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Trade Policy Review Body    
 
* In Original language only/ En langue originale seulement /En el idioma original solamente . 
  
CHINA 
DRAFT MINUTES  OF THE MEETING* HELD ON 11 AND 13 JULY 2018  
Delegations are invited to submit factual corrections, if any, on their own statement to the 
Secretariat ( Mrs Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org , or to  tprd@wto.org ) no later 
than 15 October 2018 . 
 
Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales  
 
CHINE 
PROJET DE COMPTE REN DU DE LA RÉUNION* TENUE LES 11 ET 13 JUILLET 201 8 
Les délégations sont invitées à soumettre  leurs éventuelles corrections factuelles concernant leurs 
propres déclarations au Secrétariat ( Mme Barbara Blanquart: barbara.blanquart@wto.org , ou 
tprd@wto.org ) le 15 octobre 2018  au plus tard.  
 
Órgano de Examen de las Políticas Comerciales  
 
CHINA 
PROYECTO DE ACTA DE LA REUNIÓN* CELEBRADA LOS DÍAS 11 Y 13 DE JULIO DE 2018 
Las delegaciones pueden enviar a la Secretaría (Sr a. Barbara Blanquart: 
barbara.blanquart@wto.org , o tprd@wto.org ) a más tardar el 15 de octubre de 2018  las 
correcciones fácticas que deseen introducir en sus propias declaraciones.  
 
 
_______________  
 
  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  TRADE POLICY REVIEW  
 
CHINA 
DRAFT  MINUTES OF THE MEET ING 
Chairperson: H.E. Mr Eloi Laourou (Benin)  
CONTENTS  
 
1   INTRODUCTORY REM ARKS BY THE CHAIRPER SON ................................ ......................  3 
2   OPENING STATEMEN T BY THE REPRESENTAT IVE OF CHINA  ................................ ........  5 
3   STATEMENT BY THE  DISCUSSANT  ................................ ................................ ...............  9 
4   STATEMENTS BY ME MBERS  ................................ ................................ ........................  13 
5   REPLIES BY THE R EPRESENTATIVE OF CHI NA ................................ ...........................  85 
6   CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  ................................ ........................  99 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Note: Advance written questions and additional questions by WTO Members, and the replies provided 
by China are reproduced in document WT/TPR/M/375/Add.1 and will be available online at 
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  1  INTRODUCTORY REMARKS  BY THE CHAIRPERSON  
1.1.  The seventh Trade Policy Review of China was held on 11 and 13 July 2018. The Chairperson, 
H.E. Mr. Eloi Laourou (Benin), welcomed the delegation of China headed by Mr. Wang Shouwen,  
Vice Minister, Deputy China International Trade Representative, Ministry of Commerce ; the rest of 
the delegation; and the discussant, Ambassador Mr. Didier Chambovey (Switzerland) . 
1.2.  The Chairperson recalled the purpose of trade p olicy reviews and the main elements of 
procedures for the meeting. The report by China was contained in document WT/TPR/G/375 and 
that of the WTO Secretariat in document WT/TPR/S/375.  
1.3.  Questions by the following delegations had been submitted in writing bef ore the deadline: 
El Salvador; Pakistan; Nigeria; Switzerland; Kazakhstan; Canada; Mongolia; United States; Mexico; 
Japan; Lao PDR; Australia; European Union; Ukraine; Hong Kong, China; Cambodia; Colombia; 
Costa Rica; New Zealand; Argentina; Israel; Trinid ad and Tobago; Singapore; Russian Federation; 
Chile; India; Brazil; Norway; Chinese Taipei; and Korea, Rep. of. The following delegations submitted 
written questions after the deadline: Moldova; Egypt; Dominican Republic; Indonesia; Ecuador; 
Turkey; Thaila nd; Guatemala; Malaysia; the Philippines; Peru; and Saudi  Arabia.  
1.4.  During its previous Review in 2016, Members had noted that while China's real GDP growth 
had slowed down since 2013, it had remained at a relatively healthy level of 6.5% -7.0% a year, 
suppor ted mainly by strong domestic demand. They had also noted the importance of China to the 
world economy, as the world's largest trader, as the main trading partner for many WTO Members, 
and as an increasingly important player in the multilateral trading sys tem. Members had called on 
China to play a leading role in the WTO, commensurate with its trade weight.  
1.5.  At the time of the previous Review, Members commended China for pursuing structural reforms 
which aimed at allowing the market to play a more decisive role. They welcomed initiatives such as 
establishing more Pilot Free Trade Zones and streamlining customs procedures. At the same time, 
Members observed that the State continued to play a very active role in China's economy. Some 
Members were of the view t hat transformation in the Chinese economy would require a more market -
oriented approach to investment and resource allocation.  
1.6.  Members noted that, for instance, barriers to foreign investment still persisted. They expressed 
concerns with respect to: prohi bition of foreign investment in film production, distribution and 
exhibition; regulation of the circulation of foreign audio -visual content; standards for banking and 
insurance; and market access in telecommunications and financial services. Other issues o f interest 
to Members at the time of the previous Review in 2016 had included: a more open, predictable and 
transparent foreign direct investment regime; and stepping up China's protection of intellectual 
property rights. The advance written questions for this TPR covered many of the same issues.  
1.7.  Turning to the current review period, as noted in the Secretariat's report, China's economic 
growth had been moderating, prompting the authorities to address these issues by focusing on the 
quality and sustainabili ty rather than the quantity of growth.  
1.8.  China adopted various changes to its trade and investment policies and measures since its 
previous Review, including a revision of the Catalogue of Industries for the Guidance of Foreign 
Investment and the expansion of Pilot Free Trade Zones. China continued to make efforts to reform 
its customs procedures; about one third of imports were now declared through single windows. 
China's simple average applied MFN rate was 9.3% as of December 2017; a tariff reform 
implemen ted in December 2017 reduced applied MFN tariffs for some 200 consumer products. Since 
January 2018, China has prohibited the importation of 24 kinds of solid waste.  
1.9.  China is an active participant in the multilateral trading system: it participated in the  ITA 
negotiations and agreed to its expansion. It ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) in 
September 2015. During the review period, it expanded its network of regional trade agreements 
by signing two new agreements.  
1.10.   The Chairperson turned Membe rs' attention to some other issues they raised in their advance 
written questions for this TPR. These included: implications of the Belt and Road Initiative, measures 
to reduce overcapacity in certain industrial sectors, the regulatory framework for invest ment, import WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  prohibitions, subsidy programmes and their notification, competition legislation and its enforcement, 
state-owned enterprises and their reform, government procurement provisions, protection of 
intellectual property, agricultural policies, refo rm of the energy sector, new telecommunication 
legislation and policies including cybersecurity measures, and liberalization of financial services.  
1.11.   This meeting was a good opportunity for Members to discuss in greater detail issues of interest 
to them and  of systemic importance to the multilateral trading system. The Chairperson was looking 
forward to a productive exchange of views.  
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  2  OPENING STATEMENT BY  THE REPRESENTATIVE OF CHINA (MR WANG SH OUWEN)  
2.1.  I was here exactly 2 years ago. I am happy to be back fo r the Seventh WTO Trade Policy 
Review of China.  
2.2.  Let me begin by expressing my appreciation to Mr. Chair and the WTO's Trade Policy Review 
team for your tremendous efforts for this review. My thanks also go to Ambassador Chambovey for 
assuming the role of d iscussant. Fairly impressed by the turnout of today's meeting, I want to thank 
you all for coming and for your interest in China's trade policies.  
2.3.  The Government of China attaches great importance to this review. Joining me today are 
30 colleagues from 14 government agencies of China, as well as our Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen 
and colleagues at the Mission here in Geneva.  
2.4.  In the past few weeks, my team has been working around the clock. So far, we have received 
1,963 written questions from 42 Members. By yes terday, we had answered all 1,627 questions 
submitted by 33 Members two weeks prior to this meeting. And we are working hard on the 
remaining questions submitted after June 28th. We will provide responses in one month from now 
according to the rule.  
2.5.  This year marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening -up. In this process, 
China's accession to the WTO was no doubt a historic milestone. Two weeks ago, the Government 
of China published a white paper on China and the World Trade Organization. The  paper gives a 
comprehensive account of China's fulfilment of its WTO commitments during its 17 years' 
membership. It also expounds China's policies and propositions in advancing higher -level reform 
and opening -up. Hard copies of the white paper are availa ble in this room. I hope it could help you 
with a better understanding of China and its efforts.  
2.6.  Since the reform and opening -up of China, especially since China's accession to the WTO, 
significant changes have taken place both in China and the rest of the  world. However, one thing 
remains unchanged, that is China's consistent pursuit of opening -up for cooperation and mutual 
benefit with all countries. While developing itself in economic globalization, China has created 
important opportunities for the world  economic growth, and delivered tangible benefits to its trading 
and investment partners.  
2.7.  Firstly, China has provided tremendous market opportunities for goods and services for the 
rest of the world. From 2001, when China joined the WTO, to 2017, China's i mports of goods 
increased at an annual average growth rate of 13.5%. That is twice as high as the world average. 
Last year, China's imports of goods took up 12.8% of the global total. Between 2001 and 2017, 
China's imports of services registered a yearly a verage growth of 16.7%, 2.7 times as much as the 
world average. Last year, China's imports in services accounted for close to 10% of the global total, 
with a trade deficit in services close to US$240 billion.  
2.8.  Secondly, foreign -invested enterprises (FIEs) i n China have gained unprecedented 
opportunities of development. Last year, FIEs contributed to 44.8% of China's total foreign trade in 
goods. Their total sales revenue in China exceeded US$5 trillion in 2016, representing an annual 
average growth rate of 1 5.8% since 2001.  
2.9.  Take the US -invested enterprises in China as an example. Their sales revenue in China reached 
US$600 billion in 2016 compared with only US$45 billion in 2001.  
2.10.   The latest survey by the European Chamber of Commerce in China also indicated t hat business 
operations of European companies in China have continued improving in 2017. About 66% of the 
respondents reported higher revenue than 2016. And 93% of respondents achieved growth in 
earnings.  
2.11.   Thirdly, more and more Chinese companies have gone global for win -win cooperation with 
their counterparts worldwide. This year marks the fifth anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative 
proposed by President Xi Jinping. In the past 5 years, the Government of China has vigorously 
promoted the Belt and Road  Initiative and its alignment with the development strategies of various 
countries, based on the principle of achieving shared growth through joint consultation and WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  collaboration. By the end of last year, Chinese companies had established 75 overseas econo mic 
and trade cooperation zones in relevant countries, and these companies had paid over US$1.6  billion 
worth of taxes to the host economies and created 220,000 jobs for the local economies.  
2.12.   During the period under this review, the Government of China has taken a series of measures 
for trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. Let me approach these areas from 5 
perspectives.  
2.13.   We have significantly lowered import tariffs voluntarily and continuously. By the end of 2017, 
import duties on over 900 t ariff lines had been reduced, with the trade -weighted average tariff rate 
falling to 2.4%. That is a very low level even compared with developed economies. President Xi 
Jinping delivered an important speech at the Boao Forum for Asia in April this year. Fo llowing that, 
we further cut tariffs of about 1700 tariff lines in May and July. For example, the MFN rate on motor 
vehicles was reduced from 25% to 15%, and that on auto parts from 25% to 6%.  
2.14.   China will be holding the first China International Import Expo  in Shanghai in November this 
year. This Expo is already oversubscribed by more than 100 economies. I would like to take this 
opportunity to renew our invitations to fellow Members, and warmly welcome you all to China to 
attend the Expo.  
2.15.   We have constantly  expanded market access for foreign investors. On June 28th, just a few 
days ago, China published the 2018 Special Administrative Measures for the Access of Foreign 
Investment (the Negative List), reducing the number of restrictive measures on foreign inve stment 
from 63 to 48.  
2.16.   Today, foreign financial institutions can invest in Chinese banks for 100% ownership. Foreign 
equity caps on securities, fund management, futures and life insurance companies have been raised 
to 51%. By 2021, the financial sector will  be thoroughly open, allowing 100% of foreign equity 
ownership.  
2.17.   Foreign equities cap on shipbuilding and aircrafts, as well as special vehicles and new energy 
vehicles have been also removed. Those on commercial vehicles and passenger cars will be lifted b y 
2020 and 2022, respectively.  
2.18.   China has pragmatically implemented the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The average 
time of customs clearance has been reduced to less than 20 hours for imports, and to less than 
2 hours for exports. A standard version of  international trade single window has been applied to all 
ports nationwide. Talking about honoring the Agreement obligations, Category A measures have 
taken up 94.5% of China's commitments, and the only 4 measures under Category B will be 
implemented at t he expiration of the 3 -year transition period as scheduled.  
2.19.   China has also accelerated the construction of pilot free trade zones (PFTZs). In March  2017, 
seven new PFTZs were established in Liaoning, Zhejiang and other provinces. In April this year, the 
Government of China announced to support Hainan province in building a whole -island PFTZ, and in 
gradually exploring the development of a free trade port. On June 30th, the latest version of PFTZ 
negative list for foreign investment was released. It covers b roader areas for opening -up than the 
negative list for the nationwide application that I referred to earlier on.  
2.20.   During the period under this review, China has comprehensively deepened reform while 
opening further to the outside world.  
2.21.   We have annulled the  business tax and replaced it with value -added tax (VAT), lowered the 
VAT rates and simplified its structure. We have advanced the supply -side structural reform, and 
resolved over 120 million metric tonnes of crude steel and over 500 million metric tonnes of coal 
capacity in 2016 and 2017 combined.  
2.22.   With regard to streamlining administrative approval, the establishment of FIEs in sectors 
outside the Foreign Investment Negative List is subject to record filing rather than examination and 
approval. So far, over 96% of the establishment of FIEs is completed through record -filing.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  2.23.   With regard to IPR protection, Trademark law and Anti -Unfair Competition Law have been 
revised, and Copyright Law and Patent Law are under amendment to enhance the level of IPR 
prote ction. Besides, reform on trial of IPR cases has been stepped up. We have set up 10 
trans-regional IPR courts in 7 provinces and a dedicated IPR protection campaign was launched for 
FIEs last year.  
2.24.   It is fair to say that IPR protection in China has tremend ously benefited IPR holders. The 
royalties China paid to foreign right holders surged from merely US$1.9 billion in 2001 to 
US$28.6  billion last year. The 2018 White Paper by American Chamber of Commerce in China shows 
that among the biggest challenges fac ing the US -invested enterprises in China, IPR ranked only the 
12th place. It is no longer a major problem in their business operation in China.  
2.25.   China has been a firm supporter of the Multilateral Trading System (MTS). China has actively 
participated in all  aspects of the WTO work, faithfully implemented its obligations, and striven to 
ensure the compliance of its domestic laws and policies with the WTO rules.  
2.26.   As for transparency, China's relevant legislations explicitly provide that draft laws, 
administrati ve regulations and rules shall be made available for public comments. The system of 
government gazettes has also been constantly improved. Since the creation of trade policy 
compliance mechanism in June 2014, over 1,700 trade related policies have been rev iewed for 
compliance.  
2.27.   As for notification, I would like to inform you that as a result of hard efforts over the past one 
and a half years, China had completed and submitted the subsidy notifications at central and sub -
central government levels for 2015 to 2016 before this TPR meeting, satisfying the requirement of 
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM). For the first time, policies in all 
provincial -level administrative regions were reflected in the sub -central subsidy notifications.  
2.28.   As for dispute settlement (DS), we have taken an active part in the negotiations on improving 
the DS procedures, and supported the independence and impartiality of the panel and the Appellate 
Body (AB). We have also urged for an early launch of the selection p rocess of AB Members. By April 
2018, China has brought 17 disputes to the WTO and China has complained against in 41 cases. As 
the respondent, China respected the WTO rulings, and made adjustments to its measures according 
to WTO rules. Up to now, none of the complainants have requested for retaliation against China.  
2.29.   The multilateral trading system is now confronted with severe challenges. We would like to 
call all WTO Members to resolutely defend the fundamental principles and core values of the MTS 
includ ing MFN, National Treatment and S&D treatment for developing Members, and to firmly stand 
up to trade bully, protectionism and unilateralism. We strongly appeal to break the impasse for the 
AB member selection process, and to tackle the systematic threats posed by such unilateral actions 
as Section 232 and 301 investigations to the WTO.  
2.30.   We all agree that the WTO is not perfect and WTO needs to keep pace with the times. We 
suggest updating some of the WTO rules based on the above principles, while accommodat ing the 
concerns of the overwhelming majority of Members.  
2.31.   As the largest developing country, China has been providing support to other developing 
Members, and is ready to assume the international responsibilities commensurate with its level of 
development and capacities. By the end of last year, China had accorded zero tariff treatment on 
97% of all tariff lines to 36 LDCs that have diplomatic ties with China.  
2.32.   In response to the Aid for Trade Initiative, China has donated US$3.2 million to the China 
Program me since 2011, and contributed US$1 million to the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement Fund. 
Roundtables on LDCs' accession to the WTO were successfully held in Cambodia and Argentina last 
year. This year, the Roundtable will be held in Kazakhstan. We stand r eady to work with all Members 
in assisting more countries and regions to join the big family of the WTO.  
2.33.   On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of reform and opening -up, China will pursue with 
firmness the vision of innovative, coordinated, green and open development for all. China commits 
itself to deepening reform on all fronts and opening up wider and dee per to promote common 
development across the world. Working together with other countries, China is committed to building WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  a community of shared future with extensive converging interests and a high degree of 
interdependence.  
2.34.   China will continue to support and safeguard the multilateral trading system. Joining hands 
with other Members, we will assume the responsibilities of our times, address problems emerging in 
the economic globalization, and enable various economies, social strata and groups of people to 
share the opportunities and benefits of economic globalization.  
2.35.   With that I conclude my statement. And the whole of the Chinese delegation would be all ears 
to the comments and questions from the discussant and all the Members.  
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  3  STATEMENT BY THE DIS CUSSA NT 
3.1.  I wish to extend a very warm welcome to His Excellency Mr Wang Shouwen, Vice Minister for 
commerce, and the rest of the Chinese delegation. I would also like to express my personal 
appreciation for the remarkable work accomplished by Ambassador Zhang an d his competent and 
knowledgeable team. I must also mention the excellent report drawn up by the Secretariat which 
provides a true wealth of information.  
3.2.  In my opening remarks as a discussant I wish to steer clear of the vicissitudes of the current 
trade p olicy climate. I want to make an effort to step back a little. This with the aim of getting a 
better sense of the overall picture. This is an attempt at taking a long -term perspective. As my task 
is limited to stimulating a discussion, I may be forgiven fo r using a rather broad brush.  
3.3.  We all know that China is a big country. It is impressive in many senses of the word. It still is 
the most populous country in the world. It may not be the largest in terms of surface. But there is 
hardly a nation which share s a common border with as many other nations as China does.  
3.4.  And China's neighbours were witness to a truly astonishing development. Since the late 1970s, 
China has undergone amazingly rapid economic and social development. Yes, it is a commonplace. 
Yet it  is worth recalling that the Chinese economy has lifted more than 800 million people out of 
poverty. An achievement which must be put into perspective.  
3.5.  China's progress in reducing poverty is the biggest, the fastest and the most continuous the 
world has ever seen. This unique achievement was made possible by growth rates averaging 10%. 
It took place against the backdrop of the largest scale economic expansion in history. At best, a few 
other economies have done likewise - but for a limited amount of time.  And certainly not of the size 
of China. This significant increase in living standards has been a boon not only for the Chinese 
people. It has become an indispensable factor of stability.  
3.6.  The benefits of poverty alleviation in China were not confined to a  region alone. Gradually, 
China's economic development went hand in hand with the People's Republic's integration into the 
world economy. Back in 2000, just before acceding to the WTO, China was the 7th largest trader 
worldwide. Today, China competes with the United States for the top position among trading nations 
when imports and exports are combined. China's international trade has risen almost tenfold over 
the last two decades.  
3.7.  These are all striking figures and we are dealing with numbers in the realm  of the superlative. 
The question now is whether this rise to growing prosperity can be sustained. Moreover, the question 
is whether China can continue to be a major driver of global economic and trade growth. It should 
not be overlooked that China remains  a developing country with per capita revenue levels clearly 
below those of other big trading nations. Income inequality remains high.  
3.8.  China's economic and trade position today has been obtained to a large extent by capital 
accumulation. Relentless produc tion investment and re -investment were key. But for quite some 
time now China has been faced with the problem of diminishing returns on previous investments. 
As merely swelling the volume of existing capital is not very efficient, other ways must be found.   
3.9.  This difficulty is compounded by another development that I cannot fail to note as a former 
demographer. It has to do with China's demography and her ageing society. Ageing populations 
naturally save for retirement. These savings have been a tremendous s ource for Chinese capital 
accumulation. As – over time - the size of the working population will decrease, the volume of 
savings will eventually drop – thereby reducing an important domestic pool for investments.  
3.10.   Since the last review, many problems affect ing an economy with an ageing population and a 
special emphasis on capital formation did not go away.  
• Some industries continue to be afflicted by excess capacity. They may comprise companies 
with low profitability that nevertheless manage to obtain credit or even subsidies. As has been 
pointed out before, excess capacity may depress world market prices for some products and 
influence trade flows. At the same time, China has been engaged in lowering excess capacity.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  • In addition, lending has grown rapidly bo th in the private and non -private sector even though 
the authorities have tried to curtail this trend. There is still a risk of overleveraging, especially 
in the less profitable parts of the economy. It is uncertain whether these credits can all be 
repaid upon maturity. The IMF has spoken of downside risks. Given the size of China, any 
risks to her financial stability would have international ramifications and no doubt affect trade 
as well.  
• Yes, it is true. The current account surplus shows a declining trend. Yet, this process is largely 
due to an overall increase in investments relative to savings. And China's savings remain 
exceptionally high.  
• The recent adjustment of the balance of paymen ts could be consolidated through a transition 
from savings and investment to consumption. This transformation has already taken place – 
but to a degree only. China's trade patterns have shifted from external to internal demand. 
Imports of services now grow  faster than exports of goods. Even the domestic services sector 
has become more important compared to the traditional manufacturing sector.  
3.11.   The Chinese authorities are aware of these issues. Efforts are being made to wean the 
economy away from its emphasi s on capital accumulation and investment. There is a determination 
to re-balance, to find a different type of equilibrium. As China's huge population is on the brink of 
shrinking, it is inevitable that high quantity will take second place. Quality will hav e to come first. 
Labour intensity will have to be replaced by better productivity. Investment will have to be more 
targeted. Invention and innovation will be more important as only high -quality products can generate 
the necessary profits to improve the cou ntry's prosperity.  
3.12.   Let me now dwell on some developments which took place since the last review.  
3.13.   First, the Chinese authorities stress the importance they attach to FDI. In this vein, reforms 
have been introduced which are intended to create a more conduc ive investment environment. 
Underlying these reforms is the promotion of a "negative list". Many foreign investments are now 
simply subject to administrative filing rather than an official examination and approval. This step, 
which had been in the offing b efore the previous review, will be welcomed by many investors abroad.  
3.14.   Seen in isolation, yearly FDI inflows into China have been considerable. But investment 
outflows soared in 2016 when they exceeded inflows for the first time. Furthermore, statistics also 
show that FDI as a share of capital formation has been declining for two decades. One may wonder, 
whether the attraction of more foreign direct investment would not be beneficial to the Chinese 
economy. It could alleviate the need to rely on domestic savings or easy credit to fuel capital 
investment. Driven by market forces, FDI would make capital allocation more efficient. Enhanced 
capital efficiency could in turn render the transformation towards a more consumption -oriented 
economy easier.  
3.15.   However, t he legal framework for FDI in China remains complex. There are three types of 
negative lists and several categories of investments associated with different regimes. It will be 
interesting to hear Members' assessment of the most recent changes and their po tential to improve 
the consistency and predictability of regulatory practices.  
3.16.   Second, I would be remiss if I did not address the issue of intellectual property. In its report 
for this TPR, the Chinese Government stresses the objective to utilize intellec tual property protection 
to promote innovation -driven development.  
3.17.   According to the Secretariat's report, China's laws with respect to IPR have not really been 
amended since the last review. But enforcement of IPR has been stepped up. This by way of closer  
coordination within the administration. In addition to setting up specialized courts to strengthen 
judicial enforcement, customs officials have also been engaged in a campaign to fight against IPR 
violation.  
3.18.   Concurrently, innovation is promoted through a  variety of overlapping initiatives. Innovation 
is a key objective in the current Five -Year Plan. Then, there is the "Made in China 2025" action plan, 
which focusses on modern manufacturing. This is accompanied by the "Internet Plus" action plan, 
which see ks to combine digitalization with modern manufacturing including the use of industrial WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  robots. This drive towards automation has already turned China into the world's biggest market for 
robots.  
3.19.   Up to now, the results, especially as far as the protection o f IPR is concerned, have been 
mixed. China ranks among the world's largest issuer of patents, if not the largest. This can be 
ascribed to an increase in R&D expenditure and a surge in patent filings by foreign direct investors. 
But it seems that only a fra ction of patents reflects true innovation and that some innovations are 
not patented at all.  
3.20.   It has been claimed that this lack of patenting zeal may be attributed to a certain resignation 
on the part of companies. On the other hand, it is encouraging to note that, according to a recent 
survey by the European Chamber of Commerce, many European direct investors rate China's IPR 
enforcement much more favorably now. On top of that, China's payments of licensing fees and 
royalties for the use of foreign techno logy have surged in the last few years. Yet, many companies 
still seem to be under the impression that patents do not provide the necessary protection against 
infringements. According to the Chinese State Intellectual Property Office, many companies filing  for 
patent protection stated to have experienced violation of their rights. Overall, a majority of firms in 
China feel that better protection by patent rights would also spur more innovation. Members will 
surely address the issue of IPR in today's review as well.  
3.21.   Third, let me briefly touch upon a new issue, which has emerged since the previous review. 
As the digitalization of the economy progresses, so do cross -border data flows. Indeed, international 
trade is increasingly contingent upon the functioning  of unimpeded data transfers. On top of that, 
research investment relies increasingly on a smooth exchange of scientific data across national 
borders.  
3.22.   This development poses new challenges. On the one hand, it is legitimate to protect data 
privacy and to ensure cybersecurity. On the other hand, economic operators seek easy and 
cost-efficient cross -border access to data. The regulators are sometimes faced with the challenge of 
striking a delicate balance between conflicting interests. China adopted a new la w on cybersecurity 
at the end of 2016, which might entail a segregation of company data stocks with implications for 
business costs. Moreover, a new regulation passed in March of this year could equally curb the 
international exchange of research data as a ny transfer of such information out of China would need 
Government approval. Members may also want to express their views on this question.  
3.23.   Fourth, I would like to highlight the fact that State involvement in the economy remains 
considerable. State trading  and state -owned enterprises still play an important role. Members have 
raised many points on SOEs, expressing preoccupations when Chinese SOEs are directly competing 
with their products and services. Members are also seeking more information about the fun ctioning 
of SOEs and the allegedly adverse trade effects resulting from regulations applicable to SOEs. These 
issues remain controversial. However, like my predecessor as discussant, I would also like to 
encourage the Chinese authorities to bring about mor e transparency on the support provided to 
SOEs.  
3.24.   Finally, let me underline that it is impossible today to imagine multilateral cooperation without 
China's active participation. This is especially true when it comes to the WTO, where China's 
commitment is hi ghly appreciated. China actively participates in WTO negotiations on traditional 
issues and considers that the WTO should also address new issues such as investment facilitation 
and Ecommerce. China's implementation of the trade facilitation agreement cont inues unabated - 
now with category B commitments having been notified as well. An increasing amount of imports 
are being processed through the single window. Half a year ago, quite a few applied MFN tariffs were 
reduced. At the 2018 Boao Forum for Asia Ann ual Conference, China announced plans to further 
reduce import tariffs. As a participant in the Information Technology Agreement, China has agreed 
to its expansion. It intends to accelerate the negotiation process to join the Government Procurement 
Agreeme nt. This picture could be further improved if China submitted outstanding notifications as it 
is already singled out in the Secretariat's report.  
3.25.   I want to conclude by offering some personal observations. Over the last decades, China has 
reached the status  of a major global economic power. But new power also means new responsibility. 
The white paper on China and the World Trade Organization issued on 28 June clearly indicates that 
China is ready to assume such responsibility. It states and I quote that "Chi na commits itself to WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  opening up wider and deeper, to promote common development across the world, providing other 
countries with more opportunities to share the benefits of China's development". Implementing the 
Belt and Road initiative consistently with t he tenets of the WTO system would contribute to the 
realization of this ambitious objective.  
3.26.   The stakes are high. So are the challenges faced by China in reconciling its responsibility as 
a global economic leader with domestic policy constraints. The way China addresses these challenges 
may affect a wide range of WTO Members. It is in the interest of the international community that 
global repercussions are factored into China's economic policymaking.  
3.27.   At the same time, China is transitioning to make its e conomic success story more sustainable. 
Given the size of the country and the complexity of the situation, this is something which may not 
be achieved overnight. This seems to be in keeping with one of the many wisdoms of one of China's 
most famous sons. C onfucius is quoted as having said that "the man who moves a mountain begins 
by carrying a few stones". Quite a few stones have been moved already. Today's deliberations may 
provide indications as to the many other stones that should be moved next.  
3.28.   I am lo oking forward to our debate and to China's responses to questions and comments and 
I wish it all success in pursuing the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, and open development, 
as highlighted in the white book.  
  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4  STATEMENTS BY MEMBER S 
EL SALVADOR  
4.1.  En primer lugar, quisiéramos destacar que, en nuestra relación bilateral con China, existen 
fuertes lazos comerciales principalmente por el lado de las importaciones, ya que China ocupa el 
segundo lugar del ranking de nuestros proveedores. Por el lado de l as exportaciones, si bien ha 
habido un crecimiento durante los últimos tres años. aún existen retos por superar para El Salvador 
tanto en diversificación, ya que el 80% de nuestras exportaciones se concentran en un solo producto 
de bajo valor agregado, com o en el alto déficit de la balanza comercial con China, que en 2017 
alcanzó los 1,400 millones de dólares.  
4.2.  Con este precedente, se tiene mucha confianza en lograr un mayor fortalecimiento de las 
relaciones comerciales entre nuestros países en el futuro.  
4.3.  Con respecto al examen que nos ocupa, consideramos importante resaltar que bajo la "nueva 
normalidad", que se caracterizaría por un crecimiento económico menor y cada vez más orientado 
hacia los servicios y la tecnología, el crecimiento de China ha sido pos itivo y estable, con tasas del 
7% anual.  
4.4.  Asimismo, observamos en según el informe de la Secretaría, ha habido una redistribución de 
los factores que contribuyen a ese crecimiento, que pasan de la inversión al consumo, de la demanda 
externa a la interna y de las manufacturas a los servicios.  
4.5.  Adicionalmente, los factores que explican el crecimiento impulsado por el consumo son los altos 
niveles de creación de empleo. Todo ello ha contribuido a disminuir la desigualdad de los ingresos y 
los niveles de pobreza.  
4.6.  De igual forma, quisiéramos destac ar la reforma estructural que está llevando a cabo China, 
de conformidad con el 13º Plan Quinquenal 2016 -2020. Entre éstas se subrayan el aumento de la 
participación del sector privado, la reforma a las empresas estatales, la adopción de tasas de interés 
determinadas por el mercado, la promoción de la competencia, la reforma fiscal y la reforma del 
sector financiero.  
4.7.  A su vez, según el informe de la Secretaría, el déficit fiscal aumentó de 3.4% del PIB en 2015 
a 3,8% en 2016, lo que pudo deberse a una dism inución de la recaudación debido a las reformas 
del IVA a nivel nacional, así como al aumento en el gasto en el desarrollo de programas de carácter 
social, empleo, y desarrollo científico y tecnológico, en beneficio de las comunidades urbanas y 
rurales.  
4.8.  Asimismo, en cuanto al comercio de mercancías, el comercio total disminuyó del 33,5% del 
PIB en 2015 al 31,2% en 2016. Sin embargo, en el informe de Gobierno China destaca que, en el 
2017, el crecimiento del comercio de mercancías superó las expectativas al alcanzar su nivel más 
alto en seis años, poniendo fin a la tendencia negativa de años anteriores.  
4.9.  En relación con el comercio de servicios, la participación en el PIB superó por primera vez el 
50% en 2015, siendo las ventas a través del comercio electróni co y las importaciones de servicios 
de turismo los sectores que más han contribuido en este rubro.  
4.10.   A su vez, China continúa siendo uno de los principales receptores de inversión extranjera 
directa, concentrándose principalmente en los sectores de manufact uras, bienes inmuebles, alquiler 
y servicios de negocios y comercio mayorista y minorista. De igual forma, China es un importante 
inversor extranjero, enfocándose en los sectores de arrendamiento y servicios empresariales, banca, 
industria manufacturera, y  el comercio mayorista y minorista.  
4.11.   En materia arancelaria, resaltamos la mayor apertura a los mercados ante las reformas 
realizadas en diciembre de 2017, en la que redujeron los aranceles NMF aplicados a un total de 200 
productos de consumo.  
4.12.   Por otro lad o, en el tema de subvenciones China aún no han proporcionado notificaciones 
desde el 2014, habiendo una importante política que fue implementada en 2015 denominada "Plan WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  de fabricación China 2015", que entendemos incluyen zonas francas piloto con incentivo s para los 
sectores de vehículos nuevos de energía, circuitos integrados y robótica. Mucho agradeceremos a 
China indicar cuándo estarían presentando las notificaciones de los programas implementados a 
partir de 2015.  
4.13.   También hemos observado sobre la base de los informes que la participación del Estado en la 
economía sigue siendo considerable, ya que poseen una participación mayoritaria en todas menos 
una de las 100 mayores empresas cotizadas en bolsa.  
4.14.   Notamos además que la observancia de la propiedad intel ectual sigue siendo un reto 
importante para China, por lo que resaltamos los esfuerzos realizados a nivel nacional para fortalecer 
la protección tanto administrativa como judicial de los DPI y reforzando los mecanismos a largo 
plazo para garantizar esa pro tección, según lo indican en su informe de gobierno.  
4.15.   En el tema de servicios financieros, deseamos resaltar la apertura del mercado de seguros de 
Internet durante el periodo de examen, tanto a los operadores nacionales y extranjeros. De igual 
forma, China  ha permitido a los aseguradores extranjeros participar en reaseguros en Shanghái el 
piloto de zona de libre comercio.  
4.16.   También nos pareció de mucho interés el establecimiento de zonas francas experimentales 
que entendemos han sido creadas desde 2013, que es una medida importante para el Gobierno de 
China para impulsar la reforma y la apertura en circunstancias de desarrollo nuevas. En este sentido, 
el marco de este ejercicio El Salvador ha realizado algunas preguntas a China en relación con las 
zonas franc as experimentales existentes y varios programas de incentivos, las cuales estamos 
seguros se responderán a lo largo de este ejercicio.  
4.17.   Antes de concluir deseamos reconocer la importante participación de China en el ámbito 
multilateral, contribuyendo con p ropuestas importantes en diversos foros de esta Organización, y 
en particular resaltamos su contribución en los temas relacionados al comercio electrónico, así como 
su activa participación en grupos en los cuales coincidimos con China tales como las MIPYME S y el 
G-33.  
4.18.   Esperamos que, bajo el liderazgo de China y otros importantes Miembros de la Organización, 
podamos obtener resultados concretos de cara a la Conferencia Ministerial del próximo año.  
4.19.   Para finalizar, no me queda desear más que los mejores éxito s a China en este ejercicio.  
PAKISTAN  
4.20.   Chair, Pakistan and China relations can be gauged from the fact that our people call each 
other "Iron Brothers".  
4.21.   The recent launch of "One Belt One Road" (OBOR) initiatives and the China -Pakistan Economic 
Corridor (CP EC) has marked a new era in Pakistan and China relationship.  
4.22.   Since Pakistan is early harvest part of the BRI —let me share our perspective on the CPEC.  
4.23.   China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), is linked with two large infrastructure projects 
embracing the  whole of Asia and designed to establish new trade and transport links between China, 
South Asia, Middle East, Central Asia and beyond. CPEC is a vital link between Silk Road Economic 
Belt and the 21st -Century Maritime Silk Road – the "One Belt One Road In itiative".  
4.24.   CPEC is a US$56 billion initiative, it has all the vital elements of economic development, like 
Transport, Highways, Railways, Ports, Urban Metero, industrial parks, IT; and last but not least 
Energy (considerable part of this is renewable energ y).  
4.25.   CPEC is proving to be a game changer for Pakistan and the region, it will be a bridge between 
three engines of growth, China, South Asia and Central Asia, thus giving a stimulus to a deep regional 
economic integration and creating a trading block of 3  billion people, nearly half of the planet. Mind 
you these also include half of world's extreme poor. The deepening of economic integration will lower 
trade costs, essential for ending poverty.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.26.   Pakistan had a 4 to 5 thousand MW energy deficit in 2013, whi ch is 25% of our total generation 
capacity, it was costing us 2% of GDP growth. This development deficit needed an initiative of "Big 
Bang Scale", like CPEC. It is a set of 55 projects, 75% of funding is for providing 17000 MW of 
energy, over next ten year s. This includes solar, hydro and wind energy projects. Many of these 
being foreign direct investment of Chinese private sector. But let me mention CPEC has created 
opportunities for everyone. The solar and wind energy projects have wind turbines and other  
components from Europe. Our solar projects have consultants for quality assurance from Germany. 
During 2016, exports from Europe to Pakistan increased by more than 20%, from USD$4.2 billion 
to US$5.2 billion, primarily due to increased economic activity r esulting from infrastructure 
development through CPEC. In last three years, 10000 MW energy has been added to our National 
Grid. We no longer have compulsory shut downs for industry.  
4.27.   Hall mark of the CPEC is the North South Highway and Rail link, designed to link Arabian Gulf 
coast of Pakistan at Gwader in South, to North Western Chinese Region of Xinjiang and Kasghar, 
thus reducing the distance of China's North West from Arabian Gulf from 14000 KMs to 2500 KMs, 
thus transforming the trade cost for whole re gion.  
4.28.   We firmly believe CPEC will result in increase in trade, investment and financial flows, bringing 
peace and prosperity to the region and even beyond through enhancement in the competitiveness 
of the economies and reduction in trade cost CPEC epitomi ses South -South trade and investment at 
its best.  
4.29.   During the review period, the Chinese economy continued to be a major driver of global 
economic growth as attested by some of its economic indicators: Real GDP grew by 6.7% in 2016 
and is expected to be aro und 6.8% in 2017, inflation rate was at 1.6% in 2017, the share of services 
in GDP exceeded 50% for the first time in 2015.  
4.30.   In the services sector, e -commerce sales and tourism services imports have been particularly 
strong. Income inequality and poverty levels have declined.  
4.31.   China's current account surplus contracted from US$202.2 billion in 2016 which was 
equivalent to 1.8% of GDP, to 1.3% of GDP in 2017.  
4.32.   China's strong manufacturing sector continues to contribute signific antly to its economy. 
Trade in goods for the year 2017 stood at 32.3% of GDP, from 33.5% in 2015 and 31.2% in 2016. 
China remains a net importer of agricultural products. Imports of agricultural products, representing 
6.3% of total merchandise imports in 2 017 declined during the period from 2013 to 2016; on the 
other hand, exports of agricultural products increased in 2017.  
4.33.   China continues to be one of the world's largest recipients of FDI, with inflows on the rise for 
the past several years. Outward FDI h as also been trending upwards for a number of years. China 
remains a big investor in many developing countries across Asia and Africa, particularly in 
infrastructure projects.  
4.34.   Pakistan appreciates the Catalogue of Industries for the Guidance of Foreign In vestment 
(Investment Catalogue), developed by China. This catalogue remains the main instrument used to 
guide FDI in China and is revised periodically.  
4.35.   We greatly appreciate China's proactive role in WTO, apart from regular contributions in all 
committees  and groups. China participates and leads the discussion in new and emerging issues.  
4.36.   China continues to grant unilateral trade preferences to LDCs. As of December 2017, duty -free 
treatment on 97% of tariff lines was granted to LDCs.  
4.37.   Pakistan commends Chin a's continued efforts in reforming and harmonizing its customs 
procedures. About one third of imports are now declared through single windows. China accepted 
the Agreement on Trade Facilitation in September 2015. It notified its Category A and B 
commitment s. China does not have any Category C commitments.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.38.   The simple average applied MFN rate as of December 2017 is 9.3%, slightly lower than in 
2013 and 2015. Almost all tariff lines are ad valorem. The average tariff is 14.6% for agricultural 
products and 8.5 % for non -agricultural products. All of China's tariffs are bound.  
4.39.   Pakistan attaches great importance to the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism and 
considers it a crown jewel of the Multilateral Trading System. Pakistan appreciates China's active 
participa tion and commitment to this mechanism. During the review period, China was involved in 
seventeen cases under the WTO dispute settlement system: in five cases as a respondent, in two 
cases as a complainant, and in the remaining ten cases as a third party.  
4.40.   Since China's previous Review, a noteworthy legislative development in the area of 
competition policy has been the amendment to the Anti -Unfair Competition Law, which entered into 
force on 1 January 2018. The new Law removes overlaps with the Anti -Monopoly Law.  
4.41.   China has continued to strengthen its IPR enforcement, both at the administrative and judicial 
levels. During the review period, the authorities issued various notices and measures with a view to 
strengthening China's capacity to protect and enforce IPR. 
4.42.   Regarding financial services, in June 2016 and June 2017, China issued two implementing 
regulations concerning the licensing of foreign bank card clearing institutions. In March 2017, China 
eased approval requirements for foreign -owned banks to supply  certain investment banking services 
in the country and to invest in domestic banking institutions.  
4.43.   China has been an active supporter of the Multilateral Trading System and its contribution to 
world trade cannot be understated. Pakistan appreciates that China actively participates in global 
economic governance, firmly safeguarding the multilateral trading system and opposing 
unilateralism and protectionism, promoting further the construction of free trade areas (FTAs), and 
continuously enhancing South -South Cooperation. China's efforts at inclusivity are also appreciated.  
4.44.   In recent times, China has been subjected to unilateral and arbitrary imposition of trade 
barriers by certain trading partners. China, given the size of its economy and the magnitude of its 
contribution to global trade, is a linchpin of the global economy. Such measures can not only have 
strong repercussions for the global economic and trading system but also be detrimental for 
developing countries as a whole.  
4.45.   We are very thankful to the  Chinese team in Geneva led by His Excellency Zhang Xiangchen, 
who is a thought leader in Geneva, for their support for the MTS and WTO and their constant efforts 
in taking forward matters pertaining to world trade, with a focus on development. We are work ing 
together in areas such as FEDs, FIFD, MSMEs, in addition to the regular WTO committee work. The 
active involvement of China in global trade related matters helps the system to continue moving 
forward. From the reports, it comes out clearly that under t he guidance of President Xi Jinping, China 
remains committed to the vision of building a new system of an open economy, continuing to push 
forward liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, not only within China but globally.  
4.46.   In the end, we wish China a very successful and fruitful TPR.  
NIGERIA  
4.47.   The reports before us today reflect the excellent work of the Secretariat and the Government 
of China. Both reports spelt out the key objectives of China's trade and economic policies since the 
last re view. We believe that this review has fostered a better understanding of China's economic 
environment and the challenges that lies ahead. China's growth and development is not accidental; 
it is a product of careful and well -thought -out planning and dogged implementation and commitment 
to the development of the country. Most analysts pointed to the 1978 reform as a watershed in the 
history of Chinese economy. The elements of the reform clearly show that these are lessons for 
Nigeria and other developing coun tries in the quest for development. We submitted some questions 
and we are satisfied with the response to our questions. We may follow -up as appropriate.   
4.48.   According to the Secretariat report, during the review period, the Chinese economy continued 
to be a  major driver of global economic growth, and accounted for around 30% of global economic 
expansion during the review period. However, real growth has been moderating as the economy WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  adjusts to the "new normal", which implies more stable, though lower, growt h rates of around 7% 
per year in the foreseeable future; growth rebalances from investment to consumption, from 
external to internal demand, and from manufacturing to services. The growth has resulted in rising 
rural incomes; which has resulted in declinin g income inequality and poverty levels. As a 
consequence, China's GDP per capital has risen to US$8,124 in 2016. Nevertheless, despite the 
impressive growth and unprecedented poverty reduction, the income gap between the richest and 
the poorest remains lar ge. It will be interesting to know how the Government of China intends to 
address this challenge, while noting the efforts by the Government's focus on the quality and 
sustainability rather than the quality of growth. The same report noted that under the 1 3th five -year 
plan (2016 -2020), the Chinese authorities intend to continue the process of structural economic 
reform, which includes the promotion of private sector participation in the economy, as well as the 
reform of SOEs, while keeping the preponderanc e of public ownership. Other measures mentioned 
in the plan include the promotion of competition, fiscal reform, financial sector reform to increase 
private capital participation in banking and expand the provision of financial services, and making 
the exc hange rate and interest rate more market -oriented. It is encouraging to note from the 
Secretariat report that reforms have advanced across many areas, including the introduction of 
measures to reduce overcapacity, strengthen the local government borrowing frameworks, including 
addressing the risks associated with the financial sector.   
4.49.   As pointed out in the Secretariat report, China submitted a number of notifications to the 
WTO. Nevertheless, some notifications those related to state -trading enterprises, domestic support, 
and subsidies provided by the central government are still outstanding. The Secretariat report also 
noted that the China's main laws regarding intellectual property rights (IPRs) have remained largely 
unchanged since its previous review. Enforcement of IPRs poses significant challenge for China. 
However, during the period under review, the Chinese authorities issued various notices and 
measures with a view to strengthening China's capacity to protect and enforce IPRs, while 11 
additional s pecialized IPR courts were established by the Supreme People's court in various cities.  
4.50.   Nigeria is pleased to note from the Government Report that China is committed to the new 
vision of development and building a new system of an open economy, continue t o push forward 
liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and make new ground in pursuing opening -up 
in all fronts. It is also encouraging to note that China will spare no efforts in making globalization 
more open, inclusive, and balanced so that the accruable benefits are shared by all. Furthermore, 
we note the commitment of China to continue and deepen the reform agenda, advance law -based 
governance in every dimension, and keep promoting the modernization of China's governance 
system and cap acity. It is also encouraging to note the commitment of China regarding trade 
facilitation. In this regard, we note with encouragement that China retains only four Category B 
measures and its category A measures accounts for 94.6% as far as the implementat ion of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement is concerned. We encourage China to fulfill its promise to implement all 
category B measures, as notified, within the stipulated 3 -year transition period. Furthermore, we 
note with encouragement that china has made c onsiderable progress in the trail of IPR cases in 
recent years and the sustained efforts by the Government of China in cracking down on IPR 
infringements and counterfeits.  We acknowledge the important role played by China in the 
multilateral trading syste m, both as an active participant and important contributor. In this regard, 
we commended China for its generous contribution to the trade Facilitation Agreement facility, 
including recently signed economic cooperation agreement with the WTO, by providing U S$8 million 
in support of the research and relevant activities of the WTO, with developing countries for capacity 
building in the international trade field.  
4.51.   In the light of the serious challenges facing the multilateral trading system, we appreciate the 
timely call by China on all WTO members, including China, to renew their commitment to the basic 
principles of the WTO, i.e. open, transparent, inclusive, Non -discriminatory, and rules -based. More 
importantly, the collective responsibility of all WTO member s, on the need to safeguard the role of 
the WTO -centered multilateral trading system, as a fundamental stabilizer in global economic 
governance, and the firm resistance to unilateralism as well as protectionism, in order to contribute 
to the recovery and g rowth of the world economy, including common development and prosperity. 
We agree with China that the WTO should discuss new issues, with development implications, in 
order to respond to the expectations of the business community as well as to maintain the  relevance 
of the WTO in global governance. In doing so, the discussions should aim at multilateral results, 
adhere to the principles of openness, transparency and inclusiveness, bearing in mind that "one -
sized" fits all approach may be inappropriate.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.52.   It is worthy of note that since 1978, China has pursued a strategy of gradual transition from 
a centrally planned to a market -based economy, with an "open -door" policy that has involved 
substantial liberalization of its international trade and investment regim es. China's rapid growth in 
its economy and its emergence as a global economic power plays an important role in the world 
economy. The economy of China is the third largest in the world. Its global ranking has been 
impressive, the second largest trading pa rtner in the world and the largest exporter and second 
largest importer of goods.  
4.53.   As pointed out in the Secretariat report, China's liberalization of trade and FDI has stimulated 
competition in the economy and contributed to the improved competitiveness o f domestic producers. 
The major challenge however, is the need to balance the short -term growth target and the long -
term development goal, given the impact of the global financial crisis and catastrophic natural 
disasters. We share the view expressed in th e Government report, that although China has made 
great achievements over the past 30 years in its reform and economic development, it cannot be 
ignored that China is still a developing country with a population of 1.3  billion. It is commendable 
that despi te the challenges facing China, the government attaches great importance to the south -
south cooperation with other developing countries. This includes providing economic and technical 
assistance to help developing countries build their development capacity , promote economic and 
social development.  
4.54.   The current world economic slowdown presents new challenges for the Government. To 
overcome these challenges, China should be encouraged to provide additional impetus to trade and 
investment, including lowering e ffective tariff protection, reduction in the use of import prohibitions 
as well as ensuring greater predictability to the foreign investment regime. China should be 
commended for ensuring that the multilateral trading system remains at the core of its trad e regime. 
We attest to the fact that China is an active Member of the WTO. This testimony was also 
acknowledged by the Secretariat.  
4.55.   At the bilateral level, Nigeria and China established formal diplomatic relations in 
February  1971. Agreements by both countries following the strategic partnership paved way for 
Chinese investment and development opportunities in Nigeria. The recent resur gence in the 
relationship can be attributed to improve and deliberate mutual efforts at the highest political levels. 
The China principle of matching one province with one state in Nigeria, is a good attempt at the 
industrial development that will open and  create more opportunities for Nigerian and impact 
positively on the industrial development of the economy. This is in the spirit of the Belt and Road 
policy of the Chinese Government, which if implemented properly will further enhance our close 
cooperatio n. Nigeria recently signed currency swap agreement with China, which allows the Central 
Bank of Nigeria and People's bank of China (PBoC) to among other purposes, provide liquidity in 
their respective currencies, to facilitate and promote trade and investm ent across the two countries. 
The Swap agreement is for a maximum of 15 billion Chinese yuan for N720 billion within a three -
year tenor. The currency swap deal holds bright prospects to grow the Nigerian economy. Nigeria 
has always adhered to one -China pol icy in its relationship with China. We encourage China to 
improve on some of the imported Chinese goods imported into the country. Problems associated 
with unethical conduct resurfaces as a key obstacle in the Sino -Nigeria relationship.  Similar 
apprehensi on existed about the realities of technology transfer and job creation for Nigerian citizens. 
Despite these challenges, the Sino -Nigerian relationship continued to expand as a wide range of 
development projects were contracted to the Chinese.  Furthermore,  the launching of the Forum on 
China -Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) - a programme designed to boost economic and social 
development for Africa that consisted of four high -profile ministerial meetings further cemented the 
China -Africa relationship, particularly , in the areas of skill acquisition, capacity development, 
infrastructure and trade.   
4.56.   Before concluding, we wish to briefly highlight the following: first, since its accession, China 
has established an economic and trade regime, consistent with both its n ational conditions and 
prevailing international rules and practices. Second, China is now the largest trading partner of over 
120 countries and regions and in the next five years, Chin will import US$8trillion of goods, attract 
US$600 billion of foreign in vestment, and invest US$750 billion overseas, which will provide 
significant business opportunities for countries and regions. Third, China's economy is in a pivotal 
stage of transforming its growth model, improving its structure, and fostering new drivers  of growth. 
Fourth, China is accelerating its efforts to turn itself into an innovative country, deepen reforms in 
key areas, and taking tough steps to forestall and defuse major risks, through targeted poverty 
alleviation, prevent and control pollution. F ifth, China's continued efforts in encouraging technology WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  exchanges as well as cooperation between Chinese and foreign enterprises, including the protection 
of lawful IPRs of foreign enterprises. Sixth, given the fact that events in China one way or the ot her 
impact on other WTO members, China should be encouraged to assume the increased responsibility 
linked with being a major player in the multilateral trading system. Seventh, not the least, China's 
per capital income still ranks low, while nearly 30 mill ion people are living under the national poverty 
conditions of China.  
4.57.   Finally, we believe this review exercise provides opportunity for China to critically analyze its 
approaches and make necessary adjustments or improvements in line with its national 
developmental priorities. As an important Member of the WTO, China, has remained a strong 
supporter of the multilateral trading system. In this context, it would be remiss of me not to mention 
the constructive and proactive engagement of the delegation of Chi na in Geneva, under the dynamic 
leadership of Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen and his hard -working team. We thank China for the 
prompt response to our questions and the questions posed by other Members. Nigeria would 
continue to work closely with China and the rest of the membership, as we approach MC12 and 
beyond. We wish China a successful review exercise and congratulate the entire delegation for their 
engagement.  
SWITZERLAND  
4.58.   Switzerland and China enjoy close and strong economic relations. These relations go back in 
time and have a somewhat unusual history. It was a Swiss company which towards the end of the 
1970s embarked upon the very first industrial joint venture of a forei gn business with a Chinese 
state-owned enterprise at a time when China was only beginning to open -up. Since then, our steadily 
growing trade relationship has been accompanied by a myriad of joint initiatives. A Memorandum of 
Understanding regarding the pro tection of intellectual property rights was concluded in 2007. Then 
in 2013, Switzerland was the first continental European country to sign a bilateral free trade 
agreement with China.  
4.59.   Swiss trade with China has grown more dynamically than Swiss trade wit h other trading 
partners. China now is Switzerland's most important partner in Asia and the third most important 
trading partner worldwide, right after the EU and the US. In 2017, Swiss exporters sold goods worth 
24 bio. $ to China. Swiss imports of Chines e goods amounted to 13 bio. $. Switzerland sells mostly 
precious metals, pharmaceuticals, machines and watches to China, whereas China supplies 
Switzerland with consumer electronics, machines, and textiles.  
4.60.   China has also become our most important foreign  direct investment destination in Asia. There 
are almost one thousand Swiss companies with a combined investment stock in excess of 21  bio. $ 
and employing well over 180'000 people in the country today.  
4.61.   These figures bear testimony to the persistent inter est of Swiss operators in China's economy. 
It is striking to note that an increasing number of Swiss businesses have started to invoice their 
China business in the local currency. According to a recent survey, almost one third of exporters 
now seem to show  a preference for invoicing in Renminbi. There may be a multitude of reasons for 
doing this. But it is also a sign of confidence in the Chinese economy.  
4.62.   This is not to say that the Chinese economic model is devoid of difficulties. To simplify things, 
these problems all have – to varying degrees – to do with the position of the state in the economy. 
The state is either too preponderant and its function ought to be cut back. To us, the SOEs are a 
case in point. Or, the presence of the State may fall short, i n which case its influence ought to be 
stepped up. This might be the case when it comes to competition policy and the protection of IPR.  
4.63.   An outside observer cannot help but be struck by the fact that in virtually all publicly listed 
Chinese companies, the state remains a majority shareholder. Whilst it must be recognized, that 
there have been various reform efforts aimed at making SOEs more efficient, it cannot be denied 
that quite a few such enterprises continue to suffer from modest productivity and quest ionable 
profitability.  
4.64.   Exposing them more fully to the free play of market forces and reducing the role of the state 
would give them a competitive boost. Moreover, it would help create a level -playing field with foreign WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  competitors. Within this context, w e would also like to encourage the Chinese authorities to open -
up additional sectors of the economy for FDI to foster competition.  
4.65.   An area in which the state no doubt has an important role to play is the enforcement of 
competition policy. It takes a stron g state to assume the role of an impartial arbiter who ensures an 
equal treatment in order to allow businesses to compete under fair conditions. We have taken note 
of China's recent amendment to the Anti -Unfair Competition Law. It might be challenging for the 
Chinese authorities to pass just and even -handed judgments in relation to competition law. This, 
because the Chinese state with its active role in the economy could be both judge and participant in 
a particular case.  
4.66.   In many ways related to competitio n policy is the protection of intellectual property rights. 
Once again, this is an area, in which a strong state enforcing the legal rights of stakeholders is of 
paramount importance. We acknowledge that China has redoubled its efforts to enforce IPR on ma ny 
fronts. Nevertheless, even Chinese companies still point to the existence of violations or 
infringements.   
4.67.   In any event, Switzerland welcomes the comprehensive efforts by China to implement test 
data protection in a transparent and equitable manner tha t shall provide predictability, transparency 
and legal certainty to all stakeholders. In particular, we welcome the proposal for 6  years of test 
data protection for innovative drugs and for 12 years of protection for biological products in the 
current draf t for implementing rules for pharmaceutical data exclusivity.  
4.68.   Before concluding, we would like to commend China for its commitment to fossil fuel subsidy 
reform. It is noteworthy that China was one of the first countries to undergo the G20 peer review of 
its fossil fuel subsidies.  
4.69.   We thank China for having provided comprehensive replies to all the questions submitted in 
writing and wish its distinguished delegation a successful outcome of this trade policy review.  
KAZAKHSTAN  
4.70.   Through implementing effective economic development policies China has maintained high 
GDP growth over the review period. The country is successfully transforming its economy from 
export -oriented to the one based on services sector and domestic consumption.  
4.71.   Kazakhstan commends China's e fforts in implementing more proactive import policies and 
enhancing trade facilitation. Furthermore, Kazakhstan welcomes the various measures undertaken 
by the Government of China, which are aimed at improving the investment climate in the country.  
4.72.   I would  like to wish the Government of China a successful completion of the 13th five-year 
plan. 
4.73.   China is the 3rd largest trading partner of Kazakhstan after the European Union and the 
Russian Federation. In 2017, annual trade turnover with China exceeded US$10 b illion with 
Kazakhstan's exports totalling US$5.8 billion and imports figures reaching US$4.7 billion. 
Kazakhstan major export items to China were mineral products, chemical industry products and 
metals. Imports from China included textiles, machinery, equ ipment, metals, minerals, ceramics, 
glass and consumer goods.  
4.74.   In recent years, our countries have actively developed cooperation in the energy sector, 
covering oil and gas, nuclear power and renewable energy.  
4.75.   China has greatly contributed to the diversific ation of the Kazakhstan's economy. As of 
31 December 2017, China's commutative investments in Kazakhstan amounted to US$42.8 billion 
over the last 25 years (Chinese sources), US$15.5 billion since 2005 (NBRK). Last year, China's 
direct investment nearly re ached US$1 billion. Chinese investments in Kazakhstan are mainly 
allocated to transport, warehousing, oil and gas, construction and mining industries.  
4.76.   Since 2005, Kazakhstan has invested over US$500 million in China. In 2017, direct 
investment in China tot alled US$38.6 million.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.77.   Within the framework of industrial and investment cooperation between Kazakhstan and 
China, more than 50 joint projects for a total amount of more than US$26 billion are in the pipeline. 
These projects cover such areas as automotive,  agricultural, chemical, mining, oil and gas, 
construction, metallurgy, light industry, productions of mineral fertilizers, energy, transport and 
logistics, new technologies.  
4.78.   Since 2013, both our countries are conscientiously engaged in the implementation of China's 
large-scale initiative – the construction of the Economic belt of the Silk Road within the framework 
of the "One Belt and One road" project. Over the past 4 years, this project has become a platform 
for an open and inclusive cooperation, a globa l public product that enjoys wide support of the 
international community.  
4.79.   In addition to bilateral cooperation, active integration processes between the countries of the 
Eurasian Economic Community and the People's Republic of China are also taking place. On 16  May 
2018, an agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the member states of the EAEU 
and China was signed. Its purpose is to create a basis for further development of economic relations 
between the countries.  
4.80.   I would also like to highlight China's recent accession to the Convention on International 
Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets. This step has facilitated cross border trade and the 
use of TIR by China has the potential to increase the total trade volume among China and other B elt 
and Road countries by up to US$13.6 billion, representing 1.4% of China's total volume of trade 
exports.  
4.81.   Kazakhstan being one of the largest grain exporting countries, is very much interested in 
realizing its export opportunities on China's market. In this regard, we urge China's Government to 
bring more transparency and predictability to its wheat TRQ administration processes.  
4.82.   In closing, I want to emphasize once again that the People's Republic of China is one of the 
most important strategic partners of Kazakhstan. We are confident that there is a lot of potential to 
further develop our mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation in the years to come.  
4.83.   I would like to wish the delegation of China a successful Trade Policy Review.  
CANADA  
4.84.   Since joi ning the WTO in 2001, China has undertaken major reforms in order to meet its WTO 
obligations, encourage its economic growth and expand its participation in international trade. It is 
evident that these efforts are leading to impressive economic results. H owever, it is equally evident 
that China still has challenges to address.  
4.85.   Canada took careful note of President Xi Jinping's remarks at the Bo -Ao Forum for Asia on 
10 April 2018. In his speech, President Xi identified four areas where China intends to purs ue further 
reforms: broadening market access; creating a more attractive investment environment; 
strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights; and taking the initiative to expand 
imports. We appreciate that China recognizes its role as a le ading economy, and has identified an 
appropriate agenda for specific reforms. However, it is essential that China match these words with 
further action in the near term.  
4.86.   TPRs rely on open and frank dialogue between peers, so Canada will take the opportunit y 
presented by this TPR to offer its perspective on aspects of China's trade policy that are important 
to Canada. We encourage China to adopt the alternative timelines for written questions and answers 
for its next TPR. This would be a clear demonstration of China's commitment to transparency and 
the TPR process.  
4.87.   We recognize China's active involvement in the WTO and encourage China to conduct its trade 
policies within the WTO framework. Doing so will assist with China's transition to a market economy, 
which is a transition that we hope will continue in earnest. We commend China for its strong track 
record of compliance with its notification obligations under the Trade Facilitation Agreement and 
urge it to comply with other notification obligations, particul arly with respect to subsidies. For 
instance, China's last notification for agriculture domestic support was in 2010 in spite of the WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  extensive support that China provides to its agricultural producers. And in the Fisheries Subsidies' 
negotiations, informat ion regarding China's subsidies would help advance the discussions.  
4.88.   With regard to China's participation in WTO plurilateral agreements, we understand that 
President Xi also stated at the Boao Forum that China is seeking to quickly accede to the revised 
WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. Canada welcomes this announcement. As this 
process has been ongoing for a number of years, we look forward to hearing more from China about 
its plans for GPA accession. We also encourage China to participate in the WT O's joint initiatives on 
e-commerce, investment facilitation, and MSMEs, and to sign onto the Joint Declaration on Trade 
and Women's Economic Empowerment.  
4.89.   With respect to non -tariff barriers, foreign companies operating in China continue to express 
frustr ation with China's inconsistent and unpredictable regulatory practices and standards. We raised 
this point during China's 2016 TPR and we are disappointed that this problem persists. The web of 
rules that foreign companies must navigate through in order to  export to and operate in China 
creates lengthy and difficult processes and high costs. This limits the ability of companies to 
effectively access the Chinese market. Canadian companies are committed to ensuring compliance 
with Chinese laws and regulations , but are frustrated with the lack of regulatory transparency and 
the inconsistent application of rules to their goods and services in China. Canadian exporters have 
also expressed concern with inconsistent SPS testing regimes. Furthermore, we have also he ard 
from Canadian businesses that, depending on the location where goods enter the Chinese market, 
Canadian exporters can be expected to comply with different regulations.  
4.90.   Effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights is another are a of concern 
that is cited by Canadian stakeholders and is critical to China's transition to an innovation -driven 
economy. We encourage China to continue its efforts to increase the predictability and effectiveness 
of its intellectual property regime in or der to address ongoing concerns in areas such as registration, 
infringement, and counterfeiting.   
4.91.   Canadian companies have also expressed significant concerns regarding the rules governing 
the conduct of Chinese state -owned enterprises (SOEs). In particula r, our companies have noted 
the difficulties associated with competing against SOEs in China, in third country markets, and even 
potentially in Canada, when the Chinese government accords them preferential treatment. Canada 
is encouraged by the recent refo rms to the Chinese banking sector. However, we also understand 
that Chinese SOEs in certain sectors continue to benefit from market distorting government financial 
support, a practice which distorts the market at the expense of foreign competitors.  
4.92.   We reco gnize that China is taking steps to open its market and create a more attractive 
investment environment for global companies and investors. We note that China has recently eased 
certain restrictions in its Foreign Investment Negative List. Further progress  in addressing key areas 
of concern to foreign investors, including joint venture requirements, local content requirements, 
technology transfer requirements, and foreign equity caps would help attract investment, spur high 
quality economic growth and innov ation for China, and reinforce China's pledge against 
protectionism.  
4.93.   We note China's recent announcement of tariff reductions affecting products in certain sectors, 
such as imported automobiles, agriculture and agri -food, as well as further services and fi nancial 
sector liberalization planned in 2018. We look forward to further details on how and when these 
reductions will be implemented.  
4.94.   As an increasingly important player in the global economy, we encourage China to continue 
to take a balanced and inclusi ve approach to trade policy. Such an approach will create the conditions 
for the benefits of trade to be shared more broadly and ensure that governments around the world 
do not derogate from their global responsibilities and obligations in the pursuit of z ero-sum economic 
growth.  
4.95.   In this regard, Canada encourages China to address the environmental and labour challenges 
that have accompanied rapid economic development in recent years. We are encouraged by 
President Xi's statement during the 19th National Co ngress on October 18, 2017, that China "will 
pursue open, innovative, and inclusive development", and will be "promoting green development". 
Canada recommends that China link these broad initiatives to its approach to international trade. WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  One pragmatic ste p that China could take is to ensure that its free trade agreements meaningfully 
address these important issues through the inclusion of binding obligations on labour and 
environment.  
4.96.   In conclusion, we look forward to learning more about China's continuou s efforts to undertake 
meaningful economic reform, and further integrate into the global trading system. China must take 
quick and decisive actions in order to address the challenges faced by foreign companies in its 
market. Action is also needed in order to avoid a further escalation of current trade tensions, which 
threaten the global economy. Based on China's impressive economic achievements to date, Canada 
considers China has both the capacity and the ability to overcome these challenges; what is requir ed 
now is a demonstration of Chinese willingness to do so through positive actions.  
MONGOLIA  
4.97.   Mongolia and China enjoy longstanding bilateral economic ties, supported by strong trade and 
investment flows. Over the last two decades bilateral trade between two countries has been growing 
and reached US$6.6 billion last year, which is the increase by 3 5% over the previous year. We attach 
great importance to the development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation with China and 
expect our bilateral trade and economic relationship to further strengthen within the framework of 
the comprehensive strateg ic partnership.  
4.98.   Mongolia appreciates China's contribution in the WTO forum and negotiations. Mongolia 
expects China, as a key player in the multilateral trading system, take a more leading role and make 
an even greater contribution to the multilateral tra ding system. As a landlocked country, Mongolia 
highly appreciates China's efforts in the implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement.  
4.99.   We are pleased to see China's progress to the new vision of development and building a new 
system of an open econo my, pushing forward liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment 
as well as its reforms to advance law -based governance in every dimension.  
4.100.   We believe that China's initiative in achieving shared growth through discussion and 
collaboration of cou ntries along the Belt and Road (BRI) has a significant potential to boost trade 
and economic cooperation between the countries and regions.  
4.101.   We thank the delegation of China for submitting the replies to our questions. However, we 
would like to make further  clarifications. Mongolia would greatly appreciate if China could provide 
further information on the structure, organization and competences of provincial -level committees 
on trade facilitation, especially of those provinces bordering with Mongolia.  
4.102.   Mongol ia would like to express appreciation to the delegation of China and the Secretariat 
for their hard work in preparing for this TPR.  
4.103.   We wish a very productive and successful Trade Policy Review of China.  
UNITED  STATES  
4.104.   Given the importance of China to the future of the World Trade Organization (WTO), I believe 
that we should be frank and direct in discussing China's role as a WTO Member and the nature of its 
trade policies and practices.   
4.105.   China's failure to fully embrac e the open, market -oriented policies on which this institution 
is founded must be addressed, either within the WTO or outside the WTO. Given China's very large 
and growing role in international trade, and the serious harm that China's state -led, mercantili st 
approach to trade and investment causes to China's trading partners, this reckoning can no longer 
be put off. If the WTO is to remain relevant to the international trading system, change is necessary.   
4.106.   When China acceded to the WTO nearly 17 years ago,  WTO Members expected that the 
terms set forth in China's Protocol of Accession would permanently dismantle existing state -led, 
mercantilist policies and practices that were incompatible with an international trading system 
expressly based on open, market -oriented policies and rooted in the principles of non -discrimination, 
market access, reciprocity, fairness and transparency. But those expectations have not been WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  realized. Instead, China has used the imprimatur of WTO membership to become one of the WTO's 
largest traders, while largely retaining its state -led, mercantilist approach to trade and investment, 
to the detriment of the United States and other WTO Members and their industries and workers. 
This situation is actually worse today than it was five yea rs ago. The state's role in China' economy 
has increased, as have the seriousness and breadth of concerns facing foreign companies seeking 
to do business in China or attempting to compete with Chinese companies in their home markets.  
4.107.   To be clear, the Unite d States does not object to the Chinese Government's desire to guide 
and support domestic industries through the issuance of five -year plans and other similar efforts. 
Other WTO Members also seek to help their industries develop. However, China's overall a pproach 
is materially different, as China's industrial policies typically go well beyond traditional approaches 
to guiding and supporting domestic industries. China provides massive, market -distorting subsidies 
and other forms of state support to its domes tic industries, which too often leads to severe excess 
capacity, and at the same time it actively seeks to impede, disadvantage and harm the foreign 
competition. China helps its domestic industries by skewing the playing field against imported goods 
and se rvices and foreign manufacturers and services suppliers in myriad ways, such as market 
access limitations, investment restrictions and massive financial support. It also employs preferential 
treatment for state -owned enterprises and other favored Chinese c ompanies, discriminatory 
regulatory requirements, unique national standards, technology transfer requirements, inadequate 
protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights, cyber theft, overly broad and 
discriminatory cybersecurity measures, cross -border data restrictions and data localization 
requirements, and the use of competition law for industrial policy purposes, among many other 
ways. Exacerbating this situation is the abuse of administrative licensing and approval processes by 
Chinese gover nment officials, China's incomplete adoption of the rule of law, a lack of an independent 
judiciary and inadequate transparency.  
4.108.   It is clear, moreover, that the WTO currently does not offer all of the tools necessary to 
remedy this situation.  
4.109.   The WTO's di spute settlement mechanism is not designed to address a situation in which a 
WTO Member has opted for state -led trade and investment policies that prevail over market forces 
and that pursues policies guided by mercantilism rather than global economic coope ration. Rather, 
it is narrowly targeted at disputes where one Member believes that another Member has adopted a 
measure or taken an action that violates a WTO obligation. While some Chinese measures have been 
found by WTO panels or the Appellate Body to ru n afoul of China's WTO obligations, fundamental 
problems remain unaddressed as many of the most significant Chinese policies and practices are not 
directly disciplined by WTO rules or the additional commitments that China made in its Protocol of 
Accession.  
4.110.   Meanwhile, there is no clear path toward the negotiation of new rules to address the unique 
problems posed by China's state -led, mercantilist trade and investment regime. As we all know, the 
WTO is a consensus organization, and the prospects for negotiati ng strong and effective new rules 
are low, and in any event they would not be timely in addressing the serious harm currently being 
suffered by WTO Members. China's claim to developing country status is also not helpful. The United 
States would remind Memb ers that China's Protocol of Accession questioned China's claim to be a 
developing country and expressly denied China's right to self -elect developing country status under 
several of the WTO agreements, yet China persists in claiming to be a "developing Me mber" in the 
context of every future negotiation at the WTO. Similarly, unhelpful is China's claim to be a "recently 
acceded Member" after nearly 17 years of WTO membership.  
4.111.   The United States notes that, for many years, it tried to work cooperatively with China 
through extensive bilateral engagement. As we look back on that engagement, we find no indication 
that China has been prepared to make the fundamental changes that would be necessary to bring 
its trade and investment regime into alignment with the re gimes of other WTO Members.  
4.112.   Going forward, the best solution is for China finally to take the initiative to fully and 
effectively embrace open, market -oriented policies. China knows what needs to be done, and we 
urge China to take that route.  
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  MÉXICO  
4.113.   La relación de comercio e inversión con China es de las más dinámicas e importantes para 
nuestro país. China es el segundo socio comercial de México con un intercambio comercial que en 
2017 ascendió a más de 81 mil millones de dólares EE.UU. con una inversión extranjera directa que 
se ha reflejado en que más de 1000 empresas en nuestro país cuentan con capital chino.  
4.114.   Es notable el desarrollo que la economía china ha demostrado en las últimas décadas, el 
cual se refleja en la tendencia de una multiplicidad de in dicadores económicos. El desarrollo 
económico de China no solo es una buena noticia para este país sino para el resto del mundo por 
las oportunidades que ello puede representar a nivel global.  
4.115.   China tiene el potencial de mantener un fuerte crecimiento econ ómico a mediano plazo y, 
para ello, según una evaluación en 2017 del Fondo monetario internacional, será necesario acelerar 
las reformas para enfrentar importantes retos en materia económica entre los cuales se encuentran: 
estimular el consumo interno y pa ra ello es importante reducir sus altas tasas de ahorro, el cual 
equivale al 46% de su PIB, y es 26 puntos porcentuales mayor que la media anual; controlar la 
inversión especulativa en el sector de bienes raíces sin que esto tenga un efecto en desacelerar su 
economía.  
4.116.   Además, existe otro reto que es de particular importancia y preocupación para México, el 
cual se ha expresado en diversas instancias y foros: la reducción de la sobrecapacidad industrial, en 
particular en el sector acerero. Sobre este punto y  a pesar de que China ha introducido algunas 
medidas para su reducción, continúa siendo un tema que aun requiere mayores esfuerzos y 
coordinación internacional para poder llegar a niveles inocuos a los mercados internacionales. 
Aunado a esto, China debería  aprovechar de mejor manera los recursos que en la actualidad se 
destinan a empresas que operan con perdida en sectores con exceso de capacidad y empresas 
estatales.  
4.117.   En cuanto a los trabajos de la OMC, reconocemos el liderazgo que China ha asumido al frent e 
del Grupo de los amigos para la facilitación de la inversión y su activa participación en el Grupo de 
amigos del comercio electrónico para el desarrollo. Sin duda, la contribución de China a los trabajos 
que estos grupos han realizado durante el último a ño ha ayudado a tener un entendimiento más 
profundo de los beneficios que la facilitación de la inversión y el comercio electrónico pueden generar 
para los países en desarrollo.  
4.118.   También reconocemos la participación de China en las discusiones de otras ini ciativas 
conjuntas como reglamentación nacional de servicios y pequeñas y medianas empresas.  
4.119.   Por otro parte, un tema apremiante en el que también hacemos notar la participación activa 
de China es aquel que busca una solución al impase generado por las vacantes en el Órgano de 
apelación, el cual afecta no solo al sistema de solución de diferencias sino a la credibilidad misma 
del sistema multilateral del comercio.  
4.120.   En relación con el establecimiento de políticas más proactivas, mi delegación quisiera 
reconocer el esfuerzo de China por la ratificación del Acuerdo sobre facilitación del comercio. Sin 
embargo, hacemos votos para que China redoble esfuerzos para instrumentar una ventanilla única 
plenamente operativa y cumplir a tiempo con todas las disposicion es del acuerdo en materia de 
cooperación aduanera.  
4.121.   Celebramos que, de manera creciente y proporcional con su tamaño, China asume un papel 
de mayor responsabilidad con el sistema multilateral del comercio. No obstante, notamos que aún 
existen áreas que preo cupan a mi país y que consideramos que son áreas de oportunidad en donde 
China debiera redoblar esfuerzos en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones, en particular en materia 
de transparencia.  
4.122.   Estamos conscientes que la recopilación de información puede repres entar un complicado 
reto y que aun cuando ha existido un cumplimiento general hay un importante retraso en las 
notificaciones relativas a empresas comerciales del Estado, subsidios y ayuda interna proporcionada 
por el gobierno central. Dada la participació n significativa del Estado en la economía y que este sigue WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  siendo accionista mayoritario en 99 de las 100 mayores empresas cotizadas en la bolsa, una 
notificación constante en materia de empresas comerciales del Estado se vuelve aún más relevante.  
4.123.   En relac ión con la ayuda interna agrícola, vemos con preocupación que la última notificación 
fue presentada en 2010, principalmente por la tendencia creciente de apoyo en los años previos y 
posteriores a esa notificación. Esta ausencia de información no ayuda a ge nerar certidumbre en las 
negociaciones del tema, particularmente por el peso que tiene el desempeño agrícola chino en los 
mercados internacionales.  
4.124.   Adicionalmente, en el periodo de 2015 a 2017, no se notificaron las subvenciones de este 
país. Sin embargo,  de acuerdo con información disponible, en principio podría inferirse que sean 
proporcionado montos considerables de subsidios a la fabricación inteligente, las tecnologías 
avanzadas, los vehículos propulsados por energías alternativas y el sector pesquero . 
4.125.   Notamos en la reciente presentación del Viceministro Wang que parte de esta información 
ha sido proporcionada recientemente, la cual revisaremos con interés y detalle.  
4.126.   Hacia adelante, instamos a China a incrementar sus esfuerzos para resarcir la ausencia  de 
la información pendiente. Con ello, no solo se cumplirá cabalmente con los compromisos acordados 
mediante su adhesión a la OMC sino que la provisión de dicha información abonará la transparencia 
de credibilidad y a la confianza en la Organización.  
4.127.   Para concluir, le deseamos a China el mejor de los éxitos en el presente Examen y 
agradecemos el esfuerzo realizado para responder al considerable número de preguntas formuladas 
por mi delegación.  
JAPAN  
4.128.   17 years have passed since China's accession to the WTO.  
4.129.   During this period, structural changes occurred in the global economy and China has become 
the world's largest trading country. We expect China to fulfill its responsibility as one of the most 
important players in international trade by contributing to mai ntaining and enhancing free trade and 
by further promoting market -oriented economic reform.  
4.130.   From this standpoint, Japan commends Vice Minister Wang Shouwen's statement, and 
China's willingness to further pursue reforms and liberalization.  
4.131.   We expect China to follow the famous Japanese maxim "yu gen ji kko ( 有言実行 )", which 
means keeping one's word.  
4.132.   We, the WTO Members are required to abide by the WTO rules but today we should also 
proactively address numerous challenges facing the WTO.  
4.133.   In this TPR, we would l ike to mention two of the most serious challenges that we need to 
address together with China, namely "market -distorting measures" and "policies for next generation 
industry".  
4.134.   First, I would like to discuss "market -distorting measures".  
4.135.   Today, we are faci ng various threats to free and fair market competition. Excess capacity is 
the phenomenon produced by the lack of fair market competition. There is an urgent need to tackle 
issues relating to excess capacity in the steel industry as well as the ship -buildi ng industry.  
4.136.   China announced that it had been successfully reducing its overcapacity in the steel sector 
since 2016. We appreciate such efforts.  
4.137.   However, we believe that China should address the root causes of overcapacity including so 
called "zombie enterprises".  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.138.   Furthermore, in cutting -edge industries like semi -conductors, we also have a strong concern 
that a variety of supportive measures such as those included in "Made in China 2025" will generate 
similar problems of excess capacity in the future.  
4.139.   From the viewpoint of ensuring a level -playing -field, we are also concerned about the 
expanding role of the state sector and the increasing trend of providing public aid, including 
subsidies, to SOEs in China.  
4.140.   Since subsidies affect a level playing field , ensuring transparency is indispensable. We 
request China to update notifications on subsidies in accordance with the SCM Agreement.  
4.141.   Transparency and predictability are key factors in other areas too. We hear that foreign 
companies in China are often req uired to accept disadvantageous conditions including those 
requiring technology transfers to domestic companies, without any legal grounds. This is contrary 
to China's Protocol on the Accession to the WTO.  
4.142.   Second, I would like to address the topic of "pol icies for next generation industry".  
4.143.   We are facing great challenges regarding how to face and encourage the new industrial 
revolution while avoiding over -restriction of business activities.  
4.144.   In this regard, we have some concerns on China's Cybersecurity La w and its relevant draft 
regulations, which may have inflicted de facto disadvantages on foreign companies in terms of 
competitiveness. This situation may be inconsistent with Article 17 of the GATS (National 
Treatment), and we therefore request that this law be improved promptly.  
4.145.   Cross -border data transfer is another example; the free flow of data is an essential element 
in conducting global business today, and Japan is especially concerned that the data localization and 
safety assessment obligations stipu lated in the Cybersecurity Law may function as an obstacle to 
the free flow of data.  
4.146.   Also, regarding new -energy vehicles, we would like to express our concern on the contents 
of the draft regulation, as we believe it may be over -restrictive.  
4.147.   In addition,  protection of intellectual property rights is essential in encouraging innovation 
and advancing next generation technologies. From this viewpoint, in order to ensure national 
treatment, we request revision of (i) the foreign suppliers' liability and (ii) the attribution of improved 
technologies stipulated in the "Regulations on Technology Import and Export Administration".  
4.148.   In conclusion, for this TPR of China, we have submitted a number of questions and requests, 
and these reflect our expectation for China  to play a more positive role in the WTO. Historically, 
China's "reform and opening -up policy" and its unprecedented scale of economic growth have been 
undeniable driving forces for the development of global trade. We believe China would be able to 
further  contribute to advancement of free trade, by joining collective efforts to achieve freer and 
fairer rule -based market competition.  
4.149.   In China there is a saying that goes "xíng shèng yú yán ( 行勝於言 )", with the meaning that 
actions speak louder than words. Actua lly, we see this phrase in the calligraphy work hanging in the 
corridor of the WTO.  
4.150.   As China is already one of the most important WTO Members, we hope China will put this 
saying into action and truly contribute to strengthening the WTO and the multilateral  trading system.  
4.151.   We wish China a successful and productive TPR.  
LAO PDR  ON BEHALF  OF ASEAN  
4.152.   First and foremost, ASEAN wishes to note that ASEAN -China relations have been strong, and 
stable. We established the ASEAN -China Free Trade Area in 2010 and took ano ther step forward in 
2016 when we agreed to pursue greater trade liberalization and better investment conditions by 
upgrading our free trade agreement.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.153.   These close trade and investment relations have proved to be mutually beneficial, and we 
welcome the con tinued strong and growing levels of trade, investment and tourism flows. In 2016, 
China was ASEAN's largest trading partner, with a total merchandise trade reached US$368 billion 
and China continued to be ASEAN's fourth largest external source of foreign d irect investment valued 
at US$9.8 billion.  
4.154.   ASEAN looks forward to further strengthening these relations with China and intensifying 
our efforts to meet the joint target of US$1 trillion in trade volume and US$150 billion in investment 
by 2020. On this not e, ASEAN wishes to highlight two points. First, ASEAN is pleased that we are 
intensifying our pursuit, together with five other ASEAN dialogue partners, for a modern, 
comprehensive, and high -quality trade agreement in the Regional Comprehensive Economic 
Partnership (RCEP) negotiations.  
4.155.   Second, ASEAN appreciates China's continued support towards the ASEAN Economic 
Community through various initiatives, namely the ASEAN -China Expo to enhance ASEAN's micro, 
small and medium enterprises participation in global value chains; harnessing synergies between 
the One Belt One Road and the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025; and the grant assistance 
for the Initiative for ASEAN Integration.  
4.156.   ASEAN would like to take this opportunity to commend China's role in the Mu ltilateral Trading 
System, including their active participation in various work and negotiations of the WTO. In this 
regard, we would like to express our appreciation to China, in particular to Ambassador Zhang 
Xiangchen and his delegation for their constr uctive engagement with our delegations here in Geneva.  
4.157.   Some of the ASEAN members have submitted written questions to China and would like to 
thank China for their written responses. Last but not least, ASEAN would like to wish China a 
successful trade poli cy review.  
LAO PDR 
4.158.   Having already taken the floor, I will also speak on behalf of the Government of Lao PDR. 
We are very honored to be here today. In association with the ASEAN statement, Lao PDR's bilateral 
economic relationship with China is supported by  strong and longstanding trade, investment, and 
people -to-people ties. Both sides have the synergy to further expand and deepen cooperation in 
areas of our mutual interests and to work together at bilateral, regional and international fora.   
4.159.   In view of bi lateral relation, China is the largest foreign investor, the second largest trade 
partner, and one of the largest development partners to Lao PDR while Lao PDR is the third largest 
destination of China's investment in ASEAN countries. In 2017, total trade between the two countries 
amounted to over 3.02 billion, grew by an additional at 28.6%. By realizing the importance of 
developing human resources, the economy, trade, finance, investment and society, Lao PDR and 
China have carried out the 417 -kilometer co nstruction of railway linking Vientiane Capital, with the 
Chinese border, with a view to boosting current trade and investment levels.  
4.160.   Lao PDR continues to highly value China's contribution and commitment to preserving and 
strengthening the multilateral trading system and to overcome current challenges. We also 
appreciate China's contribution in the WTO forum especially on issues supporti ng LDCs participating 
in international  trade.  
4.161.   In light of trade policy review today, we note the positive outcomes that China has 
demonstrated in its open and transparent economy. China has shown its commitments to open -up 
trade, promote economic growth an d job creation by participating in trade negotiations.  
4.162.   In this review, Lao PDR submitted question, covering the policies of our interests such as 
"Belt and Road Initiative". We thank for the reply and hope that this initiative will further strengthen 
and e nhance our bilateral cooperation especially the implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation 
Agreement.  
4.163.   In conclusion, Lao PDR would like to express our appreciation to China for the cooperation 
in every level and to China's delegation for its hard work. We wish China every success in this Trade 
Policy Review.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  AUSTRALIA  
4.164.   Australia welcomes advances China has made over the period of the current review.  We 
welcome China's strong support for and contribution to the multilateral trading system, as 
highlighted in its country report and reaffirmed in its recent WTO White Paper.  We note President 
Xi's commitment at the Boao Forum in April 2018 to ongoing trade and investment liberalization, 
lower tariffs and expanding imports. We share China's objective for an op en global economy 
supported by rules that promote economic growth and development, trade liberalization and free 
markets.   
4.165.   Australia and China are important trading partners. Our strong bilateral trade and economic 
relationship continues to grow and diver sify through implementation of the China Australia Free 
Trade Agreement (ChAFTA). It has brought significant economic benefits to both our countries and 
serves as a model.  
4.166.   Australia values our cooperative relationship with China in the WTO, as well as the G20 and 
APEC. We look forward to the early conclusion and implementation of the Regional Comprehensive 
Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement to lower trade barriers and further strengthen trade and 
investment in the Asia -Pacific region, and globally.  
4.167.   We co mmend China's high level of participation across the WTO agenda. We particularly 
welcome China's leadership on new and emerging issues in the WTO, such as e commerce and 
investment facilitation for development, and its active engagement across the MC11 Joi nt Statement 
initiatives.  
4.168.   We note the important role China played in the expansion of the Information Technology 
Agreement (ITA -2) and implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). We also note 
China's contribution to the important work underta ken in regular WTO committees.  
4.169.   As we proceed with Australia's accession to the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), 
we look forward to China's accession. We also look forward to China's continued support for finalizing 
the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) negotiations.   
4.170.   Australia appreciates China's efforts to implement its WTO accession commitments. Progress 
has been made since the last review, in particular in simplifying and reducing its import tariffs. 
However, some areas of concern remain. Austr alian firms in China continue to experience 
restrictions, including in services and the financial sector. Intellectual property (IP) infringement, 
particularly counterfeits, is an ongoing concern. China has recognized the need for further reforms 
in these areas. Market distortions are still apparent in China's economy, notably the lack of 
competitive neutrality disciplines on state -owned enterprises (SOEs). We encourage China to 
continue to reform and liberalize its trade and investment environment to suppo rt continued strong 
growth.  
4.171.   Australia notes China's recent nation -wide foreign investment Negative List, which will come 
into effect 28 July 2018, made modest improvements in reducing restrictions for foreign investors. 
We encourage China to review the Li st, reduce the number of restricted categories and provide more 
commercially meaningful access to foreign investors.  
4.172.   We encourage China to continue its efforts to harmonize customs procedures and regulations 
across provinces and to adopt international standards wherever possible. Australia remains 
concerned about China's export restrictions. We encourage China to adopt a  risk-based approach 
and to ensure that certification requirements are not unduly burdensome.  
4.173.   We appreciate China increasing consultations with foreign governments and business on 
draft legislation and regulations. We encourage China to continue to work c losely with the foreign 
business community to improve the transparency and predictability of its regulations and to 
incorporate international standards and best practices into its regulatory systems.  
4.174.   Australia recognizes China's efforts to strengthen cyber security but we share the views of 
others that China's Cybersecurity Law has imposed new restrictions on business as digital trade is WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  expanding. Australia encourages China to benchmark new regulations on cyber security against 
international best practices.    
4.175.   We note China's undertaking to continue to fulfil its commitments and in this context, look 
forward to improved adherence to existing obligations, in particular with WTO transparency and 
notification requirements where we see substantial room for improv ement. For example, China has 
not submitted a notification on agricultural domestic support since 2010 and has not notified any 
subsidies in relation to the fisheries or steel sectors.  
4.176.   We encourage China to demonstrate leadership in addressing current chal lenges facing the 
WTO. The WTO and the rules -based trading system provide the frameworks and enforcement 
mechanisms necessary to ensure all Members can benefit from global trade. We cannot overstate 
the importance of continuing to use such WTO mechanisms t o resolve trade disputes.  
4.177.   Australia looks forward to continuing to work with China to advance global trade 
liberalization. We thank China for its replies to our written questions and look forward to reviewing 
them carefully.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
4.178.   China's integra tion into the global economy has lifted China from one of the poorest countries 
in the world to an upper -middle -income country and the world's second largest economy. As China 
describes in its Government report, China's economic development is at a histori c juncture, 
transitioning from rapid growth to high -quality development. China states, I quote, that "developing 
a modernized economy is an urgent requirement for getting China smoothly through this critical 
transition".  
4.179.   The EU certainly agrees, and encou rages China to allow market forces to play a more decisive 
role in ensuring fair competition. We welcome China's recent announcements to further open -up the 
economy to foreign investors, covering, among others, tariff reductions, elimination of some equity  
caps and openings in the financial sector. We trust that these announcements, which represent a 
step in the right direction, will be implemented swiftly and effectively.  
4.180.   Nonetheless, we see room and need for further opening -up. While China remains a key 
destination for investment, in the latest survey conducted by the European Chamber of Commerce 
in China, half of the respondents considered that doing business in China had become more difficult 
over the last year. The EU regrets that the 2017 Foreign Inve stment Catalogue did not contain 
meaningful openings, notwithstanding China's claim that the number of restrictions went down. Pilot 
programmes and Free Trade Zones have not attracted the volume of investments that the Chinese 
authorities expected, partly because too many limitations were maintained.  
4.181.   Openness has to go hand in hand with fairness. The EU is closely following the reform process 
of state -owned enterprises and encourages China to pursue structural reforms more vigorously. Our 
concerns over the  potentially distorting effects of public intervention in commercial activities are to 
a large extent due to the persistent lack of transparency surrounding this intervention. Several of 
the EU's advance questions relate to SOEs as we seek to learn more ab out the conditions under 
which they operate and the incentives they enjoy.  
4.182.   In this regard, I need to repeat the EU's calls from China's last TPR for China to truly honour 
its transparency obligations in the WTO. In its Government report, China seeks to rea ssure Members 
about the attention China pays to core WTO values and rules, including transparency – however, 
several notifications are long overdue, and we particularly urge China to submit its outstanding 
notifications on agriculture and its subsidy notif ication for 2015 -2017 (we take note of the opening 
statement of China on the latter). We also remind China of its commitment to publish all its trade -
related laws and measures, translate them into one or more WTO languages, and ensure proper 
stakeholder co nsultations.  
4.183.   Various long -standing issues that have been worrying China's trade partners persist. EU 
business continues to struggle with different behind -the-border measures, including related to the 
attribution of licenses, and the insufficient enforcemen t of intellectual property rights. These issues WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  need to be highlighted because they are bound to gain relevance as China increasingly focusses on 
innovation and high -tech production.   
4.184.   Two years ago, we stressed our concerns regarding overcapacity in parti cular in China's steel 
sector. Urgent action is needed to address this problem and China is in a special position to help. 
Beyond steel, we must equally address the causes for overcapacity in other sectors.  
4.185.   Industrial policies have traditionally played an important role in China. While China's 
ambitions are understandable, initiatives such as "Made -in-China 2025" raise serious concerns in 
relation to local content requirements, use of subsidies and forced technology transfer. Encouraging 
technological innov ation should be based on market principles, to avoid the creation of new 
overcapacity.  
4.186.   Regarding China's cybersecurity legislation, while we acknowledge the need to protect 
cyberspace, we urge China to ensure that no new market access barriers are created.  Measures 
should be proportionate and technology -neutral. In this regard, the EU is worried about the wide 
scope of the measures and potentially discriminatory effects on foreign firms in China. The EU also 
invites China to notify these measures under the TBT Agreement at its earliest convenience.  
4.187.   Finally, we acknowledge the possible benefits that the Belt and Road Initiative may bring, 
such as increased trade connectivity between Europe and Asia. The EU generally supports such 
initiatives as they contribut e to sustainable growth in the Euro -Asian region. Done in the right way, 
more investment in cross -border infrastructure links can unleash growth potential with benefits for 
all. But such initiatives must be based on a level -playing field for trade and inve stment with full 
adherence to market rules and international norms. As China has already committed to such 
principles e.g. in ASEM and bilaterally, we look forward to seeing practical progress.  
4.188.   China's seventh Trade Policy Review comes at a time of stress and uncertainty for the 
multilateral trading system. While we were heartened to read how China considers itself as a firm 
defender of WTO values in its report and recall President Xi's speeches in Davos in 2017 and at the 
recent Boao forum, the WTO Members hip is eager to see China translate these words into action. 
We all count on China to concretely demonstrate its commitment to transparency and 
non-discrimination, actively participate in current and future WTO negotiating activities, help find 
multilatera l solutions to current trade problems and fill the gaps in the trade rulebook, in particular 
in relation to subsidies.  
4.189.   As one of China's top trading partners, the European Union looks forward to continue working 
with China in a sense of shared responsibili ty to not only safeguard but strengthen the multilateral 
trading system.  
4.190.   On behalf of the EU, I wish China a productive and successful Trade Policy Review.  
UKRAINE  
4.191.   China has been and remains the strategic partner for Ukraine in terms of bilateral 
cooperati on on wide range of issues, namely trade, infrastructure, industry and digital economy. Our 
countries enjoy effective cooperation within the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative as well as in 
the fields of agriculture, science, technology, space industry an d investment. Implementation of 
infrastructure projects can be mentioned among the prospective areas for further cooperation, in 
particular, development of port and airport infrastructure in Ukraine, road transport, railways 
electrification etc.  
4.192.   Foreign tr ade cooperation between Ukraine and China is regulated by the Trade and 
Economic Cooperation Agreement between Government of Ukraine and Government of the People's 
Republic of China (1992).  
4.193.   According to the Ukrainian statistic, the trade turnover between Ukraine and China in 2017 
amounted to US$7,69 billion. At the same time, Chinese export to Ukraine amounted to 
US$5,65  billion (+20.5%), Chinese import from Ukraine amounted to US$2,04 billio n (+11.3%).  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.194.   Ukraine imports from China the following commodities: machinery and mechanical 
appliances, electrical equipment; textiles and textile products; base metals and articles of nonferrous 
metals; plastics and articles thereof; chemical products; mi scellaneous industrial products. Ukraine 
exports to China mineral products; vegetables; animal or vegetable fats and oils and products of 
their processing.  
4.195.   In terms of bilateral investment cooperation (as of December 2017) China's investments to 
Ukraine am ounted US$18.2 million and covered the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, 
industry, wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Ukraine's investments 
to China's economy totaled US$1.5 million and were directed mai nly to industrial enterprises.  
4.196.   Our country highly appreciates the partnership cooperation with China across the WTO 
bodies on different issues of mutual interest.  
4.197.   Within this TPR exercise Ukraine has submitted a number of specific questions and is seeking  
clarification on a range of the following topics:  
• applied MFN tariffs;  
• other charges affecting imports;  
• government procurement;  
• export support and promotion;  
• price controls and market price support systems;  
• financial services etc.  
4.198.   We would like to express  gratitude for the responses, which we are reviewing carefully.  
4.199.   In conclusion, I would like to express our deep appreciation to the delegation of China and 
especially to the team of China's Mission to the WTO in Geneva for their hard work in preparing for  
this TPR and for cooperation on the range of WTO issues.  
4.200.   Ukraine wishes the delegation of China very successful Trade Policy Review and looks 
forward to further strengthening of our bilateral relations.  
HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
4.201.   Hong Kong, China (HKC) maintains a very close economic and trade relationship with China. 
China has been our largest trading partner for decades, while we were their third largest trading 
partner last year (2017). We are also China's largest source of realized foreign direct investment.  
4.202.   China being one of the largest economies in the world, its trade policy can have global 
impacts. In his opening remarks, Vice Minister Wang recalled that 40 years ago, China made a 
decisive move to reform and open -up. So, for the period under review, HKC wou ld like to examine 
more closely the efforts that China has made in pursuit of this policy.  
4.203.   In Investment, the last two years saw China implementing certain measures that aimed at 
easing foreign equity restrictions and simplifying administrative procedures . For instance, the 
Catalogue of Industries for the Guidance of Foreign Investment used to have a requirement that 
Chinese shareholders must hold a dominant position in various businesses, including accounting and 
auditing. This requirement was removed in 2017. Meanwhile, as a result of changes made in 2016, 
more foreign -invested enterprises can have their establishment or changes effected through filing 
for record, and the number of investment projects requiring central government approval has 
drastically reduced by 90%.  
4.204.   On the Services side, China has also introduced regulatory changes and reforms in sectors 
such as telecommunications, banking, insurance, legal and accounting, which have led to 
streamlined procedures and greater market access. As China se eks to increase the share of its 
services trade in the economy, we look forward to further liberalization of its financial sector, in 
particular banking and insurance.  
4.205.   Regarding goods, the trading environment is conducive, and improving. With all tariff l ines 
bound at ad valorem rates, China's tariff regime is predictable, and applied MFN rates are going WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  down. Since ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement, China has also stepped up the reform 
of its customs procedures, such that one -third of impor ts are now declared through single windows, 
and clearance times for both imports and exports have reduced by over 35% since 2016.  
4.206.   Technical standards, however, have not seen a lot of changes. About 74% of the mandatory 
standards are adoptions of internatio nal ones. This has been the case for the past four years. We 
would encourage China to step up the harmonization of standards to facilitate trade.  
4.207.   Talking about trade in goods, one development worth noting is that China is making it a 
major policy initiativ e to promote import. This is notwithstanding a reducing surplus in its current 
account. The China International Import Expo, inaugurating later this year, will invite the world to 
sell more to the Chinese market. We hope that sustained efforts in this rega rd, reinforced by various 
facilitation measures, will create more business opportunities and inject new impetus to international 
trade.  
4.208.   There are other areas where we would like to see progress being made with the same vigor. 
Government procurement, for i nstance.  Here, we note that domestically, China is working towards 
a more comprehensive framework, including amending its regulations to enable e -tendering. But 
more importantly, we hope to see China's accession to the WTO Government Procurement 
Agreement  (GPA) expedited. We look forward to China's next revised offer and its fruitful discussion 
with GPA Parties including HKC.  
4.209.   The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights is another area being 
developed. Since the last TPR, China has contin ued to implement measures to enhance the 
protection of patents, trademarks, geographical indications, copyright of online works, and trade 
secrets. Enforcement is also strengthened both at the administrative and judicial levels. We welcome 
these efforts, a nd we encourage China to continue improving its IP regime.  
4.210.   One may say that, since China made its historic decision to open -up, this policy has 
fundamentally changed the way that China participates in international trade. It has brought China 
to the WTO; given it the confidence to embrace globalization; and inspired the kind of deep 
cooperation that underpins the Belt and Road Initiative.   
4.211.   The transformation has been phenomenal, and with it comes greater responsibilities and 
higher expectations. That is why we have heard today all those calls for China to do more: to further 
reduce state involvement in the economy; promote market competition ; enhance the transparency 
of its trade regime, etc.  
4.212.   There are also expectations for China to make greater contributions to the multilateral 
trading system. Such contributions can, of course, take different forms. As party to the Buenos Aires 
joint statem ents on e -commerce, investment facilitation and MSMEs, HKC is particularly pleased to 
see China participating actively in these discussions, and leading some of them. We also appreciate 
China's firm commitment to preserving and strengthening the rules -based multilateral trading 
system. At a time when this organization is facing so many challenges, and the global trade order 
so much disturbed, this is the assurance we need from every Member of the WTO.  
4.213.   Looking ahead, we hope China can take bolder steps to li beralize trade, and make 
contributions to the global economy that will benefit all of us.  
4.214.   We thank China for their timely response to our questions, and wish China a very fruitful 
and successful Trade Policy Review.  
CAMBODIA  
4.215.   My delegation congratulates Chi na for the remarkable economic growth since its 6th Review. 
Chinese GDP grew at 6.7% in 2016 and 6.9% in 2017.  
4.216.   We applause China for its commitments to deepen reform and advance law -based 
governance in every area as well as to maintain its predictable trad e policy framework under the 
WTO Multilateral Trading System.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.217.   We note and thank Chinese delegation especially Geneva based led by Ambassador H.E.  Mr. 
Zhang Xiangchen, for their good cooperation and active participation in the current negotiations to 
secur e transparent principle and initiating proposals to build on new disciplines in the WTO.  
4.218.   In the context of regional arrangements, Cambodia associates itself with statement made 
by Lao PDR on behalf of ASEAN, and would like to stress that China has played a  crucial role in the 
region in strengthening cooperation and exploring opportunity in creating intra -regional trade and 
regional value chains.  
4.219.   In the context of the global trade, my delegation takes this opportunity to express our 
appreciation to the Gover nment of China for opening markets and providing zero tariffs for 97% of 
its tariff lines by the end of 2017. I take also this opportunity to encourage China to expand product 
coverage and product interests that we are exporting to China into their duty -free list such as 
garment, natural rubber products and rice. We also encourage China to consider removing quotas 
for some products of our interests which we strongly believe that if China could do so, millions of 
people will be lifted out of poverty.   
4.220.   In the context of bilateral relation, China is our key trade and investment partner. Cambodia 
and China enjoy a long history of friendship and cooperation. In July 1958, diplomatic relations were 
officially established. This year, we are celebrating the 60th An niversary for our relations.  
4.221.   China is now the largest source of FDI and the largest trading partner with Cambodia. In 
2015, Chinese investment in Cambodia rose to US$961 million and bilateral trade between Cambodia 
and China grew to US$4.4 billion. Our ex ports to China accounted for about US$600  million which 
was ranked China as the 5th export destination for Cambodia. Cambodia's imports from China 
amounted to approximately US$4.5 billion which was set China as the 1st import destination to 
Cambodia. The t otal bilateral trade in 2017 has reached US$5,800 million, which was increased by 
21.8% compared to the total bilateral trade in 2016, which was only at US$4,535 million.  
4.222.   In the context of Technical Assistance, my delegation would like to take this opportu nity to 
thank China for providing the technical assistance to LDCs including Cambodia such as the TAs for 
South -South cooperation, for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 
and for other areas account for more than 600 assistanc e programmes including infrastructure, 
agricultural development, medical and health care, aid for trade, poverty reduction and capacity 
building.  
4.223.   I would like to inform that Cambodia has submitted advance written questions. We thank 
China for the answers posed by Cambodia and other members. Cambodia is going to submit further 
written questions/requests by today related to the Trade Policies and Prac tices by Measure, SPS 
requirements and Chinese National Centers for Customs based on both reports.  
4.224.   Finally, my delegation wishes China every success in its 7th Trade Policy Review.  
COLOMBIA  
4.225.   Nos complace que la economía de China ha venido aportando de mane ra significativa al 
crecimiento mundial y es un eje fundamental de la economía global. La tasa de crecimiento de 6.8% 
registrada en 2017 y de alrededor de 7% esperada para los próximos años, junto con un nivel de 
inflación controlado de menos de 2%, permit en advertir una fase de nueva estabilidad económica 
caracterizada por un crecimiento un poco más moderado, pero sostenible, gracias a una demanda 
interna robusta y a las altas tasas de inversión.   
4.226.   En el ámbito comercial, observamos que, desde su ingreso a  la OMC, China ha firmado 
16 acuerdos de libre comercio, lo que representó cerca del 40% del volumen total de su comercio 
exterior en 2016. Esta tendencia se espera continúe para conformar una red de acuerdos de libre 
comercio de alto nivel, donde se desta ca la negociación en curso del acuerdo entre China, Japón y 
Corea del Sur, además de 6 acuerdos con otros países.  
4.227.   Es de resaltar que el sector de servicios en China cada día cobra más importancia, superando 
por primera vez el 50% de participación en el PIB  en 2015. En este ámbito, los regímenes de los 
principales servicios transables como las telecomunicaciones, los servicios jurídicos y la contabilidad, WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  aún presentan limitaciones para ser suministrados por empresas extranjeras. Sin embargo, se 
destacan los  cambios positivos en sectores clave como los servicios financieros, por ejemplo, con la 
aprobación del "programa trienal piloto de la ciudad de Beijing para una mayor apertura de varios 
sectores de servicios".  
4.228.   Sobresale que el comercio electrónico se ha posicionado como una prioridad para China. De 
acuerdo con el informe de la Secretaría, gran parte de la contribución del comercio de servicios en 
el PIB se deriva de un elevado nivel de ventas internacionales a través de medios electrónicos. Esta 
es un áre a donde la administración pública se ha esforzado en mejorar la regulación, particularmente 
en relación con los pagos electrónicos y la facilitación de procedimientos aduaneros. Es importante 
señalar que el Informe destaca que la inversión extranjera en el  sector telecomunicaciones, 
relacionada con el comercio electrónico, no tiene limitaciones.  
4.229.   Resaltamos la creciente relevancia de China en el ámbito de la inversión extranjera. En 2017, 
y de acuerdo con la UNCTAD, este país recibió más de 136.000 millones  de dólares EE.UU. e invirtió 
en el extranjero una cifra superior a 124.000 millones de dólares EE.UU. El régimen de inversiones 
chino nos genera especial interés. Entendemos, gracias al informe de la Secretaría, que en el 
Catálogo de Inversiones se listan  las industrias a ser promovidas y restringidas de acuerdo con las 
prioridades nacionales. Este catálogo fue revisado en 2017 y ahora busca fortalecer la llegada de 
empresas de fabricación avanzada, de alta tecnología, de ahorro de energía y protección del  medio 
ambiente, y las industrias modernas de servicios. Nos interesa conocer los resultados de este nuevo 
enfoque, sobre todo, qué tipos de incentivos y herramientas prueban ser más efectivos para cumplir 
con el objetivo de atraer empresas con estas carac terísticas.  
4.230.   En cuanto a la agricultura, hemos seguido con interés los objetivos de China de acelerar la 
modernización del sector para mejorar el bienestar de los agricultores de conformidad con el 
Decimotercer Plan Quinquenal, que incluye la implementació n de numerosas reformas en el sector. 
Sin embargo, y como lo planteamos en las preguntas que formulamos para este examen, tomamos 
nota, como se destaca en el informe de la Secretaría, que el nivel general de ayuda a la agricultura 
siguió aumentando durante  el período objeto de examen, y que están pendientes las notificaciones 
de los compromisos en materia de ayuda interna desde 2011. En ese sentido animamos a China a 
cumplir con las notificaciones para tener mayor claridad sobre su sector agropecuario.  
4.231.   Queremos destacar que durante el periodo objeto del examen se dieron cambios positivos 
en la política de competencia de China. En 2016 y 2017 se introdujeron modificaciones para asegurar 
una mejor relación entre la Ley de Represión a la Competencia Desleal y l a Ley Antimonopolio. La 
nueva Ley también introduce disposiciones para prohibir el uso de medios tecnológicos en 
actividades de competencia desleal, como por ejemplo intrusiones maliciosas. Estas modificaciones 
constituyen un gran avance en materia de polí tica de competencia, y es particularmente importante, 
al ser el primer cambio que ha tenido la Ley desde su adopción en 1993.  
4.232.   De otra parte, se observa de manera muy positiva la cada vez mayor competencia y 
participación del sector privado en la actividad  económica, tanto en el sector de manufacturas y 
servicios, como en la banca y el sector financiero. Así mismo, al igual que como se mencionó en el 
sexto examen de política comercial en 2016, la participación del Estado en la economía china sigue 
siendo co nsiderable. En este contexto, esperamos la nueva notificación que China está elaborando 
sobre empresas comerciales del Estado, así como a la información sobre la ayuda financiera pública 
prestada a las empresas estatales.  
4.233.   En cuanto a las relaciones comerci ales bilaterales, China es un importante socio para 
Colombia. En 2017 ocupó el 3º puesto como destino de las exportaciones colombianas. Cabe 
mencionar que para el mismo año se dio un incremento del 45% en las ventas de productos no 
minero -energéticos, entr e los que se destacan el cobre, el cuero y sus manufacturas y el café. Así 
mismo, China se ubicó como el segundo proveedor de bienes para Colombia, al aportar el 19% de 
las compras que se realizan del mundo.  
4.234.   Queremos destacar la activa participación de Ch ina en la OMC. Reconocemos su compromiso 
en las actuales negociaciones en la Organización y su rol destacado en los diversos órganos 
ordinarios. Así mismo, queremos resaltar y agradecer de manera muy especial el respaldo y 
compromiso de China con la inicia tiva de Facilitación de Inversiones para el Desarrollo.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.235.   Finalmente, resaltamos la iniciativa "un cinturón, una ruta" bajo la que China ha venido 
implementando una activa política de cooperación internacional en las áreas de comercio, inversión 
y mercados financieros, bajo un enfoque colaborativo y constructivo,  lo cual afianzará el crecimiento, 
el comercio y la integración internacional.  
4.236.   Le deseamos a China un exitoso examen de política comercial y esperamos seguir trabajando 
de manera estrecha con el Embajador Zhang y su excelente equipo en Ginebra.  
COSTA  RICA 
4.237.   Costa Rica tiene una relación privilegiada con China que queremos seguir fortaleciendo. 
Nuestros países tienen un Tratado de Libre Comercio en vigor desde agosto de 2011. Desde 
entonces, el comercio bilateral ha crecido cerca de un 67%1, convirtiéndose Ch ina en nuestro 
principal socio asiático. Entre 2012 y 2016, el comercio creció en promedio a un ritmo anual de 
9,4%. Además, en 2016, se aprobó el Acuerdo de Promoción y Protección de inversiones con la 
República Popular China que constituye una herramient a muy valiosa para  promover la relación 
entre ambas partes.  
4.238.   En cuanto al desempeño de China, si bien el crecimiento de su economía se ha venido 
moderando, éste ha sido muy importante y contribuido en un 30% a un 30% de la expansión 
económica global desde s u último examen.2 Su economía sigue dando muestras de una alta 
resiliencia, con tasas de crecimiento de 6,9% en el 2017 y de 6,8% en 2018, según cálculos del 
Banco Mundial.3 
4.239.   Este crecimiento le ha permitido a China reducir las personas en condiciones de pobreza 
extrema y disminuir la desigualdad de los ingresos. Vemos con interés cómo China ha ido 
transformando su economía de forma que el consumo, la demanda interna y los serv icios se han 
convertido en los factores predominantes de su crecimiento económico. También vemos con mucho 
interés el crecimiento del sector de servicios en China, que representó por primera vez el 50% del 
PIB en 2015.  
4.240.   Mi delegación quisiera destacar el li derazgo de China, mayor consumidor de energía del 
mundo, en mitigar el cambio climático. Nos complace los objetivos fijados por China para que en el 
2020 las emisiones de dióxido de carbono por unidad de PIB se reduzcan entre un 40% y un 45% 
en comparación  con 2005 y los alentamos a seguir en ese camino. En este sentido, la reforma de 
los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles es crucial para reducir las distorsiones y mejorar los flujos 
comerciales, así como para mejorar el medio ambiente. Al igual que otros , Costa Rica agradece el 
continuo apoyo de China a la agenda y los compromisos del G20 en este importante tema, siendo 
uno de los primeros países en someterse a una revisión por pares del G20 de sus subsidios a los 
combustibles fósiles. Alentamos a otros m iembros del G20 a que se presenten como voluntarios 
para la revisión por pares a fin de aumentar la transparencia de las políticas y compartir las lecciones 
aprendidas.  
4.241.   Costa Rica también reconoce el papel fundamental de China en el sistema multilateral de  
comercio de la OMC y los esfuerzos realizados para modificar más de 2300 leyes y reglamentos 
nacionales y cerca de 190 mil leyes y reglamentos locales, de manera que se adapten a sus 
compromisos de la OMC.4 En la OMC, nos congratulamos en particular por e l trabajo desarrollado en 
ámbitos como el del comercio electrónico, a través de su participación en el Grupo FEDs y el Acuerdo 
sobre Tecnología de la Información y su ampliación, entre otros ámbitos.  
4.242.   En consonancia con el compromiso de China con la OMC y s u papel preponderante en el 
comercio y la economía mundial, sería importante que mantenga al día sus obligaciones de 
notificación. En particular, vemos con preocupación lo señalado en el informe de la Secretaría 
respecto de las notificaciones pendientes de  China en materia de subvenciones, cuyas notificaciones 
más actuales llegan hasta el 2014. La situación es similar respecto del Acuerdo sobre la Agricultura, 
                                                
 1 Datos al 2017 según www.comex.go.cr . 
2 Informe de la Secretaría, párrafo 1.1 . 
3 World Bank, Chi na Economic Update – May 2018. 
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/publication/china -economic -update -may-2018. 
4 https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d414f7a4d444e78457a6333566d54/share_p.html . WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  en el que la última notificación de China respecto de sus ayudas internas fue presentada en el 201 5 
y corresponde al periodo 2009 -2010.  
4.243.   Mi delegación es consciente del esfuerzo del país examinado en la preparación de las 
respuestas a las preguntas formuladas, por lo que agradecemos a China la atención brindada a 
nuestras consultas.  
4.244.   Finalmente, aprovec ho para desearle a la delegación de China un exitoso examen de política 
comercial.  
NEW  ZEALAND  
4.245.   Now more than ever it is important to be participating and engaging in the processes of the 
WTO and upholding its rules and agreements. Our world benefits from t he rules of global trade. New 
Zealand's trading relationship with China is an example of this.  
4.246.   New Zealand was the first OECD country to negotiate and enter into a Free Trade Agreement 
(FTA) with China in 2008 following their entry into the WTO. Two -way t rade between New Zealand 
and China has more than tripled since the FTA was agreed, with trade now exceeding NZD$28 billion. 
China has become New Zealand's largest export market and in recent years our partnership has 
expanded into non -traditional areas, su ch as the creative sector, science and technology, and e -
commerce. Trade in services (particularly education and tourism) are continuing to grow very 
strongly. As a result, we are seeing an increasingly vibrant and dynamic trade relationship, which 
we look  to further broaden. An upgrade to the FTA is currently under negotiation, which is an 
opportunity to address barriers constraining trade, modernize the FTA, and deepen our already 
strong cooperation with China.  
4.247.   Recent years have seen China's economy stabi lize and adjust to a "new normal" according 
to reports from the WTO Secretariat. China has also said they have been transitioning from a phase 
of rapid growth to high -quality development. While growth has slowed since 2013, real GDP grew 
by 6.7% in 2016 an d is expected to be around 6.8% in 2017, supported by strong domestic demand.  
4.248.   We warmly welcome China's stated commitment to trade liberalization and economic reform 
in a fast -changing, complex environment. New Zealand considers it crucial that China conti nue to 
pursue these goals. We welcomed comments by President Xi Jinping where he pledged a more open 
China, at the Business Forum in Boao in April 2018. In particular, President Xi's promised actions 
"to break new ground" including lower auto tariffs.  
4.249.   We welcome China's engagement in the WTO including China's participation in the Trade 
Policy Review, continuing to work within global trade rules and respecting the dispute settlement 
mechanism. We encourage China to effectively use transparency mechanisms wi thin the WTO 
ensuring its notification obligations are fulfilled in a timely way.  
4.250.   We appreciate this opportunity to seek clarification from China on aspects of its trade and 
economic policies and we have posed a number of questions to that end.  
4.251.   As a major  exporter, New Zealand has been encouraged to see China's efforts to reform and 
harmonize its customs procedures. In particular, the reduction in clearance times in 2016 and again 
in 2017 due to the launch of the National Customs Clearance Integration refo rm. One third of imports 
are now cleared through single windows. New Zealand has an interest in receiving any updates on 
when and what additional proportion of imports can be cleared through single windows.  
4.252.   New Zealand remains concerned about subsidies made available to the fisheries sector in 
China, which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing. China exercised very welcome leadership 
in APEC in 2014, which of course included the issuing of the Xiamen Ocean -Related Ministerial 
Declaration. In line wi th this Declaration and the more recent UN SDG Target 14.6, we look forward 
to updated notifications in this area and we encourage China to continue its efforts to eliminate and 
support multilateral prohibitions on such harmful subsidies through the negoti ations our Ministers 
have mandated us to conclude in 2019.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.253.   China's government procurement legislative and regulatory regime has remained largely the 
same during the review period. New Zealand has an interest in further understanding the operation 
of the "b uy domestic" provision, and in particular how the exceptions under the provision operate.  
4.254.   New Zealand also seeks to further understand the implementation and impacts of China's 
new cybersecurity law which came into force 1 June 2017. The new cybersecurity  law and its 
implementing regulations and standards create new duties for network operators, additional 
obligations for operators of critical information infrastructure and proposed additional requirements 
regulating the cross -border transfer of data. New Zealand has a strong interest in understanding 
how the measures have been designed to ensure they are no more burdensome than necessary to 
achieve their objective; and minimizing impacts on companies, given the nature of modern business 
relies on and produ ces large volumes of data.  
4.255.   Fossil fuel subsidy reform is crucial to reduce distortions and enhance trade flows, as well as 
improve the environment. New Zealand welcomes China's continuing support for the G20's agenda 
and commitments on this important topi c, being one of the first countries to undergo a G20 peer 
review of its fossil fuel subsidies. We strongly encourage other G20 members to similarly volunteer 
for peer review to increase policy transparency and share lessons learned.  
4.256.   Finally, New Zealand i s a strong supporter of WTO transparency mechanisms such as Trade 
Policy Reviews. These instruments play an essential role in allowing Members to better understand 
and review the policies and practices of other WTO members. We are encouraged by China's 
participation and look forward to continuing to engage with China through the WTO to update and 
extend the scope of rules and mutual commitments in the multilateral trading system to ensure we 
can all continue to grow and prosper together in the future.  
ARGEN TINA 
4.257.   La Argentina observa con beneplácito que en los últimos años el PBI real de China haya 
experimentado un incremento de casi un 7% anual. Asimismo, celebramos que haya disminuido la 
desigualdad de los ingresos y los niveles de pobreza.   
4.258.   Encomiamos el esfuerzo de su Gobierno para la reforma estructural de la economía en el 
marco del Plan Quinquenal (2016 -2020) con el propósito de incluir la promoción de una mayor 
participación del sector privado en la economía y la reforma de las empresas estatales como así 
también la promoción de la competencia económica, la reforma fiscal, la reforma del sector 
financiero y la adopción de tipos de cambio y de interés determinados - en mayor medida - por el 
mercado.  
4.259.    Subrayamos la activa participación de China en la OMC como así también la destacada 
ayuda que ha brindado para las iniciativas relativas al comercio, auspiciando a los países menos 
adelantados en sus adhesiones a la OMC, donando fondos para el Acuerdo de Facilitación del 
Comercio durante la 11 ° Conferencia Ministerial así como también la cooperación económica para 
proveer soporte a la investigación y actividades relevantes de la OMC en la creación de capacidades 
comerciales en países en desarrollo.  
4.260.   Celebramos, además, que China haya adoptado e l Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio, 
notificando sus compromisos en la categoría "A" y "B".  
4.261.   Es de nuestro interés continuar profundizando la Asociación Estratégica Integral, establecida 
en 2014. La categorización de Asociación Estratégica Integral impl ica que nuestra relación se 
desarrolla en todas las direcciones y abarca todas las áreas con un alto nivel de cooperación y 
coordinación tanto en lo bilateral, como en los foros multilaterales. En años recientes, China se ha 
convertido en un socio priorita rio para la Argentina en términos comerciales y de inversión. Se trata 
de uno de los principales destinos de nuestras exportaciones, al tiempo que sus proyectos de 
inversión abarcan áreas de vital importancia tales como infraestructura, telecomunicaciones y 
energía.  
4.262.   Uno de los pilares de la relación bilateral durante los últimos años ha sido, asimismo, el Plan 
de Acción Conjunta 2014 -2018, el cual articula diversas áreas prioritarias para ambos países. 
Teniendo en cuenta que el presente año culmina dicho pl an, y con vistas a una próxima visita de WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  Estado del Presidente XI Jinping a la República Argentina, en el marco de la Cumbre de Líderes del 
G-20, se está trabajando en su renovación para el período 2019 -2023.  
4.263.   Por otra parte, en relación con la centralidad de la Iniciativa "La Franja y la Ruta" tanto para 
la actual administración como para la política exterior china, es dable destacar que, a invitación de 
China, nuestro Presidente Mauricio Macri, participó del "Foro de la Franja y la Ruta para la 
Cooperación  Internacional" (mayo de 2017, Beijing).  
4.264.   En los últimos 12 años, China pasó de ser el tercer socio comercial de la Argentina (detrás 
de Brasil y Estados Unidos), a ubicarse en el segundo lugar.  
4.265.   Otro aspecto por destacar de esta Asociación Estratégica son las inversiones. Desde 
diciembre de 2015 a mayo de 2018 un total de 15 empresas chinas anunciaron 19 proyectos de 
inversión que totalizan 1.323 millones de dólares EE.UU. para el período. Los principales sectores 
son, en este orden: bienes industriales, en ergías renovables, petróleo y gas, y telecomunicaciones.  
4.266.   En este sentido, la Argentina considera que existen oportunidades de inversión en 
infraestructura, minería, energía, tecnología y petróleo, entre otros, que pueden ser de interés para 
las empresas ch inas. 
4.267.   Sin dudas, la visita de estado que realizará el Presidente XI a fines de noviembre y comienzos 
de diciembre de este año a la Argentina, en ocasión de la Cumbre de Líderes del G -20, contribuirá 
a profundizar la relación bilateral entre ambas naciones,  en seguimiento de los anteriores encuentros 
bilaterales a nivel Presidencial mantenidos en la Cumbre de Seguridad Nuclear en Washington (abril 
de 2016), la Cumbre del G -20 en Hangzhou (septiembre de 2016) y durante la visita de estado que 
realizó el Presi dente Macri a China (mayo de 2017).  
4.268.   En síntesis, la transformación política y económica que se está llevando a cabo en la 
Argentina y el crecimiento de China crean un ambiente muy favorable para mejorar los espacios de 
relaciones entre nuestros países en t érminos de negocios, comercio e inversión. En este contexto, 
estamos convencidos de la necesidad de continuar trabajando conjuntamente para promover las 
exportaciones e impulsar el crecimiento de IED en sectores estratégicos.  
4.269.   Finalizando, y al tiempo de r eiterar nuestro reconocimiento por esta nueva oportunidad de 
intercambiar elementos de juicio y consideraciones sobre las políticas y prácticas comerciales de 
China, permítanos señalar, una vez más, la relevancia de este ejercicio de transparencia en todos  
sus aspectos y desear a las autoridades chinas la exitosa conclusión del presente examen.  
ISRAEL  
4.270.   Over the last two decades Israel and China have developed increasingly close ties, including 
in trade, up to a point in which China has become our third large st trading partner. We believe this 
is a trend of incremental economic integration, shared with many Members of this Organization and 
seems quite a natural one.  
4.271.   In 2017, China's total import and export of goods was up by 11.4% year -on-year, of which, 
the export was up 7.9%, and the import was up 16.1%. This performance has continued to attract 
investment into China as it continues to be one of the world's largest recipients of FDI.  
4.272.   Regarding our bilateral relations, as mentioned earlier, trade continues to  rise steadily. 
Israeli exports into China consist of Electronics and Components; Minerals and Chemicals; Medical 
Equipment and Pharmaceuticals; and Electric Machinery – among other various goods and 
value -added services. The leading sectors of imports fro m China into Israel are mechanical and 
electric machinery; textile and footwear; metals, stone and glass. In the period under review Chinese 
FDI into Israel grew in numbers as well as in quantity of investment.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.273.   The World Bank ranked China 93th in the Star ting a Business indicator in 2017, up from the 
136th place in 20165, while the indicator of Protecting Minority Investors ranked it in place 119th in 
2017, up from the 134th place the year earlier.6 
4.274.   China's accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a central m ilestone for the organization. It 
brought many benefits to China, but it also resulted in increased responsibilities and heightened 
expectations for China.  
4.275.   We welcome the Chinese structural reforms geared towards a greater involvement of the 
private sector  in the economy; reform of State -Owned Enterprises; the promotion of competition; 
fiscal and financial sector reform to increase private capital participation – among other structural 
improvements. We believe that a friendlier, rules -based and transparent business environment 
would be ultimately beneficial to consumers and traders alike.  
4.276.   In this context transparency is a core principle of the multilateral trading system and an area 
where there is room for improvement. For instance, predictable fees or allow ing sufficient time to 
comment on industry -wide regulations could help actors  to prepare for regulatory changes, manage 
risk better and optimize resources, which will result in further investments and jobs in China.  We 
also encourage China to submit its several outstanding notifications to the WTO. Regarding anti -
dumping, while we a cknowledge the institutional -level changes resulting in a reduction in measures 
applied, we continue to note that the number of measures is still high.  
4.277.   Israel has submitted questions related to licenses, standards and technical regulations, and 
product ce rtification. We would like to thank China for its written answers.  
4.278.   Finally, we would like to note that we are pleased with the possibility to collaborate with 
China in different areas here at the WTO, but also bilaterally, as we will commence our FTA 
negotiations in the near future.  
4.279.   We wish China every success in its Seventh Trade Policy Review.  
TRINIDAD  AND  TOBAGO   
4.280.   While Trinidad and Tobago and China established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1974, the 
two countries share historical links that precede o fficial bilateral interaction, dating back to 1806 
when the first wave of Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad and Tobago. The current Sino -Trinidad 
and Tobago relationship is characterized by cooperation in a number of areas such as trade, technical 
assistance, defense, energy, agriculture, healthcare, education, sport and culture. While there is no 
formal agreement, our interaction is governed by WTO rules and we share a Bilateral Investment 
Treaty (BIT).  
4.281.   Dr. the Honourable Keith Rowley, Prime Minister  of Trinidad and Tobago, paid an Official 
Visit to China over the period 14 to 19 May 2018 and met with His Excellency Xi Jinping, President 
and His Excellency Li Keqiang, Premier of the People's Republic of China. As a consequence, Trinidad 
and Tobago and  China signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Cooperation within the 
Framework of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative with 
China. This is the first MOU on the Belt and Road Initiative that China has signed with a country in 
the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago looks forward to continued South -South Cooperation.  
4.282.   The CARICOM member States have signaled an interest in China's "One Belt and One Road" 
initiative as an important cooperation development mechanism in the areas of regional 
transportation, renewable energy and disaster relief.  
4.283.   For the period 2014 to 2017, total trade between China and other Belt and Road countries 
has exceeded US$4 trillion, while China's accumulative investment in these countries near 
                                                
5 Information available from the World Bank -Doing Business , available at: 
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/starting -a-business . 
6 Information available from the World Bank -Doing Business , available at: 
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/protecting -minority -investors . WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  US$60  billion. Premier Li Keqiang has stated that China is willing to align the Belt and Road Initiative 
with Trinidad and Tobago's development strategy.  
4.284.   From 2012 to May 2017, China enjoyed a favourable trade balance with Trinidad and Tobago 
where Trinid ad and Tobago's imports from the Chinese market outweighed the exports. It is worth 
noting that during the period, Trinidad and Tobago's exports to the Chinese market steadily 
Increased from approximately TT$121 million in 2013 to TT$644 million in 2015. I n 2016 however, 
there was a sharp decline in exports to approximately TT$367 million. The main products exported 
to China are methanol and liquefied natural gas and they accounted for approximately 91% of 
exports to China in 2016. Imports from China includ e Warships, Machines to 
Receive/Convert/Transmit/Regenerate Voice, Image, Data - Parts for Air -Conditioning Machines and 
Portable Radio -Telephones.  
4.285.   We take note of China's reduction in import tariffs and its integrated Customs clearance 
reform; as well as its efforts to open its market in the manufacturing, services and financial sectors. 
We acknowledge the Government's attempts to establish Pilot Free Trade Zones (FTZs) to further 
reform and open -up under new development circumstances.  
4.286.   We also commend Chin a for its contributions to the WTO's Aid for Trade efforts particularly 
its financial contributions to support the research and relevant activities of the WTO with developing 
countries for capacity building in the international trade field.  
4.287.   We recognize Ch ina's efforts to address pollution, alleviate poverty and to address 
overcapacity in the steel and coal industries.  
4.288.   China, being the second largest economy in the world and the largest trading partner of over 
120 countries and regions, is among the key pl ayers in the WTO and we urge China to make greater 
progress in the area of transparency, one of the key principles of the multilateral trading system. 
We have submitted a number of written questions to the delegation of China and express our 
gratitude for the responses provided.  
4.289.   Chair, through you, Trinidad and Tobago wishes China a successful Trade Policy Review.  
SINGAPORE  
4.290.   We fully associate with the ASEAN statement delivered by Lao PDR.  
4.291.   As Chair of ASEAN and country coordinator for ASEAN -China dialogue re lations this year, we 
welcome the continued strong and growing levels of trade, investment and tourism flows between 
China and our 10 ASEAN countries. Singapore and China also share longstanding and substantive 
bilateral economic ties, underpinned by stron g trade and investment flows. For the fifth consecutive 
year, China has been Singapore's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade growing by 17% year -
on-year to reach S$137 billion in 2017. On the investment front, Singapore remained China's largest 
foreign investor for the fifth year running in 2017, with investment flows amounting to almost US$5 
billion in 2017. We also note the good progress made on the upgrade negotiations of the China -
Singapore Free Trade Agreement, launched in November 2015, and hope to see it completed by this 
year. 
4.292.   2018 is a special year for China as it marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and 
opening -up. Over the past four decades, China has undergone phenomenal growth, and has 
continually strived to improve its busines s environment, trade and investment policy regime. 
Notably, at the April 2018 Boao Forum for Asia, President Xi Jinping highlighted China's commitment 
to further open -up its domestic market and forge co -operation with international partners through 
platfor ms such as the Belt and Road Initiative. China has also announced the expansion of market 
access and relaxation of rules for foreign participation in several areas, such as financial services, 
automobiles, investment and IT. Singapore welcomes these develo pments. The full and expeditious 
implementation of China's latest commitments and undertakings to press on with further and deeper 
economic reforms will boost regional and global trade and investment. In particular, the recently 
announced updated negative list for foreign investment, the expansion of Free Trade Zones, the 
development of Free Trade Port, and the further liberalization of China's service sectors, such as WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  that in the maritime and financial sectors, could bring new commercial opportunities for our 
businesses.  
4.293.   We note China's commitments and contributions to the multilateral trading system. This is 
evidenced by its active participation in all aspects of the WTO's work including its efforts to advance 
issues such as e -commerce and investment facil itation in the WTO. Given China's important role in 
the global economy and trade flows, its continual commitment to the WTO framework is essential 
for the long -term health and development of an open and rules -based multilateral trading system.  
4.294.   In this ligh t, we urge China to improve its notification record on state -trading enterprises, 
domestic support, and subsidies, as flagged in the Secretariat report. Transparency is a cornerstone 
of the WTO's work, and key to ensuring a predictable trading environment.  We also hope to see 
good progress on China's accession to the Government Procurement Agreement, and look forward 
to welcoming China as a party in the near future.  
4.295.   We are deeply concerned about the escalation of global trade frictions, and its implications  
on the multilateral trading system and the global economy. We positively note China's call for "all 
WTO Members to safeguard the role of the WTO -centered multilateral trading system", and "firmly 
oppose unilateralism and protectionism", as contained in it s Government report. We continue to urge 
restraint from all. Unilateral tariffs, and any resultant tit -for-tat retaliatory actions, would not resolve 
trade disputes. We call for an accommodation to be found to head off further escalations of trade 
tensions  and for trade disputes to be resolved within the WTO framework.  
4.296.   Finally, our delegation has always enjoyed excellent working relations with Ambassador 
Zhang Xiang Chen's very capable team in Geneva. We look forward to continuing this co -operation 
in our c ommon goal of upholding the multilateral trading system. We wish China a successful 7th 
Trade Policy Review.  
RUSSIAN  FEDERATION  
4.297.   China is one of Russia's main trading partners. Russia's trade with China has expanded 
significantly. In 2017, the bilateral tur nover had increased by more than 31% in comparison to 2016 
and showed diversified commodity nomenclature. Bilateral trade in services between Russia and 
China increased by 19.8%. New areas and formats for further cooperation have enjoyed rapid 
development,  including at the level of Eurasian Economic Union. Trade and Economic Cooperation 
Agreement between the People's Republic of China, of the one part, and the Eurasian Economic 
Union and its member States, of the other part, has become another cornerstone o f our economic 
relations.  
4.298.   We see lots of new opportunities to widen and diversify our trade and investment relationship 
with China. Trade in services and investment are of particular interest for expanding our cooperation. 
Thus, Russia attaches great impor tance and attention to the trade regime of China and continuous 
efforts of Chinese authorities to improve China's trade policies and practices making them more 
transparent, accountable and non -discriminatory. We are pleased to see China's tangible steps in  
trade facilitation and simplification of procedures. Much work has been done.  
4.299.   We look forward to further improvements with a view to cultivate a stable regulatory 
environment for business communities. In particular, much importance is attached to trade po licy 
areas related to innovation and technologies, IPR, transparency, as well as matters related to 
ensuring competitive environment in the market.  
4.300.   Russia commends China for the important leadership role it has played within the WTO since 
its accession in 2001. We highly appreciate and share China's continuous support for multilateral 
trading system as embodied in the WTO, which is systematically voiced on the multiple occasions of 
the BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the G20, the APEC and othe r international fora.  
4.301.   Russia fully supports and encourages a dialogue on those thorny issues we are working on 
together with our Chinese partners. We believe that together we can do more to promote proper 
functioning and development of global markets.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.302.   We see that sometimes actions by individual Members put other Members in a tough spot. 
However, we are of a view that all trade conflicts should be resolved in full compliance with the rules 
and procedures of the WTO. Russia commends the ongoing efforts carrie d out by China in this regard.  
4.303.   The Russian Federation appreciates China's active involvement in a wide range of activities 
at the WTO and intention to find a compromise on many topics. We look forward to working together 
closely to upkeep effective functio ning of the Organization, to further contribute to the WTO for 
maintaining and strengthening the MTS and for the global economy.  
4.304.   To conclude, the Russian Federation appreciates the opportunity to participate in this review. 
We would like to thank the deleg ation of China, the Secretariat and, of course, our esteemed 
Discussant, for their hard work and wish partners from China a successful trade review.  
CHILE  
4.305.   Chile recibe con especial interés la realización del séptimo Examen de Política Comer cial de 
China, cuya civilización e historia milenaria ha estado altamente vinculada al desarrollo productivo 
y comercial del mundo.  
4.306.   Las relaciones bilaterales entre Chile y China datan de 1970, ocasión donde nuestro país se 
convirtió en el primer país de América del Sur en entablar relaciones diplomáticas con China.  
4.307.   Es un vínculo que históricamente se ha caracterizado por su especial estabilidad y que ha 
demostrado ser fructífera, donde promovemos conjuntamente una mayor integración a través del 
establecimiento de un diá logo político, comercial y cultural al más alto nivel. En 2016 se creó la 
Asociación Estratégica Integral con China, la que permitió impulsar el Plan de Acción Conjunta y la 
instalación de la Comisión Binacional Permanente, principales mecanismos de coordi nación y diálogo 
sectorial a nivel bilateral, expresado también en el permanente intercambio de visitas oficiales de 
altas autoridades entre ambos países.   
4.308.   Nuestra relación económico -comercial se estructura sobre la base un comprehensivo Tratado 
de Libre Comercio vigente desde el año 2006, convirtiendo a Chile en el primer país fuera del 
conteniente asiático en suscribir un acuerdo de esta envergadura.  
4.309.   Este Acuerdo se ha transformado en una pieza fundamental de la relación bilateral, y su 
exitosa implemen tación y administración ha consolidado a China como el principal socio comercial 
de Chile, totalizando un intercambio comercial en 2017 de cerca de los 35.000 millones de dólares 
EE.UU.  
4.310.   Las exportaciones a China durante el año 2017 totalizaron cerca de 19 .000 millones de 
dólares EE.UU., registrando un crecimiento de un 1,1% desde el año 2012. Las exportaciones 
mineras constituyen un sector de importancia de las exportaciones chilenas a China, totalizando el 
año 2017 cerca de 15.500 millones de dólares EE.U U. Los productos agropecuarios también 
constituyen un elemento creciente de nuestra canasta exportadora, por ejemplo: frutas, vinos, 
salmones, harina de pescado, etc. Esta expansión de las exportaciones se manifiesta también en el 
creciente aumento del núm ero de empresas exportadoras chilenas a dicho mercado.  
4.311.   En relación con las importaciones provenientes de China, en el año 2017 totalizaron 15.500 
millones de dólares EE.UU., registrando un crecimiento de 1,6% durante el periodo 2012 -2017. Los 
principales p roductos importados por Chile desde China fueron: teléfonos celulares (1.223 millones), 
computadores (435 millones), automóviles (274 millones), calzado (225  millones), entre otros.  
4.312.   Esta cercanía no sólo se expresa a nivel bilateral, sino que también a ni vel multilateral, 
donde participamos conjuntamente en distintas organizaciones y foros internacionales, como por 
ejemplo el Foro de Cooperación América Latina -Asia del Este (FOCALAE) y, durante el presente, el 
G20. Además, nos complace destacar el estatus de China como observador del proceso de 
integración Alianza del Pacífico.   
4.313.   Mención especial, reviste el Foro de Cooperación Económica de Asia Pacífico (APEC), cuyo 
año 2019 le corresponderá su organización a Chile y donde esperamos trabajar de la mano con  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  China, particularmente llevando adelante las iniciativas que Chile como economía anfitriona 
proponga en este Foro.   
4.314.   Cabe recordar que, en 1999, Chile fue el primer país latinoamericano en apoyar el ingreso 
de China a la OMC y, desde su ingreso China se h a transformado en un actor de gran relevancia en 
esta Organización, rol que ha conllevado también asumir grandes responsabilidades tanto a nivel de 
implementación de los Acuerdos de la OMC, como en materia de negociaciones.  
4.315.   El presente Examen de Política comercial ha dado cuenta de las recientes reformas que ha 
implementado China. Particular interés reviste la aplicación de una nueva visión de desarrollo y el 
compromiso de establecer una economía abierta al mundo. También destacamos la estrategia de 
desarr ollo asumida en los últimos años, donde importantes reformas estructurales han tenido y 
esperan tener lugar, especialmente en el campo de la facilitación del comercio, la creación de un 
entorno de inversión más atractivo, el refuerzo de la protección de lo s derechos de propiedad 
intelectual, la promoción de una plataforma para la cooperación internacional, entre otros.     
4.316.   Alentamos a China a continuar su política de reforma y apertura de su economía de los 
últimos 40 años, particularmente en materia de sub venciones, tanto agrícolas como pesqueras. De 
igual forma, destacamos la necesidad de reforzar el cumplimiento de los compromisos en materia 
de notificación y transparencia en la OMC.  
4.317.   Para este ejercicio de Examen de Política Comercial, Chile ha formulado  21 preguntas, en 
áreas como: servicios, antidumping, políticas de competencia, empresas comerciales del estado, 
acero, medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarios, entre otros. Agradecemos profundamente las respuestas 
a dichas consultas.  
4.318.   En el ámbito de la OMC, Chile y China también han trabajado de la mano en una serie de 
iniciativas, especialmente en el área de comercio electrónico, la facilitación de las inversiones y la 
promoción de las MYPIMES. Con ese espíritu, esperamos también alcanzar acuerdos sustantivo s en 
materia de agricultura, subsidios a la pesca y reglamentación doméstica en comercio de servicios, 
elementos necesarios para el fortalecimiento de la OMC.  
4.319.   Actualmente, el multilateralismo exige de todos sus Miembros un compromiso para con un 
sistema ab ierto, transparente, inclusivo, no discriminatorio y basado en normas claras, que permitan 
promover el libre intercambio de bienes y servicios.   No obstante, dicho compromiso debe estar de 
acuerdo a los desafíos y tiempos actuales, especialmente por parte  de aquellos que hoy día ocupan 
un lugar importante en el comercio internacional.  
4.320.   Por último, deseamos a China un exitoso séptimo Examen de Política Comercial.  
INDIA  
4.321.   China with a share of 9.8% in international trade and contributing around 30% of the 
expan sion in the world economy during the period, is a key driver of global trade and growth. During 
the period under review the Chinese economy continued to grow at around 7% per year, though 
adjusting to a 'new normal' of moderated growth with the rebalancing  due to consumption, internal 
demand and larger share of services in the GDP, which exceeded 50% for the first time in 2015. 
China also continues to be one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investment. In raising people 
out of poverty, enhancing economic growth and creating state of the art infrastructure, China has 
clearly had a dream run in the last two decades!  It is also gratifying that China has been a strong 
and steadfast supporter of the rules based multilateral trading system embodied in the WTO.  
4.322.   India and China share close and long -standing ties. In recent years our multifaceted 
relationship has deepened and strengthened in all areas with regular high level political exchanges 
between the two countries. Both countries have a broad based i nstitutional framework in place to 
strengthen trade and investment ties, which include a strategic economic dialogue, working groups 
and other fora. Trade between both countries has grown rapidly with total trade of US$89.6 billion 
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  4.323.   We thank the  Chinese delegation for the replies provided to the questions we had raised. 
While these are being reviewed, let me underscore some specific issues and concerns which affect 
the vast underlying potential of our trade relations.  
• Trade is skewed in favour of  China with it having a trade surplus of US$63 billion. This large 
and growing deficit is difficult for India to sustain and therefore, serious efforts need to be 
made to remedy the situation.  
• Exports from India of agriculture products, including bovine me at, face challenges due to 
stringent and often opaque regulatory requirements.  
• One important area that requires to be addressed is exports of non -basmati rice from India to 
China.  It is encouraging that a protocol on export of rice was signed during the visit of the 
Indian Prime Minister to China in June 2018 and Chinese experts are likely to visit India soon 
for approving rice mills. Early completion of this process is necessary as it not only meets a 
long-standing demand of India but will also help incr ease exports from India to the mutual 
benefit of both countries.  
• India is one of the largest manufacturers of generic medicines and exports to more than 120 
countries around the globe. However, in spite of the expansion of the Chinese public health 
programme, exports of pharmaceuticals from India to China have remained modest. This is in 
large measure due to the inability of Indian pharma companies to obtain market approvals in 
China for various generic formulations due to complex and onerous regulatory requirements. 
This needs to be addressed and an important step to ex pedite this process would be for China's 
Food and Drug Administration to hold workshops for Indian pharma companies to enable them 
to build capacity to file requests for market approvals, which should then be accorded in a 
time bound manner.  
• Indian compan ies provide IT and IT -enabled services to a large number of companies including 
a majority of the Fortune 500. This has brought about a transformational change in the 
competitiveness of manufacturing and banking entities that have accessed these services. 
There is great scope for collaboration between Chinese state -owned enterprises and Indian IT 
sector which can provide state of the art custom designed solutions. More openness of Chinese 
SOEs to accessing these services can be an area of partnership. Furth er, in the services sector, 
the challenges for Indian companies include complex requirements for participating in 
contracts of the state -owned enterprises and issues related to qualification requirements, 
licensing and taxation. Indian professionals are al so facing visas restrictions like permits being 
granted only for a year. We would encourage the Chinese authorities to look into these issues 
to resolve them early.  
• China is today the largest global investor, but its foreign direct investment in India rema ins 
very modest. The total Chinese investment in India aggregates to US$1.74 billion and annual 
investments are of the order of US$100 million. The increased liberalization in India's FDI 
regime and the improvement in its global rank for ease of doing busi ness, makes it an 
attractive destination for global investment. There is, therefore, a great potential for 
increasing Chinese investment in manufacturing and infrastructure sectors in India.  
4.324.   India and China also work closely in multilateral fora like BRICS , and in a variety of other 
institutions. In the WTO, as two large developing countries, we have core common interests and 
concerns on issues related to obtaining successful outcomes in addressing the historical imbalances 
in the Agreement on Agriculture a nd keeping development central to our work.  
4.325.   I would wish to place on record our deep appreciation for the constructive contribution of 
Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen and his team at the Chinese mission in Geneva in the ongoing work 
of the WTO.   
4.326.   We look forwar d to working closely with the authorities of China for further expanding and 
harnessing the potential of our trade and investment ties for mutual benefit. We wish the delegation 
of China a productive and successful TPR.  
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  BRAZIL  
4.327.   China's economic development has been a remarkable success story. Brazil commends China 
for the more recent efforts to rebalance its economy. We welcome the adjustment in the current 
account – the surplus now standing at 1.3% of GDP compares with a level of 9.1% in 2008. W hile 
further trade liberalization and reforms would be welcome, including in areas of excess capacity, we 
are confident that China will continue to play a positive role in the world economy. We value the 
message given by VM Wang, highlighting that China is  committed to deepening reforms and opening -
up. 
4.328.   China is a key partner for Brazil – bilaterally; in fora such as the BRICS and G20; and here 
at the WTO. Since 2009 China has become the main destination for Brazilian exports. It imported 
US$47.4 billion fro m Brazil in 2017 – about 22% of our national exports.  
4.329.   At the same time, China continues to enhance its participation in Brazilian total imports. It 
has now become our main source of imports – or second, if the EU is taken as a group - with a total 
of US$2 7.3 billion in 2017.  
4.330.   The importance of our bilateral economic relations has consistently expanded beyond trade. 
According to Brazilian [Central Bank] data, in 2016 the Chinese FDI stock in Brazil reached 
US$12.4billion. On top of that, in 2017 the net flow  of additional Chinese FDI in Brazil was US$10.9 
billion.  
4.331.   In this overall positive picture, there are some important topics that require our attention. 
Around 80% of Brazil's exports to China remain limited to commodities, in particular soybeans, iron 
ore and oil. The one industrial sector which stands out in Brazilian sales to China is that of airplanes 
and helicopters, but accounting for less than 1% of the total. Brazilian exports to other markets – 
such as Latin America, the US or the EU – show a much h igher participation of industrial products. 
The composition of Brazilian exports to China does not reflect the diversification of our economy. 
Brazil looks forward to continuing our joint efforts with China in order to promote the expansion and 
a more bala nced diversification of bilateral flows.  
4.332.   In the area of trade remedies, we regret the application of provisional anti -dumping duties 
against poultry meat and the safeguard measure against sugar. Regarding chicken meat, the 
investigation failed to produce evidence that there was dumping, injury and causal link. Our exports 
account for 5% only of total Chinese imports. The Brazilian poultry producers have never been 
subject to definitive AD duties by any of the WTO Members. We trust that the Chinese authorit ies 
will terminate the investigation without the application of definitive measures.  
4.333.   In the case of sugar, we continue to seek clarification on the administration of the measure, 
as well as wider access to statistics, in order to make possible a better as sessment of the situation 
that would set the basis for the resumption of Brazilian exports according to historically consistent 
volumes. In both cases – poultry and sugar -, we encourage China to normalize trade flows as soon 
as possible.  
4.334.   With regard to th e licensing or authorization procedures related to commercial aircraft sales, 
we would welcome more predictability in the administrative process and clarity on documentation 
requirements.  
4.335.   China has become a crucial player in this Organization and we value its leadership and 
expressions of commitment to the rules -based MTS. China's contributions are crucial for the 
preservation and strengthening of the system.  
4.336.   In this spirit, we encourage China to update notifications on agricultural domestic support. 
Brazil  would also welcome further streamlined procedures for the approval of SPS protocols for beef, 
pork and poultry, as well as for the accreditation of establishments to export to China.  
4.337.   To conclude, I want to thank China for its responses to our written ques tions. We wish China 
a very successful and productive Trade Policy Review.  
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  NORWAY  
4.338.   By virtue of the size of its economy, China is a major trading partner for most WTO members. 
What China does on the trade front matters. Both in economic and systemic terms .  
4.339.   Norway appreciates that China in its TPR report clearly states that China will actively 
participate in global economic governance, firmly safeguard the multilateral trading system and 
oppose unilateralism and protectionism. We also note that China will spare no efforts in making 
globalisation more open, inclusive, and balanced so that its benefits are shared by all. Norway looks 
forward to China's continued engagement on these important issues.  
4.340.   Norway notes China's expressed willingness to contribute to promote liberalization and 
facilitation of global trade and investments. We look forward to concrete manifestations of this policy 
statement and to further openings of the Chinese market and China 's strengthened compliance with 
WTO rules and transparency commitments. We also share the concerns expressed by others on 
overcapacity and the role of SEOs.  
4.341.   Chair, China highlights the importance of trade and development. If WTO Members are to 
make progre ss in WTO negotiations and take steps toward strengthening the system that we all 
depend on, open debates on the interaction between trade and development will be essential. This 
includes a much -needed debate about the differences among developing members and how 
emerging economies, including China, can and must contribute.  
4.342.   Norway looks forward to continue working with China to advance WTO negotiations. 
However, safeguarding the negotiating function of the WTO means that negotiating proposals must 
be caref ully calibrated to contribute to negotiated outcomes. This responsibility weighs on our 
collective shoulders. Conditioning discussions on a work program for future negotiations on domestic 
support in agriculture on elimination of current AMS of developed m embers does not fulfil this test.  
4.343.   Norway thanks China for its efforts to implement the Agreement on Trade Facilitation as one 
of the first members. We look forward to China's accession to the Agreement on Government 
Procurement, but believe a revised - and ambitious - Chinese offer is needed to move this process 
forward.  
4.344.   China's protection of intellectual property is one of the underlying issues creating trade 
frictions. IPR protection continues to be a concern for foreign companies, and Norwegian compani es 
are no exception. Despite some improvements, there is still much work to be done.  
4.345.   Norway appreciates the bilateral cooperation with China on government level in several 
fields. Norway is hopeful and confident that ongoing processes will lead to increas ed trade and 
business cooperation. China and Norway are in the process of negotiating a bilateral FTA. Norway 
looks forward to concluding a comprehensive and not least, modern, free trade agreement with 
China.  
4.346.   Exports of seafood to China is one of the ext ensive areas of economic interaction between 
our two countries. Norway has some specific concerns on issues such as the CIFER system where 
establishments need to be registered in order to export seafood to China. Furthermore, procedures 
for approval of imp orts of new seafood species and other foodstuffs are cumbersome and time 
consuming. We will study China's replies to our written questions regarding these issues.  
4.347.   Chair, Norway welcomes the active participation of China in the negotiations on fisheries 
subsidies. All Members must show political will and make the necessary domestic policy adjustments 
to implement all elements of the mandate in SDG 14.6. Norway sees the TPR as an additional source 
of information about each Member's fisheries subsidy regime, and, as we have now understood, an 
updated subsidies notification has been put forward by China and we will study that too.  
4.348.   Let me also mention fossil fuels subsidies reform. Norway welcomes Chinese support for the 
G20 commitment and agenda in this field.   
4.349.   According to China, the WTO should discuss new issues with development implications such 
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  community as well as to maintain its relevance in global governance. Norway  thanks China for its 
participation in the joint initiative from Buenos Aires on investment facilitation for development and 
its inclusion in the joint ministerial statement on services domestic regulation. We also appreciate 
that China takes active part i n other discussions including on e -commerce. Norway believes that 
addressing these – and other pressing – issues is part of a necessary update of the WTO in light of 
the challenges of the 21st century.  
THE SEPARATE  CUSTOMS  TERRITORY  OF TAIWAN,  PENGHU,  KINM EN AND  MATSU  
4.350.   The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu commends China on 
its continued commitment to trade liberalization and economic reform in this fast -changing and 
complex global trading environment. Its efforts in this regard are especially welcome in areas such 
as the financial sectors, customs procedures, and free -trade zones. We believe it is crucial for China 
to push forward even further with its programme of reforms towards establishing itself as a fair and 
open economy.  
4.351.   Here, I would just like to touch on certain areas of China's trade policy where we do have 
some particular concerns, and where we look to China to build on its progress to date if it is 
eventually to fulfil its responsibilities as a Member of the global tr ading system:  
4.352.   Firstly, in the area of foreign direct investment (FDI), we would all agree, I think, that FDI 
is an essential driver of growth and development. In the broader context of economic and regulatory 
policy though, adequate protection of intellect ual property rights (IPRs) are equally important in 
terms of attracting direct investment.  
4.353.   We acknowledge China's efforts at liberalizing FDI and protecting IPRs with its revisions to 
the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries in 2017,  to reduce the number of 
restricted sectors and strengthen the protection of IPRs.  
4.354.   However, while China has been upgrading its economy and attracting more FDI, the fact 
that technology transfer has now been an issue that calls for our special attention. W e would like to 
see China moving towards a more ambitious open and level playing -field. Also, we would urge China 
to re-double its efforts with regard to enforcement, including the fight against counterfeiting and 
copyright piracy in particular.  
4.355.   Secondly, the services sector, which accounts for more than half of China's national 
economy, has been a major factor in fueling economic growth over the period under review. We 
have noted that a number of regulatory changes have genuinely helped to liberalize the 
telecommunications and financial sectors. While recognizing Members have legitimate right to 
regulate, we are in favor of less trade restrictive approaches. What is unfortunate, however, is that 
some of the new laws and measures, especially in the telecommu nications sector, contain elements 
that actually go against market -opening and the principles of transparency.  
4.356.   If we look, for instance, at China's cyber security laws and the restrictions on Virtual Private 
Networks (VPNs) this year, we must question whe ther they are in compliance with international laws 
and regulations, and this raises serious concerns about the potential impact on trade. Further 
reforms to promote fair and open trade are needed urgently if China's current momentum is to be 
sustained.  
4.357.   Thirdly, while fully recognizing China's legitimate ambition to transform and upgrade its 
economy, certain initiatives, like the "Made -in-China 2025" programme, immediately raise concerns 
about potential trade barriers for foreign companies, in the form of l ocal content requirements and 
discriminatory elements, for example.  
4.358.   In addition, on the topical subject of overcapacity, we welcome the steps that China is taking 
as part of the world -wide effort to curtail capacity in the steel sector, which causes prices  to fall and 
creates major problems for many other countries. Given its key role in the global steel market, it is 
essential that China translates the plans it has announced into real actions to help resolve these 
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  4.359.   And, on a more  general and long -standing point, we once again urge China to fully comply 
with its commitments under its Protocol of Accession in a number of key areas, such as transparency 
and notifications.  
4.360.   Finally, I just want to touch briefly upon the issue of fossi l fuel subsidies. This is an area of 
increasing importance for all Members. We absolutely welcome China's continuing support for the 
G20's agenda and commitments on this important topic. We would strongly encourage other G20 
members to similarly volunteer for a peer review in order to increase policy transparency and the 
sharing of lessons learned.  
4.361.   On the bilateral front, we have very close and long -standing economic ties with China. The 
level of two -way trade -flows between us remains strong at the present  time. At the end of 2017, for 
example, China was our largest trading partner, accounting for 30% of our total trade, and it is one 
of the major destinations for our overseas investment as well. We very much hope that these levels 
of bilateral trade and in vestment will continue to grow in the future.  
4.362.   To conclude, we appreciate the opportunity to participate in this review of China's trade 
policy. To sum up, perhaps, with one final message, we strongly encourage China to hold firm to its 
strategy of economic  and trade policy reforms over the coming years.  
REPUBLIC  OF KOREA  
4.363.   This year holds a significant meaning as it marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and 
opening. President XI Jinping expressed his firm commitment to upholding the principles of China 's 
reform and opening at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party as well as at the 
Boao Forum which took place in April this year.  
4.364.   In the same vein, China has recently been making efforts to expand its imports including by 
drastically lowering its import tariffs on autos and consumer goods and holding the International 
Import Expo. We highly regard these efforts on the part of China.  
4.365.   Moreover, China adopted a negative -list measure in June this year to ease restrictions on 
foreign invest ment, including reducing the number of foreign investment -limited items from 63 in 
2017 to 48 in 2018.  
4.366.   Korea also greatly appreciates the contributions made by China to the WTO. China has 
agreed on the expansion of the ITA and ratified WTO Trade Facilitati on Agreement. Recently China 
has been very active in the WTO discussion on E -commerce. As President XI promised to make faster 
progress toward joining the WTO Government Procurement Agreement, Korea hopes that China's 
accession process to GPA will be accel erated in the near future.  
4.367.   However, Korea is concerned about recent escalating uncertainties among major global 
trading partners and subsequent instability in the global trading environment. Korea believes that a 
stable and open trade policy is a necessary  basis for the expansion of global trade and the 
establishment of a fair -trade order.  
4.368.   Bilateral economic relations between Korea and China have been on the rise since the Korea -
China FTA took effect in 2015. These relations are now expected to develop one stage further, 
through the follow -up negotiations for the Korea -China FTA on services and investment that were 
launched in March this year.  
4.369.   In particular, as President XI emphasized the opening of the financial sector at the Boao 
Forum, we hope that China accelerates the opening of its services market, including the financial 
sector, and strengthens investor protection.  
4.370.   I would like to make some comments in regard to the actual implementation of the Chinese 
trade policies for openness on the ground.  
4.371.   First, I would like to voice some concerns over on -going restrictive measures in certain 
services areas of China including tourism. In particular, there still remain restrictions on the WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  promotion of group tours and the gathering of tourists in groups to Korea. I  hereby ask for China's 
efforts to further open this area of services.  
4.372.   Secondly, there are concerns over discriminative measures still in place between Chinese 
domestic companies and foreign -invested companies. Korean companies are being excluded in 
regard  to the new energy vehicles (NEV) battery issue. In this light, I would like to call China's 
attention to this matter for the equal treatment of both domestic and foreign companies in China.  
4.373.   Lastly, some Korean companies in the distribution and services se ctor have had difficulties 
in operating their business and obtaining licenses from Chinese authorities. In this regard, I would 
like to ask for China's efforts to improve the foreign investment environment.  
4.374.   Now in Beijing, Korea and China are holding the s econd round of follow -up negotiations for 
the Korea -China FTA on services and investment. This shows the continuous efforts made by the 
two countries for further strengthening their bilateral economic relations. I hope that such efforts by 
each and every M ember made for the purpose of open and fair trade will spread globally.  
4.375.   With this, I would like to conclude by expressing our appreciation to the delegation of China 
for its hard work and wishing the delegation every success in its TPR.  
REPUBLIC  OF MOLDOV A 
4.376.   As presented in the Report by China, this Trade Policy Review coincides with the celebration 
of the 40th anniversary of China's adoption of the reform and opening -up policy. We welcome China's 
ambition, as stated in the Government Report, to engage itsel f "in the development of an open 
economy in a wider range and more areas, at deeper level and higher standards, and expediting the 
transition from opening up itself to promoting the opening up of the world". Being a major driver of 
global economic growth, one of the largest recipients of FDI and overseas investor, and the top 
trading partner for over 120 countries and regions, fair and transparent trade policies implemented 
in China are vital given their impact on global economy. We therefore encourage Chin a to continue 
its path of structural economic reform, pursuing opening -up of the economy to ensure its ongoing 
development.  
4.377.   China's growth has been stable during the review period, at around 7% per year, as the 
Government focuses on the quality and sustain ability of growth in line with the structural economic 
reforms undertaken under the 13th Five -Year Plan.  
4.378.   We note further opening to FDIs, with the 2017 revision of the Catalogue of Industries for 
the Guidance of Foreign Investment, which introduces a nati onal "negative" list to guide foreign 
investment and cuts the number of special administrative measures restricting foreign investment 
from 63 to 48, compared to the previous 2015 version. We strongly encourage China to further lift 
barriers to foreign inv estment.  
4.379.   In the same spirit, we commend China on the reform to harmonize its customs procedures 
and the implementation of the single window system, which has considerably reduced clearance 
times for imports and exports.  
4.380.   We note positively China's continue d efforts to strengthen IPR enforcement both at the 
administrative and judicial levels. IPR protection continues to be an important prerequisite for 
investment attraction and opening -up of the economy.  
4.381.   We commend China for its active role in the WTO as Me mber of the Information Technology 
Agreement and Trade Facilitation Agreement, and acceding Member to the Government Procurement 
Agreement. We welcome the submission of SPS, TBT, trade facilitation notifications, and strongly 
encourage China to submit its outstanding notifications on agriculture domestic support and state -
trading enterprises. We look forward to the official circulation of the recently submitted notification 
of subsidies.  
4.382.   We would also like to note that as China's economy has been shifting f rom manufacturing 
to services, e -commerce became an important development tool empowering SMEs and connecting 
the country.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.383.   We welcome the expansion of the network of free trade agreements concluded by China with 
the Maldives and Georgia. In 2017, Moldova and China have initiated negotiations of a Free Trade 
Agreement in goods. We hope that the next negotiation round, scheduled  to take place during the 
second part of this summer, will set a clear negotiation framework which will allow for bilateral 
opening of markets in mutually beneficial areas of interest.  
4.384.   Bilateral economic and trade cooperation between Republic of Moldova a nd China have been 
witnessing an ascending dynamic over the past years. During the first 4 months of 2018, the volume 
of exports from Moldova to China has increased by 49.56% compared to the same period in 2016, 
similar to the volume of imports from China to Moldova, which increased by 41.04%. Main products 
exported from Moldova to China are wine, beer, wheat, textiles. Imports from China to Moldova 
include electrical machinery and equipment, equipment for cellular and wireless network, machinery 
and mechan ical appliances, chemical products, and vehicles. 84 companies with Chinese capital are 
currently operating in Moldova.  
4.385.   Key areas of cooperation between Moldova and China are information technology, health, 
transport, education and energy. China offers te chnical and financial assistance to the Republic of 
Moldova in these areas, and a new agreement signed in 2016 provides for a new grant of about €8.1 
million. Important projects are being implemented in Moldova with the support of the Chinese 
Government in  customs infrastructure and control equipment. Moldova reiterates its openness to 
collaborate with Chinese companies in key sectors for the Moldovan economy, such as infrastructure, 
energy and telecommunications, including in the creation of the national f iber optic data transfer 
network.  
4.386.   By signing a Memorandum with the Chinese Government in 2014, Moldova is strengthening 
economic cooperation within the Silk Road Initiative. In addition, in May 2017 Moldova and China 
signed the Initiative on Promoting Unim peded Trade Cooperation along the Belt and Road.  
4.387.   We look forward to extend our cooperation ties with China in areas mutually beneficial for 
our people. We thank China for the replies to our questions, which we will study carefully and revert 
back if neces sary in our bilateral dialogue.  
4.388.   We express our appreciation to the whole delegation of China, led by His Excellency Vice 
Minister Wang Shouwen, for their participation in this important exercise and we wish China the 
utmost success during its 7th Trade Pol icy Review.  
EGYPT  
4.389.   As the Secretariat report indicated, China has taken many positive measures to improve the 
performance of its trade policy, we believe that these measures will enhance the growth potential of 
the foreign trade between China and its trading partners. The most important of these measures are 
the following:  
• Clearance times were reduced to an average of 16.7 hours in 2017, from over 22 hours in 
2016, and about one third of imports are now declared through single windows.  
• A tariff reform implemented in December 2017 reduced applied MFN tariffs for some 
200 consumer products.  
• The average applied tariff on non -agricultural products also fell slightly since 2013, to 8.5%. 
The percentage of tariffs that exceeded 15% (international tariff peaks ) decreased to 13.9%, 
from 14.4% in 2015, while the percentage of tariffs subject to domestic tariff peaks fell 
slightly, to 1.8%.  
• China continued to provide a number of financial incentives to different sectors and industries 
in order to accelerate transf ormation and upgrading of traditional industries, foster infant 
industries, stimulate innovation, promote development in remote areas, enhance 
competitiveness of small and medium enterprises, and attract FDIs. Furthermore, support was 
also granted with a v iew to protecting the environment, reducing emissions, and conserving 
energy.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.390.   All these measures contributed to the fact that The Chinese economy continued to be an 
important engine of global growth; as it accounted for around 30% of global economic expans ion 
during the review period. Real GDP growth was 6.7% in 2016 and it is expected that real GDP will 
grow by around 6.8% in 2017.  
4.391.   On the bilateral front China and Egypt have been enjoying flourishing multifaceted relations 
that have reached the apex with t he establishment of the bilateral comprehensive strategic 
partnership in 2015. In the economic domain, trade volume between the two countries continued to 
increase in 2017 to reach US$9.3 billion, and the Chinese investments in Egypt are increasing in 
different fields. Egypt is looking forward to developing the bilateral economic and trade relations 
with China and to attract more Chinese investments to Egypt's mega projects.  
4.392.   Finally, we have put one question to China on how its legislations deal with the is sues of 
authorized operators, procedures for goods in transit, as well as, promoting the use of single 
windows and await the replies with interest. In closing, Egypt strongly commends China for achieving 
an impressive economic performance in the period rev iewed, and we wish the delegation of China a 
very successful trade policy review.  
INDONESIA  
4.393.   The People's Republic of China, as the major driver of global economic growth, has played 
critical roles in the multilateral trading system. Indonesia and China are  benefited from the progress 
of bilateral economic co -operation through years. Despite the trade deficit remain a prominent issue, 
trade between China and Indonesia has been increasing and heading toward a state of balance. The 
trade deficit between Indone sia and China has been narrowing. In 2015, Indonesia experienced 
US$14,4 billion trade deficit. In 2016, that deficit was slightly decreased to US$14,01. Even though 
experiencing another significant trade deficit, Indonesia recorded a better performance wi th a 
decrease of 9.2% or US$1,3 billion of deficit to US$12,7 billion in 2017.  
4.394.   China is Indonesia's one of main source of foreign investment, which reached US$1,3  billion 
in 2017. The investment was allocated in over 763 projects. Hence, Indonesia hopes th at more 
investment from China will come to Indonesia in the coming years.  
4.395.   Indonesia commends China's efforts and commitments to more closely integrated into the 
global trading system. Beside the strong and positive economic ties between Indonesia and the 
People's Republic of China that have been achieved during the last decade, we still find some 
unnecessary barriers to trade in China. We found that China is still maintaining and adopting several 
restrictive measures, such as Administrative Measure on Cosme tics Labeling as well as the 
Cybersecurity law. Such barriers have prevented trade relations between the two countries from 
reaching its optimum outcomes.  
4.396.   In addition to that, Indonesia has concerns on China's notifications of its non -tariff measures 
which  actually limit Indonesia's goods to enter China's market. Indonesia experiences several 
barriers that hinder goods to enter China's market including seaweed, exotic fruits, and other food 
and beverages' goods. This is in contrast to the fact that on avera ge in every sector, China recorded 
a four times level of trade compared to Indonesia.  
4.397.   It is on the expectation of Indonesia that both Members can increase the balance of trade 
among each other, so each Member can bring more benefits to the development of i nternal economy 
in the midst of global challenges and increasing skepticism to international trade practice. Indonesia 
also expects China to continue to make greater contribution to the multilateral trading system though 
fair and transparent trade policies . 
4.398.   Finally, I would like to conclude my remarks by expressing once again my profound 
appreciation to China's delegation for its hard work, and wish China every success in its seventh 
TPR. 
ECUADOR  
4.399.   En lo principal, Ecuador, participa con un gran interés en es te examen puesto que China es 
uno de nuestros principales socios tanto en flujos comerciales como en inversión.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.400.   Para 2017 China fue el sexto destino de las exportaciones no petroleras del Ecuador, 
captando el 4% de estas ventas, esto es 430 millones de dól ares EE.UU. Las exportaciones petroleras 
hacia China fueron de 342 millones de dólares EE.UU. para el mismo año, representando el 5% del 
total de nuestras ventas de crudo.  
4.401.   En cuanto a las importaciones, China es el principal proveedor de Ecuador, ya que el las 
alcanzaron 3.477 millones de dólares EE.UU. para 2017, lo que equivale al 22% del total de compras 
de nuestro país.  
4.402.   Por lo tanto, la balanza comercial del Ecuador con China ha presentado saldos deficitarios 
para Ecuador, superando los 2,700 millones de  dólares EE.UU. en 2017.  
4.403.   En cuanto a los principales productos exportados por Ecuador hacia el mercado chino, 
destacamos al camarón, banano, harina de pescado, madera y desperdicios de cobre.  
4.404.   Respecto a nuestras compras, los principales bienes que ingresan  desde China al Ecuador 
son teléfonos celulares, automóviles, productos de hierro y acero, televisores, juguetes y 
motocicletas.  
4.405.   Por otra parte, en cuanto a las inversiones realizadas por China en Ecuador, en 2017 
alcanzaron los 85 millones de dólares EE.U U., lo cual representó el 14% del total de inversiones 
extranjeras realizadas en nuestro país. Asimismo, dicha inversión se centró en la explotación de 
minas y canteras, en 52%, servicios prestados a las empresas en 25%; y construcción en 16%.  
4.406.   En cuanto a  financiamiento externo se refiere, China es el principal origen de dicho rubro, 
mismo que ha sido utilizado en proyectos hidroeléctricos, energéticos, de transporte, educación, 
salud e infraestructura, entre los principales.  
4.407.   Permítame ahora referirme brevemente al informe presentado por la Secretaría para este 
Examen de Política Comercial, y destacar el rol que desempeña China en el comercio mundial.  
4.408.   En cuanto al sector externo, si bien en 2016 presentó una reducción en cuanto a valor y a 
la participac ión de las exportaciones e importaciones en el PIB, en 2017 hemos visto una importante 
recuperación de estos flujos, mismos que capta alrededor del 11% del comercio mundial.  
4.409.   Registramos como una situación que tiene ya importantes efectos a escala mundial e l nuevo 
carácter del crecimiento de China, basado en el consumo, demanda interna y los servicios.  
4.410.   En cuestión a estos últimos, los subsectores que han mostrado un mayor incremento han 
sido el comercio electrónico y el turismo.  
4.411.   Es importante destacar que ad emás del evidente crecimiento económico registrado en los 
años del examen, la desigualdad de los ingresos y la pobreza han disminuido. Es claro que China ha 
sabido aprovechar las oportunidades de la globalización.  
4.412.   Sr. presidente, el Ecuador resalta la impo rtancia del ejercicio de transparencia y 
conocimiento de la política pública que representan los exámenes de política comercial en la OMC.  
4.413.   En este sentido, es de interés de nuestro país, recalcar una de nuestras preguntas sobre las 
"Medidas relativas a la Administración de la Certificación de Productos Orgánicos", que persigue 
tener un conocimiento más amplio sobre las certificaciones necesarias para dichos productos. Para 
una economía dolarizada como el Ecuador, incrementar nuestras exportaciones es una ta rea 
permanente.  
4.414.   Para concluir, anticipamos nuestro agradecimiento a la Delegación de China por sus 
respuestas a las preguntas que hemos planteado sobre algunos aspectos concretos de su política 
comercial, que proveerán de insumos importantes para el fortal ecimiento de las relaciones entre 
nuestros países.  
4.415.   Finalizo deseando a toda la delegación de china un exitoso Examen de Política Comercial.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  TURKEY  
4.416.   China's accession to the WTO has been a remarkable shift both for China and world economy. 
Its share in world  trade reached around 13 %, which was only 4% before its accession to the WTO. 
Despite the country's recent slowed growth, a with a GDP growth around 7%, China continues to be 
the main source of global economic growth with a 30% share. It is sure that the multilateral rules -
based trading system has enormous benefits to China's economy. Booming exports has led millions 
of people out of poverty and has positioned China as one of the pioneer countries in global trade. 
On the other hand, the benefits of China's  accession to the WTO for the global economy are also 
undeniable.  
4.417.   After a long period of high growth magnified by exports, Chinese economy is undergoing 
significant structural changes and it adjusting to the "new normal". Through devising the 13th Five 
Year Plan, China is now shifting from an export led growth to an economy which is more concentrated 
on innovation, consumption and services. We consider that this "new normal" perspective may create 
more efficient and resilient growth, help to escape middle -income trap and mitigate the challenges 
of Chinese economy.  
4.418.   During the review period, we see that China implemented several reforms pursuing to 
strengthen the trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. In addition to its efforts in 
multilateral fora, we also note that China has progressively expanded its free trade network through 
FTAs. Establishment of free trade zones also contributed to this positive trend. China also took 
measures to simplify its customs procedures, including the effective im plementation of the single 
window system. We also commend the efforts of China to smoothly implement the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement and to realize all its Category B commitments until 2020.  
4.419.   As identified in Secretariat report, in recent years, excess ca pacity in some sectors have 
continued to increase in China, while recognizing Chinese efforts to curb their effects. It is no doubt 
that overcapacity hurts global production and hampers the medium -term growth and financial 
stability in China as suggested i n Secretariat Report.  
4.420.   Secondly, we know that through the 13th Five -Year Plan, China already declared its 
willingness to follow structural economic reform program that aims to enhance the power of private 
sector in the economy and to reform State Owned Ent erprises. Agreeing that China's Guidelines on 
Deepening SOE Reforms may provide a comprehensive blue print, we also underscore the 
importance of the implementation of the efficient reform policies swiftly to deal with the challenges 
posed by the SOEs.  
4.421.   On intellectual property rights, we recognize the efforts of China to enhance the capacity to 
protect IPRs and to ensure the legal framework for this, such as amendments trademark and patent 
law and setting up new intellectual property courts. However, these e fforts beg further actions to 
enforce rules and laws in this field.   
4.422.   China is both one of the biggest importers and producers of agriculture products in the world, 
where the share of agriculture in total employment remains high at 27% as of 2017.  
4.423.   Due to high population and rapid increase in urbanization, market price supports and public 
stockpiling are commonly used policies by China for assuring food security, regulating and stabilizing 
the markets. In this respect, we should recognize that the managemen t of its stocks in certain 
products such as wheat, rice, maize and cotton is of extreme importance with respect to the stability 
in world markets. We believe that more predictability is needed in this issue.  
4.424.   Turkey's bilateral trade with China has almost t ripled in the last ten -year period. In 2017, 
bilateral trade volume exceeded US$26 billion US dollars and China is now Turkey's second trade 
partner. However, the bilateral trade is growing in a very unbalanced way. This uneven trade pattern 
is not sustain able in the long run for both Turkey and China, which we believe has to move towards 
a balance.  
4.425.   To overcome this and sustain long -reaching bilateral trade relations, we believe that we have 
to develop new instruments. In this regard, we also expect China to pursue and adopt policies WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  towards mutual benefit and balanced trade. In this vein, we appreciate China's decision to organize 
the first China International Import Expo this year, where also Turkey will take its place.  
4.426.   For "One Belt One Road" Initiative,  Turkey and China are exploring cooperation areas and 
trying to identify projects to their mutual benefit. As a founding member of the Asian Infrastructure 
Investment Bank (AIIB), Turkey is willing to cooperate with China in infrastructure projects.  
4.427.   We see  China as a key player in the WTO whose active role in further advancing the 
multilateral trading system is critical. In this regard, we will continue work together with China 
towards an open and rules based multilateral system.  
4.428.   We wish China a successful completion of its Seventh Review.  
THAILAND  
4.429.   In starting off, Thailand would like to associate ourselves with ASEAN's statement delivered 
by Lao People's democratic Republic.  
4.430.   Thailand and China have maintained the close and strong bilateral relations, underpinned by 
strong trade and investment flows. China has been Thailand's number one trading partner since 
2013 and bilateral trade constantly expanded during the past four years. In 2017, total trade 
between the two countries stood at US$74 billion, inc reasing by 13% from 2016. With respect to 
investment, China's FDI was granted the fourth highest investment incentives in Thailand last year.  
4.431.   As a country coordinator for the relations between China and ASEAN, Thailand subscribes to 
the information present ed earlier by Lao PDR. We are also pleased to highlight that the successful 
upgrade of ASEAN -China FTA signed in 2015 has further liberalized our trade in goods, services and 
investment as well as strengthen economic cooperation between ASEAN and China. In  2017, China 
continued to be ASEAN's largest trading partner, with total bilateral trade at US$437 billion, and FDI 
flows from China to ASEAN amounted to US$11 billion, positioning China as ASEAN's fourth largest 
source of FDI. In this regard, Thailand app reciates China's constructive role, which brings about 
mutual benefits to both sides.  
4.432.   Thailand commends the Chinese Government's initiative to adjust to the "new normal" in 
economic development, while making progress and maintaining stability. We note from  the 
Secretariat report that despite challenges associated with the new normal, real GDP growth is 
expected to be around 6.8% in 2017.  
4.433.   Thailand welcomes reforms carried out under China's "13th Five -Year Plan", such as the 
promotion of private sector parti cipation in the economy, the reform of state -owned enterprises, the 
promotion of competition, and the financial sector reform. We also welcome the "Belt and Road" 
initiative, which will notably promote greater economic integration as well as transportation  and 
infrastructural cooperation between countries in the region, including Southeast Asia. We believe 
that these reforms and initiatives will bring tremendous benefits to all trading partners of China.  
4.434.   Thailand very much values the proactive role of China  in the WTO. China not only was among 
the first few Members to complete national ratification of the TFA, but also actively promoted more 
members to ratify the agreement when hosting the G20 Hangzhou Summit. China substantially 
contributed to the conclusio n of ITA Expansion negotiations and responded positively to the WTO 
Aid for Trade initiative. In addition, China continues to grant unilateral trade preferences to LDCs.  
4.435.   Since the last review in 2016, China has submitted to the WTO a number of notification s; 
nonetheless, some notifications including those on state -trading enterprises, domestic support, and 
subsidies provided by the central government remain pending. Given China's major role in the global 
trade, it is important that China adheres to its WTO obligations. In this regard, we urge China to 
submit its outstanding notifications to the WTO to enhance transparency and predictability. 
Moreover, we encourage China to ensure that its tariff reduction commitments under the ITA 
Expansion are fully fulfill ed.  
4.436.   In this review, Thailand submitted a set of questions, covering the policies and measures of 
our interests such as duties on multi -component semiconductors, capacity reduction in some WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  manufacturing sectors, SPS measures, VAT exemption for agricultural  goods produced and sold 
directly by farmers and subsidies notification. Thailand thanks China in advance for written 
responses.  
4.437.   Let me conclude by expressing our appreciation to the Chinese delegation for the cooperation 
in every level, and we wish China a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
GUATEMALA  
4.438.   Durante el período estudiado, observamos que la economía de China es uno de los modelos 
de crecimiento económico mundial, reconocemos como medidas positivas el crecimiento del PIB en 
los últimos años en un 6,8 %, lo cual se debe los esfuerzos constantes de su Gobierno por mantener 
una estabilidad económica continua. La inclusión de su Plan Quinquenal (2016 -2020), cuyo objetivo 
principal es continuar de manera sostenible el crecimiento a través de elementos d e calidad y la 
inclusión de alianzas público -privadas que permitan la promoción de nuevos sectores productivos y 
la generación de inversión del capital privado en los proyectos nacionales, que fortalecen el reducir 
el endeudamiento de los gobiernos locales . El Gobierno de China ha implementado durante el periodo 
de examen nuevas reformas fiscales, así como estrategias que incentivan la competencia y la 
búsqueda de nuevos mercados  
4.439.   Cabe resaltar que el éxito de las exportaciones de China se debe a que la mayo ría de ellas 
se refieren a productos manufacturados siendo sus principales destinos los mercados de Estados 
Unidos, Unión Europea, Hong Kong, entre otros. En materia de inversión extranjera China es uno de 
los principales receptores a nivel mundial, pero e sto se debe a que este es un hecho reciproco pues 
China invierte de manera considerable en otros países, sobre todo en ámbitos referentes al servicios 
manufactureros, inmobiliarios y bancarios.  
4.440.   Uno de los puntos a destacar dentro del informe del presente examen son los esfuerzos 
realizados por el Gobierno de China con respecto a reformar y armonizar sus procedimientos 
aduaneros, el establecimiento de ventanillas únicas reduce el tiempo y hace eficiente los 
procedimientos de aduanas. Como Parte del Acuerdo de Facilitación de Comercio desde el año 2015, 
realiza sus mejores esfuerzos para que en año 2020 pueda tener la aplicación efectiva de todos sus 
compromisos de la categoría B.  
4.441.   Con el fin de promover sus exportaciones a nuevos mercados el gobierno de Chin a organiza 
exposiciones y actividades de formación que permiten a las empresas nacionales expandir sus 
actividades comerciales.  Una de las principales iniciativas es la adopción del plan "China Manufactory 
2015" cuyo objetivo primordial es promover las ac tividades del sector manufacturero en igualdad 
de condiciones para todas las empresas establecidas en China. Algunas de las estrategias de este 
plan es impulsar el desarrollo de nuevos sectores de manufactura experimental tal es el caso del 
uso de energías  alternativas, robótica entre otros.   
4.442.   Otro tema a destacar durante el este periodo de examen es la promoción de la competencia 
a través de la enmienda de la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal, la cual entro en vigencia 
en enero del presente año.  
4.443.   En el año 2013 con el anunció de la iniciativa del Cinturón Económico de la Ruta de la Seda 
del Siglo XXI, China abre la expectativa de la conectividad del comercio a más de 65 países a través 
de la construcción de una red de puertos, carreteras, vías férr eas, aeropuertos, centrales eléctricas, 
tecnología de la información y telecomunicaciones, promoviendo nuevas plataformas de comercio y 
cooperación internacional.  
4.444.   En material de propiedad intelectual, cabe destacar que el año 2016 el Consejo de Estado 
aprobó la aplicación de su Estrategia Nacional de Propiedad Intelectual, asimismo durante el periodo 
de examen el Gobierno de China realizó reformas legales con respecto a la su ley de patentes de 
invención, estableciendo mecanismos que procuren la calidad de  las patentes a través de 
mecanismos que optimicen el examen de las solicitudes de patentes. En materia de observancia 
reforzó las medidas judiciales, civiles y penales para la protección de derechos de propiedad 
intelectual. También se realizaron modifica ciones a la ley de marcas, en la cual se establecieron 
medidas que facilitan los procedimientos registrales para las solicitudes de marcas de productos y 
servicios. Durante los últimos años se ha dado mayor promoción al Arreglo de Madrid como elemento WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  de promoción de marcas a nivel internacional. En materia de derecho de autor se resalta la 
ratificación del Tratado de Marrakech para personas con discapacidad visual, así como medias que 
buscan la protección del derecho de autor en el ámbito digital. Es impor tante reconocer la labor de 
las sociedades de gestión colectiva y parte del interés de esta Delegación es conocer sus estrategias 
de buenas prácticas que han permitido en los últimos años una recaudación eficiente en beneficio 
de sus representados.   
4.445.   Para concluir, queremos agradecer las respuestas remitidas a las preguntas que planteamos, 
las cuales remitiremos a nuestra capital para su análisis y comentarios, asimismo deseamos a la 
delegación de China que hoy los representa, una conclusión exitosa de este  ejercicio.  
MALAYSIA  
4.446.   Malaysia associates herself to the ASEAN Statement delivered by Lao PDR.  
4.447.   As the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's largest economy by 
purchasing power parity, China continues to exert great influence on the w orld's economy. We note 
that from the Secretariat Report that since the last review in 2016, China had continued to be a 
major driver of global economic growth, while at the same time experiencing a moderate real GDP 
growth as the economy adjusts to the "n ew normal".  
4.448.   We commend China for its steadfast commitments towards the multilateral trading system, 
as outlined in the recent China's White Paper on the WTO. We encourage China to continue to play 
its role as a responsible stakeholder in the multilateral trading system by resisting protectionism and 
to undertake necessary reforms to widen access to Chinese markets.  
4.449.   At the multilateral front we also congratulate China for its swift adoption of many progressive 
trade and investment policies under the WTO suc h as the Protocol Amending the Agreement on 
Trade -Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement), the Information 
Technology Agreement (ITA) and the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). We are also delighted to 
see China's effort in shapi ng the WTO discourse by actively participating in the various new and 
emerging issues such as the investment facilitation and e -commerce.  
4.450.   In 2017, China continued to be Malaysia's largest trading partner for 9 consecutive years 
since 2009. Malaysia's tota l trade with China increased by 20.6% from US$241.0 billion in 2016 to 
US$290.7 billion in 2017, with exports to China grew by 28.0% to reach US$126.2 billion. Trade 
continued to grow strongly in the first quarter of 2018, with total trade increased by 15. 6% to 
USD$24.4 billion, and exports to China grew by 18.4% to US$14.2 billion.  
4.451.   In investments, China was Malaysia's largest investors in terms of approved investments for 
two consecutive years (2016 -2017).  
4.452.   In recent years, bilateral trade and investment between Malaysia and China grew 
enormously under the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) launched in 2013. Malaysia 
continues to welcome collaboration with China, particularly in high value investments, which we 
hope will move our Malaysian comp anies up the global and regional value chains.  
4.453.   Malaysia -China relationship also grew significantly in the recent years through China's trade 
with ASEAN. China is ASEAN's largest trading partner since 2009, and ASEAN as the 3rd largest 
trading partner of Ch ina since 2011. ASEAN benefited remarkably from the many assistance provided 
by China with the aim of narrowing the development gap, enhancing development capacity and 
promoting ASEAN community building, in line with the implementation of the ASEAN -China F ree 
Trade Agreement (ACFTA) since 2010.  
4.454.   Relationship is also strengthening through Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 
(RCEP) which is being negotiated. Both countries view the fora as important platforms in building a 
regional value chain through  economic and technical cooperation.  
4.455.   While we note trade, initiatives undertaken by China during the period of review, we do seek 
some clarity on some of the measures and polices at hand including those of investment related 
policies as well as the cross -border ecommerce policy framework that is being formulated. WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  Additionally, we are also interested on further deliberation on the reforms in the agricultural sector, 
particularly on the reduction of domestic support for this sector, as well as the agricultura l strategy 
in China.  
4.456.   China is a key Member, both in the regular work of the WTO and in the DDA negotiations. 
We therefore look forward to a stronger leadership by China and other major Members in moving 
forward the Nairobi mandates and bring conclusion to  the remaining DDA issues. In this role, we 
appreciate the role played by Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen and his team here in Geneva.  
4.457.   We take this opportunity to thank the Chinese delegation for responding to our questions 
and these are being examined at the Capital. In addition, we will also be submitting additional 
questions and we look forward to receiving the feedback.  
4.458.   We wish China a productive and successful Seventh Trade Policy Review.  
THE PHILIPPINES  
4.459.   At the outset, the Philippines associates itself wit h the ASEAN statement delivered by 
Lao PDR, and highlights China's importance to ASEAN as its largest trading partner and 4th largest 
source of foreign direct investments.  
4.460.   China is still the world's economic juggernaut, accounting for roughly 30% of global  
economic expansion in 2016 to early 2018. Like many other rapidly growing countries in today's 
global economic climate, China continues its calibrated adjustment to the "new normal," as its real 
GDP growth rate moderated to a respectable 6.8% in 2017.  
4.461.   The Philippines notes China's 13th Five -Year Plan for 2016 -2020, which focuses on quality 
and sustainability of economic growth, while seeking to further open the domestic market and 
address barriers to trade. We recognize China's efforts to continue the pro cess of structural economic 
reform, which includes the promotion of private sector participation in the economy, as well as the 
reform of state -owned -enterprises, while keeping the majority of public ownership.  
4.462.   China figures prominently in the economic an d trade landscape of the Philippines. China is 
the Philippines' top trading partner, with total trade amounting to US$23.82 billion in 2017. It is our 
4th largest export market and our top source of imports.  
4.463.   Our trade relations are rich and dynamic. Phili ppines' exports to China grew by 9.73% from 
US$6.37 billion in 2016 to US$6.99 billion in 2017, while imports from China also expanded by 
8.14% from US$15.56 billion in 2016 to US$16.83 billion in 2017.   
4.464.   Our major exports to China include storage units, d igital monolithic integrated circuits, nickel 
ores, and semiconductor devices, while our major imports include petroleum oils, electronic and 
machine parts, material inputs, and accessories, and hot -rolled bars and rods.  
4.465.   The Philippines continues to value  its partnership with China, and is keen to pursue deeper 
bilateral engagements, particularly in the areas of trade, investments, and economic cooperation. 
We intend to sustain the positive momentum of our bilateral trade relations and look forward to the 
convening of the 29th Meeting of the Philippines -China Joint Commission on Economic and Trade 
Cooperation or JCETC this year.  
4.466.   Through the JCETC, the Philippines hopes to maintain close coordination with China for the 
implementation of the strategies under  the Philippines –China Six -Year Development Program (SYDP) 
for Trade and Economic Development for 2017 -2022. The Philippines is keen to make progress in 
the following areas covered under the program: Agriculture and Fisheries, Infrastructure and Public 
Works, Energy, ICT, Industrial Parks Development, MSMEs, Standards, Technical Regulations and 
Accreditation, Customs and Trade Facilitation, Processing and Manufacturing, Tourism, Engineering 
Services, Forestry, Financial Cooperation, and Trade and Investment  Promotion.  
4.467.   On agricultural trade, we reiterate our strong interest towards the expeditious accreditation 
of our priority agriculture products, recognizing that this will substantially improve the level and 
scope of agriculture trade between the Philippin es and China. We welcome several capacity -building WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  initiatives in the field of agriculture and fisheries, with the goal of promoting inclusive agricultural 
trade.  
4.468.   The Philippines appreciates China's recognition of the important role of MSMEs in achieving 
inclusive growth and sustainable development. China's Belt and Road Initiative can create greater 
trade opportunities for MSMEs of developing countries and LDCs, and could potentially translate into 
broad -based growth. In this regard, we would appreciate m ore information on China's Plan on 
Promoting the Development of Small and Medium -sized Enterprises for 2016 -2020 issued by the 
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. We are also interested to learn more about China's 
incentives and support progra mmes to attract in -vestment in selected industries, accelerate the 
upgrading of traditional industries, and foster infant industries. The Philippines has also submitted a 
few other written questions based on China's government and secretariat reports, and we kindly 
thank China in advance for their written responses.  
4.469.   It certainly goes without saying that China is a key player in the WTO and a bona fide global 
trading powerhouse. Since acceding to the WTO in 2001, China has made a game -changing impact 
on glob al trade and on the rules -based multilateral trading system in ways that cannot be adequately 
captured in a seven -minute statement. What China does with the economic and political weight it 
now carries in the multilateral trading system, whether as a respo nsible international actor, or as 
global hegemon, is something that all WTO Members, large and small, have a profound interest in. 
We look towards China's vision for the system, and based on its White Paper issued on 28 June, it 
seems that China has checke d all the right boxes. We thus look forward to China's implementation 
of this vision through its future policies and actions in the WTO.  
4.470.   In closing, the Philippines looks forward to further enhancing the mutually beneficial 
economic relations between our two countries through bilateral, regional, and multilateral fora.  
PERÚ  
4.471.   Sin duda este Examen se realiza en un momento muy particular en la historia del comercio 
internacional. El Perú comparte la preocupación de muchos países por los riesgos que acechan al 
comercio mundial y al sistema multilateral. Es por ello que la delegación peruana reconoce la 
importancia de las declaraciones de China durante este Examen. En este sentido, vemos con 
satisfacción que nuestro principal socio comercial, con quien mantenemos  relaciones de amistad 
desde hace más de cien años, aprovecha este Examen para renovar su compromiso con la apertura 
de la economía mundial, con un comercio más equilibrado, y con el aumento de la cooperación y el 
diálogo, de manera que podamos todas las n aciones del mundo compartir los beneficios del comercio 
y la inversión, como promotores del crecimiento y el desarrollo.  
4.472.   Quiero referirme ahora a la relación comercial con el Miembro bajo examen. Empiezo 
señalando que China es el principal socio comercial  del Perú. Esto quiere decir que aproximadamente 
25% de las exportaciones peruanas se dirigen a los puertos chinos, llevando principalmente 
minerales, productos pesqueros y agrícolas, algunos de éstos de exportación no tradicional, como 
las paltas, las uva s y los arándanos. Recíprocamente, China exporta al Perú bienes por un valor 
cercano a 9 000 millones de dólares EE.UU., principalmente en el ámbito de las manufacturas. 
Destacamos el continuo crecimiento del comercio bilateral a lo largo del último deceni o, superando 
el año 2017 la cifra de veinte mil millones de dólares EE.UU. Esta promisoria dinámica va 
acompañada de estrechos lazos políticos y culturales, fruto de las históricas relaciones bilaterales 
que se remontan al siglo XIX, de la cooperación entr e ambos Gobiernos y de los intereses 
económicos que compartimos. Como una muestra de la importancia de la relación económica, el 
Perú y China disponen de un Tratado de Libre Comercio en vigor desde marzo de 2010, que ha 
permitido la creación de un marco id óneo para el desarrollo y crecimiento del comercio bilateral. 
Para el Perú, este TLC establece reglas de juego claras, con un marco transparente y previsible, que 
permite mantener y fomentar un intercambio bilateral ordenado, y atiende los intereses nacion ales 
de ambas partes. Asimismo, brinda una señal positiva a los inversionistas, ayudando a elevar su 
interés en nuevas iniciativas en nuestros mercados. En este aspecto, quisiera resaltar que las 
inversiones procedentes de China en el Perú son considerable s, y se extienden a diversos sectores 
de nuestra economía, como la minería, los servicios financieros y la construcción.  
4.473.   El Perú toma nota con interés de diversos puntos contenidos en los informes que forman 
parte del presente examen. El Perú percibe de ma nera muy positiva el enfoque de crecimiento que WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  ha adoptado el Gobierno chino basado en la calidad y sostenibilidad del crecimiento económico, así 
como los logros conseguidos por China en la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad. De igual 
manera, el Per ú ha tomado conocimiento de los alcances de la profundización de la reforma del 
sistema monetario, financiero y cambiario en China y, en particular, la flexibilización de las políticas 
para el establecimiento del tipo de cambio del yuan, en tanto dicha ref orma es un factor importante 
para el comercio internacional. De igual manera, el Perú destaca los esfuerzos llevados a cabo por 
el Gobierno chino para volver más eficientes sus procedimientos aduaneros y, en este sentido, 
hemos dirigido una pregunta a la d elegación china que indaga sobre eventuales mecanismos para 
el intercambio de información entre aduanas.  
4.474.   No obstante, y en un espíritu constructivo y también transparente, siguen siendo materia de 
preocupación los programas de ayuda que brinda el Gobierno  chino a algunas industrias, en tanto 
los mismos probablemente afectan el costo de producción y, por ende, el precio de exportación de 
las mercancías provenientes de China. En este sentido, hemos planteado una pregunta respecto a 
la evaluación del impacto de estos programas.  
4.475.   Pasando al sistema multilateral, valoramos debidamente que este Examen haya servido de 
marco para que China renueve su compromiso con la estabilidad y la solidez del sistema, dado que 
su mantenimiento y fortalecimiento sólo estará garan tizado mediante el compromiso de todos los 
Miembros con el cumplimiento de las obligaciones que hemos acordado. También nos felicitamos del 
activo rol y de los esfuerzos de China por mostrarse dispuesta al diálogo y a la participación en las 
negociaciones de diversos aspectos de la agenda de esta Organización.  
4.476.   Habiendo señalado estos importantes puntos, solo me resta agradecer (de antemano) a la 
delegación china por sus respuestas, que serán analizadas con detenimiento en Ginebra y en capital, 
y desear a C hina un exitoso Examen de sus Políticas Comerciales.  
KINGDOM  OF SAUDI  ARABIA  
4.477.   The Trade Policy Review reports prepared by China and the Secretariat reveal that the 
Chinese economy remains strong, stable and diversified. GDP growth has averaged around 7% 
annually during the review period. With a population of 1.3 billion, China becam e the second largest 
economy and is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy.  
4.478.   By setting out wise structural economic reforms based on the guiding principles spelled out 
by the 13th Five -Year Plan (2016 -2020), China's e conomy has shifted to highly productive and 
competitive one based on greater innovative capacity, technology and skilled labor. These reforms 
were undertaken in different sectors such as, increasing the private sector participation in the 
economy, State -Owned Enterprises, competition, fiscal, financial sector, Foreign Investment 
System, small and medium -sized enterprises, customs procedures, and protection of intellectual 
property rights.  
4.479.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia welcomes China's great efforts towards op ening -up to the 
outside world through the removal of restrictions to facilitate foreign direct investment and initiatives 
such as the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone and its expansion to 11 pilot free trade zones 
during the review period. According to the 2017 UNCTAD World Investment Report, China became 
the second -largest recipients of FDI inflows (136 billion USD) in the world in 2017 up from the 6th 
in 2007.  
4.480.   We also appreciate China's firm commitment to the rules -based multilateral trading system,  
as well as to help developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) addressing their 
concerns and difficulties.  
4.481.   China and Saudi Arabia enjoy a friendly and substantive relationship, underpinned by 
commercial ties and supported by shared membersh ip in the G20. China is one of Saudi Arabia's top 
trading partners, with trade exchange standing at US$46 billion. Saudi Arabia primarily exports 
crude petroleum, Gas and petrochemicals to China. China exports to Saudi Arabia electronics, 
machinery applian ces and parts, textiles, furniture and premade buildings and iron and steel.  
4.482.   Saudi Arabia and China share a keen interest to boost cooperation in the area of energy, 
water desalination, transportation, telecommunications, Investments, education and techno logies.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.483.   The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia believes that the multilateral trading system is a key element 
for global development. China has proved its commitment to support the multilateral trading system 
and has a long -standing tradition of constructive partici pation in the WTO, and an active role in the 
promotion of free and open trade.  
4.484.   I wish the Chinese delegation a very successful Trade Policy Review.  
RÉPUBLIQUE  CENTRAFRICAINE  AU NOM  DU GROUPE  DES  PMA 
4.485.   Le Groupe des PMA à l'OMC exprime sa reconnaissance et fé licite l'Ambassadeur, 
Représentant permanent de la Chine auprès de l''OMC, S.E. M. Zhang Xiangchen  et toute son équipe 
pour son rôle extrêmement important dans nos discussions à l'OMC, qui contribue efficacement au 
renforcement du système commercial multilatéral. Un système qui subit des attaques répétées quant 
à son affaiblissement systémique. Nous ap précions hautement le soutien de la Chine aux PMA.  
4.486.   Depuis son accession à l'OMC, la Chine a démontré avec pertinence que le système 
commercial multilatéral est le socle du commerce international et un des piliers importants du 
développement. Le Groupe des PMA est d'avis avec la perception de la Chine en ce qui concerne la 
consolidation d'un système commercial multilatéral à la fois ouvert, transparent, inclusif, et non 
discriminatoire. Ce qui est un gage de participation et d'intégration des PMA au commerce  
international.  
4.487.   Nous nous félicitons que la Chine pratique la conception de libre -échange, ouvre son marché, 
réalise une coopération gagnant -gagnant et démontre sa responsabilité en tant que grand pays dans 
l'ouverture vers l'extérieur. Le groupe des PMA s alue les efforts et les actions de la Chine en faveur 
des PMA dans différents domaines.  
4.488.   Le Groupe des PMA se félicite également de la vision à laquelle souscrit la Chine en ce qui 
concerne le respect des règles commerciales multilatérales et son engagement  à satisfaire aux 
prescriptions en matière de notification et de ses obligations à l'OMC.  
4.489.   Le niveau d'exportation des produits des PMA vers la Chine reste important et a été rendu 
possible grâce au système de préférences pour les PMA. Les PMA bénéficient d 'un accès au marché 
en franchise de droit et sans contingent pour la Chine aussi bien pour les produits agricoles et non 
agricoles.  
4.490.   Les perspectives économiques et commerciales entre les PMA et la Chine son très 
encourageantes, notamment dans l'agriculture , la pêche, l'exploitation des ressources minérales, les 
infrastructures, l'éducation, la santé et le secteur du tourisme. Les PMA possèdent des potentiels 
largement inexploités et qui nécessitent un appui conséquent afin de leur permettre de mettre en 
œuvre leurs politiques de diversification et de transformation structurelle de leur économie en vue 
de contribuer à renforcer leur capacité productive et créer une dynamique importante pour le 
commerce.  
4.491.   Les PMA sont engagés dans une dynamique de renforcement de leur économie et de leur 
intégration au système commercial mondial, à travers de nombreux plans d'action et initiatives 
prises dans plusieurs secteurs d'activité, considérés comme clés en vue de renforcer les capacités 
de production, promouvoir la compé titivité de l'économie et réduire la pauvreté.  
4.492.   Les PMA comptent sur le soutien réaffirmé de la Chine en vue de rendre opérationnel et 
renforcer leurs politiques dans le domaine de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'élevage, des 
infrastructures, de transport,  de transfert des technologies, du tourisme et de renforcement des 
capacités humaines et institutionnelles. Les PMA considèrent la Chine comme étant un partenaire 
important, un acteur majeur et une source motrice de la croissance mondiale avec lequel ils 
souhaitent développer davantage leurs échanges commerciaux.  
4.493.   Nous encourageons la Chine à poursuivre cette détermination de promouvoir une 
gouvernance économique mondiale marquée par l'égalité, l'impartialité, la coopération et l'esprit 
gagnant -gagnant et d' accompagner les PMA, notamment dans la transformation structurelle de leurs 
économies.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.494.   Au nom du Groupe des PMA, la République Centrafricaine souhaite à la République Populaire 
de Chine un plein succès dans la conduite de ses réformes et initiatives, ainsi  qu'un plein succès de 
son 7ème Examen des politiques commerciales.  
BURUNDI  
4.495.   La présentation faite à ce jour montre bel et bien que la Chine s'engage pleinement à 
promouvoir son économie pour affirmer son intégration dans le système commercial multilatéral.  
4.496.   Ainsi, le Burundi se réjouit que la Chine célèbre son 40ème anniversaire de l'adoption de sa 
politique de réformes et d'ouverture dans le monde, en corrélation avec tous les efforts fournis, afin 
d'arriver à une nouvelle étape historique de son développem ent profitable à tous.  
4.497.   En plus, la consommation en chine a contribué pour près des deux tiers à l'expansion 
économique. Les raisons qui expliquent cette croissance fondée sur la consommation tiennent 
notamment à la forte création d'emplois, à la hausse de s revenus et à l'amélioration de la couverture 
de la sécurité sociale.  
4.498.   Nous saluons ainsi tous les efforts considérables qui ont été menés par la Chine pour 
résoudre les problèmes de régression qu'a connu le pays pendant ces trois dernières années en 
mettant l'accent sur la qualité et la viabilité de la croissance plutôt que sur son volume, afin de 
favoriser un développement harmonieux, écologique, ouvert, inclusif et fondé sur l'innovation afin 
de réduire la pauvreté.  
4.499.   Ma délégation salue la Chine pour sa politique d'arriver aux objectifs de développement 
durable en ne laissant personne derrière. Cela se traduit par la prise des mesures en vue de la 
réduction et la lutte contre la pauvreté pour qu'en 2020 tous les habitants des zones rurales, qui 
vivent act uellement en dessous du seuil de pauvreté, ne soient plus dans cette situation.  
4.500.   Ma délégation se félicite également de la stratégie utilisée par la Chine pour réformer les 
mécanismes de formation des prix des principaux produits agricoles pour accroître le  rôle du marché 
et réorganiser, sur la base de programmes pilotes, le régime agraire. Cela a pour résultat d'alléger 
le contrôle des droits d'utilisation des terres, tout en maintenant le principe de la propriété foncière 
collective. C'est une mesure qui m érite d'être saluée car l'agriculture est le moyen de subsistance le 
plus prioritaire pour les pays en développement et les PMA.  
4.501.   En outre, il est bon d'apprécier à juste valeur la volonté du Gouvernement chinois de toujours 
accélérer la modernisation de l'agriculture et des zones rurales et d'actionner de nouveaux leviers 
de croissance pour le développement rural partagé, afin de to ujours lutter contre la pauvreté et 
améliorer les conditions de vue de la population.  
4.502.   Comme la Chine l'a souligné, la participation active aux négociations sur les questions 
restantes du Cycle de Doha garantira l'intégration équitable et effective de tous  les Membres de 
l'OMC au système commercial multilatéral sans oublier le développement qui doit être l'élément clé 
des travaux de l'OMC.  
4.503.   Dans le même sens, le Burundi soutient que les pays Membres de l'OMC devraient conjuguer 
leurs efforts pour relever le s défis de l'économie mondiale, offrir de nouvelles possibilités pour le 
développement, lui donner un nouvel élan en élargissant les horizons, parvenir à une 
complémentarité et à des avantages mutuels, et progresser sans relâche vers une communauté 
partage ant une même vision de l'avenir de l'humanité.  
4.504.   Ma délégation reste convaincue que cela ne pourra être possible que si tous les Membres de 
l'OMC restent attachés aux principes de base de l'OMC, stabilisateur fondamental de la gouvernance 
économique mondial e.  
4.505.   Ma délégation encourage la Chine à mettre en œuvre les mesures suggérées par le 
secrétariat de l'OMC notamment pour réduire le subventionnement des entreprises, poursuivre le 
désendettement du secteur privé.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.506.   En terminant, ma délégation voudrait présen ter ses compliments au Gouvernement chinois 
et lui témoigner de la parfaite appréciation des liens d'amitié et de coopération déjà existants entre 
nos deux pays.  
4.507.   Le Gouvernement burundais saisit cette occasion pour remercier la Chine de tous les projets 
initiés pour le Burundi dans divers domaines et lui souhaite plein succès à son 7ème examen des 
Politiques Commerciales.  
OMAN  
4.508.   Oman has long historical and friendly relations with China. Our bilateral trade has grown 
significantly over the past years making C hina one of the biggest trading partners of Oman. Our 
main exports to China include petrochemicals and other energy related products. We plan to diversify 
our exports base in the near future. Oman and China have recently established a strategic 
partnership , which we expect to further expand and strengthen our already strong economic and 
trade relations in the coming years.  
4.509.   We would like to congratulate China on the impressive performance of its economy. Despite 
numerous challenges, GDP growth stood at just  under 7% during the period under review. This is a 
high growth rate by any standard and is in fact among the highest in the world. China has a current 
account surplus of US$202.2 billion, which is equivalent to approximately 1.3% of total GDP. 
Remarkably,  in 2015 China's services sector has for the first time exceeded 50% of its total GDP.  
4.510.   China's exports continue to be dominated by manufactures which account for 93.7% of total 
merchandise exports. During the period under review, merchandise exports stood at around 
US$2,000 billion and in terms of its performance in services exports stood at approximately US$200 
billion. China is thus a major player in world trade.  
4.511.   China, which is an Article 12 Member, has bound 100% of its tariff lines. Its simple average 
applied MFN rate is 9.3%, which notably represents a small decrease from previous years. We are 
pleased to note that China has taken steps early this year to strea mline and review its domestic 
standards framework.  
4.512.   Oman welcomes and supports the Chinese -proposed plans to revive the Silk Road through 
the "One Belt One Road Initiative". The famous port city of Sohar in Oman was once known in the 
region as the "Gateway  to China". We hope to be able to revive its historic role through this very 
important global initiative. Oman is willing to actively participate in projects under this framework 
and will continue to support and participate in the Belt and Road Forum for I nternational Cooperation.   
4.513.   China is a very active Member of the WTO. It is a strong supporter of the multilateral trading 
system and an active participant in negotiations. We hope China will continue its active engagement 
as an Article 12 Member in fulfil ling the WTO's objective of liberalization and expansion of world 
trade.  
4.514.   Finally, we wish China a very successful 7th trade policy review.  
NEPAL  
4.515.   It is noteworthy that the economic fundamentals of China are on track. The Chinese 
economy, the major driver o f global economic growth, is expanding at over 6% in real GDP with 
strong services sector especially the e -commerce sales and tourism services. Accordingly, the future 
growth could also be boosted by the Belt and Road Initiative which aims to foster multin ational 
cooperation in trade, investment and finance for the infrastructure development and connectivity at 
the regional and global level.  
4.516.   It is appreciable that due to visionary and dynamic leadership, hardworking people, good 
governance, among others, C hina continues to rise, and level of poverty and inequality continue to 
decline.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.517.   Applying new vision, establishing new mechanisms, including trade facilitation, innovative 
business modes, conducive investment environment, further opening -up manufacturing and 
financial sector are dynamic initiatives of Government of China.  
4.518.   As a faithful supporter of the rule based multilateral trading system, China could play a vital 
role in strengthening the WTO and help bring the DDA to a logical conclusion for the benefi t of poor 
and marginalized countries of this august House.  
4.519.   We appreciate China's effort in granting preferential rules of origin and preferential tariff 
treatment to the products entering to the Chinese markets from the LDCs. Similarly, China's 
trade -related South -South cooperation in the context of the Aid for Trade initiative is appreciable.  
4.520.   Being neighbors, Nepal and China enjoy long political, economic, religious, social and cultural 
relations. The economic relations between two countries have been stre ngthened further since the 
establishment of diplomatic relations in 1955, which is based on the Five Principles of Peaceful 
Coexistence. Nepal -China relations have always remained cordial and cooperative. These relations 
have been marked by friendliness an d based on mutual support, understanding and appreciation of 
each other's sensitivities.  
4.521.   We appreciate China's continued support to Nepal in its economic development. The bilateral 
mechanisms at different levels in the areas of trade, transit, tourism, hy dro, connectivity and 
infrastructure, human resources development, industry and investment, among others, need to be 
strengthened further to realize the expected benefits in a sustained way.  
4.522.   Since China is the second largest trading partner of Nepal after India, we appreciate China's 
effort in extending the duty -free market access for over 8,000 (8030) Nepali goods exporting to 
China. Despite significant rise in exports of Nepal to China, trade deficit of Nepal with China continues 
to widen. Therefore, we e ncourage China to simplify the duty -free market access facility extended 
to LDCs including Nepal and modify HS Code to six digits from eight digits.  
4.523.   Similarly, we request China to lower the non -tariff measures so that Nepal could reap the 
benefits from tra de opportunities.  
4.524.   Finally, my delegation believes that China could play a crucial role in strengthening and 
safeguarding the multilateral trading system in the interest of all member countries.  
4.525.   We value the relationship between the two countries and expect strengthened partnership 
for our socio -economic development. We wish China a great success for the 7th Trade Policy Review.  
MYANMAR  
4.526.   Myanmar and China are friendly neighbours, sharing a long border. Our two countries have 
established diplomatic relat ions since 1950, and the bilateral trade agreement has been signed since 
1971.  
4.527.   According to our trade data, China has stood as Myanmar's largest trading partner for over 
a decade. The bilateral trade has increased, year on year. In the 2017 -2018 Fiscal Ye ar, the trade 
turnover reached over US$11.76 billion. We expect to see the continuation of this positive trend.  
4.528.   In terms of the Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar, China takes the first place, with over 
US$19.96 billion investment from 237 Chinese compa nies.   
4.529.   Based on the Secretariat's report, I would like to draw your attention to progressive trade 
regime of the People's Republic of China. With continuous reforms and opening -up its policy, China 
has reached a new historic juncture in its development. T he Chinese economy continued to be a 
major driver of global economy. We learned that the Government of China focused on the quality 
and sustainability rather than the quantity of growth.    
4.530.   The merchandise trade volume of China was US$3,685.5 billion in 20 16 and there was trade 
surplus about US$509.7 billion in 2016. This trade performance is remarkable with similar structure WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  of trade in goods. We noted that China has already signed 17 regional trade agreements. As of 
December 2017, China granted 97% of tar iff lines as a duty -free treatment for LDCs.  
4.531.   In terms of investment flow, China continues to be one of the world's largest recipients of 
FDI. FDI inflows have been growing for a number of years and outward FDI has also been trending 
upwards for a number o f years.  
4.532.   We recognize China's strong commitments to build an open world economy by promoting 
coordination and cooperation among countries, deepening the friendship and common development, 
as well as by enhancing further unity and cooperation with the deve loping world.  
4.533.   In the face of difficulties in world economic development, China put forward the Belt and 
Road Initiative. The Belt and Road Initiative plays an important role in promoting in -depth 
cooperation and common development between countries and reg ions, upholding and growing an 
open world economy, making economic globalization open, inclusive, balanced, win -win and 
beneficial to all and advancing the building of community with a shared future for all.  
4.534.   China is an important partner and active support er of both regional and multilateral trading 
system. At this critical juncture of the WTO's system under many challenges, we are happy to see 
continuous and effective support of China to the WTO especially in strengthening its rules -based 
multilateral trad ing system, enforcing global trade rules, and bringing the current WTO's trade 
negotiation forward.  
4.535.   Finally, the Delegation of Myanmar is pleased to convey appreciation to His Excellency 
Mr. Wang Shouwen, and his delegation for their friendship and constr uctive engagement throughout 
this TPR process.  
4.536.   We would like to wish the Chinese Delegation every success in their seventh Trade Policy 
Review.  
BÉNIN  
4.537.   Grande économie, la Chine a contribué à la croissance économique mondiale, pour en 
moyenne plus de 30% ann uellement depuis la période post -crise financière internationale.  
4.538.   La Chine a poursuivi les réformes inscrites dans le 13ème Plan quinquennal 2016 -2020 qui 
vise à assurer la réforme économique structurelle de l'économie, notamment à travers la 
participation  du secteur privé, la promotion de la concurrence, ce qui a contribué à assurer une 
dynamique de croissance économique se situant autour de 7% du PIB annuellement.  
4.539.   Ces réformes concernent notamment le régime d'investissement, le régime fiscal, et le 
système financier.  
4.540.   Sur le plan des échanges commerciaux, la délégation du Bénin note que depuis 2014 la 
Chine continue d'enregistrer des progrès substantiels dans le cadre du commerce extérieur et des 
investissements bidirectionnels. Ainsi, les importation s et les exportations chinoises de 
marchandises sont classées au premier rang mondial pour la troisième année consécutive depuis 
2013, et le commerce général a représenté 53,4% du total des exportations et 54,9% du total des 
importations. La Chine a égalem ent diversifié ses partenaires commerciaux et le volume des 
échanges avec ses partenaires. Les entreprises privées ont continué d'enregistrer des résultats 
supérieurs à la moyenne, notamment dans le secteur des services.  
4.541.   La délégation du Bénin voudrait sou ligner l'attachement de la Chine au système commercial 
multilatéral, notamment son implication dans les travaux et son engagement en faveur de la 
conclusion du Cycle de négociations commerciales de Doha.  
4.542.   Elle salue les initiatives par la Chine pour faire a vancer les travaux de négociations à l'OMC, 
et l'implication bénéfique de l'Ambassadeur Zhang Xiangchen, et de son équipe.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.543.   Au titre de la coopération bilatérale, la délégation du Bénin voudrait saluer l'excellente 
coopération qui existe entre la Chine et l e Bénin, et qui continue de se renforcer pour la lutte contre 
la pauvreté et la promotion du développement économique et social au Bénin.  
4.544.   La délégation du Bénin apprécie à sa juste valeur le soutien que la Chine accorde au Bénin, 
à l'ensemble des pays du C -4, aux pays africains et aux PMA producteurs du coton pour la promotion 
de ce secteur d'activité économique et sociale stratégique.  
4.545.   Elle souhaite plein succès à la Chine, et un examen réussi de ses politiques commerciales.  
VIET  NAM 
4.546.   We would like to associ ate ourselves with the ASEAN joint statement delivered by Lao PDR.  
4.547.   At the outset, Viet Nam would like to commend that China's economy has again experienced 
continued strong growth during the period under review, with GDP growth rates remain at around 
7% a year, supported by strong domestic consumption, making it one of the fastest growing 
economies in the world today.  
4.548.   As the Secretariat noted, China continues to be one of the main drivers of the world economy 
and a major player in global trade. Therefore, we particularly welcome the Chinese Government's 
commitment and steps taken so far to comprehensively deepen reform,  promote innovation, expand 
private -sector participation in the economy, further advance the reform of state -owned enterprises 
and develop the services sector. Given these strong commitments, we trust and expect that China's 
economy will continue to be the  driving force of, and make contributions to, the growth of global 
economy.  
4.549.   Turning to the bilateral side, China and Viet Nam enjoy long -standing bilateral economic ties, 
underpinned by strong trade and investment linkages. China is currently Viet Nam's l argest trading 
partner, while Viet Nam stands as China's eighth largest trading partner. In 2017, the two -way trade 
reached US$93.7 billion, up 30.2% compared to 2016. Of the total, Viet Nam's export to China 
recorded US$35.5 billion, a year -on-year increa se of 61.5%. Import from China rose by 16.4% year -
on-year to US$58.2 billion. In the first four months of this year, trade between the two countries 
totaled US$29.65 billion, an increase of 16.9% from the same period last year. China is our second 
biggest export destination and biggest import source.  
4.550.   In terms of investment, up to June 2018, China has 1955 investment projects in Viet Nam 
with the registered capital of US$12.490 billion, ranking seventh out of 128 countries and territories 
investing in Viet N am.  
4.551.   These figures speak for themselves: we should continue to step up our efforts in enhancing 
the bilateral trade and cooperation to ever attain new heights, while at the same time we should 
have more effective and practical activities and measures to ad dress the recent trade issues such 
as labelling and packaging requirements for food, and registration procedures and risk assessment 
requirements for imported fruits etc., to ensure sustainability and balance of benefits for businesses 
and people of the tw o countries.  
4.552.   Viet Nam appreciates the positive role of China in support of the multilateral trading system. 
We have high expectations and attach great importance to areas where China can help consensus 
building in the WTO, such as trade facilitation, agric ulture reforms and support to small and medium 
enterprises.  
4.553.   In conclusion, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Ambassador Zhang Xiangchen 
and his dedicated team for the preparation of this review and wishes China every success in its 
economic a nd social development and the Chinese delegation a fruitful trade policy review.  
MAURITIUS  
4.554.   I wish to underline that Mauritius has longstanding and close bilateral relations with China 
and China is one of our strategic partners for the economic development of Mauritius.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.555.   Mauritius recognizes the strong commitment of China to multilateral trading system and its 
active participation in the WTO.  
4.556.   Mauritius commends the Chinese Government for the implementation of reforms aimed at 
improving the business climate an d attracting investment, namely under the 13th Five -Year Plan 
2016-2020. We encourage China to pursue the reforms with a view to further improving its ranking 
in the Global Ease of Doing Business, which has significantly improved in the last three years. T he 
ambitious Belt and Road Initiative could potentially generate tremendous gains in terms of improving 
trade connectivity for China and its trade partners.  
4.557.   With respect to its multilateral obligations, Mauritius welcomes the significant efforts of the 
Chinese Government to reform and implement the Trade Facilitation Agreement. We appreciate that 
one third of imports are now declared through the Single Windows and clearance times for exports 
are being continuously reduced. We further note that China has red uced its simple average applied 
MFN rate to 9.3% as at December 2017 and has implemented reduced applied MFN tariffs for some 
200 products, an important step towards further liberalizing trade.  
4.558.   We however note that while China maintains a strong record of notifications to the WTO, 
some still remain outstanding. We therefore encourage China to take necessary steps to conform to 
the WTO requirements in a timely manner for the sake of transparency.  
4.559.   On the bilateral front, Mauritius is currently negotiating a F ree Trade Agreement with China, 
covering trade in goods and services, intellectual property, trade remedies, economic cooperation 
and dispute settlement, amongst others. We look forward to concluding the negotiations by the end 
of the year.  
4.560.   The signature of China -Mauritius FTA would be mutually beneficial to our nations in terms of 
further expanding bilateral trade and investment exchanges, and in a larger context, by injecting 
fresh momentum to the relationship between China and Africa as well as promotin g the Belt and 
Road Initiative in Africa.  
4.561.   Finally, I would like to wish a successful trade policy review to the Chinese delegation.  
PANAMÁ  
4.562.   China indica en su informe que su desarrollo económico ha entrado en una nueva etapa, en 
la cual aspiran alcanzar un desarrollo "más abierto, inclusivo y equilibrado", y en el que los beneficios 
puedan ser compartidos por todos. Panamá aprovecha la ocasión para resaltar el compromiso de 
China con el sistema multilateral, y algunos de los importantes pasos que ha tomado C hina desde 
su último examen, que la ha llevado hacia estas aspiraciones, y ha asegurado que su economía siga 
siendo un importante impulsor del crecimiento económico global.  
4.563.   Según el informe de la Secretaría, observamos que China ha tratado de avanzar en lo s temas 
de la calidad y sostenibilidad. Además, en el marco del XIII plan quinquenal (2016 -2020), con el 
que se han propuesto continuar el proceso de reforma económica estructural, que incluye la 
promoción de la participación del sector privado en la econo mía, así como la reforma de las 
empresas, manteniendo la preponderancia de propiedad pública.  
4.564.   Todo indica que China ha realizado esfuerzos para reformar y armonizar sus procedimientos 
aduaneros y actualmente un tercio de las importaciones se declaran a tr avés de ventanillas únicas. 
Igualmente, China aceptó el Acuerdo sobre la facilitación del comercio en septiembre de 2015 y 
aguardamos nuevos avances en este sentido.  
4.565.   También, subrayamos la más reciente estrategia agrícola de China, destinada a profundizar  
la reforma estructural por el lado de la oferta en el sector agrícola, mediante la mejora de las 
estructuras, la promoción de una producción respetuosa con el medio ambiente, la ampliación de la 
cadena industrial y de valor del sector, el fomento de la in novación y la consolidación del desarrollo 
rural compartido.  
4.566.   En la OMC, China y Panamá pertenecen al Grupo de Miembros del Artículo 12, que buscan 
nivelar los compromisos adquiridos entre los Miembros recién adheridos a la OMC y aquellos WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  Miembros originales del GATT. Dicho grupo está actualmente activo en las negociaciones de 
Agricultura, Acceso a Mercados y Servicios.  
4.567.   Adicionalmente, en Agricultura ambos pertenecen al G33, un grupo negociador que vela por 
la protección de los sectores vu lnerables de la agricultura de los países en desarrollo. China es uno 
de los contribuyentes más importantes en el programa de trabajo sobre el comercio electrónico, y 
recientemente ha presentado una propuesta, junto con India, sobre los apoyos domésticos.   
4.568.   Recientemente Panamá y China celebraron el primer aniversario del establecimiento de lazos 
diplomáticos. En este periodo, hemos celebrado importantes acuerdos para el desarrollo de 
inversiones económicas, logísticas, educativas y turísticas, los cuales t ienen importantes 
dimensiones comerciales. Toda vez que Panamá apuesta a su posición logística estratégica en un 
mundo cada vez más integrado, reconocemos la importancia de que la aerolínea Air China haya 
iniciado vuelos entre Beijing y Ciudad de Panamá, c onvirtiéndose Panamá en el principal nodo aéreo 
entre China y Latinoamérica.   
4.569.   Igualmente se instaló la Comisión Mixta Panamá -China para la fortalecer y promover la 
cooperación bilateral en materia de economía, comercio e inversión, promoviendo así no solo  el 
bienestar entre China y Panamá, sino también entre Asia y América.  
4.570.   Como resultado de las iniciativas conjuntas, el día de ayer, Panamá y China han iniciado la 
negociación de un Acuerdo comercial.  
4.571.   Durante el período 2012 -2016, y sin un TLC, las import aciones procedentes de China 
aumentaron 24%, pasando de 809 millones en el año 2012 a 1,070 millones de dólares EE.UU.en el 
año 2016. En contra parte, las exportaciones de Panamá a China apenas alcanzaron 35.5  millones 
de dólares EE.UU., en el 2016. Pese a  esa diferencia, reconocemos que China representa un mercado 
potencial para algunas exportaciones panameñas, lo mismo que Panamá pudiera ser interesante 
para algunos inversionistas de China.  
4.572.   No podemos dejar de mencionar que China es el segundo usuario del  Canal de Panamá, por 
el que pasa el 6% del comercio marítimo mundial, y el portacontenedores "Andronikos", de la naviera 
China Cosco Shipping Corporation Limited, efectuó el tránsito inaugural del Canal de Panamá 
ampliado.  
4.573.   Queremos felicitar a China por s u dedicación y activa participación en el sistema multilateral, 
y le deseamos un exitoso examen comercial.  
SRI LANKA  
4.574.   China continued to be a major driver of global economic growth standing as the largest 
trading nation in the world. It has been able to mai ntain its economic growth at an average 7% 
during the review period. We also observe that the local consumption has significantly contributed 
China's growth. It is interesting to note that Government of China intends focusing on the quality 
and sustainabil ity rather than the quantity of growth. We believe the latest Five -Year Plan which was 
launched in 2016 aiming at structural economic reforms, has captioned this sustainability aspect of 
the Government.   
4.575.   China has bound all its tariff. Although the tariff  reform implemented by the Chinese 
authorities in December 2017 has reduced the applied MFN tariffs for some 200 consumer products 
which resulted a slight decline in average applied MFN tariff, it is still relatively high, and it may 
deprive the competing opportunities for the small countries like us.  
4.576.   My delegation appreciates the significant role played by China in the multilateral trading 
system since its accession to WTO. It is also interested to note that China has notified category B 
commitments under TFA without maintaining any commitments under category C. China is also an 
active member of likeminded group on Friends of E -Commerce for Development in the WTO. We 
note with interest the active engagement played by delegation of China in the Open -ended 
discussions taken place on MSMEs and Investment Facilitation.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.577.   In regard to bilateral relations between Sri Lanka and China, our ancient relations were 
mainly on religious and cultural relations. Since independence of Sri Lanka in 1948 our trade and 
economic  relations started to grow up significantly. In 1952, opening a new chapter in trade relations 
between the two countries, China and Sri Lanka entered into a Barter Trade Agreement on rubber 
and rice, called 'Sino -Lanka Rubber -Rice Pact'. This has become hi storic as it was the first trade 
agreement signed by China with a non -communist country. 5 years after signing this agreement, 
China established diplomatic relations with Sri Lanka.  
4.578.   Over the past decade, the total trade turnover between two countries has b een increased 
almost by 4 times. However, the balance of trade is always heavily in favour of China. In terms of 
total trade, China is our second largest trading partner. Imports from China in 2017 was 
US$4191  million while Sri Lanka's exports to China rem ains at US$415 million. The trade gap 
remains at US$3,776 million in 2017.  
4.579.   Around 40% of Sri Lanka's exports to China enjoy preferential market access under Asia -
Pacific Agreement (APTA) formerly Bangkok agreement. Although Sri Lanka has the potential to 
increase its export to China under this regional agreement, a review of sensitive list of China may 
be required to avail of this opportunity.  
4.580.   China has been an important source of funding for many infrastructure development projects 
in Sri Lanka. Building of Port City reclaiming 02 sqkm land, development of second seaport in South 
of Sri Lanka and developing second international Airport in the country are the latest of such 
assistance. China has also invested in tourism industry.  
4.581.   Sri Lanka and China has in itiated negotiations on a comprehensive free trade agreement 
since 2014 following the State visit of Chinese President to Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka also attracts 
signification number of tourists from China.  
4.582.   In the multilateral front, my delegation appreciates China's highly valued contribution to the 
multilateral trading system. China as an active member of WTO continues to engage proactively in 
the ongoing negotiations. The dynamic role played by the Ambassador Zhang and his team in Geneva 
is highly commendabl e. 
4.583.   In concluding, my delegation sincerely wishes Chinese delegation a successful deliberation 
on its seventh Trade Policy Review.  
GHANA  
4.584.   Ghana's economic and trade cooperation with China has achieved gratifying results with 
trade volume surging from less th an US$100 million in 2000 to US$5.6 billion in 2014, and US$6.67 
billion by the end of 2017, a percentage increase of about 12% over the 2016 volume of trade.  
4.585.   Although Ghana's exports to China hit US$1.85 billion in 2017 after surging to a record high 
of US$1.4 billion in 2014, representing over 41% increase, trade between the two countries remain 
unbalanced in favour of China due to Ghana's large volumes of imports.  
4.586.   Currently, China is one of the main sources of foreign –direct investment in Ghana which 
has financed a number of projects that have boosted the socio -economic growth of Ghana. In 2015, 
China made direct investments of US$174 million in Ghana, with an over -all accumulated amount of 
US$1.3 billion, ranking China as the current leading source of investments in terms of number of 
projects in Ghana and fourth among African countries.  
4.587.   China's investment in Ghana last year included US$50 million for the construction of a Fishing 
Harbour Complex in Accra to enhance productivity and create job opportuni ties for the fisher folks 
in the coastal communities. Chinese investments are in the fields of energy, manufacturing, aviation 
and agriculture including the Sunon Asogli Power Plant, Africa World Airline and the Sentuo Steel 
factory, which had played key r oles in providing job opportunities for the local people, improving 
their livelihood, promoting interconnection of the sub -region, and helping to resolve electricity power 
shortage.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.588.   Other areas that have benefitted from Chinese investments and worthy of me ntion include 
E-Governance, Water Supply Expansion, Gas Processing and rural electrification as well as satellite 
TV covering 300 villages across the country. We are confident that the phase 2 of the University of 
Health and Allied Sciences project will al so proceed as planned.  
China -Africa Cooperation  
4.589.   Ghana ranks high in China -Africa cooperation achieved through jointly cultivated and 
nurtured political trust.  
4.590.   During the China -Africa Cooperation Summit in Johannesburg last year, China mentioned 
agricultural modernization, infrastructure, green development and poverty reduction as priority 
areas of China -Africa cooperation. We remain confident that China would uphold the guidelines on 
its relations with Africa to further take the China -Africa econ omic and trade cooperation to a new 
level.  
4.591.   According to the International Institute for the Advanced Study of Cultures, Institutions and 
Economic Enterprise "China emerging as the world's largest economy, and has moved from being 
the world's factory to one  of the world's largest consumer markets". The new era of China -Africa 
relations, potentially offers not only mutually beneficial collaborations for both sides but also, a 
chance for Africa as a whole and Ghana, in particular, to use innovation in converti ng its rich sources 
to create supply for "the world's largest consumer".  
Review Reports  
4.592.   From the reports, we note China's adoption of the policy reform to open its economy which 
celebrates its 40 years this year and which has reached a new historic junctur e in its development, 
under the guidance of President Xi Jingping.  
4.593.   The reports indicate that Real GDP grew by 6.7% in 2016 and was expected to maintain that 
growth in 2017 engineered mainly by consumption with the share of services in GDP exceeding 50% 
for the first time in 2015 generated by e -commerce and tourism service s.  
4.594.   Whereas the share of merchandise trade in GDP, income inequality and poverty levels have 
declined, excess capacity in some energy and manufacturing sectors and implicit assistance to state -
owned enterprises (SOEs) have increased over several years.  
China and the WTO  
4.595.   China has been an active member of the WTO and participates fully in all its deliberations. 
Of particular mention are its commitments to joining the Government Procurement Agreement, its 
Observer status to the Pluri -lateral Agreement on Trad e in Civil Aircraft and contribution to the 
expansion of the Information Technology Agreement, as well as in the implementation of the Trade 
Facilitation Agreement. The latter is exemplified by categorization of all but 4 measures for 
immediate implementat ion and the remaining four as measures to be implemented within 3 years.  
4.596.   We note that, and as indicated by other members, state trading and state -owned enterprises 
are prevalent and highly solicited and encourage China to divest itself of this endeavour an d 
encourage competition. The aging population and excess capacity of some of these companies need 
to need to be address if stability is to be maintained.   
4.597.   We are confident that China as a defender of the principles of rules, openness, transparency, 
inclus iveness and non -discrimination as indicated in the country report, will help address the current 
protectionist and unilateral policies of certain Members and bring sanity in the MTS.  
4.598.   As a global leader, we expect China to channel its capacity to benefit ot her developing 
countries in the spirit of south -south cooperation.  
4.599.   Ghana congratulates China on its 7th TPR and wishes it every success in the review.  
  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  TAJIKISTAN  
4.600.   Tajik-Chinese trade and economic relations were established in 1992 after the acquisition of  
sovereignty by the Republic of Tajikistan.  
4.601.   It is worth to note that the Republic of Tajikistan builds its relations with China taking into 
account its dynamically developing economy and its large financial resources, which create 
favourable conditions fo r mutually beneficial cooperation, primarily in the field of trade and 
investment.  
4.602.   The issues related to the development of friendly relations and cooperation between the two 
countries have been considered at the meeting of President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon with 
President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping during the State visit of the President of the 
Republic of Tajikistan to China in August 2017.  
4.603.   Constructive exchange of views was held on the expansion of political, economic, 
investment, trade, scientific, technical, and cultural cooperation.  
4.604.   Following the official negotiations, a number of documents were signed which have laid the 
foundation to legal treaty basis of cooperation between Tajikistan and China.  
4.605.   During state visit to China the  Head of State Emomali Rahmon emphasized that Tajikistan 
is interested in the active participation of the Chinese side in the implementation of projects for the 
construction of medium -capacity hydroelectric power plants. The sides elaborated constructive i deas 
and proposals on the strengthening of interstate relations in the direction of reconstruction of 
Tajikistan's hydropower capacities, in the transport and transit sector, including the construction of 
the regional railway China -Kyrgyzstan -Tajikistan -Afghanistan -Iran, which revives the southern 
branch of the "Great Silk Road". The Tajik side particularly emphasized the great potential of the 
country in establishing effective cooperation with China in the construction and reconstruction of 
aluminum produc tion plants, the import of modern machinery and technologies from China and the 
export of fruits and vegetables to China. In order to improve relations in the areas of mutual interest, 
the parties considered it necessary to intensify the work of the Interg overnmental Commission of 
the Republic of Tajikistan and the People's Republic of China on Trade and Economic Cooperation. 
The meeting also discussed issues related to the development and expansion of interaction between 
Tajikistan and China in the spheres  of production of building materials, processing of cotton fiber 
and mining - metallurgical minerals.  
4.606.   On the sidelines of the session of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation 
Organization in China in 2018, the Founder of Peace and National Unity – Leader of the Nation, 
President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon had a meeting  with President of the People's 
Republic of China Xi Jinping. President of Tajikistan confidently stated that we will continue to make 
efforts to strengthen and expand the partnership and strategic relations between the two countries 
and expressed gratitud e for the worthy contribution of the Chinese Government in ensuring the 
sustainable socio -economic development of Tajikistan and implementing important infrastructure 
projects. It was mentioned that the package of earlier signed documents will make a signi ficant 
contribution to the implementation of Tajikistan's plans and state programmes, including the 
National Development Strategy for the period up to 2030, the achievement of strategic goals and 
the transformation of the country from agro -industrial to in dustrial -agrarian country.  
4.607.   The foreign trade turnover between Tajikistan and China for 2017 amounted 
US$591,5  million and decreased by US$293,7 million comparing to 2016. Of the total amount of 
foreign trade turnover import constitutes US$556,1 million bu t there is a decrease in comparison 
with 2016 by US$284,9 million. Export constituted US$35,4 million and decreased by US$8,2  million 
comparing to 2016. The share of trade with China in 2017 was 14.8%.  
4.608.   The expansion of trade cooperation with China is in th e interests of both States. In this 
regard it is important to make use of available opportunities for the development of trade relations 
between Tajikistan and China.  
4.609.   This seventh Trade Policy Review of China provides a great opportunity to improve our 
understanding of its trade and investment regime.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.610.   Allow me to highlight some key aspects of TP reports. The Chinese economy continued to be 
a major driver of global economic growth. Real GDP growth has been moderating as the economy 
adjusts to the "new norm al" with growth rates of around 7% per year in the foreseeable future; 
growth rebalances from investment to consumption, from external to internal demand, and from 
manufacturing to services. Consumption was responsible for around two -thirds of the growth d uring 
the review period. The share of services in GDP exceeded 50% for the first time in 2015. Within 
services, e -commerce sales and tourism services imports have been particularly strong. China 
expanded its RTA network by signing two new agreements with t he Maldives and Georgia, bringing 
the total number to 17. However, the volume of Chinese trade covered by FTAs remains small.  
4.611.   China as an active Member of the WTO continued to make efforts to reform and harmonize 
its customs procedures. About one third of  imports are now declared through single windows. 
Clearance times of imports were reduced to an average of 16.7 hours in 2017 from over 22 hours 
in 2016. China accepted the Agreement on Trade Facilitation in September 2015. It notified its 
Category A commi tments, which cover the majority of measures, in June 2014, and its Category B 
commitments in June 2017. China does not have any Category C commitments. The indicative 
implementation date for most Category B commitments is February 2020.  
4.612.   My delegation ackn owledges China's continued pursuit of trade liberalization in a multilateral 
as well as bilateral context. China's contribution to and constructive involvement in various areas of 
the work and negotiations of the WTO is also remarkable. We also acknowledge  the China's efforts 
to support the integration of developing economies into the global trading system.  
4.613.   We are confident that China continues to undertake further trade policy and structural 
reforms to improve its overall efficiency and to maintain an open  WTO-consistent trade and 
investment regime to secure sustainable growth.  
4.614.   In conclusion I wish China a very productive and successful trade policy review exercise.  
GUINÉE  
4.615.   Les progrès accomplis par la République populaire de la Chine au cours des dernières années 
constituent pour la Guinée le gage de l'engagement du Gouvernement chinois à se tourner vers un 
marché plus ouvert et plus compétitif basé sur les règles du système commercial multilatéral.  
4.616.   Depuis son dernier examen de politique commerciale, la croi ssance chinoise est restée 
relativement robuste. L'économie chinoise s'est montrée résiliente car soutenue par des données 
économiques solides et performantes tournant autour de 6%.  
4.617.   L'impressionnant progrès de la Chine a permis de sortir plus de 800 milli ons de chinois des 
griffes de la pauvreté.  
4.618.   La Chine est devenue l'un des principaux moteurs de croissance mondiale et un partenaire 
privilégié des pays en développement en général et des PMA en particulier, en s'investissant 
qualitativement dans la réalisa tion des objectifs du développement durable.  
4.619.   Comme vous le savez, la Chine est un partenaire stratégique de longues dates de la Guinée. 
Les relations étroites existant entre nos deux pays se sont renforcées davantage par la signature en 
septembre 2017 d'un  accord cadre de financement des projets d'infrastructures prioritaires pour une 
enveloppe d'une valeur de 20 milliards de dollars EU sur les vingt prochaines années.  
4.620.   Ledit accord est l'aboutissement de plusieurs mois de négociations et s'inscrit dans le c adre 
de l'Accord de coopération stratégique global pour promouvoir un partenariat gagnant -gagnant.  
4.621.   Comme vous le savez, la République de Guinée regorge d'énormes ressources minières, 
mais pour financer les infrastructures de base dont le pays a besoin ell e manque de capitaux. C'est 
dans l'optique de pallier au manque de ressources financières que la Chine et la Guinée ont mis en 
place un cadre de partenariat stratégique gagnant -gagnant et qui découlent du forum sino -africain 
de 2006.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.622.   Le principe de ce part enariat est basé sur l'approvisionnement de la Chine de matières 
premières et produits miniers contre la disponibilité pour la Guinée de financements et de 
technologies pour favoriser le développement des infrastructures et l'industrialisation du pays.  
4.623.   Le premier lot de financement qui porte sur un montant total d'environ 1,3 milliards de 
dollars EU concerne la réalisation de plusieurs infrastructures dont, entres autres, des voiries dans 
la capitale Conakry, l'extension du Port, la reconstruction d'une pa rtie de la route nationale, la 
réalisation d'une ligne de transmission électrique entre les localités de Linsan et Fomi, ainsi que la 
réhabilitation et l'extension d'une université régionale.  
4.624.   Outre le barrage hydroélectrique de Kaléta, réalisé par la Chine , la Guinée et la SFI, filiale 
de la Banque mondiale, en 2015, d'une capacité de 240 MW, le Gouvernement guinéen est en train 
de réaliser le deuxième barrage hydroélectrique de Souapiti, dans un cadre de partenariat public -
privé, pour un montant de 1,5 mil liards de dollars EU en partenariat avec la Chine.  
4.625.   Il en va de même pour les projets d'extension de l'hôpital Sino Guinéen, de la construction 
du siège du Parlement, et de l'appui au programme national d'adaptation au changement climatique 
qui sont financ és par un don chinois pour une enveloppe globale d'environ 100 millions de dollars 
EU. 
4.626.   Il faut souligner également que des entreprises chinoises opèrent dans les secteurs de la 
santé, de l'agriculture, des banques, de la distribution, des infrastructures, des mines et le transport 
aérien.  
4.627.   Toutefois, les échanges entre la Chine et la Guinée sont peu diversifiés et restent concentrés 
sur quelques produits industriels traditionnels importés en Guinée.  
4.628.   En tant que PMA, la Guinée bénéficie de la part du Gouvern ement chinois des opportunités 
d'accès au marché, mais qui sont peu utilisées par manque d'affaires entre les PME chinoises et les 
PME guinéennes.  
4.629.   C'est pourquoi nous demandons aux autorités chinoises d'inciter les entreprises chinoises à 
renforcer leur co opération avec les entreprises guinéennes, afin de les aider à renforcer leur capacité 
d'accès au marché.  
4.630.   Pour terminer, permettez -moi de saisir l'occasion qui est la mienne pour remercier la Chine 
pour ses différentes contributions à l'OMC, en faveur des projets des PMA et d'inviter les membres 
de l'OMC à encourager la République populaire de Chine pour les efforts louables déployés pour 
moderniser son économie depuis son dernier examen de politique commerciale.  
CÔTE  D'IVOIRE  
4.631.   La délégation de Côte d'Ivoire  souscrit à la déclaration faite par l'Afrique du Sud au nom du 
Groupe africain.  
4.632.   Le vendredi 2 mars 2018, les hautes autorités ivoiriennes et chinoises ont célébré le 35e 
anniversaire de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre nos deux pays à Abi djan.  
4.633.   En 35 ans, les relations sino -ivoiriennes ont résisté à l'épreuve du temps et se sont 
renforcées. Fidèles aux principes de l'égalité, du bénéfice et du respect mutuel, les deux pays sont 
devenus de bons partenaires liés par la sincérité et la confia nce et œuvrant ensemble à une 
coopération mutuellement bénéfique.  
4.634.   La coopération entre la Chine et la Côte d'Ivoire dans le domaine de la formation s'intensifie 
avec la participation de près de 300 cadres de l'administration ivoirienne et d'autres secteurs  
d'activités à divers stages, formations et séminaires en Chine au cours de l'année 2017.  
4.635.   Le soutien financier de la Chine à la Côte d'Ivoire porte sur de nombreux projets importants 
en matière d'infrastructures, dont le barrage de Soubré, l'autoroute Abid jan-Bassam, l'extension du 
port d'Abidjan, l'installation du réseau de vidéosurveillance à Abidjan, l'extension du réseau national 
d'électricité ou encore l'adduction d'eau à Abidjan.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.636.   Le renforcement de l'amitié et de la coopération entre la Chine et la Cô te d'Ivoire se traduit 
également par l'engagement de la Chine à contribuer à la mise en œuvre du Plan National de 
Développement 2016 -2020 de la Côte d'Ivoire, notamment dans les domaines de l'industrialisation, 
de la modernisation agricole et des infrastru ctures.  
4.637.   En matière commerciale, il convient de noter que les échanges commerciaux entre la Chine 
et la Côte d'Ivoire sont passés de 1,44 milliard de dollars EU à 8,85 milliards de dollars EU entre 
2014 et 2016. Ces chiffres placent la Chine comme premier f ournisseur et troisième partenaire 
commercial de la Côte d'Ivoire. En 2017, le volume des échanges commerciaux a atteint 1,85  milliard 
de dollars EU.  
4.638.   Par ailleurs, la Chambre de commerce des entreprises chinoises en Côte d'Ivoire (CCEC) 
vient d'ouvrir ses portes à Abidjan. Cette "maison des entreprises chinoises" en Côte d'Ivoire 
constitue un pont pour le renforcement des échanges culturels et économiques entre la Côte  d'Ivoire 
et la Chine et une plateforme d'échange d'informations, d'assistance mutuelle et  de coopération.  
4.639.   Comme le souligne le rapport du Secrétariat, l'économie chinoise est demeurée l'un des 
principaux moteurs de la croissance économique mondiale. Le PIB réel s'est accru de 6,7% en 2016 
et il devrait croître pour les années à venir.  
4.640.   Les iné galités de revenu et les niveaux de pauvreté ont diminué. Dans le cadre du 13ème 
Plan quinquennal (2016 -2020), les autorités s'emploient à poursuivre le processus de réforme 
économique structurelle qui vise notamment à encourager la participation du secteu r privé à 
l'économie et à réformer les entreprises d'État, tout en préservant la prépondérance de la 
participation du secteur public au capital. Durant la période considérée, la Chine a continué de mener 
une politique budgétaire proactive, guidée par l'obj ectif de restructuration de l'offre et d'ajustement 
à la "nouvelle normalité".  
4.641.   Il apparait donc à l'examen, aussi bien du rapport du Secrétariat que celui du Gouvernement 
chinois, que la Chine s'emploie à honorer ses engagements dans le Cadre du système mu ltilatéral 
dont l'OMC assure la gouvernance. Sa contribution à l'insertion des PMA et des pays en 
développement dans le commerce mondial, est importante.  
4.642.   Aussi, la délégation de Côte d'Ivoire souhaite -t-elle un plein succès à l'examen des politiques 
comme rciales de la Chine dont l'appui au développement de la coopération sud -sud est louable.  
GABON  
4.643.   À la lumière desdits rapports, il ressort que le développement économique et commercial de 
la Chine se poursuit avec une croissance annuelle en légère augmentati on passant de 6,7% en 2016 
à 6,8% en 2017. En dépit de cette légère stagnation, l'économie chinoise constitue néanmoins un 
des moteurs des principaux de la croissance et de l'économie mondiale.  
4.644.   En effet, la Chine a mis en œuvre une stratégie de développeme nt axée, entre autres, sur 
l'innovation et l'entrepreneuriat, l'appui du Gouvernement chinois aux petites et moyennes 
entreprises, la création des zones de libre -échange pilotes, ainsi que l'ouverture de son marché aux 
capitaux privés, notamment les banque s, qui ont permis la création de nombreuses entreprises au 
cours de ces dernières années.  
4.645.   Le Gabon se félicite aussi bien de la poursuite par la Chine de son processus d'ouverture que 
de son engagement pour un système commercial multilatéral ouvert et inc lusif et note avec 
appréciation l'implication personnelle de l'Ambassadeur de la Chine S.E. M. Zhang Xiangchen et ses 
collaborateurs à cette fin.  
4.646.   Aussi, mon pays souhaite -t-il voir la Chine mener à bien son 13ème plan quinquennal dont 
l'échéance est fixée  à 2020.  
4.647.   Le Gabon relève également avec satisfaction les efforts entrepris par la Chine en vue de la 
réduction de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de plafonnement de sa consommation de 
charbon, en témoigne l'adoption dans le cadre du Plan quinquenn al pour l'énergie 2016 -2020, des 
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  au profit du gaz naturel, le durcissement des normes de qualité de l'air et la suppression déjà 
planifiée de la construction d e plus de 100 centrales au charbon.  
4.648.   Le Gabon se réjouit des excellentes relations de coopération qu'il entretient avec la Chine 
sous l'égide des plus hautes autorités des deux pays respectivement S.E. M Ali Bongo Ondimba, 
Président de la République Gabonai se, Chef de l'État et S.E. M. XI Jinping, Président de la République 
Populaire de Chine. C'est le lieu de souligner que lesdites relations se développent de manière 
durable et stable depuis une quarantaine d'années déjà.  
4.649.   Il s'agit d'un partenariat global b asé sur le renforcement des relations multiformes 
notamment dans les domaines politiques, économiques ainsi que sur le plan multilatéral, grâce à 
une convergence de vues sur les grandes questions d'intérêt majeur.  
4.650.   Aujourd'hui, près d'une trentaine d'entrep rises chinoises opèrent dans mon pays notamment 
dans des secteurs de la santé, les mines, l'exploitation forestière, l'hôtellerie, la restauration ainsi 
que la pêche et la réalisation des infrastructures.  
4.651.   Le Gabon se félicite de la coopération avec la Chin e dans l'Accord de Paris et la lutte contre 
les changements climatiques.  
4.652.   L'apport crucial de la Chine à l'économie gabonaise repose, entre autres, sur son expertise 
reconnue dans la transformation des ressources naturelles en vue d'une valeur ajoutée et la  création 
d'emplois, participant ainsi à la réduction de la pauvreté et le développement dans une coopération 
gagnant -gagnant.  
4.653.   La Chine était au 1er trimestre 2017 le premier partenaire commercial du Gabon, avec un 
volume d'échanges estimé à 327,8 milliard s de FCFA, contre 131,7 milliards de FCFA en 2016.  
4.654.   Le niveau des échanges entre le Gabon et la Chine est hautement appréciable en termes de 
coopération sud -sud et mon pays s'en félicite.  
4.655.   Pour terminer, je voudrais souligner que la Chine demeure un partenai re majeur de 
l'accélération de la diversification de l'économie gabonaise, une des priorités du Chef de l'État ainsi 
que le programme pour l'égalité des chances pour tous les gabonais auxquels le Président de la 
République attache une importance capitale.  
4.656.   Le Gabon souhaite plein succès à la Chine dans l'examen de sa politique commerciale.  
TCHAD  
4.657.   Nous souscrivons totalement à la vision de la Chine qui défend fermement les règles de 
l'OMC tout en prônant un système commercial multilatéral à la fois ouvert, tra nsparent, inclusif, et 
non discriminatoire. Ma délégation salue les efforts de la Chine dans différents domaines, notamment 
la libéralisation, la facilitation du commerce et des investissements, la défense du mécanisme de 
règlement des différends, ainsi qu e la concurrence à l'exportation des produits agricoles.  
4.658.   Le Tchad se félicite également de la vision à laquelle souscrit la Chine en ce qui concerne le 
respect des règles commerciales multilatérales et sa détermination à satisfaire aux prescriptions en 
matière de notification, ainsi que son engagement à se mettre en conformité avec ses obligations à 
l'OMC.  
4.659.   Il convient de souligner que le niveau d'exportation des PMA dont le Tchad fait partie vers 
la Chine est hautement encourageant et a été rendu possible g râce au système de préférences pour 
les PMA. Les PMA bénéficient d'un accès au marché en franchise de droit et sans contingent pour la 
Chine aussi bien pour les produits agricoles et non -agricoles. Toutefois, des progrès importants 
restent à faire pour que  les PMA puissent exporter davantage vers la Chine.  
4.660.   Nous nous félicitons également que la Chine a notifié son traitement préférentiel pour les 
fournisseurs de services et de services des PMA. Nous espérons que la Chine pourra fournir une aide 
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  à mettre en œuvre les préférences fournies dans ses notifications afin que les fournisseurs des PMA 
sur le terrain puissent apprécier les bonnes nouvelles concernant ces ra tifications.  
4.661.   Le Tchad apprécie le soutien de la Chine à l'initiative "Aide pour le commerce" et son 
engagement pour le coton, pour les PMA en accession et pour le Cadre intégré renforcé. Nous 
comptons largement sur la Chine pour maintenir sa vision sur l'a mélioration des capacités 
commerciales des pays les moins avancés.  
4.662.   Comme indiqué dans les grandes lignes du 13ème plan quinquennal (2016 -2020), les 
autorités chinoises ont pour objectif de poursuivre la réforme économique structurelle, qui inclut la 
promotion de la participation du secteur privé à l'économie, ainsi que la réforme des entreprises 
d'État, tout en prése rvant la prépondérance de la propriété publique. Parmi les autres mesures 
prévues dans le plan figurent la promotion de la concurrence, une réforme fiscale, la réforme du 
secteur financier pour accroître la participation des capitaux privés dans le secteur  bancaire et 
étendre la fourniture de services financiers, et des mesures visant à faire en sorte que les taux de 
change et les taux d'intérêt soient davantage déterminés par le marché.  
4.663.   Nous encourageons la Chine à poursuivre cet élan et d'accompagner les PMA, notamment 
dans la transformation structurelle de leurs économies et le transfert des technologies.  
4.664.   Sur le plan de la coopération bilatérale, la Chine est un partenaire très important pour le 
Tchad et avec lequel nous souhaitons développer davantage no s relations commerciales. La 
confiance politique mutuelle a atteint un niveau très élevé. L'existence d'un plan de développement 
à long terme adopté par le Président Idriss Deby Itno et son homologue chinois XI  Jinping est un 
indicateur important.  
4.665.   De nombr euses rencontres au niveau experts, Ministres et Chefs d'État ont eu lieu et se 
poursuivent entre la Chine et le Tchad. Nos deux pays se sont toujours prêtés compréhension et 
soutien dans une optique stratégique et de long terme sur des questions qui touch ent à leurs intérêts 
vitaux et à leurs préoccupations majeures.  
4.666.   Plusieurs accords ont été signés entre le Tchad et la Chine, notamment dans les domaines 
des infrastructures, de l'agriculture et de l'eau.  
4.667.   En 2017, la Chine a appuyé le Tchad à hauteur de 17,5 milliards de francs CFA pour la 
construction de stades et l'adduction d'eau potable dans la capitale (N'Djamena). Cette somme à 
laquelle s'ajoutent 36 millions de francs CFA d'aide alimentaire d'urgence est sans contrepartie. Un 
projet de forage de pu its s'est également achevé ainsi qu'une étude de faisabilité pour la construction 
d'une école de formation professionnelle.  
4.668.   Un accord commercial pour l'entrée au marché chinois de 400 produits tchadiens en 
franchise de droit et sans contingent a été signé ainsi que l'accord pour l'exportation de la viande et 
du coton fibre vers la Chine. Par ailleurs, la Chine est présente au Tchad dans le domaine 
d'exploration et d'exploitation des ressources pétrolières avec la Société de Raffinage de Djarmaya 
(SNR). La S NR est un consortium tchado -chinois opérationnel depuis 2011.  
4.669.   La Chine intervient également au Tchad dans l'industrie de filature de Sarh et dans la 
Cimenterie de Pala. On note également un développement important dans la coopération 
académique et de renfo rcement des capacités ainsi que dans le domaine socio -culturel entre le Tchad 
et la Chine. De son côté, le Tchad importe de la Chine des produits manufacturés et électroniques.  
4.670.   Les perspectives économiques et commerciales entre nos deux pays sont très 
encourageantes, notamment dans l'agriculture, l'exploitation minière et le secteur du tourisme. Ce 
potentiel largement inexploité et ciblé par le Gouvernement du Tchad dans sa politique de 
diversification et de transformation structurelle de l'économie nationa le va contribuer à renforcer 
notre capacité productive et créer une dynamique importante pour le commerce en vue d'un 
développement durable.  
4.671.   Le Tchad souhaite plein succès à la Chine pour son examen des politiques commerciales.  
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  BURKINA  FASO 
4.672.   La Chine est devenue une grande puissance économique mondiale et représente 
actuellement plus de 15% de la part du commerce international et contribue à plus de 30% par an 
à la croissance économique mondiale.  
4.673.   Malgré quelques années de ralentissement, la bonne dynamiqu e de sa croissance 
économique sur une longue période contribue à soutenir la transformation structurelle de l'économie 
chinoise.  
4.674.   La Chine est donc progressivement devenue, grâce à des réformes économiques éclairées 
et bien suivies, un acteur majeur d'une n ouvelle ère de la globalisation.  
4.675.   En effet, la Chine place la promotion de la libéralisation économique et de la facilitation du 
commerce et de l'investissement comme un des fondements majeurs à son intégration au système 
commercial multilatéral et de son d éveloppement durable.  
4.676.   À ce titre, le pays s'inscrit activement dans la défense d'une gouvernance économique 
mondiale axée sur les valeurs fondamentales du multilatéralisme et la lutte contre le 
protectionnisme.  
4.677.   En matière d'assistance technique liée au com merce, le Burkina Faso salue et remercie la 
Chine de ses efforts continus consentis pour aider au renforcement des capacités productives et 
commerciales des pays qui éprouvent d'énormes difficultés à tirer des avantages du commerce 
mondial.  
4.678.   Aussi, l'applic ation d'un taux de droit préférentiel moyen de 0,7% et d'une part des lignes 
en franchise de droits de 96,5% au profit des PMA offre au Burkina Faso des opportunités d'accès 
au vaste marché chinois en franchise de droit et sans contingent.  
4.679.   Avec une part de  9,7% du commerce global du Burkina Faso en 2016, la Chine reste le 
deuxième partenaire commercial du pays.  
4.680.   A la faveur de la récente reprise des relations diplomatiques avec la Chine, nos deux pays 
se sont engagés sur la réalisation de nouveaux chantiers de coopération bilatérale, notamment dans 
les domaines de la sécurité, l'énergie, le logement, l'éducation, la santé, le commerce, l'industrie, 
l'agriculture, les infrastructures, la technologie et l'investissement.  
4.681.   Pour terminer, je voudrais, au nom du Go uvernement du Burkina Faso, souhaiter à la Chine 
de continuer à enregistrer d'excellents résultats dans la poursuite de ses réformes économiques, 
ainsi qu'un plein succès du 7ème examen de sa politique commerciale.  
KYRGYZ  REPUBLIC  
4.682.   China is the world's largest trader and is one of the main largest trading partners of the 
Kyrgyz Republic.  
4.683.   For the period 2013 -2015 the average goods turnover between our countries is 
US$1,22  billion.  
4.684.   Kyrgyzstan's export to China mainly comprises of raw materials (raw skin, ferrous and non -
ferrous scraps, different types of metals, certain types of hydrocarbons and others).  
4.685.   China imports to Kyrgyzstan: machinery (industrial equipment), diversified goods from 
metal, electrical machinery and equipment, textiles and different ty pes of garments, various food 
products, building materials, other products.  
4.686.   As of today, our countries have signed numerous agreements, which set a certain basis in 
regard to legal framework, administrative processes etc. which is allowing further developm ent of a 
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  and international levels including in the framework of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the United 
Nations, WTO and other international orga nizations.   
4.687.   The Kyrgyz Republic was one of the first to officially confirm the country's active participation 
in the revival of the Great Silk Road in 2014. The initiative on economic development framework for 
primarily integrating trade and investment in  Eurasia by building the Silk Road Economic Belt (also 
known as One Belt, One Road Initiative) is being considered by Kyrgyz  Republic as a way to promote 
the opening up of inland and border areas as well as balanced development among different regions.  
4.688.   The partnership has achieved new era of evolution during the last meeting held in China 
between the Presidents of the Kyrgyz Republic and China. As result of those meetings, China and 
Kyrgyzstan have agreed to establish a comprehensive strategic partnership.  
4.689.   We are pleased to see that China continues to deepen its market -oriented reforms, moving 
in the direction of liberalization and simplification of its procedures, including customs reforms, which 
will contribute to removing trade barriers.  
4.690.   Taking the oppo rtunity, the Delegation of the Kyrgyz Republic wishes the People's Republic 
of China a very successful seventh Trade Policy Review.  
ZIMBABWE  
4.691.   Since China's last trade policy review in 2016, the Chinese economy continued to be a major 
driver of global econom ic growth, with GDP growth moderating around 7% per year. Real GDP 
growth grew by 6.7% in 2016, and was expected to be around 6.8% in 2017. We are delighted to 
note that China's economic growth has transitioned from a phase of high growth to high quality 
growth and development with a new vision based on an open economy which has become a growth 
and development model.  
4.692.   China is an active member of the WTO and continues to contribute towards shaping the 
agenda of the Multilateral Trading System. They have also  championed the cause of the small 
economies in terms of provision of technical assistance for accessions and cotton development 
amongst others as well as guidance in DDA negotiations.  
4.693.   At bilateral level, since 2012, Trade between the two countries has ge nerally been in 
Zimbabwe's favour, surpassing a mark of US$1 billion per year. Tobacco is Zimbabwe's largest single 
export commodity to China, with nearly 60% of total exports being absorbed by China, while 
machinery and equipment are the country's single largest imports from China. There is great scope 
to increase these trade figures if the trade potential and market access opportunities between our 
two countries are fully tapped. Zimbabwe has diversified the country's markets for flowers to China 
where th e demand is growing. Furthermore, the process to facilitate the exportation of Zimbabwe 
citrus fruits and other products is underway.  
4.694.   China continues to be Zimbabwe's biggest source of foreign direct investment. To this end, 
the two countries are consideri ng reviewing the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection 
Agreement (BIPPA) to improve its scope in line with new international best practices.  
4.695.   Effort is being put to promote business -to-business engagement to further strengthen 
relations between the  two countries' private sectors and attract more investments.  
4.696.   Investment inflows into Zimbabwe from China have been increasing from US$189 million in 
2015 to around US$300 million in 2017 and is expected to exceed US$2 billion in 2018. A number 
of Chinese  companies have been contracted to implement some projects in Zimbabwe using both 
concessional and commercial loans sourced from China Eximbank.  
4.697.   China is cooperating with Zimbabwe in the planning, construction and management of 
Zimbabwe Special Economic Z ones and to this end, Chinese Government extended training to 
Zimbabwe Government officials on the operationalization and management of these zones.  
4.698.   The Chinese Government has also extended financial and technical support to the 
Government of Zimbabwe for the following infrastructure development projects:  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  • Kariba South Hydropower Expansion Project which was commissioned in March 2018 with 
capacity to generate 300MW of electricity into the national grid.  
• The 600MW Hwange 7 & 8 Thermal Power Expansion Project  worth US$1,5 billion which was 
commissioned for construction on 27 June 2018.  
• Upgrading of the Victoria Falls International Airport to an international gateway.  
• Harare City Council's Sewer and Water Reticulation Project  
4.699.   Zimbabwe anticipates more investmen ts from mega deals already signed between 
Zimbabwe and China.  
4.700.   Furthermore, Zimbabwe is open for inflows of foreign direct investment from China and 
envisions becoming one of China's leading economic, technological and industrial development 
partners in Sou thern Africa.  
4.701.   I wish China a successful trade policy review.  
MALI 
4.702.   Ma délégation s'associe à la déclaration faite par le Bénin, coordonnateur du Groupe des 
pays co -auteurs de l'initiative sectorielle en faveur du coton (C -4). 
4.703.   Nous avons noté avec un intérêt  particulier les efforts continus de la République populaire 
de Chine pour participer davantage au commerce international conformément aux règles de 
l'Organisation mondiale du commerce ainsi qu'à la facilitation des échanges avec les autres Membres 
de l'OM C. 
4.704.   Malgré un environnement économique mondial difficile, les importations et les exportations 
de la Chine sont passées de 3685,5 milliards de dollars EU à 4107 milliards de dollars EU entre 2016 
et 2017, soit une croissance de 11,4% en un an. Ces résultats  sont le fruit des importantes réformes 
structurelles et économiques entreprises par la Chine depuis quelques années et qui lui ont permis 
de se hisser au rang des premières puissances économiques du monde.  
4.705.   Nous apprécions également les efforts de transpar ence entrepris par la Chine et qui 
participent considérablement à l'amélioration du niveau des échanges entre elle et ses partenaires. 
Les résultats acquis et rappelés dans le rapport pays sont remarquables, notamment dans le cadre 
de la coopération sud -sud et sur le plan bilatéral avec mon pays.  
4.706.   C'est le lieu pour nous de saluer l'excellence des relations politiques, économiques, 
commerciales et culturelles que la Chine entretient avec le Mali dont elle est l'un des premiers 
partenaires au développement.  
4.707.   En effet, mon pays est l'un des bénéficiaires privilégiés de l'aide extérieure de la République 
populaire de Chine pour la réalisation de grands projets d'infrastructure dans tous les secteurs de 
développement de l'économie nationale en particulier dans les  secteurs des transports, de 
l'agriculture et du numérique.  
4.708.   Tout en partageant la position de la Chine réaffirmant sa confiance au système commercial 
multilatéral et au rôle éminemment capital que joue l'OMC dans ce système, je voudrais saluer le 
soutien e t la disponibilité de la Chine dans les négociations en faveur du coton à l'OMC et lui 
renouveler nos encouragements à poursuivre et à persévérer sur les axes de politique de réforme 
qu'elle a engagés pour le bénéfice du commerce multilatéral.  
CUBA  
4.709.   Para comenzar, destacamos que China es un importante interlocutor comercial de Cuba 
desde hace décadas, lo cual sigue fortaleciéndose de forma positiva y estamos seguros de que 
continuaremos robusteciendo nuestros firmes lazos históricos.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.710.   Como se ha puest o en evidencia, la economía china siguió siendo uno de los principales 
motores del crecimiento económico mundial. Queremos destacar que, desde su adhesión a la OMC, 
China ha cumplido adecuadamente como miembro responsable los amplios compromisos de acceso 
a los mercados que asumió durante las negociaciones y diversas obligaciones a las que se 
comprometió.   
4.711.   En tanto miembro de la OMC, China participa seriamente en la labor cotidiana de la 
Organización, es un defensor ferviente del sistema multilateral del c omercio y lo respalda 
activamente, aspectos que conviene destacar. Como otros, felicitamos a su Embajador y a todo el 
equipo en Ginebra por la labor desplegada.  
4.712.   China fue uno de los primeros Miembros en ratificar el Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio 
y cumple con sus obligaciones. Resalta que solo tiene cuatro medidas de categoría B, las de categoría 
A representan el 94,5% del total y se ha comprometido a aplicar todas las medidas de categoría B 
durante el periodo de transición de tres años. No tiene disp osiciones de categoría C.  
4.713.   Debemos felicitar especialmente a China pues la desigualdad de los ingresos y los niveles de 
pobreza han disminuido considerablemente. Entre 2013 y 2017 logró avances decisivos al sacar de 
la pobreza a más de 68 millones de perso nas, entre ellas 8,3 millones que vivían en zonas inhóspitas 
y fueron trasladadas a otros lugares, con lo que el porcentaje de personas pobres se redujo del 
10,2% al 3,1%.  
4.714.   China ha contribuido positivamente al desarrollo de la cooperación Sur -Sur, a la apl icación 
de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y a la construcción de una comunidad con una 
misma visión de futuro para la humanidad. Ofrece también ayuda a muchos países en desarrollo y 
ha otorgado preferencias comerciales unilaterales a los PMA.  En diciembre de 2017 concedió un trato 
de franquicia arancelaria al 97% de las líneas arancelarias de distintos PMA, lo cual merece ser 
elogiado.  
4.715.   A través de un proceso continuo de reforma y apertura, China ha establecido un sistema 
económico y comercial en consonancia, tanto con sus circunstancias nacionales, como con las 
normas internacionales en vigor y es actualmente el principal interlocutor comercial de más de 
120 países y regiones.  
4.716.   China sigue fortaleciendo la protección tanto administrativa como ju dicial de los derechos de 
propiedad intelectual y ha reforzado los mecanismos a largo plazo para garantizar esa protección.  
4.717.   Además, siempre ha mantenido que un sistema multilateral de comercio abierto, inclusivo y 
no discriminatorio es la garantía instituc ional decisiva que promueve el crecimiento económico y la 
liberalización y facilitación del comercio en todo el mundo.  
4.718.   China ha subrayado reiteradamente que las fricciones y diferencias comerciales se deberían 
resolver mediante el diálogo constructivo, las  consultas y las comunicaciones, basados en el respeto 
mutuo y en consonancia con las normas comerciales multilaterales de la OMC. Ha expresado su gran 
inquietud por las prácticas unilaterales y proteccionistas de un miembro que está conculcando 
abiertamen te las normas fundamentales y el espíritu de la Organización, el GATT y el Acuerdo de 
Salvaguardias.  
4.719.   Queremos desear muchos éxitos a China en este examen de política comercial y a su 
Gobierno en sus esfuerzos por alcanzar niveles superiores de desarrollo y potenciar el bienestar de 
su pueblo.  
BOLIVARIAN  REPUBLIC  OF VENEZUELA  
4.720.   Este Examen de Políticas Comerciales tiene como especial característica que coincide en el 
tiempo con el 40 Aniversario del proceso de reforma y apertura en China. Hoy evaluamos con 
reconocimiento los frutos de un modelo inédito que muestra al mundo un crecimiento económico 
sostenido.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  4.721.   En este sentido, me complace sumar a la República Bolivariana de Venezuela a la 
considerable lista de Miembros que han reconocido en China a un estratégic o y confiable socio 
comercial.  
4.722.   Ambos países establecimos relaciones diplomáticas en el año 1974. A partir de entonces, los 
lazos bilaterales han obtenido un importante desenvolvimiento particularmente en las dos últimas 
décadas, contabilizando un estimado de 470 acuerdos suscritos, que involucran a más de 700 
proyectos, en materia de cooperación económica y tecnológica bilateral, principalmente en las áreas 
energética y minera, agrícola, infraestructura y de alta tecnología. Hoy las relaciones han sido 
definidas y consolidadas como una Asociación Estratégica por el Desarrollo Conjunto, lo que ha 
permitido un conocimiento mutuo y una cooperación bilateral en mayor dimensión y profundidad.  
4.723.   En el plano internacional, compartimos ideales y defendemos principios comunes. En este 
sentido, somos firmes promotores de la Cooperación Sur -Sur y adversamos toda pretensión 
hegemónica de quienes quieran atentar contra la soberanía de los Estados mediante la imposición 
de medidas coercitivas unilaterales. Demostramos el int erés por preservar y defender el 
funcionamiento del Sistema Multilateral del Comercio, como por ejemplo el apoyo al inicio, sin 
retrasos, del proceso de selección de las vacantes del Órgano de Apelación, en conjunto con la 
mayoría de los Miembros de la OMC , situación que ya ha generado malestar en una de las principales 
funciones de la Organización.  
4.724.   Esta unidad es particularmente importante en el escenario actual de serios ataques contra 
el multilateralismo y la legitimidad de las políticas de desarrollo i mplementadas por algunos de 
nuestros países para aumentar su participación en el comercio global, expandir el valor agregado 
local, promover la diversificación industrial y la convergencia tecnológica.  
4.725.   Reconocemos los esfuerzos desplegados por China para a decuarse a los compromisos 
adquiridos tras su adhesión a la OMC y le deseamos el mejor de los éxitos en el presente examen 
de políticas comerciales.  
GEORGIA  
4.726.   We are pleased to see that Chinese economy remained as one of the major drivers for global 
economic growth during the reviewed period. Although the Chinese economy is in the process to 
adjust the "new normal", which implies more stable, albeit lower growth  rates, we commend that 
China managed to reach 6.7% real GDP growth in 2016 and 6.8% growth in 2017.  
4.727.   We would also like to highlight that China continues to be one of the largest recipients of 
foreign direct investments in the world. FDI inflows have been growing for a number of years and 
the trend continued in 2016. China is a significant overseas invest or. Outward FDI has also been 
trending upwards for a number of years. We are pleased to note that China's investments in Georgia 
has dramatically increased in 2017 estimating 89% growth compared to 2016 reaching 
US$53  million. We do believe this growing tr end will continue in the future.  
4.728.   China is a very important trade and economic partner of Georgia. Both countries display an 
exemplary strong cooperation in order to reach common economic goals.  
4.729.   The clear example of the existing cooperation is the joint e ffort to develop the New Silk Road 
initiative which is one of Georgia's main priorities. International event "Belt and Road Forum" 
launched last year in Georgia was specifically dedicated to the objective to create new platform, 
which serves to enhance the  cooperation in crucial sectors such as trade and establishment of 
business contacts, investments, tourism, transport, energy and other important areas. Pursuing this 
spirit, we strive not only to maintain, but also to further develop amicable relations in  all areas.  
4.730.   China and Georgia also enjoy very active and fruitful cooperation in the format of Central 
Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program. It is another organizational platform to 
enhance and consolidate trade and economic ties by means of new bilateral and regional projects 
encompassing multiple areas such as trade facilitation, transport, energy and other significant fields.  
4.731.   From the economic viewpoint, it is important to note, that China has always taken primary 
positions among Georgia's  foreign trade partners. Trade relations between the two countries have WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  been dynamically increasing over the course of past years. Trade turnover between China and 
Georgia in 2017 amounted to little less than US$1 billion, which constitutes an increase by 31% as 
compared to 2016. There are also significant improvements in exports from Georgia to China 
estimating US$210 million in 2017 – a number indicating a 23% growth since previous year.  
4.732.   It is also very important to note that in January this year the fre e trade agreement between 
China and Georgia became effective. Let me underline that Georgia is the first country in the region 
to enjoy an FTA with both the EU and China. Georgia -China FTA not only enhances trade and 
economic links between two countries, b ut also has broader regional benefits. Georgia emerges as 
an attractive FDI destination for investors, who seek to enter or further intensify economic ties with 
Europe. On the other hand, investors from the EU will have better access to untapped economic 
potential of South Caucasus and Asia regions.  
4.733.   In conclusion, we would like to reiterate that China is a valued partner of Georgia. We 
strongly believe the existing durable and amicable cooperation will be maintained and developed 
through continued joint eff orts in the future.  
4.734.   We wish China a successful review.  
KENYA  
4.735.   Kenya enjoys cordial and constructive economic and trade relations with China. Over the 
past years, the relationships have continued to achieve significant progress. The bilateral trade 
between K enya and China have steadily grown and continues to yield positive benefits to both 
countries. We note that China became the leading source of Kenya's imports since 2015. In 2017, 
goods from China accounted for 22.6% of our total imports, while the total b ilateral merchandise 
trade between the two countries amounted to US$3.5 billion, with trade balance tilted heavily in 
favour of China. We believe that there is immense potential for trade expansion between the two 
countries.  
4.736.   China is an important partner i n the implementation of Kenya's Vision 2030 capital -intensive 
flagship projects such as the Standard Gauge Railway line. Since its launch of operations in June 
2017, The Nairobi, Mombasa Standard Gauge Railway has archived tremendous results in terms of 
contribution to Kenya's GDP and lowering of transport and logistic costs. We believe that there is 
room for further improvement in our economic and trade ties.   
4.737.   According to the secretariat report, China's growth rate has stabilized, and in overall terms 
the economy has performed well, with a positive growth prospect. Real GDP grew by 6.7% in 2016 
and 6.8% in 2017, with domestic consumption playing an increasingly important role in China's 
economic growth.  
4.738.   We note that merchandise trade declined from 33.5% o f GDP in 2015 to 31.2% in 2016, 
with both exports and imports falling. Exports, which accounted for 93.7% of total merchandise 
exports in 2016, continue to be dominated by manufactures, while merchandise trade accounted for 
32.3% of GDP.  
4.739.   China continues to  be one of the world's largest recipients of Foreign Direct Investment. FDI 
inflows have been growing for several years and this positive trend continued in 2016. China is also 
a significant overseas investor, with outward FDI experiencing increasing growt h for several years.  
4.740.   We commend China for putting in place an ambitious reform programme under its 13th Five -
Year Plan since last review, that continue the process of structural economic reform namely the 
promotion of private sector participation in the ec onomy, the reform of state -owned enterprises, the 
promotion of competition, fiscal reform, financial sector reform, the introduction of measures to 
reduce overcapacity, strengthening local government borrowing frameworks, and the addressing of 
financial se ctor risks.  
4.741.   China is a strong defender of a rules -based multilateral trading system. Since its Accession 
in 2001, China has participated actively in the WTO's regular work programmes and trade 
negotiations. China accepted the Agreement on Trade Facilitatio n in September 2015 and during the 
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  Agreement, such as notification of category A and B commitments and indicative implementation 
date for most the of Category B c ommitments. We commend China's continued effort to reform and 
harmonize it customs procedures. This has led to reduction of the clearance times of imports to an 
average of 16.7 hours and for exports to a nationwide average of 1.1 hours in 2017, with Single  
Window now absorbing one third of declared imports.  
4.742.   During the review period we also note that China did not maintain or introduced any export 
subsidies on agricultural products. China also offered 97% duty -free, quota -free access to all LDCs 
during the r eview period.  
4.743.   At regional and bilateral levels, China concluded and signed two new Regional Trade 
Agreements with the Maldives and Georgia. China is also negotiating new and reviewing existing 
agreements with a view of expanding trade volume and optimizing  benefits from these trade 
agreements. Kenya therefore appreciates the continuous effort of China to open its market and 
promote trade and investment liberalization.  
4.744.   We also appreciate China's contribution to the WTO's Aid for Trade initiative and Trade -
Related Technical Assistance Programme for least -developed countries under the China Programme 
devoted in helping LDCs integrate into multilateral trade system as well as support them to 
implement the trade policy review recommendations.  
4.745.   In conclusion, we wi sh China every success in their seventh Trade Policy Review.  
MOZAMBIQUE  
4.746.   As indicated in the reports and also referred to by the Deputy Minister in his presentation, 
the People's Republic of China Government has continuously undertaken reforms that enabled a 
situation of a more open policies since 1978, and those reflect the China's current broader reforms, 
that not only characterize the current trade regime, but several reforms and improvements being 
undertaken in several areas of the Chinese economy.  
4.747.   The r eforms enabled the country to achieve a historic juncture, on its development; a new 
stage to which China remains committed to; a new vision of development and an open economy.  
4.748.   We commend the Government for its determination to continue reforms modernizat ion, 
firmly contribute to safeguard the Multilateral Trading System and oppose protectionist trends, thus, 
contributing for promotion of free trade areas and enhancing inclusiveness, more openness and 
cooperation.  
4.749.   Thanks to liberalization of governance system vision of development, China was able to build 
a new system aiming at development, which can be testimony in various fields of action having the 
annual growth rates shown very positive status during sequential years, as well as the evolution of 
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), despite global economic trends.  
4.750.   The strong engagement and Government's commitments, based on the undertaken 
economic policies and other relevant reforms, led the Government of People's R epublic of China to 
a successful promotion of development, aiming at structural transformation, more job creation, 
strengthening of small and medium enterprises, all these, being driven towards poverty reduction 
and economic development.  
4.751.   All the initiative s undertaken by the Government aiming at a more openness and multilateral 
advancement are well commended, and at a moment some challenges arise, the People's Republic 
of China's Government is among countries that encourage its companies to invest in Mozamb ique, 
in view to help and contribute to creating conditions for future development.  
4.752.   It is our hope that the Government will continue to achieve its long -term objectives of the 
reforms and development strategies, based on the common Vision and Strategies o n trade, industry, 
and other sectors, guided by the assumption that trade can lead to growth and development, and 
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  4.753.   Mozambique and China enjoy long and friendly bilateral relationship that has been being 
translated into substantive actions of cooperation in domains of agriculture, industrial productive 
capacity building, food aid, aquaculture development, horticulture and other areas, just to mention 
some.  
4.754.   Within triangular  cooperation, Mozambique is beneficiary of the Programme of Partnership 
for Investment and Growth in Africa together with 3 more African countries, through which, there 
has been exchange of visits in view to strengthening productive capacity, small and med ium 
enterprises development, job creation, that has been under implementation and assistance of the 
International Trade Centre.  
4.755.   In trade area, Mozambique's exports to People's Republic of China are composed of different 
range of goods; that include metals , cement line products, fish, precious stones, salt, wood and 
wood products, so to mention some. Imported goods from China include; mechanical machinery, 
equipment, vehicles and spare parts, so to mention some, having in 2017, totalized US$252,158 
and US$4 93.355 million, respectively.  
4.756.   Some of the areas of engagement of Chinese companies are infrastructural projects, 
agriculture, capacity building on aquaculture and other areas. Most recently, China is engaged in a 
triangular cooperation under the Partnersh ip for Development in Africa that involves some other 
African countries, Tis, envisages diversification of production and exports, job creation.  
4.757.   Though recognizing that challenges still remain, it is our hope that, with strong policies, 
strategies, opennes s, reforms, determination, inclusion and so forth, the economic development as 
well as resilience will prevail, and the Global Economy as well as the Multilateral Trading System in 
general will benefit.  
4.758.   To conclude, we wish China, a successful 7th Trade Po licy Review.  
  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5  REPLIES BY THE REPRE SENTATIVE OF CHINA  
5.1.  Over the past couple of days, Mr. Chair, the Discussant, as well as Ambassadors and 
representatives of 66 Members offered observations on China's economic and trade policies during 
the period under thi s review. Most of their opinions are constructive, but some are completely 
unacceptable. However, I can assure you that my colleagues and I will take all the comments very 
seriously. On behalf of the Chinese delegation, I would like to thank you all for yo ur input.  
5.2.  I would also like to express my appreciation to Members' acknowledgement of China's fulfilment 
of its WTO obligations and commitments, China's efforts in advancing higher -level opening -up and 
firm support for the multilateral trading system.  
5.3.  Some  Member mentioned "Actions speak louder than words". That reminds me of an old saying 
in China, "No sooner said than done". Just three months after President Xi Jinping made his speech 
at the Boao Forum for Asia this year, the relevant opening -up measures that he referred to have 
been implemented in succession.  
5.4.  June 28th saw the release of the 2018 revised negative list for foreign investment, introducing 
22 opening -up measures in such areas as financial services, automobile manufacturing. Since July 
1st, import duties on automobiles and car parts among nearly 1,500  tariff lines of consumer goods 
have been lowered. And of July 9th, the Government of China unveiled another 15 specific measures 
for promoting trade liberalization and facilitation.  
5.5.  The majority of questions and issues raised by Members in their interventions have already 
been responded to in my opening statement the day before, and China's written replies to written 
questions. Let me now take this opportunity to approach and clarify the priority areas identified by 
Members.  
Regarding the role of the Government.  
5.6.  The 3rd Plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee held in 2013 spell out the relationship 
between the Government and the market, letting the market play the decisive role in resources 
alloca tion and the Government play its role better.  
5.7.  In recent years, the role of market has been brought into full play in China. The interest rate 
is already market -based, and the market -oriented exchange rate formation mechanism has been 
constantly improved. R estrictions on the access of foreign investors have been cut by nearly two 
thirds. And investment in areas outside the negative list is by and large administrated through the 
filing for record system. The number of products and services subject to central government -set 
pricing is only 7 now, mainly those prone to natural monopoly, as well as important public utilities 
and services relating to public benefit. These are natural gas, certain water supply (for water 
conservancy), electricity, special drugs and  blood, certain transportation, postal and professional 
services.  
5.8.  On the other hand, the Government has been playing its role better. We have vigorously 
strengthened IPR protection, minimized monopoly, and continuously improving the business 
environment. F or example, foreign investors in China feel very secure. No one in China has to worry 
falling victim of gun violence.  
5.9.  It is due to both the decisive role of the market and the better role of the Government that 
China has achieved rapid development, and pro vided opportunities for its trading partners. The 
current situation is not perfect of course, but China will continue enabling its Government and its 
market optimally play their respective roles.  
Regarding Made in China 2025  
5.10.   According to UNCTAD studies, over 100 countries in the world have supportive industrial 
policies. About 60% of them are for manufacturing, and 25% are related to the new round of 
industrial revolution.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.11.   The US once released many strategic programmes or policy acts, like Manufacturing 
Enhancement Act of 2010, Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2012, and National Strategic Plan 
for Advanced Manufacturing 2012, just to name a few. Germany has a plan entitled Industry 4.0. 
and France has New Industrial France 2013.  
5.12.   Made in China 2025 is ess entially the same in nature as these plans and programmes I just 
mentioned. It is implemented in an open, transparent and non -discriminatory manner. It applies to 
both Chinese enterprises and FIEs in China, and in certain aspects, it even applies to foreig n 
companies. In fact, many foreign enterprises including American ones have already participated in 
the projects implemented under Made in China 2025.  
Regarding overcapacity  
5.13.   Overcapacity is a global economic issue of both cyclical and structural nature. Th e 
United  States in the 1970s and Japan in the 1980s both encountered with the overcapacity issue in 
crude steel sector.  
5.14.   The 2008 international financial crisis resulted in global economic recession and decline in 
global market demand. To deal with the cris is, China adopted an economic stimulus plan to boost 
domestic demand and expand fixed -assets investment, thus contributing to rescuing the world from 
the crisis. As a side effect, China's responsible actions also led to capacity increase in steel.  
5.15.   Taking a  responsible position again, China has been making tremendous efforts to address 
domestic overcapacity. So far, China is the only country that has set a quantitative indicator and 
acted to accomplish it. For 2016 and 2017, China cut its capacity of crude s teel by 120 million tonnes 
in total. Director General Edwin Basson of the World Steel Association said that the global steel 
industry has felt the significant contributions made by China to capacity reduction.  
5.16.   Although China's steel and iron production acc ounts for half of the global total, no worry that 
it would affect your industry a lot. Because China's steel and iron export only takes up 9.5% of its 
total production, while some other countries export 65%, 39% and 47% of their production 
respectively tod ay. Addressing overcapacity needs collective actions. China stands ready to join 
hands with other countries to tackle this global problem together.  
Regarding SOEs  
5.17.   SOEs can be found in many WTO Members. The United States has Fannie Mae and Freddie 
Mac. Cana da, France and a number of developed Members also have SOEs.  
5.18.   SOEs in China, just like private companies, FIEs and other types of enterprises in China are 
independent market players that compete on a level playing field. If a Member believes that certain 
SOEs get special subsidies from the Chinese Government, and if their exports affect Member's 
domestic industry, the Member could just conduct countervailing investigations according to the 
rules of the SCM Agreement, just like what they normally do with priv ate companies and FIEs. WTO 
rules can address this issue adequately.  
Regarding IPR  
5.19.   Strengthening IPR protection is the inherent demand of China's innovation and development. 
It serves the interests of Chinese enterprises, and it also caters to the interest s of foreign companies.  
5.20.   China has no law that mandates the transfer of technologies by foreign enterprises to their 
Chinese cooperation partners. The technical cooperation between Chinese and foreign companies 
are absolutely contractual behaviour based on  voluntary business deals. As for the groundless 
accusation of IPR theft, I wish to emphasize that the Chinese Government has established a relatively 
complete legal system for IPR protection, set up IPR courts and dedicated tribunals. The dominant 
role of  judicial protection of IPR has been continuously cemented in China. And we will keep 
improving upon enforcement.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  Regarding cyber security and data flow  
5.21.   By implementing its Cyber Security Law and regulating data flow, China does not intend to 
impede cross -border data flow, let alone restricting international trade. Rather, the aim is to ensure 
cyber security and orderly flow of data within the applicable legal framework, protect the legitimate 
rights and interests of its citizens and legal persons, and safe guard national security and social public 
interests.  
5.22.   As a developing Member, China has to take these measures to prevent incidents like data 
leakage by Cambridge Analytica, and prevent the interference into China's domestic affairs by 
external powers that should jeopardize China's stability and security.  
Regarding transparency  
5.23.   Like the vast number of developing Members, China still faces capacity constraint when it 
comes to implementing the transparency obligations. However, China has all along been sparing  no 
efforts in honoring its notification obligations under the WTO agreements. We submitted the first 
notification on subsidies at the sub -central government level before the last TPR. Prior to this TPR, 
we handed in the 2015 -2016 notification for both cen tral and sub -central subsidies programmes. 
The notification encompasses 190 items in such fields as R&D of enterprises, environment protection 
and energy conservation, as well as fisheries. And for the first time, programmes in all provincial -
level adminis trative regions in China are reflected.  
5.24.   In terms of the domestic support notification, China has basically completed technical 
preparations. However, in view of the ongoing WTO disputes, submission has to be postponed.  
Regarding GPA  
5.25.   On top of China's persistent endeavor to join the GPA at an earlier date, President Xi Jinping 
announced at the Boao Forum for Asia in April this year that China will pace up the process. That is 
a reiteration of China's consistent position by our top leader. A revised offe r will be submitted to the 
WTO as soon as possible.  
5.26.   China has already made considerable efforts to join the GPA. However, its accession process 
depends on not only China's own efforts, but to a large extent, the positions and expectations of the 
parties to  the GPA. We hope that all the parties could adopt a flexible and pragmatic attitude towards 
China's joining the GPA as well.  
Regarding support for developing Members and LDCs  
5.27.   China's status as the world's largest developing country has not changed. At pre sent, per 
capita GDP in China is below US$9000, ranking the 71st globally. Due to imbalanced and incomplete 
development, more than 30 million rural people still live in poverty. China lags far behind the 
developed countries in pension, healthcare and other  social security areas. It is therefore unrealistic 
to require China to undertake the same responsibilities as developed Members.  
5.28.   However, China is ready to shoulder the international responsibilities commensurate with its 
development level and capacities.  We are willing to provide support to developing Members, 
especially LDCs within our capabilities. We have actively expanded import, promoted investment 
and firmly supported the implementation of S&D entitled to developing Members under the 
multilateral tr ading system. As regards the first China International Import Expo to be held in the 
coming November, we will provide assistance and convenience to exhibitors from developing 
countries and exempt LDCs from their participating fees. A country or any country  pursuing state -led 
mercantilist trade policies would never do that.  
Regarding the Belt and Road Initiative and the WTO  
5.29.   The Belt and Road Initiative aims at deepening cooperation among countries in a pragmatic 
manner for shared prosperity. Adhering to the principle of achieving shared benefits through 
consultation and collaboration, it is open to all like -minded friends. These are in line with the 
objectives of the WTO, and compatible with WTO rules.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.30.   It is worth mentioning that the Belt and Road Initiative explicitly proposed, in terms of 
unimpeded trade, that the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core be upheld, trade and 
investment liberalization and facilitation be advanced, and protectionism be strongly opposed. This 
initiative will be impl emented in a manner consistent with the multilateral trading rules.  
Regarding FTAs  
5.31.   While firmly safeguarding the multilateral trading system as the main channel, China has been 
vigorously promoting free trade arrangements with its trading partners. Our rec ent FTA negotiating 
partners include Moldova, Mauritius and Panama. China will remain committed to building a network 
of high -standard free trade areas which is open to the world. We look forward to making progress 
jointly with our FTA partners and attaini ng the objective of common development.  
5.32.   This concludes my responses to the key issues identified in the first session of this TPR. I 
thank you all very much for attention.  
DISCUSSANT  
5.33.   Let me, first of all, congratulate Vice -Minister Wang Shouwen and his tea m for the outstanding 
work done in this review.  
5.34.   As we are nearing the end of our deliberations, my impression is that one theme has 
permeated many interventions by Members. This was the necessity for a shift of emphasis in China's 
economy, a transition fro m quantity to quality.  
5.35.   In some ways, this was also reflected in the lively exchange we had on the first day of this 
review. There was an exceptionally high number of Members who took the floor. What followed was 
a high number of statements of outstanding quality. This is a clear sign that China matters to all of 
us. That its trade and investment policies are taken very seriously and studied very carefully in our 
capitals. It shows the degree to which China has become a key Member of the multilateral tradin g 
system.  
5.36.   How can one sum up this lively discussion? How to do it justice in light of the wide spectrum 
of different interventions?  
5.37.   There was much praise for what China has achieved. It became manifest that China's 
commitment and sense of initiative at th e WTO is highly appreciated by many Members. The "Belt 
and Road initiative" has become a significant element in the economies of a number of Members.  
5.38.   At the same time, virtually no delegation felt that China should rest on its laurels. To put it 
more bluntly, it became obvious that the status quo is not an option. China was encouraged to 
pursue an ambitious reform agenda.  
5.39.   Membership at the WTO is multi faceted. We all have different types of economic models, 
differing frameworks for trade and investment. Yet, at the centre of this diverse universe is a more 
or less common belief in the virtues of market forces. So, in a way, it was no surprise that many 
called for rolling back the frontiers of the Chinese State, for more openness and liberalization. To 
create more competition and a level -playing field.  
5.40.   At the same time, if State intervention is to be, it should be made more transparent. This was 
also exp ressed by numerous delegations. Competitors want to know under what conditions they 
have to compete with their Chinese counterparts. It was a positive sign that this trade policy review 
coincided with a set of notifications made by China, which had been pe nding.  
5.41.   May we take this step as a sign that there will soon be more transparency? More transparency 
when it comes to official support for the agricultural sector as well? Given the size of China's 
agricultural market, it is only natural that a great numbe r of Members show a keen interest in this 
type of government intervention.  
5.42.   Moreover, a number of foreign competitors are of the view that if the Chinese State intervenes 
in the economy, it should do so more even -handedly. Regulations, in particular behind -the-border -WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  measures, should be more predictable and consistent with WTO obligations. On top of that, the 
regulatory framework is of a certain complexity. Here, much could be done to improve the overall 
conditions under which businesses operate.  
5.43.   Then, over capacity remains a recurring issue. It had been dealt with at the previous review. 
And it did come up again at this review even though China has already undertaken concrete steps 
to reduce excess capacity in some areas.  
5.44.   Some new themes did emerge since th e last review. China's drive towards innovation and to 
prepare the country for the new digital age was discussed at greater length this time. What struck 
me was the worry expressed by some that in this push towards modernity, some of the controversial 
policies followed in the past could be reissued. Will there be new industries benefitting from special 
treatment or subsidies which - in turn - could create another situation of overcapacity?  
5.45.   Cross -border data flows are closely entwined with the digital econom y. Within this context, a 
number of Members considered that care should be taken to avoid unnecessary barriers to the free 
flow of data.  
5.46.   In any event, no modern economy may flourish and be competitive in the long run without a 
solid protection of intellect ual property rights. I am under the impression that the strong call by 
several Members for better enforcement of IPR in China did not go unnoticed.  
5.47.   In time for this trade policy review, the Chinese authorities have published a White Book on 
China and the World Trade Organization. It is a document which contains a wealth of information. 
But more importantly, it holds out the promise of more reforms. There is to be more openness, more 
liberalization and – yes – a better level -playing field.  
5.48.   At the core lies China's commitment to the multilateral trading system. It is a common thread 
which runs through China's work at the WTO and through the White Book. We are confident that 
this compelling commitment will be followed up by concrete actions. China lifted itsel f out of poverty. 
It certainly has the capacity to transition towards a more market -based economy. Nothing would 
strengthen the multilateral and rules -based trading system more than a tangible reform effort by 
one of its most important Members.  
5.49.   The WTO di d much for China. It offered the country a predictable framework for what you 
might call a first phase of internal reforms. It helped China derive considerable benefits from 
globalization. As China received much, there are now expectations that it assumes responsibility and 
lead by example. The orientation of its second wave of reforms was set out in the report of the 
Chinese Government for this TPR, and I quote "The core issue is to properly handle the relationship 
between the Government and the market, so  that the market plays the decisive role… and the 
Government plays its role better".  
5.50.   With this, I would like to conclude, Mr. Chairman.  
REPÚBLICA  DOMINICANA  
5.51.   En este séptimo Examen de su política comercial, podemos constatar, al igual que en el 
anterior hace dos años, que China continúa siendo uno de los principales motores del crecimiento 
económico mundial, tal y como lo indica el informe de la Secretaría. Sin embargo, el crecimiento 
económico continúa a un ritmo más lento, donde el PIB real aumentó en u n 6,7% en el 2016, y un 
crecimiento más o menos similar en el 2017 en comparación con un crecimiento de 7,3% en el 2014 
y 6,9% en el 2015. Asimismo, vemos que las fuentes del crecimiento económico en China se han 
desplazado, de la inversión al consumo, de la demanda externa a la interna y de las manufacturas 
a los servicios. Es interesante notar, que casi dos tercios de ese crecimiento correspondieron al 
consumo y que la participación del sector de los servicios en el PIB superó por primera vez el 50% 
en 20 15, siendo las ventas a través del comercio electrónico y las importaciones de servicios de 
turismo los sectores que más han aumentado. Felicitamos a la República Popular de China por 
mantener estas tasas de crecimiento, y al mismo tiempo lograr que las mi smas se traduzcan en una 
disminución de la desigualdad de los ingresos y los niveles de pobreza.  
5.52.   Igualmente, comprobamos que en el Decimotercer Plan Quinquenal (2016 -2020), las 
autoridades mantienen el propósito de proseguir el proceso de reforma estructur al de la economía, WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  lo que incluye la promoción de la participación del sector privado en la economía y la reforma de las 
empresas estatales. Otras medidas importantes incluidas en el Plan son la promoción de la 
competencia, la reforma fiscal, la reforma de l sector financiero para aumentar la participación del 
capital privado en la banca y la ampliación de la oferta de servicios financieros, y la adopción de 
tipos de cambio y de interés determinados en mayor medida por el mercado. También nos complace 
saber que se ha avanzado en las reformas para hacer frente al exceso de capacidad de producción 
de algunas industrias. Esperamos que China continúe haciendo esfuerzos para dirigirse hacia una 
economía de mercado, y les alentamos a proseguir con estas reformas.  
5.53.   Nos complace, asimismo, ver que durante el período objeto de examen, China siguió 
alentando la Inversión Extranjera Directa, así como las sociedades conjuntas entre empresas chinas 
y extranjeras, y continuó ampliando el programa piloto de reforma del régime n de inversión 
extranjera, iniciado en 2013 mediante el establecimiento de la Zona Franca Experimental (Shanghái) 
de China, el cual cuenta ahora con 11 zonas francas experimentales.   
5.54.   También China ha continuado, en el área de facilitación de comercio, hac iendo esfuerzos de 
reforma y armonización de los procedimientos aduaneros, para que sean más eficientes. 
Aproximadamente un tercio de las importaciones se declara ahora a través de ventanillas únicas. El 
tiempo de despacho de las importaciones se ha reduci do a 16,7 horas en promedio en 2017, frente 
a más de 22 horas en 2016.  
5.55.   Observamos que China tiene, un régimen arancelario bastante abierto. El promedio aritmético 
de los tipos NMF aplicados a diciembre de 2017 era del 9,3%, inferior a los niveles de 2013 y 2015, 
ya que se introdujo una reforma arancelaria en diciembre de 2017 que redujo los aranceles NMF 
aplicados a unos 200 productos de consumo. También observamos que China ha hecho un uso 
moderado de los remedios comerciales durante el período objeto de examen.  
5.56.   Por otro lado, el informe de la Secretaría indica que durante el período objeto de examen, 
China presentó a la OMC diversas notificaciones, aunque aún están pendientes las correspondientes 
a las empresas comerciales del Estado, la ayuda interna y l as subvenciones proporcionadas por el 
Gobierno central. En este sentido, les exhortamos a presentarlas lo antes posible.  
5.57.   Notamos con satisfacción por otro lado, que en el área de Política de Competencia se han 
hecho reformas legislativas interesantes con l a enmienda de la Ley de Represión de la Competencia 
Desleal, que entró en vigor el 1º de enero de 2018. La nueva Ley elimina las disposiciones que se 
solapaban con la Ley Antimonopolio, entre otras, las disposiciones que prohibían que las empresas 
de servi cios públicos y las empresas monopolísticas exigieran a los consumidores que compraran 
productos designados, así como las disposiciones sobre las licitaciones colusorias. Además, la nueva 
Ley introduce disposiciones para evitar las actividades de competenc ia desleal realizadas por medios 
digitales a través de Internet.  
5.58.   Finalmente, hemos presentado preguntas a la delegación de China, relativas a las 
notificaciones de subvenciones, el impuesto al valor añadido, los planes para la promoción de las 
pequeñas y medianas empresas, entre otros, y agradecemos las respuestas que estudiaremos con 
interés, y solo nos queda exhortar a China para que continúe con su proceso de reformas 
encaminado a la apertura comercial, les deseamos muchos éxitos en este examen de polít ica 
comercial y en el futuro.  
URUGUAY  
5.59.   Uruguay mantiene amistosas y constructivas relaciones con China en los distintos ámbitos de 
la relación bilateral tanto en el plano político, económico, comercial como de cooperación y cultura.  
5.60.   El 3 de febrero de 1988  Uruguay y China establecieron relaciones diplomáticas, por lo que 
este año se celebran los 30 años desde ese acontecimiento.  
5.61.   Desde el último Examen de las políticas comerciales de China en el año 2016, las relaciones 
bilaterales entre Uruguay y China se h an fortalecido. Los encuentros de alto nivel, así como el 
incremento significativo del intercambio comercial entre los dos países convirtió a China en el 
principal socio comercial de Uruguay. Esta relación se vio fortalecida por la visita de Estado del Señ or 
Presidente de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Doctor Tabaré Vázquez, a la República Popular de WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  China en octubre de 2016. El punto más significativo de esta visita consistió en la firma de una 
declaración conjunta entre ambos países, en la cual se ref lejan los aspectos más importantes de la 
agenda bilateral y, sobre todo, se elevó el grado de la relación entre ambos países a la categoría de 
asociación estratégica.  
5.62.   Como mencionado, el comercio entre Uruguay y China ha incrementado significativamente la 
última década. En el año 2017, se registró un saldo positivo de la balanza comercial de Uruguay por 
un valor de 122 millones de dólares EE.UU. El comercio bilateral, por su parte, alcanzó durante el 
año 2017 los 3.4 mil millones de dólares EE.UU. Las expor taciones nacionales de bienes a China 
registraron un nuevo récord histórico en 2017 al mostrar un incremento del 56% respecto al año 
anterior, un 22% del total de las ventas de mercancías de Uruguay al exterior en ese mismo año.  
5.63.   El principal producto de ex portación en 2017 fue la aba de soja, exportándose 747 millones 
de dólares EE.UU., lo que representa un 42% del total exportado a China. En 2017, las exportaciones 
uruguayas a China desde zonas francas alcanzaron los 802 millones de dólares EE.UU. Las mism as 
se constituyen esencialmente de ventas de celulosa, soja y concentrados de bebidas.  
5.64.   Por su parte, China se ubicó como primer proveedor de Uruguay en 2017, representando el 
21% del total importado por nuestro país. Las importaciones uruguayas crecieron en 2017 
alcanzando la cifra de 1.6 mil millones de dólares EE.UU., 10% más que el monto registrado el año 
anterior. El rubro aparatos eléctricos de telefonía o telegrafía constituyó la principal partida de 
importación. En el 2017 se importaron 180 millones  de dólares EE.UU. en este bien, representando 
un 11% del total importado.  
5.65.   Por otra parte, Uruguay destaca la Iniciativa Un Cinturón Una Ruta cuyo objetivo tiene un 
gran potencial para generar un crecimiento diversificado de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, las 
cuales podrán beneficiarse de nuevas oportunidades comerciales. En tal sentido, la iniciativa de 
referencia representa una gran oportunidad para la transformación y la modernización de las 
industrias tradicionales, el impulso de las industria s insipientes, el estímulo de la innovación, el 
fomento y desarrollo de zonas remotas, así como la mejora de la competitividad de las pequeñas y 
medianas empresas.  
5.66.   Uruguay encomienda la labor realizada por China en este ámbito y alienta a dicho país a 
continuar participando del grupo informal de trabajo de las MiPymes de la OMC, a los efectos de 
aunar esfuerzos hacia la exitosa integración de las MiPymes en el comercio internacional.  
5.67.   Finalmente, quisiéramos reafirmar el interés de seguir trabajando para alc anzar un resultado 
positivo en la próxima Conferencia Ministerial de la OMC y proteger el sistema multilateral de 
comercio basado en normas previsibles, transparentes y equilibradas.  
5.68.   Uruguay le desea a China el mayor de los éxitos en su séptimo Examen de p olíticas 
comerciales.  
JAMAICA  
5.69.   China and Jamaica share strong historical ties; Chinese immigrants and indentured labourers 
from as far back as the nineteenth century, have contributed to the enrichment and development of 
the Jamaican economy, culture and so ciety as a whole.   
5.70.   The National and Secretariat reports prepared for China's seventh Trade Policy Review show 
that China has remained committed to pursuing its unique brand of economic development, 
characterised, in part, by further opening -up of its economy, strengthening of the rule of law, 
increased monitoring, checks and balances, foreign direct investment and greater attention to quality 
control and sustainability.  It is clear that the challenges faced by one of the world's largest 
economies and its trade policy regime, are many and complex and equally clear that the Chinese 
Government is unwavering in its determination to address these challenges.  
5.71.   China is Jamaica's fourth largest trading partner, after the USA, the UK and Canada. Jamaica's 
main exports to China are alumina and waste and scrap metal. There are also significant exports of 
coffee, spirits, paperboard and other manufactured goods.   WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.72.   Recent efforts have been made to increase Jamaica's exports of seafood to China. In 
September 2017, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between both countries to 
facilitate the export of lobster to China. Arising from this MoU, a team of inspectors from China 
visited Jamaica earlier this year, in order to inspect facilities and tour Jamaican sea food plants, as 
part of the final step in the verification process to facilitate market access for the export of Jamaican 
seafood to China.  
5.73.   China is also one of Jamaica's key bilateral partners. China continues to provide development 
assistance in a number  of trade - and investment -related projects in Jamaica in the areas of 
infrastructural development, mining and institutional strengthening, which have helped to fuel 
Jamaica's social and economic development. China has made significant investment in the 
development of Jamaica's infrastructure and agricultural sector. The Jamaica North -South Highway, 
which was opened in March 2016, is one of the largest investments in infrastructure in Jamaica.  
5.74.   The Bauxite and Alumina Industry remains one of Jamaica's four la rgest earners of foreign 
exchange and the single largest contributor to domestic traditional exports. The industry has been 
the focus of renewal and expansion, particularly with the entry of Jiuquan Iron and Steel (Group) 
Company (JISCO), which has acquire d and reopened the Alumina Partners of Jamaica (ALPART) 
Alumina Refinery, and has proposed further investment with the construction of a new alumina 
refinery over the next four years.  
5.75.   The second meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Forum of t he Community of Latin 
America and Caribbean States (CELAC) and the Peoples' Republic China was held in January  2018, 
at which the Declaration of Santiago and a Joint Action Plan for Cooperation on Priority Areas (2019 -
2021) were adopted. Both sides committ ed, inter alia , to undertake measures to stimulate and 
deepen trade and investment relations. Importantly, CARICOM and China reaffirmed their 
commitment to strengthen existing CARICOM -China cooperation mechanisms, including the 
Caribbean -China Economic and  Trade Forum.  
5.76.   Jamaica looks forward to participating in the China International Import Exposition which will 
be held in Shanghai in November 2018.  
5.77.   In closing, Jamaica commends China for its determination to address challenges in its 
economy and its trade p olicy regime. We acknowledge China's commitment to development 
assistance for other developing countries including LDCs. We encourage the Government of China 
to continue to pursue various reforms aimed at simplifying trade and rectifying the various 
imbala nces in the economy, for the benefit of the social and economic development of the Chinese 
people and the global economy, while remaining true to the character of China.  
5.78.   We wish Vice Minister Wang and the delegation of China a successful seventh Trade Poli cy 
Review.  
CAMBODIA   
5.79.   My delegation takes this opportunity to express our congratulations to the Chinese delegation 
for the good work and successful conclusion of the 7th TPR.  
5.80.   Chinese 7th review has clearly shown that China has used all efforts to reform tr ade policies 
for the main purpose of enhancing compliance with the transparency mechanism. We have listened 
carefully to 66 Members who most of them expressed their satisfaction and appreciation on China, 
especially their appreciation on the increase of in vestments and trade between China and those 
countries. I have noted that more than half of those who took the floor on the first day and today 
have raised the same sentence "China is our key partner" and another sentence "China is the largest 
economy". The se two sentences are revealing as a proof that China is crucial for most of us, both in 
terms of relation and economy.  
5.81.   Cambodia also takes this opportunity, once again, to thank the Vice Minister for his precise 
remarks reflecting comments made by Members  and thank the discussant, Ambassador Chambovey, 
for his insightful comments responded to the results of the review. We also thank the Chinese 
delegation for their clear and comprehensive answers to questions.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.82.   We look forward to receiving written responses  to our follow -up questions that we have 
submitted on the first day of the review.  
5.83.   With this short note, we wish the Chinese delegation led by Vice Minister H.E. Mr. Wang 
Shouwen a pleasant stay and safe trip back home.  
EUROPEAN  UNION  
5.84.   Let me begin by expre ssing our appreciation to the Chinese delegation for the replies to the 
EU's advance written questions and for the hard work done in this TPR. Allow me to extend a special 
thank and best of luck to our colleague, Mr Yu Benlin, who has been working hard on this TPR and 
will be leaving Geneva soon.  
5.85.   As we heard on Wednesday, China received over 1900 questions, 155 of them from the EU. 
I echo the remark by the discussant that the high numbers speak about China's important role in 
the global trading system and this Organization. As China's trade policy has an impact on all of us, 
we are eager to understand it better.  
5.86.   Today, we would like to share some brief observations on the review so far.  
5.87.   In its opening statement and the statement today, China emphasized th e measures it has 
taken to liberalize and facilitate trade and investment during the period under review, while 
refocusing its economic growth on quality rather than quantity, as also noted by the discussant. We 
heard that China is the main or a major trad ing partner to most Members in the room and that 
therefore Members expect China to turn its policy announcements into action soon and effectively. 
This expectation is shared by foreign businesses in China.  
5.88.   I listened carefully to the positive evaluation g iven by China about the improvements made 
to its investment and business environment. The question is not about having SOEs and public 
industrial policies – of course they exist also in the EU. Concerns that were often quoted rather relate 
to the lack of a  "level and fair playing field" when private companies compete with state -owned 
enterprises and a difficult business environment which persists despite the liberalization 
announcements.  
5.89.   China is an active Member of this Organization and this is positively  regarded by the other 
Members. At the same time, China was encouraged on several occasions to demonstrate leadership 
in addressing current challenges facing the WTO. In this context, I would like to highlight the 
Discussant's reminder that China's size me ans it must be cognizant of the effect it has on the 
Members, and the global repercussions of its actions.  
5.90.   Transparency was also often mentioned by the discussant in the discussion on Wednesday, 
as Members expect China to fulfil its notification obligation s and submit outstanding notifications, 
notably on domestic support in agriculture, subsidies, STEs and in fisheries subsidies.  
5.91.   The EU has taken careful note of Vice Minister Wang's announcement that China has 
submitted its subsidies notification for the 2015 -2016 period just before the TPR. We welcome this 
news but are concerned that the notification is already 1 year late and wou ld have hoped to receive 
it earlier so that it could have contributed to our discussions here, as several of our questions address 
subsidies in China. We trust that the notification is complete and up to date, covering all subsidies 
granted at central and sub-central level. We look forward to examining it through the review 
procedures in the special meetings of the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. We 
trust that in doing so we will find that China has indeed met its notification obligation s by providing 
a comprehensive subsidy notification.  
5.92.   We hope these observations will be useful to China as it continues on its announced path of 
further opening -up its economy.   
5.93.   The EU has submitted a number of follow -up questions to the Secretariat in order to seek 
additional information and clarifications from China in the following areas, among others:  
• Subsidies  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  • Services  
• Standards  
• Energy policy  
• China's draft export control law  
• The Belt and Road initiative  
• Connected driving  
5.94.   As per usual practice, we lo ok forward to receiving the replies to these questions within one 
month after the meeting.  
5.95.   In concluding, I would like to express once more the EU's appreciation to the whole delegation 
of China for their participation and valuable contributions to this 7t h Trade Policy Review of China.  
PAKISTAN  
5.96.   We have followed the very important discussion during this TPR with great interest and note 
the tremendous progress achieved by China in the past decades in terms of inclusive growth and 
the alleviation of poverty d ue to opening -up of its economy. We also note that China has been a 
firm, consistent advocate for free trade and the multilateral trading system, opening its markets to 
the world and fulfilling its obligations under the WTO. We also note some of the Member s' concerns 
with the multilateral system. All of us are cognizant of the reality that the multilateral system needs 
systemic reform and are participating in tough negotiations to achieve that goal. However, we 
distance ourselves from the use and advocacy o f unilateral measures being utilized by any Member 
State to achieve their goals since these run counter to the fundamental principles of the WTO.  
5.97.   While legitimate criticisms of our rule -making history and present negotiations surrounding 
issues such as in dustrial policy, SOEs and subsidies warrant us to have a hard look at the framework 
we've created to achieve our goals of inclusive prosperity, we would like to highlight a systemic 
concern and our alarm at the direction of certain conversations taking pla ce at this forum. We need 
to appreciate that a restructuring of the rules might, to put it proverbially, shift the goal post or burn 
the bridges for countries at a lower stage of development at the moment. This would be very 
detrimental to the system and u nfair to many countries which have faithfully executed their 
obligations under the multilateral trading system with the knowledge that the rules applicable to 
them will remain the same while they participate in the system as those that existed for countrie s 
that were in their position a few decades ago. We need to avoid such a scenario and ensure that all 
countries retain a fair level of policy space in order to leverage their domestic policies for inclusive 
growth and prosperity.  
5.98.   It is disappointing to not e that developed countries – once the champions of multilateralism 
and its enshrined principles are now sceptical of the rules they stood for.  
5.99.   The calls for abandoning legitimate policy objectives, relinquishing development goals, 
surrendering the pursuit of technology, industrial upgradation and building productive capacities, 
only denies developing countries their right to make lives better for their people. It amounts to 
kicking away the development ladder after climbing it; and burning the development b ridge after 
crossing it. It takes away from our Governments the chance to do what Governments are supposed 
to do – that is make lives better for their people and make countries better for them to live in.  
5.100.   The WTO is an institution for all – that is why al l countries want to accede and take benefit 
from it. It allows a chance to all countries to integrate and reform at their own pace and pursue their 
objectives according to their own peculiar circumstances. Developing countries want to integrate 
and we are willing to participate. But their need for policy space must be recognized, and their 
objectives must be supported.  
JAPAN  
5.101.   First of all, I would like to express our sincere appreciation for dedicated efforts made by the 
Chinese TPR team headed by Vice Minis ter Wang Shouwen and the excellent comments and remarks 
made by the discussant, Ambassador Chambovey.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.102.   During this TPR of China, many questions and requests were put forward by the Members, 
including on transparency of subsidies, treatment of SOEs, over ca pacity, cross border data flow, 
forced technology transfer and IPR. And Vice Minister Wang has just given us some additional 
explanations. Certainly, this TPR has provided us with an opportunity to better understand each 
other. But I think many of those is sues raised by many Members need to be further clarified or more 
concretely addressed; we look forward to continuous dialogue with China.  
5.103.   This morning, the Japanese delegation submitted 27 additional questions on the matters in 
which we think China's answe rs are not clear or sufficient. For example, on the Regulations on 
Technology Import and Export Administration, China's answer says: China "is willing to estimate the 
amendment of the regulations carefully and comprehensively." We would like to know more e xactly 
what China plans to do with these regulations. We expect China to respond to our questions in due 
course with more clarity.  
UNITED  STATES  
5.104.   Today we would like to make a few observations in light of the discussions that took place 
on Wednesday and als o explain the concerns that underlie some of our more important follow -up 
questions, which we submitted earlier today.  
5.105.   As we listened on Wednesday, we heard several Members identify serious problems with 
China's trade and investment regime. These problems included:  
• Severe and persistent excess capacity, especially in the steel, aluminum and shipbuilding 
 sectors;  
• Preferential treatment for state -owned enterprises that creates an un -level playing field for 
 foreign companies seeking to compete, not only in C hina but also in other markets;  
• An overly broad cybersecurity regime that seems designed to block sales of imported 
 information and communications technology (ICT) products and services in China;  
• Overly broad cross -border data restrictions and data local ization requirements that work to 
 disadvantage foreign manufacturers and services suppliers and their products and services 
 in a wide range of sectors;  
• Forced technology transfer;  
• Numerous restrictions on foreign investment;  
• Inadequate regulatory transpa rency;  
• China's use of its Anti -Monopoly Law for industrial policy purposes;  
• Inadequate enforcement of intellectual property rights;  
• Problematic sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures; and  
• A poor record of submitting WTO notifications, especially in the  areas of industrial subsidies, 
 agricultural domestic support and fisheries.  
5.106.   It is, of course, not unusual to see Members identify problems with another Member's trade 
and investment regime.  
5.107.   What is unusual is the very long list of problems that have bee n identified in China's trade 
and investment regime.  
5.108.   Why is that?  
5.109.   We provided the answer on Wednesday. China has not yet fully embraced the open, market -
oriented policies on which this institution is founded. China continues to pursue a state -led, 
mercantilist approach to trade and investment.  
5.110.   China often describes its approach as win -win, but that's not accurate. A mercantilist sees 
trade as a zero -sum game, and that is the equation that underlies so many of China's industrial 
policies. China seeks  to help its domestic industries too often by pursuing policies and practices that 
impede, disadvantage and harm the foreign competition.  
5.111.   In the United States' view, as we said on Wednesday, change is necessary, and China knows 
what needs to be done.  WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  5.112.   As we  listened to other Members on Wednesday, we heard many of them say that they do 
not want to hear more promises from China. What they want is to see China taking concrete actions. 
As one Member said it, "actions speak louder than words". The United States f ully supports that 
sentiment.  
5.113.   Next, we would like to comment on some of the statements made by China on Wednesday.  
5.114.   First, China asserts that it faithfully implements adverse WTO dispute settlement rulings.  
5.115.   We have a different view.  
5.116.   In DS414, the dispute in volving China's antidumping and countervailing duties on imports 
of U.S. grain -oriented electrical steel, the United States won decisively, with a panel and the 
Appellate Body both ruling that China should never have put duties in place. China nevertheless  
issued a redetermination that kept the duties in place, and the United States was forced to bring a 
compliance proceeding under Article 21.5 of the DSU. The Article 21.5 panel ruled that China had 
not complied with the earlier rulings.  
5.117.   An almost identical  scenario played out in DS427, the dispute in which the United States 
successfully challenged China's antidumping and countervailing duties on imports of U.S. chicken 
broiler products.  
5.118.   Meanwhile, in DS413, the China‒Electronic Payment Services dispute, Chi na agreed to 
comply with an adverse ruling by July 2013, that is, five years ago. However, China still has not 
complied, and as a consequence U.S. suppliers of electronic payment services remain blocked from 
China's market.  
5.119.   Another comment by China on Wedn esday that requires a response is China's insistence that 
inadequate IPR enforcement "is no longer a major problem" for U.S. companies' business operations 
in China. That statement simply is not true.  
5.120.   Each year since China joined the WTO, including this ye ar, the United States has catalogued 
in various reports the enormous difficulties and challenges posed by China's inadequate protection 
and enforcement of intellectual property rights.  
5.121.   Moreover, a report released just yesterday by the American Chamber of C ommerce in 
Shanghai ranks inadequate IPR protection as the top regulatory challenge facing U.S. companies in 
China's market.  
5.122.   Finally, let me highlight some of our follow -up questions.  
5.123.   We have asked several follow -up questions about the Belt and Road Initia tive. In our original 
questions, we had highlighted concerns raised by many countries about the need for Belt and Road 
projects to begin adhering to internationally accepted best practices in infrastructure development 
and financing, so as not to cripple c ountries with unsustainable debt problems, and about inadequate 
transparency and inclusivity in Belt and Road projects. We sought information about how China was 
working to address these concerns, but China responded by deflecting responsibility from the 
Chinese Government and instead asserting that Belt and Road projects are implemented by 
enterprises and that these enterprises determine how to operate Belt and Road projects, not the 
Chinese Government. This response is puzzling, given that the Communist P arty of China has 
included the pursuit of the Belt and Road Initiative in its Constitution and given that Chinese state -
owned enterprises and Chinese state -owned banks dominate Belt and Road projects. So, we have 
asked China for clarification of its respon se. 
5.124.   We also have asked some follow -up questions relating to the activities of Communist Party 
cells in enterprises in China. In our original questions, we had asked about the accuracy of recent 
reports about an increase in the activities of Communist Party  cells in many wholly foreign -owned 
enterprises, foreign -invested enterprises and Sino -foreign joint ventures in China. We also asked 
specifically about the role of Communist Party cells in business management decisions affecting, for 
example, R&D, investm ent, hiring and firing personnel, expansion or reduction of manufacturing 
capacity, etc. in these enterprises. In its response, China did not directly answer these questions. WT/TPR/W/152  • China  
 
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  Instead, it simply asserted that the establishment of Communist Party cells in th ese enterprises 
"conforms to the wishes of enterprise employees." So, here, too, we have asked China for 
clarification of its response.  
5.125.   Our remaining follow -up questions concern a variety of topics, including familiar topics such 
as WTO notifications and t ransparency obligations and emerging issues like China's discriminatory 
bans and restrictions on imported waste and recovered materials.  
5.126.   We look forward to China's responses to all of these follow -up questions.  
CANADA  
5.127.   Canada would like to thank China for i ts engagement and the hard work of its officials 
throughout this TPR process.  
5.128.   We hope that the many issues raised by Members over the course of this TPR will be given 
serious consideration in Beijing and addressed in the near term.  
5.129.   Canada has submitted sev eral follow -up questions and we are awaiting responses on two of 
our original questions. So, we look forward to receiving these responses as soon as possible and we 
would like to wish the delegation from Beijing a safe journey home.  
NIGERIA  
5.130.   We thank you Ch air and the Secretariat for your hard work and also for the conduct of the 
meeting. We also thank His Excellency Vice Minister Wand Shouwen for his response to the priority 
areas and key issues raised by Members during the first day. We thank China for the  prompt 
responses to our questions which are under review in our capital. Nevertheless, at the moment, we 
are satisfied and we do not have any follow -up questions.  
5.131.   In addition, we are encouraged to note the commitment of China to assume responsibility 
befitting of its titles, and also in relation to its capacity given its domestic constraint. We also note 
the additional and closing remarks by the discussant, more importantly we call  for China to lead by 
example.  
5.132.   We note also the great interest the Review has generated and also as evidenced in the first 
day and also today closing where we still have some Members engaging with China and I think that 
is part of the interactive nature of the Trade Policy Review.  
5.133.   In the light of the serious challenges facing th e multilateral trading system, we appreciate 
the timely call by China and other WTO Members, including China, to renew their commitment to 
the basic principle of the WTO, which is open, transparent, inclusive, non -discriminatory and 
rules-based. More impor tantly, the collective responsibility of all WTO Members on the need to 
safeguard the rule of the WTO -centred multilateral trading system as a fundamental stabilizer in 
global economic governance and the firm resistance to unilateralism as well as protecti onism in order 
to contribute to the recovery and growth of the world economy, including development and 
prosperity.  
5.134.   Finally, we also take note of the commitment by China to take into consideration some of 
the concluding remarks, including the serious issue s of concern raised by Members, and we hope 
that the concluding remarks by the Chair will also be taken into consideration in the subsequent 
Review.  
5.135.   We congratulate China for a successful review and wish the delegation back to China a safe 
trip. 
AFGHANISTA N 
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  5.137.   On behalf of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, I am honoured to participate in the seventh 
trade policy review of China and would like to welcome China's delegation. C hina is an important 
strategic and economic neighbour and partner of Afghanistan and a key player in the global trading 
system. We highly value the good cooperation between China and our country.  
5.138.   As per data, in 2017, China was ranked as the third largest import partner and was the top 
7th export destination for Afghanistan.  
5.139.   On behalf of Afghanistan, I wish China a very productive and successful review.  
MONGOLIA  
5.140.   Mongolia thanks the delegation of China led by Vice Minister Wang for the participation in 
this review process and appreciates their active involvement. We also thank the Secretariat, as well 
as Ambassador Chambovey for their hard work.  
5.141.   Mongolia strongly believes in the continued efforts of China in trade facilitation. We 
submitted further clarificat ions to the replies of China to our questions.  
5.142.   Mongolia looks forward to receiving adequate and clear responses to our questions, 
especially concerning the competencies of provinces as concerns imports and exports.  
5.143.   I wish the delegation of China a safe trip back home.  
MR. WANG  SHOUWEN  (HEAD  OF DELEGATION)  
5.144.   I want to express our deep appreciation to the Secretariat for their very hard work and their 
very high level of professionalism in making the preparations for these TPR meetings. I also want to 
thank y ou, Chair, Ambassador Laourou, for your very able leadership. And I want to thank 
Ambassador Chambovey for steering these lively discussions. Of course, I wish to thank all WTO 
Members for your questions, comments and support.  
5.145.   As I promised at the beginnin g of my remarks this morning, most of your remarks are 
constructive. Some of them are not acceptable to us but we promise you we will take all those 
remarks very seriously, and we will provide written replies to all your questions within one month 
accordin g to the rule.  
5.146.   This morning, some new questions were raised. I hope I have the sufficient time to address 
each and every one of them but obviously I am not able to do so. But I am very glad to tell you that 
all these issues can be dealt within the framewor k of the WTO.  
5.147.   I have noticed that many Members have expressed their concern over the current 
state-of-play of the multilateral trading system. I share your concerns. At the moment, the 
unilateralism is posing a very serious challenge to the multilateral tr ading system. But, once again, 
I want to assure you that China staunchly supports the multilateral trading system. As President Xi 
mentioned, "China will make efforts to safeguard the authority and efficacy of the WTO, including 
the basic values, the core principles of the WTO. Like most favoured nation treatment, national 
treatment and S&D for developing Members".  
5.148.   China has every confidence and trust in the WTO, and China will be supportive and 
committed to the multilateral way for a shared and better futu re for all of us. Thank you very much.  
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  6  CONCLUDING REMARKS B Y THE CHAIRPERSON  
6.1.  This seventh Trade Policy Review of China has allowed us to take a closer look at the trade and 
economic policies of China and to deepen our understanding of developments in tho se policies since 
its previous Review in 2016. I would like to thank, once again, Vice Minister Wang Shouwen and his 
delegation for their constructive engagement throughout this exercise. I would also like to thank the 
discussant, Ambassador Chambovey, Per manent Representative of Switzerland at the WTO, for his 
insightful and comprehensive remarks; and the 70 delegations which have taken the floor for their 
active participation.  
6.2.  In their interventions, Members highlighted the importance of China's contribut ion to global 
growth over recent years and noted that the pace of its economic expansion has been moderating 
recently, prompting the authorities to rebalance growth by focusing on quality and sustainability 
rather than quantity.  
6.3.  Members generally expresse d appreciation for China's active role in the WTO. China being the 
world's biggest merchandise trader and one of the largest recipients of FDI, its policies have a direct 
impact on the global economy. Hence, Members called upon China to assume the increase d 
responsibility linked with being a major player in the multilateral trading system. Members also 
appreciated China's contribution to ongoing discussions on recent initiatives, such as e -commerce, 
MSME, and investment facilitation for development. Members  also noted China's further involvement 
in regional trade agreements.  
6.4.  Members commended China on its recent reform initiatives aimed at broadening market access 
and investment opportunities, the greater involvement of the private sector in the economy, an d its 
commitment to fossil fuel subsidy reform. Members appreciated China's ongoing reform of customs 
procedures, such as further use of single windows, and commitments in the Trade Facilitation 
Agreement. Regarding the TFA, Members encouraged China to imp lement all its category B 
commitments within the specified transition period. Several Members commended China on the Belt 
and Road Initiative and viewed it as an avenue for mutual cooperation and growth; some invited 
China to follow international best prac tices and adhere to a level -playing field for trade and 
investment opportunities for all. Members also commended China's recent announcements of 
liberalization in financial services and tariff reductions in the automobile sector. China was 
congratulated fo r providing far -ranging preferences to products from LDCs. Many Members 
expressed appreciation for China's support and assistance to developing countries in areas such as 
Aid for Trade.  
6.5.  While many Members appreciated China's continued liberalization of it s foreign investment 
regime, they also encouraged China to further enhance access conditions for foreign investors. In 
this respect, concerns were raised regarding joint venture requirements, and also with regards to 
what some perceived as being inconsiste nt and unpredictable regulatory practices and technology 
transfer requirements.  
6.6.  In their interventions many Members expressed serious concerns about the preponderant role 
of the State in general, and of state -owned enterprises in particular. Some Members felt that State 
influence in China's economy has increased in various sectors. Ma ny Members were of the view that 
China would require a more market -oriented approach to investment and resource allocation.  
6.7.  Members raised questions about China's support and subsidy policies and local content 
requirements, including those that may be par t of the 2025 plan. Some Members noted the 
importance of enforcing competition policy, particularly in view of the recent amendment to the Anti -
Unfair Competition Law. Members looked forward to China's early accession to the Agreement on 
Government Procure ment, while several Members also noted continuous issues in China's IPR regime 
and encouraged continued IPR protection and enforcement. Some Members called for more 
predictability regarding market price support and public stockpiling measures used for cert ain 
agricultural products. Other areas of concern raised by Members included: administrative licensing 
and approval process, inconsistency in certain sanitary and phytosanitary measures, restrictions on 
certain agricultural products, cross -border data rest riction and data localization requirements, the 
scope and impact of China's cybersecurity legislation and restriction of Virtual Private Network 
services, restrictive measures in certain services sectors such as tourism, and industrial policies in 
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  also referred to what they perceived to be market -distorting policies resulting in excess capacity in 
some sectors, such as steel and semi -conductors. China was called upon to help address global 
overcapacity in these sectors.  
6.8.  As in the previous Review, China was encouraged to increase transparency of its trade policy 
regime. Members highlighted the importance of fulfilling all WTO commitments, in particular the 
notifica tion obligations concerning, for example, subsidies (including those on fisheries), agricultural 
support, and state -trading enterprises. In this regard, Members welcomed the statement by China's 
representative regarding the recent submission of China's sub sidy notification. Members encouraged 
China to publish all laws, regulations and other measures related to trade, and to make them 
available in one of the WTO official languages. In this context, Members hoped that sufficient time 
would be given for commen ts before the introduction of new regulations.  
6.9.  China has received more than 1,900 advance written questions, and has already responded to 
most of them. This TPR will be successfully concluded in a month's time, when China replies to all 
outstanding questio ns. I am confident that China has taken good note, not only of the well -deserved 
praise that it received during this meeting, but also of the critical comments that emerged in the 
course of this TPR. I hope that China will find Members' comments useful and  constructive in its 
pursuit of economic and trade reforms.  
__________