunications. While some of these restri ctions were relaxed during the review period, 
we encourage Canada to consider further liberalization.  
4.66.  With the services sector accounting for 70% of its GDP, I think Canada should have a strong 
interest in opening up its services markets to foreign investment. We therefore encourage Canada to also remove the commercial presence requirement for foreign financial services providers, and 
allow foreign insurers to be incorporated provincially. 
4.67.  Finally, I would like to thank Canada for its response to our written questions. I would also 
like to commend Ambassador Fried and his team for the very constructive role they play in the 
WTO. I wish Canada a fruitf ul Trade Policy Review.   WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  UNITED  STATES 
4.68.  As a neighbour and top trading partner, Canada's trade regime continues to be of deep 
interest to the United States. The foundation of our long-standing relationship is the North American Free Trade Agreement, preceded by th e U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Canada is 
the United States' largest goods trading partner with U$658 billion in total two-way goods trade 
during 2014, an increase of nearly 7% since Canada's last TPR in 2011. Services trade between the United States and Canada has also grown by more than 5% since 2011, totalling 
US$93.5 billion in 2014. Bilateral direct invest ment exceeds US$600 billion (according to 2013 
data) supporting enhanced employment opportunities in each country. Today, according to the Secretariat report, 77% of all Canadian exports go to the United States and 54% of Canadian 
imports come from the United States. 
4.69.  The United States' partnership with Canada is critical to both Governments' national and 
economic security. Recognizing and building upon  the dynamic economic relationship our two 
countries share, in 2011, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper launched the Beyond the 
Border and Regulatory Cooperation Council initiatives to deepen our regulatory cooperation efforts 
to increase economic competitiveness while enhancing security through secure, efficient, rapid, and lawful movement of goods and people. Nearly  four years later, our mutual commitment to 
these shared goals remains and this important work continues. 
4.70.  Since Canada's last Trade Policy Review, the United States and Canada have worked 
together to advance the multilateral trading system. The United States values Canada's strong support for multilateral trade liberalization through pressing for pragmatism in the DDA 
negotiations. We are working closely with Canada in the Environmental Goods Agreement 
negotiations and believe strongly that one of the best ways we can respond to the environmental challenges our world faces, is by achieving our sh ared goal of global free trade in environmental 
goods. We welcome Canada's support for the impl ementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement 
and are appreciative of Canada's role in the Trade in Services Agreement (or TiSA) negotiations. We look forward to continuing to work with Canada on these important multilateral and plurilateral 
efforts to open markets and to address other im portant issues that affect the global trading 
system.  
4.71.  Reflecting its deep commitment to trade liberalization, Canada has played a leading role in 
regional trade arrangements. Canada was a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Economic 
Cooperation forum in 1989, and continues to make valuable contributions to APEC's important 
work to promote trade and investment liberalization in the Asia-Pacific region.   
4.72.  We are now working with Canada in the most ambitious effort yet to promote regional trade 
and investment liberalization, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (or TPP). Canada joined the TPP in 
October 2012, as did Mexico. The TPP represents the next step in the evolution of our trading relationship with our North American partners.   
4.73.  In TPP, we are seeking to liberalize trade and investment on a comprehensive basis, and are 
tackling a broad range of issues with relevance to the way trade happens in the 21st century. These are ambitious objectives, but the 12 TPP partners are committed to them, in part because we know an ambitious agreement is one that will generate the greatest benefits to its members, 
and for our citizens. We are committed to a TPP that is fully consistent with our WTO obligations 
and contributes to a stronger multilateral system.   
4.74.  Despite these positive achievements, there are some areas in which we would encourage 
the Government of Canada to make further improvements. We hope this Trade Policy Review will 
help draw Canada's attention to those areas where we believe additional reforms would enhance its competitiveness. 
4.75.  First, the United States commends Canada for the passage of the Combating Counterfeit 
Products Act in December 2014. While the new law provides authority to Canadian customs officials to detain pirated and counterfeit goods being imported and exported at the border, the 
United States is disappointed that the new law does not apply to pirated and counterfeit goods in 
customs transit control or customs trans-shipment control in Canada. The United States urges WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  Canada to provide its customs officials with full ex officio authority to improve its ability to address 
the serious problem of pirated and counterfeit good s entering our highly integrated supply chains. 
4.76.  Trade in agriculture and agri-food products comprises an important component of our 
vibrant and mutually beneficial trading relationship . Reducing barriers to agricultural imports that 
distort competition could improve Canada's productivity to the benefit of consumers not only in 
North America, but also worldwide. We encourage Canada to re-examine policies that impose excessive tariffs and restrict imports of certain agriculture products, such as dairy products, eggs, 
and poultry.   
4.77.  Finally, we are also deeply troubled by recent changes to the Province of British Columbia's 
rules for selling wine. As of April 2015, B.C. allows only B.C. wines to be sold on the shelf in B.C. grocery stores. Barring imported wines from also being stocked on local grocery store shelves 
reduces the competitive opportunities for imported wines. We therefore urge Canada to ensure 
that a level playing field is afforded to domestic and imported wines alike in accordance with Canada's obligations under the WTO. 
4.78.  As Canada's largest trading partner and bound to it by an increasingly integrated North 
American economy, we share a strong common interest in Canada's continued growth and prosperity. Our bilateral experience with Canada  is compelling evidence that mutual trade 
liberalization is a powerful force for economic growth and increased competitiveness. For that 
reason, we look forward to working with Canada, and other WTO Members, to support and strengthen the multilateral trading system. 
NEW
 ZEALAND 
4.79.  As in Canada's previous review in 2011, we have noted both Canada's strong economic 
performance as well as areas outlined in the Secretariat report where Canada could implement reforms in support of further economic growth. 
4.80.  New Zealand observes that there is a strong link between Canada's strong economic 
performance and international trade. Like other Members, we welcome Canada's proactive and constructive contribution to the current post-Bali work programme discussions, as well as the 
importance it attaches to the WTO as the foundation for its relationships with its trading partners. 
4.81.  New Zealand and Canada enjoyed close collaboration across a range of WTO work streams, 
including in technical Committees, special sessions and negotiations towards plurilateral agreements that support the multilateral system, such as the ITA expansion, GPA, and EGA. New 
Zealand notes that Canada chairs the General Co uncil and the Working Party on GATS Rules. New 
Zealand appreciates Canada's contribution as a fellow member of the Cairns Group. Beyond the WTO, we are also currently working very closely in pursuit of conclusion of the Trans Pacific 
Partnership negotiation, and the Trade in Services Agreement. 
4.82.  However, despite this solid relationship, New Zealand, more broadly, maintains a number of 
areas of concern regarding aspects of Canada's trade and economic policy settings. In particular, 
these lie in the two areas of agriculture and liquor trade mark ups. 
4.83.  New Zealand continues to be concerned about th e magnitude and nature of Canada's export 
subsidies. Indeed, based on the most recent notifica tions, Canada is the largest provider of export 
subsidies. Given the highly distorting effects these subsidies, we call on Canada to outline how and 
when it plans to curtail these subsidies. Based on our own experience, and that of others, the 
removal of export subsidies demonstrates the positive impact such policy changes can have on a domestic agricultural sector. 
4.84.  New Zealand welcomes Canada's declining agricultural producer support estimate, at 11.6% 
in 2013 versus 17.2% in 2009. However, we note that this is not consistent across sectors and we would welcome Canadian efforts to ensure that support to the dairy industry decreases along with 
other industries. 
4.85.  Canada's export subsidies and domestic support are effectively part of its wider supply 
management. As the Secretariat report notes, su pply management hinders the competitiveness of WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  the dairy industry and passes the costs to the consumer, none of which would appear to serve the 
interests of Canada. We remain interested in consideration Canada has given to ensure Canada can take advantage of growing international demand for dairy. 
4.86.  Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to raise the emerging issue of variable trade 
mark ups by provincial liquor boards. New Zealand wishes to ensure that imported products are 
given access to the same sales channels as locally produced products and that any mark ups are applied in a transparent, non-discriminatory manner. 
4.87.  New Zealand appreciates Canada's continued commitment to the multilateral trading system 
and we welcome the positive steps that Canada has taken in the four years since the last TPR. 
EUROPEAN
 UNION 
4.88.  Canada has an open and strong economy which created about 740 000 jobs during the 
review period. This is a success story. Canada's strategy to diversify its exports and support the 
internationalisation of its SMEs will be of much interest to many of us. Canada's steady increases in imports and exports, both in goods and services, have contributed to increasing its participation 
in the world economy. As noted by the Secretariat, Canada's trade however remains very 
dependent on the situation in the United States' market. 
4.89.  Canada is a strategic partner for the EU. Economic relations between the EU and Canada are 
characterized by robust two-way trade and inve stment flows. As far as trade in goods is 
concerned, the EU is Canada's second most important partner.  
4.90.  We are going through an exciting period as the EU and Canada finalized last August 2014 
the negotiations of the EU-Canada Comprehensiv e Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). We are 
both preparing the ratification by our parliaments. Together with other trading partners, the EU 
and Canada have supported and promoted economic openness as a normative standard in international relations and in this Organization. We remain convinced that CETA will enable further 
achievements at the multilateral level. As already underlined by Canada in its report, CETA 
addresses subjects and sectors not yet covered by t h e  W T O .  I n  t h a t  s e n s e ,  C E T A  a l l o w s  u s  to 
apply new rules beyond the WTO acquis, which is unique. We hope this will over time profit this 
organisation too.  
4.91.  The EU wishes to convey its appreciation for the constructive role played by Canada in 
reaching a successful outcome at the WTO's Ninth Ministerial Conference in Bali and the commitment it expresses in its report to a timely implementation. The EU would like to 
acknowledge the role of Ambassador Jonathan Fried and his team for their tireless efforts in 
advancing the work in this organisation.  
4.92.  The EU has seized the opportunity of the review to present few written questions to Canada. 
The EU hopes that some of the questions it raised w ill be of interest to most of the Membership. In 
fact, it may well be that we were not the only ones to raise the following issues:  
 The ongoing review of the inter-provinces agreement and the impact on Canada's 
implementation of its international commitments; 
 The Investment Canada Act; 
 The perspectives for the liquor boards; 
 The legislative measures that Canada intends to take to implement the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement. 
4.93.  The EU very much welcomes that Canada used the alternative timeframe for its review, 
which allows all of us to get replies to our written questions in advance to the meeting and to 
make the meeting more effective.  WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  CHINA 
4.94.  The first impression we have is the encouraging fact that Canada has emerged rapidly from 
the  g lob al e c onomic  re c e s s ion w ith an nual G DP  g rowth at 2 .4 %  in the  p as t four ye ars , and  its  economy has generally shown strong resilience to external shocks, with a right focus on boosting 
growth and job creation.   
4.95.  This is attributive to robust actions taken by the Government of Canada which has timely 
adopted the effective macroeconomic policies and strong fiscal and financial fundamentals. The 
Economic Action Plan has served to overcome the shortcomings in economic development, and 
some positive steps have been further taken to facilitate trade and investment, including the Release Prior to Payment programme, unilateral tariff reduction programme and the amendment of Telecommunications Act.   
4.96.  Nonetheless, Canada is still facing some long-term challenges, such as aging population, 
declining energy price, diversifying its export , encouraging two-way investment. With Canada's 
Economic Action Plan fully in operation, we expect Canada to undertake more concrete actions to 
re-energize its economy.  
4.97.  Canada is a trading nation, with a natural en dowment of bordering two great oceans of the 
Atlantic and the Pacific. International trade is vitally important to Canada and has been "the life 
blood of the Canadian economy", continuously po wering its prosperity. While pursuing pro-trade 
and pro-investment strategy, Canada has been expanding markets and supporting commercial success in trade in the past years. 
4.98.  As we are celebrating WTO's 20th anniversary this year, I think Canada deserves a special 
credit, acknowledging the fact that Canada, as an original GATT Contracting Party and WTO 
Member, has played an indispensable and positive ro le in the creation of both GATT and WTO. This 
is even true today as Canada is committed to the multilateral trading system and vigorously 
pushing forward the Doha Round. Particularly, Ambassador Jonathan Fried is working hard with his 
Geneva team to help finalize the Post-Bali Work Programme. Special tribute has to be paid to Ambassador Fried for his capacity as the Chair of General Council last year in breaking the impasse 
and implementing the Bali Decisions.   
4.99.  We notice with gratitude that Canada is the fi rst Member to submit notifications on the LDC 
services waiver, and Canada is also pacing up its domestic ratification process of accepting Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). We hope that Canada  will join efforts with all Members to contribute 
to the success of Nairobi Ministerial and conclude the Doha Round as early as possible.  
4.100.  This year marks the 45 years anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relationship 
between China and Canada. In the past years, bila teral economic ties continued to deepen in a 
rapid and profound manner. China is the second largest trading partner, as well as a major source 
of overseas tourists of Canada. Canada is the second largest destination of China's overseas investment. According to China's statistics, bilateral trade has increased to US$55.2 billion in 2014 
and is expected to maintain the strong growth this year. Two-way investment is also flourishing in 
a range of sectors including mining, manufacturing, financing, real estate and rental sectors. We believe that the entry into force of Bilateral In vestment Promotion and Protection Agreement will 
further boost the confidence of business comm unity and promote faster investment flow.  
4.101.  Having said that, it is worth mentioning that there are still a number of concerns on certain 
issues in Canada's trade policies and practices, including the transparency of foreign investment reviewing process, just and fair treatment to Chinese investors, use of anti-dumping measures, 
export promotion programs, restrictions on high-tech products and preparation of domestic 
standards. We urge Canada to take concrete measures to address our concerns. We appreciate the Canadian delegation for their re sponses to China's questions, which we will study carefully. 
NORWAY 
4.102.  Canada is an original Member of the WTO and a strong advocate of the multilateral trading 
system. Canada has always been a key player in shaping the multilateral trading system, and its active and constructive role in the further development of the WTO is necessary and important as WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  we prepare the Post Bali Work Programme and the Nairobi ministerial conference. As the 
Secretariat states in its report, Canada is committed to free trade and depends heavily on international trade to sustain the prosperity of the nation and raise the incomes and living standards of Canadians. 
4.103.  We welcome Canada's active participation in initiatives such as TiSA and the ITA. Norway 
would like to commend Canada on the longstanding cooperation on the issue of the environmental goods, and in particular, during the last year in the environmental goods agreement negotiations 
(EGA).These negotiations will hopefully add construc tively to the multilateral trading system, given 
the aim to multilateralize a future agreement. Libe ralization of environmental goods will contribute 
to the climate challenge. Norway strongly support more members joining the EGA initiative, and shares the ambition to finalize the negotiations before the UNFCCCs  Convention of the Parties in 
Paris December 2015. 
4.104.  Let me also highlight Canada's active role in the negotiation of the revised WTO Agreement 
on Government Procurement (GPA) and to which it became party since its entry into force on 
6 April 2014. Now that the revised GPA has entered into force, Canada is actively involved in its 
work programmes and new accessions, and remains committed to the further expansion of the agreement. 
4.105.  As others, we note with concern, Cana da's widespread use of trade remedies. 
4.106.  Mr McKay has stressed Canada's ambitious trade policy agenda with a view to diversifying 
Canada's exports. Canada is currently taking part in a number of plurilateral, regional and bilateral free trade negotiations. This obviously requires considerable resources being allocated to 
negotiating bilateral agreements parallel to/or in lieu of ongoing multilateral negotiations within 
the WTO. We are impressed with the capacity of Canadian authorities to handle all these processes. For Norway (and the other EFTA-countri es) the final negotiated text on the Canada-EU 
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is of particular interest and we look 
forward to the finalization of the legal review.  
4.107.  A topic where we would have liked to see some more elaboration in the reports is the 
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, which Canada joined in 2012. According to the 
Canadian report, participation in the TPP is a key pillar of Canada's ambitious pro-trade plan. Participation in the negotiations strengthens Canada's efforts to broaden and deepen its trading relationships with Asia-Pacific markets and its traditional partnerships in the Americas. 
4.108.  Norway would like to commend Canada's strong commitment to Aid for Trade and for its 
support to Trade Facilitation implementation. 
4.109.  On trade relations between Norway and Canada, let me briefly mention that the current 
flow of Norway – Canada trade is concentrated in the energy and mineral sector. Canada's main 
imports from Norway are petroleum products, seafood and machinery. Canada`s main exports are nickel mattes. There is a potential for expansion of services and investment activities across a 
diverse range of industries. Long-term business development will be facilitated by joint efforts in 
research and innovation, and eliminating residual barriers to trade and investments. Equally important is the fact that a large number of Norwegian companies are established in the Canadian market. They represent the marine, maritime, ch emical, information technology sector, defence 
industry, as well as oil and gas industries – and we see a trend towards diversification.  
4.110.  Let me also add that the Norwegian Pension F und Global by the end of 2014 had invested 
an amount close to about US$25 billion in Canada. These investments include equity investment in 
more than 250 companies.   
JAPAN 4.111.  First of all, Japan highly commends Canada's contribution over the years to the Multilateral 
Trading System under the WTO. Especially, Japan appreciates the important roles played by 
Canada in promoting DDA negotiations in recent years. Canada has been contributing in the process as an important Member and as an active  proponent of the various negotiation areas. We 
are looking forward to working together with Canada for a successful conclusion of DDA. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.112.  Needless to say, Ambassador Fried, as the Chair of General Council, took the leadership to 
push forward DDA negotiations and to overcome  the difficult impasse after Bali. Given the 
importance of TF Agreement as the first substant ive outcome since the establishment of the WTO, 
his chairmanship significantly contributed to maintaining and strengthening the negotiation 
function of the WTO. 
4.113.  On TF Agreement, Japan commends Canada's efforts to complete its domestic procedures 
for the acceptance tabling the TFA for the approval by the Parliament. Japan expects that Canada 
finalizes its domestic procedures in a timely manner. 
4.114.  It is also noteworthy that Canada is the first Member which notified the commitment on 
the LDC service waiver. 
4.115.  In addition to the efforts in the multilateral field, Canada has been actively participating in 
the plurilateral negotiations for further trade liberalization, such as the ITA expansion, EGA, and 
TiSA. Canada is also one of the parties committed to the revised GPA which entered into force in April 2014 and has been taking the leadership to coordinate discussion on new rules associated 
with the revision of the agreement. Japan commends Canada's proactive contributions to these 
plurilateral negotiations in Geneva. 
4.116.  With respect to the RTAs, Japan emphasizes that these agreements should be fully 
compatible with the WTO Agreements. Only in that  way, they will complement and strengthen the 
multilateral trading system. The report by the Secretariat mentioned that five new Canadian FTAs entered into force during the review period. In addition, Canada concluded the negotiations of the Canada-EU Trade Agreement last September. It also continues TPP negotiations, which expected 
to be concluded very soon, as well as bilateral negotiations of RTAs with various countries 
including Japan. Japan commends these efforts by Canada for further trade liberalization. 
4.117.  Despite these commendable general trade policies, there are some concerns with respect 
to specific trade measures, namely, pharmaceutical patents, export restrictions related to energy 
sector, and forestry policies. Now let me touch upon these issues. 
4.118.  First, pharmaceutical patent applications are often declined in Canada due to the utility 
requirement which is more stringent than other countries. Japan has concern about consistency 
with this utility requirement and Article 27 of TRIPS Agreement, if Canada imposes the excessively stringent requirement only in the sector of pharmaceuticals. 
4.119.  Second, Japan submitted a question regarding the export restrictions stipulated in 
Article 605 of NAFTA, Canada answered that it would implement them in accordance with the 
international obligations under NAFTA and the WTO Agreements. We are very much interested in how Canada ensures the compatibility with the WTO Agreement in practice. We will submit 
additional questions with respect to the concrete procedures to implement them. 
4.120.  Third, with regard to forestry policies, Cana dian federal government requires permission 
for export of Canadian logs. In particular, the federal and provincial governments impose export 
restrictions on logs produced in British Colombia, requiring the use or manufacturing in the 
province as well as surplus test for export. Furt hermore, we have a concern that a fee in lieu of 
manufacture imposed in British Colombia would constitute de facto export tax. And also we have been informed of an export ban on a certain hi gh-quality logs produced in Canada. Japan would 
like to know Canada's position on these measures with respect to the consistency with Article 11 
and Paragraph 12 of Article 24 of GATT. 
4.121.  Last but not least, I could not conclude my remarks without mentioning an important 
contribution made by Canada under the review period. It is the Ambassador Fried's presentation 
with deep insight as Discussant of TPR of Japan two years ago, which was only possible by a real 
connoisseur of Japan. I would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Ambassador 
Fried for his impressive presentation. 
4.122.  I hope that our close cooperation will continue in future WTO activities, and would also like 
to wish Canada a very fruitful and successful TPR. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  ARGENTINA 
4.123.  After the deep international financial and economic crisis which seriously affected world 
trade in 2008-2009, bilateral trade between Arge ntina and Canada showed very encouraging signs 
of revival for the two countries in the biennia 2010-2011 and 2012-2014. 
4.124.  In this connection, while Canada and Argentina are both net exporters of agricultural and 
agrifood products, the aforementioned figures clearly show that steps can be taken to revive and diversify our bilateral trade, given the complement ary nature of various sectors of our economies. 
4.125.  My country therefore welcomes the recent de velopments that will allow expanded access 
for Argentine beef to the Canadian market, and it also hopes that steps can be taken in the near future to allow exports of Argentine poultry to Canada. 
4.126.  With a view to deepening our trade relations in a number of areas, Argentina expresses 
concern at the measures adopted - or being considered - by some of Canada's provincial 
governments with regard to the marketing of wines and the consistency of these measures with the GATT rules. 
4.127.  At the multilateral level, Canada and Argentina are members of the Cairns Group. We have 
been working together for more than 30 years in support of the agricultural reform process. During all this time, Canada has been making significant technical and policy contributions 
to the Group's endeavours. 
4.128.  As regards non-tariff restrictions on imports of agricultural products, we would recall that 
Canada has taken the initiative, along with other participating countries such as Argentina, to address the problem of low-level presence (LLP) of genetically modified organisms that are 
authorized but not permitted in certain import markets. The Vancouver Declaration of March 2012 
initiated a process that led to a second meeting of the participants in Rosario, Argentina, in September 2012, and a third meeting in South Africa in September 2013. 
4.129.  We support Canada's endeavours to promote a multilateral approach to the regulation 
of LLP situations, so as to guarantee free trade in environmentally friendly and safe agrifood products, and are hoping that other Members involved will join this initiative. 
4.130.  Lastly, we not only reiterate our appreciation of this renewed opportunity to exchange 
information and comments on Canada's trade policies and practices but also draw attention, once again, to the importance of this exercise in  transparency from every point of view. We wish 
the Canadian authorities every success in this tenth review of their country's trade policy. 
EL
 SALVADOR 
4.131.  The Secretariat report highlights Canada's robust economy, its stable macroeconomic 
indicators, its rapid recovery from the crisis thanks to the establishment of consistent 
macroeconomic policies, and its sound financial system. 
4.132.  We also emphasize the successful implementati on of Canada's strategic Global Markets 
Action Plan, whose objectives are centred, inter alia , on the signing of new trade agreements, 
bolstering the multilateral system, foreign in vestment promotion and protection agreements, 
and addressing trade barriers. 
4.133.  From the Secretariat report we note with concern certain export programmes and the 
extent of their impact on trade. 
4.134.  We acknowledge Canada's efforts to simplify its tariff by reducing the number of tariff lines 
and lowering applied tariffs of less than 5%. Nonetheless, we urge Canada to bind outstanding non-bound tariff lines and to reduce tariff peaks, es pecially as regards lines with compound tariffs, 
which may exceed the WTO bound rate, as the Secretariat report points out. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.135.  At the bilateral level, El Salvador established diplomatic relations with Canada in 1961. 
We highlight the support provided to our country in areas such as human rights, democracy, socio-economic development and assistance to refugees. 
4.136.  In terms of bilateral trade, Canada is El Salvador's tenth largest export destination. On the 
import side, it is one of our country's leadin g suppliers of goods, which totalled US$57 million 
in 2014 and reflect the commercial importance of Canada in El Salvador's production chain. 
4.137.  Our bilateral trade is fairly complementary in that, according to information from the 
Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador, Salvadoran exports to Canada in the period 2012-2014 
chiefly consisted of sugar, coffee and made-up te xtile articles, while imports from Canada were 
mainly paper and paperboard products, vegetable and animal fats and oils, medicines and timber. 
4.138.  The balance of foreign direct investment from Canada in the fourth quarter of 2014 
amounted to US$268.51 million, making Canada our seventh largest foreign investor, mainly in 
banking and insurance, textiles and BPO services. 
4.139.  As regards bilateral negotiations, we are at an advanced stage in the process of 
negotiating a free trade agreement, which we hope to be able to conclude in the near future, in 
accordance with the objectives of the trade policy agenda outlined today by the Representative of 
Canada. I do not think it is necessary for me to expand any further, considering Mr MacKay's very 
dependable approach towards Central America. 
4.140.  At the multilateral level, Canada is an active member of the WTO Committees, as pointed 
out in the Secretariat report. El Salvador welcomes Canada's endeavours in this Organization and appreciates its support for the small, vulnerable economies, a group to which El Salvador belongs. 
We agree that is important to conclude this negotiating round without delay, pursuant to the 
mandates given to us by our Ministers. 
4.141.  We urge the Canadian Government to complete the process of ratifying the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement. This would send a very important message in favour of multilateralism. 
4.142.  Our delegation wishes to congratulate the Canadian team here at the WTO, led by 
Ambassador Jonathan Fried, for its excellent participation in this exercise. Its contributions and 
drive have been both constructive and pragmatic. 
4.143.  We also wish to reiterate our Government's view that Canada is an important partner for 
El Salvador, which has always shown solidarit y with our country in times of dire need. 
4.144.  Lastly, we thank Canada for replying to our questions, which will be examined and given 
the follow-up that they deserve. 
GUATEMALA 4.145.  Guatemala and Canada have traditionally enjoyed close and friendly relations in a wide 
variety of areas on their bilateral and regional agendas. At the Sixth Summit of the Americas 
in 2012, the Canadian Prime Minister announced the launching of the Canadian Initiative for Security in Central America (CISCA), which is a programme aimed at strengthening regional 
security in areas such as enhanced police training, border security and regional dialogue. During 
the Seventh Summit of the Americas in April 2015, the Canadian authorities announced the launching of further programmes for Latin America, some of which also involve Guatemala. 
4.146.  In terms of trade and investment, our countries have historically maintained a stable and 
harmonious relationship. There is, however, considerable potential for major expansion in their 
goods and services trade. Guatemala is Ca nada's second largest trading partner in 
Central America. The trade balance has gradually improved in recent years and exceeded 
US$300 million in 2014. Guatemala's main imports from Canada are machinery, potatoes, 
fertilizers and electrical appliances. Its leading ex ports to Canada are sugar, textiles, vegetables 
and fruit. Canada is one of Guatemala's top sources of foreign direct investment, 
which encompasses a broad range of sectors such as mining, agriculture, forestry, energy, WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  telecommunications and financial services. Our countries have been discussing and negotiating 
a free trade agreement for several years, and both are prepared to continue the negotiations. 
4.147.  Turning to today's trade policy review, we highlight the Canadian economy's capacity to 
withstand external shocks and stay on the growth  path, as well as the implementation of prudent 
fiscal policy, efforts to redress the deficit in  the period 2015-2016, and Canada's steadfast 
participation in the multilateral trading system. On the other hand, we are struck by the number of subsidy and incentive schemes that support Canadian companies in various ways. We believe that 
it will be an interesting challenge for Canada  to continue diversifying its export offer. 
4.148.  We acknowledge the efforts made by Canada during the review period. We thank it for 
replying to our questions and wish the Canadi an delegation a successful conclusion to 
this exercise. 
CHILE 
4.149.  Chile highly values its bilateral relationship with Canada. In 74 years of diplomatic 
relations, the ties between our two countries have developed on the basis of shared values at the 
international level, such as human rights, freedom, democracy, respect for international law, 
and upholding multilateralism. 
4.150.  In fact, we recognize each other as like-minded countries, and this has led to joint 
approaches and initiatives in a number of multilateral forums. We are close partners, not only at 
United Nations level, but also in APEC, within the OAS and, of course, at the WTO. 
4.151.  We also work together to expand our opportunities and Asia-Pacific regional trade 
integration in the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations. 
4.152.  Our bilateral relationship is based on the twin pillars of the 2007 Strategic Partnership 
Framework Agreement, which broadens and deepens our cooperation in priority sectors such as 
sustainable development, education and agri culture; and the 1997 Free Trade Agreement, 
which was a landmark in Chilean trade policy, being the first trade agreement to be signed with a 
developed country. This agreement was the second, after that of Mexico, to be signed with a NAFTA member country. 
4.153.  The original agreement covers not only tr ade in goods but also trade in services, 
investment, and environmental and labour issues. 
4.154.  In a few weeks' time, the FTA with Canada will have been in force for 18 years, during 
which it has been updated and modernized, for example with the incorporation of a chapter on 
government procurement, which allows Chilean enterprises to participate in Canada's federal 
government procurement market, and the signin g of an agreement amending the FTA, which 
includes a chapter on financial services, along with a series of amendments to some of the 
Agreement's disciplines. 
4.155.  The tariff elimination process was completed in 2003 for 98.7% of Chile's products, which 
enter Canada free of duty. Since then, trade has increased by an annual average of 13%. Over the 
same period, the trade balance with Canada reco rded a surplus for Chil e, with a 13% average 
increase in exports and a 14% average increase in imports. 
4.156.  Canada is one of Chile's major investment partners, with an accumulated stock of 
over US$19 billion. It is Chile's third largest source  of investment, which is heavily concentrated in 
the mining (33%) and services (9%) sectors. 
4.157.  As regards this review, we note that Canada has regained its economic impetus in the 
aftermath of the financial crisis and recorded average annual GDP growth of 2.4% during the 
review period. We are pleased that this was achieved without any major changes to its 
international trade policy. 
4.158.  It was very interesting to learn that Canada has been applying a corporate social 
responsibility strategy for its extractive sector since 2009, and that it encourages Canadian firms WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  working internationally to comply with the laws of the host country, operate transparently and 
implement best practices in keeping with the OECD Guidelines. 
4.159.  This is good news for a country such as Chile, which has a strong foreign commercial 
presence in its extractive sector and is currently designing a similar policy for its enterprises. 
4.160.  However, we are concerned about the fact that Canada continues to grant significant 
subsidies and incentives to its domestic industry. According to the Secretariat report, it has 755 support programmes at federal, provincial and local levels. 
4.161.  This is particularly striking in the agricultural and fisheries sectors. In agriculture, there are 
heavily protected subsectors, such as that of dairy products. Although the Secretariat report indicates that domestic support has diminished on the whole compared to the preceding period, 
we believe that it would be useful for Canada to envisage reducing and possibly eliminating 
support that could distort international trade. 
4.162.  On another subject, we are struck by the ri sing number and extensive use of trade defence 
measures during the review period. 
4.163.  According to the Secretariat report, Canada initiated 43 anti-dumping investigations 
and 21 countervailing duty investigations. 
4.164.  It would be interesting to know the reasons for such an increase. 
4.165.  On a more general note, Canada is clearly proactive and shares a common vision in this 
Organization regarding the liberalization of international trade within the multilateral environment embodied by the WTO. 
4.166.  In this respect, we should point out that as a WTO Member, Canada has consistently 
helped seek avenues of understanding with a vi ew to completing the post-Bali work programme 
and thus ensuring the success of the next Ministerial Conference in Nairobi, so that we can move forward towards the conclusion of the Doha Round. 
COLOMBIA 
4.167.  Canada continued to show signs of sound economic recovery during the period under 
review. After a sharp 2.5% decline in GDP in 2009, its real growth rate averaged 2.4% 
between 2011 and 2014 – a high score among deve loped countries. This can be explained by the 
implementation of appropriate macroeconomic policies, together with fiscal and monetary stimulus measures, and efforts to establish and maintain a healthy financial sector. 
4.168.  Canada's dynamic foreign trade was reflected in steady increases in both imports and 
exports of goods and services. The Canadian economy nevertheless presents some challenges, 
such as heavy reliance on the United States market and a narrow export product base. As noted from the Secretariat report, Canada's share of total merchandise exports to the United States 
increased from 74% to 77% between 2011 and 2104, and the share of merchandise imports in the 
same period also increased from 50% to 54% of total imports. 
4.169.  However, Canada still applies some measures which affect trade and distort competition in 
agriculture - essentially dairy products, cereals and meat. We note, for example, that imports of 
dairy and poultry products remain subject to tariff quotas with very high out-of-quota tariffs. Domestic production of and domestic trade in such products is still regulated and levels of support remain high. We wonder whether Canada will cons ider the possibility of reforms aimed at greater 
liberalization in light of its growing integration in global markets. 
4.170.  As the Secretariat report points out, there is no overarching legal framework governing 
incentives and subsidies in Canada. However, support with an impact on investment and trade is 
provided at the federal, provincial and local levels. These support programmes, as well as 
assistance to businesses in the form of grants, lo an guarantees, tax refunds and credits, and wage 
subsidies, affect the investment and trade environments. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.171.  As regards sanitary and phytosanitary measures, we welcome the fact that Canada's 
changes to its food safety system have fostered the consultation process, modernized the system, 
and are consistent with the relevant WTO provisions. In this respect, the authorities have indicated that the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) will be working with small- and medium-sized 
enterprises to explore approaches tailored to their operational needs and to assist them in 
achieving compliance. Another point worthy of mention is that the CFIA has developed an automated import system to assist importers and Customs in the management of imported 
agricultural, fish, health and food products. 
4.172.  Lastly, we acknowledge not only the efforts that Canada is making to negotiate free trade 
agreements but also its participation in plurilateral agreements. Since the previous review, five FTAs have entered into force, including the FTA with Colombia. As of January 2015, 
Canada already had 11 agreements in force, had signed the agreement with the EU, and is 
currently negotiating another ten. Canada plays an active role recognized by the WTO Membership in strengthening the multilateral trading system. We trust that we can to continue to count on its 
excellent Ambassador and his team in Geneva as firm allies in this process and, above all, in the 
work aimed at concluding the Doha Round. 
RUSSIAN
 FEDERATION 
4.173.  The Russian delegation welcomes the 10th Trad e Policy Review of Canada. We are pleased 
to be a part of the current monitoring exercise which enables us to emphasize those elements in 
the Canadian trade regime we are interested in or concerned about. 
4.174.  We appreciate the continuous growth of Canadian economy with an average annual rate of 
2.4% during the review period due to both robust economic policy and market factors. It is worth 
to note, however, that despite steady increase in imports and exports, Canada has certain vulnerabilities with respect to trade, as the country is reliant heavily on its major partner-market 
of the United States. A narrow export product base - mainly energy and mineral products, 
transportation equipment and vehicles – still remains another feature of the Canadian economy and requires a proper addressing. In this context,  we observe with attention how Ottawa - in the 
course of contributing to further economic growth - copes with the challenges of diversifying its 
merchandise specialization and rebuilding trade and investment policies with priorities, given to the key national sectors of strong competitive advantages. 
4.175.  On the bilateral track, over the years the Russian Federation and Canada have been 
developing broad cooperation in many areas, including mining, oil and gas, automotive 
components, aerospace and others. During the rece nt years, our trade turnover showed a slight 
upward trend, reaching the amount of US$2.2 b illion in 2014. Obviously, it is far behind the 
existing economic potential of the Russian-Canadian bilateral ties. And we believe that our 
countries can be of much more interest to each other, not only like they are on the ice hockey arena but also in such not less competitive fields as trade in goods, trade in services, investment 
and many others.  
4.176.  During this review, Russia has submitted a number of questions regarding some of 
Canadian trade and investment policies, in particular SPS, food standards, state owned enterprises, import and distribution of alcoholi c beverages. We look forward to receiving the 
answers and intend to give them a thorough consideration. 
4.177.  We remain deeply concerned with a number of unilateral trade restrictive measures 
imposed by Canada against the Russian Federation due to non-economic reasons. In this respect, 
we would like to express our regrets and disapp ointment with the escalating of anti-Russian 
political rhetoric of Ottawa which brings nothing but harm to both sides including mutual economic, trade and investment losses. The Russian Federation reiterates its request to Canada to bring its 
measures in line with the Canadian obligations under the WTO Agreements and to terminate all 
unfounded restrictive measures immediately.  
DOMINICAN
 REPUBLIC 
4.178.  Canada is an important trading partner for the Dominican Republic and, over the past four 
years from 2010 to 2014, it has been our country's main source of foreign direct investment, WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  amounting to US$2,973.3 million and accounting for 25% of total FDI over that period. In 2014, 
trade stood at some US$1,235 million, with a surplus of approximately US$700 million for the Dominican Republic. 
4.179.  Canada has recovered from the financial crisis, and GDP growth averaged 2.4% annually 
during the review period (2011-2014). Although growth during the period has not been 
comparable to pre-crisis levels and is still below its potential rate, the Canadian economy has generally shown resilience to external shocks. 
4.180.  Canada's economy is diversified but has long relied on its natural resource and mineral 
wealth. Not only are the mining and energy sectors important to the Canadian economy in terms of GDP and employment, but they also contribute  significantly to exports and have a positive 
impact on the balance of payments. It would be important for Canada to continue working towards 
economic diversification. 
4.181.  We note that the 2014 Economic Action Plan  focused primarily on balancing the budget, 
supporting jobs and growth, developing resources responsibly, and supporting families and 
communities. 
4.182.  Canada has sought to rebalance and eliminate the deficit resulting from the crisis by 
controlling programme spending, introducing measures to enhance the fairness of the tax system, 
and setting the right conditions to boost economic growth. 
4.183.  During the review period, Canada's trade performance was marked by steady increases in 
imports and exports of goods and services. Mercha ndise trade is about five times the size of 
services trade, in terms of both imports and ex ports. However, Canada relies heavily on the 
United States as its major market and has a na rrow export product base - mainly energy and 
mineral products, transport services, and vehicles. It would be advisable for Canada to seek further diversification of its destination markets and export products. 
4.184.  Canada underwent a tariff simplification process during the review period, harmonizing 
many duties within three ranges of tariffs, including the elimination of tariffs of less than 5%. A number of autonomous liberalization initiatives were also undertaken in sectors such as 
machinery and equipment, baby clothes, sports equipment, and offshore drilling units, which 
undoubtedly contributes to increased growth and tr ade. Nonetheless, significant barriers remain in 
the agricultural sector, with tariff quotas and high tariff rates, driven essentially by dairy products 
(with an average tariff rate of 238.7%) and anim al products (with an average rate of 47%). 
4.185.  We are, moreover, concerned about the fact that Canada continued to use anti-dumping 
and countervailing measures at an accelerated pace, initiating 43 anti-dumping investigations (with a peak of 17 in 2013), and 21 countervailing duty investigations (with a peak of 12 in 2014). 
We would suggest taking a more rational approach in implementing these measures, so as not to 
impede trade for the developing countries. 
4.186.  We are also struck by Canada's numerous subsidy and incentives schemes, 
with some 755 support programmes providing assistance to businesses in the form of grants, 
loan guarantees, tax refunds and credits, and wage subsidies. We wonder whether these schemes are consistent with the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. 
4.187.  We welcome Canada's technology and innovation programmes in favour of small- and 
medium-sized enterprises, whose export presence in emerging markets is expected to increase 
f r o m  2 9 %  t o  5 0 % .  T h i s  t y p e  o f  p r o g r a m m e  i s  a n  important component of policies to improve 
income redistribution. We also congratulate Canada for its strong commitment to implementing 
innovation schemes aimed at developing new clea n technologies and improving the environment. 
4.188.  The Dominican Republic put a few questions to Canada concerning its preferential 
schemes. We appreciate the replies received, which will be examined in depth. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  INDIA 
4.189.  India welcomes the robust recovery made by the Canadian economy post financial crisis. 
Canada has registered an average annual GDP grow th rate of 2.4% during the review period, 
notwithstanding the uncertain global economic environment and weak external demand, which is 
impressive. At the same time, as noted by the discussant, Canada continues to confront certain 
vulnerabilities with respect to trade as it is significantly reliant on a single market and has a narrow export product base, mainly concentrated in sectors such as energy, mineral products, 
transport, and vehicles. Further, the fluctuations  in commodity and energy prices have had an 
impact on its economy and current account deficit. However, through its Global Markets Action Plan and sector specific strategies, it has cont inued to calibrate it trade policy and promotion 
strategies to maintain its competitive edge and access to international markets.  
4.190.  While Canada has generally maintained an open and transparent policy regime, it would 
appear that some sectors are still quite closed. As noted in the Secretariat report, while over two-thirds of the Canadian tariff lines have zero duties, the application of non-zero rates is 
concentrated in a few sectors such as dairy products, clothing and footwear – areas where 
developing countries have also export interests. Canada provides support in the form of subsidies 
and incentives through over 750 support programmes at the federal, State and provincial levels 
providing assistance in the form of grants, loans, guarantees, tax refunds and credits.  
4.191.  As noted by the discussant, another area of some concern is the structure of the Canadian 
agriculture, with a very competitive exportin g sector on the one hand and supply managed 
industries on the other. Canada's average applied tariff for agriculture products of 22.5 %, which 
remained unchanged in the review period, is almost ten times higher than the average tariff for 
non-agricultural products, which is at 2.4%. Furthe rmore, Canada continues to use a wide array of 
protection instruments, such as tariff rate quota, tariff peaks, non- ad valorem  tariffs, special 
safeguards, and export subsidies. Similarly, on the investment side, there remain certain 
restrictions in sectors such as telecommunications, broadcasting, and air transport.  
4.192.  On the bilateral front, India and Canada enjoy a multifaceted and strategic partnership 
underpinned by shared values of democracy, plur alism, expanding economic engagement and long 
standing people to people linkages. Canada is home to over 1.2 million people of Indian origin. Our bilateral trade has maintained a steady growth wi th two-way trade increasing from Can$4.2 billion 
in 2010 to Can$6.4 billion in 2014. Indian investments in Canada have increased steadily in the 
recent years, especially in the IT, software and natural resource sectors. India and Canada are 
working together to expeditiously conclude a ba lanced and mutually beneficial comprehensive 
economic partnership agreement. We are also in the process of negotiating a bilateral investment 
promotion and protection agreement. All in all, our bilateral relations are undergoing significant 
transformation and both countries remain committed to elevating the trade and investment linkages to their full potential. 
4.193.  We had posed some advance written questions to Canada and my authorities would be 
reviewing the responses received. Let me underline one particular area of concern to India, which relates to visa and work permits for IT professionals. The recent changes carried out by Canada in its Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP) and, in particular, significant changes to the ICT 
visa and work permit category have directly impacted the movement of service providers, 
especially those working in the IT sector. The Labour Market Impact Analysis and a rigorous 
definition of "Specialized Knowledge" for IT work permit could adversely impact Canada's ability to 
attract the best talent to contribute to its digital economy. We would urge the Canadian 
Government to review these requirements to facili tate movement of temporary service providers.  
4.194.  Finally, we very much appreciate the role pl ayed by Canada in the WTO and the on-going 
DDA negotiations. India and Canada have a shared interest in an effective multilateral trading 
system and we look forward to working with Ambassador Fried and his team, and other Members 
in the on-going negotiations to help conclude the Doha Round with balanced outcomes for all.   
REPUBLIC
 OF KOREA 
4.195.  I am pleased to note that Canada and Korea have maintained mutually beneficial trade 
relationship over the years based on the comple mentary nature of both economies. Korea is WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  Canada's seventh largest trading partner and third largest in Asia. Bilateral trade volume between 
the two countries has steadily increased, reaching more than US$11.4 billion in 2014, with Canada's exports to Korea reaching US$4.2 billion. With respect to FDI, Korea's investment to Canada amounted to US$10 billion, and Canada's investment to Korea amounted to US$5.5 billion 
in 2012. Importantly, these figures demonstrate a very close economic partnership that will 
continue to grow and develop in the future. 
4.196.  Turning to Canada's overall economic performance, Korea would like to commend the 
Canadian Government for recovering well from the financial crisis and achieving an average 2.4% 
GDP growth during the review period. Even though its economy has faced some challenges and the growth rate slightly declined to below 2%  between 2012-14 mainly due to weaker export 
growth and investment, we believe that its unilateral trade liberalization policies coupled with its 
wide ranging structural reforms have and will continue to be the major source of tis economic 
strength and success. 
4.197.  More specifically, the average applied tariff for non-agricultural products during the period 
declined from 2.5% to 2.4%. A number of autonomo us liberalization initiatives were undertaken in 
some sectors including machinery, clothes, sports equipment and offshore drilling units. In addition, the revised GPA came into force for Canada in 2014 whereby Canada's market access 
commitments at the sub-federal level have been significantly expanded. All provinces and 
territories as well as ten federal crown corporatio ns are now covered in Canada's GPA schedule. As 
a firm believer in the multilateral trading system  embodied in the WTO, Canada has played a key 
role by actively participating in the DDA negotiations and plurilateral negotiations. 
4.198.  On the bilateral front, it is our hope th at the Korea-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 
Canada's first FTA with an Asian country, which entered into force in January 2015 will help deepen the economic cooperation between the two count ries. We also hope that it will play a role 
in helping advance trade liberalization as it aims to achieve a comprehensive and high-quality 
trade deal while fully respecting WTO standards. 
4.199.  Korea would like to provide a brief comment on Canada's trade remedies where we find 
there is room for improvement. We note that, as pointed out in the Secretariat report, Canada has 
used anti-dumping and countervailing duty measur es at an accelerated pace during the review 
period. There were 43 initiations of anti-dumping investigations and 21 initiations of countervailing duty investigations. It is important to note that the majority of investigations involved countries 
from Asia. In 2014, there were six anti-dumping measures in force and two investigations initiated 
on imports of Korean products, primarily steel products. Taking into account the adverse effects of these measures on trade, it would be advisable that more prudent approaches be taken in 
initiating anti-dumping investigations. 
4.200.  Finally, we very much hope that Canada, as one of the world's most open and responsible 
trading nations, will continue to play an import ant role in helping not only strengthen the WTO 
multilateral trading system as a whole, but also advance the DDA negotiations. To be clear, Korea 
has and will continue to work closely with Canada within the context of the DDA and plurilateral negotiations. 
TRINIDAD
 AND  TOBAGO 
4.201.  Trinidad and Tobago and Canada enjoy a lo ngstanding and dynamic relationship, the 
origins of which precede the achievement of independence of Trinidad and Tobago on 31 August 1962. Such a relationship commenced in 1938 when a full-time Trade Commissioner 
was appointed to Port Spain. In August 2012, Trinidad and Tobago simultaneously celebrated the 
fiftieth anniversary of achievement of Independence and the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations with Canada. This protracted history highlights the reality 
that both countries share friendly relations and ha ve been mutual trading partners for over seven 
decades.  
4.202.  Since the year 2000 to present, the volume of trade between Trinidad and Tobago and 
Canada has steadily increased. Exports from Trinidad and Tobago to Canada include fish and 
seafood, iron and steel, machinery, mineral fuel organic chemicals and beverages whilst imports WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  from Canada include vegetables, machinery, pape r and paperboard, copper, electronic equipment 
and mineral ore.  
4.203.  Trinidad and Tobago is a business friendly country and one of Canada's largest investment 
target countries in the Caribbean region. These investments are primarily in the banking and 
energy sectors and include potash and methan ol. In March 2013, the Trinidad and Tobago 
Business Guardian quoted the High Commissioner of  Canada H.E. Gérard Latulippe who expressed 
that the value of Canadian investment in Trinidad and Tobago was in the vicinity of 
Can$1.3 billion.  
4.204.  In terms of financial services, such an investment is quite dynamic with the operation of 
prominent institutions such as the Royal Bank of Canada and Scotiabank in Trinidad and Tobago.   
4.205.  Trinidad and Tobago also recognizes that Canada is an industrial giant with increasing 
expertise and experience in the energy and mini ng sectors. According to the Canadian Energy 
Overview 2013-Energy Briefing Note, Canada's ener gy industry's direct contribution to GDP is 
9.6%, a positive increase of 1.1% when compar ed to the previous year. It is therefore not 
surprising that over the years, investment in Trinidad and Tobago by Canadian oil companies has 
been consistent. Some of the major Canadian energy companies which have operations in Trinidad and Tobago include Methanex, PCS Nitrogen, Niko Resources and Touchstone Exploration.  
4.206.  As a result of these capital ventures, the Minist ry of Energy and Energy Affairs of Trinidad 
and Tobago has recommended that efforts be made to strengthen cooperation between Trinidad and Tobago and Canada in the energy sector partic ularly in relation to areas such as: heavy oil, 
carbon capture storage and carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In addition to this, there 
is also a mutual interest between the countries in the transfer of knowledge, technology and 
experience in developing a skilled labour fo rce and infrastructural development for both 
conventional and non-conventional energy sectors in a sustainable manner. That being said, it is 
also worth mentioning that Trinidad and Tobago and Canada are also exploring the possibility of 
employing skilled labourers to work in the boomin g energy sector in the province of Alberta. 
4.207.  With the view to further strengthening bilateral ties and investment links between the two 
countries, in April 2013, the Honourable Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and 
Tobago, together with her accompanying delegation, paid an Official visit to Canada. During that visit, four Memoranda of Understanding were signed in the areas of tertiary-level education, employment services, security and defence. Following that meeting, and as recent as 
January, 2015, a Canadian Trade and Economic Missio n visited Port of Spain to explore and assess 
market opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago and vice-versa. The Mission sought to facilitate the 
identification of Canadian business partners for Trinidad and Tobago companies which have the 
potential to serve as a network for distribution, sales and service agents for Trinidad and Tobago 
products on the Canadian market with the aim of creating several investment opportunities.    
4.208.  I n  a d d i t i o n  t o  t h i s ,  s p e c i a l  r e f e r e n c e  m u s t  a l s o  b e  m a d e  t o  t h e  f a c t  t h a t  T r i n i d a d  a n d  
Tobago continues to participate and benefit from the Canadian Seasonal Agriculture Workers 
Programme (SWAP). This programme, which has been in place for more than forty years, engages local agricultural workers in seasonal harvesting projects in Canada.  
4.209.  My delegation would like to take this opportunity to briefly discuss the CARICOM-Canada 
Trade Agreement -commonly known as CARIBCAN. The CARIBCAN arrangement supports Trinidad 
and Tobago's goals for export growth and diversification and creates positive spill-off effects on other development goals including economic transformation and poverty and unemployment 
reduction. For close to two decades, between 25 and 35% of Trinidad and Tobago's exports to 
Canada have been duty-free under CARIBCAN. Following the last meeting of the WTO Council for Trade of Goods (CTG) in March 2015, the issue relating to the renewal of the CARIBCAN waiver 
until 2023 was deferred. Despite this, Trinidad and Tobago together with the rest of CARICOM 
remain confident that the CARIBCAN waiver would be approved when it comes up for consideration 
at the next meeting of the CTG scheduled to take  place next month. Trinidad and Tobago and the 
rest of the region welcome the possibility of re turning to the negotiating table to make further 
progress on this issue. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.210.  As a small developing island State, Trinidad and Tobago agrees that international trade and 
investment flows are essential drivers of sustainable economic growth. My delegation also agrees with the fact that the liberalization of trade in, for example, environmental goods can contribute positively to climate change and other global environmental challenges. Having said this, my 
delegation will request further assistance from Canada, as a major player in the G20, in lobbying 
on behalf of small vulnerable countries in order for them to meet their development objectives.   
4.211.  Finally, please permit me to thank the delegation of Canada for their responses provided to 
Trinidad and Tobago's questions which were posed in advance of this meeting.  
ECUADOR 4.212.  I bring you warm greetings on behalf of my co untry. We recognize your skills in conducting 
trade policy reviews, which foster the principle of transparency in this Organization as regards the 
trade policy measures adopted by Members. 
4.213.  I also wish to welcome the Canadian delegation, led by Mr Cameron MacKay, 
Director General for Trade Negotiations, and to express my delegation's thanks for the 
comprehensive reports received from the Canadian  Government and the WTO Secretariat for this 
tenth review. 
4.214.  Likewise, Ecuador thanks the Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the WTO, 
Ambassador Remigi Winzap, for his statement as the discussant. 
4.215.  It is interesting for Ecuador to participate in this trade policy review, since Canada is 
regarded as one of world's leading economies, with average annual GDP growth of 2.4% during 
the review period. 
4.216.  According to the Secretariat report, the Canadian Government has been implementing 
action plans since 2009, which identify policy me asures to be adopted in order to overcome 
possible shortcomings and help spur the economy. Ecuador welcomes the actions adopted under 
the Plan for 2014, whose key objective was to establish measures aimed at boosting the economy 
and creating jobs. 
4.217.  We also note the information provided by the Canadian Government and the 
WTO Secretariat concerning Canada's trade performance, which showed steady increases in 
imports and exports of both goods and services and led to a positive merchandise trade balance in 2014. Services remain the backbone of the Canadi an economy, accounting for 70% of GDP during 
the review period, and tourism is Canada's most important services export. 
4.218.  One issue that my delegation would like to raise concerns the anti-dumping 
and countervailing measures which, according to the Secretariat report, the Canadian Government has been using at an accelerated pace. Our country would be interested to know the rationale 
for this policy. 
4.219.  Moreover, although the report states that Canada's WTO export subsidy reduction 
commitments apply to various product clusters and have declined over the 2011-2012 biennium, 
this still gives Ecuador cause for concern to the extent that Canada continues to provide support in 
the form of subsidies and incentives at the federal, provincial and local levels. 
4.220.  Ecuador further notes from the Secretariat report that Canada has certain concerns 
and vulnerabilities with respect to trade, such  as its heavy reliance on the United States 
as its major market. 
4.221.  Canada has recognized the need to diversify its exports away from the United States 
market, seeking to enter into trade agreements in order to create new export-market access 
opportunities. 
4.222.  In this connection, Ecuador reiterates its interest in initiating a negotiation process aimed 
at establishing a long-term trade relationship with Canada, based on the principles of solidarity WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  and equitable benefit that takes advantage of the complementarities and strengths of both 
economies, in keeping with sustainable development goals. 
4.223.  Likewise, Ecuador intends to work towards identifying alternatives that would be conducive 
to Canadian investment in Ecuador given the strategies that Canada has developed, especially in 
the extractive sectors, under Canada's Plan for Responsible Resource Development. 
4.224.  To conclude, we wish to thank the Canadian de legation in anticipation for its responses to 
our questions on specific aspects of Canada's trade policy. These responses will be an important 
input in strengthening our bilateral foreign trade relations. 
TURKEY 4.225.  Canada is not only the 11th biggest economy in the world, but also one of the most active 
and leading Members of the WTO. Its valuable  contributions to the works of the regular 
Committees and its constructive attitude within the DDA negotiations, make Canada an important 
stakeholder of the multilateral trading system. It would not be fair to ignore the personnel efforts and contribution of Ambassador Fried within this process.  
4.226.  It is satisfactory that the Canadian economy showed important resilience to the world 
economic crisis and resumed a reasonable and sound economic growth rate during the review period, while reorienting down the unemployment, thanks to the positive contribution of trade 
among other things. We also observe with satisfaction that Canada continues to maintain a liberal 
and predictable trade and investment regime during  the review period. Its average tariff stands at 
as low as 2.4% for industrial products and at a reasonable level of 22.5% for agricultural products, while 67% of its tariff lines are duty free. Despite this liberal trading regime, Canada maintains a 
relatively high protection rate of 20% for some bedding, clothing and footwear products, which are 
mostly imported from developing countries. 
4.227.  On the other hand, Canada reviewed its General Preferential Tariff regime for imports from 
developing countries and graduated 72 countries, including Turkey, from its GPT regime, as of 
1 January 2015. It is unclear what is the basis for graduation from the GPT regime since the GDP per capita of the graduated countries varies from US$1.500 (India) to US$50.000 (Netherlands). 
While it is reasonable to graduate high income countries from the GPT regime, graduating 
relatively low level countries is not in conformity with the "development" perspective of the trade policy priorities set by Canada an d recited by the Secretariat report. I also believe that removing 
all those 72 countries from the GPT regime would not help the efforts of Canada for diversifying its 
trading partners and would strengthen its commercial dependence to the United States. 
4.228.  Turkey and Canada are both member of the G20 and our bilateral trade with Canada has a 
relatively balanced structure and it increased ne arly 50% during the review period. However, I 
strongly believe that our US$2 billion bilateral trade volume does not represent the real potential 
and there is still a big room to develop it in a balanced manner. 
THAILAND 
4.229.  Canada is currently ranked as Thailand's 32nd largest trading partner. In 2014, the value 
of bilateral trade between the two countries stood at US$3.28 billion, a decline of 2.86% from the 
previous year. Canada is also ranked as our 29
th export destination and 35th import source. 
Conversely, Thailand is currently ranked as Canada's 21st trading partner, 31st destination, and 
17th source of import. 
4.230.  Despite the decline in bilateral trade, Thailand and Canada have been working actively to 
strengthen our trade and investment relations.  Indeed, the two countries have engaged in 
numerous discussions regarding the possibility of th e two sides, I am hopeful that we could launch 
a negotiation for the agreement in the near future. 
4.231.  In the multilateral trading system, Canada has certainly been an active contributor to the 
system. In this regard, Thailand would like to commend Canada for its dedication to fostering a 
transparent and trade facilitative environment, ha ving undertaken a tariff simplification process to 
harmonize duties, and implemented initiatives to unilaterally liberalize trade in several sectors WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  during the review period. Moreover, great efforts have also been made to improve its customs 
procedures through numerous programs such as the Customs Self-Assessment, and the Free and Secure Trade Programs. 
4.232.  Thailand has always appreciated Canada's thoughtful and informed involvement in various 
negotiations forums, and is certain that Canada can play a key role in providing the spark needed 
to move the WTO negotiations forward. In this connection, we do look forward to practical and constructive negotiating work in the WTO to achieve a meaningful work programme and the 
successful tenth Ministerial Conference this year. 
4.233.  The TPR reports indicated that both Canada's import and export numbers have steadily 
increased over the past few years. Which I believe is the result of the country's proactive approach towards free trade agreements, in addition to it s determination towards the enhancement of trade 
environment. Thailand certainly supports these co nstructive efforts as they will without doubt 
contribute positively to multilateral trading system. 
4.234.  In this review, Thailand has submitted several questions to Canada, covering the policies 
and measures of our interests regarding among other things, Canada's permit requirements of 
textiles, government procurement, competition policy, and investment regime. We are looking forward to Canada's responses with anticipation, and will certainly study them in detail with great 
interest. 
4.235.  In conclusion, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to the Canada delegation for 
today's presentation. We are thankful to Canada  and H.E. Ambassador Jonathan T. Fried for the 
close cooperation with Canada at every level, including that between our Geneva-based 
delegations. 
COSTA
 RICA 
4.236.  Costa Rica is pleased to participate in this trade policy review. Canada is a partner with 
which we share many views at the WTO, as members of the Cairns Group and the "Friends of 
the System" Group. Canada is committed to the multilateral trading system and to the successful 
and ambitious conclusion of the Doha Round. Our positions are also very close in areas such as 
trade facilitation, geographical indications and the role of information technology as a tool for 
development, to mention but a few. 
4.237.  Trade between Costa Rica and Canada amounted to US$258 million in 2014, admittedly a 
modest figure, but trade has rebounded to the levels that preceded the 2009 crisis, 
recording figures practically double those for 2002, when the FTA between the two countries came 
into effect. Our countries have also had a reciprocal investment promotion agreement since 1999, making Canada a major source of foreign direct investment in our country. 
4.238.  Both the Secretariat and the Government report highlight the stability of the Canadian 
economy and its recovery from the world financial crisis. Costa Rica acknowledges Canada's efforts to simplify its tariff, including the elimination of nuisance tariffs of less than 5%. We also 
emphasize the importance accorded by the Gove rnment to the environmental and sustainable 
technologies sector under Canada's Global Markets Action Plan and to the negotiations on environmental goods, both of which are topics of considerable interest to Costa Rica. 
MONTENEGRO 
4.239.  Canada ranks as one of the top investors in Montenegro's tourist industry. Its major 
investment project "Porto Montenegro" aims at developing the biggest marina in the Eastern Adriatic and has already become a brand regularly featured in all leading Travel & Tourism reports. 
With €256 million gross investments from 2007 through 2014 and the plan for additional 
€107 million in the course of 2015, this project has strengthened competiveness of the overall 
tourism as Montenegro's most important services export, positioning the entire Tivat Bay for long 
term economic growth. In addition, Canadian companies have successfully participated in 
modernisation of the safe and secure Montenegro's costal management system put in place in 2013 in support of the international maritime requirements. Montenegro is ready to extend economic cooperation with Canada particularly in the area of infrastructure, transportation and WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  energy that could be further facilitated by the existing Bilateral Trade Agreement and the 
Agreement on strategic cooperation with the Canadian Commercial Corporation signed in 2012.  
4.240.  My delegation would also like to use this opportunity to recognize and appreciate Canada's 
valuable contribution to the numbe r of development projects granted to Montenegro in conjunction 
with the international organizations as UNICEF, World Vision and Microcredit. 
4.241.  As a country with Government that values openness to international trade, Montenegro 
welcomes the Government of Canada's continued contribution to the multilateral trading system. 
We commend Canada for its commitment to deliver strong economic growth, successfully manage 
government borrowing and reduce unemployment, while also ensuring increases in international trade. Although Montenegro notes that Canadian exports suffered during the global economic crisis, Montenegro is pleased to observe that exports have now returned to their pre-global 
financial crisis levels.  
4.242.  In agreement with the Secretariat, Montenegro also notes the Government of Canada's 
continued commitment to the advancement of international trade through the negotiation and 
implementation of free trade agreements. In this regard, Montenegro wishes to congratulate the 
Government of Canada on securing the entry into force of five new FTAs since its last Trade Policy 
Review; as well as its signing of an FTA with th e European Union in 2014. Montenegro fully agrees 
with the value that FTAs can serve in increasing international trade and commerce, wishing every 
success to the parties to these agreements.  
4.243.  Montenegro notes with interest the Government of Canada's Global Markets Action Plan 
("GMAP"). Montenegro agrees with the importance that the Government of Canada attaches to 
developing policy initiatives capable of advancing commercial interests in established markets, as 
well as ensuring that businesses are able to successfully engage with priority emerging markets. In this regard, Montenegro wishes to commend the Government of Canada for the scale of its 
GMAP project. In such a competitive environment as we live, seeking to advance Canadian 
interests in 80 countries across the World is a vitally important aim.  
4.244.  Finally, Montenegro will continue to follow with interest the implementation of Canada's 
federal tourism strategy and its key achievements, in particular the best practices of cooperation 
with the private sector, tour operators and travel agents trough the new marketing initiatives introduced by this strategy. 
4.245.  Montenegro is looking forward to continuing constructive engagement with the delegation 
of Canada in Geneva lead by distinguished Amba ssador Fried whose contribution to the work of 
WTO has been remarkable.  
URUGUAY 
4.246.  First of all, we wish to emphasize Canada's capacity to negotiate a large number of trade 
agreements worldwide. This appears to be a challenge to Canada's geographic determinism, as has been mentioned in a number of statements. Canada also plays an important part in the 
WTO and in the Doha Round negotiations. 
4.247.  Uruguay and Canada have excellent relations bo th at policy, economic and trade levels and 
in matters relating to culture and cooperation. We share the same values and interests as members of many hemispheric and international organizations, taking an active part in multilateral 
forums and making major contributions to United Nations peace missions, which confirms our 
common interests in terms of hemispheric security and development issues. 
4.248.  As regards cooperation, one of the key items on our bilateral agenda is cooperation in the 
mining sector; we have been discussing new avenues of cooperation, ways of attracting 
investment, and business models. 
4.249.  We also have common interests in our trade relations: both countries are members of the 
Cairns Group and share the goal of reforming the agricultural trade rules. Uruguay would like to 
take this opportunity to thank Canada for its commitment to the Group, as evidenced, 
among other things, by its many and high-quality technical contributions. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.250.  Bilateral trade between Uruguay and Canada has become stronger over the years, 
increasing by more than 200% between 2010 an d 2014. In 2014, Uruguay's exports amounted to 
over US$122 million, making Canada an important trading partner for Uruguay. Our country exports mainly frozen bovine meat and, in or der of importance, citrus fruit, wool, fish 
and blueberries. 
4.251.  As regards bovine meat, which is Uruguay's main export product to Canada, access is 
limited to just 11,844 tonnes on an MFN basis, wh ich are part of a total quota of 76,404 tonnes. 
In the past, this market access restriction was partially eased in response to the industry's 
requests for supplementary import permits. Un fortunately, the Canadian authorities have not 
granted such permits for almost ten years now. 
4.252.  Another of Uruguay's major export clusters is dairy produce (cheese, butter, and powdered 
milk). In Canada, it is subject to tariffs of up to 238%, which may be among the highest applied 
by a WTO Member. 
4.253.  Uruguay is interested in exporting sheep meat on the bone to Canada. Bilateral meetings 
on the subject were held with Canada during the 82
nd General Session of the World Assembly of 
OIE Delegates, and in August 2014, the Embassy of Uruguay delivered a note to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's Food Safety Directorate, announcing that an OIE mission had been to 
Uruguay and concluded that the national project complied with international standards, including 
those concerning animal welfare. Hence, Uruguay complies not only with the OIE standards, but also with the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. It has maintained its status as an FMD-free country with vaccination since 2003. Uruguayan sheep have not been vaccinated against FMD since 1988. 
4.254.  Imports from Canada fluctuated during the review period. Canadian products have higher 
value added than Uruguayan exports. The leading products are mineral or chemical potassium fertilizers, harvesting, rubber or plastics mach inery, and moulding boxes for metal foundry. 
4.255.  There are many opportunities for trade between the two countries. The best opportunities 
for Uruguay lie in products with higher-than-usual industrial value added, such as beef and sheep 
preparations and preserves, wines, chemicals substances and products, wood and wood products, 
and textiles and clothing. 
4.256.  As regards investment, we have a bilateral foreign investment promotion and protection 
agreement. Many Canadian companies have invested in Uruguay in manufacturing and services such as financial services, and it is hoped that the number of firms will increase as a result of the 
tax information exchange agreement in force since 2014. 
4.257.  Lastly, I would like to emphasize that Canada plays an important part in the multilateral 
negotiations because of its economic size and its capacity to make proposals, and both countries 
have a shared interest in the successful conclusion of the Doha Development Round, which will 
bolster the multilateral trading system. 
MAURITIUS 
4.258.  At the outset, my delegation wishes to commend the crucial role played by Canada at the 
WTO. Mauritius believes in a fair, inclusive and multilateral approach to the negotiations with a view to reaching a balanced outcome but more importantly the symbiotic integration of nations in the increasingly interconnected world. 
4.259.  We wish to laud Canada for the resilience of its economy in the face of the economic crisis, 
the brunt of which we have all suffered for exampl e through a shrink in global demand. We intend 
to tap Canada's experience through its Global Markets Action Plan. Its trade promotion and trade 
policy strategy aimed at supporting the commercia l success of its companies, the retooling of 
government's trade efforts and economic diplomacy including outreach to emerging markets. 
4.260.  Mauritius would wish to explore a key aspect of the Global Markets Action Plan - the 
International Education Strategy aimed at attracting international researchers and students to 
Canada and promoting research links between Canadian and foreign educational institutions. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  Mauritius has a circular migration project with Canada, which has been operating with great 
success.   
4.261.  At the Trade Policy Review of Mauritius held last year, the delegation of Canada offered to 
explore avenues of cooperation in the field of the ocean economy. We are pleased to announce 
that the new Government of Mauritius has a full-fledged Ministry in charge of the portfolio of 
Ocean economy and we look forward to meaningful cooperation with the relevant Canadian authorities to delineate the areas of engagement. 
4.262.  My delegation wishes to express appreciation of the Canada's recognition of the specific 
challenges faced by SVEs like Mauritius and the ne cessity that the needs, interests, concerns of 
SVEs are duly recognized and translated into the Work Programme for the SVE's. 
4.263.  Both Canada and Mauritius attach the same importance to trade as a major driver of 
growth. Mauritius strongly believes in greater intr a-regional trade and improved trade facilitation 
cooperation and coordination to enable further trade flows. 
4.264.  My delegation looks forward to working clos ely with the delegation of Canada as we 
engage in an important year at the WTO with a view to yielding concrete deliverables for the 
Nairobi Ministerial Meeting. 
BENIN 
4.265.  The economic performance indicators provided by Canada in its report show that 
the country succeeded during the period of review in containing the effects of the economic crisis 
on global markets. Since the previous review in 2011, Canada has recorded improvements in both GDP and trade while conducting an efficient job creation policy that has led 
to lower unemployment. 
4.266.  The macroeconomic indicators show that real growth in the economy picked up to 2.5% 
in 2014. Canadian exports also returned to pre-recession levels and stood at 9.9% above those 
levels by the end of the year. 
4.267.  This positive performance is underpinned by a forward-looking policy aimed at returning to 
balanced budgets in 2015-2016. 
4.268.  The results recorded stem from the implementation of efficient economic, budgetary and 
financial measures that have enabled Canada to overcome the challenges facing the country and to weather the global economic and financial crisis. 
4.269.  Moreover, the delegation of Benin welcomes th e statement in the Government report that 
the WTO is a cornerstone of Canada's trade policy agenda and a key forum for engaging with its 
trading partners. 
4.270.  It commends Canada's efforts to facilitate a successful outcome in the Doha Round 
trade negotiations. 
4.271.  To that end, it also welcomes the support that Canada is providing in order to fulfil the 
development dimension of the Doha Developmen t Agenda (DDA), as Canada reiterates the 
importance of giving special consideration to the needs of the developing countries, particularly 
the least developed countries (LDCs). 
4.272.  While congratulating Canada for providing financial support to LDCs in order to facilitate 
increased LDC engagement in the multilateral trading system, the delegation of Benin hopes that 
Canada's support will not only continue but also be stepped up and diversified, above all in 
light of: 
 the major deadlines ahead, including: (i) the fifth Global Review of Aid for Trade; 
(ii) the launching of the new phase of the Enhanced Integrated Framework; 
and (iii) the post-2015 sustainable development objectives, on the one hand; and WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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   the challenges already identified and waiting to be addressed pursuant to the Istanbul 
Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries, on the other. 
4.273.  Within the specific framework of the WTO, it would be greatly appreciated if special 
attention and favourable and constructive consideration could be given to LDC concerns, 
which include: (i) duty-free, quota-free market access for products originating from LDCs; 
(ii) rules of origin; (iii) effective operationalization of the services waiver through measures of demonstrated interest and commercial value for LDCs; (iv) the vital issue of cotton, and so forth. 
4.274.  My delegation notes the numerous initiatives taken by Canada under mutually beneficial 
bilateral partnerships such as foreign investment promotion and protection agreements, including with Benin. 
4.275.  It also notes the large number of plurilateral agreements concluded or currently being 
finalized and urges Canada to ensure that such agreements usefully complement rather than 
substitute for multilateral action in the WTO. 
4.276.  The delegation of Benin is convinced that Cana da will, as in the past, continue to promote 
multilateralism and lend its support in the Doha Round negotiating areas, whilst recognizing the 
meaningful and beneficial opportunities offered by the development dimension. 
PANAMA 
4.277.  Panama congratulates Canada for its economic performance during the period under 
review. The Canadian economy succeeded in weathering the financial crisis by implementing public policies that fostered economic growth through increased imports and exports of goods and services, programmes aimed at product diversification, trade and investment promotion, 
and monetary and fiscal stimulus, and by expandin g its markets under regional trade agreements, 
including the agreement signed with Panama on 14 May 2010, which entered into force on 1 April 2013. 
4.278.  Panama and Canada have strong diplomatic and trade relations, bolstered by a dozen 
agreements covering trade, labour and tax matters , including an information exchange agreement. 
Canada is Panama's second largest trading partner, and in 2013, when the Free Trade Agreement 
entered into force, 14.8% of our goods imports took place under this FTA. There was no impact on 
the export side, however. 
4.279.  As regards impact on the Colón Free Zone, in 2013 Panama's re-exports and imports in 
its trade with Canada totalled B/. 12.6 million an d B/. 13.3 million, respectively. Re-exports from 
the Zone to Canada increased by 23.6% in  2013 over the previous year, while imports 
declined by 1.4%. 
4.280.  Canadian foreign direct investment in Panama amounted to B/. 1,260 million 
in 2013 (1.4% more than in the previous year). In 2013, Canadian investment accounted 
for 4% of total foreign dire ct investment in Panama. 
4.281.  In 2014, the flow of Canadian freight through the Panama Canal totalled 10,303,448 long 
tonnes (3.36% more than in the previous year), ranking Canada tenth among the countries using 
the Canal. 
4.282.  To conclude, we wish to congratulate Canada for its active participation in the multilateral 
trading system, its commitment to the negotiating process and the adoption of the 
Trade Facilitation Agreement, and its significant role in the ongoing trade negotiations in 
this Organization. 
KINGDOM
 OF SAUDI  ARABIA 
4.283.  The Trade Policy Review reports prepared by Canada and the Secretariat reveal that the 
Canadian economy remains sound, resilient and diversified. GDP growth has averaged 2.4% annually during the review period 2011-14. Canada's strong macroeconomic fundamentals and its 
continuous efforts to improve the productivity and the competitiveness of its economy, including WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  through trade and investment liberalization enabled it to manage a prompt recovery from external 
shocks and financial crisis. 
4.284.  Building upon the Economic Action Plans (EAP ) of 2009 that focused on boosting economic 
growth and performance and creating jobs, the Ca nadian Government continued to implement EAP 
during the review period. Through these plans, th e Government focused on policy actions to be 
undertaken to strengthen the immigration system; create new infrastructure plan; invest in research and innovation; provide support to manufacturers and businesses; improve trade and 
economic aspects such as tax relief and cuts; eliminate tariffs on machinery and equipment and on 
industrial manufacturing inputs; enhance the Free Trade Zone policies and programmes; modernize Canada's General Preferential Tariff regime; expand Export Development Canada's role in the credit market; develop resources and enhance social support. 
4.285.  Canada is also to be commended for its Global Markets Action Plan (GMAP) in 2013 which 
targeted setting priorities and objectives for trade initiatives and trade promotion activities. 
4.286.  We also appreciate Canada's firm commitment to a rules-based and a transparent 
multilateral trading system, as well as to help developing countries and least developed countries 
(LDCs) addressing their concerns and difficulties. Its contribution to Aid for Trade Program, Monitoring Mechanism for Special and Differential Treatment and the decisions related to market 
access for least developed countries (LDCs) are clear proofs to this effect. 
4.287.  Canada and Saudi Arabia enjoy a friendly and substantive relationship, underpinned by 
commercial ties and supported by shared membership in the G20. Saudi Arabia is currently Canada's second largest export market in the Middle East, with two-way merchandise trade 
reaching US$3.6 billion in 2011. Saudi Arabia primarily exports crude petroleum and 
petrochemicals to Canada. Canada exports motor vehicles, machinery and equipment, ores, slag, ash, paper, electrical equipment to Saudi Arabia. 
4.288.  More than 16,000 Saudi students are now studying in Canada, making Saudi Arabia 
Canada's fourth largest source of international students. Also, 4,000 Saudi doctors have received 
medical training in Canada. 
4.289.  There is significant potential for economic  ties to grow between the two countries 
especially in agriculture, transportation, water, power, urban development and other infrastructure 
projects. The Canada-Saudi Arabia Joint Economic Commission (JEC) was established to support the promotion of bilateral business ties and he lp expand and diversify trade between the two 
countries. 
4.290.  The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia believes that the multilateral trading system is a key element 
for global development. Canada has a long standing tradition of constructive and forward-looking 
participation in the WTO. Consequently, we welcome Canada's active role in the multilateral 
context to secure the conclusion of the Doha Development Agenda and allow the WTO to address 
new challenges. 
HONDURAS 
4.291.  We are very interested to note that Canada has recovered well from the financial crisis and 
that GDP growth averaged 2.4% annually duri ng the period 2011-2014, demonstrating the 
Canadian economy's general resilience to external shocks. 
4.292.  We note that the 2014 Economic Action Plan  focused on balancing the budget, supporting 
jobs and growth, developing resources responsi bly, and supporting families and communities. 
4.293.  We highlight the implementation of the Glob al Markets Action Plan, which lays down 
priorities and objectives for trade initiatives and trade promotion activities, and investment that 
prioritizes 22 sectors where Canada has a strong competitive advantage. 
4.294.  According to the report, the authorities indica te that Canada's agriculture and agrifood 
sector remains a key sector of the economy and accounted for 6.2% of GDP in 2012. Canada is WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  still an important trader of agricultural products, in particular field crops such as wheat, barley, 
and oilseeds. 
4.295.  Services generally remain the backbone of the Canadian economy and accounted for 70% 
of GDP during the period 2011-2014. The touris m industry is an important services sector, 
accounting for approximately 2% of GDP and 1.4% of total investment in Canada. 
4.296.  In 2011, Canada developed a Federal Tourism Strategy to provide a government-wide 
approach for the tourism sector, and Canada's Blue Sky policy supports the Federal Tourism 
Strategy through new or expanded air transpor t agreements or administrative arrangements 
covering over 85 countries, including Honduras. 
4.297.  As regards bilateral trade, the Free Trade Agreement between Honduras and Canada came 
into force on 1 October 2014. It provides for the gradual phasing out of tariffs and tariff quotas 
by 2028. Some agricultural products will retain tariff protection for both Canada and Honduras. 
4.298.  Our bilateral trade has increased by approximately 4% compared with 2013. We imported 
some US$44 million in products such as fert ilizers, paper and paperboard, postage stamps, 
plastic sheeting, medicines for human use, text ile working machinery, and articles of iron. 
4.299.  We exported some US$235 million in agricultural and aquaculture products, 
chiefly bananas, pineapples, coffee, tilapia fillet s, shrimp, palm oil, sugar cane and cigars, and 
some industrial products such as cement, twine, rosin, coal, and aluminium scrap. 
4.300.  There is a great deal of Canadian foreign direct investment in the Honduran clothing and 
mining industries. Honduras is become an increasingly popular destination for Canadian investors and tourists. A total of 103,100 Canadians travelled to Honduras in 2014. 
4.301.  Honduras is one of the major recipients of Canadian international cooperation and is host 
to one of the largest bilateral programmes in Central America. Over the past ten years, a growing number of Honduran workers have entered Canada under the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, 
and in 2014, 278 people went to Canada to work. 
4.302.  Our country appreciates Canada's support for programmes on topics such as 
breastfeeding, maternity and empowerment of si ngle mothers, with a special emphasis on 
education and food security, and the various programmes and projects sponsored by Canada, 
including institutional capacity building for crime prevention in Central America through the Central American Integration System's Observator y and Index on Democratic Security (OBSICA). 
4.303.  Lastly, I would like to say once more how much we appreciate this renewed opportunity to 
exchange views and examine Canada's trade po licies and practices. I wish the Canadian 
authorities every success with this trade policy review. 
BARBADOS 
4.304.  Canada's performance since the 2008 global economic crisis was due primarily to the 
timeliness of the application of effective macroeconomic policies and the strength of its banking sector. Canada's rapid emergence from the crisis therefore demonstrated the country’s ability to 
weather the global economic downturn and its resilience to external shocks. 
4.305.  The Secretariat report has characterized Canada as a country that is rich in natural 
resources, and diversified its economy thereby resulting global ranking of 13th largest merchandise trade exporter and the 11th largest import market for merchandise goods. Although 
imports and export trade has increased, imports continue to increase marginally faster than 
exports thereby contributing to the country’s current account balance. GDP growth over the review period 2011–2014 averaged 2.4%. Growth in 2011 was 3% before a drop to 2% in 2013. We 
therefore note that the outlook for Canada remain s positive with GDP growth expected to reach 
2.3% in 2015 and then decrease slightly to 2.1% in 2016. It is also anticipated that the country 
would maintain an inflation rate of 2% – in line with the target set by the Central Bank.   WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.306.  We commend the Government of Canada on its initiatives to assist in bolstering its 
economy, foster job creation, and promote prosperity, through its various Economic Action Plans (EAPs). In this regard, we note the implementation  of its Global Market Action Plan (GMAP) which 
seeks to prioritize markets and increase export market penetration through defined pro-trade and 
investment goals and objectives in Canada's purs uit of an ambitious trade agenda driven by an 
increase in trade; employment; and economic growth. In particular, my delegation notes the efforts that Canada initiated in 2014 to bring ab out a balance in their budget, support employment 
and growth; develop their resources - particularly as it relates to the environment; and support 
families and communities. My delegation wishes  Canada well in the implementation of these 
initiatives. 
4.307.  We note that Canada continues to exhibit its commitment to the multilateral trading 
system through its participation in the various aspects of the WTO work, including through its 
active contributions to the regular work of the various WTO Committees and towards defining the Post-Bali Work Programme on the remaining issu es of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). 
Barbados places particular emphasis on realizing real and tangible development dividends for 
developing countries in concluding the DDA. We therefore look forward to our continued interaction with Canada in the realization of these goals in the deliberation on the post-Bali Work 
programme and the successful conclusion of the Round and more generally, in day-to-day work of 
the WTO. 
4.308.  Barbados and Canada enjoy a long cordial trading and political relationship. Barbados and 
Canada signed a double taxation treaty (DTA) as early as 1980 and a bilateral investment treaty 
(BIT) in 1996. Canada has over the years proven to be an important source for inward foreign 
direct investment to Barbados.   
4.309.  Canada is an important partner for Barbados in the area of trade in services, in particular 
financial services, insurance and tourism. Although the value of two-way trade in services between 
Barbados and Canada has increased over the years, the balance is significantly skewed in favour of Canada. With regard to Barbados' mainstay, Canada remains an integral source market for 
Barbados' tourism and was the third largest individu al contributor to this sector between 2007 and 
2013. 
4.310.  Barbados and its CARICOM counterparts are beneficiaries of unilateral and non-reciprocal 
duty-free access to the Canadian market under  CARIBCAN. CARIBCAN was implemented since 
1986 and allows for most merchandise products originating in Barbados access to the Canadian 
market. In this regard, Barbados welcomes the de cision by Canada to seek a new waiver in the 
World Trade Organization (WTO) and looks forward to  its approval which will ensure that existing 
trade between CARICOM small vulnerable economies with Canada will continue. 
PAKISTAN 4.311.  During the period under review, the global financial crisis also threatened the Canadian 
economy; however, owing to the adaptable and WTO compliant policies and reforms, Canada 
steered well - thereby shielding its economic growth from the externalities generated before and during the crisis. Not only Canada deserves all out praise for that, but also the constructive measures undertaken with a view to eliminate th e fiscal deficit by 2015-16 – which indeed speak 
volumes about the laudable steps, sending strong signals of economic recovery.  
4.312.  We commend the exceptional set of actions implemented by the Canadian Government 
such as the EAP (Economic Action Plans); the Global Commerce Strategy and the GMAP (global 
Markets Action Plan) – undertaken to promote its Growth and Investments activities.  
4.313.  We note and applaud Canada's autonomous liberalization initiatives in important sectors 
like: machinery and equipment, baby clothes, spor ts equipment and offshore drilling units.   
4.314.  Canada is a key trading partner of Pakistan, as well as a big investor in several critical 
sectors of our economy. And we wish to register our sincere appreciation to such an autonomous 
trade regime being pursued by Canada; sectors li ke textile and clothing as well as sports 
equipment are extremely crucial for Pakistan's ex ports, and we welcome these initiatives that 
boost bilateral trade. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.315.  Pakistan and Canada are presently working on a bilateral investment treaty, and aim to 
finalize it in the very near future. 
4.316.  We, in particular, note the able leadership and drive of H.E Ambassador Jonathan Fried and 
his Geneva based team; we have always found them very supportive of the reform efforts, 
tirelessly to finalize the post-Bali work programme. 
JAMAICA 4.317.  The National and Secretariat reports prepared for Canada's tenth Trade Policy Review show 
that Canada has successfully weathered the storm of the recent global financial and economic 
recession, primarily through an adherence to strong monetary and fiscal policies. Given Canada's important note in Global Trade and Economic Affairs, this outcome is quite significant and noteworthy. 
4.318.  Canada's longstanding commitment to free trade is recognized. We take note of the efforts 
to further diversify its economy which, while benefiting from significant natural resource and mineral wealth is already strongly services-driven.  We are struck by Canada's ambitious pursuit of 
an array of Free Trade Agreements in recent years. From the perspective of a small developing 
country like Jamaica, we appreciate the effort made to secure these agreements in the challenging bilateral and plurilateral trade negotiating environment.  
4.319.  Also noteworthy were the significant number of reforms, including legislative reforms that 
were undertaken since the last Trade Policy Review in 2011. These include significant reforms in the areas of intellectual property and food health. 
4.320.  Canada and Jamaica share strong historical and geographical ties, with both countries 
belonging to the Commonwealth and to the Organisation of American States. Exchanges and 
contacts between our Governments and our peoples have contributed to the enrichment and development of the economy and society of both nations. We have been longstanding trading 
partners; particularly in the areas of mineral ores, fish products, alcoholic beverages (rum) and 
financial services.   
4.321.  Indeed, it is for this reason that we have no ted with keen interest, the number of advanced 
and subsequent questions posed to Canada on the ma tter of the provincial regulation of the sale of 
alcoholic beverages.   
4.322.  Together with members of the Caribbean Commu nity, we have undertaken seven rounds of 
negotiations for a CARICOM-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Our Negotiations are now "under 
review". 
4.323.  Jamaica appreciates the decision by the Government of Canada to submit a new waiver 
request to the WTO for the CARIBCAN arrangement,  which will ensure that existing trade with 
Canada continues to take place without disruption. Jamaica continues to derive significant benefits 
from access to the Canadian market, which contributes to generating jobs, foreign exchange and investment. Consequently, Canada continues to be an important trading partner for Jamaica, and 
remains our second largest market for the trade in goods. We, anticipate that in July, the waiver 
will be adopted allowing trade under this beneficial arrangement to continue.  
4.324.  Regarding the trade in services, Canada has been a significant source market for tourist 
arrivals to Jamaica, second only to the USA, and accounts for approximately 20% of all stop-over 
visitor arrivals in 2012 and 2013, exhibiting a consistent upward trend since 2009. Canada also 
ranks second behind the USA by virtue of tourist expenditure receipts.   
4.325.  Canada is also the main exporter of financial services to Jamaica, with our two largest 
banks (the Bank of Nova Scotia and the National Commercial Bank) being owned by Canadian 
principals. In addition to tourism and financial services, Canada is also a major supplier of travel and transportation-related services. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.326.  Jamaica is, therefore, of the view that services will remain a very important area of trade 
between both countries for the foreseeable future and, thus, strongly encourages the further development of bilateral trade in this important sector.  
4.327.  Canada is an important development partner for Jamaica at both the national and regional 
levels. Jamaica is, therefore, appreciative of the support that the Government of Canada has given 
over the years under various initiatives, including the Caribbean Regional Development Program and through bilateral programmes. We look forward to strengthening our bilateral partnership with 
Canada in these and other areas in the future. 
4.328.  Jamaica commends the Government of Canada for its strong commitment to multilateral 
trade and to a balanced, rules-based international trading system; and for its leadership role in trying to find solutions for an outcome in the Doha Development Round of negotiations. 
4.329.  We take note of the multi-year financial contribution for trade facilitation for the benefit of 
developing countries and also, of the Canadian Government's decision to extend, for a further ten years, two key regimes that will greatly benefit developing country trading partners; namely, the 
unilateral tariff reference for LDCs (or LDCT) and the General Preferential Tariff (GPT) – its GSP 
regime.   
4.330.  In the context of the post-Bali agenda and the crafting of a DDA work programme, the 
preservation of special and differential treatment and flexibilities for SVEs is fundamental to their 
prospects for enhanced trade and economic develo pment, and a clear improvement in the quality 
of life for the populations of SVEs. Jamaica is, therefore, appreciative of the reference to Small Vulnerable Economies (SVEs) that appears in Canada's National Report and of Canada's stated 
commitment to collaborating with other WTO Members to implement the SVEs Work Programme. 
4.331.  The Jamaican delegation, in this Forum, thanks Ambassador John Fried for his stewardship 
of the General Council during 2014 and his, and the delegation of Canada's, continued contribution 
to the work of the Organization at all levels. 
DOMINICA
 ON BEHALF  OF OECS 
4.332.  I make this brief statement on behalf of the OECS and in so doing, welcome the delegation 
of Canada from Ottawa headed by Mr Cameron MacKay and also acknowledge the delegation 
based in Geneva headed by H.E. Ambassador Jonathan Fried. 
4.333.  We thank the Secretariat and Canada for their reports and Ambassador Winzap for his 
contributions this morning. As others before me  have noted and as indicated in the Secretariat 
report, the economy of Canada has demonstrated  a high level of robustness, stability and 
resilience during recent global economic downturn and volatility. This, as the reports indicate, is in part due to the strong and prudent macroeconomic policies implemented by the Government. 
4.334.  We note and commend Canada for the develo pments and reforms that have taken place 
since the last Trade Policy Review. 
4.335.  Canada and the member States of the OECS share a long and cordial relationship that 
encompasses trade, investment, cultural, education, social and political spheres. Canada is the 
regions 5th most important trading partner. Canada is also a significant source of investment including in the financial sector. 
4.336.  Canada and the OECS share a strong commitment to the WTO and the MTS. We also share 
a desire for a successful conclusion of the DDA, one that is balanced and addresses the interests of 
all Members. In that regard, we would like to commend Canada for the leadership role that it has played in the various aspects of the work of the WTO including in the TNC and its subsidiary bodies 
in the DDA negotiations and in the General Council and its subsidiary bodies in the regular work. 
4.337.  We particularly wish to note and commend Cana da for its support and work in the area of 
development in the WTO including its stated commitment to the principle of special and differential 
treatment, its participation in and contribution to Aid for Trade, and its recognition of the need to 
address the concerns of small vulnerable economies and its efforts in that regard. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  4.338.  The OECS member States have been and continue to benefit from Canada's development 
assistance both at the national and regional level through CIDA including support to strengthen the institutional capacity of the OECS and the development of a trade policy framework at the OECS. The Governments of the OECS remain appreciative of the Government of Canada for these 
supports and look forward to continued development cooperation in the future. 
4.339.  The OECS members are also beneficiaries of the unilateral CARIBCAN initiative and we 
wish to thank Canada for the recent application for a new WTO waiver in the CTG which we hope 
will be approved at the next meeting of the CTG.   WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF CANADA AND ADDITIONAL COMMENTS 
5.1.  My colleagues and I wish to thank all the delegations here today for the closing session of the 
tenth WTO review of Canada's trade policy. 
5.2.  As I mentioned in my opening statement at the start of our review, Canada considers the TPR 
process to be a key pillar of the WTO syst em. The statements from the 40 Members who 
intervened on Monday, and the well over 600 written questions we have now received are a valuable opportunity for the Canadian delegation to hear directly from each Member your 
perspective on our trade policies. After we return to Ottawa we will continue to reflect on your 
suggestions on how to make the Canadian economy even more open and competitive. 
5.3.  Let me say at the outset today how pleased the Canadian delegation was to hear such 
support for Canada's trade and economic framew ork. Members overwhelmingly noted Canada's 
strong economic performance following the global economic crisis, the success of our annual 
"Economic Action Plan", Canada's achievements wi th respect to balancing the budget and creating 
jobs, and our solid record of economic growth. Many Members welcomed Canada's commitment to 
our Global Markets Action Plan, and its focus on leveraging trade and investment as drivers of 
growth and jobs, including through the implemen tation of free trade agreements and foreign 
investment promotion and protection agreements. 
5.4.  With respect to Canada's participation in the multilateral trading system, we heard welcome 
support for Canada's longstanding efforts to help conclude the Doha Development Agenda, our active participation in a range of plurilateral negotiations, and our work to implement the new Trade Facilitation Agreement – the Parliamentary review of which is scheduled to conclude in 
Ottawa tomorrow, setting the stage for Canada to move forward on the legislative changes 
necessary to ratify the Agreement. On Monday, Members also welcomed our ongoing contributions 
regarding aid for trade - including for trade facilitation, as well as Canada's implementation of 
duty-free, quota-free market access for least deve loped countries, and our measures to implement 
the services waiver for LDCs. 
5.5.  Of course, both in Members' written questions and in our discussions on Monday, we also 
heard some concerns and criticism of certain Canadian policies. Canada has already provided 
written responses to all the questions posed by Members before the May 18
th deadline, and the 
Secretariat circulated yesterday our responses to more than 140 additional questions posed after the deadline. Moreover, the Canadian delegation is committed to answering all the remaining 
written questions in the coming weeks. So every Member that raised a particular issue with 
Canada in writing will have a written response. 
5.6.  In that light, in the time remaining in the m eeting today I will turn briefly to some of the 
main areas where Members expressed concerns. 
5.7.  First, several Members raised issues regarding some of Canada's agricultural policies. Canada 
reminds Members that, as stated in the Secretariat report, Canada was the sixth-largest importer 
of agricultural products in 2012, accounting for 2.7% of the total value of world imports. Clearly, 
the Canadian market for agricultural products is very welcoming of imports, and restrictions are minimal. 
5.8.  The supply management system is a fundamental component of Canada's agricultural 
industry and has served Canada well for many years.  It is the national system that dairy, poultry 
and egg producers have chosen for themselves.  
5.9.  Canada's practices are fully compliant with its WTO commitments. Our country welcomes 
stable and predictable levels of imports, provided under tariff rate quotas, in order to manage 
domestic production to meet market demands. 
5.10.  In response to questions regarding Canada's use of agricultural subsidies, let me be clear 
that Canada supports the elimination of export subsidies as part of a balanced outcome in the 
Doha agriculture negotiations. This effort would need to be reflective of the overall level of ambition in all three negotiating pillars: domestic  support, market access and export competition. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  Canada would like to reiterate that it has implemented, and continues to abide by, its 
commitments in its Uruguay Round schedule of tariff concessions.   
5.11.  We also heard Members' comments with respect to a recent increase in the use of trade 
remedies. As recognized in the WTO agreements themselves, trade remedies investigations are 
legitimate tools to address situations where unfair trading practices of foreign firms and 
governments are causing, or threatening to cause, injury to domestic industry. The increased number of Canadian investigations over the 2012- 2014 period is not typical of Canada's general 
declining trend in anti-dumping investigations. In fact, this increase is limited to a narrow range of 
products that may be affected by underlying issues of global concern, such as global steel production overcapacity. The OECD has indicated th at overcapacity in steel production creates an 
increased likelihood of dumping. The OECD also identified Government interventions as a 
contributing factor to global excess production capacity. In that light, Canada reminds Members 
that the WTO has reported a global increase in anti-dumping investigations in this sector during the period of review.  
5.12.  So, Canada is not alone. Canada's responses to Members' written questions provide more 
detail on Canadian trade remedies policies and practices. 
5.13.  Some Members also asked about Canada's inve stment regime and the Investment Canada 
Act. Recognizing the importance of investment flows into the country, Canada has a broad 
framework in place to promote trade and investment, and ensure that foreign investment benefits Canada. The Investment Canada Act is an important part of that framework. Since the Act was introduced in 1985, only one transaction has been formally disallowed under the net benefit review 
process. Importantly, investment flows into Cana da remain very strong, totalling CAD$59.6 billion 
in 2014. Indeed, the Secretariat report highlights, as did many Members, that Canada is both a 
desirable major destination for foreign direct in vestment, and a major investor contributing to 
sustainable development in countries around the world. 
5.14.  WTO Members also expressed considerable interest in the marketing of beer, wines and 
spirits in Canada. Canada's Provincial and Terri torial Liquor Boards predate the GATT and have 
been notified to the WTO as state trading enterprises. The boards operate as businesses whose 
purchase and sales decisions are based on commercial considerations. Provincial liquor board practices have been accepted through various bilateral agreements to which Canada is a Party. Notably, Canada's demand for imports, in particular  imported wine, is strong and growing. In fact, 
Canadians consume about 470 million litres of wine per year, of which only 10% is pure Canadian 
content. Seventy percent is imported wine and 20% are international Canadian blends. The federal Government will continue to work closely with the provinces and territories to ensure consistency 
of the practices of provincial liquor boards with our international trade obligations. 
5.15.  With respect to intellectual property, we were pleased that many Members noted the 
changes Canada has undertaken since the last review to modernize our intellectual property 
regime to align with international practices. As mentioned both in the Secretariat and Government 
reports, Canada ratified two WIPO copyright-related treaties in 2014 and is in the process of acceding to five additional WIPO treaties in rela tion to trademarks, industrial designs and patents. 
Since the last review, Canada also made significant legislative changes through the Copyright 
Modernization Act  and the Combatting Counterfeit Products Act . Through these initiatives, the 
Government is demonstrating its dedication to st rengthening the intellectual property framework 
which serves to foster innovation, job creation and economic growth. 
5.16.  Several Members asked specific questions about the Canadian intellectual property regime, 
including: clarification regarding patent utility; anti-counterfeiting procedural aspects and their 
application to products in transit through Canada; and implementation of the Canada-EU 
Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) commitments, as well as other issues. Canada 
has provided, or will provide, written responses to these questions.  
5.17.  Regarding Members' questions around Government programs for business, Canada, like 
many countries, maintains certain programs that support businesses in their efforts to expand and 
grow. Canada takes great effort to ensure that these programs are designed and implemented in 
accordance with the provision of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  that our subsidy notification to the WTO is prep ared in accordance with Article 25 of the ASCM. 
Canada is now in the process of preparing its 2015 subsidies notification. 
5.18.  Several Members noted some concern over the intensity of Canada's trade relationship with 
the United States. From Canada's point of view, our close and preferential trading relations with 
our southern neighbour – the world's largest economy, and one of the most dynamic - are 
overwhelmingly positive for the Canadian economy. Especially since the coming into force of the Canada-US FTA in 1989, followed by the North Am erican Free Trade Agreement in 1994, the great 
majority of our two-way trade is unhindered by barriers. Indeed, preferential trade rules for 
intra-North American trade have intensified regional value chains to the extent that we don't just trade with the United States any more, we "make things together". In fact, a key Canadian trade policy objective is to negotiate modern, preferential FTAs with our other major trading partners to 
allow Canadian businesses to similarly strengthen the productivity of value chain linkages with 
dynamic economies beyond North America. 
5.19.  Moreover, we encourage Members to keep in mind that, in light of highly integrated North 
American transportation networks and supply chains , there is likely some reporting of Canadian 
exports to the United States that are in fact destined for other international markets. In addition, it is an unfortunate reality that growth has been below trend in many regions of the world in the 
period under review. As the economies of other Members continue to recover, we have every 
confidence that competitive Canadian goods and services exports will grow to other markets as well. 
5.20.  Finally, Ambassador Winzap and others noted what may appear to be a relatively limited 
share of services in Canada's export mix, relative  to the importance of services to the Canadian 
economy. To put this into context, it is important to take into account that Canada maintains a liberal services regime to ensure a competitive services market. WTO and other studies remind us 
that the value-added contributed by services along the value chain is often not captured in 
merchandise export statistics. Nonetheless, Canada is actively seeking to improve conditions for trade in services by pursuing liberalization, transparency and predictability in services markets 
through regional, bilateral and plurilateral initiatives, including the Trade in Services Agreement. 
Canada is also seeking a credible outcome for services in the WTO's post-Bali work plan. Improved coverage of GATS commitments, complemented by clear and specific disciplines on domestic regulation, would make an important multilateral contribution to world trade in services. 
5.21.  Mr Chairperson, I am aware that several other specific questions were raised by Members 
on Monday. I can assure you that Canada has either already responded in writing or will do so over the coming days and weeks. 
5.22.  To conclude, I express renewed thanks to: 
 all Members for their questions; 
 you, Mr Chairperson, for your efficiency in conducting this review; 
 Ambassador Winzap for his most thoughtful insights on Canada's trade policies; and  
 Of course, the WTO Secretariat team for its excellent work, which has enabled us to carry 
out a constructive review of Canada's trade policies. 
DISCUSSANT 
5.23.  I would like to thank Director General Cameron MacKay and his delegation for the hard work 
put into this TPR and for providing high qualit y answers to the many questions of Members – I 
understand that you have received some additional questions for which you will provide answers in 
the coming weeks.  
5.24.  Your open and constructive approach throughout this exercise has allowed Members to learn 
and benefit from Canada's experiences. The addi tional information provided in your statement 
right now has helped to further clarify some of the issues raised during the first day of this review. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  5.25.  In general terms, Members noted Canada's st rong economic performance in recent years 
and underlined their appreciation for Canada's engagement in the WTO, its valuable contributions to the work of the regular committees, the timeline ss of its notifications and the very constructive 
work in the DDA negotiations. In particular, se veral Members have commended Canada for having 
been the first to present its concrete measures to implement the services waiver for LDCs. 
Furthermore, Members are looking forward to the timely ratification of the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement ahead of the tenth WTO Ministerial. 
5.26.  Many Members noted favourably the engagement of Canada in the negotiations on the 
extension of the Information Technology Agreemen t (ITA), on an Environmental Goods Agreement 
(EGA) as well as on the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA).  
5.27.  Of great interest to Members were also Canada's Preferential Trade Agreements, and in 
particular the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, as well as the Trans 
Pacific Partnership negotiations. At the next, the eleventh TPR of Canada in 2019, Members will for 
sure be keen to learn more on the impact of these agreements on Canada's trade and to what 
extent they have contributed, together with the Global Markets Action Plan, to broaden Canada's 
export product base and to diversify its export markets.  
5.28.  While the general tone of the interventions on Monday has been very positive in respect of 
Canada's economic performance and trade policy, Members have also expressed some concerns. 
Without being exhaustive, I would like to flag some of them: many Members commented on agriculture with a focus on the dairy sector and the supply management in this area, other Members questioned the access of beef and veal meat under the existing import quotas. Members 
also noted that a very low level of tariffs on industrial goods – even if peaks are maintained on 
some sensitive industrial products like clothing and footwear – is not matched by a similar openness on all sub-sectors on the agricultural side. I also heard concerns in regard of differing 
tax and distribution provisions in provinces, tending to favour domestic over imported alcoholic 
beverages. Several Members noted the increase in  numbers of contingency measures with a high 
concentration on steel and other metal products. In this context, Canada was also asked to 
critically examine the need for continued action, once such measures have been introduced. 
Further queries concerned new legislation and regu lations on intellectual property rights and how 
certain provisions were being implemented and enforced.  
5.29.  In summary, Canada has been rightly praised for much of its trade policy. Nonetheless, a 
number of concerns have also been raised. I hope that Canada will consider and possibly act upon 
those issues. It would certainly be very much appr eciated if, by the eleventh TPR in 2019, Canada 
could elaborate on its response to apprehensions ra ised by Members in this TPR and, in particular, 
demonstrate that the necessary steps will have been  taken to assure full compliance with national 
treatment obligations.  
5.30.  I would like to end with a more general reflection on the multilateral trading system. On the 
one hand, we have heard during this TPR Members' unanimous recognition of the positive role that 
Canada plays in the WTO, and for the multilateral trading system. On the other hand, we have heard you, Director General, on the first day of the TPR saying that Canada is pursuing the most ambitious trade agenda in Canada's history and cannot solely rely on the multilateral trade talks. 
This sounds to me as a call by you, Director General, on all of us who want a strong multilateral 
trading system to keep the negotiation function of  the WTO alive, by keeping it relevant and by 
providing meaningful results. I heard you also say on Monday, and I quote: "WTO Members can 
count on Canada to support a pragmatic and successful outcome at the tenth Ministerial 
Conference in Nairobi this December. We agree with the many Members who have warned that a 
failure to succeed in Nairobi will have dire consequences for the WTO's reputation as a forum to 
negotiate modern global trade rules." For sure, Members appreciate Canada's engagement in view 
o f  M C 1 0 ,  a n d  p e r s o n a l l y ,  I  v e r y  m u c h  a g r e e  w i t h  y o u ,  t h a t  w e  M e m b e r s  h a v e  t o  s e i z e  t h e  opportunity offered by Nairobi. 
5.31.  To conclude this session, my thanks go to Canada for choosing me as the discussant. 
Mr Director General, I am convinced that Canada is well equipped to address the challenges that 
will arise in the years to come, beginning with the decisive initial deadline of the elections this fall. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  UNITED  STATES 
5.32.  I would like to thank the Canadian delegation for its constructive participation in this 
process, in particular the written responses to ou r written questions. In that regard, the United 
States has a single follow-up question which is rather technical so better answered in writing. 
5.33.  As well, I would like to thank Director General Mackay for his comments this morning which, 
I think, were very responsive to many of the concerns raised. 
JAPAN 
5.34.  At the outset, let me thank the Canadian delegation for providing us with informative oral 
explanations regarding our concerns. We also would like to express our appreciation for the helpful 
comments from the discussant. 
5.35.  Japan read the answers provided by Canada to  our advance written questions carefully, and 
submitted a follow-up question in written form be fore this meeting. The question refers to the 
export restriction on the energy sector as we mentioned on the first day of this TPR. We are looking forward to receiving Canada's written answer in due course.  
5.36.  Finally, Japan is willing to work closely with Canada, together with other Members, for our 
forthcoming discussions in the WTO, sharing the common objectives of maintaining and strengthening the multilateral trading system. 
5.37.  We wish Canada a successful and fruitful TPR. 
EUROPEAN
 UNION 
5.38.  The EU would just like to thank Canada for its comprehensive replies to our advance 
questions and thank Director General MacKay for additional information this morning. We don't 
have any follow-up questions to pose. 
5.39.  We would just like to thank Canada for its constructive participation in this exercise. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE CHAIRPERSON 
6.1.  The tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada has offered us an important opportunity to have a 
better understanding about the developments of th e economic, trade, and investment policies of 
Canada since its last Review in 2011, and the challenges that Canada faces. Our discussion has 
benefitted from the active participation of the Canadian delegation, headed by Mr. Cameron 
MacKay, Director General, Trade Negotiations, Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, and by the insightful comments from  the Discussant, the Permanent Representative 
of Switzerland to the WTO, H.E. Ambassador Remigi Winzap. Canada's timely response to more 
than 600 advanced written questions has been gr eatly appreciated by Members, and we look 
forward to answers to any outstanding questions no later than one month after this meeting. 
6.2.  Canada was commended for its overall open and transparent trade and investment policies, 
with few obstacles for its trading partners. Canada was praised for maintaining a robust and 
resilient economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Its timely macroeconomic interventions allowed it to weather the financial crisis and maintain an average GDP growth rate of 
2.4% during the review period. It was noted that during this period Canada's merchandise imports 
and exports continued to grow at a modest pace. Trade remained a significant factor contributing to Canada's GDP growth during the period. While Canada remained an important recipient and 
provider of foreign direct investment, Canada's inward FDI grew less than foreign direct 
investment abroad during the period under review. 
6.3.  Canada has been active in many trade policy areas and at many levels, as guided by its 
Global Markets Action Plan (GMAP). It was noted that Canada had pursued an ambitious free trade 
agreement agenda with five FTAs concluded since the last review, one not yet in force, and 
another ten in the pipeline. At the same time, it was pursuing plurilateral and regional initiatives both inside and outside the WTO on ITA, TiSA , Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA), and the 
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Furthermore, Canada maintained a strong commitment to the 
multilateral trading system, in particular the Do ha Development Agenda and the post-Bali process. 
Members acknowledged Canada's leadership role in the WTO in both the regular work and in the 
negotiation process. Many developing countries, LDCs, and small and vulnerable economies were 
in particular grateful for Canada's support in te rms of Aid-for-Trade, S&D treatment, preferences, 
financial aid and assistance, and the LDC services waiver. 
6.4.  Members welcomed Canada's autonomous tariff lib eralization and tariff simplification efforts, 
which would contribute to further increasing the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector and 
to lowering prices for consumers. Canada was also commended for its leadership and support during the trade facilitation negotiations and its commitment to accept and implement the TFA 
expeditiously. A number of trade facilitating me asures had also been undertaken autonomously 
during the review period and Members welcomed the programmes aimed at reducing the time and procedures for customs clearance. Another improvement was the commitment undertaken by 
Canada during the GPA negotiations that had extended procurement opportunities to the provinces 
and territories, including several crown corporations. 
6.5.  While there were many positive developments during the review period, it was important to 
note a number of areas where Members thought improvement was possible. Canada remained 
vulnerable with respect to its exports as it reli ed heavily on one market, the United States, and a 
narrow product base, predominantly energy and mineral products. Despite efforts to diversify trade, both imports and exports had further concentrated with respect to trade with the United 
States during the review period. The slowdown of FDI was also noted in spite of a number of 
incentives; in this context, Members wondered if Canada would revise its main investment law or remove long-standing barriers in some sectors in order to reverse this trend. Services trade 
remained relatively small despite the large size of the domestic services market and Members 
inquired if Canada had plans to deregulate or  encourage some services trade. Also, due to 
Canada's unique system of government, the compet ences of the provinces, territories, and local 
levels of government presented a challenge to Canada's trade policy and commitments in the 
multilateral trading system. Thus, Members inquired if there were plans to revise Canada's 
agreement governing internal trade (AIT) or ot herwise put in place mechanisms to ensure 
compliance with its international obligations. 
6.6.  Several Members questioned various aspects of Canada's alcoholic beverage distribution and 
tax regime, and expressed concerns over compliance with WTO national treatment provisions. WT/TPR/M/314 • Canada 
 
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  Members also noted that Canada had stepped up its use of trade remedies over the review period, 
and Canada was encouraged to resort to these types of measures with restraint. The continued use of export restrictions in certain sectors was also noted. Furthermore, a large number of targeted programmes provide support and incentives to Canadian businesses. With respect to 
intellectual property, questions were raised concerning pharmaceutical patent approvals and 
regulations on pirated and counterfeited goods. 
6.7.  While praising Canada for its unilateral tariff liberalization in the industrial sector, Members 
voiced concerns with regards to the protection in some other sectors. In particular, they noted that 
Canada's agricultural sector remains highly protected through various means: high tariffs; high subsidies and domestic support; supply management channels, in particular for dairy and poultry 
products. Clothing, apparel and footwear are also still subject to high tariffs. Members urged 
Canada to step up its liberalization efforts in these areas.  
6.8.  On services, Members referred to the strength of the banking sector and its commercial 
presence abroad, strategies to encourage tourism, and the movement of temporary workers. 
Several Members welcomed the accessibility to higher education services for foreign students in 
Canada. 
6.9.  Members congratulated Canada for its economic resilience and its general resistance to 
impose protectionist measures since its last review. The tenth Review of Canada's trade policies 
was successfully concluded to the benefit of all the Membership. The large number of advance written questions submitted before the meeting an d the nearly 40 delegations that took the floor 
during our two days of discussions highlight the importance Members attached to Canada's trade 
and related policies and its role in the multilateral trading system.  
6.10.  In closing, I would like to thank Director General MacKay and the rest of the Canadian 
delegation, all the other delegations, the Discussant and the Secretariat for the very positive and 
active contribution to the tenth Trade Policy Review of Canada.  
 
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